Chuyn v bt ng thc c in

Lng Hi ng 10T2 Trng THPT chuyn HSPHN

I. LI NI U Bt ng thc l mt lnh vc kh, yu cu c quan st, linh cm thc t v sc sng to ca ngi gii khng gnh nng lm v lng kin thc.Chnh v th hu ht cc k thi HSG thng c t nht 1 bi bt ng thc. C th ni hin nay c rt nhiu phng php hin i chng hn nh SOS;. m do chnh ngi VN ta tm ra. chng minh bt ng thc nu s dng chng th hu nh bi no cng gii c. Nhng liu khi i thi chng ta c thi gian s dng chng khng? Nn vic tm ra li gii bng cc ng thc c in lun c nh gi cao c bit l i vi nhng ngi yu bt ng thc. Trong bi vit ny ti s ch ni v hai bt ng thc quen thuc: csi (AM-GM) bunhia (Cauchy Schwarz) trong gii cc bi bt ng thc i s. Hai bt ng thc ny tuy nhiu ng dng nhng tm ra chng khng phi d dng. Tt c c ch ra qua mt lng ng k nhng v d a dng, t nhiu ngun khc nhau, c bit l nhng k thi Olympic ton hoc trn nhng trang web. lm cho bi vit tr nn v cng sinh ng. II. HAI BT NG THC: AMGM; CAUCHY- SCHWARZ V NG DNG 1. Bt ng thc AM GM. Vi a1, a2; an l n s thc khng m ta c: a1 + a2 + + an-1 + an n Du = a1 = a2 = = an Chng minh bt ng thc ny c khong hn 40 cch nn xin dnh li cho bn c.
n

a1 a 2 ..a n -1 a n

* Bt ng thc ny rt quen thuc v ng dng ln nn n s l bt ng thc u tin m cc bn cn nh v ch l du = xy ra khi : a1 + a2 + + an-1 = an. 2. Bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz (cs) *Vi hai dy s thc ty a1 ;a2 an v b1, b2, bn ta lun c:
2 2 2 2 ( a12 + a 2 + .. + a n ) ( b12 + b2 + .. + bn ) (a1b1+a2+b2+..anbn)2

Du = J s k sao cho aj = k.bj (Vi J = 1, n ) *H qu: (dng cng mu s)

2 a 2 (a + a2 + ..an ) 2 a12 a 2 + + .. + n 1 (Vi xi > 0 , v = 1, n ) x1 xn xn x1 + x2 .. + xn

Bt ng thc ny cn c tn gi l Engel hay Schwarz. Chng minh bt ng thc (*) c nhiu cch nhng c mt cch ny cc bn nn nh:
2 (a1 + a2 + ..an ) 2 ( b12 + .. + bn ) - (a1b1+a2+b2+..anbn)2 =

i ; j =1

(ajbJ - aJbi)

3. ng dng. *Bi ton 1: cho a, b, c 0. CMR

a b c 3 + + (*)(BT Nesbit) b+c c+a a+b 2

Cch 1: BT: (*) (

a 1 b 1 c 1 - )+( - )+( - )0 b+c 2 c+a 2 a+b 2

a 1 b 1 c 1 - )+( - )+( - )0 b+c 2 c+a 2 a+b 2 2 2 ( a - b) (b - c) (c - a ) 2 + + 0 2(c + a)(c + b) 2(a + b)(a + c) 2(b + a)(b + c)
(ng).

Ta cn c th s dng bt ng thc Am-Gm lm cht.Vi cng iu kin trn ta c bt ng thc kho hn sau:

a b c 3 3 [(a - b)(b - c)(c - a)]2 + + + 3 b + c c + a a + b 2 2 [(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)]2

Cch 2:

a b c a2 b2 c2 (a + b + c) 2 + + = + + b + c c + a a + b a(b + c) b(c + a) c(a + b) 2(ab + bc + ca)

(Cauchy Schwarz dng Engel) M :

(a + b + c) 2 3 2(a2 + b2 + c2 ab bc ca) 0 2(ab + bc + ca) 2

(a-b)2 + (b c)2 + (c a)2 0 pcm

Cch 3: T nhn xt: (

a 1 - )2 0 b+c 2

8a -1 a 1 b+c 8a - b - c . = a b+c 4 4( a + b + c ) +1 b+c

Tng t:

b 8b - c - a c 8c - b - a ; c+a 4(a + b + c) a + b 4(a + b + c)

Cng ba bt ng thc li th ta c:
a b c (8a - b - c) + (8b - c - a ) + (8c - a - b) 3 + + = b+c c+a a+b 4( a + b + c ) 2

pcm.

