Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
II B.Tech II Semester
JBREC
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Index
Sl.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 TOPIC Course Objective & Guidelines to Students Results Target & Method of Evaluation JNTU Syllabus Books / Material Lesson Plan Session Plan Assignments Tutorial Unit Wise FAQ University question papers Lecture Notes PAGE No. 3 4 5 6 7 9 13 21 23 26 35
SIGN OF HOD
JBREC 2 DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Course Objective
In this course students will learn about: The subject is concerned with the generation and processing of non sinusoidal waveforms. Most non sinusoidal waveforms that appear regularly are step, ramp, pulse, and square, exponential. The responses to there of RC, RL, RLC circuits are discussed. Basic functions such as clipping, clamping, comparators, generation of square wave or pulse waveforms are studied. Discuss about switching characteristics of diode and transistor. Some regenerative amplifiers which behave as bi stable circuits are studied. Discuss about basic logic gates Discuss about time base generators which have applications in radar and TV indicators, CRO etc. . Guidelines to Students
Where will this subject help? Scope and Objective of the course: This subject helps in understanding the generation and processing of non sinusoidal waveforms. The switching mode of operation can also be analyzed. This subject gives us an idea or overview to transmit the signal from one location to another, to amplify it, to select a portion of it in voltage, to choose a section of it in time, to combine it with other signal in order to perform a logic operation, to use it to synchronize a system and so orth.
JBREC
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Results Target
Total Strength of the Class140 S. No a. b. c. Class / Division First Class with Distinction First Class Pass Class No. of Students 60 60 20
Method of Evaluation
a. b. c. d. Unit Wise Assignments Objective Examination Descriptive Exam Final Examination 8 2 2 1
JBREC
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
JNTU Syllabus
Unit-I Linear Wave Shaping: High pass and low pass RC circuits and their response for Sinusoidal, Step, Pulse, Square & Ramp inputs, High pass RC network as Differentiator, Low pass RC circuit as an Integrator, Attenuators and its application as a CRO Probe, RL and RLC Circuits and their response for step Input, Ringing Circuit. Unit-II Non-Linear Wave Shaping: Diode clippers, Transistor Clippers, Clipping at two independent levels, Comparators, Applications of Voltage comparators. Clamping Operation, Clamping circuit taking Source and Diode resistances into account, Clamping Circuit Theorem, Practical Clamping Circuits, Effect of Diode Characteristics on Clamping Voltage, Synchronized Clamping. Unit-III Switching Characteristics of Devices: Diode as Switch, Piecewise Linear Diode Characteristics, Diode Switching times, Transistor as a Switch, Breakdown voltages, Transistor in Saturation, Temperature variation of Saturation Parameters, Transistorswitching times, Silicon-controlled switch circuits. Unit-IV Multivibrators: Analysis and Design of Bi-stable, Mono-stable, Astable Multivibrators and Schmitt trigger using Transistors. Unit-V Time Base Generators: General features of a Time base signal, Methods of Generating Time Base Waveform, Miller and Bootstrap Time Base Generators-Basic Principles, Transistor Miller Time Base generator, Transistor Bootstrap Time base Generator, Transistor Current Time Base Generators, Methods of Linearity improvement. Unit-VI Sampling Gates: Basic operating principles of Sampling Gates, Unidirectional and Bidirectional sampling Gates, Four Diode Sampling Gate, Reduction of pedestal in gate Circuits, Six Diode Gate, Application of Sampling Gates> Unit-VII Synchronization and Frequency Division: Pulse Synchronization of Relaxation Devices, Frequency division in Sweep Circuit, Stability of Relaxation Devices, Astable Relaxation Circuits, Monostable Relaxation Circuits, Synchronization of a Sweep Circuit with Symmetrical Signals, Sine wave frequency division with a Sweep Circuit, A Sinusoidal Divider using Regeneration and Modulation. Unit-VIII Realization of Logic Gates Using Diodes & Transistors: AND, OR and NOT Gates using Diodes and Transistors, DCTL, RTL, DTL, TTL and CML Logic Families and its Comparison
JBREC
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Books / Material
Text Books: 1. Millmans Pulse, Digital and Switching Waveforms J.Millman, H.Taub and Mothiki S. Prakash Rao, 2 ed., 2008, TMH. 2. Solid State Pulse circuits David A. Bell, 4 ed., 2002 PHI.
