A Handbook of Germanic Etymology (Vladimir Orel, 2003)

A HANDBOOK OF
GERMANIC
ETYMOLOGY
Vladimir Orel
BRILL
A HANDBOOK OF GERMANIC ETYMOLOGY
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A HANDBOOK OF
GERMANIC
ETYMOLOGY
BY
VLADIMIR OREL
BRILL
LEIDEN BOSTON
2003
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This book is printed on acid-free paper.
ISBN 90 04 12875 1
Copyright 2003 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored
in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written
permission of the publisher.
Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal
use is granted by Brill provided that
the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright
Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910
Danvers MA 01923, USA.
Fees are subject to change.
rnix+rr ix +nr xr+nrnr.xrs
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For Miriam, Elizabeth and Ira, to hear the unspoken word.
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If the lost word is lost, if the spent word is spent
If the unheard, unspoken
Word is unspoken, unheard;
Still is the unspoken word, the Word unheard,
The Word without a word, the Word within
The world and for the world;
And the light shone in darkness and
Against the Word the unstilled world still whirled
About the center of the silent Word.
T.S. Eliot
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CONTENTS
Preface ............................................................................................ xi
List of references ............................................................................ xv
Abbreviations .................................................................................. xxxvii
Dictionary ...................................................................................... 1
Indices
Germanic languages .................................................................. 477
Other Indo-European languages .............................................. 629
Non-Indo-European languages .................................................. 683
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PREFACE
The objective of this work is to present a reasonably full (but certainly not
exhaustive) collection of Proto-Germanic lexemes with their reconstruc-
tions, their reections in main branches of Germanic and, whenever
possible, with plausible etymologies and etymological references (the latter
include main etymological dictionaries as well as articles and notes). As it
sometimes happens in other elds of knowledge, for the last fty or sixty
years linguists have operated under the misleading impression that Ger-
manic etymology does not leave us much more than minor issues to deal
with and that the main bulk of relevant problems in this eld has been
solved. I do not believe this view to be true and this book is to prepare
grounds for a future serious revision of the etymologies (mainly, root ety-
mologies) automatically accepted today and sanctied more by habit than
by reason.
The dictionary includes the following categories of (Proto-)Germanic
words:
(a) words attested in two or three branches of Germanic;
(b) words attested in only one Germanic branch but having precise exter-
nal cognates or being sources of wider attested Germanic derivatives;
(c) words attested in only one Germanic branch but representing ancient
loanwords that might have penetrated Germanic at the Proto-
Germanic level.
Clearly, with words of categories (b) and (c), the writer depends on ety-
mological solutions and, therefore, on scholarly preferences and tastes to
a greater extent than with words of category (a). That has certainly
inuenced the choice of certain entries. In some cases, entries were added
even when the word represented an innovation in one branch but its dis-
cussion and analysis in the etymological literature indicated otherwise and
the entry could be of some interest for the study of Proto-Germanic.
The dictionary only deals with full lexical parallels in Germanic and the
resulting reconstructions are words (sometimes with their morphological
variants), not morphemes. Internal Germanic cognates are represented by
the oldest attested forms from each branch involved in a given compari-
son. Thus, High German is represented by an Old High German form
unless such has not been registered. In the latter case, High German will
be represented by Middle High German or modern German, and so on.
Normally, an entry will include Gothic (or other East Germanic dialects,
orel_f1_i-xxxviii 7/6/04 6:48 PM Page xi
usually in reconstruction), Old Norse (or other Old Scandinavian), Old
English, Old Frisian, Old Saxon and Old High German forms.
The Proto-Germanic phonological reconstruction used in the Dictionary
is fairly traditional. No attempt has been made to solve the problem of the
(lack of) opposition between Gmc short *e and *i (even though the present
writer believes the reconstruction of one phoneme would be appropriate):
in most words with established etymology or related forms with dierent
ablaut grades, the choice between *e and *i raises no doubts. In more
dicult (and rarer) cases, the reconstruction of *e or *i is close to arbitrary.
The same applies to some instances when there was no way to distinguish
between *f and *b or * and * on the reconstruction level. One can only
hope that the further progress of Germanic etymology will allow to
improve such reconstructions. Otherwise, the phonological inventory of
Proto-Germanic and the alphabetic order used in the dictionary are estab-
lished as follows: a b e (and
2
) f x i j k l m n p r s t u w.
Transliterations chosen for individual Germanic languages could not be
entirely consistent throughout the book. However, an attempt has been
made to reach a certain level of standardization (which includes, among
other conventions, the omission of traditional post-word asterisks in
Gothic). At the same time, I made it a point to return to the main lexico-
graphic sources for most of the involved Germanic languages (and occa-
sionally, to texts), with the unfortunate exception of Low German, in order
to verify morphological features and meanings of the forms compared.
This process took considerable time and some eorts and was particularly
painful in determining meanings and expressing them in English. It is well-
known how misleading translations of translations of translations can be
I did my best to control them and to replace them with originally coined
English glosses whenever possible (that applied primarily to Gothic, Old
Norse and Old English). Numerous ghost-words and ghost-meanings
appearing in linguistic publications (not only on Germanic but on other
Indo-European dialects as well) were pitilessly eliminated. I realize, how-
ever, that some of those unfortunately remained undetected.
The semantic reconstruction of the Proto-Germanic words was not even
attempted: too many complications and arguments would have followed
the decision to ascribe meanings to Proto-Germanic words. This exercise
is therefore left to the reader, not without some relief on my part.
Certain constraints (partly dictated by external factors, partly following
the linguistic views of the author) have been imposed to lter out several
groups of words. Primarily, that applies to prexal verbs and nouns that
have not been included as separate entries even in (numerous) cases when
a prex is attested in all compared forms. Whenever the prex can be pro-
jected into the Indo-European prehistory of Germanic, thisrather infre-
XII PREFACE
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quentfact is noted in the corresponding unprexed entry. It was also
decided not to include Germanic proper names, toponyms and ethnonyms
as separate units. Proper names, however, appear in quite a few entries
whenever they form parallels to appellative nouns in other Germanic lan-
guages. Loanwords to Proto-Germanic have been included; however, the
status of Latin loanwords proved to be problematic. As a result, the dic-
tionary covers only such Latin elements as may be given the credit of
doubt of being quite old and not obtained by dierent Germanic dialects
separately or through chain-borrowings.
Clearly, some of the Proto-Germanic morphological reconstructions of
entries are, to a great extent, idealized. In certain cases, for example in
nouns, when certain uctuations of gender appeared to be of regular
nature, a deeper reconstruction was oered without additional comments.
Some other reconstructions, for example, those of root stems, are undoubt-
edly rather arbitrary too. The same accounts for the reconstruction of
stem vowels in compounds and for the way in which adverbial forms are
presented.
I owe my gratitude to several colleagues of mine: my teachers Leonid
A. Gindin and Vladimir A. Dybo whose interest and encouragement were
always of great importance, Oleg N. Trubachev and Zhanna Zh. Varbot
whose insights of etymology inspired me, Olga A. Smirnitskaia who was
my rst teacher of Gothic and Old Norse. I feel greatly indebted to George
Durman and Grigory Zubakov for their practical help with the retrieval of
some etymological sources.
1
Several institutions provided me with their assistance, in particular, the
libraries of McMaster University, Princeton University, Hebrew University
in Jerusalem, Tel-Aviv University and Bar-Ilan University.
Finally, I must thank those whose unspoken word keeps me alive.
Vladimir Orel
Princeton Calgary
March 29, 2003
PREFACE XIII
1
Most of my bibliographic inquiries were successful, with the exception of the recent
work published in the Ukraine: V.V. Levitskii Etimologicheskii slovar germanskikh
iazykov, III, Chernovtsy: Ruta, 2000 of which I could only obtain some information from
the review of M.ko\skii VJa XLVIII/5 124130.
orel_f1_i-xxxviii 7/6/04 6:48 PM Page xiii
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XXXVI REFERENCES
orel_f1_i-xxxviii 7/6/04 6:48 PM Page xxxvi
ABBREVIATIONS
Languages
Alb - Albanian
Arm - Armenian
Av - Avestan
Balt - Baltic
Bret - Breton
Burg - Burgundian
Chuv - Chuvash
Crim. Goth - Crimean Gothic
Dor - Doric
Du - Dutch
E - English
EGmc - East Germanic
ELith - East Lithuanian
Ethio-Sem - Ethio-Semitic
Etr - Etruscan
Finn - Finnish
Flem - Flemish
Fr - French
G - German
Gaul - Gaulish
Gep - Gepidic
Gk - Greek
Gmc - Germanic
Goth - Gothic
Grg - Georgian
Hbr - Hebrew
Hom - Homeric
Hung - Hungarian
Icel - Icelandic
IE - Indo-European
Ion - Ionic
Iran - Iranian
Lat - Latin
Latv - Latvian
LG - Low German
Lith - Lithuanian
MDu - Middle Dutch
ME - Middle English
Messap - Messapic
MGk - Middle Greek
MHG - Middle High German
MIr - Middle Irish
MPers - Middle Persian
MW - Middle Welsh
Myc - Mycenaean
NCauc - North Caucasian
Norw - Norwegian
NPers - Modern Persian
OCS - Old Church Slavonic
OE - Old English
OESc - Old East Scandinavian
OFrank - Old Frankish
OHG - Old High German
OHung - Old Hungarian
OIr - Old Irish
OLFr - Old Low Frankish
ON - Old Norse
OPic - Old Picardian
OPrus - Old Prussian
OS - Old Saxon
Osc - Oscan
OSwed - Old Swedish
OW - Old Welsh
PAlb - Proto-Albanian
Phryg - Phrygian
PIE - Proto-Indo-European
Pkt - Prakrit
Pol - Polish
Rom - Romance
Russ - Russian
Sem - Semitic
Skt - Sanskrit (including Vedic)
Slav - Slav(on)ic
Slvn - Slovene
Sum - Sumerian
Sweb - Swebian
Swed - Swedish
Umb - FIND
W - Welsh
WGmc - West Germanic
Yns - Yenisseyan
Grammatical terms
acc. - accusative
adj. - adjective
coll. - collective
cmpn. - compound
comp. - comparative
cons. - consonantal
denom. - denominative
derive. - derivative
orel_f1_i-xxxviii 7/6/04 6:48 PM Page xxxvii
XXXVIII ABBREVIATIONS
deverb. - deverbative
dial. - dialectal
dim. - diminutive
ethn. - ethnonym
f. - feminine
impf. - imperfect
indecl. - indeclinable
irreg. - irregular
m. - masculine
mtn. - mountain name
n. - neuter
part. - participle
perf. - perfect
pl. - plural
pln. - place name
poet. - poetic
prep. - preposition
prop. - proper name
ptcl. - particle
re. - reexive
rvn. - river name
sb. - substantive
sbst. - substantivized
sg. - singular
theon. - theonym
orel_f1_i-xxxviii 7/6/04 6:48 PM Page xxxviii
*aba prep.: Goth af from, away from,
ON af id., OE f, of id., OFris af, of id.,
OS af id., OHG aba id. (with secondary
-a). Identical with Skt pa away, o , Av
ap id., Gk p, po from, Alb pa
without, Lat ab from. B.n+norov.r
72; Tonr-F.rk 15; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
9; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 1; Fris+ 3;
M.vnnorrn I 37; Pokonxv I 53; Vnirs
ANEW 2; Fnisk I 122; Oxioxs 624;
Lrnv.xx GED 2; Lrovr-Srnixorn I 58;
Krtor-Srrnorr 23; Onrr AED 307;
Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*abisjanan wk.vb.: ON efsa to cut o ,
OE efesian to cut, to round, to shear.
Probably derived from *aba. Vnirs
ANEW 94.
*abjn sb.f.: ON efja mud, ooze, OE ebba
ebb (masc.), OFris ebba id., MDu ebbe id.
Closely related to Gk piow far away.
Derived from *aba. Tonr-F.rk 15;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 87; Pokonxv I 54;
Vnirs ANEW 94; Fnisk I 121122;
Oxioxs 299; Krtor-Srrnorr 203.
*abnjan sb.n.: ON efni material, stu ,
OE and-efn equality, proportion, meas-
ure, amount. Related to Skt pna-
possession, work, Gk fnow riches,
wealth (with irregular -f-). Tonr-F.rk
1516; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 88; M.v-
nnorrn I 40; Vnirs ANEW 94.
*abnjanan ~ *abnjjanan wk.vb.: ON
efna to perform, to prepare, to make
arrangements, OE efnan to perform, to
execute, to labor, OHG ebann id.
Derived from *abnjan. Tonr-F.rk 15
16; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 88; Vnirs
ANEW 94.
*abn sb.m.: Goth aba husband, man,
ON a grandfather, man, OHG prop.
Abo. Probably, a Lallwort (Unrrxnrck
PBB XXII 188, XXVII 113114: nursery
word for father). Tonr-F.rk 15; Brz-
zrxnrnorn BB XXI 296 (to *abraz and
Lith ovis father-in-law); Lirrx Studien
7374 (to IE *op- to be able, to bring
about); Fons+rv.xx AND I 11; Zivvrn-
v.xx BB XXIX 272 (to Etr apa father,
husband); Scntrzr KZ LII 311 (same as
Brzzrxnrnorn); Mrnixorn IF XVII
129, XVIII 208209 (follows Lirrx);
Z.cnnissox Festschr. Kock 405 (to OE Aba,
Abba, Afa); Fris+ 1; Pokonxv I 2; Vnirs
ANEW 2 (to *afalan; separates ON a
man from a grandfather, the latter to
Goth awo grandmother); Z.rizxi.k I
152; Jtctois LBd LX 199203; Brx\r-
xis+r IEL 181; Lrnv.xx GED 1 (against
comparison of Goth with ON).
*abraz adj.: Goth abrs great, severe,
extreme, ON afr-endr at ai very strong,
valiant. Related to MIr abor- very, W
afr- id. (Lo+n RC XLII 64), Thrac prop.
Abro-zelmiw. Mrvrn Goth. 64 (to Skt
bhva- monstrous); Krtor KZ XXV (to
Skt pr- active, eager (?)); Jon.xssox IF
III 239241 (to Skt mbha- power, Lat
omnis all); Brzzrxnrnorn BB XXI 296
(to *abn); Fick KZ XLV 5657 (same
as Jon.xssox); Unrrxnrck Btrg. Gesch.
XXX 253; Mrirrr+ Etudes 183 (to Slav
*obr Avar); Tonr-F.rk 16; Fris+ 12;
S+rxrrn-Pr+rnsrx Slav.-germ. 184185
(Slav *obr from Gothic); Mrzorn KZ
LXV 122123 (follows Brzzrxnrnorn);
V.irr.x+ RESl XXIX 122 (against
a
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:55 PM Page 1
S+rxrrn-Pr+rnsrx); Jtctois LBd LX
199203; W.oxrn KZ LXXV 5875 (to
Sum b
2
to procreate, Akk abru to be
strong); Jn.xxrssox IEW 86; Pokonxv
I 2; Vnirs ANEW 23; Vrxrnvrs A67;
Lrnv.xx GED 1; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom.
248; Hrirrnv.xxs 93 (to Skt pas- work,
action, Lat opus work).
*abu prep.: ON au-viri worthless wretch,
damage, MHG abe from. A variant of
*aba. Cf. Gk Arc-Cypr p for p.
Pokonxv I 55; Fnisk I 122.
*abuaz ~ *abuxaz adj.: ON fugr bent
back, inverted, OS abuh evil, OHG abuh
bad, wrong. Derived from *aba. Cf. sim-
ilar but not identical derivatives in Skt
pka- aside, back, Slav *opak back,
back to front. Scnvir+ Plur. 392;
Knr+scnvrn KZ XXXI 389; Tonr-F.rk
15; Wrisvrirrn IF XLI 345350; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 2; Pokonxv I54; Vnirs
ANEW 685; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III
142; Lrovr-Srnixorn I 3335; Krtor-
Srrnorr 6; Hrirrnv.xxs 9394.
*aelaz ~ *aeln sb.m.: OSwed ko-adel
cows urine, OE adela lth, MLG adel(e)
unpleasant dampness. Of unknown ori-
gin. Tonr-F.rk 10 (to Gk nyow dung);
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 2; Oxioxs 12.
*afalan sb.n.: ON a strength, OE afol
power, OS abal id. The same root is
preserved in Gk n-apelsaw: nar-
rvsyew, Hes., Ion epelw strong, Hom
lighpelh weakness, Ion nhpelh:
syneia (Hes.). Tonr-F.rk 16; Hor-
+n.tsrx AEEW 2; Ponzio Gliederung 130;
Pokonxv I 52; Vnirs ANEW 2 (OE <
ON); Lrnv.xx 1 (to *abn).
*afaljanan wk.vb.: ON aa to acquire,
to cause, to contrive, OHG part. avalnti
farmer. Derived from *afalan. Tonr-
F.rk 16; Vnirs ANEW 2, 94.
*afar adv.: Goth afar after, ON afar-
very (in compounds), OHG avur again.
Related to Skt para- posterior, later, Av
apar id. Cf. *aba. B.n+norov.r 7677;
Tonr-F.rk 15; Fris+ 34; M.vnnorrn I
38; Pokonxv I 54; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I
107; Vnirs ANEW 2; Lrnv.xx GED 23.
*afarn sb.m.: Goth afara descendant,
OE eafora heir, ospring, successor, son,
OS avaro descendant. Derived from
*afar (Fris+ 4). Tonr-F.rk 15; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 83; Tnv.o.n.t JEGP
XLVII 180 (to *abn); Vnirs ANEW 2 (to
ON afr buttermilk); Scnvir+ Studien 164;
Lrnv.xx GED 3.
*aftan adv.: Goth aftana from behind,
ON aptan afterwards, again, OE ftan
behind, OFris efta id., OS aftan eventu-
ally, OHG aftan behind, from behind.
Derived from *aft. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
9; Fris+ 11; Pokonxv I 54; Vnirs ANEW
11; Oxioxs 18; Lrnv.xx GED 7;
Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*aftanaz ~ *banaz sb.m.: ON
aptann, eptann evening, OE fen id., OFris
vend, iound id., OS band id., OHG band
id. Derived from *aftan ( Jon.xissox
MASO V 5075) with taboo transforma-
tions. Bntov.xx IF V 376 (to IE *epi ~
*opi ); Wirrrv.xx BB XXVIII 73 (same
as Bntov.xx); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 9;
Pokonxv I 324; Oxioxs 331; Vnirs
ANEW 11; Lrovr-Srnixorn I 913;
Brrkrs KZ CIX 231232 (non-Indo-
European); Krtor-Srrnorr 34.
*aft(e)raz adj.: Goth aftaro in back of,
from behind (with analogical -o), ON
eptir after, OE fter id., OFris efter id.,
OS aftar id., OHG after id. Modication
of a comparative degree of *aba inu-
enced by *afta. Close to Skt apataram
farther o , OPers apataram away from,
far away, Gk pvtrv farther (Bnto-
v.xx Grundri II/1 324326). Tonr-
F.rk 15; Fris+ 1112; Scntrzr KZ XL
414; Pokonxv I 53; Scnvir+ Studien 262
(to IE *opi ); M.vnnorrn I 37; Vnirs
ANEW 11; Oxioxs 18; Prr+rns SL
XXIX, 5960; Lrnv.xx GED 8; Krtor-
Srrnorr 18; Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*aft adv.: Goth afta behind, ON eft
after (with e- from eftir), OE ft behind,
again, OFris eft later, afterwards, OS eft,
eht after. Derived from *aba (Scnvir+
Studien 88). Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 88;
Fris+ 11; Pokonxv I 5354 (to Gk piyen
abraz 2 aft
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:55 PM Page 2
behind). S+nri+nrno Bibel I 484 (Goth
afta as an erroneous reading of aftra);
Lrnv.xx GED 78; Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*aftr adv.: Goth aftra back, again, ON
aptr id. See *aft(e)raz. Tonr-F.rk 15;
Fris+ 12; Pokonxv I 53; Scnvir+ Studien
262 (to IE *opi ); Vnirs ANEW 11;
Lrnv.xx GED 8.
*aftumn adj.: Goth aftuma aftermost,
hindmost. Superlative degree of *aba. Cf.
*aftumistaz. Fris+ 12; Pokonxv I 53;
234.
*aftumistaz adj.: Goth aftumists endmost,
nal, OE ftemest last. Secondary super-
lative based on *aftumn. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 9; Fris+ 12; Pokonxv I 53;
234.
*aa-laikn ~ *aa-laikan sb.f./n.: Goth
ag-laitei licentiousness, debauchery (irreg-
ular -t- < *-k-), OE a-lc misery, grief,
trouble. Compound of *aa (see *aanan)
and *laikan (Mrzorn Word II 6671).
Tonr-F.rk 9; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW3; Atr-
rrnn..n Lehnw. 2831 (OHG agaleizi dili-
gence, zeal < Goth); Fris+ 14 (to *aluz);
Sc.nriori Goten 227228 (follows Atrrrn-
n..n); Lrnv.xx GED 10.
*aanan str.vb.: Goth agan to be afraid of
part. un-agands fearless. Related to Gk
xomai to be sad, to mourn, OIr ad-
gathar to fear. Tonr-F.rk 9; Fris+ 13,
380381 (on Goth og to be afraid of );
Pokonxv I 7; Vnirs ANEW 3; Fnisk I
202203; Srrnorr 362; Prr+rns KZ XC
910; Lrnv.xx GED 9.
*aan ~ *axan sb.f.: Goth ahana
cha , ON gn id. (pl. agnir < fem.
*aaniz), OE eenu little round heap (<
*ain; pl. from fem. *aann), OS agana
cha , OHG agana id. Derived from
*aaz. Derivationally close to Skt ani-
thunderbolt, tip of a missile, Gk kaina
spike, prick, kanow pine-thistle, Lat
agna ear (of grain) < *an, Lith ans
edge, blade, Latv asns new shoot.
Atrnrcn+ KZ I 353 (to Lat acus needle,
pin); Ztri+z. Gutt. 129; Tonr-F.rk 7;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 89; W.rrr-Horv.xx
I 2223; Fris+ 16; M.vnnorrn I 59;
Pokonxv I 1920; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I
63; Fn.rxkrr 18; Fnisk I 49, 62; Vnirs
ANEW 685; Z.rizxi.k II 194; Oxioxs
66; Lrnv.xx GED 11.
*aaz sb.m.: Swed ag swamp grass, MLG
ag perch. For the etymology see *aan
~ *axan. Pokonxv I 18.
*ae sb.f.: OE eee, ee rake, harrow,
OFris eide id. OS egitha id., OHG egida id.
Related to OW ocet id. < *okit, OPrus
aketes id., Lith akios, ekios id. Tonr-
F.rk 8; Hin+ IF XXXVII 230 (also to
Lat occa harrow; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
88; Pokonxv I 22; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa
I 62; Fn.rxkrr 119; Krtor-Srrnorr
205.
*aez sb.n.: Goth agis awe, fear, OE
masc. ee fear, horror, dread. An es-stem
derivationally identical with Gk neut.
xow id. (Atrnrcn+ KZ I 355). Further
connected with *aanan. Already in Goth
oblique cases are based on *aesan. Cf.
masc. *aesn id. > OE eesa id., OS egisa
id., OHG egiso id. Ztri+z. Gutt. 218;
Tonr-F.rk 9; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 89;
Fris+ 14; Pokonxv I 7; Cnrvor.xo\
SGGJa I 110; Fnisk I 202203; Z.rizxi.k
II 223; Srrnorr 362; Lrnv.xx GED 10;
Pr.ssv.xx Karg-Gasterstdt Festschr. 93
135 (to *awi- snake in *awi-axsjn);
B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 211; Krtor-Srrnorr
902.
*an sb.f.: Goth un-agei fearlessness,
OHG eg fear. Derived from *aanan.
Fris+ 13; Pokonxv I 7; Vnirs ANEW 3;
Z.rizxi.k II 223; Oxioxs 65; Lrnv.xx
GED 10; Hrirrnv.xxs 94.
*aja-stainaz sb.m.: ON egg-steinn sharp
stone, MLG egge-stn corner-stone,
MHG ecke-stein id. Compound of *aj
and *stainaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 83 (par-
allel formations).
*aj sb.f.: Burg *agja edge, ON egg id.,
OE ec edge, angle, blade, sword, OFris
egg, ig edge, sword, OS eggia id., MHG
ecke sharp point, side. Related to Gk
kw sharp point, Lat acis sharp edge
aft 3 aj
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:55 PM Page 3
and other continuants of IE *a- sharp.
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 8; Pokonxv I 19;
Vnirs ANEW 94; Z.rizxi.k I 148; Fnisk
I 52; Oxioxs 301; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom.
113; Konrrn 708; Krtor-Srrnorr 204;
Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*ajjanan wk.vb.: ON eggja to incite, to
goad, OE ecan to sharpen, OFris eggia to
drive, to fence, MLG eggen to sharpen.
Derived from *aj. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
87; Vnirs ANEW 95.
*aljanan wk.vb.: Goth agljan to harm,
OE elan to trouble, MLG egelen to
annoy, OHG egilen to torment. Derived
from *aluz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 89;
Fris+ 15; Pokonxv I 8; Oxioxs 21;
Lrnv.xx GED 10; Hrirrnv.xxs 95.
*aluz adj.: Goth aglus dicult, toilsome,
OE ele troublesome, hateful. Con-
nected with Skt agh- bad, Av ag id.
Scnvrizrn KZ I 151; Wirrrv.xx BB
XXVIII 50 (to Gk xlw fog);
B.n+norov.r 4748; Tonr-F.rk 9 (to
Gk xlow crowd, throng); Fris+ 15;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 89; Mrzorn Word II
67; M.vnnorrn I 19; Pokonxv I 8;
249; Hrirrnv.xxs 95.
*anan sb.n.: ON agn bait. From *an-.
Related to *axjanan. Structurally close to
Skt neut. ana- meal. Tonr-F.rk 8;
106; Vnirs ANEW 3.
*auraz sb.m.: ON gr kind of sh, carp.
Derivationally close to OIr aicher sharp,
Lith eers, dial. aers perch, Latv asars,
asaris id. (Morrrn KZ XXIV 466). Fur-
ther related to IE *a- sharp. Tonr-
F.rk 23; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 14; Pokonxv
I 20; Fn.rxkrr 125.
*awi-axsjn sb.f.: OE exe lizard, OS
egithassa, ewithissa id., OHG egidehsa id.
Compound consisting of *awi- (from
*og
hi-, cf. Skt hi- snake, Gk fiw id.,

Krtor apud Ztri+z. Gutt. 99) and
*axsjn derived from *exsanan. Tonr-
F.rk 9; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 8; M.vn-
norrn I 68; Pokonxv I 44; Fnisk II 453.
*awja-lanan ~ *axwja-lanan sb.n.:
ON ey-land island, OE -land id., OFris
a-lond id., MLG ei-lant, eyg-lant id. Com-
pound of *awj ~ *axwj and *lanan.
Oxioxs 486487; Krtor-Srrnorr 209;
Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*awj ~ *axwj sb.f.: ON ey island,
OE id., OFris a, ey id., OHG ouwa id.
Pln. Oium ( Jordanes 60.15) < Goth *aujan
and -avia in Scandinavia belong here.
Derived from *axw (Btoor KZ XI
403404). Tonr-F.rk 9; Hor+n.tsrx
Cnrvor.xo\ SSGJa I 54; Z.rizxi.k I
148; Vnirs ANEW 106; Oxioxs 486;
D.nvs Vddhi 25; Lrnv.xx GED 13;
Lrovr-Srnixorn I 99103; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 113; Krtor-Srrnorr 61;
Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*awnjanan wk.vb.: OE enian to yean,
to bring forth (of ewe), WFris eandje id.,
Du dial. oonen id. Based on the unattested
*awnaz identical with Lat agnus lamb,
Gk mnw id., OIr an id., Slav *agn\ id.
Specically close to Slav *agniti s\ to
bring forth (of ewe). Mrirrr+ BSL
XXIV 183184 (isolates Gk and Lat);
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 23; Cnrvor.xo\
SGGJa I 59; Pokonxv I 9; Fnisk I 93;
Oxioxs 1019; Tntn.cnr\ Zhiv. 7173,
ESSJa I 5455; Dvno BSA 123124.
*axaz(an) sb.n.: Goth ahs ear of grain,
ON ax id., OE ear id., OFris r id., OS
ahar id., OHG ehir id. Related to Toch B
k ear of grain (?), Gk xnh foam,
cha < *asn, Lat acus id. (s-stem), Slav
*ost spike of corn, sharp point, *osera
ear, spike of corn. Ztri+z. Gutt. 129;
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 11; Fris+ 1718;
Pokonxv I 22; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 63;
Vnirs ANEW 21; Fnisk I 202; Z.rizxi.k
II 223; Oxioxs 297; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\
III 167; Tntn.cnr\ Etim. 1968 60 (OHG
ahir < *aero- = Slav *osera, Lith aers
perch); Lrnv.xx GED 12; Lrovr-
Srnixorn I 9598; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom.
212; Krtor-Srrnorr 21; Ar.vs TB
3537.
aj 4 axaz(an)
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:55 PM Page 4
*axiraz ~ *axuraz sb.m.: Dan r
maple, Germ dial. Acher id. Related
to Lat acer id. W.rrr-Horv.xx I 67;
Pokonxv I 20.
*axjanan wk.vb.: ON ja to bait, to rest.
Probably derivationally close to Skt
ayati to make eat (to Skt anti to eat,
to consume). Tonr-F.rk 8; M.vnno-
rrn I 60; Pokonxv I 18.
*axmaz sb.m.: Swed dial. m swamp
grass. Derivationally similar to Gk km
point, edge < *a-m- sharp point.
*axsl sb.f.: ON xl shoulder-joint (from
fem. *axsliz), OE eaxel shoulder, eaxle id.
(n-stem), OFris axle, axele id., OS ahsla
id., OHG ahsla id. (- and n-stem).
Derived from *axs. Derivationally simi-
lar to Lat la id. < *asl. Ztri+z.
Gutt. 187; Rricnrr+ WuS XII 112114;
Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 89; Vnirs ANEW
689; Z.rizxi.k II 195; Lrovr-Srnixorn I
114116; Krtor-Srrnorr 12.
*axs sb.f.: OE eax axis, axle, OFris axe
id., MLG asse id., OHG ahsa id. Related
to Skt ka- axle, Gk jvn id., Lat axis
id., OIr aiss id., Lith as id., Latv ass id.,
Slav *os. Tonr-F.rk 8; Mrirrr+ BSL
XXV 144; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 1415; Rri-
cnrr+ WuS XII 112114; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 87; Brx\rxis+r Origines 7; W.rrr-
Horv.xx I 89; M.vnnorrn I 16;
108; Fn.rxkrr 19; Fnisk I 116;
Z.rizxi.k I 146; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III
167168; Lrovr-Srnixorn I 113114;
Krtor-Srrnorr 1112.
*axsulaz sb.m.: ON xull axle. Derived
from *axs. Derivationally close to W echel
id., Bret ahel id. < *aksil. Tonr-F.rk 8;
Pokonxv I 185; Krtor-Srrnorr 11.
*axtu num.: Goth ahtau eight, ON tta
id., OE eahta id., OFris achta id., OS ahto
id., OHG ahto id. Continues the Indo-
European word for eight: Toch A okt,
B okt-, Skt atu, at, Av ata, Gk kt,
Arm ut', Lat oct, OIr ocht n-, Lith atuon.
Ztri+z. Gutt. 188; B.n+norov.r 260;
Tonr-F.rk 8; Mtrrrn IF XLIV 137
138; Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 103, 392;
W.rrr-Horv.xx II 199200; Fris+ 18;
M.vnnorrn I 63; Pokonxv I 22, 775;
Fn.rxkrr 1920; Vnirs ANEW 17; Fnisk
II 374375; Oxioxs 304; Lrnv.xx GED
12; Lrovr-Srnixorn I 121124; Ross-
Brnxs Numerals 588589; Krtor-Srrnorr
12; Ar.vs TB 110; Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*axtun ~ *axtun num.: Goth
ahtuda eighth, ON tte id., OHG ahtodo
id. Other forms, ON ttandi, OFris ach-
tunda, MLG achtende and the like, were
restructured under the inuence of
*sebunan ~ *sebunan. Tonr-F.rk 8;
Fris+ 18; Vnirs ANEW 17; Ross-Brnxs
Numerals 629630; Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*axurnaz sb.m.: OS ahorn maple, OHG
ahorn id. Derivationally close to Gk
karna: dfnh (Hes.), Lat acernus of
maple-tree. Connected with *axiraz
~ *axuraz. W.rrr-Horv.xx I 67;
Pokonxv I 20; Lrovr-Srnixorn I 110
*axwa-ukkn sb.f.: ODan -dokke water-
dock, OE a-docce id. Compound of *axw
and *dukkn. Oxioxs 280.
*axwalaz sb.m.: ON so-ll esh-hook (=
Lat fuscinula), OE neut. awel awl, OHG
ahil point of the ear (of corn). Deriva-
tionally similar to Lat aculeus spine, W ebil
drill < *alo-. Connected with IE *a-
sharp, see *aan ~ *axan. Tonr-F.rk 8;
I 11; Pokonxv I 19; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa
I 63, 107; Vnirs ANEW 6.
*axw sb.f.: Goth aa owing body of
water, river, ON river, OE e
running water, stream (root stem), OFris
, id., OS aha id., OHG aha id. Iden-
tical with Lat aqua id. Ztri+z. Gutt.
60; Tonr-F.rk 9; Boxr.x+r IF LII
225; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 82; W.rrr-
Horv.xx I 60; Fris+ 1819; Ponzio
Gliederung 100101, 205207 (on the rela-
tion with *ap- river); W.oxrn KZ
LXXV 67 (to *eos); Jtxo.xrnr.s ZdPh
LX 113 (ON to Gmc theon. ON Yngvi,
axiraz 5 axw
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:55 PM Page 5
OE In, OS Ing); Pokonxv I 23; Cnrvo-
r.xo\ SSGJa I 54; Vnirs ANEW 1;
GED 1213; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 199;
Lrovr-Srnixorn I 99103; Krtor-
*aiaz sb.m.: Crim. Goth sched-iit light,
OE d funeral pile, OS d rebrand,
OHG eit id. Identical with Skt dha- fuel,
Gk ayow rebrand, OIr ed re.
Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 57; Tonr-F.rk 2;
Woor JEGP XIII 504; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 2; Fris+ 414; M.vnnorrn I 128;
Pokonxv I 11; Fnisk I 3738; Lrnv.xx
GED 298.
*aisn sb.f.: ON eisa glowing embers,
MLG se hearth. Derived from *aiaz.
Reects an original s-stem *aidhes-.
Tonr-F.rk 3; Vnirs ANEW 9798;
Pokonxv I 12.
*aianan ~ *aienan sb.n.: Goth aigin
belongings, possessions, property, ON
eigin ones own, of property, OE en
property, OFris gin, ein id., OS gan id.,
OHG eigan id. Substantivized *aianaz ~
*aienaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 10; Vnirs
ANEW 95; Srrnorr 6970.
*aianaz ~ *aienaz adj.: ON eiginn
own, OE en id., OFris ein, egen id., OS
gan id., OHG eigan id. Past participle of
*aixa. Tonr-F.rk 1; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
10; Vnirs ANEW 96; Oxioxs 638; Bot+-
k.x OFED s.v.
*aienan sb.n.: ON eigin seed, MLG ne
shoot, sprout. Related to Lith ia
crack, rift, iti to be peeled, iti
to jump up, to start up. Fick III 2
(to *ai- spear); Tonr-F.rk 2; Brzzrx-
nrnorn BB XXVII 166; Pokonxv I 15;
Fn.rxkrr 4; Vnirs ANEW 9596.
*aienjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-aiginon to
appropriate, ON eigna to dedicate, to
attribute. Cf. also *aiennan in OE nian
to possess, to own, to appropriate, MLG
genen id., OHG eigenn to take possession
of . Derived from *aianaz ~ *aienaz.
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 3; Fris+ 20; Vnirs
ANEW 96; Lrnv.xx GED 14; Krtor-
Srrnorr 209.
*ain sb.f.: ON eiga ownership, prop-
erty, OE e property. Derived from
*aixa. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 3; Vnirs
*aiwiskaz adj.: Goth un-aiwisks blame-
less, OE wisc disgraced, ashamed,
abashed, MLG eisch hateful. Related
and structurally similar to Gk asxow
shame < *aig
hsko- (Fick I 345346), cf.

*aiwjanan > OE wan to despise, to
scorn (Woor MLN XVI 309). Tonr-
F.rk 2 (to Gk asxow shame); Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 14; Fris+ 30; Pokonxv I
14; Fnisk I 14647; Mrzorn KZ LXXIX
3841 (to *aiwaz ~ *aiwiz); Brck Gedenk-
schr. Gntert 53, 55; Ptn\rr IF LXXXIII
138 (agrees with Mrzorn); Srrnorr KZ
LXXXI 123; Lrnv.xx GED 21; Krtor-
Srrnorr 214.
*aixa str.vb.: Goth aih to have, to own,
ON id., OE h id., OFris aga, hga id.,
OS pl. gun id., OHG pl. eigun id. Related
to Toch B aik- to know, to recognize,
Skt e, e to possess, to own, Av as- to
dominate (Prrrnsrx Gr. 31). Scnvrizrn
KZ I 153; B.n+norov.r 26; Tonr-F.rk
1; Fris+ 20; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 10;
Jn.xxrssox IEW 46; M.vnnorrn I 96;
Pokonxv I 299; Z.rizxi.k I 150; Vnirs
ANEW 95; Oxioxs 638; Srrnorr 6972;
Lrnv.xx GED 14; Krtor-Srrnorr
208209; Ar.vs TB 101102; Bot+k.x
OFED s.v.
*aixtiz sb.f.: Goth aihts belongings, pos-
sessions, property, ON tt, tt family,
race, OE ht possessions, property,
power, OHG ht property, power. Deri-
vative in *-tiof *aixa. Close to Av ti-
ability, power, property. B.n+noro-
v.r 376377; Tonr-F.rk 1; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 10; Fris+ 20; Mrzorn WZUG VI
218220; Pokonxv I 298299; Z.rizxi.k
I 150; Srrnorr 70; Lrnv.xx GED 14;
B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 143.
*aikanan str.vb.: Goth af-aikan to deny,
to abjure, OHG in-eihhan to claim
(gloss, = in-sagn). Related to MIr igid to
shout. Further cf. *aixtrjanan > Goth
aihtron to beg, to pray, a denominative
axw 6 aikanan
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:55 PM Page 6
based on the unattested *aixtra- = Gk
oktrw pitiable. Brzzrxnrnorn ZdPh
V 229230 (from *ai- to spring);
St++rnrix IF IV 101 (to Gk epon to
speak, to say); Gnirxnrnorn Goten 4
(to Gk m to say); Tonr-F.rk 1;
Unrrxnrck PBB XXVII 114 (to Slav
*iz out, from); Fris+ 3; Fors JEGP
XLII 270 (to Gk oktow waiting, MIr
igid to cry), Goth. 23; B.irrv BSOAS
XXI 536538 (to Toch en- to instruct,
Gk nanomai to refuse, to renounce, to
spurn); Pokonxv I 298; Fnisk II 361
362; Srrnorr 7273; Lrnv.xx GED 2.
*aiknaz adj.: Burg *aikins, ON eikinn
oaken, OE cen, cen id., OFris zen, tzen
id., MLG ken id., OHG eihhn id. De-
rived from *aikz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 8;
Vnirs ANEW 96; Konrrn 708.
*aikwernn ~ *kwernn sb.m.: ON
korni squirrel, OE cwern id. (neut.),
MLG keren, khorn id., OHG eihhurno id.
A taboo transformation of the name
attested in Lat uuerra weasel, Bret gwiber
squirrel, Lith vvers, vaivers id., Slav
*vverica id., probably inuenced by *aikz
and formations in *-ern-, cf. *ewern(n).
Tonr-F.rk 27 (to Skt jati to stir, to
move); Mtcn ZDADL XLII 166 (the rst
part to ON eikinn savage); Scnn.rrn BB
XV 134 (the rst component to Skt ejati
to stir, to move); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 2;
Srrcn+ KZ LXII 253254 (Lat uuerra <
*u-uer-sa); W.rrr-Horv.xx II 808;
Pokonxv I 14 (compound of *aik- con-
nected with Skt jati to move and *wern-
related to Lith vaivers squirrel, Slav
*vverica id.); Fn.rxkrr 1233; Vnirs
ANEW 284; Krtor-Srrnorr 207 (recon-
structs *aikurnan).
*aikz sb.f.: Burg *aiks oak, ON eik id.,
OE c id., OFris k id., OS k id. (i-stem),
OHG eih id. (i-stem). Compared with Gk
aglvc kind of oak, with the second
component identied with lc: xlamw,
Hes., lopw shell, bark, Lat aesculus kind
of oak (Knr+scnvrn Glotta III 335).
Scnn.rrn KZ X 461462 (to Gk aganh
hunting spear); Ktnx KZ LXXI 151 (to
*akranan); Tonr-F.rk 1; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 2; Pokonxv I 13; Vnirs ANEW
96; Fnisk I 31; Z.rizxi.k II 205; Pis.xi
St. balt. X 52 (to OPrus ansonis oak);
Oxioxs 619; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 195;
Gnirrrx+noo Wurzelnomina 2132; Kon-
rrn 708; Krtor-Srrnorr 207.
*ailan sb.n.: OE l ame. Despite pho-
netic diculties, probably from *ailan
connected with *aiaz (Sir\rns IF IV
339). Derivationally close to MIr el
lime < *aidh-lo-. Fick KZ I (NF) 34
(to Lat ad-ole to burn); Jon.xssox ZdPh
XXXI 285288 (inuenced by IE *alto:
Skt neut. alta- re-brand, coal); Woor
JEGP XIII 500 (to OE ile hard skin);
Vnirs ANEW 99100.
*ailiaz sb.m.: ON eldr re, OE led re,
conagration, OS ld re. Derived from
*ailjanan. Tonr-F.rk 34 (to W ailwyd
hearth < *ailt); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
10; Pokonxv I 12; Vnirs ANEW 99100;
Oxioxs 38.
*ailjanan wk.vb.: OE lan to kindle, to
set on re, to burn. Derived from *ailan.
Pokonxv I 12.
*aimaz sb.m.: ON eimr reek, vapor, OE
m reed, slay of a weavers loom, E dial.
oam warm wind. Continues *ai-mo- or,
better, *aidh-smo-, eventually related to
*aidh- to burn, cf. in particular Av asma-
rewood, Lith esm id. B.n+norov.r
2627; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 3; Pokonxv I
1112; Vnirs ANEW 96; Oxioxs 308.
*aimuzjn sb.f.: ON eimyrja embers, OE
myrie, mere id., MLG mere id., OHG
eimuria pyre, hot ash. Derived from
*aimaz (Krtor KZ XXVI 84). Tonr-
F.rk 32; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 11; Vnirs
ANEW 96; Oxioxs 308; Krtor-Srrnorr
34 (compound of *aimaz and *usjn > ON
poet. ysja re).
*aina-aujaz adj.: ON ein-eygr one-eyed,
OE n-ee id., MLG ein-ge id., OHG
ein-ougi id. Compound of *ainaz and
*aujaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 64.
*aina-buranaz ~ *aina-burenaz adj.:
aikanan 7 aina-buranaz
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:55 PM Page 7
ON ein-borinn only begotten, OE n-boren
id., OHG ein-boran unique, sole. Com-
pound of *ainaz and participle of *bera-
nan. C.nn Nom. comp. 92 (calque of Lat
unigenitus).
*aina-an sb.m.: ON ein-dagi term for
pay, OE n-daa xed day, time
appointed, day appointed for hearing a
cause, OS n-dago day of death. Com-
pound of *ainaz and *aaz. Knoov.xx
EngS LXX 4043 (compares *ain- with
Skt inti to advance upon, to press upon;
cf. *ferin ); Tonr-F.rk 199; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 4; C.nn Nom. comp. 58; Pokonxv
I 241242; Lrnv.xx GED 86.
*aina-falaz adj.: Goth ain-fals in one
piece, simple, ON ein-faldr id., OE n-
feald simple, single, one, alone, OFris en-
fald singular, single, OS n-fald id., OHG
ein-falt pure, single. Compound of *ainaz
and *falaz. Fris+ 23; C.nn Nom. comp.
6465; Lrnv.xx GED 16; Hrirrnv.xxs
187188; Krtor-Srrnorr 211; Bot+k.x
OFED s.v.
*aina-ftjaz adj.: ON ein-fttr one-
legged, OE n-fte id. Compound of
*ainaz and *ftjaz (see *ftz ~ *ftuz).
C.nn Nom. comp. 65.
*ainaaz ~ *aineaz pron., adj.: Goth
ainaha only, sole (< *ainaxaz), ON einigr,
eingi none, any, OE ni any, anyone,
OFris nich only, OS nig id., OHG sbst.
einago hermit, monk. Derived from
*ainaz. Cf. a similar derivation in Lat
nicus id. (Sorvsrx PBB XXVII 356).
Tonr-F.rk 3, 557 (to Slav *inok monk
but *-ok < *ok
o-); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW

11; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 821; Fris+ 22;
Pokonxv I 286; Vnirs ANEW 97; Oxioxs
41; Lrnv.xx GED 16; Ross-Brnxs
Numerals 656657; Krtor-Srrnorr 211
212; Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*aina-xanjaz adj.: ON ein-hendr single-
handed, OE n-hende id., OHG ein-henti
id. Compound of *ainaz and *xanjaz (see
*xanuz). C.nn Nom. comp. 65.
*aina-xaruz adj.: ON ein-harr coura-
geous, constant, OS n-hard hostile, evil,
OHG ein-harti courageous, constant.
Compound of *ainaz and *xaruz. C.nn
Nom. comp. 63.
*aina-xlaupiz adj.: ON ein-hleypr single,
unmarried, OE n-hlepe id., late OS n-
lpe alone, single. Derived from *ainaz
and *xlaupan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 163;
C.nn Nom. comp. 62; Srrnorr 260;
M.+zrr Festschr. Schrder 259261, KZ
CV 129; Hrirrnv.xxs 293.
*ain(a)kai adv.: ON einka- only, special
(in compounds), Du nec alone. Derived
from *ainaz. Cf. a similar pattern in Slav
*jnog single and Cypr ggia. Vnirs
ANEW 99; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VIII 231;
Lrnv.xx GED 16.
*ainak(i)laz adj.: Goth ainakls alone,
standing alone, ON name of a sea-king
Ekkill, OSwed sbst. nkill widower,
MLG enkel single. Derived from *ain(a)kai.
Gnirxnrnorn Got. 14 (from *ain-ak-l-az,
cf. *akanan); Fris+ 2223; Vnirs ANEW
Numerals 658.
*aina-lifa ~ *aina-liba num.: Goth
ainlif eleven, ON ellifu id., OE endleofan
id., OFris andlova, elleva id., OS elleban id.,
OHG einlif id. Most of WGmc forms
have a secondary -(a)n. Compound of
*ainaz and *lif- left (see *laibjanan). A sim-
ilar structure is found in Lith vienulika id.
in which -lika is identical with Gmc *lif-
(Gnivv Germania I 19, DG II 946947).
Mrirrr+ MSL XV 259; Ztri+z. Gutt. 12;
Tonr-F.rk 3; Brzzrxnrnorn KZ XLIV
133135; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 91; Fris+
23; Ponzio Gliederung 146; Pokonxv I
670; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 7475;
Fn.rxkrr 12391240; Vnirs ANEW
Ross-Brnxs Numerals 593596 (*aini- in
Goth); Krtor-Srrnorr 217; Bot+k.x
OFED s.v.
*aina-liftn num.: ON ellepti eleventh,
OE llyfta, endlefta id., OFris andlofta id.,
OS ellifto id., OHG einlifto id. Derived
from *aina-lifa ~ *aina-liba. Ross-Brnxs
Numerals 633634; Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*aina-lkaz adj.: OSwed nlker alone,
OE nlc singular, incomparable, excel-
aina-buranaz 8 aina-lkaz
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:55 PM Page 8
lent. Derived from *ainaz. Ross-Brnxs
Numerals 663.
*aina-naxtjaz adj.: ON ein-nttr one
night old, OE adv. n-nihte id., MHG ein-
nehte id. Compound of *ainaz and *naxtjaz
(see *naxtz). C.nn Nom. comp. 65.
*aina-raz adj.: ON ein-rr self-willed,
OE n-rd one-minded, unanimous,
agreed, OHG ein-rti secret. Com-
pound of *ainaz and *raz. C.nn Nom.
comp. 9495 (parallel formations).
*aina-stapn sb.m.: ON ein-stapi a kind
of fern, Pteris aquilina, OE n-stapa lone
wanderer. Compound of *ainaz and
*stapan. C.nn Nom. comp. 87 (parallel
formations).
*aina-waln sb.m.: ON ein-valdi mo-
narch, OE n-wealda sovereign, gover-
nor. Compound of *ainaz and *waln.
C.nn Nom. comp. 87 (calque of Lat
monarchus in OE).
*aina-wjan sb.n.: ON ein-vgi single
combat, OE n-w id., OHG ein-wgi id.
Compound of *ainaz and *wjan (see
*wan). C.nn Nom. comp. 58.
*ainaz num.: Goth ains one, ON einn id.,
OE n id., OFris n, n, on id., OS n
id., OHG ein id. Identical with Lat nus
id., OIr en id., OPrus ains id. further
related to Skt ka- id., Av av id., Gk oow
id. B.n+norov.r 2224; Prrrnsrx Kelt.
Gr. I 57, 447; Tonr-F.rk 3; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 4; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 821; Fris+
24; M.vnnorrn I 126; Pokonxv I
281286; Vnirs ANEW 97; Fnisk II 367;
Oxioxs 627; Torono\ PJa I 6364;
227; Ross-Brnxs Numerals 559561;
Krtor-Srrnorr 210; Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*airaz ~ *airuz sb.m.: Goth airus emis-
sary, messenger, ON rr, rr messenger,
OE r messenger, herald, OS r messen-
ger (< *airiz). Probably, a derivative of
*airi. Gnirxnrnorn Goten 15; Tonr-
F.rk 3; Wirrrv.xx BB XXVIII 46;
Woor MLN XIII 82 (from *ei- to go);
Btoor PBB XXIV 430433 (to *air );
Mrnixorn IF XVIII 249251 (to *arja-
nan); Hor+n.tsrx PBB LXVI 267 (to ON
rask to be rumored abroad), AEEW 6;
Fris+ 2627; Vnirs ANEW 14; Z.rizxi.k
II 198; Lrnv.xx GED 19; B.vvrsnrnorn
Nom. 66.
*airi adv.: Goth air early, ON r id., OE
r previously, before, OS r id., OHG r
id. Continues loc. *a(e)ri. Related to Av
ayar6 day, Gk riow early. Cf. com-
parative *airiz > Goth airis before, ear-
lier, ON r id., OE r early, former,
OFris r before, earlier, OS r id., OHG
r id. and superlative *airistaz > OE rest
rst, OS rist id., OHG adv. rist id.
Fick KZ XXII 9596; B.n+norov.r
12; Fris+ 2425; Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 825,
833; Pokonxv I 12; Vnirs ANEW 12,
681; Fnisk I 624; Oxioxs 323324;
*airi-aaz sb.m.: ON pl. r-dagar days of
yore, OE pl. r-daas id., OS pl. r-dagos
id. Cf. also OHG adj. r-tagg of yester-
day, before the dawn. Compound of *airi
and *aaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 58.
*airinjanan wk.vb.: Goth airinon to be
an emissary, to be a messenger, ON rna
to intercede, to pray. Derived from *airaz
~ *airuz. Fris+ 25; Vnirs ANEW 14.
*airi-wakraz adj.: ON r-vakr early
awake, OHG r-wackar id. Compound of
*airi and *wakraz. C.nn Nom. comp. 63.
*air sb.f.: ON r oar, OE r id. Of
unknown origin. Btoor PBB XXIV
429 (to *ranan); Tonr-F.rk 3; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 7; Pokonxv I 298 (to Gk
oaj handle of rudder); Vnirs ANEW
12; Oxioxs 619; Lrnv.xx GED 19.
*aiskjanan wk.vb.: OE ascian to
inquire, to ask, OFris skia to demand,
to claim, OS scon to promote, to fur-
ther, OHG eiscn to search, to look for.
Related to Skt ati to seek, icchti, to
seek, to wish < *is-se-, Av a- id., Arm
hayc'em to beg, Lith ekau, iekti to seek,
Slav *iskati id. (Fick BB XVI 170171).
Btoor KZ III 4041; B.n+norov.r
2831; Tonr-F.rk 4; Tn.t+v.xx BSW
67; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 7; M.vnnorrn I
aina-lkaz 9 aiskjanan
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:55 PM Page 9
85; Pokonxv I 16; Fn.rxkrr 182;
Oxioxs 54; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VIII
OFED s.v.
*aiskrjanan wk.vb.: ON eiskra to roar,
to rage. A denominative based on the
unattested *aiskran. Related to Lith ikus
clear and derivationally close to Slav
*jskra sparkle (< neut.). Prnssox Bei-
trge 950; Jon.xssox IF XIX 112114 (to
Lat aestus heat); Fn.rxkrr 3; Pokonxv I
1617; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VIII 239240.
*aitaz sb.m.: OHG eiz abscess. Related
to Arm aitnum to swell, Gk odv id.
(Fick KZ I 56). Structurally close to
Gk neut. odow swelling, tumor. Tonr-
F.rk 2; Pokonxv I 774; Fnisk II 357
*aitilaz adj.: ON sbst. eitill nodule in
stone, EFris eitel fast, raging, OHG sbst.
eizzala gallnut. Derived from *aitaz.
Brzzrxnrnorn BB XXVII 172; Vnirs
ANEW 98; Krtor-Srrnorr 214.
*aitn sb.f.: OE te oats, OS eriwit pea
(< *arwa-ait ), OHG araweiz id. (< *arwa-
ait ). May be related to *aitaz (Woor
JEGP XIII 500). For the semantic dev-
elopment cf. Gk odaj unripe g.
Wirrrv.xx BB XXVIII 46, 50 (recon-
structs *araw-ait- with su. *-ait-);
*aitran sb.n.: ON eitr poison, OE tor id.,
OFris ter pus, tter id., OS ttor id.,
OHG eitar id. Derived from *aitaz. If
originally from *swelling, can be directly
compared with Slav *dro womb, lap.
Pokonxv I 774; Vnirs ANEW 98;
Z.rizxi.k I 138; Krtor-Srrnorr 214 (to
Slav *d poison).
*aia-stabaz m: ON ei-stafr wording of
an oath, OE -stf oath, OS d-staf id.,
MHG eit-stap id. Compound of *aiaz
and *stabaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 46.
*aiaz sb.m.: Goth ais oath, ON eir id.
(gen. sg. reects *aiiz), OE id., OFris
th, d id., OS th id., OHG eid id.
Identical with OIr eth id. and, probably,
with Gk otow fate, OPhryg oito- id.
(Mrnixorn IF XVIII 295; Gnirxnrnorn
Goten 16). These forms could be (but not
necessarily are) derived from *ei- to walk
(Bntov.xx IF XXXVII 241) or related
to Hitt ai- to believe, to trust (Ptn\rr
III 910). Annois rr Jtn.ix\irrr MSL
VII 292 (from Celtic, cf. OIr oeth oath);
Os+norr BB XXIV 208209 (to Gk
anow consent); Tonr-F.rk 2; B.n+no-
rov.r IF XII 30 (compares otow with Av
ata- punishment); Mrnixorn IF XVIII
295 (to *ei- to go); Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I
58 (to Lat tor to need); Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 8; Fris+ 29; Ttckrn Notes 36 (to
Gk thlow abiding); L.xr Language IX
246 (from Celtic); Kn.nr Spr. Vorz. 134;
Ponzio Gliederung 121; Pokonxv I 11,
295; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 96; Vnirs
619; Fnisk II 370371; Brx\rxis+r 393,
433; Cn.x+n.ixr 788; Sc.nriori Goten
5354 (against the Celtic etymology);
Porovr JIES XI 281298; Lrnv.xx
GED 20; Brrkrs Laryngeals 128; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 78; Onrr Phrygian 449;
Krtor-Srrnorr 207208; Boutkan OFED
s.v.
*ain sb.f.: Goth aiei mother, OHG
fuotar-eid nanny. Cf. also *ain mother
> ON eia. Derived from *aiaz (Mrz-
orn KZ LXXVI 8586: a legally
acknowledged mother as opposed to a
concubine-mother). Unrrxnrck Btrg.
Gesch. XXVII 115 (to Basque aita
father); Gnirxnrnorn Goten 16 (to Gk
fut. sv to carry); Tonr-F.rk 2; Fris+
28, PBB LIII 397400 (from non-existent
Illyr OHYH mater Dea); Kn.nr PBB
LVII 426428 (against Fris+); Vnirs
ANEW 95; Z.rizxi.k I 157; Lrnv.xx
GED 20.
*aiwaz ~ *aiwiz sb.m.: Goth aiws age,
eternity, OE w, law, OFris a- law
(in cmpn.), OS o id., OHG fem. wa id.
Cf. also ON vi time, eternity < *aiwn.
Acc. sg. *aiwin is used as an adverb ever:
Goth aiw, ON , OE , OS o, OHG io.
Related to Skt yu- vital power, Av y
aiskjanan 10 aiwaz
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:55 PM Page 10
lifespan, Gk an vital power, Lat
aeuus, aeuum age. Voo+ Btrg. Gesch.
LVIII 166; Ztri+z. Gutt. 74 (to *ei- to
go); B.n+norov.r 333; Tonr-F.rk 4;
I 21; Brx\rxis+r BSL XXXVIII
103112; Fris+ 3031; Ttckrn Notes 36
(to Lat is right, law); M.vnnorrn I 77;
Pokonxv I 17; Fnisk I 49; Z.rizxi.k II
214; Oxioxs 66; Lrnv.xx GED 22; Brck
Gedenkschr. Gntert 4748, 5354; Krtor-
Srrnorr 238, 410; Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*aiwi sb.f.: ON lang- long lasting,
OHG wida eternity. Derived from
*aiwaz ~ *aiwiz. Vnirs ANEW 680.
*aizan sb.n.: Goth aiz copper, ON eir
brass, OE r ore, brass, copper, OS r
ore, OHG r ore, copper. Related to
Skt yas- metal, iron, Av ayah- id., Lat
aes ore continuing IE *aos-. B.n+no-
rov.r 159; Tonr-F.rk 4; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 7; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 1920;
M.vnnorrn I 46; Pokonxv I 15;
97; Z.rizxi.k I 138; Lixrrv.x Verschr-
fung 11.4; G.vknrrirzr-I\.xo\ 709710;
*aiz sb.f.: ON eir peace, clemency (<
*aizj ), OE r honor, glory, kindness,
OFris re honor, OS r, ra honor, help,
OHG ra honor. Related to Osk abl. pl.
aisusis sacrice, Marruc dat. pl. aisos
gods, Umbr esono- divine, sacred and
probably to Gk adomai to respect <
*aiz-d- (Brzzrxnrnorn BB IV 313).
Perhaps, further connected with *aiskjan.
Fris+ 2728; Pokonxv I 16; Vnirs ANEW
97; Fnisk I 3435; Z.rizxi.k II 191;
Prr+rns IF XCIV 295; Krtor-Srrnorr
*ajjaz sb.n.: Crim. Goth nom. pl. ada
egg, ON egg id., OE id., OS ei id.,
OHG ei id. Related (without traces of *
and with Verschrfung) to OPers xya id.,
Gk n id. Arm ju id., W wy id., Slav
*ajce, *aje id. Morz Btrg. Gesch. XXXI
324325; Tonr-F.rk 1; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 910; Fris+ 2; Pokonxv I
783784; Vnirs ANEW 9495; Fnisk II
1150; Z.rizxi.k II 223; Scnixrrrn
Sprache XV 144167; Lixrrv.x SL
XIV/2 1011, Verschrfung 10.2; Oxioxs
303; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa I 6162;
Lrnv.xx Phon. 3646, GED 2; Krtor-
Srrnorr 206.
*ajukaz adj.: Goth ajuk-dus eternity, OE
ce eternal, perpetual. Derived from
*aiwaz ~ *aiwiz. Probably derivationally
similar to Lat igis permanent, perpetual
(Srrnorr Etym. 9394). Tonr-F.rk 4;
Bnr.r MSL IV 140141 (Goth sux <
Lat); Fris+ 32; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 8;
B.vvrsnrnorn AE 12, Nom. 262; Lrn-
v.xx GED 23; Hrirrnv.xxs 97.
*akanan str.vb.: ON aka to drive (in a
vehicle), OE acan to ache, to pain.
Despite the semantic discrepancy, these
forms are historically identical (Srrnorr
7475). Cf. the meanings of Lat agit to
put in motion, to drive, to rouse up, to
disturb. Related to Toch B k- to lead,
to guide, to drive, Skt jati to drive, Av
azaiti id., Arm acem to lead, to bring, Gk
gv to lead, Lat ag to drive, OW agit
to go. Ztri+z. Gutt. 195; Woor AJPhil
XXVII 59 (OE to Skt gas- transgres-
sion, fault Gk gow pollution, guilt, expi-
ation); Lorvr KZ XLVIII 99100M
(same as Woor); B.n+norov.r 223224;
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 2324; Ponzio Glie-
derung 120; M.vnnorrn I 23; Pokonxv I
4; Vnirs ANEW 3; Fnisk I 18; Oxioxs
89; Ar.vs TB 36.
*akaz sb.m.: Run prop. akaR, Identical
with Gk gw leader, chief . Further
related to *akanan. Fnisk I 18; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 51.
*ake conj.: Goth ak but, however, OE ac
id., OS ak id., OHG oh id. Related to Gk
ge now, then, Lat age id. (Hor+n.tsrx
IF XVII 458459). Bntov.xx KVG 616
(from *aa/*ai and particle *k(e) as in
Goth mik); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 1; Fris+
aiwaz 11 ake
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:55 PM Page 11
32; S+tn+r\.x+ GR XXVI 57 (to IE *a-
sharp followed by a particle); Lrnv.xx
GED 23.
*akra-karlaz sb.m.: ON akr-karl plow-
man, reaper, OE cer-ceorl id. Compound
of *akraz and *karlaz. C.nn Nom. comp.
80 (parallel formations).
*akra-mannz sb.m.: ON akr-mar plow-
man, farmer, OE cer-man id., MLG
acker-man id., OHG ackar-man id. Com-
pound of *akraz and *mannz. C.nn Nom.
*akranan sb.n.: Goth akran fruit, ON
akarn acorn, OE cern id., MLG eckeren
id. Derived from *akraz (Tonr-F.rk 16).
Zivvrn apud Ztri+z. Gutt. 213 (deriva-
tionally close to Celt *agrn sloe: Ir
irne, W aeron fruit MBret irin, and other
continuants of IE *g-); Lirrx IF XVIII
503506 (to Lith oga berry Slav *agoda
id.); Unrrxnrck TNTL XXV 249;
Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 103, 143; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 9; Fris+ 3233; Pokonxv
I 773, KZ L 4648; Vnirs ANEW 4;
Z.rizxi.k I 139; Lrnv.xx GED 24;
204.
*akra-werkan sb.n.: ON akr-verk eld-
work, OE cer-weorc id. MLG acker-werk
id. Compound of *akraz and *werkan.
C.nn Nom. comp. 71 (parallel formations).
*akraz sb.m.: Goth akrs eld, ON akr id.,
OE cer id., OFris ekker id., OS akkar id.,
OHG ackar id. Related to Skt jra- plain,
eld, Gk grw eld, Arm art id., Lat
ager id. continuing IE *aros, a derivative
of *a- to drive (see *akanan). Tonr-
F.rk 7; Bntov.xx IF XVIII 132; Prrrn-
srx KZ XXXIX 352; Kn.tsr KZ LV
Horv.xx I 22; Fris+ 33; Tnirn PBB
LXVII 126; M.vnnorrn I 23; Pokonxv
I 6; Vnirs ANEW 4; Fnisk I 16;
Z.rizxi.k I 129; Srrnorr 74; Lrnv.xx
GED 24; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 74; Lrovr-
Srnixorn I 4042; Krtor-Srrnorr 13;
Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*akusiz sb.f.: OS akus axe, OHG ackus id.
In dat. sg. WGmc keeps traces of a root
stem. Probably related to Gk jnh id.,
Lat ascia axe of carpenters and masons
< *acsi ( J.xzrx BuZ 20: reconstructs IE
*ag- parallel to *a-). Ztri+z. Gutt. 89;
Knr+scnvrn Einleitung 164; W.rrr-
Horv.xx I 7172; Pokonxv I 9; Fnisk I
115116; Z.rizxi.k II 205; Oxioxs 66;
Lrovr-Srnixorn I 44; Krtor-Srrnorr
70 (*akwesj).
*akwesj ~ *akwezj sb.f.: Goth aqizi
axe, ON x id. (*akusj ), OE cs, x id.,
OFris axa id. Derived from *akusiz.
Ztri+z. Gutt. 89; Tonr-F.rk 7; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 9; Fris+ 54; Ponzio
Gliederung 133; Pokonxv I 9; Vnirs
ANEW 683; Z.rizxi.k II 205; Lrnv.xx
GED 40; Krtor-Srrnorr 70.
*ala-xwtaz adj.: ON al-hvtr quite white,
OE eal(l)-hwt id., OS ala-hwt id. Com-
pound of *alaz and *xwtaz. C.nn Nom.
comp. 62.
*ala-maxtiaz adj.: ON al-mttigr al-
mighty, OE eall-mihti id., OFris el-
mechtich id., OS ala-mahtg id., OHG
ala-mahtg id. Compound of *alaz and
*maxtiaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 9192 (cal-
que of Lat omnipotens).
*ala-mannz sb.m.: Goth ala-mans (all)
mankind, ON al-manna- general, com-
mon (in compounds), MLG al-man
mankind, OHG ethn. Ala-man. Cf.
Ala-mano, Ala-manni = OHG Ala-man.
Compound of *alaz and *mannz. C.nn
Nom. comp. 5657; Scnoxrrrr PVN 68;
Fris+ 34; Lrnv.xx GED 25.
*alanan str.vb.: Goth alan to grow on, to
feed on, ON ala to beget, to bear, OE
alan to nourish, to grow, to produce.
Related to Lat al to nourish, OIr alim
id. Scnvrizrn KZ I 558 (to Lat part.
altus); Tonr-F.rk 20; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
Jn.xxrssox IEW 3738; Pokonxv I 26;
Vnirs ANEW 45; Srrnorr 7577;
Lrnv.xx GED 25.
*ala-eu sb.f.: ON al-j the com-
mons, OS ala-thioda mankind. Com-
pound of *alaz and *eu. C.nn Nom.
comp. 59.
ake 12 ala-eu
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:55 PM Page 12
*ala-walaz ~ *ala-waln sb.m.: ON
al-valdr sovereign king, OE eal-wealda id.,
OS ala-waldo id., MHG al-walte id. Com-
pound of *alaz and *walan. Lrnv.xx
GED 29 (calque of Gk pantokrtvr or
Lat omnipotens).
*alaz adj.: Goth ala-mans mankind, ON
al-vitr all-wise, OE eal-mihtig almighty,
OFris al-evna in a similar way, OS ala-
hwt quite white, OHG ala-wri friendly,
benign. Usually compared with Toch B
l entire, uncastrated (?) and to Lat ollus
ille, OIr oll amplus. However, more
probably, immediately derived from
*alanan with a semantic development sim-
ilar to that of Lat ttus all (to *teu- to
swell) and Lith vsas all, Slav *vs id.
(to Lith vesti to breed), see Mikkor. St.
Balt. III 132; Pis.xi Paideia VIII/45 292.
Pokonxv I 2425; Srrnorr 7576;
Lrnv.xx GED 24; Ar.vs TB 5354.
*albatiz ~ *albetiz sb.f./m.: ON lpt
swan (traces of a root stem), OHG elbiz
id. Cf. also OE ilfetu id. < *albet( j).
Derivative of *albh- white similar to Slav
*olbd ~ *elb\d swan. Pic+r+ KZ IV
124126; Os+norr IF VIII 6566; Tonr-
F.rk 22 (adduce Gk lefitw a kind of
sh); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 186; Ponzio
Gliederung 144; Pokonxv I 30; Cnrvo-
r.xo\ SGGJa I 80; Vnirs ANEW 101;
Z.rizxi.k II 205; S+.xo LS 31;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VI 19.
*albaz sb.m.: Burg *alfs elf , ON alfr
nightmare, elf , OE lf elf, genius,
incubus, MLG alf evil spirit, OHG
alb id. Of uncertain origin. Ktnx KZ
IV 110 (to Skt bh- clever, skilful);
W.rs+rix Festschr. Bugge 152155 (to
*albh- white); Tonr-F.rk 21; S.ts-
stnr apud M.s+nrrri StG XIII 513 (to
the name of the Alps); Hor+n.tsrx
56; Konrrn 708; Krtor-Srrnorr
2425.
*albiz sb.f.: ON rvn. Elfr, Swed dial. lv
deep river-bed, OE rvn. Ielf, MLG elve
river-bed, MHG rvn. Elbe. Usually con-
nected with Lat albus white, Gk lfw
dull-white leprosy (Scntrzr Kl. Schr.
120). However, the meaning in Swed and
MLG makes this etymology not very reli-
able and implies the existence of a Gmc
appellative *albiz river, river-bed hardly
derived from a color adjective. Tonr-
F.rk 21; Eknrov SSUF 1939/13 115 (to
Swed dial. lv and Lat Alpes); W.rrr-
Horv.xx I 2627; Rozv.rovski Nazwy
174 (on hydronyms including that of the
Elbe); Pokonxv I 3031; Vnirs ANEW
100; Fnisk I 8182.
*ala-dman sb.n.: Goth aldomo old
age, OE eald-dm age, OHG alt-tuom id.
Derived from *alaz ( Jon.xssox Festschr.
Noreen 457); for the derivational pattern
cf. *wsa-omaz. Gnirxnrnorn Goten 18
(reconstructs superl. *aldumin, to *alanan);
Exrzrrix KZ LII 124; Fris+ 3435;
Krtor Nom. Stamm. 81 (sux *-man
identical with Lat -men); Lrnv.xx GED
25.
*alaz adj.: Crim.-Goth alt old, OE eald
id., OFris ald id., OS ald id., OHG alt id.
Derived from *alanan. Derivationally sim-
ilar to Gk naltow sateless, Lat altus
high (Bntov.xx PBB XLIII 310324).
Bntov.xx PBB XLIII 310324; Tonr-
F.rk 20; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 3132;
Fris+ 40; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 8384;
Horv.xx IF XXXVIII 179183 (seman-
tic parallel in Lat decem annos natus);
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 3132; Ponzio
Festschr. Debrunner 343349; Pokonxv I
26; Fnisk I 102; Oxioxs 625; Lrovr-
Srnixorn I 171173; Srrnorr 76;
nrnorn Nom. 250251; Hrirrnv.xxs
OFED s.v.
*aliz sb.f.: Goth alds generation, age,
life-time, ON ld age, time, OE pl. ilde
men, OS pl. eldi people. Related to
*alaz, *alran. Pokonxv I 2627;
Bntov.xx Btrg. Gesch. XLIII 310324;
Fris+ 35; Voo+ Btrg. Gesch. LVIII 1118;
ala-walaz 13 aliz
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:55 PM Page 13
Vnirs ANEW 686; Z.rizxi.k I 150; Srr-
norr 76; Lrnv.xx GED 26; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 144.
*aln sb.f.: ON elli old age, OE ildu age,
life, OFris elde id., OS eld id., OHG elt
id. Derived from *alaz. Tonr-F.rk 20;
Vnirs ANEW 100; Z.rizxi.k I 157;
Hrirrnv.xxs 98.
*aljanan wk.vb.: ON eldask to grow old,
OE ildan to delay, to tarry, to defer,
MHG elten to make old. Derived from
*alaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 186; Vnirs
ANEW 99; Hrirrnv.xxs 98.
*aln sb.f.: ON alda wave, Norw dial.
olda trough, Swed dial. lla long and
narrow hollow. Related to Slav *oldja
boat, Lith aldij, eldij river boat (Lirrx
BSB 34, 910). Tonr-F.rk 21; Mrir-
rr+ RES VII 78; Tn.t+v.xx BSW
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ II 510.
*alra-aaz sb.m.: ON pl. aldr-dagar
everlasting life, OE ealdor-d day of
life. Compound of *alran and *aaz.
*alra-laan sb.n.: ON aldr-lag death,
destruction, OE ealdorl id., OS aldar-
lagu id. Compound of *alran and *laan.
C.nn Nom. comp. 45.
*alran sb.n.: Goth adj. fram-aldrs aged,
advanced in age, ON aldr age, life, old
age (< *alraz), OE ealdor age, life, OS
aldar id., OHG altar id. Related to *alaz.
Continues IE *altrom, cf. OIr altram nour-
ishment (cf. OIr altru foster-father W
athraw teacher), or *altros as in ltrw:
misyw, Hes. (Bntov.xx PBB XLIII 317).
Further connected with IE *al- to grow.
Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 137, II 45; Tonr-
F.rk 20; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 84; Fris+
164; Voo+ PBB LVIII 1118; Pokonxv I
2627; Vnirs ANEW 5; Z.rizxi.k II 165;
Lrnv.xx GED 124; Lrovr-Srnixorn
I 173174; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 86;
Krtor-Srrnorr 31.
*aliz ~ *elxaz ~ *elxn sb.m.: ON elgr
elk, OE eolh id., OHG elaho id. Ac-
centual variants continuing IE *olis ~
*elis (Gk lkh id., Lat alcs id., Slav *ols
id.) (Mtcn ZDADL XXXIX 26; Os+norr
Etym. I 318). Kincnnorr KZ I 39 (to IE
*to- bear); Fons+rnv.x KZ I 493 (same
as Kincnnorr); Tonr-F.rk 26; Hor+n.t-
srx AEEW 92; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 28;
Pokonxv I 303; Vnirs ANEW 100; Fnisk
I 75; Oxioxs 306; S+.xo LS 3334;
Krtor-Srrnorr 215.
*alxz ~ *alxaz sb.f./m.: Goth alhs tem-
ple, ON -ll (in cmpn.), OE ealh
residence, temple, OS alah temple. The
consonantal stem appears to be a sec-
ondary modication of *alxaz. Identical
with Lith akas, alk holy grove (Mik-
kor. BB XXII 241 Bo. II 148149).
Cf. also Gk lk strength, defence,
lsow gorve, sacred grove (Horrv.xx
BB XXV 106)? Presumably further con-
nected with Skt rkati to protect, to
guard, Gk ljv to ward o, to
defend. Kincnnorr KZ I 39; Tntvn
KZ XVI 188190; Mrnixorn WuS IX
108109 (to Lat ulciscor to avenge, to
punish); Roo+n Wortst. 1011 (derived
from *alanan); Ztri+z. Gutt. 128; Tonr-
F.rk 21 (to Gk lk); Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 84; Fris+ 3637; Ponzio Gliederung
97; M.vnnorrn III 30; Pokonxv I 32;
Vnirs ANEW 67; Fnisk I 75; Fn.rxkrr
7; Z.rizxi.k II 205; S+.xo LS 13;
195; Gnirrrx+noo Wurzelnomina 3340.
*alina-bun sb.m.: ON ln-bogi elbow,
OE eln-boa id., MLG ellen-boge id., OHG
elin-bogo id. Derived from *alin and
*bun. Tonr-F.rk 273; C.nn Nom.
comp. 46; Vnirs ANEW 686; Oxioxs 305;
Krtor-Srrnorr 218.
*alin sb.f.: Goth aleina cubit (with *--),
ON ln cubit, forearm (partly *aliniz),
OE eln ell, OFris ielne id., OS elina id.,
OHG elina id. Related to Gk lnh id.,
Lat ulna id., OIr uilenn angle, W elin
elbow, OCorn elin id., Bret ilin id. (<
*oln, cf. the Gothic form), Alb llr ~
llan id. < *olen. Krtor KZ XXVI 101
(on -ei- in Goth); Ror+nr SAW [1919]
793 (reconstructs *--); Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr.
aliz 14 alin
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:55 PM Page 14
II 59, 111; Tonr-F.rk 21; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 90; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 812;
Fris+ 35; Pokonxv I 307-308; Dvno VSJa
25 (pretonic shortening of *- in Gmc);
Vnirs ANEW 686; Z.rizxi.k II 192;
Fnisk II 1146; Oxioxs 306; Onrr AED
238; Lrnv.xx GED 26; Scnni\rn LL
352 (follows Dvno); Krtor-Srrnorr
217218.
*aliz ~ *alis sb.f.: Goth *alisa alder
(> Sp aliso id.), OS elira id., elis- (in
cmpn.), OHG elira, erila id. Cf. also ON
elri < *alizjan, alri < *alizan. Identical with
Maced liza: lekh tn dndrvn
(Hes.), Slav *elxa alder Further con-
nected with Lat alnus alder. Lith aksnis
id. Prnssox Beitrge 893895; Knr+-
scnvrn Glotta XV 305307; Tonr-F.rk
26, 560; G.virrscnro 27 (reconstruc-
tion of Goth); W.rrr-Horv.xx I 31;
Pokonxv I 302303; Cnrvor.xo\ SSGJa
I 57; Fn.rxkrr 8; Fnisk I 73; Vnirs
23; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VI 2324; Krtor-
Srrnorr 230.
*alja-lkt adv.: Goth alja-leiko otherwise,
ON el-liga, el-ligar id., OE comp. el-lcor,
elcor id., OFris comp. ekkor apart from
that, moreover, OS comp. elcor other-
wise, OHG comp. elihhr further. Based
on the unattested adj. *alja-lkaz, com-
pound of *aljaz and *lkaz. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 89; Fris+ 3738; Vnirs ANEW
101; Lrnv.xx GED 2728; Bot+k.x
OFED s.v.
*aljanan I wk.vb.: Goth aljan to fatten,
Norw dial. elja id. Derived from *alanan.
Fris+ 38; Pokonxv I 26.
*aljanan II sb.n.: Goth aljan avidity,
eagerness, zeal, ON fem. eljan endu-
rance, OE ellen strength, power, vigor,
OS ellean courage, OHG ellen zeal.
Derived from *aljaz with a semantic dev-
elopment similar to that of Gk deinw
fearful ~ dedv to be afraid going back
to *d two. Fick Spracheinh. 302 (to
Lat alacer lively, excited); Os+norr Nom.
Stamm. I 6366 (same as Fick); Tonr-
F.rk 20; Jon.xssox ZfdtPh XXXI 285
289 (to IE *al- to burn); Fnornrr BB
XX 185 (to Gk lv to drive, to drive
on); Corri+z SSN VIII 113 (to Gk
lv to be active); W.rrr-Pokonxv I
156 (to Lat alacer lively, brisk, quick);
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 89; Fris+ 38;
Pokonxv I 25, 28; Vnirs ANEW 100;
Fnisk I 357358; Z.rizxi.k II 173; Lrn-
v.xx GED 28 (agrees with Jon.xssox);
Ptn\rr III 52 (to Hitt alammar eager-
ness, zeal).
*aljanjanan wk.vb.: ON elna to wax, to
grow, OE elnian to make strong, to strive
with zeal, OHG ellinn to strive with
zeal. Derived from *aljanan I. Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 90; Vnirs ANEW 101.
*al( j)a-wixtiz sb.f.: ON al-vitr super-
natural being, Valkyria, OE l-wiht
strange creature, monster. Compound
of *aljaz (with analogical inuence of
*alaz) and *wixtiz (Sir\rns PBB XII 488).
Wrssrx Festschr. Bugge 175 (non-synco-
pated form of ON elptr swan); rsrx
ANF XXXIX 114115 (ON from *alf-
vitr); C.nn Nom. comp. 32 (ON < OE);
Vnirs ANEW 7.
*aljaz adj.: Goth aljis other, OFris ili-, ele-
id. (in compounds). In other Germanic
languages gen. sg. (meaning otherwise,
else) is preserved, cf. OSwed ljes, OE
elles, OFris elles, MDu els, OHG alles.
Related to Arm ail id., Gk llow id., Lat
alius id., Gaul alios id., OIr aile id.
Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 32, 69; Tonr-F.rk
Horv.xx I 3031; Fris+ 3839;
Pokonxv I 25; Fnisk I 7677; Z.rizxi.k
II 173; Oxioxs 307; Scnvir+ Studien 70;
*aljn I prep., adv.: Goth alja but,
except, ON ella otherwise, else. Derived
from *aljaz. Similar with Gk ll but,
Arm ail but (rather). Fris+ 37; Fnisk I
7677; Lrnv.xx GED 27.
*aljn II sb.f.: ON elja concubine, MDu
elle rival, OHG ella concubine. Derived
from *aljaz. Vnirs ANEW 100.
*alkn sb.f.: ON alka sea bird, alca, awk,
alin 15 alkn
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:55 PM Page 15
OE ealce id. Of unknown origin. Lirrx
ANF XIII 3031 (to Lat olor swan);
Vnirs ANEW 6 (same as Lirrx).
*alla-berxtaz adj.: ON all-bjartr very
bright, OE eall-beorht id. Compound of
*allaz and *berxtaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 63.
*alla-kalaz adj.: ON all-kaldr very cold,
OE eal-ceald id. Compound of *allaz and
*kalaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 63.
*al(l)a-walanz sb.m.: Goth all-waldands
ruler, almighty, OS ala-waldand id.,
MHG al-waltende id. Participial form of a
compound based on *alaz or *allaz and
*walanan. A calque from Lat omnipotens
or Gk pantokrtvr cannot be excluded.
Fris+ 40; C.nn Nom. comp. 57; Srrnorr
KZ LXXXII 79 (extension of *al(l)a-
walaz ~ *al(l)a-walan); Lrnv.xx GED
29.
*al(l)a-wrjaz adj.: ON l-vrr friendly,
hospitable, OE adv. eal-wer-lce liberally,
freely, MLG al-wr foolish, OHG ala-
wri friendly, hospitable, benign. Cf.
also Goth allawerei simplicity, sincerity,
total gareement Compound of *alazor,
*allaz and *wrjaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 62;
Vnirs ANEW 687; Srrnorr IF LXXVIII
*allaz adj.: Goth alls all, ON allr id.,
OE eall id., OFris alle, al id., OS al id.,
OHG al id. Continues *alnaz derivation-
ally close to Osc allo all, OIr uile id.
(Ux+rnv.xx IF LXIII 241245). Further
connected with *alaz. Ktnx KZ I
516; Mrirrr+ RG XXI 38 (from *alos
with a secondary geminate); Tonr-F.rk
Horv.xx II 206207; Fris+ 40, 579;
M.n+ixr+ Gm. 176; Pokonxv I 2425;
Vrxrnvrs O-21; Fn.rxkrr 7 (no connec-
tion with Lith alii every, all); Dzn.t-
ki.x SG 41 (to Arm amb-o all < *ol-);
Vnirs ANEW 7; Vrxrnvrs U-17-18;
Oxioxs 25; Srrnorr 76; Lrnv.xx GED
29; Lrovr-Srnixorn I 129131; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 228, 246; Krtor-Srrnorr
27; I\.xo\ Proc. IX UCLA 76; Bot+k.x
OFED s.v.
*al(l)un(t) adv.: ON llung-is alto-
gether, OE ealluna, eallina id., OS alung
id., OHG adj. alang whole. Derived
from *alaz, *allaz (Hrrrtis+ ANF XI
348). Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 84; Vnirs
ANEW 686.
*alanaz ~ *alenaz adj.: Goth us-
alans old, inrm, ON aldinn old.
Participle of the unattested strong vb.
*alanan (with analogical -- in Gothic).
See *aljaz. Fris+ 529; Srrnorr 7778.
*aljaz adj.: Goth aleis old, ON comp.
ellri older. Identical with OIr altae adult
(M.ns+n.xrrn Corr. 47). Further related
to *alanan. Scnvrizrn KZ I 558 (to Lat
part. altus); Tonr-F.rk 20; Bntov.xx
PBB XLIII 310324; K.ns+rx NB II
330331, 370; Tonr-F.rk 20; Fris+ 40;
Pokonxv I 27; Vnirs ANEW 101; M.s-
+nrrri AGIt XLVI 139147 (Germanic
tradition of killing the aged); Lrnv.xx
*alunaz sb.m.: ON lunn a kind of sh,
mackerel, OS alund whitesh, OHG
alunt id. Of unclear origin. Derived from
*alanan? Lorvr PBB LIX 254255;
Tonr-F.rk 558; Hor+n.tsrx AWN 357
(to *aliz ~ *elxaz ~ *elxn); Vnirs ANEW
686687 (to *al- white); Krtor-Srrnorr
24.
*alu sb.n.: ON l beer, ale (wa-stem with
traces of a root stem), OE ealu, ealo id.,
OS alu- (in compounds). Connected with
or borrowed to OPrus alu mead, Lith
als id., Slav *ol id. Scyth *alut- (cf.
prop. Aloyagow and Osset luton beer)
from Gmc, indicative of the early chron-
ology of Germanic contacts with East
Iranian (from where NCauc *VlVdwV
beer). Grg ludi, dial. aludi id. is also
from Gmc but hardly via Iranian. Ktnx
KZ XV 313314; Sir\rns PBB X 449;
Tonr-F.rk 21; Hin+ PBB XXIII 336;
Bto. KS 6466, 70 (Balt and Slav bor-
rowed from Gmc); Kir.nskv Lehnw.
7880; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 84; Srrcn+
195196; An.r\ OJaF 338339; Po-
konxv I 3334 (related to Lat alta a
kind of soft leather); Fn.rxkrr 89;
alkn 16 alu
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:55 PM Page 16
Oxioxs 24; S+.xo LS 13; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ III 132133; B.vvrsnrnorn
Nom. 215; Nikor.vr\-S+.nos+ix NCED
224.
*alu-bankiz sb.m./f.: ON l-bekkr ale-
bench, OE ealu-benc id. Compound of
*alu and *bankiz. C.nn Nom. comp. 55.
*alu-xsan sb.n.: ON l-hs ale-house,
OE ealu-hs id. Compound of *alu and
*xsan. C.nn Nom. comp. 82 (parallel
formations).
*aluz sb.m.: ON lr alder, OE alor id.
Variant of *aliz ~ *alis. Hor+n.tsrx
686; Z.rizxi.k II 214.
*ammn sb.f.: ON amma grandmother,
MDu amme nanny, OHG amma id. A
Lallwort typical of many other languages
cf. Gk mm mother. Tonr-F.rk 16;
Vnirs ANEW 8; Lrovr-Srnixorn I
*ampraz adj.: ON apr cold, sharp, MDu
amper sour, sharp. Probably from an ear-
lier *amraz. Related to Skt aml- sour <
*om6ro- Lat amrus bitter. Jon.xssox IF
III 240; Tonr-F.rk 16; K.ns+rx NB II
256257; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 35; M.vn-
norrn I 46; Pokonxv I 778; Vnirs
Hrirrnv.xxs 99100; Krtor-Srrnorr
35.
*amsaz sb.m.: Goth ams shoulder.
Related to Hitt an(a)a part of the back,
Toch A es, B ntse shoulder, Skt sa-
id., Arm us id., Gk mw id. (with length-
ening of the root vowel), Lat umerus id.,
Slav *s mustache continuing IE *omsos
~ *omesos (L.cnv.x apud Atrnrcn+ KZ I
2834). Tonr-F.rk 1617; Scnn.rrn-
Nrnnixo I 636; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 815;
Fris+ 4041; M.vnnorrn I 14; Pokonxv
I 778; Vnirs ANEW 16; Fnisk II 1148;
Z.rizxi.k I 129; Tntn.cnr\ Etim. 1970
1314; Lrnv.xx GED 30; Ar.vs TB
4344.
*amsln sb.f.: OE sle blackbird, OHG
amsla id. Usually connected with Lat
merula id. and Celt *mesalk or *misalk >
W mwyalch id. (Fick I 515). On the other
hand, the Germanic word appears to be
a transparent derivative of *amsaz (a bird
with a distinctly colored back?). Prrrn-
srx Kelt. Gr. I 73; Tonr-F.rk 16; Sto-
r.n+i DVN 5455; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
243; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 7778; Po-
konxv I 3536; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I
101; Oxioxs 636; H.vr IF LXXXVII
Krtor-Srrnorr 35.
*an ptcl.: Goth an so, then. Similar to Lat
particle an or, Gk n. Tonr-F.rk 11;
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 44; Fris+ 41; Po-
konxv I 37; Lrnv.xx GED 30 (unrelated
to Gk n).
*ana(i) prep.: Goth ana on account of, at,
ON on, upon, OE on id., OFris a to,
in, at, OS an id., OHG ana, an id.
Related to Av ana through, along, Gk
(Ion-Att) na on (Scnvir+ Studien 203
207). B.n+norov.r 112114; Tonr-
Fnisk I 100; Oxioxs 627; Lrnv.xx GED
*an(a)mn sb.f.: OFris omma breath.
Close to Gk nemow wind, Lat animus
spirit, soul, OIr anim id. For further con-
nections see *ananan. Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr.
I 170, 240; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 4950;
GED 388; Ar.vs TB 4042 (Toch A
cm, B me wish, self, soul as a con-
ation of *tmen and *an6mo-); Bot+k.x
OFED s.v.
*ananan str.vb.: Goth uz-anan to breathe
out, to expire. Related to Toch B ansk-
to inhale, to breathe, Skt niti to
breathe and further to Toch AB m-
life, spirit, Gk nemow breath, Lat
animus soul anima air, wind, Slav *von
smell. The participle in *-to- is reected
in OE neut. or-o breath, breathing <
*-anan identical with Gk ntai: ne-
moi, ntaw:pnoiw, Hes. Tonr-F.rk 10;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 242; M.vnnorrn I
3334; Pokonxv I 3839; Fnisk I 105;
alu 17 ananan
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:55 PM Page 17
Srrnorr 7879; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ I
349; Lrnv.xx GED 385; B.vvrsnrnorn
Nom. 77; Ar.vs TB 12; Btnr.k IFTJa
237.
*ana prep.: Goth and throughout, from
one side to the other, ON and- opposite,
against, OE and- id., OS and- id., OHG
ant- id. Closely related to Gk nta oppo-
site, Lith at on, in order to. Cf. comp.
Goth andiz-uh either, ON endr, enn in
times of yore, again, OE nd formerly, of
old, OS endi earlier, MHG end id. For
further connections see *anjaz. Tonr-
F.rk 13; Lixrtis+ SNF IX/1 6; Hor-
+n.tsrx AEEW 5, 90; Fris+ 46, 50;
Pokonxv I 49; Fn.rxkrr 11, IF XL
8890; Vnirs ANEW 9, 102; Fnisk I
112113; Scnvir+ Studien 310 315 (to
*an followed by *-ta, *-ti ); Lrnv.xx GED
34, 37.
*anbaxtaz sb.m.: Goth andbahts serv-
ant, ON ambtt bondwoman (> *an-
baxt ), OE ambeht servant, OHG ambaht
id. If Goth -nd- is due to analogy with the
prex and-, an alternative reconstruction
*ambaxtaz is more acceptable. Borrowed
from Celt *amb(i)-aktos: Gaul-Lat ambactus
servant W amaeth servus arans (Annois
rr Jtn.ix\irrr MSL VII 289290).
Zrvss ZfceltPh III 353, 374 (on the substi-
tution of Celt amb- with Gmc *an-);
Bntov.xx IF XIX 390 (on the structure
of the Celtic word); Tonr-F.rk 13; Hor-
+n.tsrx AEEW 3; Fris+ 4849; W.rrr-
Horv.xx I 3637; Vnirs ANEW 8;
Brx\rxis+r IEL 110111; Lrnv.xx GED
Srrnorr 3536.
*anbaxt( j)an sb.n.: Goth andbahti serv-
ice, ON embtti id., OE ambiht oce,
ministry, service, OS ambaht service,
OHG ambaht id., ambahti id. Derived from
*anbaxtaz. Tonr-F.rk 13; Hor+n.tsrx
102; Z.rizxi.k II 214; Krtor-Srrnorr
3536.
*ani conj.: ON en, enn and, OE and id.,
OFris and, anda id., MDu enn id. A full
grade of the conjunction originally re-
ecting *te. Cf. Skt nti before, near,
tha then, now (if from *t-), Gk nt
over against. See *uni. Tonr-F.rk
1314; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 5; M.v-
nnorrn I 28 (against the connection with
Skt); Pokonxv I 50; Vnirs ANEW 102;
Fnisk I 113114; Oxioxs 36; Krtor-
*ani-lausaz adj.: Goth andi-laus end-
less, ON enda-lauss id., OE ende-les in-
nite, eternal, OS endi-ls endless, MHG
ende-ls id. Compound of *anjaz and
*lausaz. Fris+ 50; C.nn Nom. comp. 88
(parallel formations); Lrnv.xx GED 229.
*anjaz sb.m.: Goth andeis end, ON endir
id., OE ende id., OFris enda, ende id., OS
endi id., OHG neut. enti id. Based on IE
adv. *anti opposite (Skt nti before,
near, Gk nt, see also *ana). Cf. in
particular Skt antya- last, Gk ntow
opposite. Cf. also *anjan > ON enni
forehead with a dierent stress. Tonr-
49; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 54; M.vnnorrn I
3536; Pokonxv I 4850; Vnirs ANEW
102103; Fnisk I 113114; Z.rizxi.k II
*anjjanan wk.vb.: ON enda to end,
OE endian id., OFris endia id., OS endion,
endn id., OHG entn id. Derived from
*anjaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 91; Vnirs
ANEW 102.
*an sb.f.: ON nd porch. Compared
with Skt t door frame, Lat antae pil-
lars or pilasters on each side of doors
(Btoor KZ XIX 401). Yet, a comparison
with *anjaz is not less attractive. Tonr-
F.rk 13; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 52; M.vn-
norrn I 72; Vnirs ANEW 687.
*anjanan wk.vb.: ON anda to breathe,
OE ian to blow strongly. Derived
from *ann. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 243;
Pokonxv I 38; Vnirs ANEW 9.
*ann sb.m.: ON andi breath, OE anda
malice, envy, hatred, OS ando breath,
OHG anto zeal. Cf. also ON nd breath
< *an. Derived from *ananan. Structur-
ananan 18 ann
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:55 PM Page 18
ally similar to Gk ntai: nemoi, Hes.
Tonr-F.rk 1011; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
Fnisk I 113; Z.rizxi.k I 152; Srrnorr
78.
*anaraz sb.m.: OHG angar corn worm.
May be close to Gk mbhriw: gxeluw,
Meyumnaoi, Hes. < *eng
(h)ri- and Lith