Ngoi cch gii trn ta cn c khong hn 30 cch na chng minh bt ng thc Nesbit ny.Li gii bng CS rt hiu qu trong vic chng minh bt ng thc 3 bin i xng J

Bi ton 2: Cho a, b, c > 0. CMR:

a b c 9 3 abc + + + 6 b c a ( a + b + c)

Li gii:

*Nhn thy du = a=b=c i vi nhng bt ng thc hoan v:

a b c + + th ta cn phi s dng bt ng b c a

thc ph a v i xng th vic gii quyt s d dng hn J. *D on.Nu c:

a b c a+b+c + + 3 (cng c du = a=b=c) b c a abc

Th theo AM GM :

a+b+c
3

abc

93 abc 6 a+b+c

Th bi ton c chng minh J. By gi ta s kim chng d on trn xem bt ng thc c ng khng ? Vi x, y, z > 0 ta c:
x y z ( x + y + z) + + . 3 xyz y z x

Tht vy: nu s dng bt ng thc AM GM th ta c:

x x y x.x. y 3x + + 33 = . y y z y. y.z 3 xyz

Tng t:
y y z + + z z x

3y z z x ; + + xyz x x y

3z xyz

Cng chng li ta c: (

( x + y + z) x y z + + ) 3 xyz y z x

D on ca chng ta l hon ton chnh xc !.Bi ton c gii quyt trn vn J. *Bi ton tng t: (APMO 1998). CMR vi x, y, z > 0 ta c:

2( x + y + z ) x y z (1 + )(1 + )(1 + ) 2 + (*) 3 xyz y z x

* Bt ng thc (*) sau khi khai trin ta c: (
x y z 2( x + y + z ) x y z + + ) + ( + + ) 3 xyz y z x z x y

n y nhn rt quen thuc so vi bi ton 3.

Th ta s dng kt qu

x y z ( x + y + z) + + th bi ton APMO 1998 c gii 3 xyz y z x

quyt J.Li 1 ln na cho thy c hiu qu khi s dng Am-Gm. Bi ton 3:Cho a;b;c>0.CMR:
a 3 + b3 + c3 ab + bc + ca + 2. 2 3 3abc a + b2 + c 2 a 3 + b3 + c3 ab + bc + ca *Nhn thy: 1; 2 1 nn chng ta thng ngh ngay n vic 3abc a + b2 + c2

s dng SOS. Ch :
(a + b + c) [(a-b)2 + (b - c) 2 + (c - a ) 2 ] 2 1 a 2 + b 2 + c 2 - ab - bc - ca = [(a-b) 2 + (b - c) 2 + (c - a ) 2 ] 2 a 3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc =

Nn bt ( a - b) 2 (
a+b+c 1 - 2 )0 6abc (a + b 2 + c 2 )

Tht may mn cho chng ta l n y khng phi nh gi nhiu v c lun

(a + b + c)(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) 9abc .

Nhng ng sau mi bi ton bao gi cng tn ti li gii c in v vic ca chng ta l phi tm ra n m thi. Nhn thy:

a 3 + b3 + c 3 ab + bc + ca (a 3 + b3 + c3 )(ab + bc + ca) 2 + 2. 2 33 (Am-Gm) 3abc a + b2 + c 2 3abc.(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) 2

M: (a 3 + b3 + c 3 )(a + b + c) (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )2 (CS) V: (ab + bc + ca) 2 3abc(a + b + c) Php chng minh hon tt J Khng dng li chng ta cn c:

a 3 + b3 + c 3 ab + bc + ca + 2n 2 3 vi mi n nguyn dng. 3abc a + b2 + c 2

n y liu phn tch SOS cn c na khng?. Nhng ch vi ch nh l:

n

ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca th bi ton c gii quyt. 2 2 2 a +b +c a2 + b2 + c2