JBREC
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Lesson Plan
Number of Hours / lectures available in this Semester / Year : Distribution of Hours Unit Wise (minimum Hours:50;Max:65) 65
JBREC
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Unit
Topic
Linear Wave Shaping: High pass and low pass RC circuits and their response for Sinusoidal, Step, Pulse, Square & Ramp inputs, High pass RC network as Differentiator, Low pass RC circuit as an Integrator, Attenuators and its application as a CRO Probe, RL and RLC Circuits and their response for step Input, Ringing Circuit. Non-Linear Wave Shaping: Diode clippers, Transistor Clippers, Clipping at two independent levels, Comparators, Applications of Voltage comparators. Clamping Operation, Clamping circuit taking Source and Diode resistances into account, Clamping Circuit Theorem, Practical Clamping Circuits, Effect of Diode Characteristics on Clamping Voltage, Synchronized Clamping Switching Characteristics of Devices: Diode as Switch, Piecewise Linear Diode Characteristics, Diode Switching times, Transistor as a Switch, Breakdown voltages, Transistor in Saturation, Temperature variation of Saturation Parameters, Transistor-switching times, Silicon-controlled switch circuits. Multivibrators: Analysis and Design of Bi-stable, Mono-stable, Astable Multivibrators and Schmitt trigger using Transistors. Time Base Generators: General features of a Time base signal, Methods of Generating Time Base Waveform, Miller and Bootstrap Time Base Generators-Basic Principles, Transistor Miller Time Base generator, Transistor Bootstrap Time base Generator, Transistor Current Time Base Generators, Methods of Linearity improvement. Sampling Gates: Basic operating principles of Sampling Gates, Unidirectional and Bi-directional sampling Gates, Four Diode Sampling Gate, Reduction of pedestal in gate Circuits, Six Diode Gate, Application of Sampling Gates> Synchronization and Frequency Division: Pulse Synchronization of Relaxation Devices, Frequency division in Sweep Circuit, Stability of Relaxation Devices, A stable Relaxation Circuits, Mono stable Relaxation Circuits, Synchronization of a Sweep Circuit with Symmetrical Signals, Sine wave frequency division with a Sweep Circuit, A Sinusoidal Divider using Regeneration and Modulation Realization of Logic Gates Using Diodes & Transistors: AND, OR and NOT Gates using Diodes and Transistors, DCTL, RTL, DTL, TTL and CML Logic Families and its Comparison.
10
II
III
IV
10
VI
VII
VIII
JBREC
TOTAL
DEPARTMENT OF ECE 65
The number of topic in every unit is not the same because of the variation, all the units have an unequal distribution of hours
Session Plan
Unit 1 Hour No. 1. 2. 3. Date Topic Reference Books
Linear Wave Shaping: High pass RC network as TB-1, RB-1, RB-4 Differentiator High pass RC circuit response for Sinusoidal, Step TB-1, RB-1, RB-4 input High pass RC circuit response for Pulse, Square input TB-1, RB-1, RB-4
9 DEPARTMENT OF ECE
JBREC
High pass RC circuit response for ramp &exponential input Low pass RC circuit as integrator Low pass RC circuit response for Sinusoidal, Step input Low pass RC circuit response for Pulse, Square input Low pass RC circuit response for ramp &exponential input Attenuators and its application as a CRO Probe RL Circuits and their response for step Input, RLC Circuit and their response for step Input, Ringing Circuit.