ungurs eel (from *angurs, cf. O+nrnski
LP V 26), OPrus angurgis id., Slav *gr
pimple, maggot, eel (Tn.t+v.xx BB
XXIX 307). Brzzrxnrnorn BB II 154;
Ztri+z. Gutt. 128; Pokonxv I 44;
Fn.rxkrr 1163; Fnisk I 725; S+.xo LS
40; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ IV 146147;
Torono\ PJa I 8889.
*anaz sb.m.: ON angr grief, sorrow.
Originally, a neut. s-stem identical with
Skt has- anxiety, trouble, Lat angor
strangling, anguish. Fick III 12; Tonr-
F.rk 12; Uxvrn+n PBB XXXVI 7;
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 47; M.vnnorrn I 14;
*an(i)laz sb.m.: ON pl. Englar Angles,
OE Engle id., OHG Angil- (in cmpn.).
Rendered as Lat Anglii, Gk Aggeloi.
Related to *ann II, *anulaz (Ltxr.nr
Festschr. Sahlgren 23). Enrv.xx SVSU
I/1 114 (to *ann); Vnirs ANEW 102.
*an(i)liskaz adj.: ON enskr Anglian, OE
enlisc id., OFris engelsk id., MLG engelsch
id. Derived from *an(i)laz. Hor+n.t-
srx AEEW 91; Vnirs ANEW 103.
*anj sb.f.: ON eng meadow, MDu eng
farmland. Related to *anraz. Vnirs
*ann I sb.m.: ON angi sweet odor.
Close to Arm anjn soul < *anhen- (Lirrx
Arm. St. 3839). L.orncn.x+z KZ
XXXV 274 (to Gk mf: sm Lkvnew);
Tonr-F.rk 557; Pokonxv I 43; Vnirs
ANEW 10.
*ann II sb.m.: ON angi spine, prickle,
OE ana thorn, sharp point, OHG ango
hook, hinge. Related to Skt cati to
bend, to curve, ak- curve, hook, Lat
uncus bent; hook, Gk gkn bend of the
arm, elbow. Tonr-F.rk 12; Hor+n.t-
srx AEEW 6; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 816;
M.vnnorrn I 19, 24; Pokonxv I 4546;
Vnirs ANEW 10; Fnisk I 11; Z.rizxi.k I
152.
*anraz sb.m.: ON angr bay, OS angar
meadow, OHG angar id. Derivationally
close to Lat ancrae convalles vel arborum
intervalla. Further connected with *ann
II. St++rnrix IF XLV 307 (to Gk nph
woodland vale); Tonr-F.rk 12; W.rrr-
Horv.xx I 61; Pokonxv I 46; Vnirs
Krtor-Srrnorr 39.
*anulaz sb.m.: ON ngull angle, hook,
OE anel hook, shing-hook, MLG angel
hinge, OHG angul hook, hinge. Iden-
tical with Gk gklow crooked. Further
connections see under *ann II. Zt-
ri+z. Gutt. 128; Tonr-F.rk 12; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 6; Pokonxv I 46; Vnirs
ANEW 687; Fnisk I 11.
*anustiz ~ *anustuz sb.f.: OFris
masc. angst, ongost fear, MLG angest id.,
OHG angust id. Derived from *anuz ~
*anwjaz. Close to Slav *zost narrow-
ness < *anhosti-. Cf. also Lat angustus
narrow < *anhosto-. For further connec-
tions see *anaz. Scnrricnrn KZ I 143;
Tonr-F.rk 12; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 49;
Pokonxv I 43; Lrovr-Srnixorn I 253
255; Krtor-Srrnorr 40; Bot+k.x OFED
s.v.
*anuz ~ *anwjaz adj.: Goth aggwus
narrow, ON ngr id. (wa-stem), OE enge
id., OS engi id., OHG engi id. Related to
Skt ah- id., Gk gxi near, Arm anjuk
narrow, Lat *angu- (in angiportus), Slav
*zk id. (Fris+ Btrg. Gesch. XV 545).
K.ns+rx NB II 407408; Ztri+z. Gutt.
98; Tonr-F.rk 12; Fris+ 1314; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 91; W.rrr-Horv.xx I
Vnirs ANEW 687; Fnisk I 1718; Hri-
rrnv.xxs KZ XCIX 279280; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ IV 154; Lrnv.xx GED 9;
B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 262; Hrirrnv.xxs
*anwi sb.f.: Goth aggwia trouble,
aiction, OS engitha straits, OHG engida
oppression, fear. Derived from *anuz ~
ann 19 anwi
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:55 PM Page 19
*anwjaz. Fris+ 13; Vnirs ANEW 682;
100.
*anwjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-aggwjan to
oppress, to constrain, OHG engen to
scare, to press. Derived from *anuz ~
*anwjaz. Tonr-F.rk 12; Fris+ 174;
Vnirs ANEW 682; Lrnv.xx GED 9;
Hrirrnv.xxs 100.
*anwn sb.m./f.: Goth bals-agga neck,
narrow of the neck (leg. hals-agga), OHG
anka occiput. Related to *anuz ~
*anwjaz. Cf. a similar formation in Gk
mfhn neck, throat. Scnn.rrn KZ X
461 (to Gk ggow pitcher, bucket, vessel);
Ztri+z. Gutt. 89; Fris+ 242; Pokonxv
*anxt sb.f.: OE ht fear, terror, hostile
pursuit, OFris acht, achte hostile pursuit,
OHG hta persecution. Close to Ir cht
manslaughter < *anktu-. Further con-
nected with *anuz ~ *anwjaz. Tonr-
F.rk 558; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 241;
Pokonxv I 45 (further to Gk ngkh
force, constraint, necessity); Lrovr-
Srnixorn I 118120; Krtor-Srrnorr
1213.
*anxulaz sb.m.: ON ll seed, sprout. An
accentual variant of *anulaz. Derivation-
ally close to Skt akur- sprout, shoot,
Gk gkulow crooked, curved (F.rk ANF
VI 115). See *anxul. Tonr-F.rk 12;
I 11.
*anxul sb.f.: ON l strap, bridle. De-
spite a dierent stress pattern, identical
with Gk gklh id. Further related to
*anulaz, *anxulaz. Tonr-F.rk 12; Po-
konxv I 46; Vnirs ANEW 4; Fnisk I 11.
*ankalaz ~ *ank(u)l(n) sb.m./f.: ON
kkla ankle, OFris onkel id., MDu ankel
id., OHG ankala id. Cf. also MLG enkel
id., OHG enkil id. < *ankilaz. Derived
from *ankn. Structurally similar to Lat
angulus angle and, Slav *gl id. Tonr-
38; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ IV 145; Lrovr-
*ankn sb.m.: MHG anke scru, thigh,
shank. Related to Skt ga- limb. A
further connection with Gk diyr-ambow
dithyramb (Fnonrr BB XXI 195) is
probable and would imply *ang
o- as a
source. M.vnnorrn I 21; Pokonxv I
4647; Vnirs ANEW 99; Fnisk I 8.
*ankwn sb.m.: OHG anko butter. Close
to Lat unguen fatty substance, ointment,
Umbr umen fat, OIr imb butter <
*g
en- (Szrvrnrxvi Scripta 872874).

Cf. also OPrus anctan butter < *ong
-
t-om. Further connected with Skt ankti
to anoint, Lat ungu id. Tonr-F.rk
11; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 910; W.rrr-
Horv.xx II 819820; Pokonxv I 779;
Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 102; Torono\ PJa
I 91; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 175; Lrovr-
Srnixorn I 263265; Krtor-Srrnorr 41.
*ann sb.f.: OHG ana grandmother. Cf.
also OHG ano grandfather. A descrip-
tive word similar with Hitt anna- mother,
anna- grandmother, Arm han id., Gk
nnw: mhtrw patrw mthr, Hes., Lat
anna foster-mother, Messap ana ptnia,
OPrus ane old woman. Tonr-F.rk 11;
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 50; An.r\ I 148;
Pokonxv I 36; Fnisk I 112; Brx\rxis+r
190; Ptn\rr III 8486; Lrovr-Srnixorn
I 215217; Krtor-Srrnorr 20.
*ansaz sb.m.: Goth ans beam, ON ss
pole, rafter, MHG ans-boum beam of a
bridge. Related to Lat nsa handle, MIr
pl. isi rein, OPrus ansis hook, Lith [s
handle, loop (Gnirxnrnorn Got. 27).
Horrv.xx BB XXV 108 (to Skt na-
cart, Lat onus burden); Tonr-F.rk 14
(to OIr asna rib); Unrrxnrck PBB XXX
260261 (same as Horrv.xx); Mrnixorn
IF XVIII 26 (to Gk nomai to go back,
to return), XXI 302303, WuS IX 115
(to *ansiz ~ *ansuz); Tonr-F.rk 14 (to Lat
asser beam); Woor JEGP II 213 (to *sis
sword); W.rrr-Horv.xx I 5152; Fris+
52; Pokonxv I 48; Torono\ PJa I 92;
Lrnv.xx GED 38.
anwi 20 ansaz
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:55 PM Page 20
*ansiz ~ *ansuz sb.m.: Goth-Lat pl.
anses (pagan) god, ON ss id., OE s id.,
OS s, s in prop. (a-stem), OHG ansi-
(in cmpn.). Identical with Skt su- life,
vital strength, Av ahu- id., Venet ahsu-
cult image (Bn.rkr ZDMG XL 347).
Gnivv DM 22 (to *ansaz, in view of wor-
ship pillars erected to Germanic gods);
Fons+rnv.x KZ I 243; B.n+norov.r
283; Tonr-F.rk 14; Gnirxnrnorn
ZDADL XXXVI 313; Mrnixorn IF XVII
159160, WuS IX 115 (to *ansaz);
Gtx+rn+ Weltknig 102 (follows Bn.rkr);
M.vnnorrn I 6566; Vnirs ANEW 16;
Porovr EG VIII 3644; Pokonxv I 48;
Z.rizxi.k II 198; Lrnv.xx GED 3839.
*ansj sb.f.: ON s outer border, edge (of
a shoe), MLG se loop, sling. Derived
from *ansaz. Identical with Gk na
bridle, reins (Prnssox Beitrge 5; F.rk
NVA 1919 131). Tonr-F.rk 14; W.rrr
Festschr. Streitberg 153154; W.rrr-
Horv.xx I 5152; Pokonxv I 48;
I 637.
*anstiz sb.f.: Goth ansts benecence, gra-
ciousness, grace, ON st love, aection,
OE st will, consent, favor, grace, OFris
enst favor, grace, OS anst id., OHG anst
id. Derived from *unnanan. Scnvrizrn
KZ I 143; Tonr-F.rk 14; Fris+ 53;
Pokonxv I 47; Vnirs ANEW 16; Z.riz-
xi.k II 228; Srrnorr 79; Lrnv.xx GED
39; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 144.
*anstjanan wk.vb.: ON sta to demand,
to ask, MHG ensten to be kind. Derived
from *anstiz. Vnirs ANEW 681.
*anera-lkaz adj.: Goth adv. anar-leiko
dierently, otherwise, OS ar-lk id.,
OE adv. er-lce. Compound of *aneraz
and *lkaz. Fris+ 54; Lrnv.xx GED 40.
*aneraz adj.: Goth anar other, ON
annarr id., OE er id., OFris ther id., OS
ar id., OHG ander id. Identical with Skt
ntara- other, Av antara- id., Osc anter id.,
OPrus antars other, Lith atras, ataras
id., Slav *vtor second. Mrirrr+ Etudes
407; Tonr-F.rk 13; Scntrz ZDWf X
157; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 243; Fris+ 53;
Fn.rxkrr 12; Vnirs ANEW 10; Lrnv.xx
GED 39; Lrovr-Srnixorn I 241242;
Ross-Brnxs Numerals 625; Krtor-
*anuiz ~ aniiz sb.f.: ON nd duck
(traces of a root stem), OE ened id., OS
anud, anad id., OHG anut, enita id. Related
to Skt t- aquatic bird, Gk nssa
duck, Lat anas id., Lith ntis id., Slav *ty
id. Scnvir+ KZ XXIII 268270; Sto-
r.n+i DVN 420; Tonr-F.rk 11; Mrirrr+
MSL VIII 236; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 91;
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 4445; M.vnnorrn I
7273; Pokonxv I 4142; Cnrvor.xo\
SGGJa I 59; Fn.rxkrr 1112; Vnirs
ANEW 687; Fnisk II 317318; Z.rizxi.k
IV 174; H.vr KZ CII 2931; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 202203 (reconstructs *anz);
Krtor-Srrnorr 222223.
*apalraz ~ *apulr sb.m./f.: ON
apaldr apple-tree OE neut. (?) apulder,
apuldor id. OS apuldra id., MHG apfalter
id. Derived from *ap(u)laz with sux
*-dhro-. Tonr-F.rk 1415; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 6; Pokonxv I 2; Z.rizxi.k II 182;
Vnirs ANEW 11; Krtor-Srrnorr 1718.
*apn sb.m.: ON api ape, OE apa id., OS
apo id., OHG ao id. Borrowed from
Celtic, cf., brnaw [sc. bbnaw]: Kelto
tow kerkopiykouw, Hes. Fons+rnv.x
KZ I 496 (to Skt kap- monkey, Gk kpow
long-tailed monkey); Tonr-F.rk 14 (to
Slav *opica ape which, however, is from
Gmc); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 6; Pokonxv I
23; Vnirs ANEW 11; Z.rizxi.k I 153;
Oxioxs 42; Lrovr-Srnixorn I 5859;
Krtor-Srrnorr 17.
*ap(u)laz sb.m.: Crim. Goth apel apple,
ON apal-grr dapple-gray, OE ppel
apple, OFris appel id., OS appul id.,
OHG apful id. (< *ap(u)liz). Related to
Gaul avallo pomma, OIr ubull apple <
*ablu-, Lith obuols id., Slav *ablko id.
(Fick BB II 195). Tonr-F.rk 14; Fris+
ansiz 21 ap(u)laz
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:55 PM Page 21
54, 579; Hoors Waldbume 477479;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 11; L.xr Language
IX 251 (on Celtic words); Pokonxv I
ANEW 103; Bto. I 433; Z.rizxi.k II
214; Fn.rxkrr I 515; Oxioxs 44; H.vr
ZfceltPh XXXVII 164 (from non-IE
*blu); Ar.vs IF XL 7982 (against
H.vr); Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa I 4447;
I\.xo\-G.vknrrirzr 637641 (to Hitt
amluanza id.); Lrovr-Srnixorn I 6063,
298301; Lrnv.xx GED 40; Krtor-
Srrnorr 4647.
*arbaiiz sb.f.: Goth arbais work, labor,
OFris arb(i)d id., OS arbth id., OHG
arbeit id. An unusual derivative of *arbaz.
Probably, a compound of *arbaz and
*iiz. Kincnnorr KZ I 39; Gnirxnrn-
orn Goten 2728 (to *arjanan); Brzzrx-
nrnorn BB XXVII 150; Prrrnsrx KZ
XXXVI 94; Bntov.xx IF XIX 384
(deverbative from the unattested *arbj );
Tonr-F.rk 19; Unrrxnrck PBB XVI
562; Mrnixorn IF XVII 128 (compound
of *arbho- plow-animal and *i-ti- walk,
tread); Fris+ 55; Knox.ssrn HS 170 (to
Lith drbas work); Pokonxv I 782;
Z.rizxi.k II 214; S+.xo LS 44; Lrnv.xx
Krtor-Srrnorr 50.
*arbaijan sb.n.: ON eri toil, labor,
OE earfo hardship, trouble, OS arbthi
toil, labor, OHG fem. arbeiti id. Derived
from *arbaiiz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 86;
*arbaijanan wk.vb.: ON era to toil,
to labor, OE earfoian to to trouble,
OHG arbeitn to torment. Derived from
*arbaiiz. Tonr-F.rk 19.
*arbaz sb.m.: ON arfr inheritance. Re-
lated to OIr orb(b)e id. Further connected
with Skt rbha- little, weak, young, Gk
rfanw orphaned, Lat orbus bereaved,
parentless, Slav *orb slave. Kincn-
norr KZ I 39; Sir\rns PBB XII 176177;
Tonr-F.rk 19; Mrnixorn IF XVII 128;
Woor MLN XXI 39 (to Skt arpyati to
put into, to x); Pr+rnsox PBB XL
97101; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 219220;
Fris+ 56; Ponzio Gliederung 121122;
II 431; Z.rizxi.k II 214; Brx\rxis+r
6870; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 453;
Gnox\ik Inheritance passim; Lrnv.xx
GED 41; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 53.
*arbjan sb.n.: Goth arbi inheritance, herit-
age, ON er wake, funeral feast, OE
erfe inheritance, OFris erve id., OS erbi
id., OHG erbi id. Close to OIr orb(b)e id.
Derived from *arbaz. Annois rr Jtn.ix-
\irrr MSL VII 286288 (from Celtic);
Tonr-F.rk 19; Mrnixorn IF XVII 128
(to *arjanan); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 186;
Fris+ 56; Ponzio Gliederung 121122
(from Celtic); Pokonxv I 781; Cnrvo-
r.xo\ SGGJa I 96; Vnirs ANEW 1213,
103; Z.rizxi.k II 214; Brx\rxis+r IEL
Nom. 53, 66; Krtor-Srrnorr 227; Bot+-
k.x OFED s.v.
*arbjanan ~ *arbjjanan wk.vb.: ON
erfa to honor with a funeral feast, OE
irfan to inherit, OFris ervia id., OS gi-
ervan id., OHG ir-erben id. Derived from
*arbjan. Structurally close to Slav *orbiti
to work. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 186;
Vnirs ANEW 103; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\
III 487; Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*arbja-waraz sb.m.: ON er-vrr, arf-
vrr heir, OE irfe-weard guardian of an
inheritance, heir, OS erbi-ward heir.
Compound of *arbjan and *waraz.
C.nn Nom. comp. 47.
*arbjn sb.m.: Goth arbja heir, inheritor,
ON ar id. (a-stem), OE ierfa id., OFris
erva id., MLG erve id., OHG erbo id.
Related to *arbjan. Structurally close to
Gaul PN Orbius (Vrxrnvrs 027).
Fris+ 56; Ponzio Gliederung 121; Pokonxv
I 781; Vnirs ANEW 1213; Z.rizxi.k II
214; Lrnv.xx GED 4142; Szrvrnrxvi
Festschr. Meid 359368; Krtor-Srrnorr
*araz adj.: ON ein-arr rm, single, OE
ap(u)laz 22 araz
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:55 PM Page 22
sbst. eard state, condition, MDu sbst. aert
kind, situation, MHG sbst. art kind.
Related to Skt t- right, true, Av aa-
truth, right, Arm ard structure, Gk
mart together, at once, Lat artus
tted, close, strait, narrow. B.n+no-
rov.r 229238; Tonr-F.rk 17; W.rrr-
Pokonxv I 57; Fnisk I 87; Krtor-
Srrnorr 54.
*ariz ~ *ariz sb.f.: ON r crop,
produce, OE ir plowing, tilling, crop,
produce, OFris raef-erd plowing o
boundaries, OHG art plowed land,
yield. Derivative of *arjanan. Tonr-F.rk
Srrnorr 82; Lrovr-Srnixorn I 347349;
5455.
*araz adj.: Burg *args cowardly, mean,
ON argr emasculate, eeminate, OE ear
inert, weak, timid, cowardly, OFris erch
evil, wrong, MLG arch angry, evil,
OHG arg greedy, cowardly, worthless.
Related to Lith ars, ers salacious,
lecherous (Bo. Aist. st. 119), further to
Hitt ark- to climb, to cover, Gk rxo-
mai to dance, to jump. K.ns+rx NB I
49; Wrisvrirrn IF XLI 1618; St++rn-
rix IF XLV 307 (to Skt hnt- small);
n.tsrx AEEW 85; Lorvrx+n.r PBB
LIV 157 (to Gk rxw rectum, anus);
Pokonxv I 339; Vnirs ANEW 13 (to
Toch AB erkt depreciatory); Fn.rxkrr
123124; Fnisk II 433; Kn.tsr SUR 58;
Lrovr-Srnixorn I 321324; Ptn\rr
Festschr. Risch 154155; Hrirrnv.xxs
102103; Krtor-Srrnorr 51 (to Gk rxiw
scrotum); Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*arn sb.f.: ON ergi lewdness, lust, OHG
arg negligence, greed. Derived from *ar-
az. Vnirs ANEW104; Hrirrnv.xxs 102.
*arjanan wk.vb.: ON ergjask to become
a coward, MHG gi-ergen to spoil, to
destroy. Derived from *araz. Hrirrn-
v.xxs 103.
*arxw sb.f.: ON r arrow, OE earh id.,
Cf. also Goth araz-na id. based on an
old s-stem. Close to Lat arcus arch, bow.
*ar(i)az sb.m.: OS erida id. Continues
*ar6-to- morphologically dierent from
the usual *ar6-tro- id.: Arm araur, Gk ro-
tron, Lat artrum (Ktnx KZ LXXI 141).
See *arjanan. Mrnixorn IF XVII 121
122; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 62; Pokonxv I
*arjanan str./wk.vb.: Goth arjan to plow,
ON erja id., OE erian id., OFris era id.,
OS erian id., OHG erren id. Identical
with MIr airim id., Lith ari, rti id., Slav
*orj, *orati id. Further connected with Gk
rv id., Lat ar id. Prnssox Beitrge
659, 669; Tonr-F.rk 18; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 94; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 69; Fris+
5657; Srrcn+ KZ LVI 29; Brr.nri RL
II 193195; Jn.xxrssox IEW 3435;
62; Fn.rxkrr 17; Vnirs ANEW 104;
Fnisk I 147148; Oxioxs 297; Srrnorr
Lrnv.xx GED 42; M.+zrr Festschr.
Rosenfeld 455468.
*arjaz adj.: Run nom. pl. superl. arjosteR
noble. Related to Skt ary- lord, master
of the house, Av airy Aryan, Ir aire,
airech swain, suitor (Kn.tsr FF X 217
218; Run. 539). B.n+norov.r 198;
ANEW 13; P.rvrn Gedenkschr. Gntert
1119; Hrirrnv.xxs 103 104.
*arma-bauaz sb.m.: ON arm-baugr arm-
let, OE earm-ba id., MLG arm-bg id.,
OHG arm-boug id. Compound of *armaz
and *bauaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 46.
*arma-bun sb.m.: ON alm-bogi elbow,
Swed arm-bge id., OFris arm-boga. Com-
pound of *armaz and *bun. Probably,
inuenced by *alina-bun. C.nn Nom.
comp. 46.
araz 23 arma-bun
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:56 PM Page 23
*arma-xertaz adj.: Goth arma-hairts
merciful, compassionate, OE earm-heort
id., OHG arm-herz id. Calque of Lat
misericors id. (R.tvrn Einwirk. 345). Com-
pound of *armaz II and *xertn. Krtor
Btrg. Gesch. XXXV 148149, 159; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 86; Fris+ 57; C.nn NC
34 (OHG < Goth); Brck ZdPh XCVIII
Srrnorr 82.
*arma-xerti sb.f.: Goth arma-hairtia
mercy, charity, OHG arm-herzida id.
Calque of Lat misericordia id. (R.tvrn
Einwirk. 345). Cf. *arma-xertaz. Fris+ 57;
Lrnv.xx GED 43.
*arma-xertn sb.f.: Goth arma-hairtei
mercy, compassion, OHG arm-herz id.
Calque of Lat misericordia id. (R.tvrn
Einwirk. 345). Cf. *arma-xertaz. Fris+ 57;
Lrnv.xx GED 43.
*arma-lkaz adj.: ON arm-ligr pitiful,
OE earm-lc miserable, wretched, OS
arm-lk id., OHG armi-lh id. Derived
from *armaz. Hrirrnv.xxs 104.
*armaz I sb.m.: Goth arms arm (from
*armiz), ON armr id., OE earm id., OFris
erm, arm id., OS arm id., OHG arm id.
Related to Skt rm- id., Av ar6m id., Lat
armus upper part of the arm, Gaul aram
fork, OPrus irmo arm and in particular,
with the same ablaut grade, Slav *orm
shoulder (Kincnnorr KZ I 39). Bo.
Aist. (adds Lith pl. arma bars holding the
front shaft of a cart which is, however,
from dial. German); B.n+norov.r 197;
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 69; Fris+ 58; M.vn-
norrn I 96; Pokonxv I 58; Fn.rxkrr
Oxioxs 50; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III
440441; H.vr JIES X 187189;
Lrnv.xx GED 43; Lrovr-Srnixorn I
OFED s.v.
*armaz II adj.: Goth arms poor, pitiable,
miserable, ON armr id., OE earm id.,
OFris erm poor, OS arm id., OHG arm
poor, powerless. Probably continues
*arbmaz derived from *arbaz ( Jon.xssox
PBB XV 223224; Woor MLN XXI 39).
On the other hand, cf. Skt armaka- ruins
based on the unattested adj. *arma- (Htv-
n.cn Festschr. Knobloch 189193; Brck-
S+ntxk Festschr. Eggers 40), Hitt arman-
sickness (I\.xo\ Etimologija 1979 131).
Fick III 24 (to Gk rmow desolate,
lonely); Mrirrr+ MSL X 280 (to Arm
o-orm pity); Tonr-F.rk 19; Fris+ 5758;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 86; Wrisvrirrn IF
XLI 304329; Mrzorn KZ LXXVI
178 180 (to Hitt araza- outside, all
around); Srrcn+ 264 (same as
Jon.xssox); Vnirs ANEW 14; Sor+.
427428 (follows Mrirrr+); Brck-S+ntxk
Festschr. Eggers 1841 (to Lith rti to fall
apart, to dissolve); Rri+rn ZfBalk XIII
133138; Ptn\rr 157160; Lrnv.xx
B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 71 (to Gk ryron
joint), 244; Krtor-Srrnorr 5253;
Hrirrnv.xxs 104105; Bot+k.x OFED
s.v.
*armnan wk.vb.: Goth arman to have
mercy, to pity, OS part. gi-armod poor,
needy, OHG armn to become poor.
Derived from *armaz poor, probably a
calque of Lat miserri (Krtor Btrg. Gesch.
XXXV 159). Fris+ 57; Lrnv.xx GED
*armjanan wk.vb.: ON erma to keep
unhappy, OE irman to make miserable,
to aict. Derived from *armaz II.
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 186; Vnirs ANEW
*arniz adj.: Goth adv. arniba certainly,
ON ern brisk, vigorous. Related to Skt
ra- undulating, surging and further to
ti to arise, to move, Gk rnumi to set
into motion (B.n+norov.r ZdWf VI
355). Tonr-F.rk 17; Bntov.xx IF
XIX 384; Fris+ 58; Pokonxv I 328;
Vnirs ANEW 105; Fnisk II 422424;
Oxioxs 297; Lrnv.xx GED 4344;
Hrirrnv.xxs 105.
*arnuz ~ arnaz sb.m.: ON rn eagle,
OE earn id., OS arn id. (in prop.), OHG
arn id. (i-stem). Based on *arn. Struc-
turally similar to Gk rniw bird, rneon
arma-xertaz 24 arnuz
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:56 PM Page 24
id. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 86; Pokonxv I
326; Fnisk II 421422; Vnirs ANEW
688; Z.rizxi.k II 220; Oxioxs 324.
*arn sb.m.: Goth ara eagle, ON ari id.,
OS aro id., OHG aro id. Related to Hitt
ara(n)- id., Gk rniw bird, Bret er
eagle, cf. also Lith erlis, arlis id., Slav
*orl id. Mrirrr+ Etudes 418; Tonr-
F.rk 17; Stor.n+i DVN 345352;
Tn.t+v.xx BSW 13; Fris+ 5455; Po-
konxv I 325326; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I
111; Fn.rxkrr 122, KZ LVIII 285287;
Z.rizxi.k II 220; Oxioxs 324; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ III 150151; Lrnv.xx GED
40; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 176; Ptn\rr III
Krtor-Srrnorr 2.
*arsaz sb.m.: ON ars behind, backside,
OE ears id., OS ars id., OHG ars id.
Related to Gk rrow id., Arm o, pl. ok',
continuing IE *orsos, cf. also OIr err tail
< *ers. Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. II 101;
II 427; Z.rizxi.k I 129; Lrovr-Srnixorn
I 345346; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 54;
Krtor-Srrnorr 54.
*artjanan wk.vb.: ON erta to taunt, to
tease. Identical with Skt ardyati to make
ow (causative of rdati, dti to ow,
to dissolve), Lith ardti to untie, to
unstitch. Tonr-F.rk 19; M.ns+n.xrrn
apud Vnirs ANEW 105 (to *araz);
M.vnnorrn I 51; Pokonxv I 63 (to OIr
aird point, top), 329330; Fn.rxkrr
1516; Vnirs ANEW 105.
*artn sb.f.: ON arta teal, Anas quer-
quedula, OE earte wagtail. Probably
connected with *artjanan. Similarity with
Lat ardea heron, Gk rdiw, =vdiw
id. may be deceptive. Tonr-F.rk 19;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 86; W.rrr-Hor-
v.xx I 64; Pokonxv I 68; Cnrvor.xo\
SGGJa I 59; Vnirs ANEW 15; Fnisk I
572573.
*arraz sb.m.: ON arr plow, Close to
Gk rotron id., OIr arathar id., Lat ar-
trum id. Further connected with *arjanan.
Fnisk I 147; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 86.
*arutaz sb.m.: OS arut piece of ore,
OHG aruz ore, piece of ore, lump of
clay. OHG meanings indicate an origi-
nal word for marsh iron and contradict
the popular hypothesis of an old borrow-
ing going back to Sum urudu copper
(despite K.ns+rx Germanen 196). Probably
related to *erwn, cf. Slav *elzo (marsh)
iron ~ *el(e)za gland. Tonr-F.rk 18;
Irsrx IF XLI 174175; Lrovr-Srnixorn
I 355358; Krtor-Srrnorr 232; Tntn.-
cnr\ VJa XXXIII/5 78.
*arfn sb.m.: ON ar chickweed, OE earfe
tare, EFris arf, arve vetch. Borrowed
from an unknown source as well as Lat
eruum vetch, pea, Gk robow bitter
vetch (Hoors Waldbume 463). W.rrr-
Horv.xx I 419 420; Vnirs ANEW 13.
*arwaz adj.: ON rr swift, ready, OS aru
ready for harvesting. Identical with
Toch A rwar, B rwer ready, Av aurva-
quick, brave. Btoor KZ XI (1870) 403
(to Skt rvant- courser, horse); B.n+no-
AEEW 86; K.ns+rx NB II 194, 412414;
Fn.rxkrr ZfslavPh XXI 138140; Po-
konxv I 331; Vnirs ANEW 688; Lrovr-
Srnixorn I 311312; S.xrrns Festschr.
Kolb 558568; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 243;
Hrirrnv.xxs 106.
*arwaz ~ *arwez sb.n.: ON {rr scar,
MLG are id. Close to Skt neut. ru-
wound. (Tonr-F.rk 19). Pokonxv I
338; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 107.
*arwt sb.f.: ON pl. ertr pea, OS erit
id., MLG erwete id., OHG arawiz id.
See *arfn? Tonr-F.rk 1920 (non-IE);
Bixz ZdPh XXXVIII 371 (OHG araweiz
< *arwa-aita-); Irsrx Festschr. Streitberg
230232; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 419420;
Vnirs ANEW 105; Fnisk II 424.
*aseluz ~ *aselaz sb.m.: Goth asilus
donkey, ass, OE eosul id., OS esil id.,
OHG esil id. An early borrowing (with
*-l- < -n-?) from Lat asinus id. (Krtor
Urgerm. 68) or a later loan from Rom
*selus < Lat asellus id. (Ltr+ ZDADL XLI
arnuz 25 aseluz
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:56 PM Page 25
241242). Fons+rnv.x KZ I 495;
Scnvrx+xrn PBB XLIV 497498;
Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 507 (follows Ltr+);
233.
*asj(n) sb.f.: ON esja a kind of clay,
OHG essa chimney. Related to *azenaz
~ *azenan. Tonr-F.rk 22; Pokonxv
I 68; Vnirs ANEW 105106; Krtor-
Srrnorr 234.
*askaz sb.m.: Burg *asks ash-tree, ON
askr id., OE sc id., OS ask id. (< *askiz),
OHG asc id. (< *askiz). Close to Arm
hac'i id., Alb ah beech < PAlb *aska, cf.
also Gk ja beech. Hoors Waldbume
121; Ztri+z. Gutt. 159; Tonr-F.rk 23;
Vnirs ANEW 15; Fnisk II 400; Z.rizxi.k
I 185; Oxioxs 54; Nonvirn Sprache
XXVII 2229 (Indo-Iranian parallels);
Srrnorr 233; Onrr AED 2.
*askjan sb.n.: ON eski ashen box, MDu
esch id., esche ash. Derived from *askaz.
Scntrzr KZ LXI 136; Vnirs ANEW 106.
*askn sb.f.: Goth azgo ashes (with voiced
inlaut), ON aska id., OE sce id., MLG
asche id., OHG asca id. Connected with
Arm aiun id. < *azg-. Cf., on the other
hand, *s- in Hitt aa- ashes, hearth,
Skt sa- ashes, dust and *azd- in Gk za
dry dirt (W.rrr KZ XXXI 290).
Mrirrr+ Esquisse 29; Os+norr PBB XIII
396399 (from *ast-k-n, to Gk zv to
dry up, to parch); Ztri+z. Gutt. 96;
Gnirxnrnorn Goten 41 (Goth sux *--
vs. other Gmc *-k-); Tonr-F.rk 22;
Knr+scnvrn KZ XXXI 452; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 12; Fris+ 72; Srrcn+ 69;
15; Fnisk I 2526; Z.rizxi.k I 155;
Oxioxs 54; Lrnv.xx GED 54; Krtor-
Srrnorr 56.
*asnjaz sb.m.: Goth asneis day-laborer,
hired man, OE esne servant, OHG asni,
esni id. Derived from *az(a)niz ~ *asaniz.
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 94; Fris+ 60; Oxioxs
Nom. 6667.
*aspiz ~ *asp(n) sb.f.: ON sp asp,
OE sp id., spe id., OHG aspa id., Cf.
also MLG espe id. < *aspjn. Connected
with Latv apse id., OPrus abse id., Slav
*osa id. Tonr-F.rk 23; Tn.t+v.xx
BSW 1113; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 13;
Tnirvr KZ LXIX 175 (on Skt sphy- id.
< *aspi-); Pokonxv I 55; Fn.rxkrr 14;
J.xrn+ KZ LXXIX 8991, XCVII
202203; Oxioxs 54; S+.xo LS 13;
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 156; Lrovr-
234.
*astaz I sb.m.: Goth asts branch, bough,
OS ast id., OHG ast id. Note a derivative
with a long grade *staz knot, knob: OE
st, MLG st. Identical with Gk zow
branch, Arm ost twig. Further cf. Hitt
ater- twigs, stick. Broovrirrr Lan-
guage III 213214 (*ozdo- < *o-s(e)do-);
S+tn+r\.x+ Language IV 163; Tonr-F.rk
559 (to Gk sxow shoot); Hor+n.tsrx
Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 110; Fnisk II 353;
D.nvs Vddhi 236238; Lrnv.xx GED
45; Kxonrocn IF XCII 2932; Ptn\rr
III 339340; Lrovr-Srnixorn I 373375;
Krtor-Srrnorr 58.
*astaz II sb.m.: OE ast kiln, MDu ast id.
Identical with Gk za dryness, heat,
Slav *ozd malt-kiln, oast. Fnisk I
SGGJa I 88 (to Lat aestus heat); Oxioxs
619; Dvno BSA 229230.
*at prep.: Goth at from, at, with, ON at
at, to, OE t id., OFris et id., OS at id.,
OHG az id. Related to Phryg ad-, Lat ad
id., Umbr a-, Osc az id., OIr ad-.
13; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 1112; Fris+
Oxioxs 58; Lrnv.xx GED 45; Bot+k.x
OFED s.v.
*atiskaz sb.m.: Goth atisk standing grain,
graineld (masc. or neut.), MLG esch id.,
OHG ezzisca seed. Derived from *atjanan
aseluz 26 atiskaz
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:56 PM Page 26
(Dirrrxn.cn VW I 78; Gnirxnrnorn Got.
31). Gnivv DG I 47; Lo++xrn KZ VII
180 (from *ades-ko-, to Lat ador spelt);
Fick I 351 (to Gk yr awn); Tonr-
F.rk 24; Scnn.rrn-Nrnnixo II 648 (fol-
low Lo++xrn); Fris+ 61; L.xr Language
XIV 25 (to Toch A ti, B acc. atiyai
grass); Prrrnsrx Toch. 64 (against L.xr);
Pokonxv I 3 (follows Lo++xrn); R.v.+
Gedenkschr. Gntert 7778 (follows Gnirx-
nrnorn); Lrnv.xx GED 46; Krtor-
Srrnorr 233.
*atjanan wk.vb.: Goth fra-atjan to give
away (to be eaten), ON etja to fodder,
OE ettan id., OFris etta id., MLG etten id.,
OHG ezzen id. Causative of *etanan.
ANEW 106; Srrnorr 180; Lrnv.xx GED
*attn sb.m.: Goth atta father, ON atti
id., OFris aththa id., OHG atto ancestor.
A nursery word (Mrirrr+ BSL XXXIV/
101 12), cf. Gk tta id., Lat atta id.
and the like. Tonr-F.rk 10; Fnirrnicn
ZDMG I (NF) 159 (from one of the lan-
guages of Asia Minor), Glotta XXIII
207210; Fris+ 62; M.n+ixr+ Gm. 56,
6465, 161162; Ponzio Gliederung 129;
Z.rizxi.k I 153; Brx\rxis+r IEL 169,
370; Ltnn Expr. 254255; Lrovr-
Srnixorn I 385388; Lrnv.xx GED 46;
Krtor-Srrnorr 6061.
*atuaz adj.: Crim.-Goth atochta bad (leg.
atocha?). Identical with Hitt atug(a)i-
horrible, frightening < *oduko- (Tiscn-
rrn KZ XCII 108111), further to Lat
d to hate, Gk dssomai id., Arm
ateam id. (Gnirxnrnorn ZdPh XXX 127;
Tiscnrrn KZ XLII 108111). W.rrr-
Horv.xx II 202203; Fris+ 61; Pokonxv
I 773; Lrnv.xx GED 46; Ptn\rr III
375376; Hrirrnv.xxs 106107.
*atulaz adj.: ON atall erce, OE atol
dire, terric, terrible, MDu atel terrible.
Cf. also ON etja to ght, to contend <
*atjanan. Related to Lat di to hate, Gk
dssomai id., Arm ateam id. (Fick BB I
334, II 195). See *atuaz. Tonr-F.rk
K.ns+rx NB II 274, 283; W.rrr-
Vnirs ANEW 17; Fnisk II 351; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 107.
*aalan sb.n.: OSwed aal nature, dispo-
sition, OHG adal descent, lineage. Cf.
also OFris edila grandfather. Identical
with Toch A tl man. Cf. also Gk
talw tender, delicate. Gnirxnrnorn
Got. 104 (prex *a-/*-); Tonr-F.rk 10;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 13; Nrckrr PBB
XLI 385436; Lrtv.xx Glotta XV 154
(against comparison with talw); K.n-
s+rx NB II 274 275, 370; Szrvrnrxvi
Word VIII 4250 (to Lat indoles inborn
quality, nature); Pokonxv I 71 (to *attn);
Mrzorn KZ LXXII 114; Vnirs ANEW
Brx\rxis+r 370; V.x Wixrrkrxs 171;
D.nvs Vddhi 192207; P.rvrn Denkschr.
Gntert 15; Lrovr-Srnixorn I 4446;
Hrirrnv.xxs 109; Krtor-Srrnorr 14;
Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*aal( j)az adj.: Burg *aals noble, OESc
aul, aal- marital, OE ele noble,
eminent, OFris ethele having free citizen-
ship, OS ethili of good origin, OHG adal
noble, edili noble, distinguished. De-
rived from *aalan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
13; Konrrn 708; Hrirrnv.xxs 107109;
Krtor-Srrnorr 14, 204; Bot+k.x OFED
s.v.
*aalinaz sb.m.: Burg *aalings noble-
man, ON lingr prince, OE elin
kings son, man, OFris etheling free citi-
zen, MLG edelinc nobleman, OHG
ediling id. Derived from *aalan. Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 13; Vnirs ANEW 685;
Konrrn 708; Hrirrnv.xxs 108; Bot+-
k.x OFED s.v.
*aaljan sb.n.: ON li, eli patrimony,
origin, OE elo nobility, OS adali
noble origin, OHG edili clan, nobility.
Derived from *aalan. Tonr-F.rk 10;
Hrirrnv.xxs 108.
*aaljanan wk.vb.: ON lask to gain,
atiskaz 27 aaljanan
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:56 PM Page 27
to win, OE e-elian to render cele-
brated. Derived from *aalan. Hrirrn-
v.xxs 108.
*a(i) ptcl.: Goth a-an but then, but.
Related to Toch A atas, B ate away, Skt
ti beyond, very, Av aiti id., OIr aith-
against, Slav *ot from. B.n+no-
rov.r 54; Tonr-F.rk 10; Fris+ 63;
Pokonxv I 70; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III
168; Ar.vs TB 10.
*anaz sb.n.: Goth an year. Identical
with Lat annus id. < *atnos, Osc akene in
the year, Umbr acc. pl. acnu year.
Mrvrn KZ XXVIII 164 (further to Skt
tati to go, to walk); Fnornrr BB XVI
196197; Tonr-F.rk 10; S+n.cn.x BB
XX 8; Bntov.xx IF XVII 492; W.rrr-
Horv.xx I 51; Fris+ 6263; Szrvrnrxvi
TPS 172175 (Lat annus < *asnos);
Lrnv.xx GED 47.
*anjan sb.n.: Goth at-ani year. Struc-
turally close to Lat bi-ennium. Derived
from *anaz. W.rrr-Horv.xx I 51.
*aua-funiz ~ *aua-funjaz adj.:
ON au-fyndr easily perceived, clear, OE
e-fynde easy to be found. Compound of
*auaz ~ *auan and *funiz II. C.nn
Nom. comp. 92 (parallel formations);
M.+zrr KZ CV 105.
*auaaz ~ *auiaz adj.: Goth audags
blessed, fortunate, ON auigr rich, opu-
lent, OE edi happy, blessed, prosper-
ous, OS dag rich, opulent, OHG tag
id. Derived from *auaz ~ *auan.
Zivvrnv.xx BB XXIII 275276 (to Lat
autumnus autumn); Tonr-F.rk 6; Hor+-
Gliederung 130; Vnirs ANEW 18; Lrnv.xx
GED 47.
*aua-tiz ~ *aua-tjaz adj.: ON
au-tt easily got, OE e-ete easily
got, prepared. Compound of *auaz ~
*auan and a derivative of *etanan.
*auanaz ~ *auenaz sb.m.: ON auinn
lent, OE eden given, OS dan given as
a gift. Participle of the unattested verb
*auanan. See *auaz ~ *auan. Tonr-
F.rk 6 (to Lith usti to weave); Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 83; Lixrtis+ Festschr.
Pipping 354; Jn.xxrssox IEW 78;
Kn.nr SuV 105; Pokonxv I 76; Vnirs
*auaz ~ *auan sb.m./n.: Burg *aud(s)
wealth, ON aur fate, destiny, wealth
(partly < *auiz), OE ed possession,
riches, prosperity, happiness, OS d
happiness. Cf. Goth auda-hafts fortu-
nate, blessed, MHG klein-t treasure.
Probably, connected with W udd < *audos
lord, master, Bret ozach < *udakkos
home owner. Also compared with Lat
ber rich, fertile < *oudh-ero- (Szrvrnrxvi
IBK XV 207). Lo+n RC XLI 234; Tonr
SHS 172 (to Lith udu, usti to weave);
Fovkrs Goth. 56 (to IE *au(6)- to
increase); Tonr-F.rk 6 (same as Tonr);
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 83; W.rrr-
Horv.xx II 738739; Ponzio Gliederung
SGGJa I 72; Vnirs ANEW 18 (separates
ON aur riches, wealth from aur fate,
destiny); Z.rizxi.k I 185; Mrzorn KZ
LXXXII 288297 (to Gk atw self );
Srrnorr 83; Lrnv.xx GED 47; Konrrn
*aua-uran ~ *aua-ur(n) sb.n./f.:
Goth auga-dauro window, OE e-dru
id., OHG ouga-tora id. Compound of
*aun and *uran, *ur. C.nn Nom.
comp. 44.
*au(a)njanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. ygna
to show, MLG t-nen id., OHG ougenen
id. Derived from *aun. Tonr-F.rk 5.
*auiaz adj.: late ON eygr having eyes,
OE sr-eede blear-eyed. Derived from
*aujanan. Tonr-F.rk 5; Vnirs ANEW
107.
*aujanan wk.vb.: Goth augjan to show,
ON eygja to furnish with an eye, OE
ewan to show, to manifest, OS gan to
show, OHG ougen id. Derived from
*aun. Os+norr PBB VIII 261262;
Fris+ 64; Vnirs ANEW 107; Lrnv.xx
GED 48.
*aujaz adj.: ON eygr having eyes, OE
aaljanan 28 aujaz
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:56 PM Page 28
sr-e blear-eyed, OHG sr-ougi with
watery eyes. Derived from *aun.
Tonr-F.rk 5; Vnirs ANEW 107.
*aun sb.n.: Goth augo eye, ON auga id.,
OE ee id., OFris ge id., OS ga id.,
OHG ouga id. From *a(w)n inuenced
by *auzn. Further to IE *ok
- id.: Toch
A ak, B ek, Skt ki, Av dual ai, Gk sse,
Alb sy, Lith aks, Slav *oko (Scnvir+ KZ
II 381382). A consonantal stem *awz
and an i-stem *awiz can be recon-
structed on the basis of compounds
(Scnvir+ Plur. 106108, 388405). Goth
aha mind, understanding hardly belongs
here (despite Fick I 13; Ztri+z. Gutt. 72;
Os+norr IF XXVII 175). Mrirrr+
LHLG I 289290 (taboo); Ztri+z. Gutt.
7374 (to Slav *aviti to show); Tonr-
F.rk 5; S+okrs KZ XXXV 151152
(to MIr uag den, cave); Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 83; Srrcn+ KZ LXII 211; Fris+
Fnisk II 436; Z.rizxi.k I 157; Oxioxs
173174; Krtor-Srrnorr 65; Htrr
Festschr. Puhvel I 85; Ar.vs TB 7475;
Onrr AED 405; Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*aujan sb.n.: Run auja good fortune.
Related to Skt vati to be pleased, to
strive, to promote, Av avaiti to help, Gk
thw friend, beloved. B.n+norov.r
Vnirs ANEW 19; Fnisk I 47; Kn.tsr
Run. I 241244, 261263; Lrnv.xx GED
52.
*aukanan str.vb.: Goth aukan to increase,
to augment, ON auka id., OFris ka id.,
OHG auhhan id. Connected with Toch B
auk- to grow, to increase, Lat auge id.,
Lith ugu, ugti to grow, Latv agt id.
Ztri+z. Gutt. 160; Tonr-F.rk 5; W.rrr-
Horv.xx I 8283; Fris+ 67; Jn.xxrs-
sox IEW 10; Pokonxv I 85; Fn.rxkrr
24; Vnirs ANEW 19; Ax++ir. Schw.
91; Oxioxs 304; Srrnorr 8485; Lrn-
v.xx GED 50; Ar.vs TB 130; Bot+k.x
OFED s.v.
*auke conj.: Goth auk but, also, further-
more, ON auk also, OE ec also, how-
ever, OFris k also, OS k id., OHG
ouh id. Identical with Gk a-ge again. A
compound of *au (Gk a again) and
particle *e. Cf. also Toch A -ok, B -uk <
*u-e (V.x Wixrrkrxs I 329330).
19; Fnisk I 183; Oxioxs 304; Srrnorr 84
(to *aukan); Lrnv.xx GED 50; Krtor-
Srrnorr 6162; Ar.vs TB 109; Bot+-
k.x OFED s.v.
*aukjanan wk.vb.: ON auka to increase
(weak forms, cf. *aukanan), OE kian id.,
MLG ken id., OHG ouhhn id. Derived
from *aukn. Pokonxv I 85; Vnirs
*aukn sb.m.: ON auki increase, OE eca
addition, increase, advantage, OFris ka
increase, MLG ke id. Derived from
*aukanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 83; Vnirs
*aulaz sb.m.: Norw dial. aul pipe. Iden-
tical with Gk alw id., Lith alas boot-
leg. Further related to Toch B pl. aulo
blood vessels, Lith auls beehive,
Slav *ul( j) id. Tonr-F.rk 6; Pokonxv
I 8889; Fnisk I 186187; Ar.vs TB
134.
*aumaz adj.: ON aumr poorly, miserable.
Identical with Toch B aume misery,
poverty (Kn.tsr GGA 1958/13 54;
S+ntxk Festschr. Eggers 3135). K.ns+rx
NB II 244, 247; Vnirs ANEW 19;
Hrirrnv.xxs 109110; Ar.vs TB 132;
Btnr.k IFTJa 240.
*auraz sb.m.: ON aurr wet clay, mud, wet
soil, OE ear sea, ocean. Related to Gk
naurow without water, Thrac rvn.
Araw (Knr+scnvrn Glotta X 51, XIV
93), Latv rvn. Aure. See *ran. Grnixo
Komm. I 24 (reconstructs *auza- = Lat
aurum gold); Tonr-F.rk 6 (separate ON
aurr clay, soil to be compared with
*ran); Prnssox IF XXXV 199200;
Exrzrrix KZ LII 116117; J.xzrx NB
XXIV 247253; Fris+ 6768; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 85; Dr+scnrv Thr. 39;
aujaz 29 auraz
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:56 PM Page 29
103; Vrxrnvrs W26 (to OIr r soil,
earth); Lrnv.xx GED 50; Dvno BSA 33.
*ausanan str.vb.: ON ausa to sprinkle,
MLG sen to scoop, MHG sen id.
Identical with Gk av to get a light, to
light a re (with a secondary semantic
development, see Fick BB II 187), cf. fur-
ther Lat hauri to draw < earlier *auri.
Vnirs ANEW 21; Scnvvzrn I 644;
Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 190191; Pokonxv I
90; Fnisk I 193; Srrnorr 85.
*ausn sb.f.: ON ausa ladle, OE ease
glass, tumbler. Derived from *ausanan.
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 86; Vnirs ANEW 21.
*austan adv.: ON austan from the East,
OE estan id., OS stana id., OHG stana
eastward. Derived from *austaz. Tonr-
605.
*austaz sb.m.: OE est East, late MHG
ost id. Related to Skt u morning light,
Gk Hom w dawn, Lat aurra day-
break, dawn, Lith aur id. Tonr-F.rk
Fn.rxkrr 27; Fnisk I 605606; Oxioxs
*austraz sb.m.: ON austr drawing water.
Derived from *ausanan. Structurally close
to Gk jaustr: kregra, astr: mt-
rou noma. Pokonxv I 90; Fnisk I 529.
*austraz ~ *austran sb.m./n.: Burg adj.
*austr Northern, ON austr East, OE
ester, estre Easter, OHG pl. stara id.
(fem.). Related to *austaz. Continues
*ausro-, cf., Lat auster South wind (<
*aus-tero-), Lith aur dawn, Latv austr
id., austra vj Eastern wind. Tonr-
F.rk 6; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 87; W.rrr-
ANEW 21; Oxioxs 298; Lrnv.xx GED
270 (on Goth ostro- in Ostrogothae); Konrrn
*austrnjaz adj.: ON austrnn eastern,
OE estern id. OS strni id. OHG sund-
strni south-eastern. Derived from
*austraz ~ *austran. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
87; Vnirs ANEW 21.
*auaz ~ *aun adj.: ON au-fengr easy
to get, OE e easy, pleasant, OS thi,
tho light, easy, OHG di, do id. Close
to Lat tium leisure, further cf. Skt vati
to be pleased, to strive, to promote. See
*aujan. Tonr-F.rk 5; F.rk-Tonr 1407;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 87, 187; K.ns+rx
NB II 390391; W.rrr-Horv.xx II
18; Mrzorn KZ LXXXII 288297;
Hrirrnv.xxs 110.
*aujanan wk.vb.: ON eya to waste, to
destroy, OE an to lay waste, to de-
stroy, OHG r-den to waste, to desert.
Derived from *aujaz. Tonr-F.rk 5;
Mrzorn KZ LXXXII 288297; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 111.
*aujaz adj.: Goth aueis barren, desolate,
deserted, ON aur desert, empty, OE
ee desert, forlorn, OHG di desert,
empty. Identical with Gk asiow empty,
vain (Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 71), thus histo-
rically may be related to *auaz ~ *aun.
Tntnxrvsrx OI 41 (to OIr athad small
number); Tonr-F.rk 45; Fris+ 6970;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 187; K.ns+rx NB II
387389; Mrzorn Word II 229, KZ
LXXXII 288 (to Gk atw); Pokonxv I
73; Vnirs ANEW 18; Fnisk I 191;
Lrnv.xx GED 52 (identical with *auaz
~ *aun); Hrirrnv.xxs 111; Krtor-
Srrnorr 597.
*auzn sb.n.: Goth auso ear (*-s-), ON
eyra id., OE ere id., OFris re id., OS ra
id., OHG ra id. Related to Av u- id.,
Arm unkn id., Gk Dor w id., Alb vesh id.,
Lat auris id., OIr u id., Lith auss id., Slav
*uxo id. Ktnx I 377; Scnvir+ Plur. 109,
406407; B.n+norov.r 414; Tonr-F.rk
7; Mrnixorn SBAW CXXV/2 1213 (to
*us- mouth); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 85;
Pokonxv I 785; Fn.rxkrr 26; Vnirs
ANEW 107108; Z.rizxi.k I 157; Fnisk
II 448449; Oxioxs 297; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ IV 179; Lrnv.xx GED 51;
B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 174; Onrr AED
auraz 30 auzn
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:56 PM Page 30
OFED s.v.
*awijan sb.n.: Goth awei herd of sheep
(-- < *--, irreg. -e-), OE ewd(e) id.,
OHG ouwiti id. Derived from *awiz.
Bnrvrn Btrg. Gesch. XI 32 (reconstructs
Goth *aweii ); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 93;
Fris+ 70; Oxioxs 332; Brx\rxis+r 48;
Lrnv.xx GED 52.
*awistran sb.n.: Goth awistr sheepfold,
OE westre id. (masc.). Derived from
*awiz. Os+norr KZ XXIII 316 (from
*awi-wistraz); Mrirrr+ MSL XII 218219
(from *oi-sth(e)-ro-); Brzzrxnrnorn KZ
XXII 267269; Krtor Nom. Stamm.
7071; Oxioxs 332; Lixrrv.x Verschr-
fung 16.4; Lrnv.xx GED 53; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 88.
*awiz sb.f.: ON r ewe (root stem), OE
ewu id. (< *awj ), OFris ei id., OS ewi
lamb, OHG ouwi, ou sheep. Identical
with Hitt ai- sheep, Toch B (
u
)w id.,
Skt vi- id., Gk w id., Lat ovis id., OIr
i id., Lith avs id., Slav *ov-ca id.
(Fons+rnv.x KZ I 493). Tonr-F.rk 22;
Tn.t+v.xx BSW 2021; Mikkor.
Festschr. Streitberg 269; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
93; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 229; M.vnnorrn
I 59; Pokonxv I 784; Fn.rxkrr 28; Fnisk
II 367368; Vnirs ANEW 681; Z.riz-
xi.k II 206; Oxioxs 332; Tntn.cnr\
Zhiv. 6971; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 116;
Ptn\rr III 379380; Ar.vs TB 35.
*awn sb.m.: ON i great-grandfather.
Cf. also Goth awo grandmother. Related
to Hitt ua- grandfather, Toch we
id., Arm hav id., Lat auus id., OPrus awis
uncle, Slav *uj id. Unrrxnrck PBB
XXX 263 (Lallwort); Tonr-F.rk 22;
Pokonxv I 89; Brx\rxis+r IEL 181;
Torono\ PJa I 179180; Ar.vs TB 56.
*az(a)niz ~ *asaniz sb.f.: Goth asans
harvest, harvest time, ON nn working
season, OE masc. ern harvest, OFris ern
id., OS aran-mba mow, rick, asna tax,
levy (< *asn ), OHG arn harvest. Re-
lated to OPrus assanis harvest, Slav
*esen autumn. Cf. verbal derivatives in
OE earnian to earn, MLG arnen to reap,
OHG arnn id. Wrixnorr KZ I 247;
Fnornrr BB I 32 (to Lat annna annual
yield < *ann-osn); Brzzrxnrnorn BB V
176 (to Skt neut. vasn- price, value);
Tonr-F.rk 18, 22; Prrrnsrx IF V 44;
Scntrzr Qu. 475 (to Gk ra spring);
Gnirxnrnorn Got. 30 (to *askn); Hor-
+n.tsrx AEEW 86, 94; Fris+ 5859;
M.n+vxo\ Slav.-germ. 133 (from Slavic);
Oxioxs 297; S+.xo LS 25; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa VI 2829; R.v.+ Gedenkschr.
Gntert 71; Lrnv.xx GED 44; Lrovr-
Srnixorn I 304307; W.oxrn KZ CV
*azenaz ~ *azenan sb.m./n.: ON arinn
hearth, OHG erin oor, oorboard.
Related to Hitt loc. ai herd, Toch AB
as- to dry, Skt sa- ashes, dust, Lat ra
altar, Osc loc. aasa id. Tonr-F.rk 18
(to Lat rea ground, vacant space, thresh-
ing oor); Scnnorrn Festschr. Streitberg
340343 (to Skt ria- hole in the
ground); Rricnrr+ KZ XLVI 315316;
Hor+n.tsrx KZ LXXI 55 (to Gk
rarskv to t together, to equip);
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 61; M.vnnorrn I 83;
Vnirs ANEW 13; Kxonrocn Festschr.
Polom 347352 (to Lat rea).
auzn 31 azenaz
orel_f2_1-31 7/6/04 6:56 PM Page 31
*bajan sb.n.: Goth badi bed, ON ber
id. (< *bajaz ~ *baiz), OE bedd id.,
OFris bed id., OS bed, beddi id., OHG betti
id. Probably connected with W bedd,
Corn bedh, Bret bz grave (Mrnixorn IF
XIX 448; further see Poscn). Dubious.
Fick I, 491; Poscn WuS XVI 416 (to
*bhedh- to dig, to pierce); Bn.txr PBB
XXIII 250; Btoor PBB XIII 176 (to Slav
*pod base, bottom support); Tonr-F.rk
*baan); Z.rizxi.k II 212; Oxioxs 84;
572574; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 65; Krtor-
*bajn sb.m./f.: ON beja wife, bed-
fellow, OE e-bedda id., OFris bedda hus-
band, OS gi-beddio id., MHG ge-bette
wife, bed-fellow. Derived from *bajan.
Vnirs ANEW 29.
*baw sb.f.: ON b battle, OE beadu
battle, war, OS badu- (in cmpn.), OHG
batu- (in cmpn.). Cf. Burg *badus id.
Related to OIr bodb crow, image of the
battle goddess. Further cf. a semantic-
ally distant but formally similar Slav
*body, gen. *bodve sh-spear, harpoon.
Gnivv KZ I 437; Tonr-F.rk 256;
I 96; Vnirs ANEW 69; Z.rizxi.k I
149; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa II 155; Konrrn
708.
*bamaz ~ *banaz sb.m.: Goth bagms
tree, ON bamr, barmr id. (with assimila-
tion), OSwed bagn id. An irregular phone-
tic transformation of *baumaz ( Jon.xssox
PBB XV 224225; Unrrxnrck PBB
XXX 263264). Scnvrizrn KZ I 159;
Mrnixorn IF XVI 158 (to *baan, isolates
*bamaz from *baumaz); Gnirxnrnorn
Got. 42 (to Skt bh- arm); Tonr-F.rk
257258; Fris+ 7374; Pokonxv I 149;
Prr+rns KZ LXXXVIII 129133; Lrn-
v.xx GED 5556.
*baijanan wk.vb.: Goth baidjan to com-
pel, to force, ON beia to request, to
ask, OE bdan to constrain, to compel,
OS bdian to compel, OHG beiten to
compel, to urge. Causative of *banan
(Woor MP IV 489490). Structurally
similar to Lith baidti to frighten and
Slav *bditi to constrain, to persuade,
to cause evil (V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ I 142)
unless the latter is a denominative.
Tonr-F.rk 270271; Zivvrn KZ XXX
4345; Sovvrn IF XI 79 (to Lat boiae
collar); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 14; Fris+
S+.xo LS 1415; Brx\rxis+r IEL 95, 99;
Prr+rns KZ XCIV 206207; Srrnorr 95;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa II 5657 (Slavic verb
as denominative); Lrnv.xx GED 56.
*bainan sb.n.: ON bein bone, OE bn id.,
OFris bn id., OS bn id., OHG bein id.
Continues *bhoino- based on IE *bhei- to
strike (Btoor PBB XXIV 459; Woor
MLN XXIX 69). For the semantic deve-
lopment cf. Slav *bedro hip < *bhedh- to
strike, to prick. Dorrrnrrix LS VI 125
(to Lat femur hip < *bhedh-); Hrrrtis+
ANF VII 7 (to ON beinn straight); W.r-
s+rix ZdPh XXVIII 529 (same as Hrrr-
tis+); Bnr.r MSL V 158; Tonr-F.rk
257 (same as Dorrrnrrix); Hin+ Idg. Gr.
I 312 (from *bhono-); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
30; Z.rizxi.k I 139; Oxioxs 106; Lrovr-
Srnixorn I 515516; B.vvrsnrnorn KZ
CIII 264268 (to Lat fnis boundary);
Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*baitan ~ *baitaz sb.n./m.: ON beit
ship, OE bt boat, ship, vessel, OFris
bt boat. Probably related to *btanan
(Lirrx Festschr. Bugge 8586, HVSU VI/1
AEEW 16; Vnirs ANEW 30 (to *baitja-
b
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 32
nan); Oxioxs 103; Srrnorr 97; Krtor-
Srrnorr 125126.
*baitilaz sb.m.: Norw beitel chisel, MLG
beitel, btel id., MHG beizel stylus, prick.
Derived from *btanan. Tonr-F.rk 270.
*baitjanan wk.vb.: ON beita to yoke, OE
btan to bridle, to rein in, to restrain,
OS und-btian to dismount, OHG beizen
to spurn on. Causative of *btanan.
Srrnorr 97.
*baitjan sb.n.: ON beiti pasturage, alum,
OE e-bte bit (of a bridle), MLG bte
bit, MHG ge-beize falconry. Cf. OHG
beiza alum < *bait. Derived from *bta-
nan. Vnirs ANEW 31; Srrnorr 97.
*baitraz adj.: Goth baitrs bitter, ON
prop. Beitr. An ablaut variant of *bitraz.
Derived from *btanan. Nirrrnv.xx IF
XXXVII 145147 (to Slav *bridk
sharp); Woor MLN XX 4142; Tonr-
F.rk 270; Fris+ 77; Vnirs ANEW 31;
*baizaz sb.m.: Burg *bairs boar, OE br
id., OS br-swn id., OHG br id. Identical
with Lith basas terrible apparition,
Slav *bs demon < *bhoidh-s-o- (Krtor-
Srrnorr 80). Tonr-F.rk 257 (reconstruct
*bairaz); Wissv.x Postv. 78; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 16; Oxioxs 103; Konrrn 708;
Lrovr-Srnixorn I 542.
*bakan ~ *bakaz sb.n./m.: ON bak
back, OE bc id., OFris bek id., OS bak
id., OHG bahho id. (<*bakn). Of un-
known origin. The similarity with Slav
*bok side (Mr.rrxo\ 40), itself unclear,
is semantically attractive but phonetically
dicult. Ztri+z. Gutt. 160; Tonr-F.rk
ANEW 23; Z.rizxi.k II 227; Oxioxs 68;
*bakanan str.vb.: OE bacan to bake,
MLG backen id., OHG backan, bahhan id.
(*-kk-). With its pret. *bka, related to Gk
fgv to roast. Prnssox Wurzelerw. 190;
Ztri+z. Gutt. 213; Tonr-F.rk 257;
Fnisk II 1057; Oxioxs 69; Srrnorr 87
Srrnorr 72 (to Skt bhrjti to roast);
Prr+rns IF LXXXI 3031.
*bakiz sb.m.: ON bekkr brook, rivulet (<
*bakjaz), OE bece id., OFris -bitze (in com-
pounds), OS beki id., OHG bah id. Of
uncertain origin. Cf. *bankn? Ztri+z.
Gutt. 160; Mikkor. BB XXI 218 (to Slav
*bagno marsh); \.x Wik IF XXIV 233
(to MIr bal owing water < *bhoglo-
and further to *bheg
- to run, or to
Slav *bagno marsh); Tonr-F.rk 257;
Cnrvor.xo\ SSGJa I 54; Vnirs ANEW
Prr+rns IF 212214; Lrovr-Srnixorn I
*bakjanan wk.vb.: ON baka to bake,
OHG bachn to bake. Derived from
*bakanan to bake. Srrnorr 87.
*balraz sb.m.: ON mann-baldr great
man, theon. Baldr, OE bealdor prince,
hero. Derived from *balaz. Gnivv
DM I 202; Scnnorrn ZDADL XXXV
241 (to Lith bltas white); Mrnixorn IF
XVIII 282285 (to *bulaz ~ *bul ); Ktnx
Festschr. Helm 3745; Scnnorrn GRM
XXXIV 168; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 17;
Pokonxv I 121; Vnirs ANEW 24; Lrn-
v.xx GED 60.
*baliz sb.m.: Goth balgs bag made of
skin, wine-skin, ON belgr skin, bellows,
OE bel bulge, bag, purse, NFris balge
bag, MLG balch id., OHG balg id.
Related to Ir bolg sack, OPrus balsinis
pillow, Slav *bolzina pillow, beam con-
tinuing *bhelh- to swell. See *belanan.
Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 105 (to Lat follis
hose < *bholhnis); Ztri+z. Gutt. 26, 204;
Tonr-F.rk 268; Fris+ 78; L.xr Language
IX 255; Vrxrnvrs BSL XLI 134139;
Z.rizxi.k I 149; Oxioxs 8788; S+.xo
LS 14; Srrnorr 99; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa II
183184; V.x Wixrrkrxs I 371 (to Toch
B pelke solemn but joyous utterance);
438440; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 133 (to
baitan 33 baliz
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 33
baliz 34 balwa-wsaz
OE belan to make oneself angry, to swell
with anger); Krtor-Srrnorr 75; Ar.vs
TB 399 (against V.x Wixrrkrxs).
*baljanan wk.vb.: ON belgja to inate,
OE a-belan to anger, to irritate, OS
ar-belgid incensed, OHG gi-belgen to
irritate. Derived from *belanan. Srr-
norr 99.
*balixn sb.f.: OHG belihha coot. Close
to Lat fulica id. < *bholik (Sovvrn HL
66; V.xirk Lat. 181). Stor.n+i VDN
302 (to *bhel- white because of a white
spot on the birds forehead); W.rrr-Hor-
v.xx I 559560; Pokonxv I 119; Lrovr-
*balkn ~ *belkn sb.m.: ON bjlki
beam, OE balca beam, bank, ridge,
OFris balka beam, MLG balke id., OHG
balco id. Related to Gk flagj line
of battle, phalanx, beam. Tonr-F.rk
70; Fnisk II 985986; Oxioxs o.
*balluz sb.m.: ON bllr ball, OHG bal id.
Related to Lat follis bellows, ball, Gk
fallw penis, Thrac ethn. Tri-ballo,
OIr ball membrum. Tonr-F.rk 267;
Krnrxvi Glotta XXII 41; W.rrr-
Horv.xx I 524525; Scntrzr Kl. Schr.
308; Dr+scnrv Thr. 523526; Pokonxv I
Oxioxs 70; Lrncnxrn 54; Lrovr-
*balaz adj.: Goth adv. balaba boldly,
openly, ON ballr hard, stubborn, OE
beald bold, brave, condent, OS bald
valiant, bold, OHG bald brave, coura-
geous. The old comparison with Lith
bltas white based on the semantic
development into strong or shining
(Gnivv DM I 202) could be tenable.
Scnvrizrn KZ I 479; Unrrxnrck PBB
XXXV 161180; Tonr-F.rk 267;
Os+norr PBB XVIII 255256 (prex
b-, -alaz to *aljanan II); Fris+ 7879;
Vnirs ANEW 24 (to *bhel6- to swell,
cf. Norw bala to rut); Oxioxs 105;
Lrnv.xx GED 60 (same as Vnirs);
Lrovr-Srnixorn I 434436; M.+zrr KZ
CV 121 (< *bhol6-to-, to *bhel6- to swell);
75.
*baljanan wk.vb.: Goth baljan to be
bold, to dare, ON bella to deal with,
OE byldan to make bold, to encourage,
OS beldian to make valiant, MHG balden
to hurry. Derived from *balaz. Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 22; Fris+ 7879; Vnirs
ANEW 32; Lrnv.xx GED 60.
*baln sb.f.: Goth rasa-balei quarrel-
someness, OE beldo boldness, rashness,
OHG bald courage, boldness. Derived
from *balaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 22;
Fris+ 78; Oxioxs 94; Hrirrnv.xxs 115.
*balwan sb.n.: Goth balwa-wesei malice,
wickedness, ON bl misfortune, bale,
OE bealu woe, harm, wickedness, de-
pravity, OFris balu-mon unfaithful guar-
dian, OS balu wickedness, misfortune,
OHG balo disease, sickness (masc.).
Connected with OCorn bal illness <
*bal- (Pic+r+ KZ V 351: also adds Slav
*bol pain, illness). Ktnx KZ I 516 (to
Gk falow weak, little); Brnxrkrn I 71
(against the comparison with Slav *bol
reecting no traces of *--); Tonr-F.rk
268269; Scnvir+ KZ XXXII 342;
Mrnixorn IF XXI 296 (to Slav *blvan
idol); Scnn.rrn KZ XXX 466 (to Lat
fall to deceive); Knr+scnvrn KZ XXXI
449 (same as Ktnx); Scnvir+ KZ
XXXIV 342; Btoor PBB XIII 182
(prex b-); Os+norr PBB XVIII 256
(same as Btoor, -alwan to Gk Hom low
destructive, deadly); Fris+ 79; Hor+n.t-
srx AEEW 17; Wrisvrirrn IF XLI 70
77; K.ns+rx NB II 195196; Pokonxv I
S+.xo LS 15; Srrnorr LuE 482483 (from
*hel- to exchange); Lrnv.xx GED 60;
nrnorn Nom. 243; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa II
188 (agrees with Brnxrkrn); Bot+k.x
OFED s.v.
*balwa-wsaz adj.: ON bl-vss detes-
table, OS sbst. bala-wso malice (masc.
n-stem). Cf. also Goth balwa-wesei malice,
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 34
wickedness for which *balwa-wsn may
be conjectured (Scntnrn+ Erw. 69).
Compound of *balwan and *wsaz. Fris+
79; Lrnv.xx GED 60.
*banan sb.n.: ON band bond, band,
OFris band id., OS hbid-band crown,
OHG bant priests band, band. Identical
with Skt bandh- bond, fetter, Av banda-
id. Cf. also Toch B pnto support, aid.
Derived from *benanan. B.n+norov.r
926927; Tonr-F.rk 259; M.vnnorrn II
407; Pokonxv I 127; Z.rizxi.k II 216;
Vnirs ANEW 25; Oxioxs 72; Srrnorr
365.
*banilaz sb.m.: ON bendill small cord,
string, ME bendel id., MLG bendel id.,
OHG bentil band. Derived from *banj.
Vnirs ANEW 32; Srrnorr 103; Krtor-
Srrnorr 97.
*banislan sb.n.: ON benzl bow in a bent
state, MLG bendsel association. Derived
from *banj. Vnirs ANEW 32.
*bandjan sb.n.: ON bendi cord, MLG
bende id., MHG bende id. Derived from
*benanan. Vnirs ANEW 32.
*banjanan wk.vb.: ON benda to bend
(a bow), to join, OE bendan to bend,
MHG benden id. Derived from *benanan.
103.
*banj sb.f.: Goth bandi bond, fetter.
Identical with MIr buinne band <
*bhondh. Derived from *benanan. Cf.
WGmc *baniz: OE bend band, bond,
ribbon, OFris bend bond, tie, bende id.,
OS bendi id. Tonr-F.rk 259; Hor+n.t-
srx AEEW 19; Fris+ 79; Pokonxv I 127;
Z.rizxi.k II 216; Srrnorr 103; Lrn-
v.xx GED 6061; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom.
134.
*bansaz sb.m.: ON bss stall in a cow-
house, LG banes interior of a barn
(fem.), G Banse bay in a barn. Cf. also
OE bs-i winter cow-stall. Derived
from *benanan ( Jon.xssox IF XIX 116).
Goni.r\ 9 (to Russ baz cowshed); Tonr-
F.rk 259; Unrrxnrck PBB XXX 264;
Vnirs ANEW 28; Srrnorr 103; Lrnv.xx
GED 6162; Hrssv.xx Festschr. de Smet
*banstiz ~ *banst sb.m.: Goth
bansts barn, OFris bste marital tie.
Derived from *banan (Dirrrxn.cn VW
274) or *bansaz. Gnirxnrnorn Got. 43;
Tonr-F.rk 259; Unrrxnrck PBB XXX
264; Scnn.rrn KZ XXX 483484 (to Gk
su-few pigsty); Jon.xssox IF XIX
114116; Wirrrv.xx BB XXVIII 61;
Fris+ 8081, PBB XV 546; Srrnorr 103;
79.
*banwjanan wk.vb.: Goth bandwjan to
mark, to make a sign, ON benda to give
a sign, to beckon. Derived from *banw.
Tonr-F.rk 256; Fris+ 79; Pokonxv I
*banw sb.f.: Goth bandwa sign. Prob-
ably related to the isolated Lith bandti to
try, OPrus per-bandan trial. Mrvrn Goth.
59 (to IE *bh- to shine); Dirrrxn.cn
VW 296297 (to *bendanan); Woor MP II
471 (same as Dirrrxn.cn; semantically
*knotted cloth); Tonr-F.rk 256; Fris+
Lrnv.xx GED 61 (follows Mrvrn).
*banjanan wk.vb.: Icel banga to ham-
mer, E bang, G dial. bangen to knock. If
not of imitative origin, probably related
to Skt bhankti to break, Arm bek bro-
ken, Lith begti to nish (Vnirs ANEW
25). Tonr-F.rk 256 (to *bann); Tn.t+-
v.xx BSW 26; M.vnnorrn II 469;
Pokonxv I 114115; Fn.rxkrr 34.
*bani sb.f.: ON bend wound, OFris
benethe id., OS banei id. Related to *banj.
Vnirs ANEW 32.
*banj sb.f.: Goth banja wound, ON ben
id., OE ben id., OS beni-wunda id. Derived
from *bann. Gnivv KZ I 82; Scn.rr
AW I 39 (to IE *g
hen- to strike); Tonr-