Qua my bi trn phn no chng ta cng thy c s li hi ca n trong vic chng minh bt ng thc. Bi ton 4: Cho a, b, c > 0. CMR:
a2 b2 c2 + 2 + 2 1 (*) a 2 + ab + b 2 b + bc + c 2 c + ca + a 2

y nu ta s dng lun bt ng thc CS dng Engel th:

a2 b2 c2 + 2 + 2 a 2 + ab + b 2 b + bc + c 2 c + ca + a 2 (a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) 2 1 a 4 + a 2 b 2 + a 3b

Nhng

(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) 2 1 th li khng ng nn ta s phi tm cch kho a 4 + a 2 b 2 + a 3b

lo hn s dng c CS. *Li gii: BT: (*)

1 1 1 + 1 2 + 2 c c b b a a2 1+ + 2 1 + + 2 1+ + 2 b b a a c c

*n y ta s i bin t

b c a = x '; = y '; = z ' th ta c:x.y.z=1. a b c

Nu i bin 1 ln na cho: x= c na khng.
yz zx xy ; y = 2 ; z = 2 xem dung CS dng Engel cn 2 x y z

Th BT v dng:

x4 1 x 4 + x 2 yz + y 2 z 2

p dng BT CS dng Engel ta c:

VT

( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )2 x 4 + xyz ( x + y + z ) + x 2 y 2
( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )2 1 x 4 + xyz ( x + y + z ) + x 2 y 2

V tht may mn l ta c:

(Do ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 2

y 2 + xyz( x + y + z )

y 2 xyz (x + y + z)

1 2 z ( x - y) 2 + x 2 ( y - z ) 2 + y 2 ( z - x) 2 ) 2

Php chng minh hon tt. Bi ton trn l bi ton kh.Vic tm ra li gii bng CS l khng phi d ! * BT trn cn c th pht biu di dng. * Vi x, y, z > 0, xyz = 1. CMR.
x2 y2 z2 + 2 + 2 1 x2 + x +1 y + y +1 z + z +1

Cng vi cch tng t trn ta c vi x, y, z > 0, xyz = 1.

1 1 1 + 2 + 2 1 x + x +1 y + y +1 z + z +1
2

(V Quc B Cn, Vascle Cutoaje) Bi ton 5: Cho a, b, c > 0; a + b + c = 3

a 2 + bc b 2 + ca c 2 + ab CMR: + + 3. (*) ac + b c + ab a + bc
(Trn Quc Anh). *Li gii: cho vic chng minh d dng ta thng a v bt ng v dng ng bc J. Nn s a tt c cc mu s v bc 2 J Ta c: 3 (b + ca) = (a + b + c) b + 3 ca Theo bt ng thc AM GM : 2ca c2 + a2 Nn: 3 (b + ca) (a + b + c) b + c2 + a2 + ca = a2 + b2 + c2 + ab + bc + ca. 7

a 2 + bc b 2 + ca c 2 + ab 3(a 2 + bc) + 3(b 2 + ca ) + 3(c 2 + ab) Vy: + + =3 ac + b c + ab a + bc a 2 + b2 + c 2 + ab + bc + ca

Php chng minh hon tt J. *Bi ton trn l 1 s kho lo trong vic s dng csi v 1 ln na cng cho thy c sc mnh ca n.

Bi ton 6:Cho cc s thc x;y;z khc 1 tho mn tch ca chng bng 1. CMR: (
x 2 y 2 z 2 ) +( ) +( ) 1 (IMO 2008). x -1 y -1 z -1

Cch 1: t: a =
x y z ;b = ;c = khi t gi thit xyz=1 nn: x -1 y -1 z -1

abc = (a - 1)(b - 1)(c - 1) suy ra c a + b + c - ab - bc - ca = 1 .