TB-1, RB-1, RB-4 TB-1, RB-1, RB-4 TB-1, RB-1, RB-4 TB-1, RB-1, RB-4 TB-1, RB-1, RB-4 TB-1, RB-1, RB-4 TB-1, RB-1, RB-4
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Non-Linear Wave Shaping: Diode clippers Transistor Clippers Clipping at two independent levels Comparators, Applications of Voltage comparators. Clamping Operation Clamping circuit taking Source and Diode resistances into account Clamping Circuit Theorem, Practical Clamping Circuits Effect of Diode Characteristics on Clamping Voltage Synchronized Clamping
TB-1, RB-1, RB-4 TB-1, RB-1, RB-4 TB-1, RB-1, RB-4 TB-1, RB-1, RB-4 TB-1, RB-1, RB-4 TB-1, RB-1, RB-4 TB-1, RB-1, RB-4 TB-1, RB-1, RB-4 TB-1, RB-1, RB-4
Switching Characteristics of Devices: Diode as Switch, Piecewise Linear Diode Characteristics Diode Switching times Transistor as a Switch, Breakdown voltages, Transistor in Saturation
10
JBREC
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Multi vibrators: Analysis of Bi-stable Multi vibrators. Design of Bi-stable Multi vibrators using Transistors. Analysis of Mono-stable Multi vibrators Design of Mono-stable Multi vibrators problems Analysis of As table Multi vibrators Design of As table Multi vibrators using Transistors Analysis of Schmitt trigger Design of Schmitt trigger using Transistors problems
TB-1, RB-1 TB-1, RB-1 TB-1, RB-1 TB-1, RB-1 TB-1, RB-1 TB-1, RB-1 TB-1, RB-1 TB-1, RB-1 TB-1, RB-1 TB-1, RB-1
Time Base Generators: General features of a Time base signal, Methods of Generating Time Base Waveform Miller Time Base Generators-Basic Principle, , Transistor Miller Time Base generator
JBREC
11
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Transistor Bootstrap Time base Generator Bootstrap Time Base Generators-Basic Principle Transistor Current Time Base Generators Problems, Methods of Linearity improvement
Sampling Gates: Basic operating principles of Sampling Gates Unidirectional sampling Gates Bi-directional sampling Gates Four Diode Sampling Gate Reduction of pedestal in gate Circuits Six Diode Gate Application of Sampling Gates
TB-1, RB-1 TB-1, RB-1 TB-1, RB-1 TB-1, RB-1 TB-1, RB-1 TB-1, RB-1 TB-1, RB-1
Pulse Synchronization of Relaxation Devices, Frequency division in Sweep Circuit Stability of Relaxation Devices A stable Relaxation Circuits
12
JBREC
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Mono stable Relaxation Circuits Synchronization of a Sweep Circuit with Symmetrical Signals Sine wave frequency division with a Sweep Circuit A Sinusoidal Divider using Regeneration and Modulation Review
TB-1, RB-1 TB-1, RB-1 TB-1, RB-1 TB-1, RB-1 TB-1, RB-1
Realization of AND Gate using Diodes and TB-1, RB-3 Transistors Realization of OR and NOT Gates using Diodes and TB-1, RB-3 Transistors DCTL Logic Family TB-1, RB-3 RTL Logic Family DTL Logic Family TTL Logic Family CML Logic Family TB-1, RB-3 TB-1, RB-3 TB-1, RB-3 TB-1, RB-3
Assignments
Unit 1
1. Explain the response of a high-pass circuit to an exponential input is applied. OR
JBREC
13
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
PDC Course File Explain the operation of RC high-pass circuit when exponential input is applied.
2. Derive the expression for percentage tilt (P) of a square wave output of RC high-pass circuit. 3. Verify V2 = (V/2) (e2x -1)/(e2x+1) = (V/2) tanhx for a symmetrical square wave applied to a low-pass RC circuit. 4. What is the ratio of the rise time of the three sections in cascade to the rise time of single section of low-pass RC circuit? 5. An Ideal 1 m sec pulse is fed to a low-pass circuit. Calculate and plot the output waveform under the following condition. The upper 3-db frequency is , (i) (ii) (iii) 10 MHz 1 MHz 0.1 MHz
6. Prove that an RC circuit behaves as reasonably good integrator if RC > 15T, where T is the period of an input Em sinwt 7. Explain RC double differentiator circuit. 8. Explain about RLC ringing circuit.
Unit 2
1. Classify different types of clipper circuits. Give their circuits and explain their operation with the aid of transfer characteristics. 2. Give the circuits of different types of shunt clippers and explain their operation with the help of their transfer characteristics. 3. Draw the circuit diagram of emitter coupled clipper. Draw its transfer characteristics indicating all intercepts, slopes and voltage levels derive the necessary equations.
JBREC
14
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
6. Design a clipping circuit with ideal components, which can give the waveform shown in figure for a sinusoidal input. 7. Explain the operation of two level slicer.
8. For the circuit shown in figure, Vi is sinusoidal voltage of peak 100 volts. Assume ideal diodes.
OR Draw the circuit diagram of slicer circuit using zener diodes and explain its operation with the help of its transfer characteristics.
Sketch one cycle of output voltage. Determine the maximum diode current. 9. Explain positive peak clipping with reference voltage. 10.Draw the diode comparator circuit and explain the operation of it when ramp input signal is applied. OR
What is meant by comparator and explain diode differentiator comparator operation with the help of ramp input signal applied?
12.Draw the basic circuit diagram of negative peak clamper circuit and explain its operation.
Unit 3
1. What are catching diodes? 2. Give a brief note on piece-wise linear diode characteristics. 3. Write short notes on.
JBREC
15
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Define rise time and fall time of transistors switch. Derive expressions for these in terms of the transistors parameters and operating currents.