F.rk 256 (to *baw); Scnrr+rrovi+z BB
XXIX 37 (to Arm banam to open);
Fris+ 8081 (to Av banta- sick); Pokonxv
balwa-wsaz 35 banj
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 35
banj 36 barn
173; Oxioxs 72; Srrnorr KZ LXXXI
113 (follows Scn.rr); Vrxrnvrs B-3234
(to OIr benaid to beat, to strike); Lrn-
v.xx GED 61; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 112.
*banjjanan wk.vb.: ON benja to wound
mortally, OE bennian to wound. De-
rived from *banj. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
19; Vnirs ANEW 32.
*banki-eljan sb.n.: ON bekk-ili wain-
scotted walls of a hall, OE benc-el
bench-oor. Compound of *bankiz and
*eljan. C.nn Nom. comp. 80 (parallel
formations).
*bankiz sb.m.: Burg *banki bench, ON
bekkr id., OE benc id., OFris benk, bank id.
(fem.), OS bank id. (fem.), OHG banc id.
(masc., fem.). See *bankn. Unrrxnrck
PBB XXXV 171; Tonr-F.rk 259;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 19; Vnirs ANEW 31;
Z.rizxi.k II 176; Oxioxs 88; Konrrn
Srrnorr 78 (from *branka-).
*bankn sb.m.: ON bakki bank, ridge,
OE banca lair, bed, LG bank bank,
shore. Of uncertain origin. Woor MLN
XV 95 (to Skt bhankti to break, to shat-
ter); Tonr-F.rk 259 (to Lith bang wave);
*bannan sb.n.: ON bann prohibition,
ban, OE e-bann id., OFris ban(n) order,
OS ban(n) id. (masc.), OHG ban or-
der, ban (masc.). Related to *bannanan.
Cn.ioir ANF X 158 (from OIr); Tonr-
Wirssxrn TuB 1928; Pokonxv I 106;
Srrnorr 89; Lrovr-Srnixorn I 454456;
Krtor-Srrnorr 79.
*bannanan str.vb.: OE bannan to sum-
mon, OFris banna id., OS bannan to
precharge, OHG bannan to precharge,
to order. Cf. Skt bhnati to speak, to
sound, and further probably to Gk fhm
to say, Lat fr to speak, Arm ban
word < IE *bh- to speak. Tonr-
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 525526; M.vnno-
rrn II 469470; Pokonxv I 106; Fnisk II
10091010; Oxioxs 7172; Srrnorr 88
*bannjanan wk.vb.: ON banna to hinder,
to forbid, OHG bannn to call upon.
Derived from *bannan. Srrnorr 89.
*banjanan wk.vb.: ON bana to kill,
OFris bonia id. Derived from *bann.
Vnirs ANEW 25.
*bann sb.m.: ON bani death, bane, OE
bana killer, murderer, OFris bona id., OS
bano id., MHG bane death. Of uncer-
tain origin. Prnssox UU 1891 73 (to
*baw); Ztri+z. Gutt. 30; Tonr-F.rk
126 (to Av bnay6n they make ill); Vnirs
ANEW 25; Z.rizxi.k I 153; Oxioxs 72;
Mrir Germ. Rek. 109 (to IE *g
hen- to
kill); B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 176.
*baraz sb.m.: Crim. Goth baar boy,
MHG bar son, man. Derived from
*beranan (Hos+ ZDADL CXIV 4445).
Scnnorrn NGWG [1910] 15 (mistaken
for *barn); Fris+ 73; Srrnorr 105 (from
Goth *baur); H.vr JEGP LXXII 6061
(continues Goth *barn); Lrnv.xx GED
55.
*baraz ~ *bariz sb.n./m.: ON barr bar-
ley, OE bere id., OFris berid. (in cmpn.).
Related to Lat far spelt, Osc far id.,
Umbr far id., Alb bar grass. Hor-
+n.tsrx AEEW 21; W.rrr-Horv.xx I
455456; Fris+ 81; Ponzio Gliederung 109;
Pokonxv I 111; Lrnv.xx GED 62;
B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 211 (old s-stem);
Onrr AED 1617.
*baraz sb.m.: Crim. Goth bars beard,
OE beard id., OFris berd id., MDu baert
id., OHG bart id. Related to Lat barba id.,
Lith barzd id. (with a secondary -zd-),
Slav *borda id. (Sorvsrx KZ XXXIV 21).
Prrrnsrx IF V 73 (Slav, Lat < Gmc);
61; Tnirn Venus 188191; Fn.rxkrr 36;
Vnirs ANEW 26 (ON bar id. < MLG
bard); Z.rizxi.k II 166; Oxioxs 83;
488490; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa II 197198;
Krtor-Srrnorr 83.
*barn sb.f.: Burg *bardo axe, ON bara
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 36
a kind of axe, OHG barta id. Derived
from *baraz. Cf. ON skegg-x id. with
a similar semantic motivation. Tonr-
F.rk 262; Konrrn 709.
*barjanan wk.vb.: ON bergja to taste,
OE beran to taste. Probably derived
from *beranan. On the other hand, the
comparison with Lat fragr to smell can-
not be completely ruled out. Hor+n.t-
srx IF XXXII 340; Ztri+z. Gutt. 208;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 23; Vnirs ANEW 33
(to Gk frbv to feed, to nourish).
*bariznaz adj.: Goth barizeins of barley.
Structurally close to Lat farna our <
*farsna, cf. also Slav *borno dish, rye
our < *bharsinom. Derived from *baraz
~ *bariz. Hoors Waldbume 362363;
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 455; Fris+ 81; Ponzio
Gliederung 109; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 63;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa II 212213; Lrnv.xx
GED 62.
*barjanan wk.vb.: ON berja to strike, OE
berian to take away, to withdraw, OHG
berren to treat cruelly. Identical with
Slav *boriti to ght, *borj, *borti id.
and further with Alb bie to fall, to hit <
PAlb *berja, Lat feri to bore, to drill,
Lith bar, brti to scold. Tonr-F.rk
Horv.xx I 481482; Ponzio Gliederung
204; Pokonxv I 134; Lrncnxrn 22;
Fn.rxkrr 3536; Vnirs ANEW 33;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa II 203204, 213214;
Onrr AED 24.
*barkaz sb.m.: Swed bark stubborn and
unfriendly man. Identical with Arm bark
harsh, sharp, OIr borb foolish, silly,
Latv bargs stern, grim. Brzzrxnrnorn
BB XXVI 167 (to OE beorcan to make
a sharp explosive sound, to bark);
Pokonxv I 138139.
*barkuz sb.m.: ON brkr bark, MLG borke
id. (fem.). Related to *berk. Pr+rnssox
IF XXIII 403 (to *bher- to cut); Tonr-
F.rk 263; Pokonxv I 166; Vnirs ANEW
*barmaz sb.m.: Goth barms lap, bosom
(i-stem), ON barmr brim, OE bearm
bosom, lap, WFris berm latus sinuatum
viae, aggeris, OS barm bosom, lap,
OHG barm id. Identical with Skt bhrman-
support, nourishment, Gk formw bas-
ket for carrying (Hin+ IF XXXII 287).
Woor MP XI 326; Gtx+rn+ WuS XI
AEEW 18; Fris+ 8182; Dr+scnrv Thr.
53 (to Thrac mtn. Brmion row); M.v-
nnorrn II 481; Pokonxv I 131, 137, 142
(to *bruman); Vnirs ANEW 27; Z.rizxi.k
II 185; Fnisk II 1037; Oxioxs 75; Srr-
norr 105; Ax++ir. Schw. 91; Lrnv.xx
*barna-lausaz adj.: ON barn-lauss child-
less, OE bearn-les id., OFris bern-ls
id. Compound of *barnan and *lausaz.
C.nn Nom. comp. 60.
*barnan sb.n.: Goth barn child, ON barn
id., OE bearn id., OFris bern id., OS barn
id., OHG barn id. Related to Lith brnas
boy, Latv b=rns child, Alb barr foetus
< *barn (Brzzrxnrnorn BB XVII 21). A
participle in *-no- of *beranan (Mrirrr+
MSL XXI 47) in its meaning to give
birth. Tonr-F.rk 260; Hor+n.tsrx
Tntn.cnr\ Rod. 44; Fn.rxkrr 40; Vnirs
Srrnorr 105; M.n+vxo\ BSI 12 (adds
dubious Slav fem. *berna pregnant); Lrn-
v.xx GED 62; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 73;
Onrr AED 19.
*barniskaz adj.: Goth barnisks childish,
childlike, ON bernskr childish. Deriva-
tionally identical with Lith brnikas of
servant. See *barnan. Fris+ 82; Vnirs
*bar sb.f.: E bar beam, barrier, MHG
bar id. Related to *barjanan. Deriva-
tionally close to Lat forus open space,
public place, forum id., Lith bras swath,
row of mowed corn (Fick I 191).
Pokonxv I 134.
*baruaz sb.m.: ON brgr barrow-hog,
OE bear id., OFris barg id., OS barug id.,
OHG barug id. Derivationally identical
with Alb baruk eece < *bhoru-k-o-,
based on IE *bhoru- attested in another
barn 37 baruaz
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 37
derivative as *bhoros in Alb berr sheep,
goat, Slav *borv sheep, barrow (Onrr
Linguistica XXVI 172173). Wrixnorr
KZ I 247; Fons+rnv.x KZ I 497 (related
to Lat porcus hog, pig); Tonr-F.rk 263;
M.+zrx.trn LF XIV 81 (to Slav *porz
bull, hog); Tn.t+v.xx BSW 27 (on sin-
gulative -k- as in Av pasu- cattle ~
pasuka- (one) animal); Kir.nskv Lehnw.
61 (Slav < Gmc); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
17; Tnirn Holz 8788; M.cnrk KZ
LXIV 263 (further to Skt bhrvati to
chew); Pokonxv I 135; Vnirs ANEW 70;
Z.rizxi.k I 129; Oxioxs 76; S+.xo LS
15; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa II 214215;
Srrnorr 81; Onrr AEW 18, 2122.
*barwaz sb.m.: ON brr a kind of tree,
OE bearu wood, grove. Related to Slav
u-stem *bor pine, pine forest (Lovr
PBB LX 162; Scnn.rrn BB XV 287
288). Scnn.rrn BB XV 287; Hin+ PBB
XXIII 331 (Slav < Gmc); Mrirrr+ Etudes
II 234 (same as Hin+); Prnssox Beitrge 22
(against Hin+); Brnxrkrn I 76; Tonr-
Ponzio Gliederung 144; Pokonxv I 109;
70; Z.rizxi.k I 138; M.n+vxo\ Slav-
germ. 108 (from Slavic); S+.xo LS 15;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa III 216217.
*barwn sb.f.: ON pl. barar hand-bier,
OE bearwe basket, bier, EFris barwe
hand-barrow. Cf. also WGmc *br >
OE br bier, OS bra id., OHG bra id.
Derived from *beranan. Cf. also *br.
Tonr-F.rk 260; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 15,
18; Vnirs ANEW 25; Pokonxv I 131;
Z.rizxi.k II 219; Oxioxs 94; Lrovr-
*barzan ~ *barsan sb.n.: ON barr nee-
dles of a r-tree, OE bears coniferous
tree, foliage, tree, OHG bars id. Closely
related to OIr barr mop of hair, top. W
bar id., Corn bar id. Substantivized *bar-
zaz. Tonr-F.rk 265266; Hor+n.tsrx
*barzaz adj.: ON barr ready, strong,
vigorous, OHG bar upright. Identical
with MIr borr thick, large, strong <
*bhorso-. Tonr-F.rk 265266; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 18; Pokonxv I 108109;
Lrovr-Srnixorn I 466467; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 117; Krtor-Srrnorr 83.
*bastan ~ *bastaz sb.n.: ON bast
inner bark of a tree, OE bst id., MLG
bast id. (masc.), OHG bast id. (masc.).
Continues *bh6-sto- or *bh6s-to- related to
*bh- to shine, *bhs-: Skt bhti to
shine, bhs- light, Gk fanv to appear,
fskei: diafnei and the like. Seman-
tically similar to Slav *lyko bast < IE
*leuk- to shine (Tntn.cnr\ Rem. 165
166). Jon.xssox IF XIX 121 (from
*bhad-stu-); Anroo IF XLVI 267;
J.consonx ZDADL LXVI 238240 (from
Scythian, cf. Av basta bundle, bunch,
Osset bast id.); Tonr-F.rk 269; Hor-
+n.tsrx AEEW 15; M.vnnorrn II
493494, 499; Pokonxv I 104105;
Szrvrnrxvi KZ LXXI 211213 (from
Illyrian *bast- < *bhdh-t-); Vnirs ANEW
28; Z.rizxi.k II 166; Fnisk II 982984;
Oxioxs 78; D.nvs Vddhi 257264;
Koi\trrn+o Festschr. Schmitt 246258 (to
bbhasti to chew, to masticate, to de-
vour); Lrovr-Srnixorn I 500502;
Krtor-Srrnorr 84.
*batiz comp. adv.: ON betr better, OE bet
id., OFris bet id., OS bet, bat id., OHG
baz id. (< *bataz). See *batizn. Cf. superl.
Goth batista best, ON beztr id., OE betst
id., OFris betst id., OHG bezzisto id.
Gnivv DG II 43 (reconstructs *batanan
vigere, valere); Os+norr Morph. Unt. VI
Vnirs ANEW 3435; Oxioxs 9091;
235; Krtor-Srrnorr 84, 102.
*batizn comp. adj.: Goth batiza better,
ON betri id., OE betre id., OFris betere id.,
OS betaro id., OHG bezziro id. May be
related to the isolated Skt bhadr- blessed,
delightful, fortunate, Av hu-badra happy,
lucky (Borr Glossarium 269) if those are
not from *bhdr-. B.n+norov.r 1828;
baruaz 38 batizn
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 38
Tonr-F.rk 258; S+okrs KZ XL 245
(to MIr baid durable); Fris+ 83;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 2122; Wissv.xx
NP 1416; M.vnnorrn II 467468;
Lrnv.xx GED 63; H.vr IIJ XXX 175
(together with MW bodd good will from
*bhod-); Lrovr-Srnixorn I 503505,
577578; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 235;
Krtor-Srrnorr 102.
*batnjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-batnan to
benet, to prot, ON batna to improve,
to get better. Related to *batn. Fris+
174; Pokonxv I 1o6, Vnirs ANEW 28;
Hrirrnv.xxs 118.
*batn sb.m.: ON bati improvement,
advantage, OFris bata advantage, gain,
MLG bate improvement. See *batiz.
ANEW 28; Lrnv.xx GED 63; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 119.
*baa-xsan sb.n.: ON ba-hs bathing-
house, OE b-hs id., OHG bada-hs id.
Compound of *baan and *xsan. C.nn
Nom. comp. 71 (parallel formations).
*baan sb.n.: ON ba bath, bathing, OE
b bath, font, OFris be(i)th bath, OS
bath id., OHG bad id. Derived from
*bjanan. Tonr-F.rk 256; Hor+n.tsrx
22; Z.rizxi.k I 139; Oxioxs 79; Krtor-
Srrnorr 72.
*baa-stufn sb.f.: ON ba-stofa bath-
room, MLG bade-stove bathroom, OHG
bada-stuba id. Compound of *baan
and *stufn. C.nn Nom. comp. 83 (paral-
lel formations).
*bajanan wk.vb.: ON rare baast to
bathe, OE baian to wash, to bathe, Du
baden to bathe, OHG badn id. Derived
from *baan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 17;
Vnirs ANEW 22; Oxioxs 79.
*bauaz sb.m.: ON baugr ring, OE be
ring, crown, OFris bg ring, OS bg-
gebo one presenting a ring, MLG bch
ring, OHG boug id. Derived from *beu-
anan. Together with Skt bhog- id., con-
tinues a noun *bhougho- derived from
*bheugh- to bend. Reected in Slav rvn.
*Bug (West Bug, right tributary of Wisla)
also known in the XII century as Armilla
(Tov.scnrk ZG XXVI 523; Bntckxrn
AEEW 17; M.vnnorrn II 504; Pokonxv
129; Brx\rxis+r 111; Srrnorr 110;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa III 78 (OCS boug
armillar as a parallel to rather than a
borrowing from Gmc); Lrnv.xx GED
*baujanan wk.vb.: Goth us-baugjan to
sweep out, ON beygja to bow, to bend,
OE ban id., OFris beia id., OS bgian id.,
OHG bougen id. Causative of *beuanan.
Gnirxnrnorn Got. 230231; Tonr-F.rk
Pokonxv I 153 (to Av bunainti to liber-
ate); Vnirs ANEW 34; Srrnorr 111;
Lrnv.xx GED 73, 380; Krtor-Srrnorr
105.
*bauknan sb.n.: ON bkn beacon, OE
becen id., OFris bken id., OS bkan id.,
OHG bouhhan id. Related to *bukjanan.
Pokonxv I 105 (to IE *bh- to shine);
Z.rizxi.k I 139; Oxioxs 82; Krtor-
Srrnorr 74.
*b(a)ukjanan wk.vb.: ON bauka to dig,
MLG boken to knock, to beat, MHG
buchen id. Of imitative origin. Pokonxv
I 9798; Vnirs ANEW 29.
*baumaz sb.m.: OE bem tree, OFris
bm id., OS bm id., OHG boum id.
Continues *bhou-mo- derived from IE
*bheu- to grow, see *bewwanan. Cf. *bheu-
men- in Gk fma growth, Skt bhman-
being, world, earth ( Jon.xssox Btrg.
Gesch. XV 224225). Tonr-F.rk 258;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 17; Srrcn+ 54
(reconstructs *baum-na-); M.vnnorrn II
512513; Pokonxv I 149; Z.rizxi.k II
226; Fnisk II 10521053; Oxioxs 8283;
Prr+rns KZ LXXXVIII 129133 (sec-
ondary form of *bamaz); Lrnv.xx GED
*baun sb.f.: ON baun bean (i-stem), OE
batizn 39 baun
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 39
baun 40 bebruz
ben id., OS bna id., OHG bna id. (-
and n-stem). Of uncertain origin. May
be close to Slav *buna swelling, tuber
< *bhoun, further related to *bewwanan.
Pr+rnssox IF XXIII 390 (to *bheu- to
swell); Tonr-F.rk 257 (to Lat faba id.,
Slav *bob id.); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 17;
Pokonxv I 106 (from *babn related to
OPrus babo id., Slav *bob id.); Vnirs
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa III 9596; Krtor-
Srrnorr 123.
*bausaz adj.: Burg *bausiz wicked, Norw
baus proud, bumptious, OFris bsa-feng,
bs-feng obscene touch, MLG bse, bs
unclean, OHG bsi worthless. Prob-
ably, continues *bau-s-az, to *beuanan
(Hrirrnv.xxs 120121). Tonr-F.rk
276; Konrrn 709.
*bautanan str.vb.: ON bauta to beat, to
hunt (secondary wk.), OE betan to beat,
MHG bzen id. (some forms are wk.). Of
unknown origin. Tonr-F.rk 274 (to Lat
con-ft to repress, to diminish, to put to
silence); Fris+ 74; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
18; Jn.xxrssox IEW 596597; Pokonxv
I 112 (to Lat fstis knobbed stick,
cudgel); Vnirs ANEW 29; Oxioxs 83;
Srrnorr 9091.
*bautilaz sb.m.: ON beytill Equisetum
hiemale, OE betel hammer, MLG btel
beating implement, OHG stein-bzil
cudgel. Derived from *bautanan. Hor+-
Krtor-Srrnorr 95.
*bauaz adj.: Goth baus deaf, dumb.
Probably related to Slav sbst. *buta stu-
pid person; haughtiness, pride. Gnirx-
nrnorn Got. 45; Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 111
(to OIr bodar deaf ); Unrrxnrck PBB
XXX 265266; Pr+rnssox IF XXIII 395
(to *beuaz); Mrirrr+ MSL X 282 (to Lith
buks blunt, dull); Fris+ 86; Fn.rxkrr
63; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa III 101102; Lrn-
v.xx GED 65.
*bazaz adj.: ON berr naked, bare, OE br
id., OFris ber-ft barefoot, OS bar naked,
bare, OHG bar uncovered, naked, bare.
Identical with Arm bok' barefoot, Lith
bsas id., Slav *bos id. Vrnxrn KZ
XXIII 113; Prrrnsrx IF V 46; Htnscn-
v.xx AG 430; K.ns+rx NB I 4243;
Prnssox UU 1891 115 (to *bhes- to
scrape); Knr+scnvrn KZ XXXI 414;
Tonr-F.rk 269; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 28;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 15; Fn.rxkrr 36,
Glotta XXXV 87; Pokonxv I 163; Vnirs
ANEW 34; Oxioxs 75; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa
II 223224; Lrovr-Srnixorn I 465
*bazjan sb.n.: Goth weina-basi wine-berry,
grape (< *basjan), ON ber berry, OE
berie berry, grape (fem.), OS beri berry,
OHG beri id. Connected with Skt bbhasti
to chew, to masticate, to devour. For
the semantic development cf. Slav *grua
pear < *gruiti to break, to destroy, Lat
pirum pear < *pisom, to *peis- to stick, to
pound. Btoor PBB XXI 421 (to Norw
dial. bas, base shrub); Lirrx IF XVIII
415416 (to OE basu crimson, purple);
21; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 309310; Fris+
559; M.vnnorrn II 409; Pokonxv I 105
(to Skt bhs- light, splendour), 145;
Vnirs ANEW 3233; Oxioxs 90; Z.riz-
xi.k II 182; Lrnv.xx GED 400; Lrovr-
Srnixorn I 560561; Krtor-Srrnorr 89
(to Lith oga berry < *g
h).
*bazjanan wk.vb.: ON bera to make
bare, OFris baria to reveal, OS baron id.,
OHG gi-barn to lay bare. Derived from
*bazaz. Vnirs ANEW 33; Hrirrnv.xxs
121.
*bebruz sb.m.: ON bjrr beaver, beavers
skin, OE beofor beaver, MLG bever
id., OHG bibar id. Originally, a color
adjective. Related to Skt babhr- reddish-
brown, brown, Av bawra-, bawri-
beaver, Lat ber id., Lith bbras id.,
OPrus bebrus id., Slav *bebr id. ON
bjrr triangular cut o piece of meat is
a metaphoric usage of the above and
has nothing to do with Lat bra ber
< *g
hisr (despite Nonrrx Abri 228).

Fons+rnv.x KZ I 497 (related to Lat bra
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 40
bre, lament); B.n+norov.r 925;
Tonr-F.rk 264; Tn.t+v.xx BSlWb
Horv.xx I 490492; M.vnnorrn II
Oxioxs 83; H.vr IF LXX 162 (to
*beranan); Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa I 174175;
Krtor-Srrnorr 107.
*bekwjanan wk.vb.: ON bikkja to plunge
into water, MHG bicken to punch, to
kick. Probably related to Gk fbomai
to be put to ight, to ee, Lith bgu, bgti
to run, Slav *bgti id. Pokonxv I 116;
Vnirs ANEW 36.
*bekwjn sb.f.: ON bikkja bitch, OE bicce
id. Unclear. Perhaps based on *bekwjanan.
Ztri+z. Gutt. 96; Tonr-F.rk 259 (to
*bakan ~ *bakaz); Vnirs ANEW 36 (to Skt
bhaga- vulva).
*belanan str.vb.: ON part. bolginn to
swell, OE belan to swell with anger,
OFris part. ovir-bulgen to incense, OS bel-
gan id., OHG belgan to get angry. Re-
lated to *baliz. Ztri+z. Gutt. 26, 204;
Jn.xxrssox IEW 629630; Pokonxv I
126; Vnirs ANEW 49; Srrnorr 99101;
Krtor-Srrnorr 640.
*bellanan I str.vb.: OHG widar-bellan to
rebound. Probably connected with Slav
*belati to swing, to limp. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 19; Jn.xxrssox IEW 629; Tnt-
n.cnr\ ESSJa I 185; Srrnorr 101.
*bellanan II str.vb.: OE bellan to bellow,
to roar, MHG bellen to bay, to bark.
Related to Toch AB pl-, pl- to praise,
OPrus billit to say, to speak, Lith blstu,
blti to start speaking. Tonr-F.rk 266;
Pokonxv I 123124.
*belln sb.f.: ON bjalla bell, OE belle id.,
MLG belle id. Derived from *bellanan II.
Pokonxv I 123 (to *bulljanan); Lrncnxrn
2426.
*belnn sb.f.: OE belone, belene hen-bane,
MLG billen id. Close to Slav *beln ~
*belna id. Further cf. Gaul belnion id.,
W bela id. Pic+r+ KZ IV 361362 (to
OIr bal sun); Knr+scnvrn Glotta XIV
9697 (a Wanderwort); Tonr-F.rk 267
(reconstruct *belunn < Celtic, cf. Gaul
bilinuntia id.); Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa I 185
187 (to *bhel- to speak); Krtor-Srrnorr
111.
*benanan str.vb.: Goth bindan to bind,
ON binda id., OE bindan id., OFris binda
id., OS bindan id., OHG bintan id. Re-
lated to Skt badhnti id., Av bandayeiti id.
B.n+norov.r 926; Tonr-F.rk 259;
Mrirrr+ MSL XVII 194; Fris+ 93; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 23; Jn.xxrssox IEW
611612; M.vnnorrn II 406; Pokonxv I
127; Vnirs ANEW 37; M.vnnorrn II
406, 408; Oxioxs 95; Srrnorr 102
104; Lrnv.xx GED 71; Krtor-Srrnorr
111112.
*benaz sb.m.: ON bingr bolster, bed, a
heap of corn, MLG binge kettle-shaped
deepening. Related to Skt bah- much,
abundant, large, Gk paxw thick, Latv
bezs id. Ztri+z. Gutt. 177; M.vnnorrn
II 424425; Pokonxv I 127128; Vnirs
ANEW 37; Fnisk II 484485.
*benutaz sb.m.: Norw dial. bunt Aira cae-
spitosa (< *bunut-), OE bionot dry blade
of grass, OS binet bulrush, OHG binuz
id. If originally stood for *dead grass,
could be compared with *bann. Tonr-
F.rk 271; Oxioxs 89.
*beranan str.vb.: Goth bairan to bear, to
carry; to give birth, ON bera id., OE
beran id., OFris bera id, OS beran id, OHG
beran id. Cf. also *a-beranan to give
birth: Goth ga-bairan, OE e-beran, OS gi-
beran, OHG gi-beran. Continues IE *bher-
to bear: Toch AB pr-, Skt bhrati, Gk
frv, Arm berem, Lat fer, OIr berid
merged with *bher- to give birth.
Prexed *at-beranan > Goth at-bairan to
bring, to oer is identical with Phryg
impf. abberet, Lat adfer to bring.
Tonr-F.rk 260261; Hor+n.tsrx
Fris+ 75; Jn.xxrssox IEW 612613;
M.vnnorrn II 473476; Pokonxv I
10031004; Irricn-S\i+vcn Opyt I 195
bebruz 41 beranan
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 41
(on the contamination of IE *bher- to
bear and *bher- child; to give birth);
Oxioxs 83; Srrnorr 104106; Lrnv.xx
GED 57; Krtor-Srrnorr 303; Onrr
Phrygian 409; Ar.vs TB 371; Btnr.k
IFTJa 248.
*beran ~ *beraz sb.n./m.: ON bjarg
rock, OE beor hill, mountain, OFris
berch id., OS berg id., OHG berg id.
Closely related to Av bar6zah- height,
Arm barjr high, Thrac pln. Brga, OIr
br hill, W bera heap, Slav *berg shore,
mountain. Further connected with IE
*bherh- high. Ztri+z. Gutt. 204; B.n-
+norov.r 950; Tonr-F.rk 265; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 20; Fris+ 7576 (on
Goth bairgahei hill country, mountainous
region); Dr+scnrv Thr. 5152; Pokonxv
I 140141; Vnirs ANEW 39; Z.rizxi.k
II 166; Oxioxs 76; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa
191193; Lrnv.xx GED 5758; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 60; Lrovr-Srnixorn I
*beranan str.vb.: Goth bairgan to pre-
serve, to keep, ON bjarga to save, to
help, OE beorgan to save, to protect, to
defend, WFris bergje to keep, OS bergan
id., OHG bergan id. Identical with Slav
*bergti id., cf. also Lith brginti not to
spend much, Osset m-brzyn to cover.
Kincnnorr KZ I 39; Ztri+z. Gutt. 177;
Prnssox Beitrge 927; Mrnixorn IF
XVIII 262; Tonr-F.rk 265; Tn.t+-
v.xx BSW 31; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 20;
Pokonxv I 145; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa
I 81; Fn.rxkrr 44; An.r\ AION-L IV
Brx\rxis+r 152; Srrnorr 106107; Lrn-
v.xx GED 58; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa I
189191 (follows Miktcki in comparing
these forms with Lith gebti to praise);
Srrnorr 99.
*ber sb.f.: ON bjrg help, deliverance,
OE hefod-beor head-shelter, helmet,
OFris here-berge inn, OS heri-berga id.,
OHG her-berga id. Derived from *bera-
nan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 20; Vnirs
ANEW 41; Srrnorr 107; B.vvrsnrnorn
Nom. 109.
*berxta-lkaz adj.: ON bjart-ligr clear,
OE beorht-lc bright, light, clear, OS
berht-lk bright. Derived from *berxtaz.
Hrirrnv.xxs 124.
*berxtaz adj.: Goth bairhts bright, clear,
manifest, ON bjartr bright, OE beorht
bright, light, clear, OS berht id., OHG
beraht id. Identical with W berth beautiful
< *bher-t-, Slav sbst. *berst elm. Fur-
ther related to Skt bhrjate to shine, to
beam, Av brzaiti id., Alb bardh white.
Fons+rnv.x KZ I 104; Ztri+z. Gutt. 188;
K.ns+rx NB II 324; M.vnnorrn II
nrnorn Nom. 256; Hrirrnv.xxs 123
124; Onrr AED 17.
*berxtn sb.f.: Goth bairhtei brightness,
clarity, ON birti id., OE birhtu id., OHG
beraht clarity. Derived from *berxtaz.
v.xxs 124.
*berxtjanan wk.vb.: Goth bairhtjan to ex-
hibit, to show, to disclose, ON birta to
illuminate, to brighten, OE e-birhtan to
make bright, OHG part. gi-beraht bright-
ened. Derived from *berxtaz. Tonr-
*berilaz sb.m.: Burg *berils bearer, ON
berill barrel (for uids), OS biril basket,
OHG biril big pot. Derived from *bera-
nan (Scntrzr KZ LXX 258). Vnirs
ANEW 33, 68 (alternatively, from MLat
barillus keg); Srrnorr 105; Konrrn 709.
*berknaz adj.: ON birkinn related to
birch, OE bircen, beorcen id., OHG birkn
id. Derived from *berk. Vnirs ANEW
37.
*berkjn sb.n./f.: ON coll. birki birch,
OE birce birch, OS birka id., OHG birca
id. Derived from *berk. Ztri+z. Gutt.
beranan 42 berkjn
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 42
37; Z.rizxi.k II 216.
*berk sb.f.: ON bjrk birch, OE beorc id.,
OS berka id. Related to Skt bhrj- kind
of birch, Lat frxinus ash, and especially
to Lith bras birch, OPrus berse id.,
Slav *berza id. Cf. also Dac pln. Bers-ovia.
Wirrrv.xx IF I 512; Hin+ IF X 53;
Tonr-F.rk 263; Knr+scnvrn Festschr.
Bezzenberger 94; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 20;
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 544; Fris+ 87 (on
Goth bercna b-rune of the Gothic Runic
alphabet < *berkn); Pokonxv I 139;
Z.rizxi.k II 216; Oxioxs 96; Tntn.-
cnr\ ESSJa I 201203; Lrnv.xx GED
*bernj(n) sb.f.: ON birna she-bear, OE
byrene id., OHG birin id. Derived directly
from *bern I or from *bernuz. Hor+-
*bernuz sb.m.: ON bjrn bear, OE beorn
man, prince, nobleman. Derived from
*bern I. Tonr-F.rk 263; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 21; Srrcn+ 120; Pokonxv I 136;
Vnirs ANEW 41; Z.rizxi.k II 220.
*bern I sb.m.: Burg *bers bear, OSwed
prop. Biari, OE bera bear, OS bero id.
(in prop.), OHG bero id. Close to Lith
bras brown (with a long grade), Toch
A parno, B perne radiant, luminous.
Fons+rnv.x KZ I 497; Ztri+z. Gutt. 31;
Tonr-F.rk 263; Go++rirn Anim. 3941;
Fn.rxkrr 39; Z.rizxi.k II 220; Oxioxs
83; S+.xo LS 15; Lrovr-Srnixorn I
563565; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 176 (to
Gk yr animal, Lith vers id., Slav
*zvr id.); Konrrn 709; Krtor-Srrnorr
7980.
*bern II sb.m.: ON -beri accuser, OE
-bera porter, bearer, OFris -bera id., OS
-bero id., OHG -bero id. Derived from
*beranan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 21; Vnirs
ANEW 33.
*berran sb.n.: OE beoror child birth.
Close to Gk fretron stretcher, see
*beranan (B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 85). Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 21; Pokonxv I 129; Fnisk
II 10031004.
*beuanan str.vb.: Goth ana-biudan to
bid, to command, ON bja to oer,
OE bedan to command, to order, to
announce, OFris bida id., OS biodan id.,
OHG biotan id. Related to Skt bdhati to
wake, to be awake, Av baod6nt- becom-
ing aware, Gk peyomai to give notice,
Slav *blud, *blusti to observe, to keep,
to protect, and, with nasalization, OIr
ad-bond- to announce and the like
(Mrvrn Goth. 61). Btoor KZ XIX
(1870) 441; B.n+norov.r 917918;
1920; L.xr Language XIV 27 (adds
Toch A pot-, B paut- to honor, to atter);
Ponzio Gliederung 122; M.vnnorrn II
449450; Pokonxv I 150151; Fn.rx-
krr 62; Fnisk II 625626, GH XLIV
Srrnorr 108110; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa II
Srrnorr 109.
*beuaz sb.m.: Goth bius table, ON
bjr id., OE bed id., OS biod id., OHG
biet id. Derived from *beuanan (Unrrx-
nrck PBB XXX 268). Gnirxnrnorn
Got. 50 (to *bumaz ~ *butmaz); Bnto-
v.xx Grundri II/1 155; Pr+rnssox IF
XXIII 395 (to *bauaz); S+non DWG 15;
40; Z.rizxi.k I 129; Srrnorr 109
(against Unrrxnrck); Lrnv.xx GED 74;
105.
*beuanan ~ *banan str.vb.: Goth
biugan to bow, to bend, ON pret. pl. bugu
id., OE ban id., OS pret. bg id., pres.
bgan, OHG biogan id. Related to Skt bhu-
jti id., Ir d-bocc wooden bow (Unrrx-
nrck PBB XXX 268; Tntnxrvsrx KZ
XLVIII 65), Lith bgti to frighten, Slav
*bgati to bend (Irixskii RFV LXII
253259). Ztri+z. Gutt. 218; Tonr-
F.rk 273; Brnxrkrn I 366 (Slav *bgati
may be a metathesis of *gbati id.); Woor
berkjn 43 beuanan
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 43
MP V 270 (from IE *bheuk-); Tn.t+v.xx
BSW 39; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 38; Fris+
96; Jn.xxrssox IEW 606607; M.vn-
norrn II 504506; Pokonxv I 152153;
Fn.rxkrr 37; Vnirs ANEW 40; Oxioxs
111; Srrnorr 110111; Brx\rxis+r IEL
111; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa 115; Lrnv.xx
*beuaz ~ *beun adj.: ON bjgr
bowed, bent, OHG sbst. biogo bend,
curve. Derived from *beuanan ~ *ba-
nan. Tonr-F.rk 273; Pokonxv I 151;
Vnirs ANEW 41.
*beura-saliz sb.m.: ON bjr-salr beer-
hall, OE ber-sele id. Compound of *beu-
raz ~ *beuran and *saliz. C.nn Nom.
*beuran sb.n.: ON bjrr beer (masc.), OE
ber id., OFris bir id., MLG br id., OHG
bior id. Borrowed from Rom *biw(e)r <
*biber wine, drink ~ LLat biber id. (Lixr-
tis+ DK 2930). Ztri+z. Gutt. 15;
Krtor PBB XXXV 570 (ON < OE);
Tonr-F.rk 276 (from *beuzan); Hor+-
n.tsrx IF LX 280 (< *breu-ra-); AEEW
Oxioxs 85; Krtor-Srrnorr 108 (to
*brewwanan).
*bewwanan str.vb.: OE 1 sg. be, bom to
be, OFris 1 sg. bim id., OS 1 sg. bium id.,
OHG 1 sg. bim id. Related to Skt bhvati
to become, to be, Av bavaiti id., Gk fv
to bring forth, to produce, to beget, Lat
perf. fu I was, OLat f id., Lith bti
to be, Slav *byti id. OE be (I) am is a
relic of an old paradigm also reected
in Lat f < *f, pass. of faci, OIr -bu,
both from *bhi (Os+norr Perf. 426).
I 504505, 557558; M.vnnorrn II
Fnisk II 10521054; Srrnorr 112115;
*bewwu sb.n.: ON bygg barley, OE bow
id., OS bew seed. Related to *bw-
(w)anan. Tonr-F.rk 273; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 21; Vnirs ANEW 66; Pokonxv
I 149.
*banan str.vb.: OHG bgan to scold, to
have a row. Close to OIr bgaid to ght
(Zivvrn KZ XXXVI 447454). Tonr-
F.rk 257; Srrnorr 9394.
*baz sb.m.: ON bgr contest, strife, OE
b bragging, boasting, OS bg praise,
OHG bg quarrel. Derived from *ba-
nan. Tonr-F.rk 257; Jn.xxrssox IEW
SGGJa I 96; Vnirs ANEW 2223, Srr-
norr 9394.
*bnan wk.vb.: ON bga to quarrel,
OFris bga to boast, OHG bgn to
quarrel. Derived from *baz. Tonr-
F.rk 257; Vnirs ANEW 69; Srrnorr 94.
*bjanan wk.vb.: OHG ben to warm
(with a compress). A parallel derivational
variant of *bakanan? Tonr-F.rk 256;
Pokonxv I 113; Krtor-Srrnorr 73 (to
Slav *grti to warm, supposedly from
*g
hr- > *brjanan > *bjanan).

*blan sb.n.: ON bl ame, re, OE bl
id. Related to *bhel- white: Gk fal-
[l]w: leukw (Hes.), Lith blas, cf. in par-
ticular Skt bhla- light, shine, forehead,
Slav *bl white. Prnssox Beitrge
AEEW 15; M.vnnorrn II 496497;
ANEW 23; Fnisk II 988; Oxioxs 70;
*briz adj.: ON brr due, entitled to, OE
wstm-bre fruitful, fertile, OFris -br
obvious, MDu open-baer id., OHG danc-
bri grateful. Derived from *beranan.
K.ns+rx NB I 9495; Tonr-F.rk 260
Srrnorr 106; M.+zrr Festschr. Schrder
100, 117, KZ CV 108; Hrirrnv.xxs
124125.
*brn sb.f.: ON bra wave, ME bre id.,
MLG bre id. Derived from *beranan.
Pokonxv I 131.
*bi prep.: Goth bi by, about, over, OE be,
b by, OFris be, b id., OS be, b id.,
OHG b id. Secondary lengthening of the
stressed auslaut vowel in WGmc. Prob-
ably connected with *umbi. Bntov.xx
beuanan 44 bi
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 44
Grundri II/2 820821; Tonr-F.rk 270;
Pokonxv I 34; Scnvir+ Studien 225227
(from IE *pi ); Oxioxs 131; Lrnv.xx GED
67; Gnirrrx+noo KZ CIV 122; Krtor-
Srrnorr 92.
*bibjanan ~ *bibnan wk.vb.: ON
bifask to shake, OE beoan to tremble, to
quake, OFris beva to shake, OS bibn
id., OHG bibn id. Reduplication related
to Skt bhyate to fear, to be afraid, Skt
bibhti id., Av ni-wyeiti id., OPrus bitwei
id., Slav *bojati s\ id. (Mrirrr+ MSL
XIV 346). Krtor KZ XXVI 8586;
W.ckrnx.orr KZ XLI 305309 (against
the above etymology); B.n+norov.r
AEEW 23; Mrzorn KZ LXXII 127;
M.vnnorrn II 431, 471472; Pokonxv I
162; Vnirs ANEW 35; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa
II 163164; Krtor-Srrnorr 88.
*bian sb.n.: ON bi biding, waiting,
delay, OE bd delay, abiding. Derived
from *banan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 22;
*biilaz sb.m.: ON biill wooer, suitor, OE
adj. bdul prayerful, suppliant (< *biu-
laz), OHG bitil swain, suitor, solicitor.
Derived from *bijanan. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 9; Vnirs ANEW 35; Srrnorr 92.
*bijanan str.vb.: Goth bidjan to ask, to
pray, ON bija to beg, to pray, OE bid-
dan to ask, to pray, OFris bidda id., OS
biddian id., OHG bitten id. Derived from
*banan (Os+norr PBB VIII 140143).
Scnvrizrn KZ I 561 (to Skt bdhate to
press, to force); Ctxv REA 1910 1013
(from Celtic); Brzzrxnrnorn BB XVI 252
(with doubts, to * g
hedh-); Ztri+z. Gutt.

31 (same as Brzzrxnrnorn); Os+rx-
S.ckrx IF XXIII 377; Krnx TNTL I
3237 (to IE *bhedh- to bow); Mrirrr+
BSL XXIV 2324 (to IE * g
hedh-); Tonr-
Srrnorr 9193; Oxioxs 93; Brx\rxis+r
IEL 500; Mrir Germ. Rek. 109; Lrnv.xx
*bi sb.f.: Goth bida request, prayer,
bead, OE bd prayer, supplication
(neut.), OFris bede id., OS beda id., OHG
beta id. Derived from *bijanan or directly
Fris+ 8889 (to Skt bdhate to press, to
force); Pokonxv I 114; Srrnorr 93;
Brx\rxis+r IEL 501; Lrnv.xx GED
*bijanan wk.vb.: ON bia to bide a
bit, OE on-bidian to wait, OFris bidia
id., OS bidn to remain. Derived from
*banan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 22; Vnirs
*bilan ~ *bilaz sb.n./m.: ON bil mo-
ment, OHG bil a moment when the
hunted game stands on guard. If derived
from *bhei- to cut, to strike (Lirrx KZ
LXI 13), identical with Slav *bilo beater.
Nonrrx Abri 227 (to Lith bails fearful);
Tonr Festschr. Unger 172172 (to *bhi as in
Gk mf about, on both sides of ); Vnirs
ANEW 36.
*bilaz adj.: OE bile-wit merciful, mild,
gentle, MHG bil-wiz cobold. Close to
MIr bil good < *bhili- and probably Gk
flow beloved, dear. Mrnixorn IF
XVIII 284286; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 23;
Pokonxv I 153154; Fnisk II 10181020.
*bitan sb.n.: ON bit bite, OHG gi-biz
rein, bit. Derived from *btanan. Vnirs
*bitjanan wk.vb.: ON bita to divide
with cross-beams, to cut into bits, OE
grist-bitian to gnash, OHG bizzn to
crunch, to gnash. Derived from *bitn.
Srrnorr 97.
*bitn sb.m.: ON biti bit, cross-beam,
girder, OE bita id., OFris kor-bita conse-
crated piece, MDu bte morsel, bit,
OHG bizzo bit, wedge. Derived from
*btanan. Tonr-F.rk 270; Hor+n.tsrx
38; Oxioxs 97; Srrnorr 97.
*bitraz adj.: ON bitr biting, sharp, OE
biter bitter, sharp, severe, OS bittar bit-
ter, OHG bittar sharp, bitter. Derived
from *btanan. M.ns+n.xrrn NTS III
bi 45 bitraz
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 45
312; K.ns+rx NB II 254; Nirrrnv.xx IF
XXXVII 145147 (to Slav *bridk
sharp, bitter); Tonr-F.rk 270; Hor+-
Lrnv.xx GED 5859; B.vvrsnrnorn
Nom. 247; Hrirrnv.xxs 126127; Krtor-
Srrnorr 114.
*bitulaz sb.m.: ON bitull bit, OE bitol,
bytol rein, MHG bizzel little bit. De-
rived from *bitan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
25; Vnirs ANEW 38; Srrnorr 97.
*bituliz ~ *bitulaz sb.m.: Dan bille bee-
tle, OE btel beetle, biting. Derived from
*bitan or directly from *btanan. Cf. *bitu-
laz. Tonr-F.rk 270.
*banan str.vb.: Goth beidan to wait,
ON ba id., OE bdan to bide, to abide,
to continue, to wait, OFris bda to wait
(usually wk.), OS bdan id., OHG btan id.
Related to Gk peyomai to be persuaded,
to obey, Lat fd to trust. Woor MP
IV 489490; Tonr-F.rk 270; W.rrr-
Horv.xx I 493494; Fris+ 8687; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 22; Tnirn ZdPh LXX
341342 (to Lat scus basket, chest, Icel
bia milk tub and the like); Jn.xxrs-
sox IEW 604; Pokonxv I 117; Vnirs
ANEW 35; Fnisk II 487488; Brx\rxis+r
IEL 9598 (the original meaning in Ger-
manic: attendre avec conance); Cn.x-
+n.ixr 868869; Oxioxs 93; Srrnorr
9496 (to Latv gidt to wait); Lrnv.xx
GED 56, 6566.
*b(n) sb.f.: ON b bee, OE be id.,
OFris b id., OS ba id., OHG ba id., cf.
ban id. (masc.). Cf. WGmc *binjan ~ *bin
> OS bini- (in compounds), bina id.,
OHG bini id., bna id. Somehow related
to Lat fcus drone < *bhoi-ko-, OIr bech
id. < *bhi-ko-, W bydaf beehive, Lith bt
id., Slav *bela bee (Fick I 490; Mrir-
rr+ MSL XIV 476478). Prrrnsrx Kelt.
Gr. I 367, 537; Krtor Glotta III 280
(reconstructs *bhouk
o- for Gmc and Lat);