M bi ton by gi tr thnh chng minh:

a 2 + b 2 + c 2 2( a + b + c - ab - bc - ca )-1

(a + b + c - 1) 2 0 Php chng minh hon tt. Nhng liu li gii bng c in cn c hiu qu na khng ? Cch 2: Chng ta s th s dng CS xem sao! J Thng thng vi iu kin xyz=1 th ta thng i bin a v ng bc J
a b c t x = b ; y = ; z = ; (xyz = 1) c a

BT (*)

a2 b2 c2 + + 1 (a - b) 2 (b - c) 2 (c - a) 2
p dng BT Cauchy Schwarz. VT: (a - b) 2 (a - c) 2 + (b - c) 2 (b - a) 2 + (c - a) 2 + (c - b) 2
[a(a - c) + b(b - a) + c(c - b)]
2

t m = (a-b) (a-c); n (b-c) (b-a); p = (c a) (c-b) Hin nhin mn + np + mp = 0 D dng chng minh c:

(a - b) 2 (a - c) 2 = (m + n + p)2 (1)

Li c m + n + p =

(a - b)(a - c) = a(a - c) + b(b - a) + c(c - b)

Nn: (m + n + p) 2 = [a(a-c)+b(b-a)+c(c-b)]2 ]2 (2) T (1) v (2) bi ton c gii quyt. Li 1 ln na cho ta thy c sc mnh khi dung bt c in J Bi ton 7: Cho a;b;c l di 3 cnh ca tam gic.CMR:

b+c + a

ab + bc + ca 5 2 + b2 + c2 2

Phm Kim Hng. Nhn vo bi ton th nhiu ngi s s dng ngaySOS

5 a ab + bc + ca - ( + 2 )0 2 b + c a + b2 + c 2

Vi ch l:

a 3 ( a - b) 2 - = b+c 2 2(c + a)(c + b) ab + bc + ca (a - b)2 + (b - c) 2 + (c - a )2 V: 1 - 2 = a + b2 + c2 2(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )

Nn bt ng thc ca chng ta: ( a - b) 2 (
1 1 )0 2 2 (a + b + c ) (c + a)(c + b)
2

( a - b) 2 (

ab + bc + ca - a 2 - b 2 )0 (c + a)(c + b)

n y vic nh gi ca chng ta khng cn n gin nh bi ton 4 na. t Sc =

ab + bc + ca - a 2 - b 2 ab + bc + ca - a 2 - c 2 ab + bc + ca - b 2 - c 2 ; Sb = ; Sa = (c + a)(c + b) (b + a)(b + c) (a + b)(a + c)

Gi s: a b c . Th chng ta c:

ab + bc + ca - b2 - c 2 b(a - b) + c(b - c) + ca Sa = = 0 (1) (a + b)(a + c) (a + b)(a + c)

Sb =
2

a (b + c - a ) + c(b - c) 0 (b + a)(b + c)
2

(2)

a 2 (b3 + c3 ) - a 3 (b 2 + c 2 ) + 2abc(b 2 + c 2 ) a3 (b 2 - bc + c 2 ) - a 3 (b 2 + c 2 ) + 2abc(b 2 + c 2 ) b Sb + c Sc = (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) (a + b)(b + c)(c + a ) (3)

Ta ang cn chng minh:
Sc (a - b) 2 + Sb (a - c) 2 + S a (b - c) 2 0 (*)

M:

a-c b (4) a -b c

Xt a khc b th t (1);(2);(3);(4) ta suy ra c: VT(*) (a - b) 2 [Sa (

b-c 2 b ) + Sb ( ) 2 + S c ] 0 a-b c

Trng hp a=b th t (1);(2) suy ra pcm. Bi ton gii quyt trn vn. *Li gii bng SOS kh cng knh v phc tp.Nhng liu bt ng thc c in c gii c bi ton ny khng?.Cu tr li c. :) BT cn chng minh: 3-(
a ab + bc + ca 1 + 2 ) 2 2 b+c a +b +c 2

b + c - a 1 ab + bc + ca (a + b + c) 2 + 2 = b+c 2 a + b 2 + c 2 2(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )

Tht vy:
b+c-a b+c (a + b + c) 2 (b + c - a)(b + c)

M: (b + c - a)(b + c) = 2(a 2 + b2 + c 2 ) Suy ra bi ton c gii quyt. * Li gii v cng p nhng tm ra n th khng phi d J Bi ton 8: Cho a, b, c l di 3 cnh tam gic CMR:

10

a (

1 1 ) 0 (*) b+c-a bc

(chn i d tuyn s phm 2009)

Trong qu trnh lm bi tp ti gp bi ny v li gii u tin cho n l BT (*) a v dng:

a b+c-a

bc a + b + c
a ( a - b ) 2 ab (a + b + c) ( a - b )( a - c ) + 0 b+c-a (b + c - a)(c + a - b) a ( a - b )( a - c ) 0 b+c-a

Cch 1: BT

Theo voirn_shur : =>PCM

V thy li gii trn kh cng knh nn tip tc suy ngh ti pht hin li gii v cng p sau: Cch 2: Ch hon ton s dng csi vi CS J t a = y + z; b = x + z; c = x + y Ta ch cn chng minh

y+z ( x + y )( x + z ) 2 (x + y + z). 2x

y+z ( x + y )( x + z ) 4 (x + y + z). 2x

Theo Cauchy Schwarz th: Nn

( x + y )( x + z ) x + yz

( y + z )( x + yz ) y+z ( x + y )( x + z ) = 2 (x + y + z) + 2x x

( y + z ) yz x

Theo AM GM: Nn:

( y + z ) yz 2 yz x x
y+z 4 (x + y + z) x

y+z x

( x + y )( x + z ) 2 (x + y + z) + 2

iu phi chng minh

11

Li gii trn n thun ch dng 2 bt c in thong qua cch 1 ta thy c s u vit ca vic s dng chng J Nhng ti t t ra cu hi liu thay v phi bng 1 biu thc khe hn a+b+c liu cn ng ko ?? Tta cng c bi ton cht hn sau:

b+c-a

bc 3( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )

*Nhn xt: BT trn cng ch s dng hai bt ng thc quen thuc.Cc bn c th th nh J! Sau mt s v d trn chng ta cng thy phn no sc mnh ca hai bt ng thc c in lm cho li gii tr nn rt p ! Tip theo chng ta s n bi ton t mathlinks.ro th hin s ngh thut khi s dng CS. Bi ton 9:Cho a;b;c l cc s thc dng.CMR:
3( a b c a b c + + ) + + 2 2 2 a + 2b b + 2c c + 2a a + ab + bc b + bc + ca c + ca + ab

Li gii:
( a a + ab + bc
2

) 2 (

a a (a + 2b) )( 2 ) a + 2b a + ab + bc

Nn chng ta cn chng minh:

a (a + 2b) a 3 2 + ab + bc a + 2b

a a (a + 2b) + (2 - 2 )6 a + 2b a + ab + bc a a2 bc 3 + 2 + 2 2 6 a + 2b a + ab + bc a + ab + bc

M theo CS chng ta c nhng bt ng thc sau:

a (a + b + c) 2 a + 2b a 2 + 2 ab = 1 a2 a 2 + ab + bc (a + b + c)2 =1 a 2 + ab + bc

12

bc a 2 + ab + bc

(ab + bc + ca ) 2 =1 bc(a 2 + ab + bc)

Cng li ta c pcm. *Mt cu hi t ra l ta quan tm g n li gii th ny ? Ti sao chng ta li ngh ra cch tch: (
a a (a + 2b) )( 2 ) nh th ny? C nhiu ngi s ngh a + 2b a + ab + bc

y l 1 iu huyn b chng ? Nhng chng c g s huyn b g y c v ta thy v tri

a + 2b

nn ta s tm cch tch v phi tao dng ging v tri tri

khi vic chng minh s d dng hn J. Ngoi ra chng ta cn c bi ton cht hn sau (cng ch s dng CS):
a a2 2 2 +1 a + 2b a + ab + bc

Cc bi th chng minh xem sao nh ! Bi 10: Cho a;b;c l cc s thc khng m tha mn: a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 2 .CMR:

( a + b) 3 (b + c)3 (c + a )3 6(a 2 + b2 + c 2 )(a + b + c) + 2 + 2 a 2 + 6ab + b 2 b + 6bc + c 2 c + 6ca + a 2 3(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) + 2(ab + bc + ca )