Unit 4
1. Discuss the different methods of triggering a flip-flop. Explain the role of communicating capacitors in a binary circuit. OR 2. Draw the circuit diagram of self-bias with symmetrical triggering using JBREC 16 DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Draw the circuit diagram of a Schmitt trigger circuit and explain its operation. Derive the expressions for its UTP and LTP.
6. What do you understand by hysteresis? What is hysteresis voltage? Explain how hysteresis can be eliminated in a Schmitt trigger. 7. Write short notes on a stable multivibrator as a voltage to frequency converter with circuit and waveform. OR
Explain the operation of astable multivibrator with a circuit diagram with relevant waveforms
Unit 5
1. Draw and explain the typical waveform of a time base voltage. OR
2. Explain the principle of working of exponential sweep circuit with neat circuit diagram and also derive the equations for slope, transmission and
Draw and clearly indicate the restoration time and fly back time on the typical waveform of a time base voltage.
JBREC
17
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
10.Write the differences between the voltage and current time base generators.
What are the techniques used to improve the linearity of current sweeps? Illustrate with examples.
Unit 6
1. What do you mean by synchronization? 2. What is the condition to be met for pulse synchronization? 3. What is relaxation oscillator? Name some negative resistance devices used as relaxation oscillators and give its applications. JBREC 18 DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Unit 7
1. Why sampling gates are called linear gates? 2. What are the other names of a gate signal? 3. With the help of a neat diagram, explain the working of tow-diodes sampling gate. 4. Derive expressions for gain and minimum control voltages of a bidirectional
JBREC
19
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Unit 8
1. Give some applications of logic gates. 2. Draw a pulse train representing a 11010111 in a synchronous positive logic digital system. JBREC 20 DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Tutorial Unit 1
JBREC
21
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
PDC Course File Comparison of High and Low pass RC networks Problem solving Class test
Unit 3 Diode and transistor switching times Problem solving Class test
Unit 4 Applications of Bistable, Astable, Monostable multivibrators, Schmitt trigger Problem solving Class test
Unit 5 Comparison of Miller and Bootstrap time base generators Problem solving Class test
Unit 8 Comparison of different logic gates Comparison of different logic families Class test
JBREC
23
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Unit-01
1. Explain the response of a high-pass circuit to an exponential input is applied. OR 2. Derive the expression for percentage tilt (P) of a square wave output of RC high-pass circuit.
3. Verify V2 = (V/2) ( e2x -1)/(e2x+1) = (V/2) tanhx for a symmetrical square wave applied to a low-pass RC circuit. 4. What is the ratio of the rise time of the three sections in cascade to the rise time of single section of low-pass RC circuit? 5. An Ideal 1 m sec pulse is fed to a low-pass circuit. Calculate and plot the output waveform under the following condition. The upper 3-db frequency is, (iv) (v) (vi) 10 MHz 1 MHz 0.1 MHz
6. Prove that an RC circuit behaves as reasonably good integrator if RC > 15T, where T is the period of an input Em sinwt 7. Explain RC double differentiator circuit. 8. Explain about RLC ringing circuit.
. Unit-02
1. Classify different types of clipper circuits. Give their circuits and explain their operation with the aid of transfer characteristics.
JBREC
24
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
6. Design a clipping circuit with ideal components, which can give the waveform shown in figure for a sinusoidal input. 7. Explain the operation of two level slicer.
8. For the circuit shown in figure, Vi is sinusoidal voltage of peak 100 volts. Assume ideal diodes. Sketch one cycle of output voltage. Determine the maximum diode current. 9. Explain positive peak clipping with reference voltage. 10.Draw the diode comparator circuit and explain the operation of it when ramp input signal is applied. OR
OR Draw the circuit diagram of slicer circuit using zener diodes and explain its operation with the help of its transfer characteristics.
What is meant by comparator and explain diode differentiator comparator operation with the help of ramp input signal applied?
11.State and prove clamping circuit theorem. 12.Draw the basic circuit diagram of negative peak clamper circuit and explain its operation.
. Unit-03
JBREC
25
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Define rise time and fall time of transistors switch. Derive expressions for these in terms of the transistors parameters and operating currents.
Unit-04
1. Discuss the different methods of triggering a flip-flop. Explain the role of communicating capacitors in a binary circuit. OR
Draw the circuit diagram of a Schmitt trigger circuit and explain its operation. Derive the expressions for its UTP and LTP.