Tonr-F.rk 271; Jon.xssox IF III 225 (to
Lat fcus drone < *bhoiko-), KZ XXXVI
358; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 555 556; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 18, 24; Pokonxv I 116,
Z.rizxi.k II 220; Oxioxs 84; Tntn.-
cnr\ ESSJa III 91, 104105; Krtor-
Srrnorr 108.
*btan ~ *btaz sb.n./m.: Goth anda-beit
reproach, rebuke, pitima, ON hl-btr
shadower, OE and-bita unleavened
bread. Derived from *btanan. Fris+ 46;
Srrnorr 97.
*btanan str.vb.: Goth beitan to bite, ON
bta id., OE btan id., OFris bta id., OS
btan id., OHG bzan id. Related to Skt
bhintti to split, to cleave, to pierce, Gk
fedomai to spare, Lat nd to split.
Tonr-F.rk 270; Fris+ 87; Hor+n.t-
srx 24; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 500501;
Jn.xxrssox IEW 602604; M.vnnorrn
ANEW 38; Fnisk II 9991000; Srrnorr
Krtor-Srrnorr 94.
*blan sb.n.: ON bldr axe, an instrument
for bleeding (masc.), MLG bl axe,
OHG bhal axe. Cf. also WGmc *bilan
> OE bill crooked double-edged sword,
bill, falchion, OS bill sword, MHG bil
pick. Continues IE *bh(e)i-tlo- (Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 23) also reected in Slav
*bidlo rake, pole, plectrum (Tntn.cnr\
Etim. 46). Tonr-F.rk 269; Pokonxv I
118; Vnirs ANEW 36; Oxioxs 94; Tnt-
n.cnr\ Rem. 130132 (on Slav *-dlo < IE
*-tlo-m), ESSJa II 9495.
*blaan sb.n.: Burg *bla blade, edge,
ON bla leaf, blade, OE bld id., OFris
-bled id., OS blad id., OHG blat id.
Identical with Toch A plt, B pilta id. and
related to *blanan (Hin+ Urgerm. II 41).
xi.k I 139; Oxioxs 98; Lrnv.xx GED
76; Krtor-Srrnorr 116; Ar.vs TB 388.
*blarn ~ blrn sb.f.: ON blara
bladder, OE bldre blister, pimple, blad-
der, OS bldara bladder, OHG bltara
pock-mark. Derived from *blanan.
xi.k I 155; Oxioxs 98.
bitraz 46 blarn
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 46
*blaxn sb.f.: ODan blaa oakum, OHG
blaha rough linen cloth. Related to Latv
blaks even, smooth, Lith blkas equal.
Pr+rnssox Glotta IV 296297 (to Lat
occus lock, ock); Tonr-F.rk 285 (same
as Pr+rnssox); Pokonxv I 161; Fn.rxkrr
47; Vnirs ANEW 46.
*blaikaz adj.: ON bleikr pale, wan, OE
blc shining, white, OS blk id., OHG
bleih yellowish, pale. Derived from
*blk( j)anan. K.ns+rx NB I 58; Ztri+z.
Gutt. 196; Tonr-F.rk 286; Hor+n.tsrx
43; Oxioxs 99; Srrnorr 118; B.vvrs-
*blaikjanan wk.vb.: ON bleikja to bleach
linen, OE blcan id., MLG blken to
bleached, OHG bleihhen to bleach, to
make pale. Derived from *blaikaz.
43; Oxioxs 99; Hrirrnv.xxs 127.
*blaik( j)n sb.f.: ON bleikja chalk paint,
OHG bleihha make-up. Derived from
*blaikaz. Tonr-F.rk 286; Oxioxs 99;
Hrirrnv.xxs 127.
*blaitaz adj.: OE blt pale, livid.
Identical with Slav *bld id. Further may
be connected with *blaikaz. Scnvir+
Voc. II 71; Tonr-F.rk 286; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 26; O+nnski LP I 122 (adds Lith
blavas pale ?< *blaidvas); Pokonxv I
160; S+.xo LS 15; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa II
111112; Lrnv.xx GED 75; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 128.
*blaitjanan wk.vb.: E bloat to bloat.
Derivationally close to Gk floidv to
seethe. Further related to Gk flidv
to overow with moisture, to be ready to
burst (Fick III 286), Latv bldu, blst to
increase quickly. Mtnrrxn.cn-Exrzrrix
I 316; Pokonxv I 156; Fnisk II 1027
1028.
*blakjanan wk.vb.: ON blaka to slap, to
utter, MDu blaken to shiver. Probably
connected with Lat agrum whip, scourge,
lash (Ztri+z. Gutt. 213). Tn.t+v.xx
BB XXX 328; Tonr-F.rk 284; W.rrr-
Horv.xx I 511512; Pokonxv I 154.
*blakrjanan wk.vb.: Norw blakra to
ash. Identical with Lat agr to ame,
to blaze, to burn and further with Gk
flgv to burn. See *blankaz. Tonr-
Pokonxv I 124125; Fnisk II 10221024;
Lrncnxrn 3435.
*blanan sb.n.: ON bland among, OE
e-blond mixture. Derived from *blana-
nan. Srrnorr 116.
*blananan str.vb.: Goth blandan to mix,
to mingle, to associate with, ON blanda
to mix, OE blandan id., MDu blanden id.,
OHG blantan id. Related to Lith blendi,
bl.sti to sleep, to mix food with our,
Slav *bld, *blsti to err. Further con-
nected with *blenaz. Bntov.xx IF
XXXII 179181; Lirrx Studien 77; Tonr-
F.rk 285; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 34; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 26; Fris+ 9899;
157158; Fn.rxkrr 4748; Vnirs ANEW
42; Oxioxs 99; Srrnorr 115117; Tnt-
n.cnr\ ESSJa II 115; Lrnv.xx GED
*blanjanan wk.vb.: OE blendan to
blind, OFris blenda, blinda id., MLG
blenden, blinden id., OHG blenten id. Fac-
titive of *blenaz. Structurally identical
with Lith blandti to wander, to lower
eyes, Slav *blditi to wander, to forni-
cate. Tonr-F.rk 285; Fn.rxkrr 47;
Krtor-Srrnorr 118.
*blankaz adj.: ON blakkr pale, wan,
poet. horse, OE blanc white, grey,
MLG blanc light, OHG blanc bright,
white. Probably, a deverbative. The
corresponding str. vb. *blenkanan, how-
ever, is only marginally attested (MLG
blinken) and may be secondary. Con-
nected with WGerm *blakjanan to be
visible (OFris blesza, MLG blecken to
bare, OHG blecken to shine) and further
with *blakrjanan. Related to Gk flgv to
burn, Lat agr id. K.ns+rx NB I
5253; F.rk ANF XLI 118; Tonr-F.rk
284; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 86, 418;
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 510511; Pokonxv
I 124 125; Vnirs ANEW 42; Fnisk II
blaxn 47 blankaz
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 47
10231024; Hrirrnv.xxs 129 (to OE
blc black); Krtor-Srrnorr 115.
*blankjanan wk.vb.: ON blekkja to
impose upon, OE blencan to deceive,
to cheat. Derived from *blankaz. Hor+-
Oxioxs 99; Hrirrnv.xxs 129.
*blasaz adj.: ON sbst. blesi blaze, a white
star on a horses forehead, OHG blas
pale, white. Hardly can be separated
from *bhel- white (Gk falw and the
like). M.+zrx.trn LF XIII 170 (to Slav
*pl baldness); Tonr-F.rk 285; Hor+-
116.
*blautaz adj.: Burg *blauts bare, ON
blautr soft, faint, OE blet miserable,
wretched, OFris blt poor, MLG bloot
uncovered, MHG blz id. Probably con-
nected with flarow petty, paltry, indif-
ferent, fludarw soft. K.ns+rx NB I
62; Tonr-F.rk 287; Mtrrrn AIW 180 (to
Lat acce to be abby); Hor+n.tsrx
43 (to fludv to have an excess of mois-
ture); Oxioxs 101; Lrnv.xx GED 75
(with pre-Gmc *d, related to *blauaz);
Ltnn Expr. 267268; Hrirrnv.xxs 130
*blauaz adj.: ON blaur weak, efemi-
nate, OE ble gentle, timid, peaceful,
OS blth fearful, despondent, OHG bldi
apathetic, tedious. Related to *blautaz.
Woor MLN XV 326 (to Skt mlyati to
wither, to fade); Tonr-F.rk 287; Hor-
+n.tsrx AEEW 26; Pokonxv I 159;
Vnirs ANEW 43; Prr+rns IF XCIV
*blaun sb.f.: ON bleyi cowardice, OS
blth id., OHG bld apathy. Derived
from *blauaz. Vnirs ANEW 44; Hri-
rrnv.xxs 131.
*blaujanan wk.vb.: Goth blaujan to
make powerless, to bring to naught, ON
bleya to lose heart, OS part. gi-blthid
despondent, OHG blden to invalidate,
to fear. Derived from *blauaz. Tonr-
F.rk 287; Fris+ 99; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
26; K.ns+rx NB II 391392; Vnirs
ANEW 44; Lrnv.xx GED 75; Ltnn Expr.
*blenaz adj.: Goth blinds blind, ON
blindr id., OE blind id., OFris blind id., OS
blind id., OHG blint id. Related to Lith
blands unclean, bl.sti to sleep, to mix
food with our, Slav *bl\sti to err. Cf.
*blananan. Tonr-F.rk 285; Fris+ 100;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 27; Wissv.xx NP
82; K.ns+rx NB I 27; Fn.rxkrr
196197; S+.xo LS 15; Pokonxv I 157;
Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 85; Fn.rxkrr
Srrnorr 116; Lrnv.xx GED 7576;
B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 240241, 256; Hri-
rrnv.xxs 133134; Krtor-Srrnorr 119.
*blenn sb.f.: ON blindi blindness, OS
blindi id., OHG blint id. Derived from
*blenaz. Hrirrnv.xxs 134.
*blenjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-blindjan to
blind, to make blind, OFris blinda to
blindfold. Derived from *blenaz. Fris+
100; Vnirs ANEW 44; Hrirrnv.xxs 134.
*blenjanan wk.vb.: ON blinda to
blind, OFris blindia id. Derived from
*blenaz. Hrirrnv.xxs 134.
*bleuaz adj.: ON bljgr bashful, shy,
MHG bliuc id. See *blautaz? Tonr-F.rk
287288 (to Lith blktu to become
slack); Pokonxv I 159; Vnirs ANEW 44.
*bleusan ~ *bleusn sb.n./m.: ON
blys torch, OE blysa id. Connected with
*bhleus- in Gk peri-pefleusmnow pur
burned by re all around. Hor+n.t-
srx AEEW 28; Pokonxv I 159.
*blewwanan str.vb.: Goth bliggwan to
beat, to strike, ME blwe id., MLG
blouwen id., OHG bliuwan id. Of unknown
origin. Os+norr KZ III (NF) 8485 (to
Lat g to strike, to strike down); Woor
MLN XV 327328; Tonr-F.rk 287;
Fris+ 100; G+rns KZ LXXV 8086;
Pokonxv I 125 (to *balwan); Oxioxs 102;
Srrnorr 120122; Lixrrv.x Verschrfung
15.17, 20.4; Lrnv.xx GED 75; Krtor-
Srrnorr 119.
*blanan str.vb.: OE blwan to blow,
blankaz 48 blanan
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 48
OFris pret. sg. on-bl id., OHG part.
-blen id. Related to Lat id. Bnrvrn
PBB XI 278; Tonr-F.rk 283; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 26; W.rrr-Horv.xx
I 517; Jn.xxrssox IEW 627628;
Pokonxv I 121; Oxioxs 101102; Srr-
norr 117118.
*bljanan wk.vb.: MHG bljen to bleat.
Identical with Lat e to weep, to neigh,
Latv blju, blt to bleat, Slav *blj id.
(Hor+n.tsrx KZ XLVII 310). Tonr-
Pokonxv I 154155; S+.xo LS 15.
*blsanan str.vb.: Goth uf-blesan to
blow up, to boast, ON blsa to blow,
MLG blasen id., OHG blsan id. Em-
phatic derivative of *blanan. Tonr-F.rk
283; Hor+n.tsrx 26; Fris+ 511512;
121; Vnirs ANEW 42; Oxioxs 99; Srr-
norr 120; Lrnv.xx GED 373; Krtor-
Srrnorr 115.
*blsman adj.: ON indecl. blsma of
a ewe in heat, OLFrank sbst. blasmo
torch. Derived from *blsanan. Vnirs
ANEW 46.
*blstaz ~ *blstuz sb.m.: ON blstr
blast, breath, OE blst blast, OHG
blst breath. Derived from *blsanan.
Pokonxv I 121122; Vnirs ANEW
Lrnv.xx GED 373.
*blwaz adj.: ON blr blueish, dark blue,
OE bl-h()wen blueish, violet, OFris
blu blue, OS blo blueish, OHG blo
blue, purple. Related to Lat vus
golden yellow, OIr blr yellow, W blawr
grey, blue grey (Prnssox Beitrge 31).
Tonr-F.rk 285; Scnvrx+xrn FB 6974;
Hin+ Etym. 193 (from *mlo-, to Gk
mlaw black); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 25;
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 513514; K.ns+rx
NB II 191192; Pokonxv I 160; Vnirs
ANEW 42; Lrnv.xx Festschr. Starck
5758; Porovr RBPH XLIV 110112;
Hrirrnv.xxs 135; Krtor-Srrnorr 116.
*blikan sb.n.: ON blik gleam, OS blek
metal leaf , OHG bleh id. Related to
*blk( j)anan. Tonr-F.rk 286; Pokonxv I
Srrnorr 119; Krtor-Srrnorr 117.
*blikjanan wk.vb.: ON blika to shine,
OE blician id. Derived from *blikan.
Srrnorr 119.
*blikn sb.f.: ON blika ash, lightning,
OE ofer-blice surface. Derived from
*blikan. Srrnorr 119.
*blk(j)anan str.vb.: ON blkja to gleam,
OE blcan to shine, OFris blka id., OS
blkan id., OHG bi-blhhan id. A suxal
formation related to *bljaz. Cf. also Lith
blkti to pale, blykti to sparkle, to
shine, Slav *blstati to shine, *bliskati id.
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 27; Jn.xxrssox
IEW 644; Pokonxv I 156; Cnrvor.xo\
SGGJa I 84; Vnirs ANEW 44; Fn.rxkrr
46; Oxioxs 99; Srrnorr 118120; Gon
Origins 127; Krtor-Seebold 118.
*bln sb.f.: Goth bleiei benevolence,
mercy, OHG herz-bld joy. Derived
from *bl( j)az. Fris+ 99; Hrirrnv.xxs
132.
*bljanan wk.vb.: Goth bleijan to take
pity, to be merciful, OHG blden to
rejoice. Derived from *bl( j)az. Fris+
99; Vnirs ANEW 44; Hrirrnv.xxs
132.
*bl( j)az adj.: Goth bleis kind-hearted,
merciful, ON blr gentle, mild, OE
ble joyful, glad, merry, OS blthi shin-
ing, light, OHG bldi merry, glad. Con-
tinues *mlto- sweet, cf. Hitt miliddu- ~
maliddu-, Luw *mlitu- (Hrirrnv.xxs 133).
Jon.xssox PBB XV 226227 (to Skt
mlyati to fade, to wither); Tonr-F.rk
286; Btoor PBB XIII 181182 (separates
a prex *b-, further to Lith pa-leti to
pour in); Jon.xssox PBB XV 226227;
K.ns+rx NB II 443444; Pokonxv I
155; Vnirs ANEW 44; Z.rizxi.k I
132133.
*blwan sb.n.: ON bl lead, OFris bl id.,
blanan 49 blwan
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 49
OS bl id., OHG blo id. Identical with
Lith blvas violet blue. Further related to
*bljaz and WGmc *blwn color > OE
blo, OFris blen, OS bl, *blajjn > OE
ble blay (sh), gudgeon, MLG bleie id.,
G Blei(h)e id. Prnssox UU 1891 109,
173; Mtcn ZDADL XLII 163 (from
Celtic); Srxx JEGP XXXII 509; Tonr-
F.rk 287 (together with Gk mlubdow,
mlibow lead and Lat plumbum id., from
an unknown source); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
25, 27; Pokonxv I 155; Vnirs ANEW
4546; Z.rizxi.k I 146; Cnrvor.xo\
SGGJa I 81; Oxioxs 99; Lrnv.xx GED
*blanan str.vb.: OE blwan to blow,
to bloom, to blossom. Corresponds to
wk. *bljanan elsewhere: OFris blia,
OS bljan, OHG bluoen. Related to Lat
to blow, s bloom, ower, MIr
blth id. See *blanan. Tonr-F.rk 283
Horv.xx I 518519; Jn.xxrssox IEW
SGGJa I 101; Oxioxs 102; Srrnorr
121.
*blaaz ~ *bliaz adj.: ON bligr
bloody, OE bldi id., OFris bldich id.,
OS bldag id., OHG bluotag, bluotg id.
Derived from *blan. Vnirs ANEW 45.
*blajanan wk.vb.: ON blga to
make bleed, OHG bluotagn to make
bloody. Derived from *blaaz ~ *bli-
az. Vnirs ANEW 4445.
*blan sb.n.: Goth blo blood (with
*--), ON bl id., OE bld id., OFris bld
id., OS bld id., OHG bluot id. Deriva-
tionally identical to MIr blth blossom,
W blawd, OCorn blodon < IE *bhl-to- and
further connected with *blanan. Gnirx-
nrnorn Got. 52 (to Lat vus golden yel-
low); Hin+ Ablaut 90 (to Gk mlaw
black); Unrrxnrck PBB XXX 269270;
4445; Z.rizxi.k I 139; Oxioxs 101;
121 (to *bhel- to swell).
*bla-rauaz adj.: ON bl-raur
blood-red, OE bld-red id., early G blut-
rot id. Compound of *blan and *rauaz.
*bla-rennanz adj.: Goth bloa-rin-
nands blood-running, bleeding, OE bld-
yrnende having an issue of blood, OFris
bld-rennand id. Compound of *blan and
participle of *rennanan. C.nn Nom. comp.
*bla-risaz adj.: ON indecl. bl-risa
bruised and bloody, LG dial. Blut-rise id.
Cf. also OFris bld-risne bleeding wound,
MLG bltrisene id. Compound of *blan
and *risaz derived from *rsanan. Vnirs
ANEW 45.
*bljanan wk.vb.: ON bla to bleed,
OE bldan id., OFris blda id., MLG blden
id., OHG part. bluotenti bloody. Derived
from *blan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 27;
*blmjanan wk.vb.: ON blmask to
bloom, OHG bluomn id. Derived from
*blmn. Vnirs ANEW 45.
*blmn sb.m.: Goth bloma ower, ON
blmi bloom, blossom, OFris blma id.,
OS blmo id., OHG bluomo id. Derived
from *blanan. Hin+ Ablaut 90 (to Gk
blskv to go, to come, to pass); Mrir-
rr+ Etudes 178; Pr+rnssox KZ XLVII
290; Tonr-F.rk 284; Fris+ 100; Po-
konxv I 122; Z.rizxi.k I 153; Oxioxs
101; Srrnorr 122; Lrnv.xx GED 76;
Krtor-Srrnorr 121.
*blstaz sb.m.: ODan blstr blossom,
MHG bluost id. Derived from *blanan.
Pr+n BB XXI 210 (to Slav *blu ivy);
Lrnv.xx GED 76.
*blstran sb.n.: OHG bluostar sacrice.
A similar form can be reconstructed for
Gothic on the basis of gu-blostreis wor-
shiper of God. Derived from *bltanan.
Fris+ 228; Srrnorr 123; B.vvrsnrnorn
Nom. 87.
*blta-xsan sb.n.: ON blt-hs heathen
house of worship, OHG bluoz-hz tem-
ple. Compound of *bltan and *xsan.
*bltan sb.n.: ON blt sacrice, worship,
blwan 50 bltan
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 50
OE blt id. Related to *bltanan. Tonr-
*bltanan str.vb.: Goth blotan to serve
(God), to honor (through sacrice), ON
blta to worship, OE bltan to sacrice,
OHG bluozan id. Probably related to
*blanan. Btoor BB III 98 (to Lat men
sacricial priest < *bhld-men-); Gnirx-
nrnorn Got. 5152 (to OHG blz super-
bus); Os+norr BB XXIV 142 (same as
Btoor); Lorvrx+n.r ANF XXXV 231
(to *bhel- to swell); Mrnixorn ZG LIV
398399 (to Skt mlyati to wither, to
fade); Lorvrx+n.r PBB XLV 258259
(to *blan); Tonr-F.rk 287; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 28; Fris+ 100101; W.rrr-
Horv.xx 512513; Jn.xxrssox IEW
643; Kn.tsr GGA CCXII 54 (to Toch A
plc, B plce speech); Pokonxv I 154;
45; Srrnorr 122123; H.vr IF LXXIX
157 (to W blawdd to boast, to brag);
Ptn\rr KZ LXXIX 5 (follows W.rrr-
Honrv.xx); Lrnv.xx GED 76.
*b ptcl.: Goth -ba if, even if . Related to
Av b truly, Gk f as, Lith b so, yes,
b and, Slav *bo for, because (B.rrn
BSL LXVIII 39, 53). Gnirxnrnorn Got.
41 (syncopated form of *eb); B.n-
+norov.r 912; Josrrn IF LXXXVII
166169 (to Gk -sfa in msfa until);
Tn.t+v.xx BSW 2224; Fris+ 72;
Pokonxv I 113; Fn.rxkrr I 28, Gnomon
XXVIII 238; Fnisk II 10071008; Tnt-
n.cnr\ ESSJa II 141142; Lrnv.xx
GED 55.
*bbn sb.m.: ON b knave, rogue, OE
prop. Boba, Bofa, OS prop. Bvo, MLG
bve scam, scoundrel, Alam prop. Boabo,
MHG buobe boy, servant. Originally, a
nursery word. Pokonxv I 164 (short
form of *brar); Prnssox SVSU X 253 (to
Lat faba bean); Woor MP XI 324 (same
as Prnssox); Tonr-F.rk 272; Jn.xxrs-
sox IEW 583 (to Icel babba to say, to
talk, to chat); Vnirs ANEW 47.
*buz ~ *boaz sb.m.: ON bgr shoul-
der (of an animal), OE bo shoulder,
arm, OFris bg bow, branch, MLG bch
joint, shoulder, hip, OHG buog joint,
shoulder, hip (< *biz). Identical with
Toch A poke, B poko arm, Skt bh- arm,
fore-arm, Av bzu- arm, Gk pxuw
elbow. Ztri+z. Gutt. 205; B.n+no-
rov.r 955956; Tonr-F.rk 272; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 29; M.vnnorrn II 429;
Z.rizxi.k II 199; Fnisk II 531532;
Oxioxs 109110; Rix Sprache XXXII
Krtor-Srrnorr 143; Ar.vs TB 403.
*bjanan wk.vb.: OE bian to boast.
Identical with Lat 1 sg. *fr to speak <
*f--r, Slav *baj, *bajati to tell, to nar-
rate (Hor+n.tsrx KZ XLVIII 238239;
Bntov.xx Grundri II/3 100, 197).
Further related to IE *bh- to speak: Skt
bhnati, Gk fhm. Mrirrr+ BSL XX 31,
Horv.xx I 525526; M.vnnorrn II
469470; Pokonxv I 106; Fnisk II
10091010; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa I 138
139.
*bka-listiz sb.f.: ON bk-list book learn-
ing, OHG pl. masc. buoh-liste id. Com-
pound of *bkz and *listiz. C.nn Nom.
*bka-stabaz sb.m.: ON bk-stafr letter,
character (if not from OE), OE bc-stf
id., OS bk-staf id., OHG buoh-stab id.
Compound of *bks and *stabaz. Knoo-
v.xx IF XLVIII 268; Tonr-F.rk 272;
Vnirs ANEW 48; Ennixon.ts GL XXI
Srrnorr 142 (ON < OE).
*bkjan ~ *bkjn sb.n./f.: ON bki
beech, OE bce id., OS bkia id. Derived
from *bkz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 28;
Pokonxv I 107; Oxioxs 8485.
*bk sb.f.: Goth boka letter, character,
OS bka beech, OHG buohha id. (- and
n-stem). See *bkz. Fons+rnv.x KZ I
237; Tonr-F.rk 271272; Fris+ 102
Lrnv.xx GED 77; Krtor-Srrnorr 141.
*bkjanan wk.vb.: ON bka to arm by
oath on the book, OE bcian to give by
bltan 51 bkjanan
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 51
charter, to charter, OFris bkia id., MLG
bken id. Derived from *bkz. Hor+-
*bkz sb.f.: ON bk beech; book, OE bc
beech (partly neut.), OFris bk book,
OS bk beech (also neut.), OHG buoh
beech (also neut. and masc.). Related to
Gk fhgw oak, Lat fgus beech, Gaul
bgo- in compounds, Slav *bz elder,
Sambucus (Hoors Waldbume 126).
Wissv.xx Buche passim; Os+norr BB
XXIX 249251 (from *bhu-); Ztri+z.
Gutt. 214; B.n+norov.r IF IX 271272
(on Kurd bz elm < Iran *bz-); Tonr-
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 445446; Fris+
102103; P.rrn FuS 155160; Pokonxv
I 107; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 90; Vnirs
ANEW 4748; Z.rizxi.k II 206; Fnisk II
1008; Oxioxs 107; L.xr KZ LXXXI
nrnorn Nom. 197198; Gnirrrx+noo
Wurzelnomina 4145; Krtor-Srrnorr
141.
*bniz sb.f.: ON bn prayer, request, OE
bn prayer, petition. A derivative in *-ni-
of *bjanan. Cf. in particular Arm ban
word, speech < *bh-ni-, and also Gk
fvn sound, tone. Tonr-F.rk 256;
v.xx I 525526; Pokonxv I 105106;
Szrvrnrxvi KZ XLIII 122123 (to
*bijan); B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 148.
*bsmaz sb.m.: OE bsum bosom, OFris
bsem, bsm id., OS bsom id., OHG buo-
sum id. Continues *bhs-mo- related to Skt
bbhasti to blow, Gk cxv id. Tonr-
F.rk 272 (from *b-sma- related to
*buz ~ *baz); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
31; Pokonxv I 101 (to IE *bheu- to
swell), 146; Oxioxs 108; Krtor-Srrnorr
147.
*bta-lausaz adj.: ON bta-lauss getting
no redress, OFris bt-ls id. Compound
of *bt and *lausaz. C.nn Nom. comp.
*btjanan wk.vb.: Goth btjan to do
good, to be of use, ON bta to better, to
improve, OE btan id., OFris bta id., OS
btian id., OHG buozen to help, to excul-
pate. Derived from *bt. Tonr-F.rk
Krtor-Srrnorr 147.
*bt sb.f.: Goth bota advantage, benet,
good, usefulness, prot, ON bt cure,
remedy, compensation (traces of root
stem), OE bt help, OFris bte improve-
ment, OS bta id., OHG buoza id.
Connected with *batiz. Woor MP XI
323 (to Skt bht- well-being, prosperity,
power); Tonr-F.rk 258; Hor+n.tsrx
Srrnorr 147.
*b sb.f.: OSwed b hut, MLG bde
id., MHG buode id. Related to *bw(w)a-
nan. Pokonxv I 149.
*b(u) num.: Goth pl. bai both, ON b-ir
id., OE been (< *b-jen), b id., OFris b-
the id., OS b-thia id., OHG b-de, bei-de
id. Related to the second element of
Toch A mpi, B ant-api id., Skt u-bhu id.,
Gk mfv id., Lat amb id., Lith ab id.,
Slav *oba id. Sir\rns PBB X 495 (on
OE); Scnvir+ KZ XXVI 384; Mrnixorn
KZ XXVIII 235237 (Goth -ai under the
inuence of twai two); Tonr-F.rk 255
(Goth -o- in bajos id. = Lat -t- in nos-
trtes ours); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 29;
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 37; Fris+ 74, 77;
Fn.rxkrr 1; Fnisk I 100; Vnirs ANEW
22; Oxioxs 109; Lixrrv.x Verschrfung
11.6; Lrnv.xx GED 56; J.s.xorr BSL
LXXI 123131 (Toch < *Hent-bho-);
Srrnorr 93; Ross-Brnxs Numerals 571
573; Ar.vs TB 14; Btnr.k IFTJa 238;
Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*bw(w)anan str.vb.: Goth bauan to
dwell, to inhabit (partly wk.), ON ba to
dwell, to live, OE ban to dwell (partly
wk.), OFris buwa, bowa id., OS ban id.
Related to Skt bhvati to become, to be,
Av bavaiti id., Gk fv to grow, Alb buj
bkjanan 52 bw(w)anan
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 52
~ bj to state overnight, Lat perf. fu
to be, Lith bti id., Slav *byti id. See
*bewwanan. Scnvir+ KZ XXVI 14
(Goth -au- < *-w-); Krtor PBB VI
381383; B.n+norov.r 927933; Tonr-
8384; Jn.xxrssox IEW 604605;
146149; Fn.rxkrr 68; Fnisk II 1052
1054; Srrnorr 124128 (specically to
Skt bhvayati to bring into being and
Slav *baviti to be slow, to stay);
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa I 168170, III 155;
86; Onrr AED 39.
*bwwiz sb.m.: ON br town, village,
farm, OFris half be half of the house.
Derived from *bw(w)anan. Srrnorr
126.
*bwwjanan wk.vb.: ON byggja to settle,
to inhabit, OE ban to inhabit, to stay,
OFris bwa id., OS ban id., OHG ben,
bwen id. Derived from *bw(w)anan.
Srrnorr 125.
*braan ~ *braaz sb.n/m.: ON
brag moment, quick movement, OE
brgd deceit, fraud, OFris breud pulling.
Derived from *breanan. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 32; Vnirs ANEW 52; V.x Wixrr-
krxs I 387 (to Toch A prak, B prentse
moment).
*branan sb.n.: OE bren brain, OFris
brein id., MLG bragen, bragen, bregen id. A
dicult word. Perhaps, originally an
adjective *branan (mazan) upper (mar-
row) derived from IE *bher6h- high and
opposed to *maziz ~ *mazan proper.
On the other hand, the original mean-
ing of *branan could be *head. For the
formation and meaning cf. Av bar6nu-
height, head. Tonr-F.rk 279; Hor-
+n.tsrx AEEW 32 (to Gk brexmw top of
the head); Oxioxs 113.
*braxsmn sb.f.: Norw dial. brasma
bream (a kind of sh), OS bressemo id.
(masc.), OHG brahsmo id. (masc.), brahsma
id. Probably derived from *brexanan ~
*brexjanan (Tonr-F.rk 278). Pokonxv I
142 (to *bher6- to shine).
*braiaz adj.: Goth brais broad, ON
breir id., OE brd id., OFris brd id., OS
brd id., OHG breit id. Probably from
*bhroi-to- based on IE *bhrei- to cut
(Wirrrv.xx BB XXVIII 35). Brzzrx-
nrnorn BB III 81 (to Lith beti to pour
out, to empty); Pr+rnssox IF XXIII 392
(same as Brzzrxnrnorn, adds Lat frns
forehead); Gnirxnrnorn Got. 53 (to
Lat brtus heavy, dicult < *bhroito-);
Jon.xssox KZ XXX 451 (to Gk bryw
heavy); Btoor PBB XXIV 453454
(reconstructs *bhor6do-); K.ns+rx NB I 58;
Sirns KZ XXXVII 306 (to *spranan and
Lith brdoti to stand at arrest while wad-
ing); Lorvrx+n.r WuS X 166167
(from *bhr-oitos wall-eyed); Tonr-F.rk
Tnirn Lehm 43; Vnirs ANEW 55; Oxioxs
Nom. 252; Hrirrnv.xxs 136137 (to
*spranan); Krtor-Srrnorr 134.
*braiislan sb.n.: ON breizl cover, OE
masc. (?) brdels anything spread, carpet,
covering. Derived from *braiaz. Hor+-
*brain sb.f.: Goth braidei breadth, OE
brdo id., OFris brde id., OHG breit id.
Derived from *braiaz. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 32; Fris+ 104; Oxioxs 115; Hri-
rrnv.xxs 137.
*braijanan wk.vb.: Goth us-braidjan to
spread out, ON breia to spread, OE
brdan to make broad, OS brdian to
spread, OHG breiten id. Derived from
*braiaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 32; Fris+
529; Vnirs ANEW 55; Lrnv.xx GED 79;
Hrirrnv.xxs 137.
*brain sb.f.: ON breia drift, ock, OE
brde breadth, MLG brde id., OHG
hant-breita palm. Derived from *braiaz.
Hrirrnv.xxs 136.
*brakan sb.n.: ON brak creaking noise,
OE brc breaking, owing, rheum,
MLG brak burst, fracture, MHG brach
noise. Derived from *brekanan. Similar to
bw(w)anan 53 brakan
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 53
Lat fragor fragility. Os+norr Morph.
Unt. V 100 (adds OIr braigim to fart <
*bhrag); Tonr-F.rk 277; Fris+ 104 (sep-
arates *brakan from *brekanan); Pokonxv
I 165; Vnirs ANEW 53; Srrnorr 133;
Lrnv.xx GED 79 (to Lat fragor crash,
noise).
*brakjanan wk.vb.: ON braka to creak,
OS brakn to crash, MHG braken id.
Derived from *brakan. Vnirs ANEW 53;
Srrnorr 133.
*brakn sb.m.: Norw brake juniper bush,
E brake bush, MLG brake branch. De-
rived from *brekanan. Tonr-F.rk 277;
Pokonxv I 165.
*brana-rai sb.f.: ON brand-rei
grate, OE brand-rd branding rod, OS
brande-rda grate, OHG brante-reita id.
Compound of *branaz II and *rai.
C.nn Nom. comp. 46.
*branaz I sb.m.: ON brandr rebrand,
OE brand id., OFris brand id., OS brand
id., OHG brant id. Derived from *bren-
nanan (Cn.nrrx+irn KZ XL 462). Tonr-
144145; Vnirs ANEW 5354; Z.riz-
xi.k I 129 (identies *branaz I and II);
Oxioxs 114; Srrnorr 138; Krtor-Srr-
norr 130.
*branaz II sb.m.: ON brandr blade of a
sword, OE brand sword (if not from ON),
MHG brant id. Related to Lat frns fore-
head (Pr+rnssox KZ XXXIX 392). It
can also be just a metaphoric usage of
*branaz I. Pr+rnssox IF XXIV 4042
(to *buran); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 32;
Vnirs ANEW 53; Z.rizxi.k I 129; Oxioxs
114 (identical with *branaz I).
*bran(n) sb.f.: ON branga quarrel (?)
(hap. leg.), MLG brank ght. Unclear.
F.rk Festschr. Bugge Kr. 1314 (to
*pran( j)anan); Vnirs ANEW 53.
*brannjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-brannjan to
burn (trans.), ON brenna id., OE brnan
to kindle, to light, to burn, OFris barna
to burn (trans.), OS gi-brennian id., OHG
brennen id. Causative of *brennanan.
Fris+ 176; Vnirs ANEW 56; Oxioxs 128;
Srrnorr 137; Lrnv.xx GED 80; Krtor-
*brannjn sb.f.: ON brenna re, OHG
brenne-friscing burning oering. Derived
from *brannjanan. Srrnorr 138.
*brantaz adj.: ON brattr steep, OE brant
high, deep, steep. Probably related to
Latv bruds roof ridge (Prnssox KZ
XXXIII 292: Latv brudin id.). Tonr-
K.ns+rx NB II 229230; Pokonxv I 167;
54 (to *branaz II); Hrirrnv.xxs 137.
*brastjanan wk.vb.: ON brasta to
bluster, OHG brastn to pelt down, to
patter. Derived from *brestanan. Cnr-
vor.xo\ SGGJa I 75; Srrnorr 139.
*brauan sb.n.: Crim. Goth broe bread,
ON brau id., OE bred bit, morsel,
OFris brd bread, OS brd id., OHG brt
id. Continues IE *bhrou-t- related to
*brewwanan (F.rk ANF XLI 117118).
Another accentual and apophonic type of
the same derivative in *-to- is represented
by *bruan. Prnssox SVSU X 784785;
Scnnorrn NGWG [1910] 1315 (Goth
broe < *broet); Tonr-F.rk 281; Hor+n.t-
srx IF XLVII 329 (reconstructs Goth
*broc = OHG brocko hunk, chunk),
AEEW 33; Woor MLN XXV 72 (to Skt
bhrvati to chew, to devour); Fris+ 106;
Z.rizxi.k I 139; S+r.nxs CG 132 (fol-
lows Scnnorrn), Oxioxs 115; Srrnorr
143; Lrnv.xx GED 8081; B.vvrsnrn-
orn Nom. 79; Krtor-Srrnorr 137.
*brauskaz adj.: ON breyskr brittle, MLG
brsch id., G dial. brausch brittle, dry.
Despite morphological diculties, de-
rived from *breutanan. Hor+n.tsrx KZ
XLVII 311; Tonr-F.rk 282; Pokonxv I
169; Vnirs ANEW 56 (reconstructs
*brautiskaz); Hrirrnv.xxs 138.
*brautjanan wk.vb.: ON breyta to alter,
to change, OE brytan to break. Causa-
tive of *breutanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
brakan 54 brautjanan
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 54
*brazaz ~ *brezaz sb.m.: Norw dial.
bradd shore, bank, OE breord brim, mar-
gin, rim, OHG brart edge, prow of a
ship. Related to *bruzaz. Tonr-F.rk
266.
*brean sb.n.: ON brig change, breach
(also fem.), OE brid change, variety.
Derived from *breanan. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 34; Vnirs ANEW 56.
*breanan str.vb.: ON brega to move
swiftly, OE bredan to move to and fro,
to vibrate, OFris breida to pull, to tug,
OS part. brugdun knitted, tied, OHG bret-
tan to pull, to tug. Derived from *brekanan.
However, if moving swiftly or vibrating
are older meanings, one could derive
this verb from *brexanan ~ *brexjanan.
33; Fris+ 103104; Jn.xxrssox IEW
621623; Pokonxv I 142 (to *bher6- to
shine); Vnirs ANEW 55 (to *bher-
fence); Oxioxs 113; Srrnorr 129132;
Lrnv.xx GED 79 (to *brw ~ *brxw);
Hrirrnv.xxs 140.
*brexanan ~ *brexjanan str./wk.vb.:
ON brj, br to icker (wk.), MHG bre-
hen to light up (str. and wk.). Connected
with Skt bhrate to shine, to glitter, Gk
forkn: leukn, polin, =usn, Hes.
Tonr-F.rk 278 (to Lith mrkti to shut
(eyes), Slav *mrknti to become dark,
Gk marssv to sparkle, to twinkle);
M.vnnorrn II 532 (the comparison with
Skt subjective Auswahl bleiben mu);
*brekan sb.n.: ON brek fraudulent pur-
chase of land, OE brec breaking, crash,
noise, MLG brek aiction, shortage.
Derived from *brekanan. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 33; Vnirs ANEW 55; Srrnorr
132133.
*brekanan str.vb.: Goth brikan to break,
OE brecan id., OFris breka id., OS brekan
id., OHG brehhan id. Related to Lat frang
id., Lith brti to whisk (Ctn+its Gr. Et.
542). Cf. WGmc derivative *brkaz ~
*brkan > OE brc brook, MLG brk
marsh, OHG bruoh swamp. Ztri+z.
Gutt. 196, 214; Tonr-F.rk 277278 (*br-
kaz ~ *brkan to Gk bragw: low, Hes.);
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 33, 35; W.rrr-
Horv.xx I 541; Fris+ 105106;
Pokonxv I 165; Fn.rxkrr 35; Oxioxs
115, 120; Srrnorr 132135; Lrnv.xx
*brekn sb.m.: ON breki breaker, OE
wier-breca adversary, OHG hs-brehho
burglar. Derived from*brekanan. Hor+-
Srrnorr 133.
*brem(m)anan str.vb.: OE bremman to
roar, to rage, OHG pret. bram rugie-
bam (*-m-), MHG brimmen to roar.
Identical with Lat frem to roar, to re-
sound, W brefu to bleat (Scntrzr KZ
XLV 55; Fick II 184). Prnssox Beitrge
36 (on Gk brmv to roar with initial
*b-); Os+norr Morph. Unt. V 9394 (from
*mrem-); Tonr-F.rk 279; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 3334; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 544
545; Pokonxv I 143; Srrnorr 135136.
*brenaz ~ brenn sb.m.: Swed brind,
brinde elk, Norw bringe id. Close to
Messap brndon: lafon (Hes.), brn-
tion: kefal to lfou (Strabo),
brunda caput cervi (isid.). Cf. Lith bredis
deer, OPrus braydis mooze and Alb bri
~ br horn. Brzzrxnrnorn BB XXIII
299300; Lovrx+n.r WuS XI 60; Tonr-
F.rk 279; M.vrn KZ LXVI 7577,
8789 (on onomastics containing this
stem); Pokonxv I 168169; Fn.rxkrr 57;
Torono\ PJa I 244245; Onrr AED
3637.
*brenanan str.vb.: Goth briggan to
bring, OE brinan id., OFris bringa id.,
OS bringan id., OHG bringan id. Related
to IE *bhrenk- in W he-brwng to bring, to
lead, Toch B prk- to take away.
Bntov.xx IF XII 155158 (from *bher-
to carry and *ene- to reach); G.t-
+nio+ Mlanges Saussure 119121 (follows
Bntov.xx); Jon.xssox PBB XV 227228
(prex *b-; related to Gk =mfa quick,
fast); Ztri+z. Gutt. 209; Tonr-F.rk 279;
Prrrnsrx KZ XXXIX 354 (to Arm
banam to exalt < *bhorh-n-); Hor+n.t-
srx AEEW 34; Fris+ 105; Pokonxv I
brazaz 55 brenanan
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 55
168; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 111; Oxioxs
118; Srrnorr 136137; Lrnv.xx GED
*brenn sb.f.: ON bringa breast, chest,
OE brin-dl epilepsy. Derived from
*brenanan. Tonr-F.rk 279 (to Icel bringr
hill, and further to Lith brnkti to soak).
*brenkaz sb.m.: ON fem. brekka slope,
ME neut. brinke bank, shore, MLG brink
edge of a eld, hill. Close to Toch B
prenke island (V.x Wixrrkrxs I 387).
Ztri+z. Gutt. 197198 (from IE *mreng-
and further to *markan); Tonr-F.rk 277
(to *brekanan); Pokonxv I 167; Vnirs ANEW
55; Oxioxs 118; Lrncnxrn 5051;
Krtor-Srrnorr 136 (to *barmaz II).
*brennanan str.vb.: Goth brinnan to burn
(intr.), ON brinna, brenna id., OE beornan
id., OFris burna id., OS brinnan id., OHG
brinnan id. Of unknown origin. It is not
clear whether ON brimi re, ME brim
embers belong here. Ktnx KZ I 201;
Brzzrxnrnorn BB XII 77 (to Lat furnus
stove); S+n.cn.x BB XX 12 (to MIr do-
e-prinn auit); Ann.n.vsox NTU VIII
1521; Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. II 477478;
Prnssox Beitrge 784 (from *bhren--);
Pokonxv I 144145 (to IE *bhreu- to
move violently); Vnirs ANEW 5657;
Oxioxs 128; Srrnorr 137138 (to * g
her-
to burn); Lrnv.xx GED 80; Krtor-
Srrnorr 134.
*brennn sb.f.: Goth brinno fever, OHG
brinna burning, pain. Derived from
*brennanan. Fris+ 106; Srrnorr 137.
*brestanan str.vb.: ON bresta to burst,
OE berstan id., OFris bersta id., OS brestan
id., OHG brestan id. Related to OIr bris-
sim to break. Tonr-F.rk 280; Hor-
+n.tsrx AEEW 21; Jn.xxrssox IEW
640641; Pokonxv I 169 (to MIr brosc
noise); Vnirs ANEW 56; Oxioxs 129;
Srrnorr 139; Krtor-Srrnorr 100 (to
*brekanan).
*brestuz sb.m.: ON brestr outburst, crash,
OE berst loss, OHG bresto destruc-
tion, damage. Derived from *brestanan.
Vnirs ANEW 56.
*breuskan sb.n.: ON brjsk gristle, MLG
brsche bump. Probably related to
*brustz. Tonr-F.rk 281282; Pokonxv
I 171.
*breusta-ber sb.f.: ON brjst-bjrg
breastplate, OE brost-beor id. (masc.).
Compound of *breustan and *ber.
*breustan sb.n.: ON brjst breast, OE
brost id. (also fem. and masc.), OFris
briast id., OS pl. briost id. An ablaut vari-
ant of *brustz. Structurally close to Slav
*brust calf (anat.), *brustv id.
(Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa III 3435). Gnivv-
Gnivv II 443 (inuenced by *breutanan);
Krtor Btrg. Gesch. VIII 510; Tonr-F.rk
Oxioxs 116; Lrnv.xx GED 82; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 200; Krtor-Srrnorr 140.
*breutanan str.vb.: ON brjta to break,
OE bretan to bruise, to break, MHG
briezen to bud. Of unclear origin.
Tonr-F.rk 281282 (to Lith briutis to
penetrate); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 34;
Woor MP V 270271 (to IE *bhreu- to
cut o); Prnssox UU 1891 125 (to *bar-
janan); Tnirn Holz 81; Jn.xxrssox IEW
58; S+.xo NTS XX 239242, LS 16;
Konrrn 715.
*brewwanan str.vb.: ON part. brugginn to
brew (beer), OE brewan id., OFris past
part. browen id., OFris brouwa id., OS
part. gebreuuan id., MLG brouwen id.,
MHG briuwen, brwen id. Related to Lith
briuti to push, Slav *brujati to buzz, to
ow. See *bruan. Tonr-F.rk 281;
IEW 619621; Pokonxv I 145 (to *bren-
nanan); Vnirs ANEW 60; Oxioxs 117;
Srrnorr 143144; Lixrrv.x Verschrfung
17.6; Krtor-Srrnorr 132.
*branan str.vb.: OSwed part. brdhin
melted, OE brdan to roast, to broil,
brenanan 56 branan
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 56
OFris brda id., MLG braden id., OHG
brtan id. Can be connected with *brja-
nan. Tonr-F.rk 263264; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 32 (to *braz); Fris+ 104105;
132133; Vnirs ANEW 62; Srrnorr
Srrnorr 131 (to IE * g
her- to burn).
*braz adj.: ON brr hasty, sudden,
OE sbst. br odor, scent, breath. De-
rived from *brjanan. Perhaps, further
related to Lat fretum, fretus raging, swelling,
heat, violence. Tonr-F.rk 263; Hor+-
I 546547; Pokonxv I 132 133 (to IE
*bher- to boil up); Vnirs ANEW 52;
Oxioxs 116.
*brjanan wk.vb.: ON bra to melt,
OE brdan to roast. Derived from
*branan. Tonr-F.rk 263; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 32; Srrnorr 129.
*br(n) sb.f./m.: ON br raw
meat, OE brde roasted meat, OS brdo
ham, OHG brto meat, roasted meat.
Related to *branan. Tonr-F.rk 263;
Krtor-Srrnorr 131.
*brxw ~ *braxwan sb.f./n.: Goth
bra twinkling (of an eye) (only in the
context of in braa augins n =ip
fyalmo), ON br eyelid, OFris g-br
id., OS slegi-brwa, brha eyelid, brow,
OHG brwa eyelid, brow. Cf. also OE
masc. brw eyelid < *brwiz ~ *brxwiz.
Derived from *brexanan ~ *brexjanan.
Ktnx KZ I 134 (to IE *bhreu- brow);
Fick KZ XX (1872) 178; Sri+zrn I 350,
463 (follows Ktnx); Jon.xssox KZ XXX
445448 (to Lith mrkti to motion);
Nonrrx SVSU V/3 7; Tonr-F.rk
103104; Srrcn+ 83, 162 (to Lat frns
forehead); Pokonxv I 142; Vnirs ANEW
5152 (to *breanan); Z.rizxi.k II 192;
Oxioxs 112; Lrnv.xx GED 7879 (to IE
*bhrek- to gleam); Krtor-Srrnorr 131
132; Ar.vs TB 418419 (to Toch B preke
time, occasion).
*brjanan wk.vb.: Crim. Goth breen to
roast, MDu bryen id., MHG brjen to
smell. A distant connection with Skt
bhurti to move, Gk porf,rv to heave,
to rise is possible. Fick I 696 (to Lat
fretum, in its metaphoric meaning: fretus
ipse anni permiscet frigus et aestum, Lucr. 6,
364); Gnirxnrnorn ZdPh XXX 133;
Bnrvrn PBB XI 279; Hor+n.tsrx PBB
LXVI 268; Fris+ 104105; Pokonxv I
132133; Lrnv.xx GED 79 (to IE *bher-
to boil up).
*brima-lai sb.f.: ON brim-lei sea, OE
brim-ld sea-way. Compound of *briman
and *lai. C.nn Nom. comp. 54.
*briman sb.n.: Burg *brim ood, ON
brim surf , ME brim surf, sea. Related to
Gk frimv to snort and leap (of ani-
mals) (Fnornrr BB XVII 310). Cn.n-
rrx+irn IF XXIX 376 (to Skt bhrmati to
move around); Pokonxv I 133 (to
*braz); Vnirs ANEW 5657; Fnisk II
1043; Konrrn 709.
*brkz sb.f.: ON brk tartan cloth,
breeches, OE brc breeches, OFris brk
id., MLG brk id., OHG ln-bruoh stock-
ing. The relations with Gaulish brca
breeches, MIr brc id., OPrus broakay id.
are not clear. The latter is probably from
Gmc. Mtcn ZDADL XLII 170 (to *bre-
kanan); S+okrs IF II 168 (to Lat frgr to
emit a smell, to smell); Zivvrn KZ XXX
8788 (MIr brc trousers < Gmc);
J.nrno WuS IX 148151 (from Celtic);
J.consonx ZDADL LXVI 244246 (same
as J.nrno); Pokonxv I 165; Vnirs ANEW
Binkn.x GuK 402; Torono\ PJa I
253254; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 198; Gnir-
rrx+noo Wurzelnomina 6290; Krtor-
Srrnorr 138.
*brr sb.m.: Goth broar brother,
ON brir id., OE bror id., OFris
brther id., OS brthar id., OHG bruodar
id. Continues IE *bhrter- id.: Toch A
pracar, B procer, Skt bhrtar-, Av brtar-,
Gk Ion frthr: delfow (Hes.), Arm
ebayr, Lat frter, OIr brth(a)ir, OPrus
brti, Slav *bratr. Kirckrns HG 95;
branan 57 brr
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 57
B.n+norov.r 971972; Tonr-F.rk 280
Horv.xx I 541542; Fris+ 106107;
163164; Z.rizxi.k I 157; Vnirs ANEW
58; Fnisk II 10391040; Oxioxs 121;
Brx\rxis+r IEL 172; Szrvrnrxvi Kinship
2528; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa II 238; Lrn-
v.xx GED 81; H.vr KZ CIII 102103;
B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 208; Krtor-
Srrnorr 138139 Ar.vs TB 421422;
Btnr.k IFTJa 250.
*brur-bann sb.m.: ON brur-bani
fratricide, OE bror-bana id. Compound
of *brr and *bann. C.nn Nom. comp.
54.
*bruj(n) sb.f.: ON bryggja landing-stage,
pier, OE bryc bridge, OFris bregge,
brigge id., OS bruggia id., OHG brugga id.
A guttural derivative connected with
Gaul brva bridge < *bhr, Slav *brv
id. Cf. also ON br bridge < *brw.
Ktnx KZ I 134 (to Skt bhr- brow, eye-
brow, Gk frw id.); Mrnixorn WuS
I 189; Tonr-F.rk 281; L.xr Language
IX 253254; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 37;
Pokonxv I 173; Vnirs ANEW 59, 6162;
Z.rizxi.k II 179; Srrnorr IF LXXXVII
189191; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa III 7172;
Krtor-Srrnorr 138.
*brun sb.f.: Norw dial. brogn, brogne
twig, OE bron(e) id. Closely related to
W brwyn-en bulrush, OCorn brunnen jun-
cus, scirpus, Bret broenn-enn < *bhrugh-no-.
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 36; Pokonxv I 174.
*brukn sb.m.: Goth ga-bruka broken
piece, crumb, OE e-broc broken piece,
fragment (neut.), OHG brocko a kind of
biscuit. Comparison with *brekanan (Ctn-
+its Gr. Et. 542; Gtx+rn+ Ablaut 54,
7986) is impeded by the vocalism of
*brukn (but cf. *brunjaz ~ *brunn).
Tonr-F.rk 277; Hin+ Idg. Gr. II 82;
Lrnv.xx GED 134.
*bruman sb.n.: ON brum bud, OHG
brom id. Probably from *bruman, related
to *brun. Btoor BB III 99 (to Lat frns
foliage, branch, bow); Lirrx Studien 96
(same as Btoor); Tonr-F.rk 105 (follow
Btoor); Pokonxv I 142; Vnirs ANEW 60
(to OE brm shrub from which besoms
are made, broom).
*brunan sb.m.: Swed brnad conagra-
tion, OE brna a kind of disease,
OHG bronado scab, rash. Derived from
*brunjaz ~ *brunn. Tonr-F.rk 263.
*brunjaz ~ *brunn sb.m.: ON
bruni burned lava-eld, OE bryne burn-
ing, ame, re. Related to *brennanan.
Vnirs ANEW 61.
*brunjn sb.f.: Goth brunjo armor, breast-
plate, ON brynja coat of mail, OE byrne
corslet, coat of mail, OS brunnia id.,
OHG brunna, brunn id. Borrowed from
Celtic, cf. OIr bruinne breast, OW bronn
id., Bret bronn id. (S+okrs Urkelt. 184).
Gnirxnrnorn Got. 53 (to *brw);
Wirrrv.xx BB XXVII 235 (to Alb mbrej
to harness, brinj rib); Woor MLN XIII
82 (to *bher- to carry); Pr+rnssox IF
XXIII 390392 (to Lat frns forehead);
41; Fris+ 107108; Sz.rnovskv GRM
XXXI 273; Pokonxv I 170; Vrxrnvrs
B-104105; Vnirs ANEW 62; Z.rizxi.k
I 155; Lrnv.xx GED 8182; Krtor-
Srrnorr 139 (to *brustz).
*brunnn sb.m.: Goth brunna fountain,
source, ON brunnr, brur spring, well
(from *brunnaz), OE burna stream, OFris
burna spring, well, OS brunno, burno id.,
OHG brunno id. Based on an r/l-stem
reected in Arm abiwr fount, Gk fr`r
well, reservoir. Jon.xssox BB XVIII
37; S+okrs Urkelt. 172 (to MIr bruinnid to
make spout); Os+rx-S.ckrx IF XXIII
379 (to Slav *brujati to stream); W.rrr
KZ XXXIV 517; Tonr-F.rk 264;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 39; Fris+ 108,
xi.k II 178; Fnisk II 10401041; Oxioxs
139140.
*brunstiz sb.f.: Goth ala-brunsts burnt
oering, OHG brunst re, burning, in-
brr 58 brunstiz
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 58
ammation. Derived from *brennanan.
Tonr-F.rk 263; Fris+ 3334; Srrnorr
Srrnorr 140.
*bruskaz sb.m.: Norw brusk bush, LG
brsch hair-lock. Close to Lith pl. br~zgai
scrub, copse, bush, brzgas rod, twig.
Fick III 282; Tonr-F.rk 282; Pokonxv I
172; Fn.rxkrr 61.
*brustz sb.f.: Goth brusts breast, OFris
brust id., MLG borst id., OHG brust id.
(also an i-stem). Identical with Slav
*brst, *brst bud. Gnivv DW II
443 (to *breutanan); Ztri+z. Gutt. 129;
Btoor PBB XIII 320322 (to Slav pl.
*prsi breast); Gnirxnrnorn Got. 5354
(to *brw); Unrrxnrck PBB XXX 271;
Jon.xssox IF XIX 117118 (to Slav
*brdo hill, elevation); Pr+rnssox IF
XXIII 391 (to IE *bhreus- to swell);
Tonr-F.rk 283; Fris+ 108109; Pokonxv
I 170171 (to OIr br belly); Cnrvo-
Z.rizxi.k II 206; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa III
Nom. 200; Gnirrrx+noo Wurzelnomina
463471; Krtor-Srrnorr 139140 (to
Slav *grd breast).
*brutan sb.n.: ON brot broken piece, frag-
ment, OE e-brot fragment. Derived
from *breutanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 36;
Vnirs ANEW 59; Srrnorr 141; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 56.
*brutjjanan wk.vb.: ON brytja to chop,
OE bryttian to divide into fragments.
Related to *brutjn. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
38; Pokonxv I 169; Vnirs ANEW 62.
*brutjn sb.m.: ON bryti steward, baili,
OE brytta bestower, dispenser, distribu-
tor. Derived from *breutanan. Tonr-
Srrnorr 141; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 182.
*bruan sb.n.: ON bro broth, OE bro
id., OHG brod id. Continues IE *bhrto-
identical with OIr bruth heat, Thrac
brtow barley beer, brotow: t k
kriyn pma, Hes. (Tov.scnrk Thr. II/1
7) further belonging to IE *bhreu- to
move strongly, see *brewwanan. Tonr-
Dr+scnrv Thr. 93; Pokonxv I 145;
Gronoir\ Issledov. 119; Vnirs ANEW 58;
Z.rizxi.k I 139; Oxioxs 121; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 79.
*bruzaz sb.m.: ON broddr spike, shaft,
OE brord prick, sharp point, OHG brort
edge, stem. Continues *bhruzdhos <
*bhrus-dh-. Related to Lith bruzdklis bri-
dle, Slav *brzda id. Prrrnsrx IF V 73;
Mrirrr+ Etudes I 156; Tonr-F.rk 266;
Tn.t+v.xx BSW 39; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 36; Pokonxv I 110; Fn.rxkrr I
Oxioxs 112; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa III 62.
*bruzjanan wk.vb.: ON brydda to prick,
to point, OE bryrdan to prick, to goad.
Derived from *bruzaz. Hor+n.tsrx
*bri-umn sb.m.: ON br-gumi
bridegroom, OE brd-guma id., OFris
breid-goma id., OS brdi-gomo id., OHG
brti-gomo id. Compound of *briz
and *umn. Tonr-F.rk 282; Scnvir+
ZDADL LI 28287; C.nn Nom. comp. 46;
Prr+rns KZ XC 89; Krtor-Srrnorr
132133.
*bri-xlaupan sb.n.: ON br-laup
brides journey, OFris br-lop id. Cf. also
OS brd-loht, MHG brt-louft. Compound
of *briz and *xlaupan. Scnnorrn
ZDADL LXI 1734 (reconstructs the ori-
ginal meaning as brides dance); Knoo-
v.xx WuS XVI 8090; Tonr-F.rk 282;
C.nn Nom. comp. 46; Vnirs ANEW 59;
Krtor-Srrnorr 133.
*briz sb.f.: Goth brus bride, young
wife (< *briz), ON brr bride, OE
brd bride, wife, OFris breid newly mar-
ried, OS brd bride, married woman,
OHG brt newly married woman, young
woman, daughter-in-law. Of unknown
origin. Unrrxnrck PBB XXII 188 (<
*mrti- promised, engaged, to Lith mart
bride, daughter-in-law, Skt brvti to
speak, to say); Woor MLN XV 96
(follows Unrrxnrck); Wirrrv.xx BB
XXVII 205 (same as Woor); Btoor PBB
brunstiz 59 briz
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 59
XIII 184185 (from *per-dhi-, based on
*edh- to lead); Tonr Festschr. Unger 174
(same as Unrrxnrck); Bn.txr PBB
XXXII 58 (to Lat Frutis, epithet of
Venus); Krtor PBB XXXIV 561562
(follows Bn.txr); Hrr+rx PBB XXXV
306310 (to *brauan, for the meaning
cf. OE hlf-die bread-kneader, mistress,
lady); \.x Hrr+rx ZdPh XLII 446447
(to Slav *brak marriage); L.xorxno\r
LS II 4864 (from IE *bh-H-eH-ti- life-
giving force bearer); Knoov.xx WuS
XVI 8090 (to *breutanan); H.vv.n-
s+nov Glotta XI 216217 (to Gk Afro-
dth); Tonr-F.rk 282; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 37; Fris+ 103, 110111; Tnirn
ZSSR LXV 254255 (to IE *bhrter-
brother); Pokonxv I 299; Vnirs ANEW
132.
*brkanan str.vb.: OE brcan to use,
OFris brka id., OS brkan id., OHG
brhhan id. Cf. Goth brukjan id. < *brk-
janan. Related to Lith brauki, braUkti to
smear, to paint, Slav *brusiti to whet.
Tov.scnrk Thr. I/30 (to Thrac ethn.
Brgew); Sorvsrx KZ XXXIV 70 (same
as Tov.scnrk); Tonr-F.rk 281; Woors
MP V 270271 (to *breutanan); Hor+n.t-
srx AEEW 37; Fris+ 107; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 36; Pokonxv I 170, 173 (to Lat
frx fruits of the earth, produce of the
elds, pulse, fruor to enjoy, to delight in);
Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 91; Oxioxs 120;
*brkiz ~ *brkjaz adj.: Goth bruks
useful, OE brce id., OHG brhhi id.
Derived from *brkanan. Woor MP V
270271 (to *breutanan); Ztri+z. Gutt.
96; Fris+ 107; W.rrr-Horv.xx I
552553 (to Lat frg having merit, dat.
of frx fruit); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 36;
Pokonxv I 173; M.+zrr Festschr. Schrder
97, KZ CV 134135; Lrnv.xx GED 81;
142.
*brnaz I adj.: ON brnn brown, OE
brn dark, brown, OFris brn brown,
OS brn-rd sparkling red, OHG brn
reddish-brown, blackish. Structurally
identical with Gk frnow frog <
*brown (Ktnx KZ I 200). Further re-
lated to IE *bhreu-, cf. Skt babhr- red-
dish-brown, brown. Tonr-F.rk 264;
Scnvrx+xrn FB 5659; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 36 (adds Slav *brunti to shine);
Knoov.xx ZdPh LXVII 110; K.ns+rx
NB II 204205; M.vnnorrn II 409410;
Pokonxv I 136; Dvno VSJa 26; Vnirs
*brnaz II adj.: ON sbst. brn edge, OE
brn shining, ashing. Related to OIr br
border, edge, shore, Lith briaun edge
(Prnssox Beitrge 1719, 750752: further
to *brw). Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 36;
ANEW 60; Z.rizxi.k II 220; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 143 (identies *brnaz I and II);
Ar.vs TB 374 (identical with Toch A
prw, B prwne brows).
*brsjanan wk.vb.: Swed brsa to roar,
to thunder, MLG brsen id., MHG brsen
id. Of imitative origin. Prnssox UU
1891 164 (to Gk frussomai to neigh,
to be wanton); Pokonxv I 171172;
Vnirs ANEW 61.
*brw sb.f.: ON brn eyebrow (general-
ized pl. stem), OE br eyebrow. Related
to Toch A dual prwn-, B prwne id.,
Skt bhr- id., Gk frw id., Maced
brotew (leg. broWew): frw. Make-
dnew (Hes.), MIr brad, Lith bruvs id.,
Slav *bry, gen. -ve id. Knr+scnvrn
Einleitung 287 (on Macedonian); Horr-
v.xx Mak. 51 (conjecture for Macedo-
nian); Tonr-F.rk 281; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 36; M.vnnorrn II 534536;
Pokonxv I 172173; Fn.rxkrr 57;
Z.rizxi.k II 220; Fnisk II 454; Oxioxs
Gixrix Etim. 1984 41 (Maced brotew
= Slav pl. *brudi whiskers).
*buan sb.n.: ON bo bid, command-
ment, OE bod command, command-
ment, OFris bod id, OS gi-bod id, OHG
bot authoritative pronouncement. De-
briz 60 buan
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 60
rived from *beuanan. Tonr-F.rk 274;
*bun sb.m.: ON prop. Boddi, Norw
budda newborn domestic animal, ME
budde bud, LG budde louse. Of descriptive
origin. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 38; Vnirs
*bumaz ~ *butmaz sb.m.: ON botn
bottom (*-t-), OE bodan id. (also botm
with *-t-), OFris bodem id., OS bodom id.,
OHG bodam id. (<*--). Unexplained
uctuations in the intervocalic dental.
Close to Gk puymn id. and further to
Skt budhn- bottom, ground, Av buna- id.
(?< *bhundhno-), Lat fundus bottom.
Pr+rnssox SVSL I 1718 (alternation *d:
*dh explained from the paradigm nom.
*bhudh-, gen. *bhu(n)dnes); B.n+norov.r
968969; Tonr-F.rk 275 (add OE
byden bushel, barrel, MLG bodene cask,
OHG butin(a) id. which are from MLat
butina bottle, vessel); Ponzio WuS XV
112133; Nonrvrvrn GR XIII 127
Horv.xx I 564565; M.vnnorrn II 438;
109; Ltnn Expr. 340341; Krtor-
Srrnorr 122123.
*bujanan wk.vb.: ON boa to an-
nounce, OE bodian to tell, to announce,
OFris bodia to summon, MLG boden id.,
MHG boten id. Derived from *beuanan.
4647.
*bun sb.m.: Burg *buda messenger,
ON boi id., OE boda id., OFris boda id,
OS bodo id, OHG boto id Derived from
*beuanan. Tonr-F.rk 275; Hor+n.t-
srx AEEW 28; Pokonxv I 151; Vnirs
Srrnorr 109; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 174;
Konrrn 709; Krtor-Srrnorr 128.
*bun sb.m.: Crim. Goth boga bow, ON
bogi id., OE boa id., OFris boga id., OS
swi-bogo vault, OHG bogo arch, bow.
Derived from *beuanan. Tonr-F.rk
Z.rizxi.k I 153; Oxioxs 111; Srrnorr
111; Lrnv.xx GED 73, 77; B.vvrs-
*builaz sb.m.: ON bygill stirrup, MLG
bogel hanger, G Bgel id. Derived from
*beuanan. Vnirs ANEW 67; Krtor-
Srrnorr 143.
*buiz sb.m.: ON bugr bowing, winding,
OE be bowing, bending, angle, MDu
boge bend. Derived from *beuanan.
Srrnorr 111.
*bujanan wk.vb.: Goth bugjan to buy,
ON byggja to let out, to lend, OE bycan
to buy, OS buggian id. Derived from
*beuanan (Gnirxnrnorn Got. 54). For the
semantic development cf. Gk pvlv to
sell ~ plv to turn, to spin. Os+norr
IF V 293295; Unrrxnrck Btrg. Gesch.
XXX 2777; Lorvrx+n.r ANW XXXII
282 (to Gk fegv to y); Tonr-F.rk
Pokonxv I 153; Vnirs ANEW 67; Brx\r-
xis+r 110111 (to Av baog- to save, to
redeem, to liberate); Srrnorr 111; Brx-
\rxis+r IEL 108111; Lixrrv.x Verschr-
fung 15.3; Lrnv.xx GED 84.
*buxtiz sb.f.: ON bt patch, OE byht
bending, corner (masc.), MLG bucht
bay, G Bucht id. Derived from *beuanan.
Krtor-Srrnorr 142.
*bukjanan wk.vb.: OFris buckia to bend,
MLG bucken id., MHG bcken id. Based on
the unattested *beukanan to be compared
with Skt bhujti id., Ir d-bocc wood bow.
M.vnnorrn II 504506; Pokonxv I 153.
*bukkaz sb.m.: ON bukkr, bokkr buck,
OE bucc roebuck, MLG buck goat, ram,
OHG boc, buc id. Borrowed from the
Celtic word for he-goat, cf. MIr bocc, W
bwch, Corn boch, Bret bouch (Prrrnsrx
Litteris VII 2324). Mrirrr+ MSL XV
356 (hypocoristic gemination); Ztri+z.
Gutt. 196; Tonr-F.rk 273 (related to
Celtic and other Indo-European forms
continuing *bhuos ~ *bhukkos); L.xr Lan-
guage VII 282 (to *beuanan); M.n+ixr+
buan 61 bukkaz
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 61
Gm. 87, 138139; Ponzio Gliederung 115;
Z.rizxi.k II 178; Oxioxs 122; Krtor-
Srrnorr 122.
*bukkn sb.m.: ON bokki he-goat, OE
bucca id. See *bukkaz. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 38; M.n+ixr+ Gm. 113, 139, 178;
Oxioxs 122.
*bulaz ~ *bul sb.m./f.: ON bolr, bulr
trunk, MLG bole plank, MHG bole id.
Related to *blj(n). Tonr-F.rk 266 (to
Slav *blvan idol); Vnirs ANEW 49 (to
*bhel- to swell).
*buljn sb.f.: ON bylgja billow, MLG
bulge rising wave, MHG bulge storm
wave. Derived from *belanan. Tonr-
*buljanan wk.vb.: ON bylja to roar, OE
bylan to oend, to anger, MDu bullen
to race, to rage, MHG bllen to bark.
Connected with *bellanan I. Hor+n.t-
ANEW 67.
*bulln sb.m.: ON bolli bowl, OE bolla
round vessel, cup, pot, OFris strot-bolla
larynx, OS bollo cup, OHG bolla bud,
round pod, globular vessel (fem.).
Related to *bl( j)n. Tonr-F.rk 267 (to
Lat follis purse, bag); Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 30; M.n+ixr+ Gm. 194; Pokonxv
I 121 (to IE *bhel- to swell, to blow);
*bulljanan wk.vb.: Icel-Norw bulla to
babble, OHG bulln to howl, to bark.
Related to *bellanan II. M.n+ixr+ Gm.
142; Pokonxv I 123.
*buljanan wk.vb.: ON bola to fell trees,
OHG boln to roll. Derived from *bulaz
~ *bul. Vnirs ANEW 48.
*buln sb.m.: ON boli bull, OE bula
young bull, MDu bul, bolle bull. WGmc
words reect *bull- < *buln- extracted
from oblique cases of *buln. Perhaps
connected with Thrac blinyow wild
bull < *bhul-ento- (Tov.scnrk Thr. II/1
5). Tonr-F.rk 266; Dr+scnrv Thr. 74;
Pokonxv I 121 (to IE *bhel- to swell);
Gronoir\ Issledov. 119; Vnirs ANEW 49;
Lrncnxrn 5556; Krtor-Srrnorr 144.
*bulstraz sb.m.: ON blstr cushion, OE
bolster bolster, pillow, MDu bolster id.,
OHG bolstar id. Probably from *bulxstraz,
to *belanan. Tonr-F.rk 268; Hor+n.t-
srx AEEW 30; Vnirs ANEW 49; Oxioxs
105; Srrnorr 100; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom.
*bultaz sb.m.: ON boltr bolt, OE bolt id.,
MLG bolte id., OHG bolz catapult.
Probably related to Lat full to trample,
Lith bldiu, blsti to knock, to rap, bldu,
bildti to crash, to thud. Bntcn ZDADL
LXXIII 7586; Tonr-F.rk 268; W.rrr-
Horv.xx I 560561; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 30; Pokonxv I 124; Fn.rxkrr 39;
Vnirs ANEW 49; Oxioxs 105; Krtor-
Srrnorr 124.
*bunn sb.f./m.: ON bunga elevation,
convexity, MLG bunge drum, OHG
bungo tuber. Related to Skt bah- much,
abundant, large, Gk paxw thick, Latv
bezs id., Lith bo knob. Ztri+z. Gutt.
177; M.xx Language XXVI 387 (to Alb
bung a kind of oak); Pokonxv I 128;
Fn.rxkrr 64; Vnirs ANEW 65.
*bunkjanan wk.vb.: OSwed bunka to
strike, to hit, MLG bunken id., G bunken
id. Denominative of *bunkn. Pokonxv I
115 (to IE *bheg- to break, to strike);
Fnisk II 484485.
*bunkn sb.m.: ON bunki heap, pile, Du
bonk clump, clot. To be compared with
Alb bung a kind of oak, Quercus sessi-
ora < PAlb *bunga, further to *bheu- to
grow (see *bewwanan). Tonr-F.rk 259
(to *bankiz); Vnirs ANEW 65 (to Icel buna
ox bone); Lrncnxrn 4144; Onrr AED
4142.
*buran sb.n.: Goth ga-baur tribute, contri-
bution, tax, logea, frow, OHG gi-bor
progeny, ospring. Derived from *bera-
nan. Krtor KZ XXVI 71; Fris+ 174;
*buraz sb.m.: ON borr borer, OE br
id., MLG bor id. Connected with *bur-
janan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 30; Vnirs
ANEW 51.
*bura-akan ~ *bura-akn sb.n./m.:
bukkaz 62 bura-akan
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 62
ON bor-ak covering of planks, OE
bord-aca board thatch, a cover of a
house, snare. Compound of *buran and
*akan. C.nn Nom. comp. 80 (parallel
formations).
*buran sb.n.: Goth fotu-baurd footstool,
ON bor board, plank, OE bord id.,
OFris bord id., OS bord id., OHG bort
deck. A secondary ablaut variant is
*baran > ON bar edge, brim some-
times explained from *baraz (Tonr-F.rk
262; Z.rizxi.k II 166) or compared with
Lith bart board (Vnirs ANEW 26).
Together with Umbr furf-ant (they) put
upon the board and Slav *brdo reed (in
loom), mountain ridge continues IE
*bhdho- (Dirrrxn.cn KZ XVI 221).
Unrrxnrck AfslPh XV 483 (Slav *brdo
from Germanic); Bntckxrn AfslPh XLII
127 (against Unrrxnrck); Tonr-F.rk
159; Tnirn Holz 8687; Pokonxv I 138;
Vnirs ANEW 50 (separates *buran
board from *buran edge, board of a
ship); Z.rizxi.k I 139; Oxioxs 103;
Tntn.cnr\ Rem. 2631, 131, ESSJa III
164166; Ax++ir. Schw. 91; Lrnv.xx
*burn sb.m.: ON bori border, OE
borda hem, trimming, OS borda id.,
OHG borto id. A morphological variant of
*buran. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 30; Vnirs
ANEW 50.
*burinaz sb.m.: ON byringr mer-
chant ship, MLG bordinc small vehicle.
Derived from *buran (F.rk WuS IV
111112). Vnirs ANEW 67.
*buriz sb.f.: Goth ga-baurs birth, ON
masc. burr id., OE e-byrd id., OFris berd,
berde id., OS gi-burd id. (masc.), OHG gi-
burt id. Continues IE *bht-, cf. OIr breth,
brith id. < *bht. Further related to
*beranan. Tonr-F.rk 261; Hor+n.tsrx
Z.rizxi.k II 176; Vnirs ANEW 68;
Oxioxs 96; Srrnorr 105; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa III 9798; Lrnv.xx GED 134;
Srrnorr 304.
*burjanan wk.vb.: ON byra to em-
broider, OE byrdan id., OS burdian
id. Derived from *buran. Hor+n.tsrx
*burnan ~ *burjanan wk.vb.: ON
borga to bail, to pay, OE borian to bor-
row, OFris borgia id., MLG borgen id.,
OHG borgn id., ir-borgn to promise.
Derived from *beranan. Tonr-F.rk
126.
*burjan sb.n.: ON byrgi enclosure,
fence, OE eor-byr earth mound
(fem.). Derived from *burz. Hor+n.t-
srx AEEW 41; Vnirs ANEW 68.
*burjanan I wk.vb.: ON byrgja to close,
to shut, OE byran to bury. Cf. also
OHG borgn id. Derived from *beranan.
Srrnorr 107.
*burjanan II wk.vb.: ON -byrgja to
answer for, to take care of , OE on-byran
to vouch for, MLG brgen id., OHG
unter-burgen to fake. Related to *burnan
~ *burjanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 41;
Vnirs ANEW 68.
*burz sb.f.: Goth baurgs castle, citadel,
city, ON borg hillock, wall, castle, city (i-
stem), OE bur fortied place, castle,
city, OFris burch, burich id., OS burg id.
(also an i-stem), OHG burg id. (also an
i-stem). Corresponds to Av b6r6z- high,
Arm barjr id. < *bhhu-, OIr br hill.
Other parallels see s.v. *beranan. Bnr.r
MSL VII 135136 (to Gk prgow tower,
fortication, castle); Mtcn ZDADL XLI
113, WuS XII 353 (partly from Lat burgus
castle, fort, fortress < Gk prgow);
Ztri+z. Gutt. 204; J.consonx KZ XLVIII
139140 (to Gk frkow: texow, Hes.);
Knr+scnvrn Glotta XXII 100102 (from
the same North Balkan source as Gk
prgow); Gt+rxnntxxrn ZDADL LXXII
173175; B.n+norov.r 949950; Tonr-
140141; Vnirs ANEW 50 (to Gk
frssv to fence in, to fortify, frkow
bura-akan 63 burz
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 63
wall); Z.rizxi.k II 206; Oxioxs 108;
Mo+z IF LXXXI 204220; Lrnv.xx
GED 6465 (inuenced by Lat burgus);
B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 195196; Gnir-
rrx+noo Wurzelnomina 91116; Krtor-
Srrnorr 145146.
*buriln sb.m.: ON byrli cup-bearer, OE
byrele id. Derived from *burilaz, see *beri-
laz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 41; Vnirs
ANEW 68.
*buriz I sb.m.: Goth baur he who is born,
genhtw, ON burr son, OE byre id.
Derived from *beranan. Tonr-F.rk 261;
Vnirs ANEW 65; Pokonxv I 131; Srr-
nrnorn Nom. 132.
*buriz II sb.m.: ON byrr fair wind, OE
byre event, opportunity, WFris bur
wind, MLG bore-ls without fair wind.
Related to Slav *bura storm (Unrrx-
nrck PBB XXX 278; Lrvv IF XXXII
158159). Tonr-F.rk 261; Hor+n.t-
ANEW 68; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa III 9798.
*burjanan ~ *burjjanan wk.vb.: ON
byrja to begin, OE brian to happen,
OFris bera id., OS gi-burian to take care
of, to bet, OHG purren to happen, to
be due. Derived from *buriz II. Tonr-
F.rk 261; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 41; Tnirn
Holz 88; Pokonxv I 131 (to *beranan);
*burjaz adj.: Goth adv. ga-baurjaba gladly,
with pleasure, OE am-byr favourable.
Related to *buriz II. Fris+ 175; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 3, 5; M.+zrr KZ CIV
240250, CV 135; B.vvrsnrnorn ESts
LXIV 97101 (reconstructs *buruz from
*beranan); Hrirrnv.xxs 144.
*burjanan wk.vb.: ON bora to bore,
OE brian id., OS born id., OHG born
id. Related to *barjanan. Tonr-F.rk
261; Exrzrrix KZ LII 124 (to Latv brze
furrow in the eld of corn); Hor+n.tsrx
4950; Oxioxs 108; Krtor-Srrnorr
124.
*burn sb.f.: ON bora bore-hole, late
OHG bora auger. Related to *burjanan.
Oxioxs 108.
*burstiz sb.f.: ON burst bristle, OE byrst
id. (neut.), OS bursta id. (-stem), OHG
burst id. (neut.), bursta id. (-stem). Iden-
tical with Skt bh- sharp point. Cf. also
Slav *br kind of plant, Heracleum
(Pr+n BB XXI 211). Tonr-F.rk 266;
Oxioxs 119; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa III
*burn sb.f.: Goth baurei burden, load,
OFris berde id., OHG burd id. Based on
*bhti- attested in Skt bht- load, burden,
cf. also bhty care, food. For further
connections see *beranan. Tonr-F.rk
261; Fris+ 86; Pokonxv I 131; Vnirs
145.
*buskaz sb.m.: Norw busk bush, ME
busch, busche id., MLG busch id., OHG
busc id. Derived from *bw(w)anan.
Tonr-F.rk 276277; Vnirs ANEW 66
(from late Lat boscus a forest where wood
gathering is permitted); Krtor-Srrnorr
147 (to *bruskaz).
*buttaz ~ *btaz sb.m.: ON btr log,
LG adj. butt blunt, plump, MHG butze
cut out piece. Probably related to *bau-
tanan. Tonr-F.rk 274; Vnirs ANEW 66.
*bulan sb.n.: ON bl farm, abode, OE
bold building, dwelling, house, OFris
bodel movable property, OS bodal land
property. Derived from *bw(w)anan.
Structurally similar to Lith bkl resi-
dence, camp < *bh-tlo-. Tonr-F.rk
272273; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 30; Fn.rx-
krr 68; Vnirs ANEW 48; Oxioxs 124;
Srrnorr 126; Krtor-Srrnorr 143 (ON
to MLG boule sleeping place, MHG buole
id. < *bln further compared with Lith
gulis resting-place).
*bkaz sb.m.: ON bkr trunk, body, OE
bc belly, stomach, OFris bk trunk,
body, MLG bk id., OHG bh sto-
burz 64 bkaz
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 64
mach, womb. A descriptive formation.
Os+norr BB XXIX 255 (to OE bc bot-
tle, jug); Tonr-F.rk 273 (to *beuanan);
Hor+n.tsrx AWN 29 (to Latv baugas
intestines); Vnirs ANEW 64 (same as
Tonr-F.rk); Pokonxv I 100; Z.rizxi.k I
130; Oxioxs 123, 125; Krtor-Srrnorr 85.
*blj(n) sb.f.: ON bla blister, OE bl
(masc.), ble bile, blotch, sore, OFris bl,
ble id., OS bla id., OHG bulla blister,
pimple, swelling. Cf. Skt buli- buttocks,
vulva, buri- vulva (reecting unaspirated
*b), Lith buls id. Os+norr Suppl. 6667
(to IE *bheu- to grow); Ztri+z. Gutt. 72;
Prnssox Beitrge 30; Tonr-F.rk 274276;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 39; Fris+ 511; M.vn-
Vnirs ANEW 48; Fn.rxkrr 6364;
Srrnorr 105, 143.
*bran sb.n.: ON br chamber, pantry,
OE br cottage, dwelling, room, OS br
dwelling, room (masc.), OHG br
house (masc.). Close to Messap brion:
okhma, Hes. (Kn.nr IF XLVII 326,
Spr. Vorz. 104). Further to *bw(w)anan.
Ponzio Gliederung 129; Pokonxv I 146,
GED 64; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 75; Krtor-
Srrnorr 86.
*bsniz sb.f.: Goth ana-busns command,
commandment, ON bsn wonder, OE
bsen example, pattern, OS am-bsan
order. Derivative in *-sni- based on
*beuanan. Bntov.xx Grundri I 705
(compensatory length in *-- < *-us-);
Fris+ 4142; Vnirs ANEW 68; Srrnorr
Nom. 148.
*bsjanan str.vb.: Norw bsa to dart, to
make a dash, EFris bsen to be turbu-
lent, to storm, MDu bsen to tipple.
Related to Slav *bystr quick. Tonr-
F.rk 276; Vnirs ANEW 68; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa III 153154.
*b ~ *bn sb.f.: ON b abode,
booth, MLG bde hut (*--), MHG buode
id. (--). Derived from *bw(w)anan.
Structurally close to OIr both hut <
*bhut, Lith btas house, OPrus buttan
id., Slav *byto stay, possessions. Tonr-
F.rk 272; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 4042;
Fn.rxkrr 68; Vnirs ANEW 63; Tntn.-
cnr\ ESSJa III 155; Lrnv.xx GED 64;
Krtor-Srrnorr 142.
*bwa-lanan sb.n.: ON b-land home-
land, OS b-land cultivated land. Com-
pound of *bwan and *lanan. C.nn
*bwan sb.n.: ON b house, estate, OE
b dwelling, OS b id. Derived from
*bw(w)anan. Tonr-F.rk 272; Hor+-
ANEW 63, 67; Srrnorr 125; Lrnv.xx
GED 64.
*bwiz sb.m.: ON br town, village,
farm. Identical with Lith b~vis resi-
dence. Further derived from *bw(w)a-
nan. Tonr-F.rk 272; Cnrvor.xo\
SGGJa I 73; Fn.rxkrr 68.
*bwn sb.m.: ON bi dweller, OHG
erd-bwo inhabitant of the earth. Derived
from *bw(w)anan. Vnirs ANEW 63.
bkaz 65 bwn
orel_f3_32-65 7/6/04 6:57 PM Page 65
*abanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-daban to hap-
pen, to be suitable, OE part. e-dafen
becoming, t, suitable. Related to Arm
darbin smith (< *dhabhro-), Lat faber
forger, smith, articer, carpenter, joiner,
Lith dab nature, way (if not from
Slavic), daba now, Slav *doba time,
*dobiti to form, to decorate. Tonr-
176177; Pokonxv I 233234; Fn.rxkrr
79; Srrnorr 146; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa V
Srrnorr 166.
*abjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. dabba to
tap, E dab to tap lightly, EFris dafen to
strike, MDu dabben to patter, G tappen
id. An imitative verb. However, a con-
nection with *abanan cannot be ruled
outin this case cf. Slav *dobiti to form,
to decorate. Vnirs ANEW 71 (to *ab-
jaz); Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa V 3839.
*abjaz sb.m.: Norw dial. dab, dabbe small
fat person, MHG tappe clumsy man.
Identical with Slav *dob valiant, noble.
Lorvrx+n.r ANF XXXV 240 (to Skt
dabhnti to hurt, to injure); Prnssox
IF XXXV 202 (to Latv depis fool);
Pokonxv I 233 (to Gk tfow funeral
rites; raised platform); Hor+n.tsrx
AWN 33 (to SCr depati to strike); Vnirs
ANEW 71.
*abnjanan wk.vb.: ON dafna to thrive
well, OE e-dafenian to be becoming, to
t. Connected with *dabanan. Tonr-
*arjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. dadra to
shake, to tremble, G dial. tattern id. Of
imitative origin. Tonr-F.rk 202.
*aa-lanaz adj.: ON dag-langr all day
long, OE d-lan lasting a day, MHG
tage-lanc id. Compound of *aaz and
*lanaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 88 (parallel
formations).
*aa-werkan sb.n.: ON dag-verk days
work, OE d-weorc id., OFris dei-werch
id., OS dag-werk id., OHG taga-werk
id. Compound of *aaz and *werkan.
C.nn Nom. comp. 52.
*aaz sb.m.: Goth dags day, ON dagr id.,
OE d id., OFris dei id., OS dag id.,
OHG tag id. Identical with Skt ni-dgh-
heat, summer, MIr daig re, Lith dgas
summer heat. Continues *dhog
hos, deri-
vative of IE *dheg
h- to burn. Scntrzr
Kl. Schr. 833, 844847; Ztri+z. Gutt.
AEEW 69; Fris+ 113114; W.rrr-
Horv.xx I 466467 (contamination with
IE *h-r- day); L.xr JEGP XXXV
25 (phonetically dicult *-g
h- > *--);
M.vnnorrn II 39; Pokonxv I 7 (related
to Skt har- day with secondary *-),
7172; Z.rizxi.k I 130; Srrnorr KZ
LXXXI 125; Oxioxs 246; Lrnv.xx GED
Srrnorr 812.
*ajanan wk.vb.: ON daga to dawn,
OE daian id., MLG dagen id., OHG
tagn id. Derived from *aaz. Tonr-
ANEW 71.
*aiaz I sb.m.: Goth daigs dough, soft
mass, ON deigr id., OE neut. d id.,
OFris deeg id., MLG dch id., OHG teig
id. Continues *dhoihos derived from IE
*dheih- to knead. Close to Toch A tseke
molded gure, Skt deha- body, Av uz-
daza- wall, Arm dez heap, Gk toxow
wall, Slav *da kneading trough, ves-
sel < *doih. In the Gmc perspective,
substantivated *aiaz II. See *anan.
244245; Vnirs ANEW 7475; Z.rizxi.k
I 130; Fnisk II 865866; Oxioxs 286;
Srrnorr 151; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa V 23
orel_f4_66-81 7/6/04 6:58 PM Page 66

Srrnorr 819.
*aiaz II adj.: ON deigr soft, MLG dch
pasty, MHG teic soft. Derived from
*anan. K.ns+rx NB I 5859; Tonr-
F.rk 206; Vnirs ANEW 75; Srrnorr
151; M.+zrr Festschr. Schrder 94, KZ CV
96; Hrirrnv.xxs 145; Krtor-Srrnorr
819820.
*aijn sb.f.: ON deigja dairy-maid, OE
de female baker . Derived from *a-
nan or directly from *aiaz I. Formally
close to Slav *da kneading trough, ves-
sel < *doih. Sir\rns PBB L 16; Hor-
+n.tsrx AEEW 69; Vnirs ANEW 75;
ESSJa V 2324; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom.
180181.
*aili sb.f.: ON deild deal, share, OHG
teilida division. Derived from *ailjanan.
*ailiz sb.m.: Goth fem. dails part, por-
tion, share, late ON deill deal, share,
OE dl part, OFris dl id., OS dl id.,
OHG teil id. Identical with Slav *dl
part, division. Further related to *di-:
*d- to divide with an irregular develop-
ment of the anlaut. Borr apud Scnvri-
zrn KZ I 478 (to Skt dti to burst);
Woor MLN XXI 39 (to Gk dleomai to
hurt, to damage); Prrrnsrx KZ XXXIX
372 (from Slav *dl portion); Tonr-
114; Pokonxv I 176, 195; Cnrvor.xo\
SGGJa I 84; Z.rizxi.k II 185; Oxioxs
247; M.n+vxo\ Jazyk 1718 (follows
Prrrnsrx); Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa V 910;
Lrnv.xx GED 87; Krtor-Srrnorr 820;
Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*ailjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-dailjan to
divide, to allot, ON deila to divide, to
deal, OE dlan to divide, to separate,
OFris dla id., OS dlian id., OHG teilen
id. Derived from *ailiz. Structurally
close to Lith dailti to divide, Slav *dliti
id. Bo. RFV LXX 103; Brnxrkrn
I 195; Tonr-F.rk 198; Hor+n.tsrx
Fn.rxkrr 80; Vnirs ANEW 75; M.n-
+vxo\ Slav.-germ. 112 (Gmc < Slav); Brx-
\rxis+r IEL 156; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa IV
233234; Lrnv.xx GED 87.
*ail(n) sb.f.: ON deila disagreement,
contest, MHG teile division. Related to
*ailiz. Vnirs ANEW 75.
*ajjanan wk.vb.: Goth daddjan to suckle,
OSw dggia id. Structurally identical with
Skt dhyati to suck, to drink, Osset djn
to suck, Slav *doj, *dojiti to suckle, to
milk. Further related to *janan, *ja-
nan. Tonr-F.rk 205; Fris+ 112113;
M.vnnorrn II 93; Pokonxv I 241242;
Vnirs ANEW 76; Lixrrv.x Verschrfung
10.4; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa V 5354; Lrn-
v.xx GED 85.
*alaz ~ *alan sb.m./n.: Goth dal(s)
ravine, pit, valley, ON dalr dale, OE
dl dale, den, gulf , OFris del valley, OS
dal id., OHG tal. Identical with W dol
valley, Slav *dol id. (Hrrrtis+ ANF
VII 171; Mrirrr+ Etudes 242243). Cf.
probably Gk ylow round building with a
conical roof . Scnvrizrn KZ I 478;
Srrnnrn WuS VI 40; Lo+n RC XLII 86;
Fris+ 114115; Htisv.x KZ LXXI 103;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa V 6465; B.vvrs-
*aljanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. dalga to
strike, LG dalgen id. Related to *ulan.
Tonr-F.rk 210; Pokonxv I 247.
*aljan ~ *alj sb.n./f.: Goth ib-dalja
declivity, slope (masc. or neut.), OE of-
dle downward slope, dell deep hollow,
valley, OFris dele id. MLG delle id., late
MHG telle id. Derived from *alaz ~
*alan. Tonr-F.rk 204; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 71; Fris+ 114, 287; Oxioxs 253;
*ammaz ~ *amman sb.m./n.: ON
dammr dam, OFris damm, domm id.,
MLG dam id., MHG tam, tamm id.
Continues *dh6-mno, based on *dh-men-,
cf. Skt dhman- statute, law (Gnirx-
nrnorn Got. 66). Scnnorrn ZDADL
aiaz 67 ammaz
orel_f4_66-81 7/6/04 6:58 PM Page 67
ammaz 68 arsa
XLII 66 (to IE *dheb- thick); Tonr-F.rk
201202 (same as Gnirxnrnorn); \.x
Wik IF XXIV 3132 (from *ambna-, to
Gk yptv to bury, Arm damban grave);
Woor MP XVIII 84 (from *dh6m-o-, cf.
Gk yamw thick); Gtx+rn+ Labyrinth 30
(pre-IE term); W.rrr-Pokonxv I 850
(follow Scnnorrn); Pokonxv I 238; Vnirs
ANEW 7273; Oxioxs 242; Lrnv.xx
GED 111; Krtor-Srrnorr 161 (back for-
mation from *ammjanan).
*ammjanan wk.vb.: Goth faur-dammjan
to dam up, to hinder, OE for-demman to
dam up, OFris damma to fence in,
MHG ver-temmen to fence in. Derived
from *ammaz ~ *amman. Tonr-F.rk
Vnirs ANEW 75; Oxioxs 242; Lrnv.xx
*ampaz sb.m.: MLG damp steam,
OHG dampf id. Based on str. vb.
*empanan > MHG dimpfen to steam, to
smoke which can be related to Lith
dumpi, dmpti to blow. Pokonxv I
247248 (to Skt dhmati to blow, MIr
dem black, dark); Oxioxs 243.
*aniz sb.m.: Goth prop. Danus, ON pl.
Danir Dane, OE pl. Dene id., OHG pl.
Teni id. Of uncertain origin. Z.cnnis-
sox Festschr. Kock 404408; Lixrtis+ NB
106110 (to *entanan); Hor+n.tsrx
*anwjanan wk.vb.: ON dengja to
hammer, OE dencan to knock, to
ding, MHG tengen to strike. Causative of
*enwanan. Identical with Slav *diti to
rush, cf. further Lith dangnti to move, to
resettle. Tonr-F.rk 200; Vnirs ANEW
75; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa V 100; Krtor-
Srrnorr 170.
*ani-mark sb.f.: ON Dan-mrk Den-
mark, OE Dena-mearc id., OHG Dene-
marca id. Compound of *aniz and
*mark. Vnirs ANEW 73.
*ank sb.f.: ON dkk pit, pool. Could be
formally identical with Latv danga vault,
angle, Slav *dga arc but the latter seem
to reect *-gh-. Tonr-F.rk 200; Vnirs
ANEW 93; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa V 9899.
*ankwaz ~ *denkwaz adj.: ON dkkr
dark, OFris diunk id. Identical with
Hitt dankui- black, dark (K.vvrxntnrn
KZ LXXVII 62). Tonr-F.rk 201;
Scnvrx+xrn PBB XLV 457; K.ns+rx
NB II 429431; Pokonxv I 247248 (to
MIr dem black); Vnirs ANEW 92; Hri-
rrnv.xxs 146, 152, KZ XCIX 297;
Krtor-Srrnorr 199.
*annn sb.f.: OS danna pine, OHG
tanna r wood. If related to Gk ymnow
thicket (Fick I 464), *amnn should be
reconstructed. Tonr-F.rk 200 (to Skt
neut. dhanva- bow); Fnisk I 652.
*apraz adj.: ON dapr sad, downcast,
MLG dapper heavy, OHG tapfar id.
Compared with Toch A tpr, B tapre
high (Wirrrv.xx BB XXX 216: also to
Slav *dobr good, *debel strong, thick).
Woor MLN XXI 227 (to Skt dabhr- lit-
tle, small); Tonr-F.rk 200; K.ns+rx NB
II 257; Pokonxv I 239; Cnrvor.xo\
SGGJa I 111; Vnirs ANEW 73; Oxioxs
244; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa V 4546;
815; Ar.vs TB 280 (compares Toch with
*eupaz); Btnr.k IFTJa 246 (same as
Ar.vs).
*ar(r)aaz sb.m.: Burg *dards spear,
ON darrar dart, OE daro id., OHG tart
id. Derived from *arran. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 70; Vnirs ANEW 74; Oxioxs 244;
Konrrn 709.
*arran sb.n.: ON darr dart. Borrowed
from Iran *dru-: Av duru- trunk,
wooden weapon. M.n+ixr+ Gm. 199;
Vnirs ANEW 74 (to Skt dhr edge,
blade).
*arsa str.vb.: Goth ga-dars to venture, to
dare, OE dear to dare, OFris dr id.,
OS dar, darr id., OHG -tar id. Related to
Skt dh- bold, courageous, Av dari-
bold, strong, Gk yrasw bold, rash,
yarsv to be courageous, Lith drAss
brave and probably Slav *drz dar-
ing, audacious (with unexplained *-z-).
Mrirrr+ IF V 333; Fris+ 177178; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 80; M.vnnorrn II
orel_f4_66-81 7/6/04 6:58 PM Page 68
101102; Fnisk I 654655; Oxioxs 244;
Srrnorr 147; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa V
228229; Lrnv.xx GED 135.
*asn ~ *asaz sb.m.: ON dasi lazy
fellow, MDu daes fool. Related to Lat
friae, OLat fsiae days of rest, holidays,
fstus of the holidays, festive, solemn,
Umbr fesnaf-e in fanum < *dhs-.
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 481, 489; Pokonxv I
259; Vnirs ANEW 74 (to MLG dasen to
mock).
*aubaz adj.: Goth daufs dull, numb,
deaf, pepvrvmnow, ON daufr deaf , OE
def id., OFris df id., MLG df id., OHG
toub id. Probably related to Gk tuflw
blind, tfow smoke, conceit (Prnssox
UU 1891 55). On the other hand, cf.
Slav *dub upright, straight. K.ns+rx
NB I 62; Tonr-F.rk 209210; Lrvv KZ
XL 420 (to Latv stubs stump); Fris+
115116; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 70; Wiss-
v.xx NP 88; Jn.xxrssox IEW 503506;
II 949950; Cn.x+n.ixr 11471148;
ESSJa V 145; Lrnv.xx GED 88; B.v-
vrsnrnorn Nom. 237; Hrirrnv.xxs 148;
Krtor-Srrnorr 817.
*aubi sb.f.: Goth daubia dullness,
numbness, stubborness, ON deyf deaf-
ness. Derived from *aubjanan I. Fris+
*aubjanan I wk.vb.: Goth ga-daubjan to
make insensitive, to be numb, to harden,
ON deyfa to make blunt, OHG gi-touben
to weaken. Derived from *aubaz.
*aubjanan II wk.vb.: ON deyfa to dive,
OE -diefan id., OS bi-dbian id. Derived
Vnirs ANEW 76.
*auaz adj.: Goth daus dead (--
under the inuence of *auaz ~ *au-
uz), ON daur id., OE ded id., OFris dd
id., OS dd id., OHG tt id. Derived from
*ewanan. Fris+ 118; Tonr-F.rk 199;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 70; K.ns+rx NB II
333334; Hos+ NTS XV 410411;
OFED s.v.
*aujanan wk.vb.: Goth daujan to kill,
ON deya id., OS bi-ddian id., OHG
pret. gi-dtta id. Derived from *auaz.
*aua str.vb.: Goth daug to be good, to
be suitable, OE deh to be of use, to be
good, OFris dch, dech to be suitable
for, OS dg id., OHG toug id. Related to
Gk texv to produce, to make, to build,
tugxnv to meet, to attain a goal, Lith
daUg much, many, Slav *dug strength,
power, *du strong, large (Woor MP
XI 333). Ztri+z. Gutt. 178; Gnirxnrn-
orn Got. 5455; Tonr-F.rk 207; Hor+-
Jon.xssox KZ XXX 422 50; Jn.xxrs-
sox IEW 508; Pokonxv I 271; Fn.rx-
krr 84, IF LIX 161; Vnirs ANEW 86;
Fnisk II 888; Oxioxs 286; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa V 150, 167168; Srrnorr 149
Srrnorr 818.
*auniz sb.f./m.: Goth dauns odor, smell,
ON daunn id. Related to IE *dheu- to y
about, to whirl: Skt dhnti to shake, to
agitate, Gk yv to sacrice. Scnvri-
zrn KZ I 159; Tonr-F.rk 206207;
Fris+ 116117; M.vnnorrn II 107108;
Pokonxv 259260; Vnirs ANEW 74;
Fnisk I 698699; Lrnv.xx GED 8889.
*aupjanan wk.vb.: Goth daupjan to im-
merse, to baptize, ON deypa to dip, OFris
dpa to immerse, to baptize, OS dpian
id., OHG toufen id. Derived from *eu-
paz. Krtor Btrg. Gesch. XXXV 131132
(Gothic inuence on WGmc meanings);
Tonr-F.rk 209; Fris+ 117; Vnirs ANEW
76; Lrnv.xx GED 89, 92; Hrirrnv.xxs
*aua-banan sb.n.: ON pl. daua-bnd
death bond, MHG tt-bant id. (hap. leg.).
Compound of *auaz ~ *auuz and
arsa 69 aua-banan
orel_f4_66-81 7/6/04 6:58 PM Page 69
*banan. C.nn Nom. comp. 83 (OHG is a
calque of Lat uincula mortis).
*aua-aaz sb.m.: ON daua-dagr
death day, OE de-d id. Compound
of *auaz ~ *auuz and *aaz. C.nn
*auaz ~ *auuz sb.m.: Goth dauus
death, ON daur id., daui id. (n-stem),
OE da id., OFris dth id., OS dth id.,
OHG td id. Substantivized *auaz.
74; Z.rizxi.k II 199; Lrnv.xx GED
*awjanan str./wk.vb.: ON deyja to
die, OS dian id., OHG douwen to set,
to go down. Derived from *ewanan.
Tonr-F.rk 198199; Jn.xxrssox IEW
502503; Pokonxv I 260261; Vnirs
Krtor-Srrnorr 826.
*awwnan wk.vb.: ON dggva to
bedew, OFris dawa to melt, MHG tou-
wen id. Derived from *aww ~ *awwan.
*aww ~ *awwan sb.f./n.: ON dgg
dew, OE masc. dew id., OFris dw id.,
OS masc. mili-dou mildew, OHG tou
dew. Connected with Toch A twe, B
tweye dust, Lat suf- to fumigate, to
perfume, to scent < *-dhi. Tonr-
W.rrr-Horv.xx II 625; Pokonxv I
260261; Vnirs ANEW 92; Z.rizxi.k II
*elaz ~ *el sb.m./f.: Sw dial. del
teat, OE delu id., OHG tila. Identical
with Alb djal boy, youth, cf. also Latv
d=ls son, Lat flius id. with a long vowel.
Derivative of IE *dhi- to suck, see
*ajjanan. Tonr-F.rk 205; Hor+n.tsrx
Pokonxv I 242; Dvno VSJa 25 (pretonic
shortening of * in Gmc); Lrnv.xx GED
85; Scnni\rn LL 352 (follows Dvno);
Onrr AED 67.
*elbanan str.vb.: OE delfan to dig,
OFris delva id., OS bi-delban id., OHG bi-
telpan id. Related to Slav *dlbti to gouge,
to thump, rare *delbti id. Tonr-F.rk
246; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 82; Oxioxs
254; S+.xo LS 17; Srrnorr 153; Tntn.-
cnr\ ESSJa IV 205, V 206.
*elbaz ~ *elban sb.m./n.: ON stein-
delfr wagtail, Motacilla, MLG delf ditch.
Derived from *elbanan. Cf. a structurally
close Slav *dlb chisel, pit. Vnirs
ANEW 75; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa V 206
207.
*eljaz sb.m.: Swed dill dill, OE dile id.,
OS dilli id., OHG tilli id. Related to OIr
deil rod < *dheli-. Tonr-F.rk 203;
Tnirn Holz 56; Krtor-Srrnorr 181 (to
OHG toldo foliage).
*emmaz adj.: ON dimmr dark, dim, OE
dim id., OFris comp. dimme id. Related to
OIr dem black, dark. Tonr-F.rk 201;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 73; Scnvrx+xrn
PBB XLV 454455; K.ns+rx NB II
ANEW 77; Oxioxs 268; Hrirrnv.xxs
151152.
*emmjanan wk.vb.: ON dimma to
become dim, OE part. -dimmad to dim,
to darken, to obscure. Derived from
*emmaz. Vnirs ANEW 77; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 151.
*enwanan str.vb.: OSwed diunga to
knock, to rap, ME dinen, denen to beat.
See *anwjanan. Tonr-F.rk 200; Vnirs
ANEW 75; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa V 100;
Krtor-Srrnorr 170.
*enraz sb.m.: OHG tenar at hand,
palm. Related to Hitt dannar-ear
armpit, Gk ynar palm, footsole.
Thematization of the original *dhen
(Ltnn Wortschatz 68). No connection with
WGmc *enjan > OE denn den, MLG
fem. denne low ground, OHG tenni
threshing-oor (despite Krtor-Srrnorr
821) which is to be compared with Skt
dhnu- dry land, dhnu- sandbank,
shore. Woor MLN XXI 4142 (*enjan
to Skt pl. dhn grain); Tonr-F.rk 199;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 72; Pokonxv I
aua-banan 70 enraz
orel_f4_66-81 7/6/04 6:58 PM Page 70
249; Fnisk I 661662; Oxioxs 255256;
B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 74; Ltnn Wortschatz
*entanan str.vb.: ON detta to fall, to
drop. Related to Alb gdhend to plane <
PAlb *ka-denta ( Jokr Studien 2122).
Fick I 463 (to Lat de-fend to fend, to
repel, to avert); Tonr-F.rk 199200;
B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 131; Onrr AED
112.
*erbanan str.vb.: OE deorfan to labor,
OFris far-derva id., MLG vor-derven to step
down, MHG ver-derben to die, to pass
away. Related to Lith drbu, drbti to
work, drbas work. Tonr-F.rk 567;
7778; Fn.rxkrr 82; Srrnorr 154155.
*erbaz adj.: ON djarfr bold, daring, OE
deorf valiant, OFris derve daring, auda-
cious, OS derbi hostile, evil. Derived
from *erbanan. Tonr Festschr. Unger
176179 (to Gk trfv to feed); Tonr-
K.ns+rx NB I 32; W.rrr-Pokonxv I 863
(to Lith drbas work); Pokonxv I
*derkaz adj.: OE deorc dark, obscure.
Identical with OIr derg red < *dhergo-
and further connected with Lith drgiu,
drgti to become dirty. Cf. also Toch
A trkr, B tarkr cloud < *dhg-ru-.
Ztri+z. Gutt. 160; Prrrnsrx BB XIX
299300 (to Lat furuus ark, dusky,
gloomy < *dhorg
o-); Rricnrr+ KZ XLVI