Nhn thy du = xy ra khi 1 bin bng 0 v 2 bin cn li bng nhau. Li gii: Gi s c min. th ta c:
(b + c)3 b b 2 + 6bc + c 2 ( a + c)3 a a 2 + 6ac + c 2

Nn ta cn chng minh:
( a + b) 3 +a+b 3 a 2 + 6ab + b 2

Chng ta s chng minh bt cht hn sau:

(a + b)3 3 2 +a+b a + b2 2 2 a + 6ab + b 2

13

( a - b) 2 ( a + b ) 3(a - b) 2 a 2 + 6ab + b2 a + b + 2(a 2 + b 2 )

Nn ta ch cn chng minh:
3(a 2 + 6ab + b 2 ) (a + b)[a + b + 2(a 2 + b 2 )]

2(a 2 + b 2 ) + 16ab (a + b) 2(a 2 + b 2 ) Theo CS th ta c: (a + b) 2(a 2 + b 2 )

(a + b) 2(a 2 + b 2 ) 2(a 2 + b 2 )

Php chng minh hon tt J Bng cch chng minh hon ton tng t ta c bi ton rt p sau:

( a + b) 3 (b + c)3 (c + a )3 6(a 2 + b2 + c 2 )(a + b + c) + + a 2 + 6ab + b 2 b 2 + 6bc + c 2 c 2 + 6ca + a 2 3(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) + 2(ab + bc + ca )

Vi a;b;c l cc s thc khng m. 4.Sng to bt ng thc bng cch s dng 2 bt ng thc c in. Bi ton 11: Cho a, b, c > 0; a + b + c = 3

4abc(a 2 - b 2 )2 a (a-b) (a-c) + b(b-a) (b-c) + c(c-a) (c-b) (a + b + c)(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
*Li gii: VT = a3 + b3 + c3 + 3abc ab (a+b) bc (b+c) ca (c+a) = a3 + b3 + c3 - a (b2 bc + c2) b (c2 ca + a2) c (a2 ab + b2)
a (b 3 + c 3 ) b(c 3 + a 3 ) c(a 3 + b 3 ) =a +b +c b+c c+a a+b
3 3 3

= = = =

ab(a 2 - b 2 ) + ac(a 2 - c 2 ) bc(b 2 - c 2 ) + ba(b 2 - a 2 ) ca(c 2 - a 2 ) + bc(c 2 - b 2 ) + + b+c c+a a+b

ab(a + b)(a - b) 2 bc(b + c)(b - c) 2 ca(c + a )(c - a) 2 + + (b + c)(c + a ) (c + a)(c + b) (a + b)(b + c)

ab(a 2 - b 2 ) 2 + bc(b 2 - c 2 ) + ca(c 2 - a 2 ) (a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

abc (a 2 - b 2 ) 2 (b 2 - c 2 ) 2 (c 2 - a 2 ) 2 [ + + ] ( a + b)(b + c)(c + a) c a b

14

p dng BT CS dng Engel c:

(a 2 - b 2 ) 2 (b 2 - c 2 ) 2 (c 2 - a 2 ) 2 + + c a b pcm. 4( a 2 - b 2 ) a+b+c

*y l 1 trong nhng cch sng to bt ng thc kh ph bin l lm mnh 1 bt ng thc. S dng CS sng to chng th vic tm ra li gii khng d nh l lm cht bng Am-Gm qua bi ton 1 J NX: Bt ng thc ny rt hay v khc hn bt ng thc shur. *BT shur ca chng ta l: a (a-b) (a-c) + b (b-a) (b-c) + c (c-a) (c-b) 0 Bi ton 12: (Lng Hi ng). Cho a, b, c > 0. a3b + b3c + c3a = 3. CMR:
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a ) 24 16 + 2 2 2 2 a+b+c 3 (a b + b c + c a)

* tng khi ngh ra bi ny ca mnh l da vo bt ng thc quen thuc: (a + b) (b + c) (c + a) c:

8 (a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca ) (a + b)(b + c)(c + a ) 8 9 = (ab + bc + ca) a+b+c a+b+c 9
8 (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca) v t du = a=b=c=1.Th ta suy ra 9

n y ta s dng Am-Gm ch tip J.Nn chng ta phi cng thm 1 lng

x na J. V x=8 l con s tho mn du = a=b=c=1 khi dng Amab + bc + ca

Gm. Nu nh th bi ton kh d nn phi che y bng biu thc: cng vi iu kin bi ton J. *Li gii: p dng CS ta c: (a3b + b3c + c3a) (ab + bc + ca) (a2b + b2c + c2a)2
24 (a b + b 2c + c 2 a) 2
2

15

24 8 2 2 2 ab + bc + ca (a b + b c + c a)
2

M: (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)

8 (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca) 9

ab (a + b) + bc (b + c) + ca (c + a) 6abc c (a - b)2 + b (a - c)2 + a (b c)2 0

8 (a + b + c)(ab + bc + ca ) (a + b)(b + c)(c + a ) 8 Vy 9 = (ab + bc + ca) a+b+c a+b+c 9

Nn theo AM GM:

8 8 6 (ab + bc + ca) + 9 ab + bc + ca 13

pcm.

Bi ton 13: Cho a, b, c > 0. CMR:

3(a 2 + b 2 )(b 2 + c 2 )(c 2 + a 2 ) + 2 (ab + bc + a 1)2 1. 8(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )3

(Vi a + b + c = 1) (Lng Hi ng) *Li gii: S dng BT sau: (x + y) (y + z) (z + x)
8 (x + y + z) (xy + yz + zx). 9

3(a 2 + b 2 )(b 2 + c 2 )(c 2 + a 2 ) 8(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )3

Schwarz).

a 2b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 a 2 3(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 )

(ab + bc + ca) 2 9( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) 2

(Cauchy

t x = ab + bc + ca a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1 2x 0 x Nn ta ch cn chng minh:
x2 + 2 (1 x)2 1 (*) 9(1 - 2 x) 2

1 3

n y c nhiu cch c th s dng csi im ring hoc: BT: (*) (3x-1) (24x3 64x2 + 45x 9) 0

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M x

1 3x 1 0 3

V : 64x2 + 9 = 81x2 + 9 17x2 54x 17x2 (csi hay AM GM) Nn (24x2 64x2 + 45x 9) 24x 54x + 17x2 + 45x = 24x3 9x + 17x2

=-

17 24 2 x(1 - 3 x ) x(1 - 9 x 2 ) - x 0 3 9 3
1 ( ng do: (0 x ) 3

Vy: (3x 1) (24x2 64x2 + 45x 9) 0.

Bi ton gii quyt.

Mnh ngh ra bi ny cng da trn: (x + y) (y + z) (z + x) chng minh J.

8 (x + y + z) (xy + yz + zx) m thi ri a v 1 bin 9

Bi ton 14: (MIC vng 1) Cho a, b, c khng m v khng c 2 s no cng bng 0. CMR: A=

a 2 + bc b 2 + ca c 2 + ab + 2 + 2 3 b 2 - bc + c 2 c - ca + a 2 a - ab + b 2

Nhn thy du = c 1 s bng 0 v 2 s cn li bng nhau J.Ta s i n vi li gii sau J *Li gii: Cch 1: Gi s c = min {a, b, c} Do: a2 + bc a2 ; b2 + ca a2 ; c2 + ab ab V: b2 bc + c2 = b2 + c (c b) b2; c2 ca + a2 a2

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a2 b2 ab Nn A 2 + 2 + 2 b a a - ab + b 2
p dng BT AM GM th:

a2 2a b2 2b -1 ; 2 -1 2 b a b a
A(

2a 2b ab - 1 ) + ( - 1) + 2 b a a - ab + b 2

a 2 - ab + b 2 ab a b =( + 2 ) + ( + - 1) 2 + 2 - 1 = 3 2 ab b a a - ab + b

(AM GM)
Bi ton c gii quyt.