6. What do you understand by hysteresis? What is hysteresis voltage? Explain how hysteresis can be eliminated in a Schmitt trigger. 7. Write short notes on a stable multivibrator as a voltage to frequency converter with circuit and waveform. OR
Explain the operation of astable multivibrator with a circuit diagram with relevant waveforms
Unit-05
2. Explain the principle of working of exponential sweep circuit with neat circuit diagram and also derive the equations for slope, transmission and displacement error.
Draw and clearly indicate the restoration time and fly back time on the typical waveform of a time base voltage.
JBREC
27
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
10.Write the differences between the voltage and current time base generators.
What are the techniques used to improve the linearity of current sweeps? Illustrate with examples.
Unit-06
1. What do you mean by synchronization? 2. What is the condition to be met for pulse synchronization? 3. What is relaxation oscillator? Name some negative resistance devices used as relaxation oscillators and give its applications. 4. Explain the terms phase delay and phase jitter. 5. Explain how the symmetrical signals are used to synchronize a sweep circuit. 6. With the help of a circuit diagram and waveforms, explain frequency division of an astable multivibrator with pulse signals. 7. Describe frequency division employing a transistor monostable multivibrator. 8. Compare sinewave synchronization with pulse synchronization. JBREC 28 DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Unit-07
1. Why sampling gates are called linear gates? 2. What are the other names of a gate signal? 3. With the help of a neat diagram, explain the working of tow-diodes sampling gate. 4. Derive expressions for gain and minimum control voltages of a bidirectional two-diode sampling gate. 5. Explain the method of obtaining balanced condition in a bidirectional diode gate. 6. Compare the unidirectional and bidirectional sampling gates. 7. Explain clearly the disadvantages of two diode bidirectional sampling gate compared to four diode gates. 8. Draw the circuit diagram of the unidirectional diode gate with more than two inputs and explain its operation. 9. How do you overcome the loading effect of signal sources on control voltage? 10.Draw the circuit diagram of a sampling gate with more than one control voltage and explain its working. 11.What is pedestal? How it effect the output of a sampling gate? 12.What are the applications of sampling gates?
Unit-08
JBREC
29
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
1. (a) Prove that for any periodic input wave form the average levle of the steady state output signal forms Rc high pass circuit is always zero (b) Explain how a low pass RC circuit act as an integrator. [8+8] 2. (a) Design a clipping circuit with ideal components, which can give the waveform shown in figure 2a for a sinusoidal input.
JBREC 30 DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Figure 2a (b) State and prove clamping circuit theorem. [8+8] 3. (a) Explain how a transistor can be used as a switch. (b) Explain the phenomenon of Latching in a transistor switch [8+8] 4. Explain the method of unsymmetrical triggering of the binary with relevant circuit diagram. [16] 5. (a) If the amplifier gain is different from unity in a bootstrap circuit, what is the effect on the sweep voltage? What is the effect of amplifier bandwidth on the sweep output? (b) In UJT sweep circuit VBB = 20 V, VY Y = 50V, R = 5k , RB1 = RB2 = 0 and C= 0.01 F. the UJT fires when Vc = 10.6V and goes to OFF state when Vc = 2.8V. Find the i. the amplitude of sweep signal ii. the slope and displacement error iii. the duration of the sweep, and iv. the recovery time. [16] 6. (a) Explain the method of synchronization of a sinusoidal oscillator with pulses. (b) Describe frequency division employing a transistor monostbale multivibrator. [8+8] 7. (a) Draw the circuit diagram of the unidirectional diode gate with more than two inputs and explain its operation. (b) How do you overcome the loading effect of signal sources on control voltage? (c) Draw the circuit diagram of a sampling gate with more than one control voltage and explain its working. [16] 8. (a) Define positive and negative logic system (b) Define fan-In, fan-out (c) Draw and explain the circuit diagram of a diode OR gate for positive logic. [4+4+8]
JBREC
31
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
1. (a) Write a short notes on RC low pass circuit (b) Draw the output response of RC low pass circuit for a step input signal and explain in detailed. [8+8] 2. (a) Draw the diode comparator circuit and explain the operation of it when ramp input signal is applied. (b) Explain the operation of two level slicer. [10+6] 3. (a) Explain how a BJT can be used as a switch. Compare it performance as a switch with BBJT (b) Describe the switching times of BJT by considering the charge distribution across the base region. Explain this for cut-off, active and saturation region. [8+8] 4. Draw and explain about the response of Schmitt circuit for the following. (a) for loop gain _1 (b) loop gain >1. [16] 5. (a) What is a linear time base generator? (b) Write the applications of time base generators. (c) Define the sweep speed error, displacement error and transmission error of voltage time base waveform. [16] 6. (a) Explain the method of synchronization of a sinusoidal oscillator with pulses. (b) Describe frequency division employing a transistor monostbale multivibrator. [8+8] 7. (a) Draw the circuit diagram of the unidirectional diode gate with more than two inputs and explain its operation. (b) How do you overcome the loading effect of signal sources on control voltage?