323 (same as Prrrnsrx); Tonr-F.rk 202;
Scnvrx+xrn PBB XLV 457458; Hor-
+n.tsrx AEEW 72; Pokonxv I 251252;
Fn.rxkrr 103; Hrirrnv.xxs 153; Ar.vs
TB 21.
*deupa-lkaz adj.: ON djp-ligr deep,
OE dep-lc id. Derived from *deupaz.
Hrirrnv.xxs 154.
*eupaz adj.: Goth diups deep, ON djpr
id., OE dep id., OFris comp. dipe id.,
OS diop id., OHG tiof, tiu id. Related to
OIr domain id., Lith dubs id., Latv dubs
id. Ztri+z. Gutt. 37; Tonr-F.rk 209;
K.ns+rx NB I 29; Pokonxv I 267;
154; Krtor-Srrnorr 824; Ar.vs TB 280
(to Toch A tpr, B tapre high).
*eupi sb.f.: Goth diupia depth, ON
dpt id., ME depthe id., OLG diopitha id.,
MLG dpede id., MHG tfede id. Derived
from *eupaz. Identical with Alb det sea
< PAlb *deubeta ( Jokr Studien 1415).
90; Oxioxs 258; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom.
117; Hrirrnv.xxs 154; Onrr AED
6162.
*eupn sb.f.: Goth diupei depth, OS diupi
id., OHG tiuf id. Derived from *eupaz.
Tonr-F.rk 209; Fris+ 121; Oxioxs 258;
*eurja-lkaz adj.: ON dr-ligr glorious,
OS diur-lk valuable, excellent, OHG
tiur-lh id. Derived from *eurjaz. Hri-
rrnv.xxs 154.
*euri sb.f.: ON dr glory, fame, OS
diuritha id., OHG tiurida id. Derived from
*eurjaz. Tonr-F.rk 199; Vnirs ANEW
*eurjaz adj.: ON drr dear, precious,
OE dere dear, expensive, OFris diure id.,
OS diuri valuable, expensive, OHG tiuri
id. Related to Skt adv. dhur violently,
Gk -y-rv to play. Tonr-F.rk 199;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 73; Krtor 129, 727;
266267; Vnirs ANEW 91 (to *dheu- to
weave); Oxioxs 247; Hrirrnv.xxs 154
155 (to Slav *dur stupidity, madness);
Krtor-Srrnorr 822823 (from *dheg
h-
ro- to *dheg
h- to burn).
*euzan sb.n.: Goth dius beast, animal,
ON dr id., OE der id., OFris dir
id., OS meri-dior sea animal, OHG tior
animal. Continues IE *dheuso- closely
related to *dhouso- > Alb dash ram, Lith
pl. daUsos paradise, Slav *dux breath,
spirit (Btnr. KZ II 190191; S.tsstnr
enraz 71 euzan
orel_f4_66-81 7/6/04 6:58 PM Page 71
Mmoire 81). Prnssox UU 1891 8183;
Gnirxnrnorn Got. 58 (to Gk yv to run);
Tonr-F.rk 217; Woor AJPhil XLI 345
346 (to Gk yv to rage); Fris+ 121122;
Fn.rxkrr 115; Vnirs ANEW 90; Z.riz-
xi.k I 139; Oxioxs 250; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa V 153154; Lrnv.xx GED 9293;
155156; Krtor-Srrnorr 825; Onrr
AED 57.
*ewanan str.vb.: Goth diwan to die.
Connected with Av 1 dual. pres. med.
dvaid to press, Phryg daw: [. . .] p
Frugn lkow, Hes., Slav *daviti to press,
to squeeze. Gnirxnrnorn Got. 58 (to
Gk yv to run); Tonr-F.rk 198199;
Fris+ 122; Lirrx Arm. St. 4041 (to Arm
di corpse); Woor MLN XXI 226227
(to Lat fatig to grow weary); Pokonxv
I 235; Srrnorr 147149; Lixrrv.x Ver-
schrfung 16.5; Lrnv.xx GED 3, 93.
*iz sb.f.: Goth ga-des act, deed, ON
d id., OE dd id., OFris dde id., OS dd
id., OHG tt id. Formally identical with
Av ni-diti- laying down, Lith dtis load
derived from IE *dh- to put, to set, see
*nan. B.n+norov.r 1082; Tonr-
178; Tnirn Lehm 104109; Pokonxv I
Nom. 146; Krtor-Srrnorr 816; Bot+k.x
OFED s.v.
*xn sb.f.: OHG tha jackdaw.
Probably telated to OPrus doacke starling
< *dk- (Po++ BVS VI 113). Nrssrr-
v.xx Thesaurus 31; Torono\ PJa I 354;
Krtor-Srrnorr 187.
*janan wk.vb.: OHG ten to suckle.
Related to Skt dhyati to suck, to drink,
Gk aor. ysato id., Arm diem id., OIr
dnim id., Latv dju id., Slav *dojiti to
milk. Cf. zero grade in OSw da to
suckle, MLG ten id. See *ajjanan.
Tonr-F.rk 205; M.vnnorrn II 93;
Pokonxv I 241242; Fnisk I 673674;
Lixrrv.x NTS XXII 7273; Lrnv.xx
GED 85.
*iraz adj.: ON digr stout, big, OFris
adv. diger careful, MDu deger complete,
MHG adv. tiger, tigere complete, total.
Derived from *anan. K.ns+rx NB II
254; Tonr-F.rk 205; Fris+ 119; V.x
Wixrrkrxs I 533 (to Toch A tsik
hardly, strongly); Pokonxv I 244245;
GED 90 (on Goth digrei abundance);
Hrirrnv.xxs 156157.
*anan str.vb.: Goth irreg. d(e)igan to
knead, Norw digen to milk. Related to
Toch A tsek-, B tsaik- to shape, to form,
Skt degdhi to smear, to anoint, Av caus.
dazayeiti to wall about, Gk yiggnv to
touch, to take hold of , Lat ng to form,
Lith deti to skin, to ay. B.n+no-
rov.r 673674; Tonr-F.rk 205206;
Horv.xx I 501502; Fris+ 118119;
II 62; Pokonxv I 244245; Fn.rxkrr 98;
GED 90; Btnr.k IFTJa 263.
*kn ~ *kaz sb.m.: ON dki ditch,
dike, OE dc id. (fem.), OFris dk id., OS
dk id., OHG th id. Of unknown origin.
Fick KZ XXII 103104 (to Lat fg to
x, to fasten, to thrust in, to attach, Lith
dgti to grow, to crop); Tonr-F.rk 205
(follow Fick); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 72;
*janan wk.vb.: OSwed da to suck,
MHG den to suck, to suckle. Related to
*janan. Tonr-F.rk 205; Pokonxv I
241242; Fnisk I 673674.
*s sb.f.: ON ds goddess, sister.
Unclear prexal formations in WGmc:
OE ides woman, OS idis woman, wife,
OHG itis woman. Unclear. Related to
*ajjanan? Or to Arm pl. di-k' gods if
the latter is to be separated from Gk
yew god? Tonr-F.rk 206; Fnisk I
662663.
euzan 72 s
orel_f4_66-81 7/6/04 6:58 PM Page 72
*biz adj.: Goth ga-dofs appropriate,
suitable, OE e-dfe becoming, t,
proper. Derived from *abanan. Tonr-
F.rk 200; Fris+ 179; Srrnorr 146.
*az sb.n.: Goth dur-dogs four days
long, ON dgr day or night. Derived
from *aaz. Tonr-F.rk 199; Scntrzr
Kl. Schr. 844845; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
74; Fris+ 149; Pokonxv I 7, 241242;
Vnirs ANEW 92; Lrnv.xx GED 86.
*lj sb.f.: ON dl little dale, LG dle
hole, OHG tuola hole, pit (- and n-
stem). Related to *alaz ~ *alan.
Lrnv.xx GED 87.
*ma-xsan sb.n.: ON dm-hs court-
house, OE dm-hs id. Compound of
*maz and *xsan. C.nn Nom. comp. 80
(parallel formations).
*ma-stlaz sb.m.: ON dm-stll judg-
ment seat, OHG tuom-stuol tribunal.
Compound of *maz and *stlaz. C.nn
*maz sb.m.: Goth doms discernment,
distinction, ON dmr court of judgment,
judgment, OE dm judgment, ruling,
OFris dm id., OS dm id., OHG tuom id.
(also neut.). Close to Gk yvmw heap,
Phryg duma, dumos religious assembly,
further derived from *dh- to put, to set.
See *nan. Tonr-F.rk 198; Hor+n.t-
srx AEEW 74; Fris+ 122123; Pokonxv
I 238; Dvno VSJa 27; Fn.rxkrr 92 (Lith
domE attention is secondarily derived
from domtis to watch); Fnisk I 700;
93; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 72; Onrr Phry-
gian 425.
*mjanan wk.vb.: Goth domjan to deem,
to judge, ON dma to judge, to talk,
OE dman to think, to judge, OFris dma
id., OS -dmian to judge, OHG tuomen
id. Derived from *maz. Tonr-F.rk
GED 93.
*nan str.vb.: OE dn to do, to make,
OFris dwa id., OS dan id., OHG tuon id.
Related to IE *dh- to put: Hitt di-
to put, Toch AB t- id., Skt ddhti id.,
Av dadaiti to bring, Gk tyhmi to put,
Lat faci to do, to make, Lith dti to
put, Slav *dti to put. B.n+norov.r
235239; Fn.rxkrr 9192; Fnisk II
897898; Oxioxs 279280; Srrnorr
157160; Krtor-Srrnorr 841; Btnr.k
IFTJa 245.
*wjanan wk.vb.: Goth part. af-dauis
troubled, annoyed. Similar to Slav
*daviti to strangle, to press, to squeeze.
Cf. also ON d catalepsy < *awan
close to Phryg dow: . . . p Frugn
lkow (Hes.). Causative of *ewanan.
Knr+scnvrn Einleitung 211; Woor MLN
XXI 226227 (to ON dasask to become
weary); Fick BB XXIX 236; Tonr-F.rk
198; Fris+ 4; Dr+scnrv Thr. 117;
Pokonxv I 235; Fn.rxkrr 100 (Lith dvyti
to torment < Slav); Vnirs ANEW 71;
S+.xo LS 18; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa IV 198
199; Lrnv.xx GED 3; Onrr Phrygian
422.
*raban sb.n.: ON draf dra, husks, ME
masc. draf yeast, MLG draf dra, husks,
dregs, OHG pl. trebir husks. See
*rb( j)az. Further to be compared with
OIr drab dregs, yeast, Slav *drob bit,
intestine (Fn.rxkrr 102103). Tonr-
F.rk 202203; Fris+ 126127, 179;
Pokonxv I 204, 252; Vnirs ANEW 7980
(to Gk trfv to fatten, to nourish);
Cn.x+n.ixr 1135 (follows Vnirs);
Oxioxs 287; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa V 119
120; Lrnv.xx GED 96, 136; Krtor-
Srrnorr 834.
*rabln sb.m.: ON drai curdled milk.
Cf. also neut. dra tattle < *rablan.
Structurally close to Gk trofalw fresh
cheese, sour milk, further to Gk trfv
to feed (Pr+rnssox SVSL I 125). Vnirs
*raan sb.n.: ON drag rim, lining, OE
e-dr dragging, band, multitude, MLG
ge-drach yield. Derived from *raanan.
biz 73 raan
orel_f4_66-81 7/6/04 6:58 PM Page 73
*raanan str.vb.: Goth dragan to draw,
to accumulate, to take on, ON draga to
draw, OE draan to draw, to drag,
OFris draga, drega to carry, OS dragan id.,
OHG tragan id. Identical with Alb dredh
to turn, to rotate < PAlb *dradza, cf. also
Arm danam to turn (Lirrx Arm. St.
101102). W.rrr IF XIX 106 (to Lat
trah to pull if from *dhragh); Ztri+z.
Gutt. 177; Brnxrkrn 212213 (to Slav
*dorga road); Tn.t+v.xx BB XX 330
(to Gk trxv); Tonr-F.rk 211; Fris+ 123;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 76; W.rrr-Pokonxv
I 859 (to Skt dhyati to be strong);
Srrnorr 160162; Lrnv.xx GED 9394
(to IE *dher- to hold); Mo++.tscn KZ
CVI 160172; Krtor-Srrnorr 830831;
Onrr AED 73.
*railaz sb.m.: Burg *dragils carrier,
ON dregill ribbon, OHG tregil bearer.
Derived from *raan, *raanan. Srr-
norr 161; Konrrn 709.
*raj sb.f.: ON dregg dregs, lees.
Related to OPrus dragios yeast (if not
from Germanic), Lith pl. drgs id. (if not
from Old Prussian), Lett dial. dradzi sed-
iment in melted butter, Slav *droda
yeast < *dhrogh, Alb dra ~ dr oil-cake,
melted butter < PAlb *draga (Fons+r-
v.xx KZ XIX (1870) 355). Fick KZ
XXI 4; Fnornrr BB XIII 455 (adds Lat
fracs grounds, dregs of oil); Prnssox
Beitrge 929 (follows Fnornrr); Tonr
Festschr. Unger 178; Ztri+z. Gutt. 31, 178;
Tonr-F.rk 211; Rricnrr+ KZ XLVI
Vnirs ANEW 82; Oxioxs 289; Tntn.-
cnr\ ESSJa V 128129; Krtor-Srrnorr
835; Onrr AED 71; Dvno BSA 13.
*ran sb.f.: ON pl. drgur timber car-
ried on horseback, OE dre dragnet
(neut.?), OHG traga barrow, nurse,
nanny. Derived from *raanan. Hor+-
Srrnorr 161.
*raxtuz ~ *raxt sb.m./f.: ON drttr
draught, pulling, MLG dracht id.
Structurally close to Lat part. tractus, of
trah to drag. Further related to *raa-
nan. Tonr-F.rk 211; W.rrr-Horv.xx
II 698699; Vnirs ANEW 81; Krtor-
Srrnorr 830.
*raibjanan wk.vb.: Goth draibjan to
drive, to propel, ON dreifa to scatter, to
disperse, OE drfan to drive, MHG
durch-treiben id. Derived from *rbanan.
*ramban sb.n.: ON dramb roll of fat on
the neck. Close to Gk yrmbow coagu-
lated mass. Pokonxv I 257258; Fnisk
I 685686 (further to trfv to thicken,
to curdle); Cn.x+n.ixr 442; Lrnv.xx
GED 96.
*ranaz sb.m.: ON drangr lonely up-
standing rock. Identical with Alb drang
barge-pole, punting-pole; young crea-
ture, cub, Lith dragas thick pole, drnga
perch, pole, Slav *drg club, stick
(Ztri+z. Gutt. 177). Jon.xssox KZ
XXXVI 374; Tonr-F.rk 211; Tn.t+-
v.xx BSW 59; S+.xo LS 19; Pokonxv I
Mann Language XXVI 386; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa V 129130; Onrr ZfBalk XXIII/1
73, AED 72.
*rankan sb.n.: Goth dragk drink, potion,
OHG tranc id. (masc., neut.). Derived
from *renkanan. Fris+ 123; Oxioxs 289;
Krtor-Srrnorr 832.
*rankjanan wk.vb.: Goth dragkjan to
make drink, ON drekkja to drown, to
swamp, OE drencan to give to drink,
OFris drentza id., OS or-drenkian id.,
MHG trenken id. Causative of *renkanan.
AEEW 76; Fris+ 123; Vnirs ANEW 82;
Oxioxs 289; Srrnorr 165; Krtor-
Srrnorr 832.
*rauaz sb.m.: ON draugr ghost, spectre
(unless = draugr dry log), OS gi-drg
mirage, OHG gi-trog deception (neut.).
Identical with Av draoga- lie, deceit. See
*reuanan. B.n+norov.r 768; Tonr-
raan 74 rauaz
orel_f4_66-81 7/6/04 6:58 PM Page 74
81; Lrnv.xx GED 95; Cnozirn ANF CII
112 (on ON draugr companion).
*raumaz sb.m.: ON draumr dream, OE
drem joy, pleasure, OFris drm dream,
OS drm id., OHG troum id. Derived from
*reusanan to fall, semantically similar to
the development of IE *sep- to sleep
based on *sep- to fall, presumably, with
an intermediate stage to become weak, to
drowse (cf. E drowse also connected with
*reusanan). Note that *raumaz is formally
close to Gk yrama, yrasma debris,
wound based on yrav to break < IE
*dhreus-. Scnnorrn GRM XVI 164
(from *raumaz, to *drauaz); Scntrzr
Kl. Schr. 862; Tonr-F.rk 213 (separate
OS and OE); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 76;
I 680681; Oxioxs 289; Cn.x+n.ixr I
Srrnorr 833834.
*raumjanan wk.vb.: ON dreyma to
dream, Du dromen id., OHG troumen id.
Derived from *raumaz. Vnirs ANEW
83.
*raupjanan wk.vb.: ON dreypa to drop,
to dip, OE drepan id., MLG drpen id.,
OHG troufen id. Causative of *reupanan.
Vnirs ANEW 83; Srrnorr 169.
*rausjanan ~ *rauzjanan wk.vb.:
Goth ga-drausjan to cast down, to over-
throw, ON dreyra to bleed, to ooze,
OHG trren to rain. Causative of *reu-
sanan. Tonr-F.rk 214; Fris+ 5; Vnirs
95.
*rauzaz ~ *drauzjn sb.m.: ON dreyri
gore, blood, OE drer blood, OS drr
id., OHG trr id. Derived from *reu-
sanan. Tonr-F.rk 215; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 77; Vnirs ANEW 83; Oxioxs 289;
Srrnorr 171; Lrnv.xx GED 95.
*renkanan str.vb.: Goth drigkan to
drink, ON drekka id., OE drincan id.,
OFris drinka id., OS drinkan id., OHG trin-
can id. Of unknown origin. It is plausible
that *renkanan is a back formation based
on *rankjanan, the latter originally mean-
ing to milk and related to Slav *dr\gati
to pull. Woor MLN XVIII 1516 (to
*raj); Ztri+z. Gutt. 161 (to Skt dhrjati
to glide, to move); Tonr-F.rk 211212
(to Lith nrti to dive); C.nrx Etudes 23
25 (from pre-Gmc); Ztri+z. Gutt. 161 (to
Skt dhrjati to glide, to move); Scntrzr
KZ XXVII 606 (to Skt adv. hap. leg.
drahyt- rmly); Fris+ 125; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 77; Krtor 791792; Jn.xxrssox
IEW 529530; Pokonxv I 273 (to *dhre-
to pull); Vnirs ANEW 82; Oxioxs 290;
(to Lith drgti to become damp); Krtor-
Srrnorr 836.
*renkn sb.f.: ON drekka drink, bever-
age, OE drince id. Derived from *ren-
kanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 77; Vnirs
*repan sb.n.: ON drep blow, OE e-drep
stroke. Derived from *repanan. Tonr-
*repanan str.vb.: ON drepa to strike,
OE part. drepen id., OS ofar-drepan
to outdo, to surpass, OHG trean to
strike. Related to Slav *drebiti to crush.
Jn.xxrssox IEW 530; Pokonxv I 272
273; Vnirs ANEW 83 (to Goth ga-draban
to chip, to hew out); Srrnorr 166167;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa V 106; B.vvrsnrnorn
Nom. 59, 62; Krtor-Srrnorr 834.
*reuanan str.vb.: Goth driugan to wage
war, to lead a military life, OE drean
to do, to work, to perform, to bear. Cf.
also ON drgja to commit < *reujanan.
Historically identical with WGmc *reu-
anan > OE be-dr seduced, OFris bi-
driga to seduce, OS bi-driogan id., OHG
triogan to deceive (Avnnosixi ASNSP
XXVII 229). Probably related to Lith
draUgas fellow traveller, OPr drktai
hard, Slav *drug friend, other, second
(L.xr Language IX 247; S+.xo LS 1920).
Ktnx KZ I 181 (connected with *rauaz);
Prnssox Wurzelerw. 25, 60 (*reuanan to
rauaz 75 reuanan
orel_f4_66-81 7/6/04 6:58 PM Page 75
seduce to Lat fraus deceit, fraud); Tonr-
F.rk 213214; Ztri+z. Gutt. 102, 177;
Ponzio Gliederung 196; Jn.xxrssox IEW
Z.rizxi.k I 150; Oxioxs 289; Brx\r-
xis+r IEL 89; Srrnorr 167168; Tnt-
n.cnr\ ESSJa V 131132; Lrnv.xx
GED 95 (to IE *dher- to hold); Krtor-
Srrnorr 839.
*reuaz adj.: ON drjgr rich, solid, sub-
stantial, OE dro studious, earnest,
NFris driech extensive. See *dreuanan.
Tonr-F.rk 213214; Ztri+z. Gutt. 129;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 7677; K.ns+rx NB
I 40; Pokonxv I 254255; Vnirs ANEW
*reupanan str.vb.: ON drjpa to drip,
OE drepan id., OFris dripa to drip, to
trickle, OS driopan id., OHG triofan to
drip. A secondary formation parallel to
*reusanan. Tonr-F.rk 214; Hor+n.t-
srx AEEW 77; Jn.xxrssox IEW 527
84 (to OIr drucht dew); Srrnorr 169
*reusanan str.vb.: Goth driusan to fall,
OE dresan to rush, to fall, to perish, OS
driosan to fall. Etymologically identical
with Gk yrav to break, to grind
( Jon.xssox KZ XXX 422), cf. also Slav
*drusati to shake, to throw up, to swing
with *-s- < *--. Tonr-F.rk 214215;
Fris+ 126; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 77; \.x
Wixrrkrxs KZ LXXIII 2627 (to Gk
drsow dew); Jn.xxrssox IEW 527
Oxioxs 289290; Srrnorr 170171; Tnt-
n.cnr\ ESSJa V 133; Lrnv.xx GED 95.
*rk sb.f.: ON drk streak. Related to
Skt dhrjati to glide, to move, to y,
dhrj- tractive force. Ztri+z. Gutt. 161;
Vnirs ANEW 80; Dvno BSA 128 (with a
length of an original root noun).
*rn ~ *rnaz sb.f./m.: OE drn
drone, OS drn id. Cf. also OHG tren id.
with short vocalism. Identical with Gk
n-yrnh wild bee, yrnow dirge.
Pokonxv I 255; Dvno VSJa 2526 (pre-
tonic shortening in OHG); Fnisk I 681
682; Oxioxs 290; Krtor-Srrnorr 195.
*riban sb.n.: ON drif driven snow, OE
e-drf driving, movement, OHG thana-
trib divorce. Derived from *rbanan.
Vnirs ANEW 83; Srrnorr 163; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 56.
*ribn sb.m.: ON hring-dri prince,
OHG uz-tribo exorcist. Derived from
*rbanan. Srrnorr 163.
*riftiz sb.f.: ON drift, dript snow-drift,
ME drift current, ow, OFris ur-drift
driving out, MLG drift id., OHG ana-
trift inuence. Derived from *rbanan.
*rbanan str.vb.: Goth dreiban to drive,
ON drfa id., OE drfan id., OFris drva id.,
OS drban id., OHG trban id. Related to
Lith drimb, drbti to fall down in akes,
cf. ON drfr snr snow drifts ~ Lith
snigas driMba the snow is falling thickly
(Gnirxnrnorn Got. 5960). Mrnixorn
IF XVIII 235236 (follows Gnirxnrn-
orn); Prnssox Beitrge 75, 309; Unrrx-
nrck PBB XXVII 117118; Tonr-F.rk
212; Fris+ 124125; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
I 274; Fn.rxkrr 104; Vnirs ANEW 83;
Oxioxs 290291; Srrnorr 162163;
Lrnv.xx GED 94; Lr\icki IF CIII
224 (to *rbjanan); Krtor-Srrnorr 834.
*rfn sb.f.: ON drfa fall of snow, sleet,
MLG drve gutter, MHG trbe diarrhea.
Cf. also OE drif fever. Derived from
*rbanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 77.
*rtanan str.vb.: ON drta cacare, ME
driten id., OFris part. be-drt id., MDu
drten id., OHG gloss drizo megio. Sim-
ilar to but phonetically not agreeing with
Lith trediu, tresti to have diarrhea <
*treidh-. Tonr-F.rk 212; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 78; Jn.xxrssox IEW 518519;
ANEW 84; Oxioxs 271; S+.xo LS 20 (to
Slav *dristati cacare); Srrnorr 164165.
reuanan 76 rtanan
orel_f4_66-81 7/6/04 6:58 PM Page 76
*rb( j)az adj.: OE drf dray, draggy,
dirty, OS drbi murky, cloudy, OHG
truobi id. Related to *raban and eventu-
ally to Gk trfv to become fat (Krtor
742). Tonr-F.rk 203; Fris+ 126127;
Fnisk II 925927; Lrnv.xx GED 96;
M.+zrr KZ CV 121; Hrirrnv.xxs 160
*rbjanan wk.vb.: Goth drobjan to stir
up, to excite, OE drfan to disturb, to
agitate, OS drbian to become sad,
OHG truoben to entangle. Derived from
*rb( j)az. Ztri+z. Gutt. 31; Tonr-F.rk
v.xxs 160.
*ruxtiz sb.f.: Goth drauhti-wito cam-
paign, ON drtt people, bodyguard, OE
dryht people, multitude, army, OFris
dracht, drecht people, OS druht-folk suite,
OHG truht crowd. Derived from *reu-
anan. Ktnx KZ I 181; Gnirxnrnorn
Got. 80; Ztri+z. Gutt. 178; Tonr-F.rk
214; L.xr Language IX 247; Hor+n.tsrx
SGGJa I 66; Vnirs ANEW 8485; Z.riz-
xi.k I 150; Srrnorr 167; Brx\rxis+r IEL
89, 93; Lrnv.xx GED 94; B.vvrsnrnorn
Nom. 140; Krtor-Srrnorr 839.
*ruxtnaz sb.m.: ON drttinn lord, mas-
ter, OE dryhten ruler, lord, prince,
OFris drohten id., OS drohtn id., OHG
truhtn id. Cf. Goth drauhtinon to cam-
paign, to serve in the army < *ruxtn-
janan. Derived from *ruxtiz. Ktnx KZ
Brx\rxis+r IEL 89; Lrnv.xx GED 94;
*runjanan wk.vb.: Norw drynja to rum-
ble, LG drnen id. Derived from *runjuz.
Tonr-F.rk 211; Oxioxs 290 (to *rn ~
*rnaz); Lrnv.xx GED 96.
*runjuz sb.m.: Goth drunjus sound, call,
Norw dryn id. A verbal abstract
(Bntov.xx Grundri II/1 224225) based
on an unattested verb, cf. Skt dhrati
to sound. Tonr-F.rk 211; Fris+ 127;
M.vnnorrn II 115116 (onomatopoeia
in Skt); M.vnnorrn II 115116;
Pokonxv I 255256 (to Tokh A trk-, B
trek- to speak); Vnirs ANEW 8586;
Lrnv.xx GED 96.
*runkanaz ~ *runkenaz adj.: ON
drukkinn drunken, OE druncen id., MLG
drunken id., OHG win-truncan id. Derived
from *renkanan. Tonr-F.rk 212; Hor-
*runkann sb.f.: Goth drugkanei drunk-
enness, OHG truncan id. Derived from
*runkanaz ~ *runkenaz. Fris+ 127;
Lrnv.xx GED 9495.
*runkanjanan wk.vb.: ON drukna to
be drowned, OE druncnian to sink, to
drown, to be drunk, OHG trunkann,
trunkann to sink, to drown. Derived
from *runkanaz ~ *runkenaz. Hor+-
Oxioxs 291.
*runkiz sb.m.: ON drykkr drink, bever-
age, OE drync id., MLG drunk id., OHG
trunc id. Derived from *renkanan. Tonr-
ANEW 85; B.nrrn Verbalabstr. 1517;
Srrnorr 165; Lrnv.xx GED 4, 95; Ltnn
Expr. 243, 255; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 53,
131.
*rupn sb.m.: ON dropi drop, OE dropa
id., ME droppe id., OS dropo id., OHG
tropfo id. Derived from *reupanan.
xi.k I 153; Oxioxs 291; Srrnorr 169;
Krtor-Srrnorr 838.
*rusjanan wk.vb.: Swed dial. drusa to
fall down hard, MLG drusen to fall with
noise. Derived from *reusanan. Vnirs
ANEW 85.
*druzan ~ *ruziz sb.n./m.: Goth drus
fall, ON drr phlegm, rheum, OE dryre
fall, decline. Derived from *reusanan
(Lirrx MASO I 109). Hor+n.tsrx
Srrnorr 171.
rb( j)az 77 druzan
orel_f4_66-81 7/6/04 6:58 PM Page 77
*raz sb.m.: OHG trt friend,
beloved. A substantivized adjective iden-
tical with OIr drth salacious, lecherous
< *dhr-to-. M.ns+n.xrrn NTS I 245
(to Lat Frutis, epithet of Venus); Tonr-
F.rk 214 (to Skt dhruv- rm, xed);
Pokonxv I 215; Mrir KZ LXXIX 291;
Hrirrnv.xxs 161162.
*rpjanan wk.vb.: ON drpa to
droop, OE drupian to drop. Derived
from *reupanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
*urn sb.m.: Swed dodra marsh
marigold, ME doder dodder, devils guts,
Caltha palustris, Du dodder id., OHG
totoro cuscuta, epithymus. Identical with
Skt dudhra- violent further related to Skt
ddhat- violent, shocking, Gk Hom
yussaneiw tasseled, fringed (based on
*yuya). Tonr-F.rk 208; Pokonxv I
264265; Fnisk I 697.
*uftaz sb.m.: ON dupt, duft powder,
MHG tuft fog, dew. Related to *aubaz.
ANEW 87 (to *steubanan ~ stbanan); Lrn-
v.xx GED 328.
*uuniz sb.f.: ON dyg virtue, OE
dugu manhood, multitude, majesty,
glory, OFris dugethe virtue, MLG doget,
dogent id., OHG tugund id. Derived from
*aua. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 79; Vnirs
ANEW 89; Krtor-Srrnorr 840 (to ON
dyggr faithful).
*uxtr sb.f.: Goth dauhtar daughter, ON
dttir id., OE dhtor id., OFris dochter id.,
OS dohtar id., OHG tohter id. Related to
Toch A ckcar, B tkcer id., Skt duhitr- id.,
Av dug6dar- id., Gk yugthr id., Arm dustr
id., Osc ftr id., Lith duktE id., Slav *dkti
id. Drrnntck KZ XIX (1870) 240247;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 74; Fris+ 116; M.vn-
norrn II 56; Pokonxv I 277; Drnov II
Facht. IGAS 160162 (to *aua); Vnirs
ANEW 79; Z.rizxi.k I 157; Fn.rxkrr
110; Fnisk I 690; Szrvrnrxvi Kinship
22 (to *uxtiz ~ *uxt), Hermes CV
387; Oxioxs 245; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa V
178179; Prr+rns IF LXXXIV 206207;
H.vr IF LXXXVIII 9495; Lrnv.xx
GED 88; Krtor-Srrnorr 826; Ar.vs TB
312.
*uxtiz ~ *uxt sb.f.: Goth dauhts
feast, MHG duht doughtiness. Derived
from *aua (Dirrrxn.cn VW II 616).
Gnivv DG II 208; Gnirxnrnorn Got. 79;
Hor+n.tsrx AnZDA XXIV 33 (to Gk
texv to make, to build); Fris+ 116;
Lrnv.xx GED 88.
*ukkn sb.f.: ODan -dokke dock, coarse
weedy herb (in compounds), OE docce
id., OS dokka doll, OHG tocka id.
Probably connected with Latv duga slime
on the surface of water. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 74; Oxioxs 280; Ltnn Expr.
*ulan sb.n.: ON dolg enmity, OE dol
wound, scar, OFris dolg id., MLG dolk
id., OHG tolg id. Based on WGmc
*elanan > OFris delga to wound, MHG
telken to beat related to Gk ylgv to
enchant, to transform using a charm
(Ennisv.xx PBB XX 60; H.\rns KZ
XLIII 231, IF XXVIII 190192). The
original meaning of *ulan must have
been mark (of blood) while the Greek
verb denoted the act of making such
a mark. For the semantic development
cf. Fr blesser to wound < WGmc
*blsjanan (OE bldsian to bless, to con-
secrate) based on *blan. S.tsstnr
MSL VIII 443 (Gk ylgv to Lith velgi
to look, to peer); Tonr-F.rk 210;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 74; D.tz.+ DELF
93; W.rrr-Pokonxv I 866 (to Lat
falx sickle, reaping-hook, scythe);
Z.rizxi.k I 139; Fnisk I 658659;
Oxioxs 100; Cn.x+n.ixr I 427; Srrnorr
153.
*ulaz sb.m.: Goth dulgs debt. Related
to OIr dliged duty, law, dligim to earn,
Slav *dlg (Ktnx KZ I 205; Brnxrkrn I
244). Gnivv KZ I 82; Lo++xrn KZ XI
174 (Gmc < Slav); Ztri+z. Gutt. 178;
Tonr-F.rk 210; Fris+ 128129; Cnrvo-
r.xo\ SGGJa I 96; Sc.nriori Goten 54
(from Celtic); Lrnv.xx GED 97.
raz 78 ulaz
orel_f4_66-81 7/6/04 6:58 PM Page 78
*uliz sb.f.: Goth duls festival, OHG
tuld id. Derivative in *-ti- related to OE
deall proud, exulting, eminent, MHG
ge-telle beautiful, nice and further to
MIr dell-rad shine. Dir+nicn ZDADL
V 224225 (to ON dvala to delay);
Drrnntck ZdPh I 9 (to Skt dhi- rm-
ness, resolution); Gnirxnrnorn Got. 60
(derived from *welanan); Tonr-F.rk 204;
Srxx JEGP XXXII 513, 528; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 70; Fris+ 129; Tnirn
Holz 55 (follows Drrnntck, Pokonxv I
246; Z.rizxi.k I 150; M.vnnorrn II
111112 (against Drrnntck); Lrnv.xx
GED 97; Krtor-Srrnorr 198 (from
*welanan).
*umbaz adj.: Goth dumbs dumb, ON
dumbr id., OE dumb id., OFris dumb id.,
OS dumb stupid, simple, OHG tumb id.
An expressive form related to *aubaz
(Hor+n.tsrx GEW 24. Tonr Festschr.
Unger 179 (to ON dumba mist); Tonr-
F.rk 201; Lrvv KZ XL 420 (to Slav
*db oak); Fris+ 129; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 80; K.ns+rx NB I 15; Pokonxv I
Lrnv.xx GED 9798 (to IE *dheubh-
darkened); Ltnn Expr. 101103; Hri-
*unaz ~ *un sb.m./f.: OE dun
dung, OFris dung id., OS dung id., OHG
tunga manuring, fertilizer. Cf. also ON
dyngja heap < *unjn. Related to Lith
dengi, degti to cover, OIr dinged to sup-
press. Ztri+z. Gutt. 99; Tonr-F.rk
208; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 80; Lixrtis+
NB XV 97132 (to *enwanan); Po-
konxv I 249; Fn.rxkrr 8889; Vnirs
199.
*unjn sb.f.: ON dyngja dungeon, ladys
bower, OE dynce plowed land, fallow
land. Derived from *unaz ~ *un.
90.
*uniz sb.m.: ON dynr din, OE dyne din,
noise. Related to Skt dhvnati to sound,
Gk ynv to rush, to dart along. Tonr-
F.rk 208; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 81; M.vn-
norrn II 118; Pokonxv I 277; Vnirs
ANEW 90; Fnisk I 697698; Oxioxs 269.
*unjanan wk.vb.: ON dynja to gush, to
shower, OE dynian to make a noise, to
resound, OS dunian to roar, to rumble.
Connected with *uniz. Tonr-F.rk 208;
Oxioxs 269.
*u(n)stan ~ *u(n)staz sb.n./m.: ON
dust dust, OE dust id., OFris dst heap,
MLG dust dust, dunst smoke, haze,
OHG dunst wind, storm. Related to
Latv dvans smoke, haze. Any connection
with *uniz? Tonr-F.rk 216217; Hor+-
ANEW 88; Oxioxs 295.
*untiz sb.m.: ON dyttr, dyntr dint, OE
dynt stroke, blow. Derived from *enta-
ANEW 9091; Srrnorr 154; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 131.
*uran ~ *ur sb.n./f.: Goth daur
door, gate, OE dr large door, dru
door, OFris dure id., OS dor gate, duru
door, OHG tor gate. A morphological
variant of *urz. Mrnixorn IF XVI 125
(on masc. *urn > Goth auga-dauro win-
dow); Tonr-F.rk 210; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 75. 80; Fris+ 117118; Pokonxv
I 278279; Z.rizxi.k II 206; Oxioxs
828.
*ura-stu sb.f.: ON dura-sto door-
post, OE dru-stod. Compound of *urz
and *stu. C.nn Nom. comp. 52.
*ura-waraz sb.m.: Goth daura-wards
door-keeper, OE dru-weard id., OHG
tor-warto id. (n-stem). Compound of *urz
and *waraz. Fris+ 117; C.nn Nom.
comp. 69 (parallel formations); Lrnv.xx
GED 89.
*urstiz sb.f.: OE dyrst tribulation, OHG
ki-turst boldness. Derived from *arsa.
Identical with Skt dh- id. derived from
dhnti to be audacious. Tonr-F.rk
203; Pokonxv I 259.
*urz sb.f.: ON pl. dyrr door, ODu dori
id. (i-stem), OHG turi id. (i-stem with
traces of a root stem). Related to Toch B
uliz 79 urz
orel_f4_66-81 7/6/04 6:58 PM Page 79
twere id., Skt nom. pl. dvr- id., Av acc. sg.
dvar6m id., Arm pl. dur-k' id., Gk yr`
door, Alb der id., Lat foris, fors id., W
dor door, Lith drys id., Slav *dvr
id. Bntov.xx Grundri II/1 133; B.n-
+norov.r 766; Tonr-F.rk 210; W.rrr-
Horv.xx I 529530; Fris+ 117118;
278279; Fn.rxkrr 112113; Vnirs
ANEW 91; Z.rizxi.k II 206; Fnisk
I 695696; Oxioxs 284; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa V 171172; Lrnv.xx GED 89;
B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 197; Gnirrrx+noo
841; Onrr AED 60; Ar.vs TB 323
324.
*urzuz adj.: MHG trre, drre valiant.
Derived from *arsa. Structurally identi-
cal with Skt dh- bold, courageous, Gk
yrasw brave, valiant and probably Slav
*drz-k daring (with unclear *-z-).
Fnisk I 654655; Srrnorr 147; M.+zrr
Festschr. Schrder 98, 109, 113, KZ CV
104; Gronoir\ LuE 199 (on Slav *drz-
k); Hrirrnv.xxs 167168.
*uskaz adj.: OE dox, dosc dark, swarthy.
Identical with Lat fuscus dark, blackish <
*dhusko- (Ztri+z. KZ XXXVII 388). Cf.
*usnaz. Tonr-F.rk 216; Scnvrx+xrn
PBB XLIX 428429; Hor+n.tsrx
Pokonxv I 270; Oxioxs 295; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 168.
*usnaz adj.: OE dosen chestnut brown,
OS dosan maroon, ash-colored, OHG
tusin ash-colored. Identical with MIr
donn dark brown, MW dwnn dark red
< *dhusno- ~ *dhosno-. Cf. *uskaz. Fon-
s+rn Festschr. Liebermann 137; Scnvrx+xrn
FB 6162, PBB XLIX 423427; Tonr-
Lockvoor KZ LXXIX 294300;
Hrirrnv.xxs 168169.
*ut(t)janan wk.vb.: ON dytta to med-
dle, OE dyttan to close, to shut up.
Derived from *uttaz. Hor+n.tsrx
*uttaz sb.m.: Norw dott tuft, wisp, OE
dott dot, small spot, LG dott tuft, bunch.
Derived from *dheu- to blow: Skt dhnti
to shake, to move, Gk y-v to oer by
burning, Lat suf- to fumigate, to per-
fume, to scent. Tonr-F.rk 208 (to Gk
ysanow tassel, fringe); Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 75; Pokonxv I 262263; Vnirs
*banan str.vb.: ON dfa to dive (wk.),
OE dfan to sink, MLG be-duven to be
covered. Eventually related to *eupaz.
ANEW 86; Lrncnxrn 61; Srrnorr
155156.
*bjanan wk.vb.: ON dfa to dip, OE
dfan id. Derived from *banan. Hor-
GED 92.
*bn sb.f.: Goth hraiwa-dubo turtle-
dove, ON dfa dove, OE dfe-doppa pel-
ican, OFris dve dove, OS dba id.,
OHG tba id. Originally, a dark-colored
bird (cf. Gk pleia wild dove ~ peliw
dark, black and blue, livid)? If so, con-
nected with OIr dub black, OW dub id.
and Gk tuflw dark, blind (Pr+rnssox
Aufs. 5354), cf. for example Slav *golb
dove ~ *golb blue. Stor.n+i DVN
Fnisk II 949950; Ennixon.ts GL XVI
913 (onomatopoeia); Lrnv.xx GED
*naz ~ *n sb.m./f.: OE dn
mountain, hill, down, OFris dne hill,
dune, MDu duun id., OHG dna cape,
dune. Borrowed from Gaul *dnom, cf.
Celtic place names in -dnum. Tonr-
F.rk 207 (from *dheu- to blow); Hor+-
Oxioxs 286; Krtor-Srrnorr 199 (to
Gk y,w heap, shore, sand, Skt dhniya-
generous).
*saz adj.: ON sbst. ds lull, dead calm
urz 80 saz
orel_f4_66-81 7/6/04 6:58 PM Page 80
(< *san), OFris ds still. Identical with
Slav *dyx breath, for further connec-
tions see *euzan. Jn.xxrssox IEW 508;
Vnirs ANEW 88 (to Gk yv to oer, to
sacrice); Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa V 200.
*sjanan wk.vb.: ON dsa to doze,
MLG dosen, dusen to slumber, to re-
sound. Derived from *saz. Tonr
NNEO 79; Hor+n.tsrx PBB XLI 476;
Monn ZDADL LXXVI 179 (adduces
MLG dschen to rush); Vnirs ANEW 88.
*walaz adj.: Goth dwals foolish, stupid,
MLG dwal insane. Compared with Gk
yolv to make turbid, to confound
(Po++ KZ XXVI 189), OIr dall blind,
dark. The connection with *welanan
seems indisputable. Tonr-F.rk 215;
K.ns+rx NB II 241, 297; Fris+ 130;
Pokonxv I 265266 (OIr dall < *dhno-);
Vnirs ANEW 88 (to Gk ylow dirt);
*wali ~ *walian sb.f./n.: Goth
dwalia folly, foolishness, OE dwild
error, heresy. Derived from *walaz.
Fris+ 130; Hrirrnv.xxs 169.
*waljanan wk.vb.: ON dvelja to delay,
OE dwellan to lead into error, to
deceive, OFris dwelia to be mistaken,
OS bi-dwellian to hinder, MDu dwellen
to stun, to perplex, OHG twellen to
stop, to halt. Derived from *welanan.
Vnirs ANEW 8889 (to *walaz); Oxioxs
296; Srrnorr 172.
*walmaz ~ *walmn sb.m.: OE
dwolema darkness, chaos, NFris dwelm
stupidity, OS dwalm fascination, OHG
twalm confusion. Derived from *walaz.
Lrnv.xx GED 98.
*walmjanan ~ *ulmjanan wk.vb.:
ON dylma to be careless, OE for-dwilman
to confuse, to perplex. Derived from
*walmaz ~ *walmn. Tonr-F.rk 216;
*waljanan wk.vb.: ON dvala to delay,
OE dwalian to err, OFris dwalia id.,
OHG ga-twaln to delay, to postpone.
Derived from *wal(n). Hor+n.tsrx
*wal(n) sb.f./m.: ON dvl short stay,
stop, dvala hesitation, OE dwala error,
doubt, MDu dwale id., OHG twl pro-
crastination, twla id. Derived from
*walaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 80; Vnirs
*welanan str.vb.: Icel dulinn swell-
headed, OE part. e-dwolen erroneous,
wrong, perverse, OS far-dwolon missed,
lost, OHG twelan to remain, to be slow,
to lag. Probably related to Lat fall to
deceive, Lith dlti to rot and deriva-
tionally identical with Lith dvlti pedere.
80; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 447448 (Lat fall
< *h
e
ln); Jn.xxrssox IEW 503506;
Srrnorr 172.
*weraz sb.m.: ON dvergr dwarf , OE
dweor id., MLG dwerch id., OHG twerg id.
(neut.). Of unknown etymology. B.n-
+norov.r IF XII 131 (to Av drva-
dwarsh, bent); Ztri+z. Gutt. 99; Tonr-
F.rk 215; Hor+n.tsrx PBB XI 548,
AEEW 81; Knoov.xx KZ LXII 143 (to
Latv drugt to subside, to fall); Pokonxv I
278; Vnirs ANEW 89 (to *weraz);
Z.rizxi.k I 130; Oxioxs 296 (to Gk
srfow midge); Krtor-Srrnorr 919.
*wnanan str.vb.: ON dvna to dwindle
(wk.), OE dwnan to pine, to fade, to
dwindle, MDu dwnen to fade. Based on
*ewanan. Prnssox SVSU X 744; Tonr-
260261; Vnirs ANEW 89 (to *awjanan);
Lrncnxrn 7071; Srrnorr 171 (to OIr
dth loss).
*wulaz adj.: ON sbst. dul self-conceit,
pride (< *wul ), OE dol foolish, erring,
OFris dol id., OS dol id., OHG tol id.
Related to *walaz. Tonr-F.rk 215;
Oxioxs 293; Hrirrnv.xxs 170; Krtor-
Srrnorr 827.
saz 81 wulaz
orel_f4_66-81 7/6/04 6:58 PM Page 81
*eb(i) ptcl., conj.: Goth ibai, iba whether,
possibly, ON ef if , OS ef id., OHG ibu
id. A sequence of two Indo-European
particles *e (like in Gk -kei beside) and
*bhe ~ *bho: Av b indeed, Lith ba id.
(Bntov.xx Dem. 115117, Grundri II/2
323324). See *ba. Gnirxnrnorn Got.
125 (from IE *epi after, upon); B.n+no-
rov.r 912; Unrrxnrck TNTL XXV 281
(same as Bntov.xx); Krtor Urgerm. (a
case form in *-bh-); Fris+ 286287;
Pokonxv I 113, 280281; Fn.rxkrr 28
*ebna-lkaz adj.: Goth ibna-leiks of equal
substance, of similar form, OSwed jm-
liker homogeneous, OE efn-lc equal,
OHG eban-lh id. Compound of *ebnaz
and *lkaz. Fris+ 287; Lrnv.xx GED
142, 202; Hrirrnv.xxs 171.
*ebnaz adj.: Goth ibns at, even, ON
jafn, jamn even, equal, same, OE efen
even, equal, OFris adv. even same, OS
efni at, even, OHG eban, ebano equal,
same. Identical with MBret een like, W
iawn just < *epno- (Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I
92). Jon.xssox PBB XV 229230 (to
Lat aemulus imitating, imgo image);
Sovvrn IF XXXI 361362 (from *ep-
n-, to IE *epi ); Bntov.xx IF XXXVII
161 (same as Jon.xssox); Tonr-F.rk 28;
Tntnxrvsrx apud Fris+ 287 (to MIr
emain twins); K.ns+rx NB II 211;
Mrzorn KZ LXXIX 45 (from *i-bh-
here); Oxioxs 331; Lrnv.xx GED 202;
*ebnjanan wk.vb.: ON jafna to make
equal, to compare, OFris evenia to
smooth (the ground), OHG ebann to
make equal, to make the same. Derived
from *ebnaz. Vnirs ANEW 289; Lrn-
*eburaz sb.m.: ON j furr wild boar, king,
warrior, OE eofor boar, MLG ever id.,
OHG ebur id. Close to Lat aper id., Umbr
acc. sg. abrunu id. (with a secondary a- in
Italic), Thrac brow: trgow, bthw: ka
potamw Yrkhw, Hes. (Fons+rnv.x KZ I
497). Cf. also Slav *vepr, Latv vepris cas-
trated boar with an unexpected initial
*- (Prrrnsrx KZ XXXVIII 311).
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 56, II 754755;
Dr+scnrv Thr. 163; Pokonxv I 323;
294; Z.rizxi.k I 130; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ I 292.
*earaz sb.m.: ON jaarr edge, OE eodor
hedge, fence, OS edor, eder woven
fence, OHG etar fence. Probably related
to Slav *odr wooden platform, bed
(Unrrxnrck PBB XXVI 295) or to Slav
*dro net, cloth (Tntn.cnr\ Etim. 31
32). Tonr-F.rk 24, 559 (to Arm ezer
border, edge); Mrnixorn IF XVIII 256
ANEW 289; Gon Origins 145; Krtor-
Srrnorr 236.
*ei ~ *ei adv.: Goth i but, however,
if , ON pl. i-gjld recompense, OE ed-
cerr return, OS ed- id., OHG it-lnn to
remunerate. Continues IE *eti: Skt ti
beyond, very, Av aiti id., Gk ti further-
more, still, OPhryg eti and, also, Lat et
and, Gaul eti also, OPrus et-, at-
( J.consonx KZ XLIX 194). B.n+no-
Fris+ 297; M.vnnorrn I 27; Pokonxv I
344345; Vnirs ANEW 283; Lrnv.xx
GED 208; Onrr Phrygian 429.
*ealaz sb.m.: Dan igle kind of worm,
leech, Norw igle id., MLG egel, le leech
(fem.), OHG egala id. (fem.). Related to
Gk xnow id., Gk xiw snake, Arm i id.,
Lith es hedgehog, Slav *e id. Fick
e
orel_f5(E)_82-87 7/6/04 6:59 PM Page 82
BB XXIX 237; Tonr-F.rk 23; Tn.t+-
v.xx BSW 73; Pokonxv I 44; Fn.rxkrr
330; Fnisk I 602; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\
II 10.
*exwa-rai ~ *exwa-raian sb.f./n.:
ON j-rei horsemen(?), OE e-red cav-
alry, legion, OLG eo-rid id. Compound
of *exwaz and *rai. Structurally close to
OIr fem. coll. echrad horses. C.nn Nom.
comp. 4647.
*exwaz sb.m.: Goth aia-tundi thornbush,
bramble, ON jr stallion, OE eoh war-
horse, OS ehu-skalk groom, ostler. From
IE *eos horse: Toch A yuk, B yakwe,
Skt va-, Gk ppow, Lat equus, OIr ech
(Fons+rnv.x KZ I 493). Kock ANF
XXXII 189; Tonr-F.rk 23; Hor+n.tsrx
Fnisk I 733735; Lrnv.xx GED 15;
B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 69; Ar.vs TB 482.
*ejja str.vb.: Goth pret. iddja went, OE
pret. ede id. Suppletive preterite of
*ananan identical with Skt yt and fur-
ther continuing IE *ei- to go: Hitt pa-izi,
Toch AB y-, Skt ti, Av aiti, Gk emi, Lat
e, OIr pass. pret. etha, Lith eim, eti, Slav
*iti. B.n+norov.r 147154; Tonr-
F.rk 27; Krtor Beitrge 124127 (from
an augmented aorist); Hor+n.tsrx IF
XIV 342 (to Lat vadere to go); Corri+z
Prt. 142148 (from perfect middle);
Mrirrr+ MSL XXIII 257 (from an
unaugmented imperfect); Fris+ 288289;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 91; Covoirr
Language XXXVI 483501; W.rrr-
Fnisk I 462463; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VIII
247248; Srrnorr 174176; Lixrrv.x
Verschrfung 17.2; Btnr.k IFTJa 252.
*eka pron.: Goth ik I, ON ek id., OE ic
id., OFris ik id., OS ic id., OHG ih id.
Continues IE *e id.: Gk g, Arm es,
Lat eg, OLith e. Other Indo-European
forms dier from *e in phonetic and
derivational details (Skt ahm, Av az6m,
Slav *az). Cf. also emphatic OHG ihha.
Acc. sg. *meke (Goth mik, ON mek, mik,
OE mec, mic, OS mik, OHG mih) contin-
ues IE *(e)me ge, cf. Gk mge id. Dat. sg.
*mez: Goth mis, ON mr, OE m, OFris
mi, OS m, OHG mir. Gen. sg. *mna:
Goth meina, ON mn, OE mn, OFris mn,
OS mn, OHG mn. B.n+norov.r 225
227; Tonr-F.rk 23, 300; Hor+n.tsrx
Fris+ 291292; Ponzio Gliedrung 128;
M.vnnorrn I 68; Pokonxv I 418, 702;
Fn.rxkrr 18; Vnirs ANEW 9899, 384,
386387; Fnisk I 441; Scnvir+ Pron.
2148, 5455; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa I
100103; Lrnv.xx GED 204205, 254;
*eli() ~ elj sb.m./f.: ON il footsole,
OE ile footsole, hard skin, OFris ili
id., MLG ele, elde, elt id. Derived from IE
*el-: Gk (rare) lv to drive, lanv
id. Tonr-F.rk 28 (to Lat pl. lia anks,
entrails); Prnssox UU 1891 78 (to OHG
len to hurry); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 187;
Fnisk I 482483; Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*elmaz ~ *almaz sb.m.: ON almr elm-
tree, OE elm id., OHG elm id. ON
reects an old o-grade. Related to Lat
ulmus id. (< *mos), MIr lem id. (< *lemos)
and Slav *jlm id. < *(u)lmos with some
irregularities in vocalism (Prrrnsrx KZ
XXXVIII 313314). Unrrxnrck AfslPh
XV 487 (Slav < Gmc); Tonr-F.rk 26;
7; Z.rizxi.k I 129; Oxioxs 307; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ II 126127; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa VIII 222223.
*enaz pron.: ON def. art. (h)inn, OHG enr
id. Related to Lith ans that one, Slav
*on < *ono-. Cf. also Skt instr. anna
through this, Gk nh third day <
*yonder day. M.vnnorrn I 32;
ANEW 286; Fnisk I 514; Lrnv.xx GED
*enai adv.: Goth inna within, inside,
ON inni indoors, OE inne in, within,
ealaz 83 enai
orel_f5(E)_82-87 7/6/04 6:59 PM Page 83
inside, OFris inna inside, OS inna id.,
OHG inna- id. Locative of *en (Fris+
293). Bntov.xx IF XXXIII 304 (from
*eni-n); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 188; Fris+
293; Vnirs ANEW 287; Lrnv.xx GED
*enan adv.: Goth innana from within,
within, inside, ON innan from within,
OE innan id., OFris inna id., OS innan id.,
OHG innan, innana inside. Derived from
*en. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 188; Fris+
294; Vnirs ANEW 286; Krtor-Srrnorr
401.
*ena-waraz adj., adv.: ON innan-verr
inward, OE innan-weard, in-weard id.,
MDu inne-wert, in-wert id., OHG in-wart
inside. Compound of *en and *waraz.
Oxioxs 484.
*en() adv.: Goth inn in, ON inn id., OE
inn in, within, OFris in in, OS n id.,
OHG n id. (with secondary lengthening).
Derived from *eni. Close to Gk ndon
within (Corri+z MLN XXXVII 215
218), Hitt anda(n) in, Alb nd. Cf. also
comp. *enizn > ON innri, iri inmost,
OE innera, innerra inner, inward, OFris
inra, innere inside, interior, OHG innaro,
inner id. Tonr-F.rk 25 (extension of *eni
by means of a particle *ne); Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 188; Fris+ 293; Pokonxv I 311
314, 774; Fnisk I 511512; Vnirs ANEW
286287; Oxioxs 466, 476; Tiscnrrn
HEG I 3334; Lrnv.xx GED 206; Onrr
AED 284.
*eni prep.: Goth in in, ON id., OE in
in, within, OFris in id., OS in id., OHG
in id. Identical with Gk n, n id., Lat in
id., OIr in- id., OPrus en id., Lith id.,
Slav *vn id. Tonr-F.rk 25; Hor+-
687688; Fris+ 292; Pokonxv I 311312;
Fn.rxkrr 181; Vnirs ANEW 282; Fnisk I
508509; Oxioxs 466; Lrnv.xx GED
*enkn sb.m.: ON ekki convulsive sob-
bing, OE inca doubt, question, cause of
complaint. Related to Lith ngti to stran-
gle, to squeeze, to torment, Slav *\ga ~
*\za witch, illness, wrath (Pooorix RFV
XXXIII 328; Lirrx Studien 7071).
Hor+n.tsrx IF XVII 295, AEEW 188;
Pokonxv I 13; Fn.rxkrr 10, 11631164;
Vnirs ANEW 99; S+.xo LS 25; Tnt-
n.cnr\ ESSJa VI 6869; Dvno BSA 201.
*enkwaraz pron.: Goth igqar your (dual),
ON ykkar id., OE incer id., OS inca id.
Derived from *enkwara (see *jutw ~
*jitw). Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 188; Fris+
*enkwaz sb.m.: ON kkr glans, glandula.
Related to Gk dn gland < *g
n, Lat
inguen groin, abdomen (Btoor BB III
115). S.tsstnr MSL VI 53; Tonr-F.rk
319; Fnisk I 20.
*enstran sb.n.: ON str fat of the paunch,
MLG inster, inser intestines of a slaugh-
tered animal. Close to Latv stri kidneys,
OPrus instran fat < *stro- (Fons+rv.xx
KZ XIX 355). Further to Gk ntw
within, inside, Lat intus id. < *entos.
See *enran. Tonr-F.rk 25; Exrzrrix
KZ LII 121; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 713;
Tn.t+v.xx BSW 6970; Pokonxv I 182,
314; Vnirs ANEW 287; Fn.rxkrr 188;
Fnisk I 525; S+.xo LS 25; Torono\ PJa
III 5455.
*enran sb.n.: ON pl. ir, innr bowels,
entrails. Identical with IE *entro- > Skt
neut. antr- intestine, Gk ntera id.,
Arm pl. 6nder-k' id., Slav *\tro liver, intes-
tines. Tonr-F.rk 25; Pokonxv I 313;
M.vnnorrn I 36; Vnirs ANEW 283;
Fnisk I 524525; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VI
7273.
*erkna-stainaz sb.m.: ON jarkna-steinn
gem, OE eorcnan-stn precious stone,
pearl. Compound of *erknaz and *stainaz.
*erknaz adj.: Goth un-airkns impure,
OHG ercan holy, sublime. Related
to Toch A yrk, B yarke adoration,
reverence but to be separated from the
family of Skt rcati to shine, to adore.
Os+norr Morph. Unt. VI 33 (to Gk rgw
white, quick); Tonr-F.rk 26; Fris+ 25;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 92; Pokonxv I 65
enai 84 erknaz
orel_f5(E)_82-87 7/6/04 6:59 PM Page 84
(Kreuzung of *ar- white und *erk
-
to light, to shine); Mrir IF LXIX 245;
L.cv JIES VII 287296 (from IE *er-nos
having a good birth); Lrnv.xx GED 18;
Ltnn Expr. 339; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom.
*erlaz sb.m.: ON jarl earl, leader, noble-
man, OE eorl nobleman of high rank,
OS erl id., OHG erl- id. (in cmpn.).
Related to *ern. Probably can be directly
compared with Thrac prn. Olrow,
Oroles (Tov.scnrk Thr. II/2 29; Knr+-
scnvrn Einleitung 214, 221) unless the lat-
ter is to Slav *orl eagle. Tonr-F.rk
25; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 92; Dr+scnrv
Thr. 341; Pokonxv I 326 (to *arn), 328;
Oxioxs 297; Lrnv.xx GED 40.
*ermena-runiz ~ *ermuna-run-
an sb.f./n.: ON jrmun-grund Earth,
OE eormen-grund id. Based on *ermenaz ~
*ermunaz and *runuz ~ *runuz.
C.nn Nom. comp. 58.
*ermenaz ~ *ermunaz adj.: Goth prop.
Ermeni-ricus, ON jrmun-gandr great mon-
ster, Jrmunr (name of Odin), OE eormen-
cyn mankind, human race, OS irmin-man
man, OHG irmin-sl tall column. Of
uncertain origin. Probably related to Gk
rmenow high, Slav *ormn strong,
large. Bntckxrn KZ XLV 107108 (to
Gk rnumi to urge, to incite); Tonr-
92; W.rrr-Pokonxv I 183184 (to Lat
armentum cattle for plowing, herd);
Pokonxv I 58; Brrrrn Festschr. Wol
921 (to *ern); Vnirs ANEW 295 (to Skt
aryaman- companion, host, god of hospi-
tality); V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 441;
Hirv.nssox TIES III 6575 (to Toch A
yrm, B yarm size, measure); Lrnv.xx
*ern sb.f.: ON jara ght, battle.
Connected with Skt ti to arise, to
move, to reach, to attack, Av 6r6naoiti to
move, Gk rnumi to urge, to incite, Lat
orior to rise, to get up. Cf. especially Skt
sam-ar- ght, battle. B.n+norov.r
183184; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 222223;
M.vnnorrn I 122; Pokonxv I 332; Fnisk
II 422424.
*erpaz adj.: Burg *erps brown, ON jarpr
id., OE eorp dark, dusky, brown, OS
prop. Erp-hund, OHG erpf dark brown.
Unclear. Hardly to Gk rfnw dark
brown (~ Arm arn id. < *org
hen-).
Os+norr Etym. I 7879 (< *ereb(h)-, cf.
Lith jrb hazel-grouse); Tonr-F.rk 332;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 93; K.ns+rx NB
II 220; Pokonxv I 334; Vnirs ANEW
291; Fnisk II 431432; Konrrn 709;
Hrirrnv.xxs 176177.
*era-bazjan sb.n.: Swed jord-br straw-
berry, OE fem. eor-berie id., MDu erd-
bere id., OHG erd-beri id. Compound of
*er and *bazjan. Fnornrr BB XVII
310 (to Lat arbutus wild strawberry-tree);
C.nn Nom. comp. 47.
*era-burz sb.f.: ON jar-borg earth
stronghold, OE eor-burh earth mound,
OHG erd-burg earth stronghold. Com-
pound of *er and *burz. C.nn Nom.
comp. 47.
*era-fallaz sb.m.: ON jar-fall earth-
slip, OFris erth-fall fall to the ground,
MLG erd-fal id., OHG erd-fal earth-slip.
Compound of *er and *fallaz. C.nn
*era-fastaz adj.: ON jar-fastr xed in
the earth, OE eor-fst id., OFris erth-fest
id., MLG erd-fast id., early G erdfest id.
Compound of *er and *fastaz. C.nn
Nom. comp. 60.
*era-xnutz sb.f.: Swed jord-nt earth-
nut, OE eor-hnutu id., MDu erd-note id.,
OHG erd-nuz id. Compound of *er and
*xnutz. C.nn Nom. comp. 47.
*era-xsan sb.n.: ON jar-hs cave,
underground home, OE eor-hs earth-
house, den, OS erth-hs cave, under-
ground home, OHG erd-hs id.
Compound of *er and *xsan. C.nn
Nom. comp. 47.
*era-kunaz adj.: Goth aira-kunds of
earthly birth, OE eor-cund earthly, ter-
restrial. Compound of *er and *kunaz.
C.nn Nom. comp. 88 (calque of Lat terri-
genus).
erknaz 85 era-kunaz
orel_f5(E)_82-87 7/6/04 6:59 PM Page 85
*era-weaz sb.m.: ON jar-vegr earth,
OE eor-we earth, earth-way. Com-
pound of *er and *weaz. C.nn Nom.
comp. 54.
*er sb.f.: Goth aira earth, ON jr id.
(partly < *eriz), OE eore id. (< *ern),
eor id., OFris erthe id., OS ertha id.,
OHG erda id. Related to or derived from
*erwn (Bnrvrn ZDADL XXXI 205206).
Tonr-F.rk 26, 560; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
*erwn sb.m.: ON jr gravel, OHG ero
earth. Close to Toch B yare gravel, W
erw eld, Corn erw id., OBret eru fur-
row, Gk r` id. and probably to Phryg
dat. sg. eiroi earth, earthly (?) (Onrr
Phrygian 71). Scnvvzrn I ., Tonr-
295; Fnisk I 546547; Cn.x+n.ixr 363;
Lrnv.xx GED 18.
*erzi sb.f.: Goth airzia deception,
delusion, OHG irrida heresy. Derived
from *erzjaz. Fris+ 27; Hrirrnv.xxs
177.
*erzjanan wk.vb.: Goth airzjan to mis-
lead, to delude, OS irrian to dissolve,
OHG irren to entangle. Derived from
*erzjaz. Fris+ 27; Lrnv.xx GED 19;
Hrirrnv.xxs 177.
*erzjaz adj.: Goth airzeis deluded, erring,
misled, OE eorre angry, enraged, erce,
OFris re furious, OS irri id., OHG irri
stray. Related to Lat err to go astray,
Arm eam to be restless < *ers (Knr+-
scnvrn KZ XXXI 184). Tonr-F.rk 26;
*esti athem.: Goth ist is, ON es id., OE is
id., OFris is, ist id., OS is, ist id., OHG
ist id. Continues IE *es-ti id.: Hitt zi, Skt
sti, Av asti, Gk st, Lat est, OIr is, Lith
sti, Slav *est, Alb sht. See *wesanan I.
W.rrr-Horv.xx II 628629; Krtor
700701; L.xr Language XXX 113;
Jn.xxrssox IEW 7879; M.vnnorrn I
Vnirs ANEW 101, 105; Fnisk I 463464;
Srrnorr 176178; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VI
32; Lrnv.xx GED 205; Ptn\rr II
285291; Onrr AED 156.
*etanan str.vb.: Goth itan to eat, ON eta
id., OE etan id., OFris eta id., OS etan id.,
OHG ezzan id. Related to Hitt e-id-mi
id., Skt tti id., Gk dv id., Arm utem id.,
Lat ed id., OIr ith id., Lith mi id., Slav
*dm id. (Balto-Slavic lengthening due
to Winters law) Tonr-F.rk 24, 232;
Bntov.xx Grundri II/3 96; Tn.t+v.xx
BSW 66; Fris+ 163, 296297; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 94, 116; W.rrr-Horv.xx
I 392393; Jn.xxrssox IEW 5354;
Fnisk I 444445; Oxioxs 298, 376;
Cn.x+n.ixr 312313; Srrnorr 179180;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VI 5354; Lrnv.xx
GED 208; Ptn\rr II 315320; Krtor-
Srrnorr 235, 285.
*etulaz adj.: ON etall consuming, OE etol
voracious, gluttonous, OHG lu-ezzal
greedy. Derived from *etanan.
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 94; Srrnorr
179180; Hrirrnv.xxs 178179.
*etunaz sb.m.: ON jtunn giant, OE eten
id. The meanings of *etulaz make a ten-
tative connection with *etanan probable.
Scnt++r IF XV 266 (to the ethnonym
Etiones); Tonr-F.rk 24; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 93; Vnirs ANEW 295296;
*eau conj.: Goth aiau else, or, ON
ea id., OE ea, oa id., OS ettho id.,
OHG edo id. An unclear compound, pro-
bably continuing *ef au (Gnirxnrnorn
Got. 17) or *ex au (Crnciox.xi JIES XII
315344). Scnvir+ Studien 8595 (re-
constructs *eft-au); Jon.xssox BB XIII
29; Pokonxv I 344; Vnirs ANEW 93
(*e- to Lat et); Lrnv.xx GED 21;
Krtor-Srrnorr 597.
era-weaz 86 eau
orel_f5(E)_82-87 7/6/04 6:59 PM Page 86
*euaran sb.n.: ON jgr udder, OFris
jder id., OS geder id. A secondary ablaut
variant of *aran. Tonr-F.rk 29;
Nonrrx SVSU V/3 3943; Pokonxv I
euaran 87 n(e)u
*maz ~ *maz sb.m.: OE m
vapor, breath, smell, OFris thma
breath (n-stem), OS um id., OHG tum
spirit, life breath. Continues IE
*t-mo- close to *t-men- reected in Skt
tmn- breath, soul, self . Tonr-F.rk
24; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 13; M.vnnorrn
I 73; Pokonxv I 39, 345; Cnrvor.xo\
SGGJa I 106; Z.rizxi.k I 130; Scnix-
rrrn Sprache XIII 202; Lrovr-Srnixorn I
*raz adj.: ON adv. r ere, already,
soon, OE adv. dre quickly, promptly, at
once, OS adv. dro early, OHG tar
swift, eager. Related to Lith otrs lively,
Latv trs swift. Tonr-F.rk 559560;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 9; Scnxrirrn KZ
LXVI 249251 (to Toch A atr hero);
2; Lrovr-Srnixorn I 379381; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 173.
*r ~ *r sb.f.: OE dre, dr artery,
vein, sinew, MLG dere, der sinew,
OHG dra blood vessel, sinew. Related
to Gk Hom tor heart, OIr inathar
intestines < *en-tro- (Fick I 366).
Cf. also ON fem. r vein < *iz.
Scnvir+ Plur. 198; Tonr-F.rk 2425,
Fnisk I 645; Lrovr-Srnixorn I 5457;
Krtor-Srrnorr 15.
*wjaz ~ *wj sb.m./f.: ON gir
sea, ocean, OE water, island, e
island. Long grade derivative of *axw.
Szrvrnrxvi VJa 1967/4 19 (to Slav
*ezero lake, OPrus assaran id. < *ehero-) .
*laz I sb.m.: ON ll colored stripe along
the horses back. Identical with Arm il
spindle < *lo-. Lirrx SHVS Uppsala
VI 82 (to Skt ra- cavity); Pokonxv I
308310 (to Skt li- row, line but the
latter is from *i-); Vnirs ANEW 6;
Z.rizxi.k I 130.
*laz II sb.m.: ON ll eel, OE l id.,
OFris l id., OS l id., OHG l id. Histo-
rically identical with *laz I (Unrrxnrck
PBB XXXV 162). Scnnorrn ZDADL
XLII 63 (from *dlo- eater); Lorvrx-
+n.r WuS X 144 (to Skt lam discharge
from a venomous animal); Tonr-F.rk
26; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 10; Pokonxv
130; Oxioxs 302; Lrovr-Srnixorn I
133135; Krtor-Srrnorr 1 (to *alin ).
*laz III sb.m.: ON alr awl (< *alaz), OE
l id., OS l id., OHG la id. (< *l ).
Identical with Skt r id. Tonr-F.rk
26; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 10; M.vnnorrn
I 78; Pokonxv I 16; Vnirs ANEW 7;
Dvno VSJa 26; Oxioxs 66; Z.rizxi.k II
Srrnorr 20.
*maz ~ *maz adj.: ON mr black,
loathsome (?), OE sbst. m rust, G dial.
sbst. ahm, ohm blast (in corn), erysipelas.
Of unknown origin. Woor Language
VIII 213 (to Lat re to be dry); Hor+-
*n(e)u prep.: Goth inu without, ON n
id., OFris ne id., OS no id., OHG nu
id. Related to Skt nu- after, along, Av
anu along, Gk neu without, away from.
Bntov.xx Grundri II/2 837 (to Osset
n without); B.n+norov.r 127; Tonr-
orel_f5(E)_82-87 7/6/04 6:59 PM Page 87

n(e)u 88 faanaz
*far sb.m.: Goth voc. fadar father (hap.
leg.), ON fair id., OE fder id., OFris
feder, fader id., OS fadar id., OHG fater id.
Identical with Toch A pcar, B pcer
id., Skt pitar- id., Gk patr id., Lat pater
id., Armhayr id., OIr athir id. Tonr-F.rk
Horv.xx II 262264; Fris+ 133; M.vnno-
rrn II 277278; Pokonxv I 829; Vnirs
ANEW 109; Fnisk II 481482; Oxioxs
347; Brx\rxis+r IEL 169170; Lrnv.xx
*faiz sb.m.: Goth bru-fas bridegroom.
Identical with Toch A pats, B pets hus-
band, Skt pti- master, owner, husband,
Av paiti- master, spouse, Gk psiw hus-
band, Lat potis capable, Lith pts mar-
ried man (Mrirrr+ WuS XII 1720).
B.n+norov.r 821; Scnn.rrn II 337
340; Tonr-F.rk 227; Fris+ 109110;
842; Fn.rxkrr 551552; Fnisk II 584;
Lrnv.xx GED 8283.
*fariaz adj.: ON pl. fegar father and
son. Identical with Gk patrikw fatherly.
Derived from *far. Pokonxv I 829;
Vnirs ANEW 114; Fnisk II 481; Lrnv.xx
GED 101.
*faurwjn sb.m.: OE fdera fathers
brother, OFris federia id., OHG fatureo,
fetiro id. Identical with Skt pitvya- paternal
uncle, Av tiry id., Lat ptruus fathers
brother, paternal uncle < *p6to-. See
*far. B.n+norov.r 657; Hor+n.tsrx
*faanaz ~ *faenaz adj.: ON feginn
glad, joyful, OE fen glad, joyful,
OS fagan, fagin glad, OHG gi-fagan
contented. Participle of *fexanan. Gt+-
v.cnrn Btrg. Gesch. XXXIX 6971;
Tonr-F.rk 225; Fris+ 134; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 95; Wissv.xx NP 14; Pokonxv I
Srrnorr 189; Lrnv.xx GED 102; Hri-
rrnv.xxs 180181.
F.rk 25; W.ckrnx.orr Festschr. Daniels-
son 383384 (to Skt nu after, along);
318; Vnirs ANEW 9; M.vnnorrn I 34;
Fnisk I 106; Lrnv.xx GED 207; H.vr
JIES X 189190; Lrovr-Srnixorn I
289290; Krtor-Srrnorr 599; Ar.vs
TB 40 (adds Toch AB u rest, peace).
*tan sb.n.: ON t act of eating, OE
t food (masc., fem.), OFris t id., OS t
id., OHG z carrion. Together with
Lith da id., Latv pl. das id., Slav *da id.
continues IE *dom ~ *d. For further
connections see *etanan. Tonr-F.rk 24;
Tn.t+v.xx BSW66; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
13; Pokonxv I 288; Fn.rxkrr 125; Vnirs
ANEW 17; Z.rizxi.k I 139; Srrnorr
180; Lrnv.xx GED 4, 208, 385; Tntn.-
cnr\ ESSJa VI 38; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom.
6263.
*tiz ~ *tjaz adj.: ON tr edible, OE
ofer-te gluttonous. Derived from *etanan.
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 13; M.+zrr Festschr.
Schrder 103, 117, KZ CV 112; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 178.
*tjn sb.m.: Goth af-etja glutton, OE self-
ta cannibal. Structurally similar to Skt
dy- edible, Lith dia fodder, glutton,
Slav *dja food. Derived from *etanan or
directly from *tan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
13; Fris+ 5; M.vnnorrn I 74; Fn.rxkrr
*tn sb.m.: Goth uz-eta manger, crib,
MLG or-te, or-te remainder of animal
feed, straw. Derived from *tan. Fris+
f
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 88
*faanjanan ~ *faenjanan wk.vb.:
Goth faginon to feel happy, to rejoice,
ON fagna to be fain, to rejoice, OE
fenian to rejoice, OS fagann id., OHG
feginn id. Derived from *faanaz ~
*faenaz. Ztri+z. Gutt. 188; Tonr-F.rk
*faraz sb.m.: Goth fagrs proper, suitable,
ON fagr fair, bright, OE fer fair,
beautiful, OS fagar id., OHG fagar beau-
tiful, bright, splendid. Identical with
Toch A pkr, B pkri manifest, appar-
ent, Skt pajr- rm, solid, Umbr pacer
bent (Bntov.xx IF IX 349). See *fan-
xanan, *fexanan. Scnvrizrn KZ I 155;
Bn.txr PBB XLIII 369; Ztri+z. Gutt.
188; K.ns+rx NB II 252; Tonr-F.rk
Wissv.xx NP 14, 109, 123; M.vnnorrn
ANEW 109 (to *fanxanan or *fjanan);
M.vnnorrn II 186; Oxioxs 342; Lrn-
Hrirrnv.xxs 181182.
*fari sb.f.: ON fegr beauty, fair-
ness, OS gi-fagiritha ornament. Derived
from *faraz or *farjanan ~ *faxrjanan.
Hrirrnv.xxs 182.
*farn sb.f.: ON fegri beauty, OHG fagar
splendor. Derived from *faraz. Hri-
rrnv.xxs 181.
*farjanan ~ *faxrjanan wk.vb.: Goth
ga-fahrjan to put in proper condition,
to make suitable, ON fegra to adorn.
Derived from *faraz. Fris+ 180; Vnirs
*faxez sb.f.: ON fr sheep. Close to Gk
pkow wool, eece (Fick BB I 60) fur-
ther related to *fexu. Scnvir+ Plur. 149;
*faxsan sb.n.: ON fax mane, OE feax
hair, OFris fax id., OS fahs id., OHG
fahs id. Based on an original s-stem as in
Gk pkow eece. Derived from *faxez.
167; Fnisk II 492493; Krtor-Srrnorr
254.
*faxtiz sb.m.: OSwed ft wool, eece,
OE feht, eht sheepskin with wool, OFris
fecht wool, eece, Du vacht id. Related
to *faxsan. Cf. also *fextanan. Tonr-F.rk
*faiaz adj.: ON feigr death-bound,
OE fe fated, doomed, OS fgi
death-bound, OHG feigi id. Related to
*faixaz II (Brzzrxnrnorn BB XXVII
176; Wirrrv.xx BB XXVIII 3638).
Os+norr KZ III (NF) 427428 (to Skt
pakv- cooked, baked, ripe); Scnt++
ZdWf XI 274275; Ztri+z. Gutt. 189;
Tonr-F.rk 223 (to Lith pakas stupid);
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 95, 420; Krtor
Lrnv.xx GED 68; Htrr apud Joxrs-
Brrv Festschr. Puhvel I 214215 (to *faixaz
I); Hrirrnv.xxs 182183; Krtor-
Srrnorr 256.
*faii sb.f.: ON feig approaching
death, OE f hostility. Derived from
*faiaz. Cf. *faixi. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
183.
*faixaz I adj.: Goth lu-faihs multicolored,
manifold, ON bl-fr in blue speckles,
OE fh, f colored, OS fh id., OHG fh
id. Identical with Skt pas- shape, form,
color, Av pas- to color, to ornament,
Gk poiklow colorful, Toch A peke tab-
let, painting < *poio-. Ztri+z. Gutt.
132; B.n+norov.r 817; Tonr-F.rk 241;
K.ns+rx NB I 4546; Ponzio Gliederung
136 (short form of the original *lu-faixaz
with many stains); M.vnnorrn II 342;
*faixaz II adj.: OE fh guilty, criminal,
hostile, inimical, OFris fch criminal,
MDu vee hostile, inimical, OHG gi-fh
faanjanan 89 faixaz
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 89
faixaz 90 falaz
hostile. Identical with Lith pakas stupid
(Ztri+z. KZ XXXVII 401). Any connec-
tion with *faixaz I? Ztri+z. Gutt. 189
(to *faixaz I); Tonr-F.rk 240241; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 97; Wissv.xx Postv. 79
Lrnv.xx GED68; Hrirrnv.xxs 184185;
*faixjanan wk.vb.: ON f to draw, to
paint, OHG fhen to decorate. Derived
from *faixaz I. Tonr-F.rk 241; Vnirs
v.xxs 183.
*faiknan sb.n.: ON feikn fright, misfor-
tune, OE fcen deceit, fraud, OS fkan
guile, malice, OHG feihhan id. Sub-
stantivized *faiknaz. Ztri+z. Gutt. 161;
(to *faixaz II); Z.rizxi.k I 139; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 185.
*faikna-stabaz sb.m.: ON pl. feikn-star
bane, evil, OE fcen-stf deceitful deed.
Compound of *faiknan and *stabaz.
C.nn Nom. comp. 54.
*faiknaz adj.: ON feikn perishable, OE
fcne deceitful, fraudulent, wicked, OS
fkni guileful, malicious, OHG feihhan
insidious. Related to Lat impers. piget to
annoy (Ctn+its Gr. Et. 164). K.ns+rx
NB II 449; Tonr-F.rk 241; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 9495; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 300
ANEW 115; Kn.tsr Run. 122; Ltnn
Expr. 337338 (to *faixaz II); Hrirrn-
v.xxs 184185.
*faiman sb.n.: Norw dial. feim foam, OE
fm id., OHG masc. feim id. Related to
other phonetically diverging words for
foam: Skt phna- foam, froth, Sogd
pymkh id., Lat spma id., pmex pumice,
Slav *pna foam, Lith span id. Wrix-
norr KZ I 247; Prnssox Beitrge 690;
Prrrnsrx IF V 80; Mrirrr+ Etudes 445;
Tonr-F.rk 224; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 227
Horv.xx II 388389; M.vnnorrn II
399; Pokonxv I 1001 (reconstructs
*spoimno-); Fn.rxkrr 858; Oxioxs 366;
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 231; Krtor-
Srrnorr 256.
*faimnj sb.f.: ON feima bashful girl,
young lass, OE fmne virgin, maid,
woman, OFris fmne young woman, OS
fmea id. Fem. of unattested *faimn shep-
herd, herder related to Gk poimn id.,
Lith piemu id. Cf. in particular Lith
piemn female shepherd. Tonr-F.rk
240 (to Av paman- milk); Fn.rxkrr 585;
Fnisk II 573.
*faitaz adj.: ON feitr fat, MLG veet id.,
MHG veiz id. Related to the IE adjective
reected in Skt pvan- swelling, fat,
strong, Gk pvn id. Tonr-F.rk 241;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 97; K.ns+rx NB I
794 (to Gk pidv to gush forth); Vnirs
346347; Hrirrnv.xxs 186187; Krtor-
Srrnorr 257, 261.
*faitn sb.f.: ON feiti fatness, MHG veize
id. Derived from *faitaz. Hrirrnv.xxs
186.
*faitjanan wk.vb.: ON feita to fatten, OE
part. ft id., OHG feizen id. Derived from
*faitaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 97; Vnirs
ANEW 116; Oxioxs 346347; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 186.
*falaz adj.: ON falr for sale, OHG fali
saleable. Related to Gk pvlv to sell,
Lith penas prot, yield. Tonr-F.rk
237; K.n+srx NB I 66; Pokonxv I 804;
Fn.rxkrr 567568; Vnirs ANEW 110
111; Fnisk II 633; M.+zrr KZ CV 110;
*fala-lkaz adj.: ON marg-faldligr mani-
fold, OHG ein-faltlh simple. Derived
from *falaz. Hrirrnv.xxs 188.
*falaz adj.: Goth -fals -fold, ON -faldr
id., OE -feald id., OFris -fald id., OS -fald
id., OHG -falt, -falto id. Appears only as
the second element of adjectival com-
pounds (see *aina-falaz). Derived from
*falanan. Tonr-F.rk 238; Fris+ 23;
33; Oxioxs 366367; Hrirrnv.xxs 187
OFED s.v.
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 90
*faliz sb.m.: ON feldr cloak, OE fyld
fold, volume. May be related to Gk
plth small shield and probably (with
phonetic diculties) to Skt paa- woven
cloth, garment, blanket. In any case, fur-
ther related to *falanan. M.vnnorrn II
Srrnorr 184.
*faljanan wk.vb.: ON marg-falda to
multiply, OE e-meni-fealdan id., OHG
manag-faltn id. Derived from *falaz.
Vnirs ANEW 110; Srrnorr 184; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 188.
*falxaz sb.m.: ON falr socket of a spears
head in which the handle is put, OE fealh
harrow (fem.). Derived from *felxanan
(Lirrx apud Vnirs). Ztri+z. Gutt. 132;
110.
*falkn sb.m.: ON flki falcon, MLG
falke id., OHG falco id. Reects *pol--, a
variant of *pol-- in Lith plas pale,
Latv plss id. See *falwaz (Tonr-F.rk
239). Pokonxv I 805.
*fallan ~ *fallaz sb.n./m.: ON fall fall,
OE fem. (?) feal trap, pitfall, OFris fal
id., OS fal id., OHG fal fall. Directly
derived from *fallanan to fall or substan-
tivized *fallaz. Tonr-F.rk 239; Hor+-
Z.rizxi.k II 186; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 54.
*fallanan str.vb.: ON falla to fall, OE
feallan id., OFris falla id., OS fallan id.,
OHG fallan id. Reects *pol-n- or *pol-.
Connected with Arm p'lanim to fall, Lith
polu, plti id., Latv pult id., OPrus au-pal-
lai to nd. Woor GR I 309 (to Gk
pptv to fall); Btoor KZ XXXII 28
ANEW 110; Oxioxs 343; Srrnorr 181
182; Torono\ PJa I 159160; Krtor-
*fallaz adj.: ON v-fallr making a danger-
ous fall, tottering, OFris pl. gers-falle cut
o, fallen. Derived from *fallanan to fall.
K.ns+rx NB I 7980; Hrirrnv.xxs
188189.
*falliz adj.: ON hug-fellr pleasing, OFris
gars-felle falling into the grass, hewn o.
Derived from *fallanan. K.ns+rx NB I
111; M.+zrr Festschr. Schrder 106, KZ
CV 127; Hrirrnv.xxs 189; Bot+k.x
OFED s.v.
*falljanan wk.vb.: ON fella to fell, to
make fall, OE fyllan to fell, to cut down,
OFris fella, falla to fell, OS fellian id.,
OHG fellen id. Causative of *fallanan.
*falanan str.vb.: Goth falan to fold,
ON falda to cover ones head, OE feal-
dan to fold up, MLG volden id. (wk., with
str. part.), OHG faldan id. Continues
*pel-t- further connected with Gk -plow
simple, Lat sim-plus id. (Bntov.xx IF
XXXVIII 128130). Tonr-F.rk 238;
W.rrr-Horv.xx II 540; Krtor 182
183; Jn.xxrssox IEW 557; Pokonxv I
802803, 834835; Vnirs ANEW 110;
183184; Prr+rns IF XCIV 295; Lrn-
v.xx GED 107108; Krtor-Srrnorr
248.
*faluaz sb.m.: Dan fald herd of sheep,
OE falod, feald fold, enclosure for ani-
mals, fold (neut.), OS faled id., OHG
fald, falt fold. Derivationally close to Slav
*polt side, layer < *pol-uti- further
related to alb pal pair, fold, slav *pol
half . Tonr-F.rk 236; M.ns+n.xrrn
NTS VII 347349 (to Mir aile, gen. ailed
fence); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 97; Oxioxs
366; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 316; Lrn-
v.xx GED 107; Onrr AED 309.
*falwaz adj.: burg *falus fallow, on flr
wan, pale, OE fealu fallow, yellow, OS
falu pale yellow, OHG falo pale, reddish
yellow. Identical with Lith pavas wan,
pale, Slav *polv yellow, whitish (Ktnx
KZ I 516). Further connected with Gk
poliw gray < *poliWw, Arm alik' white
hair and other continuants of IE
*pel-. K.ns+rx NB II 194195; Prnssox
SVSU X 32, Beitrge 808; Scnvrx+xrn
faliz 91 falwaz
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 91
FB 8386; Tonr-F.rk 239; Scnvvzrn
ZDADL LXVI 9596; Tn.t+v.xx BSW
213; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 99; Ponzio
r.xo\ SGGJa I 68; Fn.rxkrr 534; Vnirs
B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 243; Konrrn 710;
244245.
*falwisk(n) sb.m./f.: ON flski ash over
burning ambers, OHG falawisca hot
ashes. Derived from *falwaz. Tonr-
F.rk 239; Vnirs ANEW 150.
*fanan ~ *fanxan sb.n.: Goth ga-fah
catching, catch, ON fang catching sh,
OE fan booty (masc.), OHG gi-fang
clothing. Related to *fanxanan. Hor+-
Ponzio Gliederung 104, 127; Vnirs ANEW
110, 117; Oxioxs 344; Srrnorr 185;
134.
*faniz I sb.m.: ON fengr gain, booty,
OE fen grasp, span, OFris basa-fang
obscene grip, OS ana-fang touch, OHG
ant-fang reception, acceptance. Sub-
stantivized *faniz II. Tonr-F.rk 224;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 100; Srrnorr 185
*faniz II adj.: ON br-fengr hot, hasty,
OE and-fene acceptable, approved, t,
OFris fensze suitable, OHG ant-fengi
acceptable, pleasant. Derived from *fan-
xanan. K.ns+rx NB I 111112; Hor+-
106, KZ CV 127; Hrirrnv.xxs 190.
*fanxanan str.vb.: Goth fahan to catch, to
capture, ON f to fetch, to catch, OE
fn to grasp, to catch, to seize, OFris f
id., OS fhan id., OHG fhan id. Related
to Lat pang to fortify, Gk pgnumi
to stick, to x in (Fnornrr BB XVI
189). Further connected with *faraz.
Ztri+z. Gutt. 6, 189; Bntov.xx Grundri
II/3 291; Tonr-F.rk 224; Fris+ 134
Horv.xx II 245246; Jn.xxrssox IEW
108; Fnisk II 525526; Oxioxs 344;
OFED s.v.
*fanjan sb.n.: Goth fani clay, mud, ON
fen fen, quagmire, OE fen fen, marsh,
mud, dirt (masc. and neut.), OFris fenne
wet meadow (masc., fem.), OS feni, fenni
swamp, fen, OHG fenni id. Etymo-
logically connected with Thrac pln.
Pnion, Gaul anam paludem, MIr en
water, an id., enach swamp, OPrus
pannean quagmire (Borr Glossarium 224;
Lirrx BB XXI 93; Bo. Roczn. Saw. VI
37). Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 716 (to *funn, as
re-colored); Ktnx WF XII 7; Exrzrrix
KZ LII 116; Tonr-F.rk 228; Hor+-
II 174; S+.xo LS 4041; Dtnir.xo\
Trakite 44; Lrnv.xx GED 108; Krtor-
Srrnorr 258.
*fann sb.m.: Goth fana piece of cloth,
rag, ON -fani ag (in compounds), OE
fana ag, OFris fana, fona ag, OS fano
cloth, OHG fano ag. Related to Gk
pnow: fasma Hes., pnh cloth, Lat
pannus id. (Ctn+its Gr. Et. 275276;
Os+rx-S.ckrx IF XXXIII 238). Tonr-
Srrcn+ Festschr. Voretzsch 40 (same as
Ctn+its and Os+rx-S.ckrx); Tnirn Lehm
2728 (to *fanjan); Pokonxv I 788; Vnirs
ANEW 111; Z.rizxi.k I 153; Fnisk II
Srrnorr 245.
*fantaz adj.: ON fattr bowed backward.
Identical with Lat pandus bent, crooked,
curved (Btoor KZ XIX 437438;
V.xirk 333). Tonr-F.rk 228 (to
*fenanan); Hor+n.tsrx IF XLVIII 255
(to Pndarow in Asia Minor); W.rrr-
Horv.xx II 245; Pokonxv I 788; Vnirs
*fara-alan sb.n.: ON far-ald journey,
OE fr-eld way, going, motion, journey.
Compound of *faran and *alan (see
falwaz 92 fara-alan
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 92
fara-alan 93 farmaz
*alaz). Tonr-F.rk 229; Hor+n.tsrx
*faran sb.n.: ON far travel, ship, OE fr
journey, vehicle, ship, OHG far haven.
Derived from *faranan. Tonr-F.rk 229;
Oxioxs 345; Srrnorr 187.
*faranan str.vb.: Goth faran to pass over,
to wander, to travel, ON fara to travel,
OFris fara id., OE faran id., OFris fara id.,
OS faran id., OHG faran id. Related to
Skt pparti to bring over, to save, to sur-
pass, Av par- to bring over, Gk perv
to penetrate, perv to pierce, to run
through, Slav *pr, *perti to move,
to y. Bntov.xx IF XXXII 173175
(*-a- from *farjanan); B.n+norov.r 851;
Tonr-F.rk 229; Mrirrr+ MSL XIX 135;
Tn.t+v.xx BSW 215216; Fris+ 142
143; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 98; Jn.xxrs-
sox IEW 548551; Brx\rxis+r BSL LI
491492; Oxioxs 345; Srrnorr 186188;
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 240; Lrnv.xx
*fariz sb.f.: Burg *fards journey, way,
ON fer travel, journey, OE fyrd army,
expedition, OFris ferd military expedi-
tion, OS fard way, OHG fart id.
Derived from *faranan. Tonr-F.rk 229;
GED 136137, 381; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom.
245.
*farjan sb.n.: ON fram-feri procedure,
conduct, MLG e-verde ride, way, OHG
gi-ferti way. Derived from *fariz.
Vnirs ANEW 118.
*farxaz sb.m.: OE fearh little pig, farrow,
OHG neut. farah, farh id. Identical with
Lat porcus pig, MIr orc young pig, Lith
paas gelded pig, Slav *pors\ piglet
(Kincnnorr KZ I 39). Ztri+z. Gutt.
190; Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 91; Tonr-F.rk
234; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 207; Hor+n.tsrx
Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 58; Pokonxv I
841; Tntn.cnr\ Zhiv. 63; Fn.rxkrr 542;
Vnirs ANEW 113; Tntn.cnr\ Zhiv. 63;
Oxioxs 345; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 332;
259.
*farxwaz adj.: OHG faro colored. Rela-
ted to Skt pni- spotted, variegated, Gk
porknw dark, MIr erc spotted, dark
red (H.vr IF LXXVIII 142143). Cf.
also *furxn. Tonr-F.rk 234; M.vnno-
rrn II 336; Pokonxv I 820821;
Szrvrnrxvi Language XLVIII 59 (with
metathesis, to Lat corpus body); Lrnv.xx
*farxw sb.f.: Goth masc. or neut. farwa
form, appearance, OFris ferwe id., MDu
verwe id., OHG farawa id. Substantivized
*farxwaz (Mrir Wortbild. 75). Tonr-
F.rk 234; Szrvrnrxvi Language XLVIII
59 (metathesis of *k
erp-: Skt kp- shape,