Cch 2: S dng bt ng thc CS th ta c VT

(a 2 + bc + b 2 + ca + c 2 + ab) 2 (a 2 + bc)(b2 - bc + c 2 )

Ta cn chng minh:
(a 2 + bc + b 2 + ca + c 2 + ab) 2 3 (a 2 + bc)(b2 - bc + c 2 )

a 4 + 7abc(a + b + c) ab(a 2 + b 2 ) M theo shur th ta c J

+ abc(a + b + c) ab(a 2 + b 2 )

pcm J *Lm cht bt ng thc. cch 1 ta cn nh gi hi yu.R rang tha ra hn 1 lng

a
A

ab t y ta c th suy ra c J bi ton cng rt p sau J - ab + b 2

a 2 + bc b 2 - bc + c 2

b 2 + ca c 2 - ca + a 2

c 2 + ab a 2 - ab + b 2

3+ 3 3

(abc) 2 (a 2 - ab + b 2 )(b 2 - bc + c 2 )(c 2 - ca + a 2 )

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Mt cch sng to khc J A 3+

3(abc)2 -Cc bn th chng minh xem sao (a 2 - ab + b 2 )(b 2 - bc + c 2 )(c 2 - ca + a 2 )

hon ton ch s dng n 2 bt ng thc quen thuc J

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III. BI TP NGH

1. Cho a, b, c > 0, abc = 2 CMR: a3 + b3 + c3 a b + c + b c + a + c a + b (JBMO 2002) 2. Cho a, b, c; x, y, z > 0 v x + y + z = 1. CMR: ax + by + cz + 2 ( xy + yz + zx)(ab + bc + ca) a + b + c (Ukrame, 2001)
a3 b3 c3 3(ab + bc + ca ) 3. 2 + 2 + 2 2 2 2 b - bc + c c - ca + a a - ab + b (a + b + c)

Vi a, b, c > 0 4. Cho a, b, c > 0. CMR: a3 + b3 + c3 ab 2(a 2 + b 2 ) + bc

2(b 2 + c 2 ) + ca 2( c 2 + a 2 )

5. (Vit Nam 2002) cho a, b, c l cc s thc tha mn a2 + b2 + c2 = 9. CMR: 2(a + b + c) abc 10. (vascle artoajre) 6. Cho a, b, c > 0. CMR:

2a + a+b

2b + b+c

2c 3. c+a

Bi 7: (Trn Quc Anh). Cho a, b, c khng m tha mn: a + 2b + 3c = 4. CMR: P(a,b,c) = (a2b + b2c + c2a + abc) (ab2 + bc2 + ca2 + abc) 8 + Gi : Du = a = 2, b = 1, c = 0. 8. (Trn Quc Lut). Cho a, b, c > 0 tha mn: a2 + b2 + c2 = 3. CMR: 8(2 - a) (2 - b) (2 - c) (a + bc) (b + ca) (b + ca) (c + ab).

9. Cho a, b, c 0 v a2 + b2 + c2 = 1. CMR. 20

a3 b3 c3 + 2 + 2 b 2 - bc + c 2 b - bc + c 2 c - ac + a 2

(V Quc b Cn). 10. Cho a, b, c, d 0. CMR: (

a b c d 4 + 2 + 2 + 2 ) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 a+b+c+d b +c +d a +c +d a +b +d a +b +c
2

(Phm Kim Thng) 11. Cho a, b, c > 0 v abc = 1. CMR:

a+b + a +1

b+c + b+c

c+a 3. c +1

12. Cho a, b, c, d 0. CMR:

a + b+c
+

b + c+a

c abc 2 1+ a+b (a + b)(b + c)(c + a )

a + b+a

b c+b

c . c+a
13. Cho a, b, c 0. CMR: (a + b)2 (b + c)2 4 (a2 + bc) (b2 + ca) (c2 + ab) + 32a2b2c2 14. Cho a, b, c > 0. CMR:
a b c 21(ab + bc + ca ) + + + 10 b c a (a + b + c) 2

(V Quc B Cn) 15.Cho a;b;c>0.CMR: a.

a+b+c abc(a + b + c) +3 4 3 abc a 2b 2

a b c abc(a + b + c) b. + + + 4 3 7 b c a a 2b 2

(Lng Hi ng)

Ti liu tham kho: Nhng vin kim cng trong bt ng thc- Trn Phng 21

Sng to bt ng thc-Phm Kim Hng Bt ng thc v nhng li gii hay-Trn Quc Anh;V Quc B Cn. Bt ng thc suy lun v khm ph- Phm Vn Thun;L V Ngoi ra cn 1 s bn in t trn mng J

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