JBREC 32 DEPARTMENT OF ECE
PDC Course File (c) Draw the circuit diagram of a sampling gate with more than one control voltage and explain its working. [16] 8. (a) What are the basic logic gates which perform all the operations in digital systems. (b) Give some applications of logic gates. (c) Define a positive and negative pulse logic systems. (d) Draw a pulse train representing 1101011001. [16]
1. (a) Explain about RLC Ringing Circuit (b) Explain RC double differentiator circuit. [8+8] 2. (a) For the circuit shown in figure 2a , Vi is a sinusoidal voltage of peak 100 volts. Assume ideal diodes. Sketch one cycle of output voltage. Determine the maximum diode Current.
(b) Explain positive peak clipping with reference voltage. [12+4] 3. (a) Describe the switching times of BJT by considoring charge distribution across the base region. Explain this far cut-off, active and saturation region. (b) Give the expressions for rise time & fall time in terms of trunsistor parameters and operating corrents. [8+8] 4. Consider the Schmitt trigger of the following figure 4 with germanium transistors having hFE=40. The circuit parameters are VCC=55V, Rs=3.9K, Rc1=12K,
JBREC 33 DEPARTMENT OF ECE
PDC Course File Rc2=2K, R1=39K, R2=180K and Re=39K. Calculate [16] (a) V1 (b) V2.
5. (a) Draw the circuit diagram of fixed amplitude sweep circuit and explain its operation. (b) Draw the circuit diagram of transistor Miller time base generator and explain its working. [16] 6. (a) With the help of a circuit diagram and waveforms, explain frequency division of an astable multivibrator with pulse signals. (b) The relaxation oscillator, when running freely, generates an output signal of peak - to - peak amplitude 100V and frequency 1 kHz. Synchronizing pulses are applied of such amplitude that at each pulse the breakdown voltage is lowered by 20V. Over what frequency range may the sync pulse frequency be varied if 1 : 1 synchronization is to result? If 5 : 1 synchronization is to be obtained (fP /fS = 5), over what range of frequency may the pulse source be varied? [16] 7. (a) What is pedestal? How it effects the output of a sampling gate? (b) What are the applications of sampling gates? (c) Explain clearly the disadvantages of two diode bidirectional sampling gate compared to four divide gate. [6+4+6] 8. (a) Draw the circuit diagram of diode - resistor logic OR gate and explain its operation. (b) The transistor inverter (NOT gate) circuit has a minimum value hfe = 30, VCC = 12V, RC = 2.2k, R1 = 15k and R2 =100k, VBB = 12V. Prove
JBREC 34 DEPARTMENT OF ECE
PDC Course File that circuit works as NOT gate. Assume typical junction voltages. The input is varying between 0 and 12V. [16]
1. (a) A symmetrical square wave whose peak-to-peak amptitude id 2V and whose average value is zero as applied to on Rc integrating circuit. The time constant is equals to half -period of th esquare wave find the peak to peak value of the output amplitude (b) Describe the relationship between rise time and RCtime constant of a low pass RC circuit. [8+8] 2. (a) Draw the basic circuit diagram of negative peak clamper circuit and explain its operation. (b) What is meant by comparator and explain diode differentiator comparator operation with the help of ramp input signal is applied. [6+10] 3. (a) Define the following: i. Storage time ii. Delay time iii. Rise time iv. Fall time (b) Explain how a BJT can be used as a switch. Compare its perfoemance as a switch with JFET. [8+8] 4. Write short notes on: (a) Gate width of mono-stable multivibrator. (b) Astable multivibrator as a voltage to frequency converter with circuit and waveform. [8+8] 5. (a) With the help of neat diagram explain the working of transistor Bootstrap time base generator. (b) Draw a simple current sweep circuit and explain its working with the help of diagrams. [16] 6. (a) Describe the sine wave frequency division with a sweep circuit. (b) Compare sine wave synchronzation with pulse synchronization. (c) What is Synchronization on one-to-one basis? [8+4+4] 7. (a) What is a sampling gate. (b) Illustrate the principle of sampling gates with series and parallel switches and
JBREC 35 DEPARTMENT OF ECE
PDC Course File compare them. (c) Draw the circuit diagram of unidirectional diode gate and explain its operation. [16] 8. (a) Draw the circuit diagram of diode - resistor logic OR gate and explain its operation. (b) The transistor inverter (NOT gate) circuit has a minimum value hfe = 30, VCC = 12V, RC = 2.2k, R1 = 15k and R2 =100k, VBB = 12V. Prove that circuit works as NOT gate. Assume typical junction voltages. The input is varying between 0 and 12V. [16]
JBREC
36
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
The time constant of an RC circuit is the product of its resistance and capacitance. For R in ohms and C in farads, the time constant t is in seconds. t = RC