beautiful appearance, Lat corpus body);
Lrnv.xx GED 109 (against Szrvrnrxvi);
Krtor-Srrnorr 249.
*farjanan wk.vb.: Goth farjan to travel, to
go by sea, ON ferja to ferry, to trans-
port, OE ferian to carry, to bear, to
lead, OFris feria to lead, to ferry across,
OS ferian to travel by ship, OHG ferren
to sail. Causative/iterative of *faranan.
102; Fris+ 142143; Vnirs ANEW 118;
GED 108; Krtor-Srrnorr 245, 259.
*farjn sb.f.: ON ferja ferry, MLG vere
id., MHG vere id. Derived from *faranan.
Oxioxs 352.
*farmaz sb.m.: ON farmr freight, cargo,
OE fearm id., OS farm stampede, OHG
farm fast ship. Identical with Slav *porm
ferry (Fick I 475; Prnssox Beitrge
641). Derived from *faranan. Hin+ RFV
XXIII 336 (Slav < Gmc); Tonr-F.rk
AEEW 99; Pokonxv I 816817; Cnr-
vor.xo\ SGGJa I 80; Vnirs ANEW 112;
Z.rizxi.k I 131; S+.xo LS 43; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ III 331332; Srrnorr 187.
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 93
farnan 94 fastnan
*farnan sb.n.: OE fearn fern, MLG farn
id., OHG farn id. Related to phonetically
diverging IE words for fern: Gk ptriw
id., Alb er id. < PAlb *sper(n)a, OIr
raith id. (< *prati-), Lith paprtis id.,
Slav *paport id. Further connected with
and exactly corresponding formally to Skt
par- wing, Av par6na- id. B.n+no-
rov.r 869870; Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 91;
Pokonxv I 826; Fn.rxkrr 538; Fnisk
II 611; Oxioxs 351; Krtor-Srrnorr
249250; Onrr AED 96.
*far sb.f.: ON fr journey, OE faru id.,
OFries fera id., MHG far id. Derived from
*faranan. Tonr-F.rk 229; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 98; Vnirs ANEW 151; Oxioxs
107.
*farn sb.m.: ON -fari sea-farer, OE e-
fara companion, OFris rum-fara pilgrim,
traveler to Rome, OHG -faro traveler.
Derived from *faranan. Identical with
Toch B akwam-pere sprout and stalk <
*-porom. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 98; Vnirs
Nom. 176; Ar.vs TB 5.
*farzn sb.m.: ON farri bullock, OE fearr
bull, ox (from *farzaz), MLG varre id.,
OHG farro id. Deverbative based on IE
*pers-: Skt pan spotted, Tokh AB prs-
to sprinkle. For the semantic develop-
ment cf. Latv vepris boar, Slav *vepr id.
~ Skt vpati to throw (out), to eject, to
excrete. P.tr WuS XX 38; Os+norr
PBB XX 9091 (to Skt pthuka- boy,
young of an animal, Arm ort' calf );
99; M.n+ixr+ Gm. 178; M.vnnorrn II
336; Pokonxv I 818, 823; Tntn.cnr\
Zhiv. 4243 (to Slav *porz bull, hog <
*porso-); Vnirs ANEW 112; Z.rizxi.k II
Srrnorr 250.
*fas(u)laz sb.m.: ON fsull brood, OE
fsl ospring, progeny (masc. or neut.?),
MLG vasel mature bull, OHG fasal
ospring, progeny, kin (neut.). Con-
nected with Skt neut. psas- membrum
virile, Gk pow id., Lat pnis id. < *pes-
ni-s (Gnivv apud Atrnrcn+ KZ I 288).
W.rrr-Horv.xx II 281; M.vnnorrn II
Fnisk II 507; Krtor-Srrnorr 250251.
*fasta-xalaz adj.: ON fast-haldr fast-
holding, OE fst-heald rmly xed.
Compound of *fastaz and *xalaz (see
*xalanan). C.nn Nom. comp. 63.
*fasta-lkaz adj.: ON fast-ligr strong,
fast, OE fst-lc rm, OHG fast-lh
solid, rm, safe. Derived from *fastaz.
Hrirrnv.xxs 192.
*fastaz adj.: Burg *fastis fast, rm, ON
fastr id., OE fst id., OFris fest id., OS fast
id., OHG fasto id. identical with Arm
hast rm (Htnscnv.xx ASt I 38; Sor+.
Arm. 439440), probably from *po-stH-o-
standing rm based on *st- to stand,
to set. K.ns+rx NB II 373374;
Unrrxnrck PBB XX 328 (to Skt pastya-
dwelling, abode); Tonr-F.rk 239; Fris+
143144; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 96;
107; Vnirs ANEW 113; Oxioxs 346; rr
L.vnrn+rnir Sprache XXVI 133144 (to
Hitt pa- to protect, Slav *pasti to pas-
ture); Lrnv.xx GED 109110; Srrnorr
Festschr. Rosenfeld 499503; Konrrn 710;
260261.
*fastnan wk.vb.: Goth fastan to hold
fast, to fast, ON fasta to fast, OE fstian
to entrust, to commit, OFris festia to
fast, OS festian to strengthen, OHG
fastn to fast. Derived from *fastaz. The
semantic development from keeping,
observing to fasting is explained by
calquing Lat (iinium) observre (Wrssrx
ANF XLIV 104105: ON < OE; Vrr+rx
JEGP XXIX 502503). Tonr-F.rk
239; Fris+ 143144; F.rk ANF XLI 116;
Horrrrn ANF XLVII 285 (ON < MLG
vasten); Pis.xi AGIt LVI 1928 (the cultic
meaning of *fastnan is based on Lat sta-
ti ); L.vnrn+rnir Sprache XXVI 139144
(from IE *p-); Vnirs ANEW 113; Oxioxs
346; M.zztori Ponnt AGI LVI 19
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 94
fastnan 95 fa
28; Sor.ni RIL CIX 433436 (calque
of Gk fulssv); Lrnv.xx GED 109
110; Srrnorr Festschr. Rosenfeld 493505
(from *pos-to-, to Lat prus clean <
*p6s-); Hrirrnv.xxs 193; Krtor-
Srrnorr 251.
*fastinjanan wk.vb.: ON fastna to
pledge, OE fstnian to fasten, OFris
festna id., OS fastnn id., OHG festinn,
fastinn to strengthen. Derived from
*fastaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 97; Vnirs
*fastn sb.f.: ON sta-festi steadfastness,
ODu festi solidness, OHG fest strength,
might. Derived from *fastaz. Vnirs
*fastjan sb.n.: OSwed fste fortress,
OFris feste contract, treaty. Derived
from *fastaz. Hrirrnv.xxs 192.
*fastjanan wk.vb.: ON festa to fasten,
OE fstan id., OFris bi-festa to entrust,
OS part. gi-festid fastened, OHG festen
to strengthen, to fasten. Derived from
*fastaz. Tonr-F.rk 239; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 96; Vnirs ANEW 118; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 192.
*fastn sb.f.: ON fasta fasting, OS fasta
id., OHG fasta fast, parsimony. Con-
nected with *fastnan. Vnirs ANEW 113;
Lrnv.xx GED 109.
*fastubnjan sb.n.: Goth fastubni fasting,
observance, vigilance, OS fastunnia fast-
ing. Derived from *fastnan or directly
from *fastaz. Fris+ 144; Lrnv.xx GED
109110.
*fatan I sb.n.: ON fat vat, OE ft vessel,
OFris fet id., OS fat id., OHG faz id. ON
fat clothes, dress is a historically dierent
word (see *fatan II). Identical with podas
pot (an original neuter with a lengthen-
ing due to Winters law). Probably further
related to Lith pdas sheaf , Latv pda
bunch. Tonr-F.rk 226; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 97; Tnirn ZDPh LXX 353355;
ANEW 113; Z.rizxi.k I 140; Oxioxs
971; Lrnv.xx GED 113 (to *ped- foot);
Krtor-Srrnorr 251; Dvno BSA 130
131.
*fatan II sb.n.: ON fat clothes, dress.
An isolated form. Probably an old Orien-
tal loanword, cf. NCauc *Hp>dV: Avar
hebt linen, Lak pat:a old clothes, Rutul
badu trousers. Vnirs ANEW 113;
Nikor.vr\-S+.nos+ix NCED 600.
*fatilaz sb.m.: ON fetill strap, OE fetel
girdle, belt, MDu vetel fetter, OHG
fezzil girdle, band (also neut.). Derived
from *fatan II. Hardly related to *feturaz
~ *fetur(n). Tonr-F.rk 226; Hor+n.t-
srx AEEW 102; Vnirs ANEW 118119;
*fatjanan wk.vb.: OFris fatia to grasp,
OE fetian to fetch, to marry. Derived
from *fetanan. Tonr-F.rk 226; Po-
konxv I 790791; Oxioxs 352.
*fatjanan wk.vb.: ON fata to step, OE
fatian to fetch, OHG sih fazzn to rise,
to exalt. Derived from *fetanan. Tonr-
*famaz sb.m.: ON famr fathom, OE
fm embracing arms, lap, cubit, fathom,
OFris fethm fathom, OS pl. fathms
id., OHG fadam yarn, fathom. Etymo-
logically related to W etem, NW edau
thread < *petim and, with certain
diculties, to Slav *pasm\ thread bundle
(< *pt-s-m). Further see *fa (Mrnix-
orn Festschr. Heinzel 174; L.xr Language
IX 249). Tonr-F.rk 226; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 97; Pokonxv I 824825; Cnrvo-
Z.rizxi.k I 131; Oxioxs 347; Tntn.-
cnr\ Rem. 102103; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\
III 212; Lrnv.xx GED 110; B.vvrs-
*famjanan wk.vb.: ON fema to span,
MLG vedemen to measure with outspread
arms. Derived from *famaz. Vnirs
ANEW 114.
*famjanan wk.vb.: ON fama to
embrace, OE fmian to fathom, to
embrace, MDu vademen to thread,
OHG fadamn to spin, to sew. Derived
from *famaz. Vnirs ANEW 109.
*fa sb.f.: Goth faa hedge, ON pln.
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 95
F, MHG vade hedge. Related to Gk
petnnumi to spread out, Lat pate
to stand open (Gnirxnrnorn Got. 65).
Unrrxnrck PBB XXX 274275 (to IE
*p- ~ *p- to protect); Gnirxnrnorn
Got. 65; Orsrx ANF XXIII 9094 (adds
ONorw theon. F, originallyborder);
Tonr-F.rk 226; W.rrr-Horv.xx II
262; Fris+ 144; Tnirn ZSSR LXV
242243 (follows Unrrxnrck); Pokonxv I
520521; Lrnv.xx GED 110.
*fauxaz ~ *faxwaz adj.: Goth pl. fawai
few, ON fr id., OE fewa id., OS f, fao
id., OHG f rare, few. Related to Lat
paucus id., and further to Lat paullus id.,
Gk parow small (Ktnx KZ I 515).
Btoor KZ XXXII 31 (adds Arm p'ok'r
small); Tonr-F.rk 239; W.rrr-
Horv.xx II 265266; Fris+ 147;
Fnisk II 482483; Oxioxs 353; Lixrrv.x
Verschrfung 16.6; Lrnv.xx GED 112;
*fausaz ~ *fauzaz adj.: Norw dial fyr
rotten, Du voos spongy. Derived from
*fanan. Tonr-F.rk 242243; Vnirs
ANEW 114; Pokonxv I 790; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ III 414.
*feurez num.: Goth dur- four (in
cmpn.), ON masc. fjrir, neut. fjgur id.,
OE feer-fte foor-footed. Continues
*k
et-, cf. Skt catr-aga- four-mem-

bered, Gk tetra-, Myc qe-to-ro-, Lat
quadru-. See *fewrez. Tonr-F.rk 227;
Horv.xx II 706; Fris+ 149; M.vnnorrn
I 372; Pokonxv I 642644; Fnisk II
883884; Szrvrnrxvi Numerals 7985;
Lrnv.xx GED 113; Ross-Brnxs Numerals
579582.
*feur-skautjaz ~ *fewr-skautjaz
adj.: ON fer-skeyttr four-cornered,
square, OE fewer-scte id., OHG or-
sczi id. Compound of *feurez, *fewrez
and *skautjaz (see *skautaz). C.nn Nom.
comp. 65.
*feurn num.: ON fjri fourth, OE
fera, fewera id., OFris rda id., OS
oro id., OHG ordo id. Derived from
*fewrez, *feurez. In WGmc *feurn >
*feurn. Identical with Toch A trt, B
tarte id., Gk ttartow id., Skt caturth- id.,
Lat qurtus id., Lith ketvitas id., Slav
*etvrt id. Tonr-F.rk 227; Tn.t+-
v.xx BSW 132; Mrirrr+ MSL XIV 382,
BSL XXIX 34, 3637; W.rrr-Horv.xx
II 399; M.vnnorrn I 371; Fn.rxkrr 247;
Oxioxs 373; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa IV 95;
Ross-Brnxs Numerals 627; Ar.vs TB 641;
Btnr.k IFTJa 258.
*fewrez num.: Goth dwor four, OE
fewer id., OFris wer, wer id., OS war,
uwar id., OHG or id. Phonetically trans-
formed by analogy with *fenfe (Ztri+z.
Gutt. 7). Related to IE *k
etr id.: Toch

twar, B twer, Skt catvra-, Gk tssarew,
Alb katr, OIr cethir, Lat quattuor, Lith
ketur, Slav *etyri. Mrirrr+ MSL VII
162, IX 158159; Scnrr+rrovi+z BB
XXVIII 301; Tonr-F.rk 227; Tn.t+-
v.xx BSW 131; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
102; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 400401;
Fris+ 149150; M.vnnorrn I 371372;
H.vr MGS II 1; Vnirs ANEW 124; Fnisk
113114; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa IV 9798;
Ross-Brnxs Numerals 582584; Krtor-
Srrnorr 864; Onrr AED 173174;
Ar.vs TB 641642; Btnr.k IFTJa 258.
*fexanan str.vb.: OE e-fen to be glad, to
rejoice, OHG gi-fehan id. Probably rela-
ted to *fanxanan. Fick I 471 (to Lat px
peace); Ztri+z. Gutt. 188189 (same as
Fick); Tonr-F.rk 224225; Woor JEGP
XIII 504 (to *fextanan); Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 101; Pokonxv I 796797; Srr-
norr 189.
*fextanan str.vb.: OE feohtan to ght,
OFris uchta id., OS fehtan id., OHG
fehtan id. Identical with Lat pect to comb
(Ztri+z. Gutt. 189; Srrcn+ KZ LXVIII
205207), further to Gk pkv id. (note
pektv to shear, to clip), Lith pe, pti
to pluck. Os+norr Etym. 369371 (to
Lat pugnus st); Tonr-F.rk 225; Hor+-
fa 96 fextanan
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 96
n.tsrx AEEW 101; W.rrr-Horv.xx II
269270; Srrcn+ KZ LXVIII 507, 613
(on the inuence of *extanan); Pokonxv I
797; Fn.rxkrr 580582; Arrn Festschr.
Trier KG 146159; Fnisk II 492493;
Srrnorr 254.
*fexu sb.n.: Goth faihu money, movable
goods, ON f cattle, property, OE feoh
id. (< *fexan), OFris id. (masc., neut.),
OS fehu id., OHG hu id. Identical with
Skt pa- cattle, animal, Av pasu- cattle,
Lat pec id., Umbr pl. pequo pecua, Lith
pkus cattle, OPrus pecku id. Os+norr
Etym. I 214, 256257 (adds Slav *ps
dog as *cattle guard); Ztri+z. Gutt.
190; Scntrzr KZ XL 412; B.n+norov.r
879880; Tonr-F.rk 225; Fn\xkrr
ZfslavPh XI 4951; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
Fris+ 135136; M.vnnorrn II 239
240; Pokonxv I 797; Fn.rxkrr 564
199; Brx\rxis+r IEL 39, 4748,
nrnorn Nom. 156; Krtor-Srrnorr
864.
*fexu-frekaz adj.: Goth faihu-friks cov-
etous, greedy, ON f-frekr greedy for
money. Compound of *fexu and *frekaz.
C.nn Nom. comp. 67.
*fexu-ernaz adj.: Goth faihu-gairns cov-
etous, avaricious, ON f-gjarn greedy,
OE feoh-eorn avariciuos, covetous.
Compound of *fexu and *ernaz. C.nn
Nom. comp. 59.
*fexu-xsan sb.n.: ON f-hs stall, OE
feoh-hs treasury, MLG v-hs stall.
Compound of *fexu and *xsan. C.nn
*felxanan str.vb.: Goth lhan to bury, to
conceal, ON fela to hide, to conceal,
OE folan to cleave, to stick, to reach,
OFris bi-fella to conceal, to commit,
OS bi-felhan to commit, OHG felahan
to transmit, to entrust, to bury. Of
unknown origin. Kincnnorr KZ I 39;
Enrr KZ VI 217 (to OHG felga bend,
rim); Unrrxnrck PBB XXVII 118 (to
Gk plkow: phlw, Hes.); Gnirxnrnorn
Got. 68 (to Slav *plk warfare, troop);
Hrixrn+z ESt. 2946; Fris+ 151152;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 101; Tnirn Lehm
Pokonxv I 803804; Vnirs ANEW 117
(to IE *pel- cover, skin); Srrnorr
191193; Brx\rxis+r IEL 128129;
Lrnv.xx GED 115; Krtor-Srrnorr 90
(to Lat appell to drive to, to move
toward, Latv pet to vilify).
*fellan sb.n.: Goth ruts-ll leprosy, ON
fjall skin, OE fell id., OFris fell id., OS
fell id., OHG fel id. Identical with Gk acc.
pl. pllaw id., Lat pellis id. < *pel-n-
(Btoor KZ XIX (1870) 409410). Cf.
also WGmc *feltaz > OE felt felt, MLG
lt id., OHG lz id. and *speltaz ~ *spelt
> OE masc. (?) spelt spelt, OS spelta
spelt, OHG spelza spelt. Ctn+its Gr.
Et. 276 (*feltaz to Lat pilleus felt cap);
Scnn.rrn KZ X 479481; Hoors Wald-
bume 420 (*speltaz ~ *spelt to *spalanan);
Scnn.rrn-Nrnnixo II 648 (*speltaz ~
*spelt to Lat pollen ne our, ne
powder < *(s)pdn); Tonr-F.rk 236
Horv.xx II 275276; Fris+ 503504;
Pokonxv I 801803 (*feltaz to Lat pell
to beat, to push); Vnirs ANEW 123;
Z.rizxi.k I 140; Fnisk II 499; Oxioxs
349350, 852; Lrnv.xx GED 114115;
Krtor-Srrnorr 258, 265, 776.
*fellnaz adj.: Goth lleins leathern, OE
fellen made of skin, OHG felln id.
Derived from *fellan. Structurally close to
Lat pellnus id. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 105;
Lrnv.xx GED 114.
*felmaz sb.m.: OE lm skin, husk.
Derivationally close to Gk plma sole of
foot. Further related to *fellan. Tonr-
Oxioxs 356.
*feluz ~ *felaz sb.m.: OE feld eld,
OFris feld id., OS feld id., OHG neut.
feld id. Continues *peltu-, a secondary
fextanan 97 feluz
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 97
transformation of the original zero grade
*ptu-: Skt pth- broad, wide, Av p6r6yu-
id., Gk platw at. Related to *ful(n).
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 100; M.vnnorrn
II 333; Pokonxv I 806 (to *pel6- : *pl-
wide), 833; Vnirs ANEW 137; Z.riz-
Srrnorr 257.
*felu adv., adj.: Goth lu much, very, ON
fjl-auigr very rich, OE fela, feala, feola
many, much, OFris felo, ful id. (< *fulu),
OS lu id., OHG lu, lo id. Identical
with Skt pur- much, many, abundant,
Av pauru- much, many, Gk pol id.
Os+norr PBB XIII 444445; B.n-
+norov.r 854855; Tonr-F.rk 235;
Brx\rxis+r Origines 54; M.vnnorrn II
311; Pokonxv 799800; Vnirs ANEW
125; Fnisk II 577578; Lrnv.xx GED
Krtor-Srrnorr 864.
*felzan ~ *fel(e)zaz sb.n./m.: ON fjall
rock, mountain, OS felis id., OHG felis
rock, cli. Closely related to Gk plla:
lyow (Hes.) < *pelso-, OIr all cli, stone
< *pso- (Vrxrnvrs RC XXXVIII 184).
*fenfe num.: Goth mf ve, ON mm id.,
OE ff id., OFris ff id., OS ff id., OHG
mf id. From *fenxwe identical with Toch
A p, B pi id., Skt pca id., Av pana id.,
Arm hing id., Gk pnte id., Arm hing id.,
Alb pes ~ ps id., Lat qunque id., OIr cic
id., Lith penk id., Slav *p\t id. < *penk
-
ti-. S.nrrn KZ XXXI 280 (to *fenraz);
Prrrnsrx KZ XXXII 272, Kelt. Gr. I 37;
Ztri+z. Gutt. 78; Hrr+rx IF XVIII 84;
B.n+norov.r 844845; L.xr JEGP
XXXVIII 192193; Tonr-F.rk 228;
AEEW 104, AWN 61; W.rrr-Horv.xx
II 407408; Fris+ 154; M.vnnorrn II
Fnisk II 506507; Oxioxs 358; V.svrn-
Krtor-Srrnorr 290291; Onrr AED
316; Ar.vs TB 388; Btnr.k IFTJa 248.
*fenfe-faljan ~ *fenfe-fal( j)n
sb.n./f.: ON ffrildi buttery, OE
ff( f )ealde id., OS faldra, ffoldara id., MDu
viveltere id., OHG ffaltra id. Compound
based on *fenfe and *falaz, *(creature) of
ve folds (cf. OE ff-feald ve-fold),
tabooed and modied in various ways
in dierent Gmc languages. Hardly a
descriptive stem similar to Lat ppili
buttery. Brzzrxnrnorn BB VII 75
(to Lat ppili buttery, moth); Nonrrx
Abri 228 (same as Brzzrxnrnorn); Tonr-
Krtor-Srrnorr 248 (reconstructs *fal-
drn).
*fenftn num.: Goth mfta- fth (in
cmpn.), ON mti, mmti id. (for *ffti ), OE
ffta id., OFris ffta id., OS ffto id., OHG
mfto id. Close to Toch A pnt, B pikte
id., Av puxda- id., Gk pmptow id., Lat
quntus id., OIr ciced id., Lith pektas
id., Slav *p=t id. Further see *fenfe.
B.n+norov.r 908909; Tonr-F.rk
228229; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 213; Hor+-
408; Fris+ 154155; Pokonxv I 808;
Szrvrnrxvi Numerals 2744, 7176; Fnisk
II 506507; Oxioxs 358; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ III 426; Lrnv.xx GED 117;
Ross-Brnxs Numerals 628; Ar.vs TB 385;
Btnr.k IFTJa 248.
*fenftiz num.: ON mt number of ve.
Identical with Skt pakt- group of ve,
Alb pes ~ ps ve, Slav *p\t id.
Tonr-F.rk 229; M.vnnorrn II 185;
III 426; Onrr AED 316.
*fenra-ulan sb.n.: Goth ggra-guls
nger-ring, ON ngr-gull id. Compound
of *fenraz and *gulan (C.nn Nom. comp.
67, 276). Fris+ 150; C.nn Nom. comp.
feluz 98 fenra-ulan
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 98
fenraz 99 fer(w)unjan
*fenraz sb.m.: Goth ggrs nger, ON
ngr id. (contamination of u-stem and root
stem), OE ner id., OFris nger id., OS
ngar id., OHG ngar id. Together with
OIr cicer set of ve persons and Arm
hinger- (in hinger-ord fth), continues
*penk
rs (Mrirrr+ MSL IX 151, BSL

XXIX 36). Further connected with *fenfe
(S+rv.n+ BB XXX 238). Gnivv DG II
60 (to *fanxanan); Btoor BB XIV 79
(from *penk
res); Prrrnsrx KZ XXXII

272; Gnirxnrnorn Got. 67 (with com-
parative sux *-ero-); Lorvrx+n.r ANF
XXXV 229 (to *miz); Ztri+z. Gutt. 73;
105; Fris+ 150; Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 193
(follows Gnivv); Pokonxv I 808; Vnirs
Nom. 75; Ross-Brnxs Numerals 661;
Krtor-Srrnorr 266.
*fenj sb.f.: Goth-Lat fenea (= Goth *nja)
pearl barley, barley dish. Related to
Lat penus store of food, Lith pnas
nourishment. W.rrr-Horv.xx II 283;
Pokonxv I 807; Fn.rxkrr 569; Lrnv.xx
GED 112.
*fenanan str.vb.: Goth nan to nd out,
to recognize, to learn, ON nna to nd,
OE ndan id., OFris nda id., OS ndan
id., OHG ndan id. A secondary verb
derived from *pontHo-: Skt pnth- path,
Gk pntow sea, Arm hun ford, Lat pns
bridge, OPrus pintis way, Slav *pt id.
(B.irrv-Ross TPS 1961 138). Cf. also
*ptHo- one pertaining to the way in
Toch B amk-pnte wagon-master (?)
(Ar.vs TB 19). The original meaning
was better preserved in WGmc *fanjn >
OE fa troop, band, company, OHG
fendo soldier, pedestrian reecting an
underlying verbum movendi. St++rnrix
Btrg. Gesch. XVIII 261; Tonr-F.rk 228;
B.n+norov.r 732 (to Gk paptanv to
peer); Prrrnsrx KZ XXXIX 366;
337; Fris+ 155; Brx\rxis+r Word X 257;
808809; M.vnnorrn II 210211; Vnirs
ANEW 120; H.vr Lingua XXXIV 229
234; Fnisk II 578579; Oxioxs 356;
Srrnorr 193194 (to *pet- to fall);
*fer(e)rai ~ *fer(e)rt adv.: Goth fairra
far, ON fjarri id., OE feorr id., OFris fr
id., OS ferr, ferro id., OHG ferro id.
Derivative of IE *per- (Skt pr away,
o, Av par id.) similar to IE *up-ero-
(Bntov.xx IF XXXIII 300301).
Gnirxnrnorn Got. 64 (comparative *feri-
zt); B.n+norov.r 852853; Tonr-F.rk
231 (reconstruct *-ai ); Krtor Urgerm.
GED 107; Krtor-Srrnorr 259; Ar.vs
TB 359 (identical with Toch A prne, B
parna outside < *pereno- < *perero- with
dissimilation).
*fer(e)rjanan wk.vb.: ON rra to deprive,
to save, OE a-rran to remove, to take
away, OFris ra id., OS rrian id., OHG
rren id. Derived from *fer(e)rai ~ *fer(e)rt.
*fer(w)unjan ~ *fer(w)unj sb.n./f.:
Goth fairguni mountain, mountain
range, ON fjrgyn mother-earth, OE
rgen mountain, mountain-woodland,
OHG mtn. Fergunna. Identical with
(Mtcn ZDADL XXXII 454458) or bor-
rowed from (Kossixx. IF VII 284285)
Celt Erkniow drumw, Hercynia silva, cf.
further Lith perknas thunder god; thun-
der, OPrus Percunis thunder (Gnivv
DM I 156157). Derived from *ferxwuz.
Scnvrizrn KZ I 155157; Hin+ IF I
479483 (same as Mtcn); Ztri+z. Gutt.
130; Zivvrn ZDADL XIX 164166 (to
Skt Parjnya- raincloud, god of rain);
Knr+scnvrn Einleitung 81 (Celt < Gmc);
Wirrrv.xx BB XXVIII 89 (to Slav
*porg threshold, rapids and mnt. *per-
gyni ); Mtrrrn PBB XXVI 282 (same as
Kossixx.); Fris+ 137138; K.ns+rx GFL
7576 (Lith perknas < EGmc); Mtrrrx-
norr II 241242 (originally, the name of
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 99
the Alps); Tonr-F.rk 234; Jn.xxrssox
IEW 557 (to *ferxwan); Fris+ 137139;
J.konsox Word XI 616 (to Slav *pergyni
wooded hill); Ponzio Gliederung 195;
Pokonxv I 822 (from pre-Celtic); Fn.rx-
krr 575; Vnirs ANEW 126; Z.rizxi.k II
216; Fnirrnicn Trees 133140; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ III 246247; H.vr JL III
8390 (follows K.ns+rx); Lrnv.xx GED
104105.
*ferxwa-ebn sb.m.: ON fjr-gja one
who saves anothers life, OE feorh-ifa
giver of life. Compound of *ferxwan and
*ebn. C.nn Nom. comp. 80 (parallel
formations; OE is a calque of Lat largitor
vitae).
*ferxwa-ran ~ *ferxwa-riz sb.n./
m.: ON fjr-r plotting against ones
life, OE feorh-rd life-benet. Com-
pound of *ferxwan and *ran ~ *riz.
*ferxwa-seukaz adj.: ON fjr-sjkr sick
unto death, OE feorh-sec mortally
wounded. Compound of *ferxwan and
*seukaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 61.
*ferxwan sb.n.: ON fjr life, pl. masc.
fjrvar men, OE feorh life, soul, OFris
ferch id., OS ferah id., OHG ferah id.
Related to *ferxwuz (Gnivv-Gnivv III
1527). Kincnnorr KZ I 39; Wirrrv.xx
BB XXVIII 1415 (to Skt pru- rib;
sickle); Ztri+z. Gutt. 63; Tonr-F.rk 234;
Jon.xxsox apud Vnirs (to Gk prapdew
midri; understanding, mind); Tonr-
F.rk 234 (same as Wirrrv.xx); Srrcn+
KZ LXVIII 200 (follows Gnivv);
Vrxrnvrs RC XLIV 313315 (follows
Gnivv); Pokonxv I 822; Vnirs ANEW
125; Z.rizxi.k II 199; Fnirrnicn Trees
137 (same as Gnivv); Mrir Germ. Rek. 98
nrnorn Nom. 155.
*ferxwjaz sb.m.: Crim. Goth fers man,
ON pl. rar id., OE pl. ras living beings,
men, OS rihos people, OHG gen. pl.
u[i]rho, dat. pl. mit rahim people.
Derived from *ferxwan (Dirrrxn.cn VW I
361). Gnirxnrnorn ZDPh XXX 128
(Goth fers compared with OE ferh soul,
spirit, mind); Wirrrv.xx BB XXVIII 1;
Ztri+z. Gutt. 64; Kiscn KVSL XLVIII 2
(Crim. Goth < Hung frj man); Fris+
148; Vnirs ANEW 121; Mrir Germ. Rek.
98100; Lrnv.xx GED 105106, 113.
*ferxwuz sb.m.: Goth fairus world,
OHG fereh-eih oak. Identical with Lat
quercus id. (Hin+ IF I 479). Wirrrv.xx
BB XXVIII 3; Tonr-F.rk 234; W.rrr-
Horv.xx II 402403; Pokonxv I 822
823; Mrir Festschr. Oberhuber 159170.
*ferina-werkan sb.n.: ON rin-verk
lechery, OE ren-weorc wicked work,
OS rin-werc act of violence. Compound
of *ferin and *werkan. C.nn Nom. comp.
47; Vnirs ANEW 121.
*ferin sb.f.: Goth fairina fault, oence,
reproach, ON rn abomination (neut. <
*ferinu-), OE ren wicked deed, sin,
crime, OFris rne id., OS rina id., OHG
rina id. Connected with *fran ~ *fr.
Unrrxnrck Got. Wb. 41 (prexal form
related to Skt inti to advance upon, to
press upon, in- strong, mighty); Gnirx-
nrnorn Got. 63 (to Gk pera attempt,
undertaking); Wrisvrirrn IF XLI 2930
(same as Unrrxnrck); Tonr-F.rk 231;
Mrirrr+ BSL XXII 224 (to Iran par- to
go through); Scnxrirrn KZ LXVI 253
(to Toch A pare, B peri debt); Fris+ 139
140; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 105, AWN 62
(to Toch A pare, B peri guilt); Vnirs 121
(to *fer(e)rai ~ *fer(e)rt); Pokonxv I 10,
818; Z.rizxi.k I 174; Lrnv.xx GED 106.
*ferinjanan wk.vb.: Goth fairinon to
blame, to accuse, to reproach, ON rna
to blame, OE renian to sin, OHG
rinn to stain (by crime). Derived from
*ferin. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 105; Fris+
106.
*fernaz adj.: Goth fairns previous (of
year) (af fairnin jera = p prusi), OS fer-
nun gre id., MHG verne id. Identical with
Umbr perne before < *pernai, Lith pl. pr-
nai id., Latv p.rns id. Probably to be
explained from *per- previous and zero
grade of *eno- year. Mrirrr+ BSL
fer(w)unjan 100 fernaz
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 100
XXIX 229230, MSL XXIII/IV 274
275; Tonr-F.rk 231; Fris+ 140141;
Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 537540 (from *per-no-,
with sux *-no-); K.ns+rx NB II 210
211; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 77; Fn.rxkrr
576; Pokonxv I 810811; S+.xo LS 42;
*fernjaz adj.: Goth fairneis old, OE fyrn
ancient, old, OHG rni old, erstwhile,
former. Derived from *fernaz. Tonr-
F.rk 231; Fris+ 140; Vnirs ANEW 123
(to *fer(e)rai ~ *fer(e)rt); Lrnv.xx GED
267.
*fersn ~ *ferzn sb.f.: Goth fairzna
heel, OE ersn id. (< *fersniz), OS fersna
id., OHG fersana, fersna id. Connected
with Hitt parina upper thigh, Toch B
porsno ankle (?) < *prsn-, Skt pri-
heel, Av pna- id., Gk ptrnh heel, Lat
perna haunch < *prsn (Fick I 8182).
Kirckrns HG 27 (* > *e before sonorant
followed by obstruent); Pokonxv I 823;
Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 106; Z.rizxi.k II
Srrnorr 260; Ar.vs TB 404.
*fertanan str.vb.: ON freta to break wind
(with metathesis), MLG verten id., OHG
ferzan id. Cf. OE feortin pedatio.
Related to Skt prdate id., Gk prdomai
id., Alb pjerdh, Lith prdiu, prsti id., Slav
*prdti id. Tonr-F.rk 234; Tn.t+v.xx
Jn.xxrssox IEW 554; M.vnnorrn II
142; Fn.rxkrr 577; Fnisk II 511512;
Oxioxs 346; Srrnorr 194195; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ III 235236; Krtor-Srrnorr
250; Onrr AED 330.
*fertaz ~ *furtaz sb.m.: ON fretr fart
(with metathesis), MLG vort id., OHG
rz, furz id. Derived from *fertanan.
Tonr-F.rk 234; Vnirs ANEW 142, 147;
Krtor-Srrnorr 292.
*ferui adv.: ON fjr in the previous
year, MHG vert previous year. Identical
with Skt part last year, Arm heru id., Gk
Att prusi id., OIr nn-urid ab anno
priore. (Bntov.xx Grundri II/2 708).
Tonr-F.rk 231; Hor+n.tsrx IF XXV
Gnirrrx+noo Wurzelnomina 444445.
*festiz sb.m.: MLG vist foist, fart, MHG
vist id. Identical with Gk pziw bullst,
Lycoperdon Bovista, Lat pdis louse,
further to Gk bdv to break wind, Lat
pd id., Lith bezd, bezdti to break wind,
Slav *pzdti id. Fick BB VII 270;
Scnvir+ KZ XXVII 320; Tn.t+v.xx
BSW 221; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 272273;
Pokonxv I 829; Fnisk I 230; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ I 163; Krtor-Srrnorr 268.
*fetan sb.n.: ON fet step, pace. Continues
IE *ped-, cf. Hitt pedan place, Toch A
pts, B patsa bottom, Skt padm step,
footstep, Av pad6m id., Gk pdon
ground, earth, Arm het foot trace, Lat
peda id., OIr ed period, Lith pd foot,
sole. Thematization of IE *ped- foot.
See *ftz. B.n+norov.r 842; Tonr-
F.rk 225; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 209210;
W.rrr-Horv.xx II 293294; M.vnno-
rrn II 204205; Pokonxv I 790791;
Fn.rxkrr 561563; Fnisk II 485486;
B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 59; Ar.vs TB 362;
Dvno BSA 134 (lengthening in Baltic due
to Winters law).
*fetanan str.vb.: ON feta to step, OE
pret. e-ft to fall, OHG pret. faz id.
Related to IE *ped- id.: Skt padyate to
fall, Slav *pad, *pasti id. (Mrirrr+ MSL
XIV 336). Tonr-F.rk 225; Hor+n.t-
srx AEEW 102; Jn.xxrssox IEW 541
Krtor-Srrnorr 251.
*fetj sb.f.: ON t webbed foot of water-
birds, OE tt song, poem, OS ttea sec-
tion, OHG zza hem, skein of yarn.
Structurally close to Toch B paiyye foot
fernaz 101 fetj
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 101
< *podo-, Gk pza foot, edge, Skt padya-
related to foot (Btoor BB III 116).
Further connected with *fetan. Tonr-
II 486; V.x Wixrrkrxs 82; Krtor-
Srrnorr 268.
*fetjjanan wk.vb.: ON tja to web, to
knit, MDu vitten to be suitable, OHG
zzn to surround. Derived from *fetj.
Vnirs ANEW 122.
*feturaz ~ *fetur(n) sb.m./f.: ON
fjturr fetter, shackle, OE fetor, feter id.,
OS pl. feteros id., OHG fezzara id. Derived
from *ftz (Ricn+rn KZ XXXVI 118).
103; Tnirn ZdPh LXX 354 (reconstructs
the original meaning as forked piece of
rewood); Pokonxv I 792; Vnirs ANEW
127; Z.rizxi.k I 174; Oxioxs 352.
*feturjanan wk.vb.: ON fjtra to fetter,
OE e-feterian to fetter, to bind, OFris
teria to bind, MDu veteren id., OHG
fezzarn id. Derived from *feturaz ~
*fetur(n). Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 102;
Vnirs ANEW 127.
*fera-xamaz ~ *fera-xamn sb.m.:
ON fjar-hamr winged haunch, OE feer-
hama wings, plumage, OS fedar-hamo id.
Compound of *fer and *xamaz, *xamn.
C.nn Nom. comp. 47.
*ferjan sb.n.: ON ri feathers, plum-
age, OE ere wing, MDu ge-vedere plum-
age, OHG gi-federi id. Derived from
*fer. Tonr-F.rk 227; Hor+n.tsrx
*fer( j)janan wk.vb.: ON ra to
feather, OE e-erian to give wings,
G be-edern to feather. Derived from
*ferjan, fer. Tonr-F.rk 227.
*fer sb.f.: ON fjr feather, OE feer id.,
OFris fethere id., OS feara id., OHG
federa id. Related to Hitt pattar wing,
Skt patar- ying, Gk ptern feather,
wing, OW peterin bird (Prrrnsrx KZ
XXXII 245), further connected with *pet-
to y. S.tsstnr Recueil 420 (from
*pet-tro-); Tonr-F.rk 226227; Hor+n.t-
srx AEEW 103; M.vnnorrn II 199;
Z.rizxi.k I 146; Fnisk II 612613;
Krtor-Srrnorr 254.
*fjanan wk.vb.: ON fga to polish, to
clean, OFris fgia to clean, MDu vgen
id., OS fegn id., OHG fegn to sweep.
Despite phonetic diculties, related to
*fanxanan. Vnirs ANEW 109 (to Lith
poiu, puti to decorate); Pokonxv I
*fra-liaz adj.: ON fr-ligr disastrous,
OE fr-lc sudden, unexpected, quick,
MHG vr-lic id. Derived from *fran ~
*fraz. Oxioxs 351.
*fran ~ *fraz sb.n./m.: ON fr harm,
evil passion, bale, OE fr fear, danger,
peril, OS fr ambush, lurking danger
(fem.), OHG fr ambush, fem. fra
ambush. Compared with Arm p'orj
attempt, Gk pera id. (Fick BB II
210). Mrirrr+ BSL XXXVI 110; Tonr-
Sor+. Arm. 342343 (isolates Arm p'orj );
Srrnorr 305.
*f
2
r sb.f.: Goth fera side, limb, OHG
fera ham. Probably derived from IE
*(s)pi-, cf. Skt sphyate to grow fat, to
increase, Lith spti to be fast enough,
Slav *spti to ourish, to ripen (Unrrx-
nrck PBB XXX 275; Scntrzr Kl. Schr.
54). Structurally close to Lith sprus
rapid, energetic. Gnirxnrnorn Got. 66
(to Gk praw exit, end); S+okrs KZ XL
248 (to OIr riu land); Gtx+rn+ WuS XI
139 (to Gk pra satchel); Tonr-F.rk
567; Fris+ 148; M.vnnorrn III 541542;
Pokonxv 983984; Fn.rxkrr 865866;
GED 112.
*frjanan wk.vb.: ON fra to slight, OE
fran to terrify, to frighten, MHG fren
to readjust. Derived from *fran ~ *fr.
GED 112.
fetj 102 frjanan
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 102
*ftjanan wk.vb.: Goth fetjan to adorn,
ON fta to manage, to deal, OE ftan to
equip. Long grade variant of *fatjanan.
The same ablaut grade is found in Lith
pdas sheaf , Latv pda bunch. Tonr-
F.rk 226; Prnssox Beitrge 224225 (to
Skt palla- large granary, barn); Brzzrx-
nrnorn BB XXVII 175 (to Latv pda
armful, bunch); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
97; Fris+ 148149; Pokonxv I 790;
Fn.rxkrr 563; Vnirs ANEW 149; Lrn-
v.xx GED 113; Krtor-Srrnorr 305.
*ja(w) sb.f.: Goth jawa enmity, OE
foa hatred. Derived from *fjnan.
Lrnv.xx GED 114.
*miz adj.: ON mr nimble, agile. Close
to OIr im, m quick, fast < *pe(i)mi-
(Lirrx BB XXI 95). Tonr-F.rk 228;
120.
*nxl sb.f.: OE fel le (instrument),
MLG fle id., MHG vle id. Related to
Skt pimati to hew out, to carve, Gk
pekv to scratch, Lith piei, piti to
draw lines with coal, Slav *psati to
write. Ztri+z. Gutt. 64; Tonr-F.rk
241; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 105; M.vn-
norrn II 267268; Fn.rxkrr 587; Vnirs
256.
*nkiz ~ *nkn sb.m.: OE nc nch,
MDu vinke id., OHG nc, nco id. Related
to Gk spggow id., W pinc id. Stor.n+i
DVN 109110; Tonr-F.rk 241242;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 105; Oxioxs 356;
Krtor-Srrnorr 266.
*nnaz sb.m.: ON Finnr Finn, OE pl.
Finnas id., G Finne id. Attested as Gk
Fnnoi, Lat Fenn. Unclear. K.ns+rx
GFL 230 (to *fenanan); Lixrno+n NB V
4550 (to G mtn. Finne and, eventually,
to Celt *penn- hill); Z.cnnissox Festschr.
A. Kock 312 (to OIr cenn head); Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 105; Vnirs ANEW 120
121; Oxioxs 357.
*nnaz ~ *n(n)n sb.m./f.: OSwed
na n, OE nn n, MLG nne id. Pro-
bably related to Toch A spin- hook, Skt
sphy- splinter, sta. Tonr-F.rk 240
(to Lat pinna feather, OIr ind point,
tip < *pinno-); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 105;
Pokonxv I 981; Oxioxs 356; Krtor-
Srrnorr 266.
*skaz sb.m.: Goth sks sh, ON skr id.,
OE sc id., OFris sk id., OS sk id.,
OHG sc id. Etymologically related to
Lat piscis id., OIr asc id. < *peiskos (Woor
MLN XV 95). Mikkor. RFV XLVIII-
XLIX 279280 (to Slav *piskar ~
*piskor a kind of river sh, gudgeon);
Tonr-F.rk 242; Knoov.xx KZ LXII
Horv.xx II 310; Fris+ 155; Ponzio
Gliederung 110, 193; Pokonxv I 796;
121122; Z.rizxi.k I 131; Oxioxs 358;
267268.
*skjanan wk.vb.: Goth skon to sh,
ON ska id., OE scian id., OFris skia id.,
OS skn id., OHG gi-skn id. Deno-
minative based on *skaz. Derivationally
similar to Lat piscor to sh. Tonr-F.rk
242; Fris+ 155; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 310;
Vnirs ANEW 121122; Lrnv.xx GED
118.
*tj sb.f.: ON t meadow land, EFris t
muddy pool. Related to Gk pdaj
spring, fountain, OIr iath meadow <
*peito-. Tonr-F.rk 241; Vnirs ANEW
122; Fnisk II 533.
*fjnan wk.vb.: Goth jan to hate, ON
fj id., OE n, fe()an id., OHG fn id.
Related to Skt pyati to revile, to blame
(Scntrzr KZ XXVII 426). Horrv.xx
BB XVIII 149151 (from *ke, to Lat
pi to punish, Gk tev to respect);
105; Fris+ 150151; M.vnnorrn II
*fjnz sb.m.: Goth jands enemy, end,
ON fjndi id., OE fend id., OFris fand id.,
OS fond id., OHG fant id. Present par-
ticiple of *fjnan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
ftjanan 103 fjnz
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 103
105; Fris+ 150151; Vnirs ANEW 123;
Oxioxs 354; Lixrrv.x Verschrfung 1.4;
*fsanan str.vb.: ON fsa to fart,
MHG vsen to fart. An imitative stem.
Prnssox Wurzelerw. 199 (to Lat spr to
breathe); Tonr-F.rk 242; Pokonxv I
796 (to Slav *piskati to squeak); Vnirs
ANEW 121.
*aan sb.n.: ON ag spot where a turf
has been cut out, LG ag, agg at land.
Related to *axz. Vnirs ANEW 128 (to
*axanan).
*a(n) sb.f.: Norw dial. ag open sea, E
aw gust of wind, MLG vlage procella.
Derived from *axanan. Tonr-F.rk 250;
*kanan).
*an sb.f.: ON aga slab, MLG vlage
layer of earth. Derived from *aan.
Ztri+z. Gutt. 130; Tonr-F.rk 250; Vnirs
ANEW 128 (to *axz or *axanan).
*axanan str.vb.: ON to ay, to strip
o the skin, OE en id., MDu vlaen id.
Related to Lith pliu, plti to tear, Latv
plst id. (Ztri+z. Gutt. 190). Fick I 487
(to Lat plct to beat, to punish); Prnssox
Beitrge 232234; Tonr-F.rk 250; Hor+-
SGGJa I 71; Fn.rxkrr 619; Vnirs ANEW
127; Oxioxs 361; S+.xo LS 4243;
Srrnorr 198.
*axsan sb.n.: OE eax ax, OFris ax
id., MLG as id., OHG ahs id. (masc.).
Identical with Alb plaf wool blanket, rug
< PAlb *plaxa < *ploso-. Further see
*extanan. Tonr-F.rk 251; Pokonxv I
834835; Fnisk II 557558; Oxioxs 361;
Krtor-Srrnorr 269; Onrr AED 331.
*axt(n) sb.f.: Goth ahta braid, ON
tta mat. Derived from *extanan. In
vocalism close to Slav *plot fence but
structurally reminding of Gk plekt coil,
twisted rope. Tonr-F.rk 251; Fris+
Lrnv.xx GED 118; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\
III 285.
*axz sb.f.: ON strip of meadow land.
Structurally close to Gk plj at land,
at stone. Further to Lat place to please,
to be pleasing, Latv plakt to become at
(Ztri+z. Gutt. 130). Tonr-F.rk 250;
835; Vnirs ANEW 127; Fnisk II 550
551.
*aixanan ~ *aixjanan str./wk.vb.:
Goth ga-laihan to comfort, to admonish
(str.), MLG vln to ask, OHG hen
to fondle, to caress. Related to *aixaz.
Os+norr PBB XIII 399 (to Lat lna
bawd < *tlaic-sn); Tonr-F.rk 195 (to
Gk laikw whore).
*aixaz adj.: ON r false, insidious,
OE h insidious, artful, deceitful. Of
unknown origin. Os+norr PBB XIII
399 (to Lat lna bawd, procuress); \.x
Wik IF XXIV 236238 (from *waz);
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 106; K.ns+rx NB I
59; Nonrvrvrn Language XI 219 (to Gk
peilv to promise, to threaten); Vnirs
*ainaz sb.m.: ON einn bayonet-like
pike, shaft, dart, OE n dart, arrow
(fem., masc.). Derived from *nanan.
Tonr-F.rk 252; Tn.t+v.xx APSpr. 400
(to OPrus playnis barn, stable, Lith plinas
id.); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 106; Vnirs
ANEW 129130 (to *(s)pel- to split).
*aiskaz sb.n.: ON esk pork, OE sc
meat (i-stem), OFris sk id., OS sk
id., OHG eisc id. Of uncertain origin.
Cf. also OE c id. < *aik- suggesting
*aiskaz < *aik-sk-. Os+norr PBB XIII
401403 (reconstructs *laiskiz, to Lat
lridum fat of bacon, lard); Tonr-F.rk
252 (to *ikkjan); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
106; Pokonxv I 835 (to *k); Vnirs
ANEW 130 (to ON s splinter);
Z.rizxi.k II 216; Oxioxs 362.
*aizn adj. comp.: ON eiri more.
Related to Skt prya more, Gk plevn
id., Lat pls id. (a contamination of
*plei-s- and *pleu-s-). Tonr-F.rk 235;
800; Fnisk II 556.
fjnz 104 aizn
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 104
*akaz ~ *akuz adj.: Goth laqus sup-
ple, tender, MLG vlak at, OHG ah id.
See *akn. Ztri+z. Gutt. 214; Tonr-
F.rk 249; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 314; Fris+
499; Pokonxv I 832; Oxioxs 364;
Lrnv.xx GED 363; Hrirrnv.xxs 199;
Krtor-Srrnorr 269, 271.
*akkjanan wk.vb.: ON akka to rove
about, MDu vlacken to blaze, G dial.
acken id. Related to Gk plzv to turn
aside, to turn away < *plaggv, with an
unclear geminate, Lat plang to strike, to
beat. W.rrr-Horv.xx II 315316;
Vnirs ANEW 128 (intensive gemina-
tion); Fnisk II 548549.
*akn sb.m.: ON aki, eki hurdle,
shield wicker-work, ME ake, eke stick-
ing point, hurdle, EFris ake oe, OS
aka foot sole (fem.). Related to Gk
Herakl plgow side, Lat plaga region,
quarter, tract. Tonr-F.rk 249; W.rrr-
ANEW 128 (to *felxanan).
*akuraz adj.: Icel e-m verur kurt to feel
sick, OE acor ickering. Related to
*kanan. Brnxrkrn IF IX 364 (to Lat
agr to ame, to blaze); Tonr-F.rk
249; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 106; Jn.x-
xrssox IEW 572; Hrirrnv.xxs 200 (sec-
ondary derivation from *akurjan).
*akurjanan wk.vb.: ON kra to
utter, ME akeren to tremble, MDu
ackeren to utter, MHG vlackern to
icker. Derived from *akuraz. Hrirrn-
*ask(n) sb.f.: ON aska ask, OE axe
id., OHG asca id. Close to Lith plkias
at, Slav *plosk id. or directly derived
from *ataz. Scnnorrn AnZDA XXIII
157 (to IE *pl- full, to ll); Pokonxv I
831; Pis.xi KZ XC 1819; Krtor-
Srrnorr 270 (from *axt-ska-).
*ataz adj.: ON atr at, OS at id.,
OHG az id. An irregular continuant
of IE *plet(6)- wide in the full grade,
cf. Skt prthas- width, Av frayah- id.,
Gk pltow id., W lled id. See *a(n).
B.n+norov.r 983; K.ns+rx NB II
372373; Tonr-F.rk 251; M.vnnorrn II
129 (to Latv plade placenta); Fnisk II
553554; Oxioxs 360; Hrirrnv.xxs
200.
*atjan sb.n.: ON et set of benches or
rooms, OE et oor, dwelling, OFris ett
building, house, OS et, etti quarters,
chamber, OHG ezzi threshing-oor,
hall. Derived from *ataz. Tonr-F.rk
145; Oxioxs 360; Hrirrnv.xxs 200;
Krtor-Srrnorr 275.
*atjanan wk.vb.: ON etja to cut open,
WGmc *atjan > Fr atir id. Derived from
*ataz. G.virrscnro Rom. Germ. I 158;
Vnirs ANEW 131.
*a(n) sb.f.: Norw ade small valley, at
eld, OHG ada a kind of thin and wide
cake, masc. ado id. A regular reex of
IE *plet(6)- wide, cf. *ataz. Tonr-F.rk
251; Pokonxv I 834.
*arjanan ~ *erjanan wk.vb.:
ON ara to fawn, MHG vladern to
utter, OHG edirn to be careless,
mindless. Of imitative origin. Tonr-
F.rk 251; Vnirs ANEW 127 (to MDu
vleder, a crossing of *fepr and *euan).
*auiz adj.: ON eygr able to y, OHG
wint-ougi ying, soaring. Derived from
*euanan. Tonr-F.rk 254; M.+zrr
Festschr. Schrder 96, KZ CV 98; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 200201.
*aujanan wk.vb.: ON eygja to cause
to y, to throw, OFris gia to ee.
Probably also Goth us-augjan to carry
about if this reading is to be preferred to
us-walugjan (see *waljanan ~ *waljanan).
Causative of *euanan. Bn.txr LGRP
XXIX 328 (on the reading of the Gothic
word); Tonr-F.rk 254; Fris+ 530; Vnirs
ANEW 131; Srrnorr 201, 518; Lrnv.xx
GED 381.
*auxz sb.m./f.: ON ea, OE e id.,
MLG vlo id., OHG h id. Somehow dis-
tantly related to Skt pli- id., Arm lu id.,
Alb plesht id. < *pleu-s-t. The inuence
of *euxanan is possible. Mrirrr+ MSL
akaz 105 auxz
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 105
auxz 106 (e)un
XXII 142; Tonr-F.rk 195196 (to
*euxanan); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 107;
*aumaz sb.m.: ON aumr eddy, crowd,
OHG weralt-oum transitoriness of the
world. Derived from *wanan. Struc-
turally similar with Gk plma water
in which something has been washed.
Pokonxv I 836; Vnirs ANEW 129 (recon-
structs *aumaz); Srrnorr 204.
*autaz adj.: Goth auts boastful, con-
ceited, OHG adv. z-lhho eusive.
Derived from *eutanan (Gnirxnrnorn Got.
70). Hor+n.tsrx AnzZDA XXIV 34 (to
Lat plaud to slap, to beat); Exrzrrix KZ
LI 258 (to Latv plaudis bream, Cyprinus
brama); Fris+ 156; Pokonxv I 837;
*autjanan wk.vb.: ON eyta to oat, to
lift, MLG ten to drive, OHG zzen
to ow. Causative of *eutanan. Tonr-
203.
*autiz ~ *autjn sb.f.: ON pl. autir
a kind of whipped milk, OE ite cream,
curds. Derived from *eutanan. Tonr-
Vnirs ANEW 129.
*awjan sb.n.: ON ey a kind of ship.
Identical with Toch B plewe ferry, ship,
Gk ploon ship. For further connections
see *uz. Tonr-F.rk 253; Ponzio
ANEW 131; Fnisk II 559560; Lrnv.xx
GED 119; Btnr.k IFTJa 250.
*awjanan wk.vb.: OHG ewen to rinse.
Close to Skt plvyati to cause to swim, to
bathe, to submerge, Slav *pluj, *ploviti
to swim. See *uz. Tonr-F.rk 253
835837; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 271
272.
*extanan str.vb.: OE ohten-fte web-
footed, OS ehtan to braid, OHG ehtan
id. Related to Lat plect to plait, to
braid, Slav *plet, *plesti to weave.
Further connected with Gk plkv to
weave, to braid, Lat plic to fold to-
gether (extracted from prexal verbs, cf.
ex-plic). Prnssox Beitrge 346; Ztri+z.
Gutt. 190; Tonr-F.rk 250251; Tn.t+-
W.rrr-Horv.xx II 321; Jn.xxrssox
IEW 580; Pokonxv I 834835; Vnirs
271.
*extn sb.f./m.: ON tta braid, OE
eohta hurdle, OHG ehta braid. De-
rived from *extanan. Tonr-F.rk 251.
*ekkaz sb.m.: ON ekkr spot, eck,
MLG vleke plot of land (fem.), OHG ec
stain, eck. Probably related to *akaz ~
*akuz. Tonr-F.rk 250; M.n+ixr+ Gm.
197; Vnirs ANEW 130 (to *felxanan);
Sovvrn Schr. 15 (to *k); Ltnn Expr.
*ekkjanan wk.vb.: ON ekka to eck,
to stain, MDu vlecken id., OHG gi-eckn
id. Derived from *ekkaz. Vnirs ANEW
130.
*euanan str.vb.: ON jga to y, OE
ean id., OFris iga id., MLG vlegen id.,
OHG iogan id. Derivationally close to
Lith plauki, plakti to swim (Fn.rxkrr
IF L 229). Further related to Toch A plu-
to y, Skt plvate to oat, to swim, Gk
plv to swim (on a ship), Lith pluju,
pluti to rinse, to wash, Slav *plov, *pluti
id. Ztri+z. Gutt. 130; Tonr-F.rk 254;
sox IEW 575578; M.vnnorrn II 383
132; Fnisk II 559560; Oxioxs 365;
S+.xo LS 42; Srrnorr 201202; V.svrn-
*(e)un sb.f.: ON uga y, moth, OE
ee y, MLG vlge id., OHG ioga
id. Derived from *euanan. Ztri+z.
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 106
(e)un 107 uz
365.
*euxanan str.vb.: Goth liuhan to ee,
ON pret. id., OE en id., OFris a
id., OS iohan id., OHG iohan id. Cf. also
ON wk. ja id. < *euxjanan. The com-
parison with *euanan (Ztri+z. Gutt.
131) of which *euxanan is an early lexi-
calized variant is decisive in postulating
the Gothic change *- > l- in unknown
phonological conditions. Os+norr PBB
XIII 412415 (to Lat lcusta grasshopper,
shellsh, lobster); Lorvrx+n.r ANF
XXXV 238239 (to Slav *tlpa crowd),
PBB XLIX 419; Tonr-F.rk 195196;
Fris+ 499500; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 107
(same as Ztri+z.); Jn.xxrssox IEW
Srrnorr 273.
*eutan sb.n.: ON jt river (mainly in
rvn.), OE et bay, gulf, river; raft, ship
(masc.), MLG t river (masc., neut.).
Derived from *eutanan. Substantivized
*eutaz? Tonr-F.rk 255; Hor+n.tsrx
361; Lrncnxrn 253.
*eutanan str.vb.: ON jta to oat, OE
etan id., OFris ita id., OS iotan id.,
OHG iozan id. Related to Lith plstu,
plsti to ow, to stream, Latv plstu, plst
to pour out, to ow continuing *pleud-,
an extension of IE *pleu- (Atrnrcn+ KZ I
119), cf. also OIr luaidid to move. See
*wanan. Tonr-F.rk 255; Hor+n.tsrx
273.
*eutaz adj.: ON jtr eet, swift, E eet
quick, fast, MDu adv. vliet, vliete swift,
hurried. Derived from *eutanan. Struc-
turally close to OIr lath id. (Wixriscn
KZ XXI 431). Tonr-F.rk 255; K.n-
s+rx NB II 401402; Vnirs ANEW 132;
Hrirrnv.xxs 202.
*ikkjan sb.n.: ON ikki itch (of bacon),
OE icce id., MLG vlicke id. Related to
*k. Tonr-F.rk 252; Hor+n.tsrx
363.
*intaz sb.m.: OE int id., MLG vlint-stn
intstone. Cf. also MLG vlins id., OHG
ins id. (Ktnx KZ I 380). Borrowed from
the same unknown source as Gk plnyow
brick, tile. Tonr-F.rk 253; Gtx+rn+
Labyrinth 22; Knr+scnvrn Glotta XXIII
362.
*k sb.f.: ON k tatter, rag. Deri-
vationally close to Lith ply tear, break,
split, further connected to Lith plti
to burst, to tear. Tonr-F.rk 252 (to
Lith plikti to become rough (of a face));
ANEW 131.
*nanan str.vb.: Norw dial. na to
whine. Related to Lith plnas even, bald
(Tonr-F.rk 252). The meaning in Gmc
is secondary as attested by the derivative
*ainaz. Pokonxv I 834.
*an sb.n.: ON tide, ood, OE d
ow, wave, tide, OFris d id. Derived
from *wanan. Tonr-F.rk 254; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 109; Srrnorr 204.
*iz sb.f.: ON r ood-tide, high
water, OS d tide, torrent, OHG uot
id. See *uz. Tonr-F.rk 254; Srr-
norr 204.
*janan wk.vb.: ON a to ood
over, OE dan id., MDu vloeden id.,
MHG vleten id. Derived from *uz.
135.
*uz sb.m.: Goth odus stream, OE d
ow, wave, tide, OS d id., OHG uot
id. Close to Gk plvtw oating. Further
derived from *wanan. Tonr-F.rk 254;
Z.rizxi.k II 216; Oxioxs 363; Fnisk II
Krtor-Srrnorr 277.
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 107
x 108 unrn
*x sb.f.: ON layer, OE h frag-
ment, piece, OHG uoh rock, cli.
Related to *axanan. Ztri+z. Gutt. 130;
*kanan str.vb.: Goth okan to bewail,
to mourn, ON kinn bewildered, unset-
tled, OE ocan to clap, to strike, OS
kan to curse, OHG widar-uohhan to
revile. Related to Gk plzv to make
roam, to mislead, Lat plang to bewail,
to strike. See *akkjanan. Tonr-F.rk
W.rrr-Horv.xx II 315316; Jn.xxrs-
sox IEW 573; Pokonxv I 832833; Fnisk
II 548549; Srrnorr 205206; Lrnv.xx
*kanaz ~ *kenaz adj.: ON kinn
clotted, entangled, OFris ur-kin, OS
far-can cursed. Derived from *kanan.
Lrnv.xx GED 119.
*kn ~ *kan sb.m./n.: ON ki
felt, hair, OE c id. Related to *akaz ~
akuz. Ztri+z. Gutt. 214; Hor+n.tsrx
364.
*raz sb.m.: ON r oor, pavement,
OE r oor, MDu vloer id., MHG vluor
eld. Related to OIr lr oor, W llawr
(Fick KZ I 366367: further to Lat
plnus at, Lith plti to atten). Cf. also
Lat ex-plr to search out, to examine
based on *plro- ground. Ktnx WF
XII 8; Tonr-F.rk 249; Hor+n.tsrx
Ponzio 119; Pokonxv I 806; Cnrvo-
*wanan str.vb.: OE wan to ow. Cf.
also ON wk. a to overow < *wnan.
Long grade of IE *pleu-, see *uz. Cf.
in particular Gk Ion plv to sail,
Slav *plavati to swim. Tonr-F.rk 254;
Fnisk II 565566; Oxioxs 364; Srrnorr
Lrnv.xx GED 119.
*wn sb.m.: ON i marshy moor.
Derivationally close to OIr l water <
*plo-. Further see *wanan. S.xrx
SNF I/3 60; Tonr-F.rk 254; Vnirs
ANEW 133.
*uan sb.n.: ON og ight, OE e-o
infectious disease, MLG vloch ight.
Derived from*euanan. Tonr-F.rk 254;
133.
*uiz sb.m.: ON ugr ight, OE ye id.,
OS ugi id., OHG ug id. Derived from
*euanan. Tonr-F.rk 254; Hor+n.t-
ANEW 134; Z.rizxi.k II 186; Srrnorr
Nom. 130.
*ujan sb.n.: ON ygi ying insect, E
edge id., MHG adj. vlcke edged, ying.
Cf. also *un > ON uga y. Derived
from *euanan. Pokonxv I 837; Vnirs
ANEW 134; Z.rizxi.k I 155.
*uulaz adj.: ON ogall volatile, OE
uol apt to y, ying swiftly, swift.
Derived from *euanan. K.ns+rx NB
II 276, 286; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 110;
Hrirrnv.xxs 204.
*uxtn ~ *uxtjaz sb.m.: ON tti
ight, OE yht id., OFris echt id., OS
uht id., OHG fem. uht id. Derived from
*euanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 110;
GED 363.
*ukkaz sb.m.: ON okkr troop, band,
crowd, OE occ ock, band, company,
MLG vlocke ock. Historically identical
with WGmc *ukkn snowake: MLG
vlocke, OHG ocko (Tonr-F.rk 254)
further compared with Lith plukas
hair, Latv pl. plauki snowakes. M.+-
zrx.trn LF LI 125126; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 109; M.n+ixr+ Gm. 197;
*euanan); Oxioxs 363; Lrncnxrn 253.
*unrn ~ *unrjn sb.f.: ON yra
ounder, MLG vlundere thin board.
Somehow connected with Lat pluteus
penthouse, shed, Lith platas porch of
the beehive, Latv plauts shelf . Tonr-
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 108
F.rk 251 (to *a(n) ); Pokonxv I 838;
Vnirs ANEW 134.
*utan sb.n.: ON ot aoat, OE ot
water deep enough for sustaining a ship,
sea, MDu vlot ow, OHG uz current,
ow (masc.). Derived from *eutanan.
*utjanan wk.vb.: ON ota to oat,
OE otian id., OS otn id. Derived from
*utan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 110; Vnirs
*utn sb.m.: ON oti eet, oat, OE
ota ship, eet, MLG vlote id. Derived
from *eutanan. Tonr-F.rk 255; Hor-
* sb.f.: ON low skerries ooded
by the sea. Derivationally close to
Skt pluta- oated, swimming in, Latv
pluts raft. Further related to *eutanan.
835836; Vnirs ANEW 134.
*fnasan sb.n.: Norw fnas awn (of corn),
OE fns fringe. Of unknown origin.
Tonr-F.rk 245 (to ON fnasa to sneeze,
to snort).
*fneusanan ~ *fnsanan str.vb.: ON
fnsa to sneeze, OE fnsan to sneeze,
MDu fniesen id., MHG pfnsen id. Pro-
bably related to Gk pnv to blow.
SGGJa I 109; Vnirs ANEW 136; Fnisk II
566567.
*fisl(n) sb.f.: ON fzla food, OE fdesl
feeder, MDu voetsel food, OHG neut.
fuotisal fodder, grazing. Derived from
*fjanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 111;
Vnirs ANEW 150.
*fjanan wk.vb.: Goth fodjan to feed, to
nourish, ON fa id., OE fdan id., OFris
fdia id., OS fdian id., OHG fuoten id.
Derived from *fn. Tonr-F.rk 223;
Srrnorr 293.
*fn sb.m.: OE fda food, nourish-
ment. An archaism based on IE *p-:
Hitt pa- to defend, to guard, Toch A
ps-, B psk- to guard, Lat psc to feed,
to pasture. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 110;
W.rrr-Horv.xx II 260; Pokonxv I 787;
Oxioxs 368; Lrnv.xx GED 119; Btnr.k
IFTJa 248.
*fran I sb.n.: Goth fodr casing, sheath,
ON fr lining (*--), MLG fder casing,
sheath, OHG fuotar id. Identical with
Hitt pattar basket, Toch B ptro- vessel
for alms, Skt neut. ptra- receptacle, ves-
sel. Tonr-F.rk 223; Fris+ 157158;
Vnirs ANEW 136 (identical with *fran
II ); Z.rizxi.k I 140; Oxioxs 370;
*fran II sb.n.: ON fr fodder (*--),
OE fdder id., MLG voder id., OHG fuotar
id. From IE *p-tro- also attested in Arm
hawran herd and belonging to IE *p- to
graze. See *fn. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
Srrnorr 293.
fjanan wk.vb.: OE fan to join, to
bind, OFris fga id., OS fgian id., OHG
fuogen id. Derivationally close to Skt
pyati to bind. Further cf. Gk pgnumi
to stick, to x, Lat pang to fasten, to
x, Lith puti to adorn. See *fanxanan.
Fn.rxkrr 669; Fnisk II 525526; Lrn-
v.xx GED 102; Krtor-Srrnorr 289
290.
*fljanan wk.vb.: OE flan to feel, OFris
fla id., OS gi-flian id., OHG fuolen
id. Derivative of *fallanan semantically
similar to such phrases as E to fall in
love. Cf. in particular the meanings in
Baltic: Lith polu, plti to fall, Latv
pult id. as opposed to OPrus au-pallai to
nd. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 111; Oxioxs
349 (to *fulm palm); Krtor-Srrnorr
290 (to Lat palp to stroke, to touch, to
pat).
unrn 109 fljanan
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 109
*friz adj.: ON frr able, capable, OE
fere passable, OFris fre conducive,
OHG gi-fuori appropriate, suitable.
Derived from *faranan. K.ns+rx NB I
*frjan sb.n.: ON tor-fri dicult pas-
sage, OFris fre utility, OS gi-fri id.,
OHG gi-fuori favorable condition, utility,
house. Derived from *friz. Tonr-F.rk
Hrirrnv.xxs 206.
*frjanan wk.vb.: ON fra to bring, OE
fran to go, to travel, to march, OFris
fra to bring, OS frian to lead, to
convey, OHG fuoren id. Causative of
*faranan. Cf. Skt pryati, causative of
pparti to bring over, Slav *pariti to soar.
III 207; Krtor-Srrnorr 290.
*frjn sb.f.: ON -fra dangerous situa-
tion, OHG un-gi-fuora unfavorable condi-
tion. Derived from *friz. Hrirrnv.xxs
206.
*fstra-brr sb.m.: ON fstr-brir
foster-brother, OE fster-bror id. Com-
pound of *fstran and *brr. C.nn
Nom. comp. 54.
*fstra-far sb.m.: ON fstr-fair foster-
father, OE fster-fder id. Compound of
*fstran and *far. C.nn Nom. comp. 54.
*fstra-lanan sb.n.: ON fstr-land
native land, OE fster-land land assigned
for the procuring of provisions. Com-
pound of *fstran and *lanan. C.nn
*fstra-launan sb.n.: ON fstr-laun
reward for fostering, OE fster-len
remuneration for rearing a foster-child.
Compound of *fstran and *launan.
*fstra-mr sb.m.: ON fstr-mir
fostermother, OE fster-mdor id., OLG
fstar-muoder id. Compound of *fstran and
*mr. C.nn Nom. comp. 4748.
*fstran sb.n.: ON fstr fostering, OE
fster id., MLG fster id. Related to *fn.
Goes back to *pt-tro-, cf. Gk patomai
to eat and drink, Lat psc to feed,
to pasture, MIr s growth < *pt-to-.
113; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 260; Pokonxv
I 787; Vnirs ANEW 139; Fnisk II
Nom. 87.
*fstra-swestr sb.f.: ON fstr-systir
fostersister, OE fster-sweostor id. Com-
pound of *fstran and *swestr. C.nn
Nom. comp. 54.
*ftiaz adj.: ON -fttr with feet, OE
-fted id., MLG -vted id. Derived from
*ftz ~ *ftuz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 111;
Vnirs ANEW 150.
*ft(u)-buran sb.n.: Goth fotu-baurd
foot-stool, ON ft-bor id. compound of
*ftz ~ *ftuz and *buran. C.nn Nom.
comp. 67.
*ft(u)-spuran sb.n.: ON ft-spor foot-
print, OE ft-spor foot-track, foot-trace,
MLG vt-spor id., OHG fuoz-spor id.
Compound of *ftz ~ *ftuz and *spuran.
*ft(u)-werkaz sb.m.: ON ft-verkr gout,
OE masc. ft-wrc pain in the foot.
Compound of *ftz ~ *ftuz and *werkaz.
*ftz ~ *ftuz sb.m.: Goth fotus foot,
ON ftr id., OE ft id., OFris ft id.,
OS ft id. (sg. i-stem), OHG fuoz id. (sg.
i-stem). Related to Hitt pata- id., Toch A
pe, B paiyye id., Skt pad- id., Av pad- id.,
Arm pl. ot-k' id., Gk pow, Dor pw id.,
Lat ps id. B.n+norov.r 842; Tonr-
W.rrr-Horv.xx II 293294; Fris+
159160; Srrcn+ 82; M.vnnorrn II 249;
Oxioxs 368; Sovvrn Schr. 1315;
198; Gnirrrx+noo Wurzelnomina 153
401402.
*frajanan wk.vb.: Goth fragjan to ask, to
friz 110 frajanan
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 110
test. Alternatively can be reconstructed
as str. *fraanan. Identical with Lith prati
to ask, to request, Slav *prositi id. See
*frexnanan ~ *frenanan. Gnirxnrnorn
Got. 72; Fris+ 160; Pokonxv I 821822;
Fn.rxkrr 647; Lrnv.xx GED 121.
*fraisanan str.vb.: Goth fraisan to put to
the test, to tempt. Cf. WGmc *frais:
OFris frse danger, hazard, OS frsa
damage, OHG freisa setting, down-
fall, destruction. Derived from *fraiaz.
Btoor PBB XXIV 435436 (from *per-
ei-); Bntov.xx Grundri I 925 (compound
*fra-isanan, to ON eisa to shower down
(embers)); Horrv.xx Festschr. Fick 38
(compound related to *aiskjanan); Tonr-
162163; Srrnorr 207 (to Gk pera
trial, attempt); Lrnv.xx GED 123.
*fraiaz adj.: OS frthi renegade, run-
away, OHG freidi run-away, heretic.
Identical with Skt prta- dead < *pro-i-
to-, cf. further OPhryg proitavos (a title).
Hin+ IF XXXVII 235236; M.vnnorrn
II 353; Pokonxv I 295; Hrirrnv.xxs
207208 (secondary ja-stems).
*fraiwan sb.n.: Goth fraiw seed, ON fr,
frj id. Of unknown etymology. Mrvrn
KZ VIII 248 (to Gk sperv to strew);
Dirrrxn.cn VW I 398; Wirrrv.xx BB
XXVIII 4344 (to Lat praegnans preg-
nant); Os+norr PBB XX 9596 (< IE
*pro-iom, to *ei- to go); Btoor PBB
XXIV 457 (to Lat pari to bring forth);
Wirrrv.xx BB XXVIII 4344 (recon-
structs *fraiwan, to Lat praegnans preg-
nant); Pr+rnssox Aufs. 50 (from
*fraiwan, to Gk prkh bass, with the
original meaning sprayed out); Tonr-
*fraiwjaz adj.: ON frjr fertile. Derived
from *fraiwan. Wirrrv.xx BB XXVIII
43 (from *fraiwjaz, to Lat praegnans preg-
nant); Tonr-F.rk 245; Oxioxs 379.
*frak(k)az adj.: ONorw frakkr brave, OE
frc voracious, greedy, MLG vrak id. An
ablaut variant of *frekaz. Fons+rn EngS
XXXIX 327339; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
*frama prep.: Goth prep. fram forward;
from, ON fr, fram id., OE fram from,
OS fram forward; from, OHG fram
id. See *framaz. Tonr-F.rk 232; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 114; Fris+ 164; Oxioxs
139140; Lrnv.xx GED 124.
*framajanan wk.vb.: Goth framajan
to estrange, OE -freman to alienate,
MLG ent-vrmeden id., OHG fremiden id.
Derived from *framajaz. Fris+ 164;
Lrnv.xx GED 124.
*framajaz adj.: Goth framaeis strange,
foreign, OE freme id., OFris fremethe id.,
OS fremithi id., OHG fremidi id. Based on
unattested *framaaz, further connected
with *framaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 115;
Fris+ 164; Lrnv.xx GED 124; Krtor-
Srrnorr 285.
*framaz adj.: Goth comp. adv. framis far-
ther, further, ON framr, comp. fremr for-
ward, OE fram valiant, stout, rm,
MHG fram forward. Related to Gk
prmow foremost man, chief , Umbr
promom primum. Maybe, further con-
nected with *frumaz ~ *frumn. S+okrs
BB XXIII 321 (to OIr riam beforehand);
Tonr-F.rk 232233; Fris+ 164; Hor-
+n.tsrx AEEW 114; K.ns+rx NB II 442;
Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 310 (derives prmow
from prmaxow); Pokonxv I 814815;
140141; Fnisk II 600; Oxioxs 378;
Cn.x+n.ixr 941; Lrnv.xx GED 124;
*framjanan wk.vb.: ON fremja to further,
to promote, OE framian to avail, to
prot, OFris frema, fremma to promote,
OS fremmian id., OHG fremmen id.
Derived from *framaz. Hor+n.tsrx
*frankn sb.m./f.: ON frakka javelin,
dart, OE franca javelin, lance. Unclear.
Cf. also ON furkr spear. Tonr-F.rk
246 (to Lat-Gmc framea spear, javelin).
frajanan 111 frankn
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 111
*frastiz sb.m.: Goth frasts child, ospring.
Together with Slav *prost simple, free
continues IE *pro-st- (Unrrxnrck PBB
XXVII 119), a prexal derivative of
*st- to stand (cf. Tonx\is+ SN XIII
305307). For the semantic connection
between Gmc and Slav cf. Lat lber
children (Brx\rxis+r IEL 262272).
Gnivv-Gnivv IV/1/1 64 (to Goth fra-
jan to perceive, to understandsemanti-
cally plausible in view of Slav *otrok);
Krtor KZ XXV 313 (to Lat prls
descendant); Koorr ZDADL XXXVII
218 (to Lat pari to give birth); Cn.n-
rrx+irn KZ XL 456 (from *prod-ti-);
Os+norr PBB XX 8991 (to *si- to
sow, from *pro-s(6)tis, or to Lat prspia
stock, family); Mrirrr+ MSL XII 219
(reconstructs *pro-s6ti-, to *si- to sow);
Cn.nrrx+irn KZ XL 456 (to Av frd- to
cultivate); Pr+rnssox Aufs. 13 (to Slav
*proso millet); Tonr-F.rk 232; Fris+
165; Mrzorn Language XIX 262263
(from *pro-s-to-); V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III
380; Lrnv.xx GED 125126 (a nursery
word or cognate of *fraw( j)n).
*fratwjanan wk.vb.: Goth us-fratwjan
to make wise, to instruct, OE frtwian
to adorn, to deck, to embroider. De-
rived from *fratw. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
114; Fris+ 531; S+tn+r\.x+ JEGP
XXXVI 181182 (on the semantic devel-
opment in Gothic); Lrnv.xx GED 381
382.
*fratw sb.f.: OE pl. frtwe ornament,
adornment, decoration. Unclear. Prob-
ably continues IE *pro d-. Gnirx-
nrnorn Got. 231 (prexed form related to
*tw); Horr.xrrn ZDWf VII 301 (to
*tawjanan); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 114;
Fris+ 474475; Lrnv.xx GED 381382.
*fraaz adj.: OHG frad strong, able. Cf.
also Goth frai understanding < *frajan.
Related to *fraz. Tn.t+v.xx BSW
230; Fris+ 165166; Pokonxv I 845;
Lrnv.xx GED 126.
*frajanan str.vb.: Goth frajan to per-
ceive, to understand. Derived from *fra-
az. Fick KZ XX 449; Tonr-F.rk 246;
Fris+ 165166; Srrnorr 208; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 65.
*frau(n) sb.f.: ON frau froth, ME
froe id. Derived from *frawaz. Tonr-
F.rk 248.
*frawa-lkaz adj.: ON fr-ligr swift,
quick, OHG frawa-lh happy, merry.
Derived from *frawaz. Hrirrnv.xxs
211.
*frawaz adj.: ON frr swift, ME adv. frow
hurriedly, OFris fr glad, happy, OS
fr id., OHG fr id. Probably related to
Av fravi- mobile (?), Slav *prav right,
straight < *pros. Os+norr Etym. 336
340 (to Skt pravate to spring up < *pleu-);
ANEW 140; Oxioxs 378; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ III 352; An.r\ VJa XXXI/2
22 (on Av); Hrirrnv.xxs 211212;
Krtor-Srrnorr 287.
*fraw( j)n sb.m.: Goth frauja lord, mas-
ter, ON theon. Freyr, OE fre lord, mas-
ter, OFris fr id., OS frho, frho id., frio
id., OHG fr id. Derived from IE *pro
forward > Gmc *fra- (S+nri+nrno PBB
XIV 186). Btrrxz KZ VIII 289 (to
Lat pruincia province); Scnvir+ KZ
XXVI 15, Voc. I 107 (same as Btrrxz);
Os+norr IF VIII 53 (follows S+nri+nrno);
Mikkor. Festschr. Streitberg 270 (to Slav
*pravo right, law); M.ns+n.xrrn NTS III
123124, 153 (compound close to Skt
pra-avati to be merciful); Tonr-F.rk 233
(from *frawaz); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 115
116; Fris+ 166; L.xorxno\r LS II 5659
(compound of *per- to possess and *He-
vital force); Pokonxv I 813815 (related
to *po- rst); Vnirs ANEW 142;
Z.rizxi.k II 216; Lixrrv.x Verschrfung
16.8; Brx\rxis+r IEL 274; Lrnv.xx
Krtor-Srrnorr 283.
*frawjn sb.f.: ON freyja lady, Freyja
(name of goddess), OS fra id., OHG
frouwa id. Cf. also *frwn > OS fra
lady, mistress. Derived from *fraw( j)n.
Z.rizxi.k II 216; Krtor-Srrnorr 283.
*frenanan ~ *frexnanan str.vb.: Goth
frastiz 112 frenanan
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 112
frenanan 113 frijaw
fraihnan to question, to ask, ON fregna to
ask, OE frenan to inquire, OS pret.
fragn id. Continues IE *pre-: Toch AB
prk- to ask, Skt pcchti to ask, to ques-
tion, Av p6r6saite id., Arm harc'anem id.,
Lat posc id., precor id., MIr arco id., Lith
per, piti to arrange a marriage, Slav
*prositi to ask. Further related to
*frajanan and *fursk. Scnvrizrn KZ I
150; Ztri+z. Gutt. 190; Tonr-F.rk
245246; Mrirrr+ MSL XV 98100 (n-
present); M.ns+n.xrrn NTS II 103106
(innovation built on the basis of preterite
*fraxa); B.n+norov.r 9971000; Prrrn-
srx Kelt. Gr. I 44; Tn.t+v.xx BSW
Horv.xx II 346347; Fris+ 161162;
II 329; Pokonxv I 821; Fn.rxkrr 598
*frextiz sb.f.: ON frtt enquiry, OE freht,
fryht prediction. Related to *frenanan ~
*frexnanan. Tonr-F.rk 246; Hor+n.t-
srx AEEW 114; Vnirs ANEW 142;
Srrnorr 209.
*frekaz adj.: Goth faihu-friks covetous,
avaricious, ON frekr greedy, OE frec
desirous, greedy, gluttonous, audacious,
MDu vrec mean, OHG freh greedy.
Related to Slav *pragnti to desire. See
*frak(k)az. K.trrv.xx PBB XII 514 (to
Lat precri to request); Gnirxnrnorn Got.
62 (to Lith pikti to buy); Fons+rn EngS
XXXIX 327339; Tonr Festschr. Unger
183185 (to Gk spargv to swell, to be
full); Hin+ PBB XXIII 352; Tonr-F.rk
K.ns+rx NB I 27; L.xr Language IX 258
(to W rhewydd lascivious); Pokonxv I
Srrnorr 283.
*frekn sb.f.: Goth faihu-frikei avarice,
cupidity, OE scyld-frecu guilty greed,
OHG frehh avarice. Derived from
*frekaz. Fris+ 13; Hrirrnv.xxs 213.
*frekn sb.m.: ON poet. freki wolf , OE
freca bold man, warrior. Derived from
*frekaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 115; Vnirs
*frestan ~ *frestaz sb.n./m.: ON frest
delay, OE fyrst, rst space of time, time
(< *frestiz), OFris frist respite, OS rst id.,
frist id. An old compound *pres-sto- struc-
turally similar to Skt pura-sthtr- stand-
ing on the top < *p
e
ros-st6to- and OIr
arsaid old, ancient < *p
e
ros-st6ti- (Bnto-
v.xx IF XIII 164). Hrixrn+z apud
Vnirs (to *friuz); Tonr-F.rk 233234;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 117; Tnirn NGWG
III (NF)/4 128129 (to G First fence,
ridge); M.vnnorrn II 309; Pokonxv I
*freusanan str.vb.: ON frjsa to freeze,
OE fresan id., MDu vriesen id., OHG
friosan id. Related to Skt pruv rime, ice,
Lat pruna frost (Btoor KZ XIX 440).
Scnvir+ KZ XXVII 328; Woors MP V
379; Jn.xxrssox IEW 569; M.vnnorrn
ANEW 143; Vrxrnvrs R-2425 (to OIr
rud cold); Srrnorr 210211 (to *preus-
to sprinkle); H.vr JIES I 215223;
286.
*friz adj.: ON frgr famous, OE e-
fre known, renowned, famous, OS gi-
frgi known. Related to *frexnanan ~
*frenanan. Tonr-F.rk 246; Hor+n.t-
srx AEEW 114; Vnirs ANEW 145; Lrn-
v.xx GED 122; M.+zrr Festschr. Schrder
*frijaw sb.f.: Goth fri(j)awa love, OE
freo peace. Identical with late Skt
priyatva- being dear, being beloved. Fur-
ther see *frijaz. Tonr-F.rk 247; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 116; Fris+ 168 (OE frod
equivalent to Skt priyt love); M.v-
nnorrn II 379 (against the comparison
with Skt); Brx\rxis+r IEL 266; Lrn-
118119.
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 113
*frija-xalsa-ebn sb.m.: ON frjls-gja
freed-man, OE frels-efa giver of
freedom. Compound of *frija-xalsaz and
*ebn. C.nn Nom. comp. 81 (parallel for-
mations).
*frija-xalsaz adj.: Goth sbst. freihals
freedom, ON frjls free, OE frols free,
freedom, OFris sbst. fr-hals freedom,
OHG frhals free. Originally, *having
a free neck, neck unhampered by a
yoke. A compound of *frijaz and *xalsaz.
Nrckrr PBB XLI 405 (Schonhals);
AEEW 117; Fris+ 167; C.nn Nom. comp.
844, 1021; Vnirs ANEW 143; Oxioxs
v.xxs 215.
*frija-xalsn sb.f.: ON frelsi freedom,
OFris frhelse id., OHG frhals id. Derived
from *frija-xalsaz. Tonr-F.rk 247248;
Vnirs ANEW 141.
*frijaz adj.: Goth freis free, OE fre id.,
OFris fr id., MLG vr id., OHG fr id.
Etymologically close to Skt priy- own,
dear, beloved, Av fry id., Lat pro-prius to
own, W rhydd free, Slav *prijati to be
disposed, to favor. Fnornrr BB IX 110
(to Lat pruus single, each, private);
Annois rr Jtn.ix\irrr MSL VII 291
(Celtic loanword); B.n+norov.r 1026;
K.ns+rx NB I 90; Woor MLN XVI 310
(from *pro-ei- to go forward); Tonr-F.rk
247248 (follow Fnornrr); Hin+ ZdPh
XXIX 301; Nrckrr PBB XLI 403405;
Horv.xx II 373374; Scnrrrrn 2023,
9091 (semantics); Ponzio Gliederung 119;
369370; Lixrrv.x Verschrfung 124125;
Mrzorn KZ LXXIX 3238; Brx\rxis+r
IEL 266; Lrnv.xx GED 128; B.vvrs-
*frijj sb.f.: ON theon. Frigg, OHG theon.
Frija. Substantivized feminine of *frijaz
with Verscharfung. Identical with Skt fem.
priy own, dear, beloved, Av fem. fry
id. Mikkor. Festschr. Streitberg 268; B.n-
+norov.r 1026; Tonr-F.rk 247; Vnirs
ANEW 143; Lixrrv.x Verschrfung 9.5,
17.9; Oxioxs 377.
*frijelaz sb.m.: ON friill lover, gal-
lant, OS friuthil loved one, MLG vridel
id., OHG friudil id. Corresponds to Slav
*prijatel id. At the same time may be
identical with Dac pridila, pridhla
bruvna mlaina. Further see *frijjan.
Tonr-F.rk 247; Dr+scnrv Thr. 556
(Dac pri-dila as a compound of *prio-
as in *frijaz, and *dhal- to bloom); Vnirs
ANEW 142.
*frijel(n) sb.f.: ON frila loved
one, mistress, OHG friudila id. Derived
from *frijelaz. Tonr-F.rk 247; Vnirs
ANEW 142.
*frijjanan wk.vb.: Goth frijon to love,
ON fra to deliver, OE frean to free, to
respect, to love, OFris friaia to love,
MDu vrien to marry, MHG vrien id.
Derived from *frijaz. Structurally identi-
cal with Skt priyyte to make friends
with, Slav *prijati to favor. Tonr-F.rk
Vnirs ANEW 143; Mrzorn LZ LXXIX
3238; Oxioxs 377; Brx\rxis+r IEL
266267; Lrnv.xx GED 128129;
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 369370; Hri-
*frijn sb.m.: ON fr lover, OHG fro
free man. Derived from *frijaz. Hri-
rrnv.xxs 215216.
*frijn-xulaz adj.: ON frnd-hollr
faithful to ones kinsmen, OHG friunt-
hold friendly. Compound of *frijnz and
*xulaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 90 (parallel
formations).
*frijndz sb.m.: Goth frijonds friend, ON
frndi relative, friend, OE frend friend,
OFris frind id., OS friund id., OHG friunt
id. Participle of *frijjan. Tonr-F.rk 246;
Oxioxs 377; Brx\rxis+r IEL 266;
Mr+zorn KZ LXXIX 3238 (non-
frija-xalsa-ebn 114 frijndz
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 114
frijndz 115 frkniz
participial formation from *frij ); Lrn-
*friskaz adj.: ON ferskr fresh, OE fersc
id., MLG vrisch id., OHG frisc id. Related
to *frijaz. Tonr-F.rk 248; Fris+ 163;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 102; Bo. II 302
(against the comparison with Lith prskas
unleavened, Slav *prsn id.); Mrx+z KZ
LXV 263265 (to Lat prscus previous,
former); Vnirs ANEW 118; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 216217 (reconstructs *pr-isko- vs.
Lat prscus < *pri-isko- vs. Balto-Slav *pro-
isko-); Krtor-Srrnorr 287.
*frijanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-frion to rec-
oncile, to establish peace, ON fria to
restore peace, OE friian to keep the
peace, to protect, OFris frethia id., OS
frithn id., MHG vriden to bring to peace.
Derived from *friuz. Tonr-F.rk 247;
*friu-lausaz adj.: ON fri-lauss out-
lawed, OE fri-les not included in the
treaty of peace, OFris fretho-ls out-
lawed, MLG vrede-ls id., MHG vride-ls
id. Compound of *friuz and *lausaz.
*friu-mannz sb.m.: ON pl. fri-menn
men of peace, OHG fridu-man peace-
ful man. Compound of *friuz and
*mannz. C.nn Nom. comp. 83 (parallel
formations).
*friuz sb.m.: Goth prop. Fredu-mirus, ON
frir peace, OE fri id. (masc., neut.),
OFris fretho id., OS frithu id., OHG fridu
id. Derived from *frijaz. Tonr-F.rk
Z.rizxi.k I 151; Lrnv.xx GED 129,
Srrnorr 286.
*fraz adj.: ON frr fair, beautiful, OE
frd-hengest stately horse. Related to *frijaz.
Structurally identical with Skt prt-
satised, Av friya- glad, happy. B.n-
+norov.r 1025; K.ns+rx NB II 302303;
Tonr-F.rk 247; Fris+ 167; Hor+n.t-
srx AEEW 116; M.vnnorrn II 380;
*frjanan wk.vb.: Goth freidjan to keep
safe, to take care, ON fra to adorn,
OHG frten to take care of, to pet.
Derived from *fraz. Tonr-F.rk 247;
GED 127; Hrirrnv.xxs 214; Krtor-
Srrnorr 286.
*frsaz sb.m.: ON pl. Frsir Frisian, OE
pl. Frsan id. (n-stem), OFris pl. Frsa, Frsa
id., MDu pl. Friesen, Vresen id., OHG pl.
Frieson id. Related to *frijaz? Enrv.xx
SVSU I/1 8386 (to Fris frsle frizz or to
Lat prmus rst); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
*fraz adj.: Goth fros wise, intelligent,
ON frr knowing, learned, OE frd
wise, prudent, skilful, OFris frd clever,
wise, OS frd learned, wise, OHG fruot
skillful, long-lasting, beloved. Deriva-
tionally close to Lith prtas understand-
ing, Latv prts id. Further related to
Toch A pratim, B prati decision, Lith
prant, prsti to get used, to become
accustomed to, to understand, Latv prast
to understand (Fn.rxkrr IF L 229).
Fons+rnv.x KZ I 237; Ctn+its KZ IV
237 (to Lat interpres negotiator); Tonr-
117; K.ns+rx NB I 65; Tnirn DW 71
Srrnorr 208; Piin.ixrx 1182; Lrnv.xx
*frn sb.f.: Goth frodei intelligence, ON
fri knowledge, OHG fruot maturity,
prudence. Derived from *fraz. Tonr-
F.rk 246; Fris+ 169; Hrirrnv.xxs 218.
*frjan sb.n.: ON fri record, lore,
MDu vroede intelligence. Derived from
*fraz. Vnirs ANEW 145.
*frjanan wk.vb.: Burg *frodjan to be
wise, ON fra to teach, OHG fruoten
to teach, to make wise. Derived from
*fraz. Vnirs ANEW 145; Konrrn 710;
Hrirrnv.xxs 218.
*frkniz adj.: ON frkn valiant, stout,
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 115
frkniz 116 fulaz
OE frcne horrible, savage, audacious,
OS frkni valiant, daring, OHG fruohhan-
(in prop.). Related to *frekaz. K.ns+rx
NB II 449; Fons+rn EngS XXXIX
328332; Tonr-F.rk 245; Fris+ 136;
103; Ltnn Expr. 331; Hrirrnv.xxs
218219.
*frw( j)az adj.: MLG adv. vr early,
OHG adv. fruo id., adj. fruoi id. Identical
with Gk adj. prow id. Tonr-F.rk 233;
*frumaz ~ *frumn adj.: Goth fruma
rst, former, ON frum-burr rstborn,
OE frum original, primitive, rst, OFris
forma rst one, OS formo id. Related to
Lith prmas rst, OPrus pirmas id. further
connected with IE *pHo- id. Cf. also,
with the same sux, Gk prmow foremost
man, chief , Lat prmus rst < *prsmo-.
Cf. superlative *frumistaz > Goth frumists
rst, OE fyrmest id., OFris formest id.
118, 120; Fris+ 169170; W.rrr-
Nom. 234; Ross-Brnxs Numerals 624.
*frumn sb.f.: Goth frumei beginning, OS
frum usefulness. Derived from *frumaz ~
*frumn. Fris+ 169; Lrnv.xx GED 129
130.
*fruskaz sb.m.: ON froskr frog, OE frox
id., MLG vorsch id., OHG frosc id. OE
froa, froca id. is a pet-form of *fruskaz
similar to doca dog. Cf. also ON fraukr,
frauki frog. Derived from *frawaz.
M.ns+n.xrrn Mindeskr. Bugge 242 (to
*frau(n)); Unrrxnrck PBB XXII 197;
Tonr-F.rk 248; S+tn+r\.x+ MP XXVI
473 (ON frauki from *fraukn); Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 113; Ponzio IF XLV 165
(to Slav *prygati to jump); Pokonxv I
846; Vnirs ANEW 140, 144; Z.rizxi.k I
131; Oxioxs 378; Krtor-Srrnorr 288;
Ar.vs TB 416417 (to Toch AB pruk- to
make a leap).
*frustan ~ *frustaz sb.m./n.: ON frost
frost, OE frost, forst id., OFris forst, frost
id., OS frost id., OHG frost id. Derived
from *freusanan to freeze. Tonr-F.rk
Krtor-Srrnorr 288.
*fruwi sb.f.: ON fryg blossoming, Du
vreugde id. Derived from unattested
*fruwaz, cf. *frawaz. Tonr-F.rk 233.
*fruzan sb.n.: ON frer frost, OHG fror id.
Cf. Goth frius coldness, frost < *freusan.
Derived from *freusanan. Ztri+z. Gutt.
9; Tonr-F.rk 248; Fris+ 169; Vnirs
Nom. 56; Lrnv.xx GED 129.
*fuiz sb.f.: ON fu-ogi runaway from his
bride, E dial. fud vulva, MHG vut cun-
nus. Related to Skt pti- putrid, stink-
ing, Av piti- putrefaction, rottenness,
Lat pte to stink, to be rotten (\.x
Hrr+rx ZdWf X 195). Jon.xssox KZ
XXXVI 352353; B.n+norov.r 909;
W.rrr-Horv.xx II 392; M.vnnorrn
145146; Krtor-Srrnorr 281 (to Skt
dual putau buttocks).
*fulaz sb.m.: Goth fugls bird, ON fugl
id., OE fuol id., OFris fugel id., OS fugal
id., OHG fogal id. From a dissimilated
*ulaz derived from *euanan (Gn.rr III
434; Mrvrn Goth. 556), especially in view
of OE uol apt to y, ying swiftly
(see *uulaz). Borr Glossarium 224 (to
Lith paktis bird); Gnirxnrnorn Got. 76;
Brzzrxnrnorn ZdWf VII 78; Brnxrkrn
IF IX 361362 (to Skt phuka- bird);
Unrrxnrck PBB XXVI 310; Sorvsrx IF
XIV 482485 (to *fuln); Ztri+z. Gutt.
132; Tonr-F.rk 243; Hor+n.tsrx IF
XXV 152 (to Gk peukedanw pine-
covered), AEEW 118; Fris+ 170 (to Lat
plma feather); Sorvsrx IF XXXI 482
484 (to *pu- small, little); Fris+ 170;
74; Vnirs ANEW 146 (follows Borr);
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 116
201 (follows Borr); Szrvrnrxvi Scripta
1074; Tntn.cnr\ VJa XXIX/3 10 (to
Slav *puga blunt end of an egg); Lrn-
Krtor-Srrnorr 866.
*fuxn sb.f.: Goth fauho vixen, she-fox,
ON fa id., MLG vohe, v id., OHG foha
id. Related to Toch B pako tail, Skt
pccha- tail, Alb push down, u < PAlb
*puksja, Lith pausts hair (of animals),
Slav *pux down, u (Unrrxnrck Btrg.
Gesch. XXII 538539). Fons+rnv.x KZ
I 498 (related to l-pek-); Mrirrr+ BSL
XXII 243 (questions the IE source);
Ztn.+ KZ XXXI 13 (to Slav *pysk
muzzle); Scnn.rrn BB XV 135136 (to
Gk Lac foai: lpekew, Hes.); Woor
AJPhil XLI 349 (to Gk peukedanw
sharp); Lirrx NB XIX 8788; Tonr-
F.rk 243; Fris+ 144145; M.vnnorrn II
Kt+zrrxioo Muttersprache XC 185188
(against Unrrxnrck); Lrnv.xx GED 110;
B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 174; Torono\ PJa
IV 8485 (similar semantic development
in Lith lp fox ~ lpas leaf ); Krtor-
Srrnorr 244; Onrr AED 351; Ar.vs TB
352353.
*fuxsaz sb.m.: ON fox fraud (neut.),
OSwed fux male fox, OE fox id.,
OS fohs id., OHG fuhs id. Derivative in
*-s- connected with *fuxn. Hor+n.tsrx
*fula-weaz sb.m.: ON fold-vegr Earth,
OE fold-we earth-way, earth. Com-
pound of *ful(n) and *weaz. C.nn
Nom. comp. 54.
*ful(n) sb.f.: Burg *ful eld, ON fold
eld, earth, OE folde earth, OS folda id.
Related to Skt pth- palm of the hand,
Gk plth blade of an oar, winnowing
fan and the like (Prnssox UU 1891 10).
See *feluz ~ *felan. Hrrrtis+ ANF
VII 8 (to Gk pltow breadth, width);
Lixrtis+ Festschr. Olson 238240 (same
as Hrrrtis+); Tonr-F.rk 244; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 111; Tnirn Lehm 24
30; M.vnnorrn II 332; Pokonxv I 806
(to *pel6-: *pl-), 833; Vnirs ANEW 137;
B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 175; Konrrn 710.
*fulnan wk.vb.: ON fylgja to follow,
OE folian id., OFris folgia, folia id., OS
folgon id., OHG folgn id. Identical with
Slav *plzti to crawl (Axikix Etim. 1984
29) derived from *plzti id. Tonr-F.rk
I 850; Vnirs ANEW 148; Oxioxs
367; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 309; Axikix
Etim. 1980 4149, Etim. 1981 131140;
*fuli sb.f.: ON fylg following, backing
up, OE folgo train, retinue, service,
OHG folgida sect. Derived from *ful-
ANEW 147.
*fuljan sb.n.: ON fyl foal, OHG fuli
id. Derived from *fuln. Vnirs ANEW
147.
*fulka-ruxtiz sb.f.: ON flk-drtt band
of warriors, OE folc-dryht multitude
of people. Compound of *fulkan and
*ruxtiz. C.nn Nom. comp. 80 (parallel
formations).
*fulka-lanan sb.n.: ON flk-land land
occupied by an army, district, OE folc-
land land held by freemen. Compound
of *fulkan and *lanan. C.nn Nom. comp.
*fulkan sb.n.: ON flk crowd, army, OE
folc folk, people, OFris folk id., OS folk
id., OHG folc id. Etymologically related
to OBret ol- to follow, Bret heulia id.,
OBret a olguo by seeking, W ol trace,
Corn ol id. continuing *pol-. Brzzrx-
nrnorn BB V 171 (to Lat uulgus great
mass, multitude, people); Ztri+z. Gutt.
9; Tonr-F.rk 235 (to Lat populus peo-
ple); Jokr Studien 71; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
111; Pokonxv I 799 (to IE *pel6- to ll,
to pour); Vnirs ANEW 137; Z.rizxi.k II
167; Oxioxs 367; Frrtnio+ Gloses 276;
Krtor-Srrnorr 866.
fulaz 117 fulkan
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 117
*fulka-wan sb.n.: ON flk-vg warfare,
OFris fol-wch id., MLG volk-wch id.,
OHG folk-wg. Compound of *fulkan and
*wan. C.nn Nom. comp. 47.
*fulkjan sb.n.: ON fylki country, shire,
OE e-fylce army, troop, band of war-
riors. Derived from *fulkan. Vnirs
ANEW 148.
*fullan sb.n.: ON full goblet, OE full
cup. Derived from *fullaz. Tonr-F.rk
235; Hor+n.tsrx IF XXV 152 (to Lat
peluis basin, Gk plla wooden bowl),
AEEW 118; Vnirs ANEW 146 (follows
Hor+n.tsrx).
*fulla-wsaz adj.: Goth fulla-weis mature,
thoroughly instructed, tleiow, ON full-
vss quite certain. Compound of *fullaz
and *wsaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 67.
*fullaz adj.: Goth fulls full, ON fullr id.,
OE ful(l) id., OFris fol, ful id., OS ful id.,
OHG fol id. Continues IE *pHnos id., an
adjective in *-no- of *pelH- to ll: Skt
pr-, OIr ln, Lith plnas, Slav *pln
(Hin+ Idg. Gr. II 130). Tonr-F.rk 235;
Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 52, 178; Tn.t+v.xx
BSW 218; Fris+ 172; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
118; K.ns+rx NB II 206; M.n+ixr+ Gm.
25, 71; M.vnnorrn II 324; Pokonxv I
146; Oxioxs 380; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III
*fulln sb.f.: Goth ufar-fullei superabun-
dance, OESc ea-fylli group of men nec-
essary for an oath, OE fyllu fulness,
OHG full id. Derived from *fullaz.
Oxioxs 355; Lrnv.xx GED 131; Hri-
*fulljanan wk.vb.: Goth fulljan to ll,
ON fylla id., OE fyllan id., OFris fella id.,
OS fullian id., OHG fullen id. Derived
from *fullaz. Cf. a similar derivation
in Slav *plniti id. Tonr-F.rk 235;
*fullnjanan wk.vb.: Goth fullnan to
be full, to become full, ON fullna to
full. Derived from *fullaz. Fris+ 172;
Hrirrnv.xxs 220.
*fulljanan wk.vb.: OESc fulla to full,
OE fullian id., OFris fulla, fullia id., OS
fullon id., OHG folln id. Derived from
*fullaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 119; Hri-
rrnv.xxs 220.
*fulln sb.f.: Goth fullo fullness, ON
theon. Fulla, OHG folla plenitude.
Derived from *fullaz. Structurally close
to Av p6r6n plenitude. B.n+norov.r
850; Fris+ 172; Hrirrnv.xxs 220.
*fulm sb.f.: OE folm palm, OS pl. folms
id., OHG folma id. Close to Lat palma
palm (of the hand), OIr lm hand,
Gk palmh palm of the hand (Knr+-
scnvrn KZ XXXI 398). Tonr-F.rk
Fnisk II 466; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 115.
*fuln sb.m.: Goth fula foal, ON foli id.,
OE fola id., OFris fola id., OS folo id.,
OHG folo id. A zero grade form related
to Arm ul she-goat, Gk plow foal, Alb
pel mare < *p(u)lo-, *p(u)l (Fons+rn-
v.x KZ I 495; Mr.rrxov KZ L 5455).
Hin+ Ablaut 39 (to *pu- small); Tonr-
*funaz sb.m.: ON fundr a thing found,
MLG vunt nd, MHG vunt id. Derived
from *fenanan. Vnirs ANEW 147.
*funiz I sb.m.: ON fyndr nd, OFris fynd
id. Substantivized *funiz II. Vnirs
*funiz II adj.: ON ein-fyndr as nder
entitled to the whole, OE e-fynde easy
to nd. Derived from *fenanan. Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 120; Srrnorr 194;
M.+zrr Festschr. Schrder 99, KZ CV 105;
Hrirrnv.xxs 221.
*funxwstiz sb.f.: OE fst st, OFris fst
id., OS fst id., OHG fst id. Related
to Lith kmst id. (with metathesis),
Slav *p\st id < *pk
-sti- (S.tsstnr MSL