5RC Rule of Thumb: A capacitor charges or decays to within 1% of its final value in 5 time constants. JBREC 37 DEPARTMENT OF ECE
JBREC
38
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Notes:
JBREC
39
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
JBREC
40
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
UNIT-2
CLIPPERS
There are a variety of diode networks called clippers that have the ability to clip off a portion of the input signal without distorting the remaining part of the alternating waveform. The half-wave rectifier is an example of the simplest form of diode clipperone resistor and diode. Depending on the orientation of the diode, the positive or negative region of the input signal is clipped off. There are two general categories of clippers: series and parallel. The series configuration is defined as one where the diode is in series with the load, while the parallel variety has the diode in a branch parallel to the load.
JBREC
41
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
CLAMPERS
Clamper is a circuit that "clamps" a signal to a different dc level. The different types of clampers are positive negative and biased clampers. A clamping network must have a capacitor, a diode and a resistive element. The magnitude R and C must be chosen such that the time constant RC is large enough to ensure that the voltage across the capacitor does not discharge significantly during the interval the diode is non- conducting. Positive Clamper The circuit for a positive clamper is shown in the figure. During the negative half cycle of the input signal, the diode conducts and acts like a short circuit. The output voltage . The capacitor is charged to the peak value of input voltage Vm. and it behaves like a battery. During the positive half of the input signal, the diode does not conduct and
acts as an open circuit. Hence the output voltage voltage. Negative Clamper JBREC 42
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
During the negative half cycle, the diode is open. The output voltage can be found by applying KVL.
Biased Clamper The circuit of a positively biased clamper is shown in the figure. During the negative half cycle of the input signal the diode is forward biased and acts like a short circuit. The capacitor charges to . Applying the KVL to the input side
JBREC
43
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
The voltage across the resistor will be equal to the source voltage Vs. During the positive half cycle of the input signal, the diode is reverse biased and it acts as an open circuit. Hence Vs has no effect on Vo. Applying KVL around the outside loop.
. .
JBREC
44
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH
There are transistors that are referred to as switching transistors due to the speed with which they can switch from one voltage level to the other. In Fig the periods of time defined as ts, td, tr, and tf are provided versus collector current. Their impact on the speed of response of the collector output is defined by the collector current response The total time required for the transistor to switch from the off to the on state is designated as ton and defined by
with td the delay time between the changing state of the input and the beginning of a response at the output. The time element tr is the rise time from 10% to 90% of the final value.
JBREC
45
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
The total time required for a transistor to switch from the on to the off state is referred to as toff and is defined by where ts is the storage time and tf the fall time from 90% to 10% of the initial value.
JBREC
46
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
UNIT-4
A multivibrator is an electronic circuit used to implement a variety of simple two-state systems such as oscillators, timers and flip-flops. It is characterized by two amplifying devices (transistors, electron tubes or other devices) cross-coupled by resistors and capacitors. There are three types of multivibrator circuit:
astable, in which the circuit is not stable in either stateit continuously oscillates from one state to the other. Due to this, it does not require an input (Clock pulse or other). monostable, in which one of the states is stable, but the other is notthe circuit will flip into the unstable state for a determined period, but will eventually return to the stable state. Such a circuit is useful for creating a timing period of fixed duration in response to some external event. This circuit is also known as a one shot. A common application is in eliminating switch bounce. bistable, in which the circuit will remain in either state indefinitely. The circuit can be flipped from one state to the other by an external event or trigger. Such a circuit is important as the fundamental building block of a register or memory device. This circuit is also known as a latch or a flip-flop.