VII 93). Further connected with *fenfe.
fulka-wan 118 funxwstiz
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 118
funxwstiz 119 furxn
I 80; Fn.rxkrr 309310; Oxioxs 358;
S+.xo LS 42; Lrnv.xx GED 114; Ross-
Brnxs Numerals 662; Krtor-Srrnorr 253.
*funn sb.f./m.: Goth fon re (< *fwn),
gen. sg. funins (with traces of a root stem),
ON funi id. Reects the old oblique forms
in *-n- of r/n-stem as in OPrus panno id.
(Fick KZ XVIII 416), cf. *fuwer ~ *fr.
From *funn WGmc *funkn (ME fonke
spark MLG vunke id., OHG funco id.) is
derived. Wrixnorr KZ I 248; Bnto-
v.xx IF XXXIII 308310; Ztri+z. Gutt.
162 (*funkn to Skt pjas- surface, face);
Tonr-F.rk 227, 243; Fris+ 158159;
Pokonxv I 828, 898990 (*funkn to Gk
fggow light, Lith spngiu, spingti to
shine); Vnirs ANEW 147; Z.rizxi.k I
Nom. 205206.
*funsaz adj.: Goth prop. Ala-fonsus, ON
fss willing, eager, OE fs ready, pre-
pared, prompt, OS fs ready, OHG
funs ready, expectant. Perhaps, related
to Gk pnomai to toil, to work, Arm
hanum to weave, Lith pnti to braid,
Slav *pn, *p\ti to spin, cf. the same
zero grade in *pto-: ptow: nduma
tw Hraw, Hes. Tonr-F.rk 228 (to
*fenanan); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 119;
Wissv.xx NP 59 (to *fenanan, from *pt-
so-); S+rnx EngS LXVIII 161173;
K.ns+rx NB II 343; Scnnonrrn ZDADL
LXXXII 245247; Pokonxv I 808809;
Srrnorr 194; B.vvrsnrnorn Sprache
XVII 4649 (to *fenanan, from *pt-to-);
Sprache XVII 4649, Nom. 250; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 222223.
*funsjanan wk.vb.: ON fsa to exhort,
OE fsan to hasten, to make haste, to
incite, OS part. a-fsid to strive.
Derived from *funsaz. Tonr-F.rk 228;
*fur(a) prep., adv.: Goth faur in front of,
before, ON for- id., OE fr id., OFris fora
id., OS fora, for id., OHG fora id. Cf. also
ON fyr id., OS furi id., OHG furi id.
Related to Gk pr along, Lat por-
(Gtx+rn+ IF XX 3740). Cf. *furn.
110; Krtor-Srrnorr 291, 867.
*furai adv.: Goth faura ahead, before, in
front of , OE fre before, aforetime,
OFris fora in front of , OS fora id., OHG
fora id. Close to Skt pur formerly,
before, Av par id., Gk par near.
Corri+z BB XVII 17 (to Gk para
near); B.n+norov.r 852; Sorvsrx KZ
XLIV 165 (follows Corri+z); Hor+n.t-
srx AEEW 112; Fris+ 145; M.vnnorrn
II 310; Pokonxv I 810818; Fnisk II
472473; Oxioxs 368369; Lrnv.xx
GED 110111.
*furuz ~ *furaz sb.m.: OE ford ford,
OFris forda id. (n-stem), OS -ford (in
cmpn.), OHG furt id. Cf. also *feruz >
ON fjrr rth, bay. Related to Av
p6r6tu- ford, bridge, OW rit ford, Lat
portus harbor, door. B.n+norov.r
GED 109, 136; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 158;
Krtor-Srrnorr 292.
*furxaz adj.: ON forr forward, haughty.
Identical with Gk prka right now,
right away, Lat rec-procus turning back
the same way, returning, receding, Slav
*prok spare, remaining. Prnssox Bei-
trge 960 (to Lat pro-sperus hurried); K.n-
s+rx NB I 1617 (to IE *pers- to spray);
Fnisk II 599; Hrirrnv.xxs 223.
*furxn sb.f.: OE forn trout, OHG forhana
id. Close to Skt pni- spotted, variegat-
ed, Gk porknw dark. Tonr-F.rk 244;
Lrnv.xx GED 109.
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 119
furx 120 fursk
*furx sb.f.: ON for drain, sewer, OE furh
furrow (root stem), OFris furch id., MLG
vore id., OHG furh, furuh id. (< *furxiz).
Identical with Lat porca id., W rh#ch id.
(Fick III 244; Ztri+z. KZ XXXV
256257). Ztri+z. Gutt. 132; Prrrnsrx
Kelt. Gr. I 122; Tonr-F.rk 244; Hor+-
340341; Ponzio Gliederung 125; Pokonxv
382; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 196 (root stem);
Krtor-Srrnorr 291.
*furxtaz adj.: Goth faurhts fearful, OE
forht id., OS forht, foraht afraid, fright-
ened, OHG got-forht fearful of God.
Derivative in *-to- related to Toch AB
prsk- to fear, A praski fear, B prosko,
proskye id. (Hor+n.tsrx IF XXXIX 65).
Kincnnorr KZ I 39; Tonr-F.rk 244 (to
Arm erk 'nim to be afraid); Ztri+z. Gutt.
56, 190; St++rnrix IF XXV 65 (to Gk
frssv to be rough); Lrvv IF XXXII
159 (to Lith perti to hurt, to pain);
111; Oxioxs 377; V.x Wixrrkrxs I 366;
250, JIES XIX 354 (to *frexnanan ~
*frenanan); Hrirrnv.xxs 223224.
*furxtn sb.f.: Goth faurhtei fright, fear,
OE fyrhtu id. Cf. also OHG forahta
id. Derived from *furxtaz. Tonr-F.rk
Hrirrnv.xxs 224; Krtor-Srrnorr 291
292.
*furxtjanan wk.vb.: Goth faurhtjan (sik) to
be frightened, OE fyrhtan to terrify, to
frighten, OFris unt-fruchta to beware,
OS forhtian to fear, OHG for(a)hten to
fear, to loathe. Derived from *furxtaz.
120; Fris+ 146; Pokonxv I 820; Lrnv.xx
*furxwn sb.f.: ON fura, fra r-tree, OE
furh-wudu r-tree, OS furia pine ( j-
stem), OHG foraha pine, r-tree. Related
to Lat quercus oak, W perth bush <
*k
erk
-t-. Cf. *ferxwuz. Lorvr PBB LX

160163 (to Gk prkh perch rather
than to Lat quercus); Hoors Waldbume
(to Gk mnt. Purraon, Skt parka Ficus
infectoria); Z.rizxi.k II 216; Oxioxs
357; Gnirrrx+noo Wurzelnomina 443;
Krtor-Srrnorr 277.
*furistaz num.: ON fyrstr rst, OE fyrest,
fyrst id., OFris ferost id., OS furist, OHG
furisto rst. Superlative formation based
on *fur(a). Tonr-F.rk 232; Hor+n.t-
ANEW 149; Oxioxs 357; Ross-Brnxs
Numerals 625; Krtor-Srrnorr 292.
*furjaz ~ *frjaz adj.: Goth ga-faurs
temperate, restrained, well-behaved,
MHG ge-vere tting, useful. Derived
from *faranan with an unaccountable
divergence in vocalism (Gnirxnrnorn
Got. 81). Woor MLN XVI 310 (to Gk
parow small); Unrrxnrck PBB XXX
279 (to Lat prus pure); Fris+ 180;
Lrnv.xx GED 137.
*furna-mannz sb.m.: ON forn-mar man
of the olden time, OE fyrn-mann man of
yore. Compound of *furnaz and *mannz.
C.nn Nom. comp. 58.
*furnaz adj.: ON forn old, OS adv. forn
previously, OHG adv. forn previously.
Zero grade of *fernaz. Tonr-F.rk 231;
*fursaz sb.m.: ON fors waterfall, stream.
Close to Slav *porx dust (Mrirrr+
Etudes 285) further related to Skt prati
to sprinkle, Toch AB prs- to sprinkle.
Prrrnsrx IF V 54; Tonr-F.rk 244;
III 332333; Ar.vs TB 375.
*fursk sb.f.: OHG forsca question. An
archaic zero-grade noun identical with
Class. Skt pcch id., Arm harc' id. See
*frexnanan ~ *frenanan. Tonr-F.rk 246;
Ponzio IF XLV 156157; M.vnnorrn II
orel_f6(F)_88-120 7/6/04 7:00 PM Page 120
fursk 121 zailinaz
*abiaz ~ *abuaz adj.: Goth gabigs
rich, ON gfugr worshipful, noble, OE
ie rich, OHG kepic id. Cf. OHG gebig
opulence. Derived from *ebanan.
Scnvir ZDADL XLIX 520; Hor+n.tsrx
Lrnv.xx GED 134.
*abn sb.f.: Goth gabei riches, opulence,
OHG kep id. Derived from *ebanan.
Mtcn Festschr. Jellinek 84 (from adj.
*abaz, furtherto *ebanan); Btoor
PBB XII 416417 (from *a-ab-, to Lat
cpia crowd); Krtor ZdWf VIII 28
(to Lat habe to have); Fris+ 175176;
Brx\rxis+r IEL 48; Lrnv.xx GED 134.
*ablaz ~ *abl sb.f.: OE pl. aas
fork, prop, OS gabala id., OHG gabala
id. Related to or borrowed from Celt-Lat
gabalus a kind of gallows, OIr gabul
gable, fork. Tonr-F.rk 125; W.rrr-
Horv.xx I 575; Tnirn ZDADL LXXVI
1519; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 98; Krtor-
Srrnorr 294.
*aarn sb.m.: OSwed gadder lattice,
MLG gaddere id., OHG gataro id. Derived
from *ajanan (see *ailinaz). Tonr-
F.rk 123.
*ailinaz sb.m.: Goth gadiliggs cousin,
329 (on the late nature of the Skt form);

*fur(a) adv.: OE for forth, forwards,
OFris forth id., OS forth id., MHG vort id.
Cf. also Goth fauris earlier, beforehand.
Derived from *fur(a). Tonr-F.rk 232;
*furjanan wk.vb.: ON fora to help
oneself forth, to save ones life, OE
forian to further, to advance. Derived
from *fura. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 113;
Vnirs ANEW 138.
*fuwer ~ *fr sb.n.: ON frr re (masc.
i-stem), frr (< *fraz), OE fr id., OFris
r, r id., OS ur id., OHG ur, fuir
id. Related to Hitt paur id., Toch A por,
B pwar id., Arm hur id., Gk pr id.,
Umbr pir id. Cf. *funn. Bntov.xx IF
XXXIII 308313; Tonr-F.rk 243;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 120; Fris+ 158
Krtor-Srrnorr 262; Ar.vs TB 392
393.
*fanan str.vb.: ON part. finn rotten.
Related to Skt pyati to become putrid,
to stink, Gk p-yomai to rot, Lat pte to
stink, to be rotten, Lith pv, pti
to rot. Tonr-F.rk 242243; W.rrr-
621622; Srrnorr 196197.
*flaz adj.: Goth fuls fetid, foul, ON
fll rotten, stinking, OE fl foul, dirty,
rotten, OFris fl stinking, MLG vl
rotten, spoiled, OHG fl foul, putrid.
Derived from *fanan. Structurally close
to Lith pl. pliai pus < *plo-. Tonr-
F.rk 242; Fris+ 172; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 118; K.ns+rx NB II 263264;
Pokonxv I 848849; Dvno VSJa 26;
Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 78; Fn.rxkrr 680;
Srrnorr 252.
*fn sb.m.: ON fi rottenness. Close to
Gk pon discharge from a sore, Arm hu
blood from an ulcer, Lat ps pus, white
matter < *puos and further to *fanan
to rot. Tonr-F.rk 242; Pokonxv I
Srrnorr 196.
orel_f7(G)_121-146 7/6/04 7:52 PM Page 121
zailinaz 122 ailjanan
OE delin companion, OS gaduling
relative, OHG gatiling id. Cf. also
*ajanan: OFris gadia to unite, MLG
gaden to suit, to please, OHG bi-gatn
to forgather, to get together. Derived
from IE *ghadh-: Skt gdhya- tting, suit-
ing, Lith goda honor, Slav *god time,
year (Gn.ssv.xx KZ XII 128129).
Fnornrr BB VIII 165 (to Lat habe to
have); Fick III 123; Brzzrxnrnorn BB
XVI 243 (same as Fnornrr); Woor
KZ XLV 69; Bntov.xx IF XXI 316
318; Pnrrrvi+z 2 (to Gk gayw good);
121; Fris+ 178179; M.vnnorrn I
159160; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VI 191
301.
*aalan sb.n.: ON gagl wild goose.
Closely related to OPrus gegalis a kind of
duck, Slav *gogol male duck (Brzzrx-
nrnorn BB I 253). Of imitative origin.
Ztri+z. Gutt. 172; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 74;
Vnirs ANEW 152; Torono\ PJa II 187
189; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ I 425.
*an prep., adv.: ON gegn against, OE
en id., OFris ien id., OS gegin id., OHG
gegin, gagan id. Derived from *aniz.
AEEW 126; Vnirs ANEW 160; Krtor-
Srrnorr 306.
*aniz adj.: ON gegn short (of way),
ready, OE n direct, short (of a road).
Related to *ananan? Lrvv PBB
XXXII 140 (to Skt jaghna hinder part,
buttock, pudenda, Gk koxnh per-
ineum); Tonr-F.rk 119; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 126; M.vnnorrn I 411; Vnirs
306.
*anjanan wk.vb.: ON gegna to go
against, to meet, to suit, OE ienan
to turn, to drive, OHG gaganen, geginen
to meet. Derived from *aniz. Tonr-
Vnirs ANEW 160.
*ajanan wk.vb.: ON gaga to throw the
neck back, MHG ggen to cackle. Close
to Lith gag, gagti id. (M.xx Language
XXVIII 3536). Of imitative origin.
Fn.rxkrr 127128; Pokonxv I 407;
Vnirs ANEW 152.
*aiwan sb.n.: Goth gaidw shortage,
lack, OE d lack, want, desire, OFris
gd need. Etymologically close to Gk
xatv to lack further connected with
Skt jhti to leave, to abandon and the
like. Probably, to be reconstructed as
*h6i-t- (Scntrzr KZ XXVII 425, Kl.
Schr. 53). Ztri+z. Gutt. 173; Tonr-F.rk
Fnisk II 10771078; Mrir Wortbild. 163
(to Skt het- instigation, inducement);
*aiaz sb.m.: ON geigr scathe, serious
hurt. Derived from *nan ~ *innan.
Tonr-F.rk 134; Lrnv.xx GED 137.
*aijanan ~ *aijanan wk.vb.: ON
geiga to take a wrong direction, OE for-
an to transgress, to prevaricate,
OFris gja to pay penance, G geigen
to move back and forth. Derived from
*aiaz. Ztri+z. Gutt. 97; Tonr-F.rk
421 (to Lith igauti to yawn); Vnirs
*aila-skapiz sb.m.: OESc glskaper for-
nication, OE lscipe luxury, lastfulness.
Derived from *ailaz. Hrirrnv.xxs
226.
*ailaz adj.: Burg *gails merry, OESc gl-
maer bedfellow, OE l light, pleasant,
wanton, OS gl merry, OHG geil high-
spirited. Identical with Lith gails
piteous; biting, nippy, corrosive, Latv
gails lecherous, lascivous, Slav *zl
strong (Ztri+z. Gutt. 171). Tonr-F.rk
120; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 75; Fris+ 185;
Fn.rxkrr 128129; S+.xo LS 21;
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ II 92; Piin.ixrx 56
58; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ II 92; Lrnv.xx
GED 140; Konrrn 710; Hrirrnv.xxs
*ailjanan ~ *ailnan wk.vb.: Goth
orel_f7(G)_121-146 7/6/04 7:52 PM Page 122
gailjan to gladden, OHG ir-geiln to
raise (ones eyes). Derived from *ailaz.
Ztri+z. Gutt. 171; Tonr-F.rk 120; Fris+
v.xxs 226.
*aislan ~ *aisl sb.n./f.: ON geisl
sta, masc. geisli id., MLG geisel whip,
OHG geisila id. Derived from *aizaz.
*aisjanan wk.vb.: Goth us-gaisjan to
frighten. Based on an unattested noun
*aisaz identical with Av zaa- horrible.
Fris+ 531532; Pokonxv I 427; Lrnv.xx
GED 382.
*aispjanan wk.vb.: ON geispa to
yawn, ME spen to gasp. An emphatic
derivative of *aisjanan secondarily in-
uenced by *ipjanan. Tonr-F.rk 134
(reconstruct *aipsjanan, to *ipjanan);
Vnirs ANEW 162 (to ON geisa to chafe,
to rage or to *ipjanan).
*aistaz sb.m.: OE st soul, spirit, mind,
OFris jst id., OS gst id., OHG geist id.
Related to *aisjanan. Cf. also a struc-
turally similar but semantically diverging
Lith aizd wound. Ztri+z. Gutt. 202;
Z.rizxi.k I 131; Fn.rxkrr 1285; Oxioxs
*aitnaz adj.: Goth sbst. gaitein kid, OE
ten pertaining to goats, OHG geizn id.
Diminutive of *aitz. Structurally identi-
cal with Lat haednus of a kid (Ponzio
GED 140.
*aitz sb.f.: Goth gaits she-goat (i-stem),
ON geit id., OE t id., OS gt id., OHG
geiz id. (i-stem). Related to Lat haedus
buck (Fons+rnv.x KZ I 497). Pnrrr-
vi+z 500 (to Skt jhti to leave, to aban-
don); Fick I 433 (to Lith idiu, isti to
play); Ztri+z. Gutt. 200201; Cn.n-
rrx+irn KZ XL 472; Tonr-F.rk 120;
Hin+ Urgerm. II 51 (on the consonantal
stem in Gmc); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 124;
Kn.nr Spr. Vorz. 76; Ponzio Gliederung
114; Tntn.cnr\ VJa VIII/1 2223 (adds
Slav *i(d)-mlst honey-suckle <
*goats throat); Pokonxv I 409410;
Lrnv.xx GED 140141; Torrrx.rnr KZ
XCVI 141144; Prr+rns KZ CI 167;
Wurzelnomina 443; Krtor-Srrnorr 308.
*aiza-laukaz sb.m.: ON geir-laukr gar-
lic, OE neut. r-lec id. Compound of
*aizaz and *laukaz. Hoors Waldbume
644 (ON < OE); C.nn Nom. comp. 32 (fol-
lows Hoors); Vnirs ANEW 161.
*aizan sb.m.: ON geiri goar, triangular
strip, OE ra angular point of land,
promontory, OFris gra triangular piece
(of land), MLG gre wedge-shaped
piece, OHG gro angular strip of land.
Derived from *aizaz (after the triangular
shape of the spear-head). Tonr-F.rk
121; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 124; Oxioxs
*aizaz sb.m.: Goth prop. Gais-walds, ON
geirr spear, OE r dart, javelin, spear,
OFris gr id., OS gr id., OHG gr id. Cf.
also *ai > OE d point, sting, prick,
goad. Related to Lat-Gaul gaesum, gason
heavy iron spear, OIr ga spear, W
gwayw id., MBret goa id., Corn gew id.
The same Indo-European word is at-
tested as a loanword from an unknown
(Western) source in Gk xaon, xaow
shepherds stick. Cf. also Thrac prop.
Boulo-gashw. Ztri+z. Gutt. 202; Tonr-
F.rk 120121; F.rk SVAO 1914/6 82
83; Scnn.rrn-Nrnnixo II 425 (Gmc <
Celt); W.rrr-Horv.xx I 575576;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 124; Dr+scnrv
Thr. 79; Pokonxv I 410 (to Skt hea-
weapon); Vnirs ANEW 161162; Z.riz-
xi.k I 131; Oxioxs 403; Fnisk 1061
1062; Cn.x+n.ixr 1240; B.vvrsnrnorn
Nom. 54 (to Gk xaow); Krtor-Srrnorr
*alanan str.vb.: ON gala to crow, to
ailjanan 123 alanan
orel_f7(G)_121-146 7/6/04 7:52 PM Page 123
sing, OE alan to sing, OHG galan to
incantate. Originally, of imitative origin.
Bntov.xx IF XXXII 190 (secondary
present vocalism based on preterital
*l-); Tonr-F.rk 130; Brnxrkrn I 293
(to Slav *galiti to triumph, to laugh <
*ghl-eo-); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 123;
Scnv.nz Festschr. Trier 442444 (recon-
structs the original meaning to praise);
158 (to Gk xelidn swallow).
*alinaz sb.m.: ON geldingr wether, G
Gelling-hanf male hemp. Derived from
*aliz ~ *aljaz. Vnirs ANEW 162;
Hrirrnv.xxs 228.
*aliz ~ *aljaz adj.: Goth pln. Galtis
(< *galeis), ON geldr barren, yielding no
milk, OE ielde fruitless, MLG gelt id.,
OHG galt, gialt id. Related to Slav *gold
hunger. K.ns+rx NB II 376; Lrssi.k
ZDADL 146147 (participle of *alanan);
Orsrx IF XXXVIII 168 (to Phryg pl.
Glloi castrated servants of Cybela);
Tonr-F.rk 132 (to Lith al harm, dam-
age); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 129; Fris+
189; Scnv.nz Festschr. Trier 448449 (to
IE *ghel- to peel, to cut); Pokonxv I 434;
Vnirs ANEW 196, 198199; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa VI 199200; Lrnv.xx GED 143;
Hrirrnv.xxs 228 (to IE *hel- to cut);
Krtor-Srrnorr 310.
*aljanan wk.vb.: ON gelda to geld,
MDu gelten id., G gelzen id. Derived from
*aliz ~ *aljaz. Structurally close to
Slav *golditi to cause hunger, to starve.
Jn.xxrssox IEW 385 (to *hel- to cut);
Scnv.nz Festschr. Trier 448449; Vnirs
ANEW 162163; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VI
*alran sb.n.: ON galdr song, witch-
craft, OE ealdor incantation, charm,
OHG galtar id. Derived from *alanan.
Lrnv.xx GED 157, 193; B.vvrsnrnorn
Nom. 86.
*ala-trewan sb.n.: ON glga-tr gal-
lows, OE eal-trow id. Compound of
*aln and *trewan. C.nn Nom. comp. 54.
*aln sb.m.: Goth galga stake, gallows,
cross, ON glgi gallows, OE eala gal-
lows, gibbet, cross, OFris galga gallows,
OS galgo id., OHG galgo id. Related to
Lith alg long pole (Mtrrrn WZKM V
68) and, probably, to Arm jak branch.
Prrrnsrx KZ XXXIX 361; Ztri+z. Gutt.
178, 201; Tonr-F.rk 131; Tn.t+v.xx
I 153; Oxioxs 387; Sor+. Arm. 314315;
S+.xo LS 65; Lrnv.xx GED 142;
Krtor-Srrnorr 295.
*allan ~ *alln sb.n./f.: ON gall gall,
bile, OS galla id., OHG galla id.
Continues *hol-n-. Connected with Av
zra- id., Gk xlow id., xol id., Lat fel
id. (n-stem) (Ktnx KZ I 516). Believed to
be further related to the color adjective
*hel-: Skt hri- pale, yellowish, greenish,
Av zairi- yellow, yellowish, Lat heluus
light bay, Lith lias green, evas
greenish. Ztri+z. Gutt. 171; Prnssox
Beitrge 794; B.n+norov.r 1690; Tonr-
F.rk 131; Hor+n.tsrx AWN 99, AEEW
125; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 473474, 639;
Ponzio Gliederung 110, 207; M.vnnorrn
III 581; Pokonxv I 429430; Cnrvo-
r.xo\ SGGJa I 89; Fn.rxkrr 1287,
182; Fnisk II 11091110; Oxioxs 386;
Krtor-Srrnorr 296.
*alln sb.m.: ON galli fault, aw, OE
ealla fretted place on the skin, MLG
galle wounded spot on the skin, MHG
galle swelling. Related to Lith al
harm, damage, Slav *zl bad, angry
(Hor+n.tsrx AWN 79). Homonymic OE
ealla gall, bile belongs to *allan ~
*alln. Ztri+z. Gutt. 201 (to OIr galar
sickness); Tonr-F.rk 130; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 125; Exrzrrix KZ XLIV 66;
ANEW 154; Oxioxs 386 (to *allan ~
*alln).
*almaz sb.m.: ON galmr sword (ula),
alanan 124 almaz
orel_f7(G)_121-146 7/6/04 7:52 PM Page 124
OS galm tone, OHG galm tone, sound.
Derived from *alanan. Tonr-F.rk 130;
Vnirs ANEW 154.
*alpjanan wk.vb.: Swed dial. galpa to
cry (of birds), OS galpn to cry loudly.
Derived from *elpanan. Tonr-F.rk 132.
*altaz ~ *altuz sb.m.: ON gltr boar,
hog, OE ealt-bor pig. Probably related
to Lith acc. no-gald dock in a stable,
-galda id., Latv gads splinter, board,
plank. Stor.n+i ANT 158; Hin+ BB
XXIV 246 (to Skt hua- ram); Tonr-
Krtor-Srrnorr 311.
*amalaz adj.: ON gamall old, OE amol,
omel id., MDu gamel id. Probably related
to Lat humilis low, Gk xyamalw near
the ground, low (Szrvrnrxvi Word VIII
50). Krtor KZ XXVI 70 (from *a-
mlaz, to *mlan I); W.rs+rix IF V 12
(ON gamall < *a-xamalaz, to *xamal-
janan); Tonr-F.rk 127 (to *mz); Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 123; Roo+n Wortst. 50
(to ON gambra to brag, to bluster);
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 664665; Pokonxv I
*amanan sb.n.: ON gaman game, sport,
amusement, OE amen joy, game, pleas-
ure, OFris game, gome id., OS gaman id.,
OHG gaman joke, joy. Identical with
Slav *gomon noise (Irixskii RFV LXIII
341) derived from *gom id. Tonr-F.rk
127; Brnxrkrn I 326327 (Slav < Gmc);
Pokonxv I 490 (to *ampaz); V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ I 436.
*amanjanan wk.vb.: ON gamna to
amuse, to divert, OE amnian to joke, to
play. Derived from *amanan. Vnirs
*ammn sb.m.: ON gammi Finnish
dwelling, G dial. Gamm heap of drying
bricks. Related to *mz. Lirrx Arm. St.
14 (to Arm gom barn, pen); Tonr-F.rk
127; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 110.
*ampaz sb.m.: Norw gamp big, fat man,
fat horse, MHG gampf shaking. Of un-
known origin. Tonr-F.rk 127.
*anaz sb.n.: ON gan frenzy, frantic ges-
tures. Identical with Gk xnow yawning,
gaping. See *anjanan. Pokonxv I 411;
Fnisk II 10761077.
*ananan str.vb.: Goth gaggan to go,
ON ganga id., OE anan id., OFris gunga
id., OS gangan id., OHG gangan id.
Connected with *anaz. May be a back
formation based on *anjanan (Ponzio
147). Cf. also Lith egti to stride, to
march, Latv zet to trespass, to sin
(S+.xo ScSl VIII 162164). Scnvrizrn
KZ I 150; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 123;
Ztri+z. Gutt. 178, 200; Tonr-F.rk
124; Fris+ 181182, 288289; Ponzio
Gliederung 147; Jn.xxrssox IEW 343
SGGJa I 76; Vnirs ANEW 156; Srrnorr
213216; Mo++.tscn KZ CXI 134142;
Lrnv.xx Language XIX 318319, GED
137138.
*anaz I sb.m.: Goth neut. gagg street,
road, ON gangr going, walking, OE
an going, journey, way, OFris gang,
gong id., OS gang id., OHG gang id.
See *ananan. Tonr-F.rk 124; Hor+-
186; Oxioxs 388; Srrnorr 214; Lrnv.xx
GED 138; Mo++.tscn KZ CIX 76109;
Krtor-Srrnorr 297.
*anaz II adj.: OESc e-ganger legiti-
mate, OE acc. sg. fela-eone having
travelled much, MLG gange passable, G
gang und gbe. See *ananan. Hrirrn-
v.xxs 229230.
*anilaz sb.m.: ON gengil-beina woman
with crooked legs, OE fter-enel suc-
cessor, OHG fuoz-gengil pedestrian.
Derived from *aniz. Hor+n.tsrx
*aniz adj.: ON gengr able to walk, OE
ene going, current, prevalent, OFris
gendze, ganse current, MDu genge id.,
OHG gengi id. Derived from *ananan.
K.ns+rx NB I 106107; Tonr-F.rk 124;
163; Srrnorr 214; M.+zrr Festschr.
Schrder 106; KZ CV 127; Hrirrnv.xxs
almaz 125 aniz
orel_f7(G)_121-146 7/6/04 7:52 PM Page 125
OFED s.v.
*anjan sb.n.: Goth faura-gaggi steward-
ship, management, administration, ON
gengi help, support, success, OE ene
gang, ock, company (fem.), OS gi-gengi
row, OHG ana-gengi beginning. De-
rived from *ananan or *aniz. Hor+-
*anjanan wk.vb.: Goth gangjan to go, to
go on a journey, OE enan to go, to
pass, MHG gengen to make go. Derived
from *ananan, *anaz. Hor+n.tsrx
Srrnorr 214.
*anjn sb.m.: Goth faura-gaggja steward,
manager, ON for-ingi leader, OE n-
ena lone-goer, loner, OFris brd-genza
beggar, OHG nh-gengo servant. De-
rived from *ananan. Hor+n.tsrx
*ann sb.f.: ON ganga walking, OHG
miti-ganga servant, maid. Derived from
*ananan. Cf. in particular structurally
similar Skt jgh lower leg, Lith pra-
ang violation, breach. Ztri+z. Gutt.
197; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 370; Fn.rxkrr
1300; Srrnorr 214.
*anulaz adj.: ON gngull strolling, OE
wd-anol rambling, roving. Derived
from *ananan. K.ns+rx NB II 286;
Vnirs ANEW 199; Srrnorr 214; Hri-
rrnv.xxs 230231.
*anxtiz sb.f.: Goth fram-gahts progress,
ON gtt rabbet of a door-sill, OE bed-ht
evening, OHG betti-ght going to bed.
Derived from *ananan. Tonr-F.rk
Lrnv.xx GED 124125.
*anjanan wk.vb.: ON gana to rush, to
glare, OE nian to yawn, to gape,
MHG jnen to gape, to glare. Derived
from *anaz. Related to Gk xanv id.
411, 419; Vnirs ANEW 155; Fnisk II
10761077.
*ans-xabukaz sb.m.: ON gs-haukr
goshawk, OE s-hafoc id. Compound of
*ansz and *xabukaz. C.nn Nom. comp.
48; Oxioxs 407.
*ansz sb.f.: ON gs goose, OE s id.,
OFris gs id., MLG gs id. (i-stem), OHG
gans id. (i-stem). Span ganso id. is from
Goth *gansus. Related to Skt has- id.,
Av z id., Gk xn id., Lat nser id., OIr
giss swan, Lith ss goose, Slav *gs
id. Ztri+z. Gutt. 201; Stor.n+i DVN
410415; Brnxrkrn I 342 (Slav < Gmc);
135; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 52; M.vnnorrn
III 571; Pokonxv I 412; Fn.rxkrr 1292;
Fnisk II 10941095; Oxioxs 406; Tnt-
n.cnr\ ESSJa VII 8889; B.vvrsnrnorn
*antaz adj.: OHG ganz healthy, un-
harmed, whole. Identical with Lith n-
gandas dissatisfaction, OLith adv. comp.
gandiaus rather. Tonr-F.rk 125; F.v
IF XXXII 331332 (to Alb gjith all);
Fn.rxkrr 133, KZ LXXII 185190
(Baltic forms to Skt ghan- compact, rm,
hard, dense); Hrirrnv.xxs 233; Krtor-
Srrnorr 298.
*apjanan wk.vb.: ON gapa to gape,
OE ofer-apian to neglect, to disregard,
MLG gapen to gape, MHG gaen id. Of
imitative origin. Ztri+z. Gutt. 18, 217;
124; Vnirs ANEW 156 (to *h- to
yawn); Oxioxs 389; Krtor-Srrnorr
294.
*araz sb.m.: Goth gards house, family,
court (< *ariz), ON garr yard, OE
eard enclosure, yard, dwelling, land, OS
gard land, eld, pl. yard, OHG boum-
gart garden, orchard. Related to Toch B
kercc palace, Skt gh- house, Av g6r6da-
devs cave, Alb gardh fence, Lith gadas
pen, hurdle, Slav *gord fence, town
(Lo++xrn KZ XI 192). Mrnixorn IF
XVI 140; Gnirxnrnorn Got. 90; Tonr-
197198; Ponzio Gliederung 171; M.vn-
aniz 126 araz
orel_f7(G)_121-146 7/6/04 7:52 PM Page 126
195; Oxioxs 1018; Brx\rxis+r IEL 274;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VII 3738; Lrnv.xx
GED 147148; Krtor-Srrnorr 300;
Onrr AED 110; Ar.vs TB 196.
*arjan sb.n.: ON geri fenced eld.
Derived from *araz. Derivationally
identical with Toch B kercc palace,
Phryg pln. Grdion (Lirrx Toch. 2122).
Ar.vs TB 196,
*arn sb.m.: Goth garda enclosed yard,
stockyard, OFris garda land property,
OS gardo garden, OHG garto id. A mor-
phological variant of *araz. Tonr-
F.rk 129; Fris+ 197; Pokonxv I 444;
Z.rizxi.k II 195; Krtor-Srrnorr 300.
*arnan sb.n.: ON garn yarn, OE earn
id., MLG garn id., OHG garn id. See
*arn. Ztri+z. Gutt. 201; Tonr-F.rk
Z.rizxi.k I 140; Fn.rxkrr II 1291;
Oxioxs 1018; Krtor-Srrnorr 299
300.
*arn( j)a-wenn sb.f.: ON garn-vinda
skein of yarn, OE earn-winde reel
(masc.?), OFris jern-wine id., MLG garn-
winde id., OHG garn-winta id. Compound
of *arn and *wenn. C.nn Nom. comp.
. (parallel formations).
*arn sb.f.: ON grn gut. Cf. WGmc
neut. *arnjan > OE myc-ern fat about
the kidneys, OS mid-garni internal fat,
OHG mitti-garni id. Identical with Lith
arn gut, Latv zarna intestine. Further
cf. Alb zorr id. < PAlb *drn with a
long * < *. Tonr-F.rk 129; Tn.t+-
v.xx BSW 367; Pokonxv I 787; Fn.rx-
krr 1291; Vnirs ANEW 199; S+.xo LS
65; Krtor-Srrnorr 299; Onrr AED
525526.
*arstaz ~ *arstiz adj.: ON gerstr sour,
dismal, MLG garst rancid, MHG garst
id. Identical with MIr goirt bitter <
*ghorsti-. Tonr-F.rk 130; Pokonxv I
445 (to Lith grasts menace, threat, grass
causing weariness based on gresi, grEsti
to menace, to threaten); Fn.rxkrr 166
300.
*arwaz adj.: ON grr ready for some-
thing, OE earu ready, prepared, OS
garu id., OHG garo id. Related to *eraz.
K.trv.xx PBB XX 530 (from *a-arwaz,
see *arwaz); K.ns+rx NB II 17, 414416;
163164 (to IE *g
her- to burn), 199;