In its simplest form the multivibrator circuit consists of two cross-coupled transistors. Using resistor-capacitor networks within the circuit to define the time periods of the unstable states, the various types may be implemented. Multivibrators find applications in a variety of systems where square waves or timed intervals are required. Simple circuits tend to be inaccurate since many factors affect their timing, so they are rarely used where very high precision is required. The 555 timer is a popular IC chip which can be used to implement all three multivibrator modes.
JBREC
47
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Theory:Schmitt Trigger is an emitter coupled binary trigger circuit. It is termed a binary trigger circuit since two stable states occur- the transistor Q1 may be ON and Q2 OFF or vice versa. In the absence of an input to transistor Q1 the voltage divider network Rb2 and R1 along with Rc1 maintains the base of Q2 at a slightly positive potential relative to the emitter and thereby Q2 operates in the saturation region. Owing to the current flow in Q2, the voltage developed across the common emitter resistor, Re maintains Q1 at cut-off. Since the base of Q1 is at ground potential, it is negative relative to the emitter. Thus the stable state in the absence of a signal is Q2 ON and Q1 OFF and the output voltage is in the low state. The switching action may be started by raising or lowering the bias on Q1. When an input sine wave is applied, as soon as the input voltage attains a value equal to the sum of the voltages across Rb1 and Re, Q1 turns ON since its base becomes more positive relative to the emitter. Q1 is driven to conduction in the saturation region. The collector voltage of Q1 drops, which inturn is coupled by the network Rb2-R1 to the base of Q2. This eliminates the forward bias on Q2 and hence it is driven to cut-off. This state persists as long as the input voltage is greater than the sum of the voltages across Rb1 and Re. When Q2 is driven to cut-off, output voltage switches to the difference between Vcc and the voltage across Rc2.
JBREC
48
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
A multivibrator in which one transistor is always conducting (i.e. in the ON state) and the other is non-conducting (i.e. in the OFF state) is called a monostable multivibrator. Monostable Multivibrator or one-shot multivibrator has one stable state and one quasi-stable state. i.e. When one transistor is conducting and the other is non-conducting, the circuit will remain in this stable state until the application of external trigger pulse. After a certain time the circuit will automatically switch back to the original stable state and remains there until another pulse is applied. The circuit of a transistor monostable multivibrator is shown in the figure. With the above circuit arrangement Q1 is at cut-off and Q2 is at saturation. This represents the stable state. The base of Q1 is kept at a negative potential to ensure that it is always OFF unless when trigger is applied. The triggering network consists of the voltage source, the input capacitor, R4, R5 and D1.
JBREC
49
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
When a trigger pulse is applied, Q1 turns ON and the collector voltage of Q1 drops from VCC to the saturation voltage of 0.2V. This negative change is coupled to the base of Q2 by the capacitor which inturn causes Q2 to turn OFF. This represents the quasi-stable state. Now the capacitor starts charging towards VCC. When the capacitor voltage reaches 0.7V, transistor Q2 turns ON and Q1 switches back to the OFF state. The output waveform may be observed in the waveform viewer.
JBREC
50
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Astable Multivibrator is a two stage switching circuit in which the output of the first stage is fed to the input of the second stage and vice versa. The outputs of both the stages are complementary. This free running multivibrator generates square wave without any external triggering pulse. The circuit has two stable states and switches back and forth from one state to another, remaining in each state for a time depending upon the discharging of the capacitive circuit. The multivibrator is one form of relaxation oscillator, the frequency of which may be controlled by external synchronizing pulses. In our experiment we are using transistor, as the amplifying device and also it is a collector coupled multivibrator.
Figure shows the basic symmetrical astable multivibrator in which components in one half of a cycle of the circuit are identical to their counterpart in the other half. Square wave output can be obtained from the collector point of Q1 or Q2. Operation When supply voltage, VCC is applied, one transistor will conduct more than the other due to some circuit imbalance. Initially let us assume that Q1 is conducting and Q2 is cut-off. Then VC1, the output of Q1 is equal to VCESAT which is approximately zero and VC2 is equal to VCC. At this instant C1 charges exponentially with the time constant R1C1 towards the supply voltage through R1 and correspondingly VB2 also increases exponentially towards VCC. When VB2 crosses the coupling voltage Q2 starts conducting and VC2 falls to VCESAT. Also VB1 falls due to capacitive coupling JBREC 51 DEPARTMENT OF ECE
JBREC
52
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
UNIT-5
.
UNIT-6
JBREC
53
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
UNIT-7
JBREC
54
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
JBREC
55
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
UNIT-8
JBREC
56
DEPARTMENT OF ECE