Oxioxs 1018; Srrnorr LuE 458460
(against the connection with *g
her- to
burn); K.nrrr KZ LXXXVII 2631;
S.xrrns Festschr. Kolb 558568 (follows
K.trv.xx); B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 244;
298299.
*arwi sb.f.: ON ger gear, harness,
armor, OHG garawida garment, gear.
Derived from *arwaz. Tonr-F.rk 128;
Vnirs ANEW 164; Hrirrnv.xxs 234.
*arwn ~ *arwj sb.f.: ON grvi gear,
apparel, OE earwe clothing, attire,
gear, OHG garaw equipment, attire,
jewelry. Derived from *arwaz. Hor+-
*arwjanan wk.vb.: ON grva to get
ready, to make ready, OE ierwan to
make ready, to prepare, OS garwian, ger-
wian id., OHG garawen id. Derived from
*arwaz. Tonr-F.rk 128; Hor+n.tsrx
Srrnorr 315316.
*asti-ebn sb.m.: ON gest-gja host,
MHG gast-gebe id. Compound of *astiz
and *ebn. C.nn Nom. comp. 83 (paral-
lel formations).
*astiz sb.m.: Goth gasts stranger, guest,
ON gestr guest, OE st, iest stranger,
guest, enemy, OFris jest guest, OS gast
enemy, guest, OHG gast guest,
stranger. Etymologically identical with
Lat hostis stranger, Slav *gost guest.
Bntov.xx IF I 172174; Ztri+z. Gutt.
172; Mrirrr+ MSL IX 374; Tonr-F.rk
Horv.xx I 662664; Fris+ 202; Mrzorn
araz 127 astiz
orel_f7(G)_121-146 7/6/04 7:52 PM Page 127
Language XXIV 154155; Ponzio Glie-
derung 207; Pokonxv I 453; Cnrvor.xo\
SGGJa I 65; Vnirs ANEW 165; Z.rizxi.k
I 149; Oxioxs 418; Lixrrv.x Verschrfung
11.2; Brx\rxis+r IEL 75, 78, 294, 301;
*atan sb.n.: ON gat hole, OE eat gate,
door, OFris gat, jet hole, opening, OS
gat eye of a needle, hole, opening. Of
uncertain origin. Probably connected
with ancient Balkanic (Phrygian?) ztna
door for which a conjecture *ztan is
required. Hor+n.tsrx PBB XI 553 (to
Skt hdati cacare, Gk xzv id.), AEEW
Pokonxv I 423; Gronoir\ Issledov. 139;
Srrnorr 301.
*atwn sb.f.: Goth gatwo thoroughfare,
street, ON gata thoroughfare, MDu gate
passage, OHG gazza quarter. Derived
from *atan (Prnssox Beitrge I 599).
Bnrvrn PBB XI 272 (to *hi- to go);
Gnirxnrnorn Got. 94 (to Gk xskv to
yawn, to gape); Wirrrv.xx BB XXX
214 (to Lith gend, gsti to spoil); Tonr-
F.rk 123; Hor+n.tsrx PBB XI 565 (to
Skt hdati to defecate); Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr.
I 63 (to W gwddw neck); Fris+ 205206;
*auan ~ *au sb.n./f.: ON gau
barking, OE e foolishness, luxury,
mockery. Derived from *aujanan.
*aujan sb.n.: Goth gawi region, country,
environment, OE - land, district (in
cmpn.), OFris g district, OS -g, -g
id. (in cmpn.), OHG gouwi, gewi county,
land. Etymologically close to Gk xow
emptiness < *xaWow (Gnirxnrnorn Got.
96). Lrornro+z KZ VIII 119 (to Gk
gaa earth); Btnk ZdWf II 341342
(from Gmc *a-a(x)wjan land among the
waters); Scnrr+rrovi+z BB XXVIII 310
(to Arm gavar area); Unrrxnrck PBB
XXX 282 (to *heu- to call); Tonr-F.rk
119 (follow Btnk); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
124; Fris+ 210211 (to Gk oh village),
PBB XV 547548 (from *a-wix-, to IE
*wei- dwelling); Pokonxv I 449; Fnisk
II 10721073; Lrnv.xx GED 153;
*aujanan str.vb.: ON geyja to bark. Cf.
OE ian to lament < *wjanan.
Related to Skt hvate to call, Lith avti
to charm, Slav *zov, *zvati to call.
Kock ANF XI 344345 (from *a-waujan,
to *waujan to ring out, to resound);
Woor MLN XVI 19 (to IE *heu- to
pour); Tonr-F.rk 121; Hor+n.tsrx
Pokonxv I 449 (to *heu- to yawn);
165 (to Lith gaUsti to rumble, to hum);
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ II 85; Srrnorr 216.
*aukaz sb.m.: ON gaukr cuckoo, OE
ec id., OFris gk id., MLG gk id., OHG
gouh id. Of imitative origin. Unrrxnrck
ANF XV 151153 (< *a-aukaz, to
*aukanan); Gnirxnrnorn SBAW CXLII/8
95 (to *aujanan); Mrirrr+ MSL XII
213215 (to Lith geguzE cuckoo, Slav
*egzica id.); Tonr-F.rk 122; Hor+-
Oxioxs 408; Z.rizxi.k I 131; Krtor-
Srrnorr 301.
*aumi sb.f.: ON rare geymd heed,
attention, OHG bi-goumida care, worry.
Derived from *aumjanan. Vnirs ANEW
166.
*aumjanan wk.vb.: Goth gaumjan to pay
attention, to see, to observe, ON geyma
to keep, to watch, OE man to care
for, to heed, to watch, to observe, OS
gmian to guard, OHG goumen to heed,
to watch. Derived from *aum( j)(n).
*aum( j)(n) sb.f.: ON gaum attention,
heed, masc. gaumr id., OE me care,
OFris gme id., NFris gumi christening
celebration, OS gma entertainment,
astiz 128 aum( j)(n)
orel_f7(G)_121-146 7/6/04 7:52 PM Page 128
OHG gouma meal, banquet. Derived
from *awnan (Tonr SHS 186). Tonr-
F.rk 121; Jon.xssox Festschr. Noreen 461,
BB XV 228 (from *a-aum, to Slav *um
mind, intelligence); Prrrnsrx IF V 68
(from *a-usm-, to *auzn); Sro++v IF
XLVI 366372; Gnirxnrnorn Got. 95;
Mrirrr+ MSL VIII 280 (to Slav *govti to
worship, to fast); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
129; Fris+ 207; R.v+or+ GH LVI/3
*aupaz adj.: OE eap crooked, bent,
curved. Identical with Slav *gub fold.
Further related to Lith gaubi, gaUbti to
cover from top to bottom, Slav *gbnti
to bend. Pokonxv I 450; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa VII 164165.
*aupn sb.f.: ON gaupn both hands held
together, OHG goufana handful, empty
hand, palm. Derived from *aupaz.
Ztri+z. Gutt. 1819, 202; Tonr-F.rk
137 (to *gheub(h)- to bend); Fn.rxkrr
IF LV 81 (to Lith ipsnis handful);
*aupn sb.f.: ON gaupa lynx, OE
earn-ep a kind of falcon. Derived
from *aupaz (Kn.rik GGA CLXXVI
158160). Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 125;
*auraz adj: Goth gaurs sad, gloomy, ON
sbst. gaurr ruan, rough (masc.).
Identical with Skt ghor- dreadful, horri-
ble (Borr Glossarium 113; Ztri+z. Gutt.
172: adds Slav *uriti to perturb).
Gnirxnrnorn Got. 96 (against Slavic par-
allels); Tonr-F.rk 122; Unrrxnrck PBB
XXX 282; Fris+ 208; Pr+rnssox IF
XXIV 253254; M.vnnorrn I 362363;
II 68 (add Slav *gurati to push); Hrirrn-
v.xxs 235 (to *aujanan).
*ausjanan wk.vb.: Goth gansjan to cause
(leg. *gausjan), ON geysa to rush, to gush.
Causative of *eusanan (Brzzrxnrnorn
BB III 81). Gnirxnrnorn Got. 8990 (to
*antaz, OE in wide, spacious);
Jon.xssox PBB XV 228229 (to *(a)-
nesanan); Wirrrv.xx BB XXVII 204205
(to *ennanan); Tonr-F.rk 137; Exrzrrix
KZ LI 258 (to Latv i-gansts cause); Fris+
196; Lrncnxrn 91; Lrnv.xx GED 147.
*autaz ~ *autn sb.m.: Lat-Goth
prop. Gauts, ON pl. Gautar inhabitants
of Western Sweden, OE pl. atas id.,
OS -gt id. (in cmpn.), OHG -gz id. (in
cmpn.). In Latin and Greek sources
appears as Gauti, Gauto. Derived from
*eutanan. Corri+z JEGP I 222238
(an ablaut variant of *utaz ~ *utn);
W.rs+rix IF V 9 (to Lat aude to ven-
ture, to dare); S+nri+nrno GE 67;
Scnoxrrrr PVN 103104; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 126; Ktnx Festschr. Trier 417433;
*autjanan wk.vb.: ON gauta to prate,
to brag, G dial. gauzen, guzen to bark.
Related to Lith gaudi, gaUsti to buzz,
to rumble. Maybe connected with *au-
janan. Ztri+z. Gutt. 172; Pokonxv I
443, 449; Fn.rxkrr 140141;Vnirs
ANEW 159.
*awnan wk.vb.: ON g to heed, to
mark. Related to Lat faue to be favor-
able, to be well disposed, to favor, to pro-
mote, Slav *govti to fast, to respect
(Mrirrr+ MSL VIII 280). D.xirrssox-
Nonrrx ANF III 17 (from *a-a(n)xanan,
to Lat anculus servant); Tonr-F.rk 121;
453; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VII 7273.
*azaz sb.m.: Goth gazds sting, goad,
ON gaddr goad, OS gard id., OHG gart
id. Compared with MIr gat willow rod <
*ghazdh. There exists a similar word with
an unvoiced inlaut cluster: Lat hasta
stick, pole, MIr gass shoot < *ghasto-
(Fick I 108; Ztri+z. Gutt. 173; W.rrr
KZ XXXIV 488489). Unrrxnrck PBB
XIX 520 (to Slav *rd pole, stake);
Mrirrr+ Etudes 261 (on Slav *gvozd
nail); Gnirxnrnorn Got. 97; Tonr-F.rk
133; Scnn.rrn-Nrnnixo II 424 (semantic
dierences of Gmc and Celt); W.rrr-
aum( j)(n) 129 azaz
orel_f7(G)_121-146 7/6/04 7:52 PM Page 129
Horv.xx I 636; Fris+ 213; Szrvrnrxvi
ArL V 121 (to Umbr hostatu armed with
a spear); Pokonxv I 412413; Vnirs
384; Brx\rxis+r IEL 324; Lrnv.xx GED
*ebanan str.vb.: Goth giban to give, ON
gefa id., OE ifan id., OFris ieva id., OS
geban id., OHG geban id. Related to Lat
habe to hold, to have, OIr gaibid to
take continuing IE *ghabh- (Brzzrx-
nrnorn BB XXVII 181). In Germanic,
*ebanan substitutes IE *d-. The orig-
inal vocalism of *ghabh- was adapted to
the Gmc strong verb system. Lo++xrn
KZ V 398 (to Lith gabnti to carry);
Mrvrn IF XXXV 234235; Ztri+z.
Gutt. 173; Tonr-F.rk 125126; Knr+-
scnvrn Glotta XIX 208 (*-e- in *ebanan
inuenced by *nemanan); Fris+ 214; Hor+-
Srrnorr 303.
*eba-stlaz sb.m.: ON gjaf-stll throne,
OE if-stl id. Compound of *eb and
*stlaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 54.
*eb(e)ln sb.m.: Goth gibla gable, MLG
gevel id., OHG gibil id. Cf. also OS gibilla
skull, gable, OHG gibilla id. and ON ga
gable-end, gable. Related to Toch A
pl head, Gk kefal id., Maced
gabaln: gkfalon kefaln, Hes.,
Thrac theon. Gebelziw (Scntrzr Kl.
Schr. 261). See *ablaz ~ *abl. Ktnx
KZ I 136 (to Lat gabalus); Ztri+z. Gutt.
217; Tonr-F.rk 126; Fris+ 214; Tnirn
ZDADL LXXVI 1344, ZdPh LXX
356357; Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 252, 261;
Dr+scnrv Thr. 100; Ponzio Gliederung
186; Pokonxv I 423; Vrxrnvrs RC XL
ANEW 152; Fnisk I 835; Brx\rxis+r
Word X 255256; Lrnv.xx GED 155;
Krtor-Srrnorr 323324; Ar.vs TB
642643.
*eb sb.f.: Goth giba gift, ON gjf id.
(partly < *ebiz), OE ifu id., OFris jeve
id., OS geba id., OHG geba id. Derived
from *ebanan. Tonr-F.rk 126; Hor+-
Nom. 110.
*ebn sb.m.: ON rif-gja bounteous
giver, OE beh-ifa ring-giver, OFris
rd-jeva judge, OS bg-gebo one giving
a ring. Derived from *ebanan. Tonr-
*ebulaz adj.: ON gjfull municent,
OE ifol generous, bountiful. Derived
from *ebanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
Hrirrnv.xxs 237.
*eftiz sb.f.: Goth fra-gifts gift, betrothal,
ON gipt, gift gift of nature, endowment,
OE ift gift, marriage gift, OFris jeft
gift, privilege, OS sundar-gift privilege,
MDu gift gift, OHG gift gift, dona-
tion. Derived from *ebanan. Scntrzr
Kl. Schr. 61; Tonr-F.rk 126; Fris+ 214;
*eftjanan wk.vb.: ON gipta to give a
woman in marriage, MLG giften to give,
OHG r-giften to sell, to transfer.
Derived from *eftiz. Tonr-F.rk 126.
*elan sb.n.: Goth gild tribute, tax,
ON gjald tribute, payment, OE ild
money, tribute, compensation, OFris jeld
price, OS geld payment, recompense,
OHG gelt payment. Related to *ela-
nan. Tonr-F.rk 132; Fris+ 214215;
Z.rizxi.k I 140; Srrnorr 222; Brx-
\rxis+r IEL 5860; Lrnv.xx GED 155;
Krtor-Srrnorr 309.
*elanan str.vb.: Goth fra-gildan to
restore, to recompense, ON gjalda to
pay, to yield, to repay, OE ildan id.,
OFris jelda to count, OS geldan id., OHG
geltan to pay for. Related to Slav *eld,
*elsti to redeem (Tn.t+v.xx BSW
azaz 130 elanan
orel_f7(G)_121-146 7/6/04 7:52 PM Page 130
82; Kxt+ssox ZfslavPh XV 140) despite
the dierence in suxesGmc *-- < IE
*-t- as it follows from OSwed gjalla to
repay < *lanan. Brzzrxnrnorn BB
XVI 253 (to Gk tlyow: xrow); Fick BB
XVII 322; Os+norr IF IV 269 (against
Brzzrxnrnorn); Tonr-F.rk 131132;
Fris+ 161, 214; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 128;
Kir.nskv AASF XXXII/2 190191;
S+rxrrn-Pr+rnsrx Slav.-germ. 325 (Slav <
Gmc); M.cnrk Slavia XXI 252253;
V.svrn II 42; Brx\rxis+r IEL 57,
5960; Srrnorr 221222; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ II 42; Lrnv.xx GED 122,
*eljan ~ *eljn sb.n./f.: ON gildi
payment, tribute, OFris jelde, jolde guild,
MLG gilde id. Substantivized *eljaz.
GED 155.
*eljaz adj.: ON gildr of full worth, full,
OE un-ilde not entitled to wergild.
Derived from *elanan. K.ns+rx NB I
9293; Vnirs ANEW 167; Srrnorr 222
(reconstructs *eliz); M.+zrr Festschr.
Schrder 98, KZ CV 102, 105; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 230.
*eln sb.m.: ON gildi guild member,
OE ilda id., OFrank gildo id. Derived
from *elan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 131;
*elfaz sb.n.: ON gjalfr noise, sea, MLG
gelve wave. Related to Skt jlpati to
murmur, to speak, Lith elpoti to
chatter, to babble. Ktnx KZ I 140 (to
*elpanan); Tonr-F.rk 132; Bo. Aist.
191; Fn.rxkrr 1296; Vnirs ANEW 169.
*eljjanan wk.vb.: ON gilja to beguile,
OHG giln to howl. Probably derived
from *ellanan. Pokonxv I 489 (to Gk
ylv to be willing); Vnirs ANEW 167
(to *elan).
*ellanan str.vb.: ON gjalla to yell, OE
iellan id., MLG gellen id., OHG gellan id.
Related to *alanan. Sirns KZ XXXVII
299300 (to *skellanan); Tonr-F.rk 130;
IEW 382385; Pokonxv I 428 (to Gk
xlidvn swallow); Vnirs ANEW 169
170; Oxioxs 1019; Srrnorr 222223;
*ellaz adj.: ON gjallr ringing, MLG gel
id., MHG gel loud, clear (of sounds).
Derived from *ellanan. K.ns+rx NB I
*elpan sb.n.: ON gjalp boasting, brag-
ging, OE ielp glory, pride, boasting
(masc.), OS gelp deance, eer, OHG
gelpf chatting (masc.). Derived from
*elpanan. Tonr-F.rk 132; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 129; Vnirs ANEW 170 (to Lith
gubis swan and further to *ellanan);
Srrnorr 223.
*elpanan str.vb.: OE ielpan to boast,
to glory, MHG gelpfen to shout, to
sing. Probably an emphatic form derived
from *ellanan. Ztri+z. Gutt. 21; M.+-
zrx.trn IF VIII 195 (to Lith gubis
swan); Tonr-F.rk 132; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 129; Pokonxv I 428 (to Lith
gubinti to praise); Srrnorr 223224.
*elstran sb.n.: Goth gilstr tax, OHG gel-
star toll, tribute. Derivative in *-stro- from
*elan, *elanan. Os+norr KZ XXIII
315 (from *eltra-); Fris+ 215; Lrnv.xx
GED 156; Srrnorr 222; Brx\rxis+r IEL
*elun sb.f.: ON pl. gjlnar gills (of a
sh). Identical with Arm jeun palate,
Gk xel-nh lip, jaw (Os+norr IF IV
276). Cf. also *eliz > Sw gl, gel gill,
Dan gjlle id. Sorvsrx KZ XXIX
352 (to Gk xelow lip); Ztri+z. Gutt.
217; Tonr-F.rk 131; Pokonxv I 436;
171; Fnisk II 1086; Oxioxs 397.
*elwaz adj.: OE eolu yellow, OS gelu
id., OHG gelo id. Related to Lat heluus
dun-colored, Lith evas greenish. Cf.
also *allan ~ *alln. Ktnx KZ I 516
(to Skt gaur- whitish, yellowish, Lat
giluus pale yellow); Ctn+its Gr. Et. 202
(to Lat fuluus bright yellow); Prnssox
Beitrge 794; Scnvrx+xrn FB 6668;
127; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 639; Ponzio
elanan 131 elwaz
orel_f7(G)_121-146 7/6/04 7:52 PM Page 131
Gliederung 207; Pis.xi IF LIII 38;
Vnirs ANEW 194; Oxioxs 1019; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 243; Hrirrnv.xxs 240;
Krtor-Srrnorr 309.
*ennanan str.vb.: Goth du-ginnan to
begin, OE be-innan id., OFris bi-ginna
id., OS be-ginnan id., OHG bi-ginnan id.
Despite the anlaut with no traces of
*w-, to be compared with Skt hnti to
strike, Gk yenv to kill, Slav *gnati to
drive. Wirrrv.xx BB XXVII 193196
(to Alb z to seize); Btoor PBB XII 405
(to Lat re-cns fresh, young, recent);
Tonr-F.rk 125 (to Slav *\ti to begin or
from *gen--); Hor+n.tsrx IF XXX 47
(to Gk xandnv to seize), AEEW 131;
Fris+ 128; Pokonxv I 437438, 491494;
Oxioxs 8586; Srrnorr 224225 (to
MLG ent-ginnen to cut, OHG an-ginnan
id.); Lrnv.xx GED 97; Krtor-Srrnorr
91 (to Lat pre-hend to lay hold of, to
grasp, to snatch).
*eraz adj.: Burg *girs greedy, ON gerr
id., OHG ger, giri id. Related to Toch A
kar( y)-, B ker( y)- to laugh, Skt hryati to
yearn for, to like, Av zara- striving (?),
Gk xriw favor, Lat horior to admonish.
K.ns+rx NB I 24; Ztri+z. Gutt. 200;
Krtor 68; M.vnnorrn III 583; Pokonxv
140; Konrrn 710; Hrirrnv.xxs 241
242; Ar.vs TB 197.
*er sb.f.: Goth gairda belt, girdle,
ON gjr id. (partly *eriz), MDu gherde
girdle. Connected with *urjanan.
Tonr-F.rk 129; Fris+ 185186; Ponzio
Grirrrntxo 137; Jn.xxrssox IEW 363
164, 171; Z.rizxi.k II 193; Oxioxs
*ern sb.f.: OESc giri greed, Norw dial.
gr id., OS fehu-giri rapacity, OHG gir
rapacity, greed. Derived from *eraz.
Cf. also Goth faihu-geiro greed with an
unexpected *-- probably explained by
the inuence of *inan. Fris+ 1617;
Lrnv.xx GED 103104; Hrirrnv.xxs
241.
*ernaz adj.: Goth faihu-gairns covetous,
avaricious, ON gjarn eager, willing, OE
eorn eager, ardent, careful, OFris adv.
gerne gladly, OS gern desiring, OHG
gern eager. Derived from *eraz. Tonr-
127; K.ns+rx NB II 43; Pokonxv I 440
Brx\rxis+r IEL 161; B.vvrsnrnorn
Srrnorr 316.
*ernn sb.f.: Goth gairnei desire, wish,
longing, ON -girni ambition, cupidity,
OHG gern zeal, care. Derived from
*ernaz. Hin+ PBB XXIII 291; Fris+
186; Vnirs ANEW 168; Brx\rxis+r IEL
242.
*ernjanan wk.vb.: Goth gairnjan to lust,
to desire, to wish, ON girnask id., OE
iernan to yearn, OS girnian id. Derived
from *ernaz. Ztri+z. Gutt. 200; Tonr-
Brx\rxis+r IEL 161; Hrirrnv.xxs 242.
*erstn sb.f.: OS gersta barley, OHG
gersta id. If the full grade in Gmc is sec-
ondary, it is particularly close to Gk kr,
kriy id., Alb drith id. < *ghzdh. Cf.
also Lat hordeum id. (probably also with
*--). Further cf. *ranan. Hoors Wald-
bume 364371; Tonr-F.rk 130; Jokr
Festschr. Kretschmer 8991 (adds Gk xer-
dow wild pear); W.rrr-Horv.xx I
SGGJa I 88; Fnisk II 1819; H.vr KZ
XCVIII 1112; Krtor-Srrnorr 316
317; Onrr AED 75.
*estraz adj.: Goth gistra-dagis tomorrow,
OE adj. eostra of yesterday, OHG gestre
id. Related to the Indo-European word
for yesterday: Skt hys, Gk xyw, Alb dje,
Lat heri. IE *hes is directly attested in
ON adv. gr id. < *z. A direct equiva-
lent of *estraz is W neithiwyr last night <
elwaz 132 estraz
orel_f7(G)_121-146 7/6/04 7:52 PM Page 132
*nok
ti-hestro- (Fick II 195). Cf. also

Lat hesternus < *hestrinos, a derivative of
heri with the same sux *-stro-. Knr+-
scnvrn KZ XXXI 436437; Tonr-F.rk
215216; Srrcn+ KZ LXVIII 201205;
M.vnnorrn III 614; Pokonxv I 416;
197; Fnisk II 10971098; Cn.x+n.ixr
1258; O+nnski KZ LXXXIV 8587;
Scnixrrrn Sprache XXIII 3234; Lrn-
v.xx GED 156; Ptn\rr Festschr. Hoenigs-
wald 315318 (IE *hes as loc. of a form
continued in *daaz); Krtor-Srrnorr
320; Onrr AED 68.
*etalaz ~ *etulaz adj.: ON sann-getall
guessing true, OE ofer-itol forgetful,
MLG vor-getel id., OHG -gezzal id.
Derived from *etanan. K.ns+rx NB II
278; Srrnorr 226; Hrirrnv.xxs 243
244.
*etanan str.vb.: Goth bi-gitan to nd, to
discover, ON geta to get, OE bi-itan
to gain, to obtain, to seize, OS bi-getan
id., OHG bi-gezzan id. Related to Gk
xandnv to hold, Lat pre-hend to lay
hold of . Ztri+z. Gutt. 173 (to Lith goda
honor); Roo+n Wortst. 63; Tonr-F.rk
IEW 344345; Pokonxv I 437438;
Oxioxs 85, 396; Srrnorr 226227 (to
Slav *gadati to guess, to tell fortunes);
*etn ~ *etan sb.f./n.: ON geta guess,
OE and-iet understanding, knowledge,
MLG vorget forgetfulness, OHG -gez id.
Derived from *etanan. Hor+n.tsrx
*eusanan str.vb.: ON gjsa to gush, to
break out. A morphological variant of
*eutanan. On the other hand, cf. Toch B
kus- to shoot upward, to gush, MIr gus
strength, wildness, W gwst strength <
*ghus-tu- similar to ON gustr gust, blast <
*ghus-ti-. Tonr-F.rk 137; Jn.xxrssox
IEW 315318; Pokonxv I 447448;
Vnirs ANEW 170171; Lrncnxrn 91;
Srrnorr 227228; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom.
65; Ar.vs TB 186.
*eutanan str.vb.: Goth giutan to pour,
ON gjta to drop, to throw, OE etan
to pour, OFris bi-jta to water, OS
giotan to pour, OHG giozan id. Close to
Toch AB kutk- to cast in a mould, Lat
fund to pour, perf. fd. Probably, an
extension of *heu- id.: Toch AB ku- to
pour, Skt juhti to pour in the re, Gk
xv to pour (Atrnrcn+ KZ I 119).
315318; Pokonxv I 447448; Cnrvo-
Oxioxs 373; Brx\rxis+r IEL 476, 482;
179180, 183.
*eutaz ~ *euaz sb.m.: ON gjr
Falco haliaetus, OE earn-et goat-
eagle, vulture, OHG erin-grioz a kind of
eagle (for *-ioz?). Of uncertain origin.
Jon.xssox BB XIII 117118 (*sher,
related to Gk xyw sh); Vnirs ANEW
170 (to *aujanan).
*biz adj.: ON gfr meek, quiet, OFris
jve passable, MLG gve available,
MHG gbe pleasant. Derived from
*ebanan. Roo+n Wortst. 2223; K.n-
s+rx NB I 98; Tonr-F.rk 126; Vnirs
ANEW 197; Srrnorr 217219; M.+zrr
Festschr. Schrder 102, KZ CV 112; Hri-
*b(n) sb.f.: Burg *giba gift, late ON
gfa id., MHG gbe id. Derived from
*ebanan. Tonr-F.rk 126; Konrrn 710.
*nan athem.: Crim Goth geen to go,
OSwed g id., OE n id., OFris gn id.,
OS gn id., MHG gn, gn id. Connected
with Skt jhti to leave, to abandon, Av
zaziti to return, to give birth (?).
Os+norr Suppl. 5758; Gnirxnrnorn Got.
8283; Hrr+rx PBB XXXV 285287;
Mrirrr+ MSL XX 104; B.n+norov.r
1687; Tonr-F.rk 120; Fris+ 181182,
estraz 133 nan
orel_f7(G)_121-146 7/6/04 7:52 PM Page 133
norrn I 426; Pokonxv I 418419;
Oxioxs 403; Srrnorr 216217 (to Gk
kixnv to reach, to hit, Skt med. jhte);
307.
*tiz adj.: ON -gtr famous, excellent,
OE or-ete plausible. Derived fom *eta-
nan. K.ns+rx NB I 100; Hor+n.tsrx
*tjanan wk.vb.: ON gta to watch,
to tend, OFris gta, gta to observe.
Derived from *tiz. Nonrrx ANF III
16 (from *a-axtjan); Kock ANF XIII 164
(follows Nonrrx); F.rk-Tonr ND 321
(directly from *etanan); Tonr-F.rk 121
(reconstruct *awatjanan, to *awnan);
Vnirs ANEW 197198.
*inan wk.vb.: OHG gin to strive, to
aspire. Related to Toch B ky- to open
wide, Lat hi to open, to be open, to
gape, Lith iju, iti to open mouth,
Slav *zj, *zjati id. Prnssox Beitrge
318 (OE iscian to sob compared to
Lat hsc to open, to gape, to yawn);
419422; Fn.rxkrr 1312; Srrnorr 220;
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ II 98; Lrnv.xx
GED 104; Ar.vs TB 153.
*ilan ~ *il sb.n./f.: ON gil deep nar-
row glen with a stream at bottom, MDu
giel open mouth, OHG gil hernia.
Derived from *inan. Ztri+z. Gutt.
*imiz sb.f.: ON gymbr ewe lamb of a year
old, OFrank in-gimus one winter old ani-
mal. From the zero grade of the word
for winter, cf. Skt him- winter, cold,
Gk ds-ximow stormy, wintery, Lat bmus
two years old < *bi-himus. See *mz.
Zr++rnnorv apud Vnirs (secondary
ON -y-); Tonr-F.rk 127; W.rrr-
ANEW 196.
*inan sb.n.: ON gin mouth (of beasts),
OE in gap, opening, abyss, OHG witum
ginun vasto ore. Derived from *nanan.
Ztri+z. Gutt. 203; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
*ipjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. gipa to
gape, OE part. ypiend yawning.
Related to *inan? Ztri+z. Gutt. 203;
Tonr-F.rk 134; Vnirs ANEW 161 (to
*hi- to yawn).
*az sb.m.: OHG gt voracity. Con-
tinues IE *gheidh-: Lith geidi, gesti to
desire, Slav *dati to wait, to expect
(Ztri+z. Gutt. 173). Derivationally similar
to Lith gadas violent desire. Further
related to *inan. Scnvir+ Vok. I 73;
Mrirrr+ MSL XIV 349; Tonr-F.rk 134;
Tn.t+v.xx BSW 82; Prrrnsrx KZ
XXXVIII 390; Pokonxv I 426428;
GED 104.
*fraz adj.: ON hap. leg. gfr greedy, OE
fre greedy, covetous. An alternative
reconstruction is *braz. Derived from
*inan. Cf. *raz. Ztri+z. Gutt. 203;
130; Wissv.xx NP 4142; Pokonxv I
421; Vnirs ANEW 166 (to Lat hippitre
scitre); Hrirrnv.xxs 237238 (based
on *fez-).
*nan ~ *innan wk.vb.: Goth ga-
geigan to gain, to acquire, OHG gingn,
gingn to yearn. A reduplicated deriva-
tive of *inan (Gnirxnrnorn Got. 82) sim-
ilar to *ananan < *nan. Unrrxnrck
PBB XXX 283 (reduplication); Ztri+z.
Gutt. 173, 203 (same as Gnirxnrnorn);
Tonr-F.rk 134, 565; Wissv.xx NP 156;
Fris+ 181; Pokonxv I 424 (to *hi- to
yawn); Lrnv.xx GED 137.
*lan sb.n.: Norw dial. gl beer in a keg,
Du gijl id. Of unknown origin. Tonr-
F.rk 120 (to *ailaz); Pokonxv I 452;
Vnirs ANEW 166.
*mn sb.f.: ON gma vast opening, G
dial. gm id. Derived from *inan.
Ztri+z. Gutt. 203; Pokonxv I 420; Vnirs
ANEW 167.
*nanan str.vb.: ON gna to yawn, to
gape, OE nan to yawn, OS gnan to
yawn (mainly wk.), OHG ginanto hian-
nan 134 nanan
orel_f7(G)_121-146 7/6/04 7:52 PM Page 134
ter. Derived from *inan. Ztri+z.
AEEW 123124, 131; Jn.xxrssox IEW
*raz sb.m.: Norw dial. gr lust, passion,
OHG gr vulture. Derived from *inan.
*slaz sb.m.: Goth prop. Gisla-mundus,
ON gsl hostage, OE sel pledge,
hostage, OFris jsel, gsel id., OS gsal id.,
OHG gisal id. Continues IE *gheidh-tlo-s
together with Gaul -geistlus (in prop.),
OIr gell id., W gwystl id., OCorn guistel
id., Bret goestl gage, caution or *gheis-
(o)lo- together with OIr gall hostage.
168; Z.rizxi.k I 131; B.vvrsnrnorn
*slaz ~ *zlaz sb.m.: Icel gill parhe-
lion, mock-sun, Langob gsil arrow.
Related to *aizaz. Tonr-F.rk 121.
*sljanan wk.vb.: ON gsla to give as
hostage, OE slian id., MDu giselen to
take hostage, MHG ver-gseln to give as a
hostage. Derived from *slaz. Vnirs
ANEW 168.
*laa-lkaz adj.: ON gla-ligr glad,
bright, cheerful, OE ld-lc bright,
pleasant, kind. Derived from *laaz.
Hrirrnv.xxs 244.
*laaz adj.: Burg *glads glad, shining,
ON glar glad, bright, OE ld shining,
bright, OFris gled smooth, MLG glat
shining, OHG glat clear, light. Related
to Lat glaber smooth, Lith glods tender,
Slav *gladk smooth. Dirrrxn.cn KZ
XVI 222; K.ns+rx NB I 57; Ztri+z.
Gutt. 174; W.rrr IF XIX 104 (to Lat lae-
tus luxuriant); Enxot+ MSL XIII 339;
132; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 603; Scnv.nz
Festschr. Trier 445449; Pokonxv I 432;
Fn.rxkrr 158; Vnirs ANEW 171; Mrir
KZ LXXIX 292293; Oxioxs 399;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VI 115116; Konrrn
710; Hrirrnv.xxs 244245 (to *lanan);
Krtor-Srrnorr 326.
*lajanan wk.vb.: ON glaa to glad-
den, OE ladian to be glad, to make
glad. Derived from *laaz. Hor+-
Hrirrnv.xxs 244.
*laimiz ~ *laimn sb.m.: OE lm
brightness, splendor, radiance, OHG
gleimo glow-worm. Derived from *lma-
nan. Close to Latv glaima fun, joke.
132; Oxioxs 400.
*laipjanan wk.vb.: ON gleipa to mock,
OHG part. gi-gleit oblique, crooked.
Derived from *lpanan. Woor MP IV
492493; Vnirs ANEW 172.
*lanaz I sb.m.: Norw glan skylight,
MHG glan shine. Substantivized *lanaz
II. Hrirrnv.xxs 246.
*lanaz II adj.: OHG glan soft, sweet.
Identical with OIr glan shining, clean, W
glan id. Pokonxv I 429; Hrirrnv.xxs
246 (reconstructs OHG superl. *glanista;
to *lanan).
*lasan ~ *lazan sb.n.: ON gler glass,
OE ls id., lr amber, OFris gles
glass, OS glas id., MLG glar resin,
OHG glas glass, amber. Substantivized
*lasn. Borrowed to Lat glsum, glaesum
amber. Ztri+z. KZ XXXVII 398
(to Slav *glaz stone, pebble); Tonr-
F.rk 147148; W.rrr-Horv.xx I
I 140; Oxioxs 400; Krtor-Srrnorr
326.
*lasn adj.: ON ver-glasi shining from
lightnings, OS glasa grey-blue. Further
connected with *laaz and *lastaz.
Hrirrnv.xxs 247.
*lastaz sb.m.: MHG glast shine.
Identical with OIr glas light green, light
blue < *ghl6s-to- (Mrir KZ LXXIX 292
293). Further connected with *lasn.
Ztri+z. Gutt. 174; Hrirrnv.xxs 247.
*laumaz sb.m.: ON glaumr merry noise,
OE lem joyous noise, jubilation. Iden-
tical with Slav *glum joke (Brnxrkrn I
nanan 135 laumaz
orel_f7(G)_121-146 7/6/04 7:52 PM Page 135
308). Ztri+z. Gutt. 174; Tonr-F.rk
451; Vnirs ANEW 171; S+.xo LS 2223;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VI 147148.
*lawwaz adj.: Goth adv. glaggwaba, glagg-
wuba meticulously, diligently, ON glggr
clear-sighted, clear, clever, OE law
clear-sighted, wise, prudent, OS glau
clever, intelligent, MHG glau attentive,
intelligent. If the original meaning is
clear, to be compared with Gk xlow
greenish-yellow. Unrrxnrck Got. Wb.
65 (to *lanan); Prnssox Beitrge 794795
(close to Unrrxnrck); Bntov.xx IF XVI
500 (to Lith vegti to look); Tonr-F.rk
Pokonxv I 433; Tntn.cnr\ Slav. jaz. V
172 (to Slav *gluzd mind, brain); Vnirs
ANEW 177; Hrxnv KZ LXXVII 140
145; Lixrrv.x Verschrfung 150; Srrnorr
IF LXXVI 328; Lrnv.xx GED 157 (fol-
lows Unrrxnrck); Hrirrnv.xxs 247
248.
*lentnan wk.vb.: Norw dial. gletta to
look, ME glenten to appear, to look.
Identical with Latv glendt to look, to
look for, Slav *gl\dti, *gl\dati to look
(Scnvir+ Vok. I 57). Further cf. OIr
inglennat investigant (Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr.
II 539). Ztri+z. KZ XXXVI 66;
Pokonxv I 431; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ I
418.
*lsjanan wk.vb.: ON glsa to make
shining, to embellish, MLG glren to
shine. Derived from *lasn. Vnirs
ANEW 177.
*lin sb.f.: ON glea kite, Milvus
regalis, OE lida id., MLG glede id.
Derived from *lanan. Cn.nrrx+irn
KZ XL 434 (to Gk xelidn swallow);
172; Oxioxs 400.
*limmjanan wk.vb.: Swed glimma to
shine, Du glimmen id. Of imitative origin.
Vnirs ANEW 175.
*lisjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. glisa to
glimmer, OE lisian to shine, to glisten,
OFris glisa id., MLG glisen to shine, to
glisten. Cf. *limmjanan. Tonr-F.rk
149; Pokonxv I 433.
*lit(a)rjanan wk.vb.: ON glitra to
glitter, MHG glitzern id. Derived from
*litiz. Tonr-F.rk 148; Vnirs ANEW
174.
*lanan str.vb.: OSwed glda to glide
(if not from WGmc), OE ldan id., OFris
glda id., OS gldan to slip, OHG gltan
to glide. A voiced variant of the root
attested in *kln. Tonr-F.rk 148;
IEW 375382; Pokonxv I 433 (to
*ltanan); Oxioxs 401; Srrnorr 230231
(to Latv glaidt to stroke or IE *hlei- to
shine); Krtor-Srrnorr 327.
*lmanan str.vb.: Norw glma to smol-
der, MHG glmen to shine. Related to
*ljanan. Tonr-F.rk 148.
*lmn sb.m.: OS glmo brightness,
OHG glm, glmo glow-worm. Related
to *lmanan. Tonr-F.rk 148; Oxioxs
400.
*ljanan wk.vb.: ON glj to glitter,
OFris gla id. Related to Gk xlv to lux-
uriate, to revel (Prnssox Beitrge II 793
794). Tonr-F.rk 148; Pokonxv I 432;
*lpanan str.vb.: Norw dial. glpa to
stay open, MHG glfen to slant. An
emphatic derivative of *ljanan. Tonr-
F.rk 148149.
*ltanan str.vb.: OS gltan to shine,
OHG glzan id. Zero grade is attested in
ON wk. glita to shine, to glitter <
*litjan. Maybe related to Gk xlid
voluptuousness, luxury. On the other
hand, cf. *ljan. Tonr-F.rk 148; Fris+
Oxioxs 401; Srrnorr 231232 (to MIr
gl clear); Lrnv.xx GED 157; Krtor-
Srrnorr 327.
*litiz sb.m.: ON glit glitter, OHG glz
brightness. Related to *ltanan. Vnirs
157.
*lwan sb.n.: ON gl glee, gladness, OE
lw glee, joy. Cf. OIr gl shining,
laumaz 136 lwan
orel_f7(G)_121-146 7/6/04 7:52 PM Page 136
bright < *gleio-. Further related to
*ljanan. Fick I 419, III 149 (to Gk
xleh joke, jest); Tonr-F.rk 148;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 133; Pokonxv I 432,
*lanan str.vb.: OE lwan to glow.
Continues *hl(u)- distantly related to
*hel- to shine, cf. *lawwaz. Tonr-
430, 433; Vnirs ANEW 175; Oxioxs 402;
Srrnorr 233.
*liz sb.f.: ON gl red-hot embers
(root stem), OE ld burning coal,
ember, re, ame, OFris gld ember,
hot coal, MLG gld id., OHG gluot id.
Derived from *lanan. S+orz Lat. (to
Lat amma ame < *adma); Ztri+z.
AEEW 133; Pokonxv I 430, 433; Vnirs
400; Srrnorr 233; Krtor-Srrnorr 329.
*ljanan wk.vb.: ON gla to sparkle,
OE e-ldan to kindle. Derived from
*liz. Vnirs ANEW 177.
*lf(n) sb.m./f.: ON gl glove, OE lf
id. Of unknown origin. W.rs+rix IF V
23 (from *a-lf-, to *lfn); Tonr-F.rk
*lmaz sb.m.: Norw glm transparent
membrane, OE lm twilight, gloom.
Derived from *lanan. Tonr-F.rk 149.
*ljanan wk.vb.: ON gla to shine, to
glitter, OFris part. gliand to glow, OS
glian id., OHG gluoen to glow, to burn.
Derived from *lanan. Tonr-F.rk 149;
*lraz adj.: EFris sbst. glor bright
embers. Identical with Gk xlvrw
greenish-yellow. Tonr-F.rk 149; Po-
konxv I 430; Fnisk II 11091110; Vnirs
ANEW 175 (adds ON fagr-glr shining
but -glz < *l(w)az).
*lrjanan wk.vb.: Norw glora to stare,
ME lren id., OFris glren to glow.
Derived from *lraz. Tonr-F.rk 149;
Vnirs ANEW 175.
*lumjanan wk.vb.: Norw gluma to
become dark, ME gloume, gloumbe to look
sullen. Derived from *lmaz. Pokonxv
I 433; Oxioxs 401; Vnirs ANEW 176.
*lupnjanan wk.vb.: ON glpna to look
downcast, ME lopnen to be surprised.
Related to *lpanan. Tonr-F.rk 150.
*lupp(n) ~ *luppan sb.f./n.: Icel
gloppa split, EFris glopp id., Du glop nar-
row passage. Maybe related to Slav
*glyb depth unless the latter is a
secondary variant of *glb id. Tonr-
F.rk 150; Vnirs ANEW 175; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ I 417418.
*lmaz adj.: ON sbst. glmr bear, EFris
glm dark look, LG glm id. Probably
from *hl-mo- related to Gk xlow,
xlow greenish-yellow, cf. *lawwaz.
*lmjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. glyma
to stare sullenly, EFris glmen to look
secretly. Derived from *lmaz. Po-
konxv I 433.
*lpan sb.n.: Norw dial. glp gullet,
EFris glpe rift, crevice. See *lupp(n) ~
*luppan. Tonr-F.rk 150.
*lpanan str.vb.: Norw dial. glpa to
gape, OFris glpa to look (wk.), MLG
glpen to cast a secret look with half-
opened eyes (wk.). Originally, a strong
verb. Related to Slav *glup late (of
night), stupid, dumb, despite the irregu-
lar correspondence of labials. Tonr-
F.rk 150 (to *lpan).
*lrjanan wk.vb.: Norw glyra to cast a
pierce side glance, MHG glren to lurk.
Cf. *lmjanan. Tonr-F.rk 149150;
Vnirs ANEW 176 (to ON glys nery).
*naan sb.n.: ON gnadd grumbling,
muttering. Of imitative origin. Vnirs
ANEW 177.
*narjanan wk.vb.: Norw gnadra
grumble, G gnttern id. Derived from
*naan. Vnirs ANEW 177.
*naanan str.vb.: ON gnaga to gnaw,
OE naan id., MLG gnagen id., OHG
gnagan id. Related to Toch B nsk- to
eat, to gnaw, Av aiwi-gnixta gnawed
(Prnssox Wurzelerw. 136; Sirns KZ
XXXVII 321). B.n+norov.r 89; Tonr-
lwan 137 naanan
orel_f7(G)_121-146 7/6/04 7:52 PM Page 137
436437; Vnirs ANEW 177178 (to IE
*ghen- to gnaw); Oxioxs 403; Srrnorr
TB 334.
*naistn sb.m./f.: ON gneisti spark, OE
nst id. (< *naistaz), OHG gneista id.
Closely related to OPrus knaistis re
( Jon.xssox PBB XIV 355). Fick KZ
XXI 1 (from *a-xnaista-); Ztri+z. Gutt.
120; Tonr-F.rk 96 (follow Fick);
Jon.xssox IF XIX 136 (from *an-aista-,
to *ghen- to grate, to rub and *aidh- to
burn); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 133; Vnirs
ANEW 178.
*najjjanan ~ *xnajjjanan wk.vb.:
ON gneggja to neigh, OE hnan id., OS
hngian id., MHG negen, nyhen id. Of imi-
tative origin (W.rrr-Pokonxv I 394).
Sirns KZ XXXVII 321 (to *naanan);
178.
*narrjanan wk.vb.: Norw gnarra
to blow (of cold wind), E dial. gnarr to
growl, OFris gnarren to crunch, to
gnash, LG gnarren id. Of imitative origin.
Vnirs ANEW 179 (to ON gnarr sea).
*nastjanan wk.vb.: ON gnesta to crack,
G dial. gnasten to pelt down, to patter.
Of imitative origin. Nonrrx Gr. 91;
Vnirs ANEW 178.
*natrjanan wk.vb.: ON gntra to clat-
ter, E dial. gnatter to growl, EFris gnatern
id., LG gnetern to make a noise. Of imi-
tative origin. Vnirs ANEW 181.
*nattaz sb.m.: Swed dial. gnatt mote,
OE nt gnat, LG gnatte id., G dial.
Gnatze id. Connected with *nit ? Tonr-
*nit sb.f.: ON gnit nit. Closely related
to Slav *gnida id., Lith glnda id. (<
*gnnda), Latv gnda id. (Prnssox Beitrge
9496, 202). Can be further connected to
such phonetically diverging forms as Gk
konw id., Alb thri ~ thni < PAlb *tsanid.
See *xnitz. Ztri+z. Gutt. 120; W.rs+rix
IF V 16 (from *a-xnit-); Woor IF
XVIII 2426; Mrirrr+ MSL XXII 143;
Onrr AED 476.
*nanan wk.vb.: Swed gnida to rub, OE
ndan to rub, to break, MLG gniden to
rub, OHG gntan id. Continues *ghnei-t-
or *ghnei-dh- related to Toch B nitt-
to break, to crush, Gk xnei: cakzei,
yrptei, Slav gniti to rot. Prnssox Bei-
trge II 811; Tonr-F.rk 138; Hor+n.tsrx
Fnisk II 1106; Srrnorr 234; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa VI 176177; Ar.vs TB 337338.
*a-lkaz adj.: ON jafn-g-ligr equally
costly (uncertain reading), OE d-lc
good, OS gd-lk id., OHG guot-lh glo-
rious. Derived from *az. Hrirrn-
v.xxs 251.
*az adj.: Goth gos good, ON gr id.,
OE d id., OFris gd id., OS gd id.,
OHG guot id. Related to Lith gudas
honor, goda id., Latv gods id., Slav
*goditi to please, to t, *godn tting.
Lrornro+z KZ VIII 416 (to Gk gayw
good); Gn.ssv.xx KZ XII 129; Scnvir+
KZ XXV 150 (hesitantly follows Lrorn-
ro+z); Tonr-F.rk 124; Fris+ 218; Hor-
+n.tsrx AEEW 134; B.n+ori AGIt
XXXII 97114; Pokonxv I 423424;
Oxioxs 405; S+.xo LS 2324; Lrnv.xx
GED 158; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VI 188
190; Hrirrnv.xxs 250252; Brrkrs KZ
CIX 227230 (non-IE loan); Krtor-
Srrnorr 343.
*n sb.f.: Goth godei virtue, goodness,
OS gd goodness, OHG guot goodness,
virtue. Derived from *az. Fris+ 217;
Hrirrnv.xxs 251.
*janan wk.vb.: ON ga to endow, to
enrich, MDu ver-goeden to reimburse,
MHG geten to expiate, to make up for.
Derived from *az. Structurally close to
Slav *gaditi to indulge, to gratify, *gadjati
to hit. Vnirs ANEW 198; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa VI 80; Hrirrnv.xxs 251.
*ljanan wk.vb.: Goth goljan to greet,
naanan 138 ljanan
orel_f7(G)_121-146 7/6/04 7:52 PM Page 138
ON gla to comfort, to soothe. Con-
nected with *alanan. Structurally close to
the isolated Slav *galiti to jump, to tri-
umph, to laugh (Brnxrkrn I 293).
217; Vnirs ANEW 198 (to *ellanan);
Srrnorr 212; Lrnv.xx GED 157; Tnt-
n.cnr\ ESSJa VI 9294 (Slav *galiti to
Gk bllv to throw).
*maz ~ *mn sb.m.: ON gmr
palate, OE ma id., MHG guome id.
Related to Lith gomurs throat, gullet
(Scntrzr KZ XXVII 29). Ztri+z. Gutt.
175; Tonr-F.rk 135 (to Gk xmh yawn-
ing, gaping); Tn.t+v.xx BSW 77;
(to *aujanan); Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 73;
*mz sb.f.: Norw dial. g period of
FebruaryMarch. Cf. also ON fem. gi
month from the middle of February to
the middle of March. Continues nom.
*hm. Related to Skt him- cold, win-
ter, hman- winter, Gk xin snow, Arm
jiwn id., Lat hiems winter, OIr gaim id.,
Lith iem id., Slav *zima id. Prrrnsrx
Kelt. Gr. I 66; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 367368;
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 645646; Srrcn+ KZ
LXII 115; Pokonxv I 425; Fn.rxkrr
1306; Fnisk II 10791081.
*rabanan str.vb.: Goth graban to dig,
ON grafa id., OE rafan id., OFris grva,
griova id., OS gravan id., OHG graban id.
Related to Lith grbiu, grbti to rake, Slav
*greb, *grebti to rake, to dig (Scnrricnrn
KZ I 142), Alb kreh ~ kref to comb <
PAlb *grebska. Ztri+z. Gutt. 175; Tonr-
F.rk 140141; Fris+ 218219; Hor+-
Oxioxs 411; S+.xo LS 24; Srrnorr 235
237; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VII 109110;
Lrnv.xx GED 158159; Onrr AED 195.
*rabilaz sb.m.: ON grell little hoe,
OHG grebil peg. Derived from *raba-
nan. Structurally similar to Slav *greb()lo
rake, spade, shovel. Vnirs ANEW 185;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VII 110111.
*rabjaz ~ *rabjan sb.m./n.: ON grefr
hoe, OE rfe graving instrument.
Derived from *rabanan. Identical with
Slav *grobja heap of stones, pit, mountain
ridge (from old neut.?). Tonr-F.rk
*rab ~ *raban sb.f./n.: Goth graba
trench, ditch, ON grf hole, pit (partly
< *rabiz), OE rf grave, trench, OS
graf grave, OHG grab id. Derived from
*rabanan. Structurally close to Slav
*grob grave. Tonr-F.rk 141; Hor+-
Z.rizxi.k II 196; Oxioxs 411; Srrnorr
Lrnv.xx GED 158159.
*raftuz ~ *raftiz sb.m./f.: ON grptr
digging, burial, OE rft carving, OFris
greft digging, MLG graft pit, tomb,
OHG raft chiseling, anaglyph. De-
rived from *rabanan. Tonr-F.rk 141;
Srrnorr 236.
*raipiz adj.: ON har-greipr hard-
clutched, OE t-rpe grasping, seizing.
Derived from *rpanan. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 135; Srrnorr 237; M.+zrr
Festschr. Schrder 9495, KZ CV 96;
Hrirrnv.xxs 253.
*raip sb.f.: ON greip space between the
thumb and the other ngers (traces of a
root stem in pl.), OE rp grasp, clutch,
MDu grepe st, OHG greifa fork, tri-
dent. Derived from *rpanan. Tonr-
186187; Z.rizxi.k II 208; Srrnorr
Nom. 106.
*ramaz adj.: ON gramr furious, OE ram
id., OS gram hostile, OHG gremi grim,
wild ( ja-stem). Related to Av gen. pl.
gram6ntam angry, and further to Gk
xrmow noise, neighing, Slav *grom
thunder, a deverbative formation based
on IE *ghrem-. Tonr-F.rk 142; Woor
ljanan 139 ramaz
orel_f7(G)_121-146 7/6/04 7:52 PM Page 139
IF XXII 163; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 136;
K.ns+rx NB II 452; Pokonxv I 458459;
Oxioxs 414; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VII 138;
Lrnv.xx GED 159; Hrirrnv.xxs 253
*ramitjanan ~ *rumitjanan wk.vb.:
Norw grymta to grunt, OE remettan,
rymettan to roar, to rage. Cf. also OHG
gremizzn to grumble < *ramitjanan.
Close to Gk xremetzv to neigh, to
whinny, pres. *xremzv. Further cf.
*ramjanan. Tonr-F.rk 142; Pokonxv I
458; Fnisk II 11161117.
*ramn sb.f.: ON gremi anger, wrath,
OS gremi id., OHG grem id Derived from
*ramjanan. Tonr-F.rk 142; Vnirs
*ramjanan wk.vb.: Goth gramjan to
anger, to provoke, ON gremja to anger,
OE remian to provoke, to irritate, OHG
gremmen to anger, to irritate. Derived
from *ramaz. Structurally identical with
Slav *gromiti to thunder, to destroy.
Ztri+z. Gutt. 175 (to Gk xremzv to
neigh, Lat frem to roar, to resound,
but see *brem(m)anan); Tonr-F.rk 142;
Oxioxs 414; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VII
254.
*ran(n) sb.m./f.: ON grandi isthmus,
LG grand rough sand. Derived from
*renanan. Structurally close to Slav
*grd ~ *grda heap, lump. Tonr-
F.rk 140 (to Gk xndrow granule, lump
< ? *xrndrow); Pokonxv I 459; Vnirs
ANEW 184; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VII
146148.
*ranjjanan wk.vb.: ON grenja to howl,
to bellow, OE rennian to grin, OHG
grennan to show the teeth, OHG grennn
to whimper. A descriptive stem, cf. OE
rnian to groan, to lament < *rain-
janan, OHG grinnen to show the teeth <
*rennanan. Tonr-F.rk 140; Hor+n.t-
srx AEEW 137; S+tn+r\.x+ JEGP
XXXV 216 (from *a-xranjanan); Vnirs
ANEW 187 (to Skt ht to be angry);
*rannaz adj.: ON grannr thin, slim, slen-
der, LG grann mean, sharp. Related to
*ran. K.ns+rx NB II 320321, 335
336 (reconstructs *ranaz); Tonr-F.rk
254255.
*ran sb.f.: Goth-Lat acc. pl. granos pig-
tail, ON grn moustache (pl. granir
reects *raniz), OE ranu id., OHG
grana, gran id. Related to Slav *grono ~
*grona grape, *gran, *grana branch,
edge, tip. Ztri+z. Gutt. 203; Tonr-
F.rk 138139 (to Gk xranv to touch
lightly, to smear, to paint); Hor+n.tsrx
Dvno VSJa 25 (pretonic shortening in
Gmc); Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 99; Vnirs
ANEW 193; Z.rizxi.k II 193; Tntn.-
cnr\ ESSJa VII 104106, 139140; Lrn-
v.xx GED 159; Krtor-Srrnorr 334 (to
MIr grend beard).
*rasa-rniz adj.: ON gras-grnn grass-
green, OE rs-rne id., MDu gras-groene
id., MHG grase-grene id. Compound of
*rasan and *rniz. C.nn Nom. comp. 60.
*rasan sb.n.: Goth gras grass, ON gras
id., OE rs, rs id., OFris gers, gres id.,
OS gras id., OHG gras id. Related to Lat
grmen grass, stalk < *ghr6s-men (Bnto-
v.xx Morph. Unt. I 5051) and Slav
*grozd cluster, bunch (of grapes) (Brn-
xrkrn I 355) from IE *ghras-dho-.
Scnvir+ KZ XXV 133; Ztri+z. Gutt.
203; Woor KZ XLV 63; Hor+n.tsrx IF
XVII 294295, AEEW 135; Tonr-F.rk
220; Kn.nr SuV 75; Pokonxv I 454;
185; Z.rizxi.k I 140; Oxioxs 410411;
GED 159160; Krtor-Srrnorr 335 (to
*ranan).
*raupiz adj.: ON arin-greypr encompass-
ing the hearth. Derived from str. *reu-
panan > Swed dial. griopa to cut out. The
latter is of uncertain origin. Pokonxv I
ramaz 140 raupiz
orel_f7(G)_121-146 7/6/04 7:52 PM Page 140
*raupjanan wk.vb.: ON greypa to
groove, MLG grpen to hollow up.
Derived from *raupiz. Tonr-F.rk 146;
Vnirs ANEW 188 (to *rpjanan); Hri-
rrnv.xxs 256.
*rautaz adj.: ON sbst. grautr porridge,
OE ret great, large, thick, OFris grt
large, heavy, OS grt large, large-scale,
OHG grz great, large. Derived from
*reutanan. Structurally close to Lith
grauds sprittle, brittle, Latv grauds corn,
grain, Slav *gruda heap. Scnvir+ Voc.
I 170 (to Lat grandis great, large); Brnst
Gutt. 130 (same as Scnvir+); Tonr-F.rk
170; Vnirs ANEW 185; Oxioxs 412 (to
*rtan); Srrnorr 242 (to OHG gi-grozzan
broth panis cretinus, cf. *reutanan);
256; Ho.r WGE 124131; Krtor-
Srrnorr 340.
*rawjan sb.n.: ON grey greyhound, OE
r-hund id. Of unknown origin. Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 137; Vnirs ANEW 188 (to
*rwaz).
*remma-lkaz adj.: ON grimm-ligr
erce, fearful, OE rim-lc grim, erce,
OS adv. grim-lko grimly, OHG adv.
grim-lhho id. Derived from *remmaz.
Hrirrnv.xxs 258.
*remmaz adj.: Burg *grimms grim, ON
grimmr grim, stern, OE rim sharp, bit-
ter, erce, grim, OFris grim grim, stern,
OS grim id., OHG grim id. Connected
with *ramaz. Ztri+z. Gutt. 175; Tonr-
Oxioxs 414; Lrnv.xx GED 159; Konrrn
Srrnorr 338.
*remmi sb.f.: ON grimd grim-
ness, erceness, OHG grimmida cruelty.
Derived from *remmaz. Hrirrnv.xxs
258.
*remmjanan wk.vb.: ON grimmask to
chafe, to be furious, OE rimman to run
with haste, to rage, OS grimman to rage,
OHG grimmen id. Derived from *remmaz.
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 137; Hrirrnv.xxs
258.
*renan sb.n.: Goth grinda-frajis faint-
hearted, ligcuxow, OE e-rind grind-
ing, rubbing together, noise, commotion,
OHG grint impetigo, scab (masc.).
Derived from*renanan. Fris+ 222; Srr-
norr 240.
*renanan str.vb.: OE rindan to grind.
Identical with Lat frend to rub away,
to gnash (Fnornrr KZ XVIII 313),
Lith grndiu, grsti to rub, to scrape
(Ztri+z. Gutt. 177). Prnssox Wurzelerw.
7273 (follows Fnornrr); Tonr-F.rk
140; Sovvrn HL 187; Tn.t+v.xx BSW
GED 160.
*reniz sb.f.: ON grind lattice-door,
gate. Close to Slav *gr\da beam, cf. also
Lith grind oor board, plank (L.orn-
kn.x+z KZ XXXVII 182184; W.rrr IF
XIX 99). Ztri+z. Gutt. 176; Prrrnsrx
KZ XXXVIII 394; Tonr-F.rk 140;
Tn.t+v.xx BSW 98; Tnirn NGWG NF
III/4 93 (to *runaz); Pokonxv I 459;
*reunan sb.n.: ON grjn groats, OE ren
sand, MLG grn grain of sand, sea
sand, MHG grien sand. Probably rela-
ted to Gk aor. n-exrae to scrape, W
gro sand. Tonr-F.rk 145; Hor+n.tsrx
ANEW 190; Fnisk II 11151116.
*reutan sb.n.: ON grjt stone, gravel,
OE ret sand, dust, OFris grt sand,
gravel, OS griot id. (masc.), OHG grioz id.
(masc.). Derived from *reutanan. Related
to Latv grauds grain, Lith grodas frost,
frozen street dirt, Slav *gruda ~ *grud
lump, heap reecting IE *ghroud(h)o-.
Cf. also *rautaz. Zrtss Deutsch. 407
(derived the tribal name Greotingi from
here); S+nri+nrno GE 7 (follows Zrtss);
Ztri+z. Gutt. 176; Tonr-F.rk 145; Bo.
RFV LXXI 468; Fris+ 221; Hor+n.tsrx
raupjanan 141 reutan
orel_f7(G)_121-146 7/6/04 7:52 PM Page 141
AEEW 137; Pokonxv I 461; Fn.rxkrr
Oxioxs 415; S+.xo LS 2425; Srrnorr
Dvno BSA 25.
*reutanan str.vb.: OHG part. griozan
kryinow. Related to Lith grdiu, grsti
to grind barley to make groats. See
*reutan. Pokonxv I 461; Fn.rxkrr 173
174; Dvno BSA 25.
*reutinaz sb.m.: ON prop. Grtingr, OE
pl. Greotinas Greuting, East Gothic
tribal name, OHG Griuzing id. Cf. also
Lat-Goth ethn. Greotingi. Derived from
*reutan (Zrtss Deutsch. 407). Fris+ 221;
S\rxssox NB V 128132; Scnv.nz Germ.
87, 206 (preserved in OPrus *Graudingis >
G Graudenz); Vnirs ANEW 192.
*ruaz ~ *raaz adj.: Goth
gredags hungry, ON grugr greedy, OE
rdi id., OS grdag id., OHG grtag id.
Derived from *ruz ~ *raz. Tonr-
Lrnv.xx GED 160.
*ruz ~ *raz sb.m.: Goth gredus
hunger, ON grr gluttony, greed, OE
rd greed, rapacity. Continues *hr-t-
~ *hr-t-, a derivative of *her-: Skt hr-
yati to yearn for, to like, Gk xarv to
rejoice (Bnrvrn PBB XI 280). Struc-
turally similar to Gk xartw causing de-
light, welcome. Hin+ PBB XXIII 291;
Gnirxnrnorn Got. 99; Ztri+z. Gutt. 176
(to Skt gdhyati to desire, to be eager);
Gn.ssv.xx KZ XII 130; Prnssox Beitrge
(reconstructs *hr-dh-); Vnirs ANEW
183184 (to Slav *gold hunger); Z.riz-
xi.k II 199; Fnisk II 10621064;
Lrnv.xx GED 160.
*rpjanan wk.vb.: ON grpa to pilfer,
OE rpian to grope, to touch, MDu
grapen to grope, MHG grpen id. Related
to Lith grbti to rake, to grasp, Slav
*greb, *grebti to rake, to dig (Ztri+z.
Gutt. 171). The unvoiced *-p- is dicult
to explain. See *rabanan. Hor+n.tsrx
165166; Vnirs ANEW 185.
*rtanan str.vb.: Goth gretan to weep,
ON grta id., OE rtan, rtan to bewail
(wk. part.), OS pret. sg. griat to weep. Of
unknown origin. Mrirrr+ MSL X 280
(to Skt hrdate to sound); Ztri+z. Gutt.
204; Tonr-F.rk 139; Hor+n.tsrx KZ
XLVIII 239, AEEW 135; Fris+ 221;
Jn.xxrssox IEW 403; Pokonxv I 439
(to Slav *grkati to coo); Vnirs ANEW
GED 160161.
*rtaz sb.m.: Goth grets weeping, ON
grtr id. Derived from *rtanan. Fris+
241.
*rwaz .r.: ON grr grey, OE r id.,
OFris gr id., MDu grau id., OHG gro id.
Identical with Lat rvus grey (V.xirk
98). Unrrxnrck PBB XXVI 298 (to
Lith eri, erti to shine); Scnvrx+xrn
FB 7679; Honx EngS LIV 7475; Tonr-
Krtor-Srrnorr 336.
*riiz sb.f.: Goth gris step, pace, stand-
ing, MHG grit step, stride. Related to
Lith grsti to carry, to bring, grdyti to
go (Sirns KZ XXXVII 321). Prnssox
Beitrge 850; Tonr-F.rk 143144 (to
*rnan); Bo. KS 219 (same as Sirns);
Fris+ 222; Pokonxv I 456457; Fn.rx-
krr 171 (follows Sirns); Vnirs ANEW 503;
Lrnv.xx GED 161.
*ripan sb.n.: ON grip grip, grasp, OE
e-rip gripe, seizing, OFris grip grip,
MHG grif id. Derived from *rpanan.
189.
*ripiz sb.m.: ON gripr property, value,
OE ripe grip, possession, OFris bi-grip
statute, rule, OHG ubar-grif break-
ing, violation. Derived from *rpanan.
reutan 142 ripiz
orel_f7(G)_121-146 7/6/04 7:52 PM Page 142
*r sb.f.: ON gr frantic eagerness,
MHG grt desire. Cannot be separated
from *ruz ~ *raz but the vocalism
presents diculties. F.rk-Tonr 144 (to
*riiz); W.rs+rix IF V 18 (from *a-
xr ); Woor MP I 240 (to Lith gretas
quick, nimble).
*rmn sb.m.: ON grma hood, poitrail,
OE rma mask, visor, helmet, EFris
grme id. (fem.), OS grma mask (fem.),
OHG grmo id. Close to Gk xrma
unguent, oil, Lith gremas cream, slimy
sediment in water, further connected
with Lith griej, griti to skim o milk,
Gk xrv to smear. Ztri+z. Gutt.
168; Dvno VSJa 26; Vnirs ANEW 188;
Fnisk II 1120; Lrncnxrn 8991.
*rnanan str.vb.: ON grna to pout, to
whine, MLG grnen to grin, OHG grnan
to bark. Of imitative origin. Tonr-
F.rk 143.
*rpanan str.vb.: Goth greipan to seize, to
grasp, ON grpa id., OE rpan id., OFris
grpa id., OS grpan to touch, to take hold
of , OHG grfan id. Related to Lith griebi,
gribti to seize. Ktnx KZ I 139 (to Skt
gbhnti to seize), 142 (to Slav *grabiti to
rob); Rricnrr+ KZ XXXIX 21; Ztri+z.
Gutt. 176; Tonr-F.rk 144; Fris+ 220
xrssox IEW 392; Pokonxv I 457458;
S+.xo LS 24; Srrnorr 237239; Lrn-
v.xx GED 160 (follows Ktnx); Krtor-
Srrnorr 336337.
*rsanan str.vb.: OE rsan to shudder,
to be frightened, MDu grisen to shud-
der. Identical with Gk xr,v to rub, to
anoint, to graze. Woor MP V 265;
Tonr-F.rk 144; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 138
(to Skt jihrti to be ashamed); Pokonxv I
457; Fnisk II 1120; Oxioxs 415; Srrnorr
239.
*rsaz sb.m.: ON sbst. grss young pig
(? < *grey), OFris grs grey, OS grs
id., OHG grs id. Related to *rsanan.
Tonr-F.rk 144; Pokonxv I 457; Fnisk II
11201121.
*ranan str.vb.: ON gra to grow, OE
rwan id. Of unknown origin. Tonr-
454; Vnirs ANEW 190 (to *rasan);
Oxioxs 417; Srrnorr 242243 (phonetic
variant of *kr- > Lat crsc to grow).
*rb sb.f.: Goth groba dugout, hole,
ON grf pit, OHG gruoba id. Derived
from *rabanan. Ztri+z. Gutt. 175;
Srrnorr 340.
*riz ~ *ruz sb.f./m.: ON gri,
grr growth, OFris grd meadow, MLG
grde growth. Derived from *ranan.
*rmaz ~ *rman sb.m./n.: ON grmr
grime, dirt, EFris grum sediment, MDu
groom dirt. Derived from *ranan.
Vnirs ANEW 190 (to Lith grmiu, grmti
to scrape).
*rniz adj.: Burg *gronis green, ON
grnn id., OE rne id., OFris grne id.,
OS grni id., OHG gruoni id. Cf. also
*en-rniz: ON sbst. grn bright green
(fem.), MDu ingroene id., MHG ingrene id.
Derived from *ranan. Structurally close
with Slav *gran branch < *ghrni-.
Scnvrx+xrn FB 6266; Ztri+z. Gutt.
203; Tonr-F.rk 144; Sovvrn Krit. 61 (to
Lat grmen grass, stalk, frns foliage);
Jon.xissox MASO V 41 (directly from a
corresponding verb); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
454; Vnirs ANEW 192, 284; Oxioxs
413; Srrnorr 242; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa
VII 104106; B.vvrsnrnorn OE 1819;
341.
*rnjanan wk.vb.: ON grna to paint
green, OHG gruonen to green. Derived
from *rniz. Structurally identical with
Slav *graniti to grow branches, to demar-
ripiz 143 rnjanan
orel_f7(G)_121-146 7/6/04 7:52 PM Page 143
cate. Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VII 107; Hri-
rrnv.xxs 260.
*rtjanan wk.vb.: ON grta to make
weep, OE rtan to bewail, to deplore,
OFris grta to accuse, OS grtian to
excite, OHG gruozen to excite. Causa-
tive of *rtanan. Tonr-F.rk 139; Hor-
GED 160; Krtor-Srrnorr 342 (semantic
inuence of Lat grtus beloved, dear,
acceptable, grateful in OHG).
*rubaz adj.: MHG grob strong, fat, big.
Close to Lith grubs rough, sti, rigid,
Slav *grb ~ *grub crude, coarse (with
nasalization). Tonr-F.rk 146; Pokonxv
I 461462; Fn.rxkrr 172173; S+.xo LS
24; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VII 145146.
*rubiljanan wk.vb.: ON grua to
grovel on all fours, OHG grubiln to dig
through. A denominative closely related
to Lith grblas unevenness, mound, Latv
grubulis shard, fragment. Cf. also Lith
grumb, grbti to stien, grubinti to stum-
ble. Further see *rubaz. Tonr-F.rk
141 (to *rabanan); Fn.rxkrr 172; Vnirs
ANEW 191.
*runaz sb.m.: ON grunr suspicion. Goes
back to a root stem *g
hr- close to Gk
frn midri, heart (Fick BB XVIII
142). Fick I 417 (adds Lat rn kidney);
W.rs+rix IF V 28 (from *a-runaz);
Wirrrv.xx BB XXVII 239 (to *rwaz);
1043.
*runu-fastaz adj.: ON grunn-fastr fast
aground (of a ship), MLG grunt-vast xed
in the ground. Compound of *runuz ~
*runuz and *fastaz. C.nn Nom. comp.
*runu-lausaz adj.: ON grunn-lauss
boundless, OE grund-les groundless,
bottomless, MLG grunt-los boundless.
Compound of *runuz ~ *runuz and
*lausaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 89 (parallel
formations).
*runuz ~ *runuz sb.m.: Goth
grundu-waddjus foundation-wall, ON
grunnr bottom, grur (< *runaz), grund
eld (< fem. *runiz), grunn shallow,
shoal (< *grunan), OE rund ground,
bottom, OFris grund id., OS grund id.,
OHG grunt id. Continues *ghr-tu- based
on *ghren-: Gk xranv to touch slightly,
to smear, cf. in particular Lith p-grindas
lake bottom. Sirns KZ XXXVII 322
(to Lith grindis oor-board); Htnxrn KZ
LI 18; Unrrxnrck PBB XXVII 121 (to
Gk xraw gravel); Tonr-F.rk 146 (to
Lith griMsti to sink); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
139; Fris+ 222223; Pokonxv I 459;
Vnirs ANEW 191 (to *reniz); Z.rizxi.k
II 200; Fnisk II 1115; Oxioxs 416; Lrn-
v.xx GED 161 (to *renanan); B.vvrs-
*rustaz sb.m.: OE rost gristle. Close to
Lith grauzds huge and shapeless. Cf.
WGmc derivative *rustilaz ~ *rustil >
OE ristel gristle, OFris gristel id., MLG
gristel id., OHG grustila id. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 137, 139; Pokonxv I 461;
Fn.rxkrr 170; Oxioxs 415.
*rbnan wk.vb.: ON grfa to grovel, to
crouch, G dial. grben to crouch of cold.
Related to *rubaz, *rubiljanan. Vnirs
ANEW 191 (to Gk grupw hook-nosed).
*rtan sb.n.: Norw dial. grt sediment,
OE rt ne meal, EFris grt sed-
iment, MLG grt a kind of ferment.
Related to *rautaz. Tonr-F.rk 145;
185.
*u(a)-furxtaz adj.: Goth guda-faurhts
God-fearing, OE god-fyrht id., OS god-
foroht id. Cf. MHG gote-vorhtec id. Com-
pound of *uz ~ *uaz and *furxtaz.
Fris+ 223; C.nn Nom. comp. 88 (parallel
formations); Lrnv.xx GED 111, 165.
*u(a)-xsan sb.n.: Goth gud-hus tem-
ple, ON goa-hs id. If not a calque of
Lat domus Dei (Knr+scnvrn KZ XXXIX
542), a compound of *uz ~ *uaz and
*xsan. Mikkor. MSN VII 271; S+nri+-
nrno IF XXIX 181, XXVII 156157;
formations); Lrnv.xx GED 161.
rnjanan 144 u(a)-xsan
orel_f7(G)_121-146 7/6/04 7:52 PM Page 144
*u(a)-lausaz adj.: Goth guda-laus god-
less, ON gu-lauss id. Compound of
*uz ~ *uaz and *lausaz. Probably, a
calque of Gk yeow. Fris+ 223; C.nn
Nom. comp. 95 (parallel formations); Lrn-
v.xx GED 165, 229.
*u(a)-wabjaz ~ *u(a)-wabjan
sb.m./n., Goth *godawabi silk (recon-
structed from Slav *godovabj silk), ON
gu-vefr good weaving, OE od-web pre-
cious fabric, OS godo-webbi id., OHG
gota-webbi id. Compound of *uz ~
*uaz and *wabjaz ~ *wabjan. +nrkrr
apud Priskrn 88; Brnxrkrn I 316; C.nn
Nom. comp. 48; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ I 426.
*uaz adj.: Goth af-gus godless, Norw
dial. av-gud godless person, OFris sbst.
af-god idol, OS sbst. af-god idol, OHG
sbst. ab-got idol. Derivative of *uz ~
*uaz (Lrnv.xx GED 4). Unrrxnrck
BB XXX 253254; Fris+ 5; Lrovr-
*u( j)n sb.m.: Goth gudja priest, ON
goi id. Derived from *uz ~ *uaz.
Os+norr BB XXIV 197200 (semantic
analysis); Tonr-F.rk 136; FEIST 224,
ANF XXXV 264265; Vnirs ANEW 181;
Lrnv.xx GED 161.
*u(z) ~ *uaz sb.n./m.: Goth gup
God, ON go, gu id. (traces of s-stem in
pl.), OE od id., OFris god id., OS god id.,
OHG masc. got id. (traces of s-stem in
pl.). Masc. forms are secondary. From
*hu-t()- libated one derived from *heu-
to pour (Pic+r+ Origines 659661; Btnv
BB VII 79). The alternative connection
with *heu- to call, to invoke (Os+norr
Morph. Unt. IV 8485, BB XXIV 191
194) and derivation from *hut()- (<
*ht()- according to Dvnos law) might
be supported by the comparison with
Toch A kt, B akte god < *ni-hto-
one called down (Nonvirn KZ XCIV
267269). Cf. further OIr guth voice <
*hutu-. R.tvrn Einwirk. 338 (to *az
or to Gk keyv to hide or from Pers
xudy); Scnvrizrn KZ I 157; Enrr KZ V
236 (to keyv); Mrvrn KZ VII 1218
(to Skt jyuti- light); Lirrx BB XXI 97;
Atrnrcn+ BB XX 256 (to *eutanan);
Woor MLN XVI 310 (to Slav *govti to
worship, to fast); Mrnixorn IF XVI 158;
Scnn.rrn-Kn.nr Idg. 126 (follows
Os+norr); Scnnorrn PBB LI 30; Tonr-
181, 193; Z.rizxi.k II 186; Oxioxs
404; W.+kixs Gedenkschr. Gntert 102 (fol-
lows Pic+r+); Lrnv.xx GED 165166;
332; Ar.vs TB 264.
*ulban sb.n.: ON glf oor, EFris
gulf section in a barn. May be related
to Slav *elb gutter, trough (Ztri+z.
Gutt. 175). W.rs+rix IF V 17 (from
*a-xulfan); Hin+ BB XXIV 258 (to
Gk delfw womb); Tonr-F.rk 137;
W.rrr-Pokonxv I 630 (to OIr gulban
prick); Mr.rrxo\ 167; Ponzio Gliede-
rung 119; Vnirs ANEW 181; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ II 61.
*ultiz sb.f.: ON gyltr young sow, OE adj.
ylte id. Cf. also MLG gelte castrated pig,
OHG galza, gelza id. <*altjn. Derived
from *altaz ~ altuz. Tonr-F.rk 131;
*ula-banan sb.n.: ON gull-band gold-
en head-band, MDu goud-bant diadem,
OHG gold-bant golden head-band.
Compound of *ulan and *banan.
*ula-berxtaz adj.: ON gull-bjartr bright
as gold, OE gold-beorht bright with gold.
Compound of *ulan and *berxtaz.
C.nn Nom. comp. 61.
*ula-xruenaz adj.: ON goll-roinn
ornamented with gold (< *goll-hroinn),
OE gold-hroden id. Compound of *ul-
an and part. *xruenaz (see *xreuanan).
C.nn Nom. comp. 61.
*ulan sb.n.: Goth gul gold, ON gull,
goll id., OE old id., OFris gold id., OS gold
id., OHG gold id. Closely related
to Thrac pln. Zld-apa, ELith etas
golden, Latv zlts gold; golden, Slav
*zolto gold with dierent vowel grades.
Further connected with Indo-European
u(a)-lausaz 145 ulan
orel_f7(G)_121-146 7/6/04 7:52 PM Page 145
ulan 146 uraz
color adjectives belonging to IE *hel-.
AEEW 134; Fris+ 224225; Dr+scnrv
Thr. 173; Ponzio Gliederung 142; Pokonxv
I 430; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 84;
Z.rizxi.k I 140; Oxioxs 405; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ II 103104; S+.xo LS 64;
*ula-smiaz sb.m.: ON gull-smir gold-
smith, OE gold-smi id., OFris gold-smith
id., MLG golt-smit id., OHG gold-smid.
Compound of *ulan and *smiaz.
*ulnaz adj.: Goth guleins golden, ON
gullinn id., OE ylden id., OFris gulden,
golden, gelden id., OS guldn id., OHG
guldn id. Derived from *ulan. Hor-
+n.tsrx AEEW 140; Fris+ 225; Vnirs
ANEW 194; Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*uljanan wk.vb.: ON gylla to guild,
OE yldan id., MDu ver-gouden, ver-gulden
id., OHG ubar-gulden id. Derived from
*ulan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 140;
Vnirs ANEW 196.
*umn sb.m.: Goth guma man, ON gumi
id., OE uma id., OFris breid-gomo
groom, OS gumo man, OHG gomo
hero, a famous man. Etymologically
related to Toch B aumo id., Lat hom id.,
Lith mu, mogs id. describing man as
earthly, furtherto IE *dhehom earth
(Os+norr Etym. 220221; Bntov.xx
Grundri II/1 135). Ztri+z. Gutt. 204;
225226; Brx\rxis+r BSL XXXVIII
143; Ponzio Gliederung 80, 208; Pokonxv
I 414415; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 60
Prr+rns KZ LXXXIX 89; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 184.
*umpaz sb.m.: ON gumpr buttock,
podex. Identical with Lith guMbas
bump, excrescence, cf. further Slav
*gba lip, sponge. Tonr-F.rk 137;
*unan ~ *unaz sb.n./m.: Goth gund
gangrene, Norw dial. gund scurf , OE
und matter, corruption, OS gund pus,
OHG gunt id. Probably connected with
*unz. Tonr-F.rk 136; Hor+n.tsrx
KZ XXVIII 282 (to Gk kanylh abscess,
tumor), AEEW 140; Tn.t+v.xx ZdWf
VII 268 (to Av gunda- small, round
bread); Scnrr+rrovi+z ZDMG LIX
695696 (to NPers gundeh round object);
GED 163.
*un(a)-buran sb.n.: ON gunn-bor
shield, OE -bord id. Compound of
*unz and *buran. C.nn Nom. comp. 54.
*un(a)-fann sb.m.: ON gunn-fani war
banner, OE -fana id., OS gd-fano
id., OHG gund-fano id. Compound of
*unz and *fann. C.nn Nom. comp. 48;
Vnirs ANEW 111, 195.
*un(a)-xwataz adj.: ON gunn-hvatr
erce in battle, OE -hwt active, vig-
orous in war. Compound of *unz and
*xwataz. C.nn Nom. comp. 61.
*unz sb.f.: Burg *guns ght, ON gunnr,
gur war, battle, OE id. Cf. also OS
gthea id. Related to Hitt kuen- to smite,
to raze, to kill, Skt hnti to strike, to kill,
Av ainti to strike, Gk yenv to kill, Lat
dfend to defend, OIr gonim to wound,
to kill. Ztri+z. Gutt. 97; B.n+norov.r
333; M.vnnorrn III 575576; Pokonxv
I 437; Vnirs ANEW 195; Fnisk I 657
658; Konrrn 710; Ptn\rr IV 206212.
*uran sb.n.: ON gor cud, OE or dung,
dirt, MLG gor lth, OHG gor dung,
dirt. Related to OIr gur matter, pus.
Fnornrr BB XXI 327 (to Lat foria ux,
a disease of swine); Tonr-F.rk 129;
Pokonxv I 494 (to *g
her- to burn);
Woor JEGP XIII 502 (to Gk xulw
juice); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 134; Vnirs
406.
*uraz sb.m.: OHG gurt girdle. Zero
orel_f7(G)_121-146 7/6/04 7:52 PM Page 146
uraz 147 xabiaz
*xaban I sb.n.: ON haf sea, OE heaf sea,
water, OFris hef sea, MLG haf id.,
MHG hab sea, haven. Derived from
*xafjanan. Historically identical with
*xaban II. S+n.cn.x BB XX 13 (to OIr
can haven, sea < *kopno-); Tonr-F.rk
528; Vnirs ANEW 201; Z.rizxi.k I 140.
*xaban II sb.n.: ON upp-haf beginning,
OHG ur-hab cause, reason. Derived
from *xafjanan. Srrnorr 244.
*xaban III adj.: ON hand-ha having
in hand, OHG un-gi-hab poor, insig-
nicant. Derived from *xabnan. Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 147; Krtor 69;
Hrirrnv.xxs 263.
*xaban sb.f.: ON hfn haven, OE hfen
id., MLG havene id., MHG habene id.
Based on *xaban I. Derivationally close
to OIr can curve, bend, recess, bay <
*kopno-. Tonr-F.rk 72; Cnrvor.xo\
*xabnan wk.vb.: Goth haban to have,
ON hafa id., OE habban id., OFris hebba,
habba id., OS hebbian id., OHG habn id.
Durative of *xafjanan (Lo++xrn KZ XI
192). Corri+z Prt. 8688 (amalgama-
tion of *ghabh- and *kap-); Mrvrn IF
XXXV 224237; Vrxrnvrs MSL XVIII
310; Pnokoscn MP XXVI 464; Ztri+z.
107108 (on IE *kap-: *ghabh-), 115;
*xabiaz ~ *xabuaz adj.: ON hfugr,
x
grade of the stem attested in *er
and Goth bi-gairdan to gird < *eranan.
Further connections are not clear.
Tonr-F.rk 129; Pokonxv I 444 (to
*araz); Oxioxs 399; Lrnv.xx GED 68.
*urilaz sb.m.: ON gyrill girdle, OE
yrdel id., OFris gerdel id., MDu gurdel id.,
OHG gurtil id. Derived from *urjanan or
*uraz. Tonr-F.rk 129; Hor+n.tsrx
399; Srrnorr 225.
*urjanan wk.vb.: ON gyra to begird,
OE yrdan id., OFris un-e-gert unbe-
girded, OHG gurten to begird. Derived
from *uraz. Tonr-F.rk 129; Hor+-
*urstaz sb.m.: OE orst gorse, furze,
bramble, Ulex europus. Continues
*hst- close to Alb drith grain, Lat
hordeum barley < *hzd- (Lrnv.xx KZ
XLI 391). See *erstn. Scnvir+ Plur.
117, 362; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 135;
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 656657; Fnisk II
77; Onrr AED 75.
*utaz ~ *utn sb.m.: Goth Gut-iuda
Gothic people, ON Goti Goth, OSwed
pl. Gutar, Gotar people, OE pl. Gotan
Goths. Probably, n-stem reected also in
gen. pl. gutani of the Pietroassa inscrip-
tion. Cf. also Germ-Lat Gutones, Gotones.
Borrowed to Lith gdas Bielorussian
and OPrus *gud- (in pln.) before the
Lautverschiebung (K.ns+rx ZDADL LXVII
253255). Further connections are un-
clear, see *autaz ~ *autn. Gnirx-
nrnorn Got. 101103 (from Goth *gut
sea, bay, to *eutanan); Lixrno+n NB II
7577 (to the name of Gotland); Hor+-
Kn.tsr Run. I 227235 (adduces the ON
parallel), HG 5 (to *eutanan); Fn.rxkrr
174 (-d- in Baltic inuenced by OPrus
gudde bush).
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 147
hgr heavy, OE he id., OS hebig id.,
MHG hebec id. Based on *xabiz > OE hefe
weight derived from *xafjanan. Tonr-
*xabi sb.f.: ON hef loss or gain of
claim, MHG hebede property. Derived
from *xabnan. F.rk-Tonr ND 450;
Vnirs ANEW 215.
*xabraz sb.m.: ON hafr he-goat, OE hfer
id. Etymologically related to Gk kprow
boar, Lat caper he-goat. Further may
be connected with Skt kpth- penis.
Scnrr+rrovi+z IF XXXIII 142 (oriental
Wanderwort); Pr+rnssox PBB XL 105
201; Fnisk I 782783; Z.rizxi.k I 131;
Krtor-Srrnorr 345.
*xabrn sb.m.: ON pl. hafrar oats, OS
havoro id., OHG habaro id. Derived from
*xabraz (F.rk-Tonr ND 387), cf. Slav
*ovs oats < *aio-, to *ai- ewe.
Cn.nrrx+irn KZ XL 436 (to Skt neut.
pa- young grass); Pr+rnssox LU
1918/31 19 (to Norw hagr tail hair of
the horse); Woor MP XVII 568 (to Slav
*kopr dill); Ztri+z. Gutt. 31; Tonr-
F.rk 73; Srrcn+ 27 (to *xb); Pokonxv
*xabua-bainan sb.n.: ON hfu-bein
skull, head-bone, OE hefod-bn id.
Compound of *xabuan and *bainan.
*xabua-bauaz sb.m.: ON hfu-baugr
chief ring in the wergild, OE hefod-
be crown. Compound of *xabuan and
*bauaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 81 (parallel
formations).
*xabua-lausaz ~ *xaubua-lausaz
adj.: ON hfu-lauss headless, OE hefod-
les id., OFris hved-ls id., MLG hvet-ls
id., MHG houbet-ls id. Compound of
*xabuan, *xaubuan and *lausaz. C.nn
*xabuan sb.n.: ON hfu head, OE
hefod id. Identical with Lat caput head
and, probably, Skt *kaput- in neut. kapc-
chala- tuft of hair on the back of the
head < *kaput-ala- (Ktnx KZ I 136).
M.vnnorrn I 156157; Lrnv.xx GED
178179; Brrkrs KZ CIX 218220 (from
non-IE).
*xabua-swmn sb.m.: ON hfu-svmi
dizziness, OE hefod-swma id. Com-
pound of *xabuan and *swimn. C.nn
*xabua-waraz sb.m.: ON hfu-vrr
body-guard (u-stem), OE hefod-weard
chief guardian. Compound of *xabuan
and *waraz II. C.nn Nom. comp. 54.
*xabukaz sb.m.: ON haukr hawk, OE
hafoc id., OFris havek id., OS havuk id.,
OHG habuh, habech id. Identical with Slav
*kobz ~ *kobuz hawk, kite (Ztri+z.
Gutt. 15, 102), from IE *kobuo-. Further
connections are not clear. Pooorix
RFV XXXIII 328329; Brnxrkrn I 535;
Stor.n+i DVN 360 (to Lat capys, capus <
Etr); Tonr-F.rk 73; Pr+rnssox PBB XL
96; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 147; Stor.n+i
ANT 360 (from *xafjanan; Slav < Gmc);
Z.rizxi.k I 131; Oxioxs 431; Tnt-
n.cnr\ ESSJa X 9293; Krtor-Srrnorr
345.
*xainaz sb.m.: ON hinn jacket of fur
or skin, OE heden hood. A substan-
tivized adjective close to Slav *kotn
pregnant (of animals) further derived
from *kotiti s\ to give birth (of animals),
cf. also Lat catulus cub (Os+norr Etym. I
250). Ztri+z. Gutt. 207; Tonr-F.rk 90
(from Thrac *kitn, cf. Gk xitn tunic,
garment worn next to skin, Ion kyvn
id.); Lorvrx+n.r PBB XLIX 72; Jxssox
ANO 1926 190; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 153;
Vnirs ANEW 215.
*xa(i)nn sb.f.: ON hana young
she-goat. Cf. also MHG hatele she-goat
xabiaz 148 xa(i)nn
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 148
close to Lat catulus cub. See *xainaz.
200; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XI 204205,
219220.
*xalaz sb.m.: ON hell clew-lines of a
sail, OHG le-hel yeast. Derived from
*xafjanan. Tonr-F.rk 72; Vnirs ANEW
215; Srrnorr 244.
*xafjanan str.vb.: Goth hafjan to hold
up, to bear up, to lift, ON hefja id., OE
hebban id., OFris heva id., OS hebbian
id., OHG heen id. Related to *xabnan.
Etymologically close to Lat capi to
seize, Gk kptv to gulp down, Lat capi
to take, Alb kap to seize, to grasp, Latv
kmpju, kmpt to seize, and other con-
tinuants of IE *kap-. Mrvrn IF XXXV
153; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 159160; Pon-
zio Gliederung 127; Jn.xxrssox IEW
215; Fnisk I 783; Oxioxs 433; Srrnorr
244245; Lrnv.xx GED 167; Onrr AED
*xafnjanan wk.vb.: Goth ufar-hafnan to
be (excessively) exalted, ON hafna to for-
sake, to abandon. Derived from *xaf-
janan. Fris+ 230; Vnirs ANEW 201 (to
*xamjanan); Srrnorr 245.
*xaftan ~ *xaftaz sb.n./m.: ON hapt,
haft bond, OE hft id. See *xaftaz II.
209; Srrnorr 245; Hrirrnv.xxs 263;
Krtor-Srrnorr 347.
*xaftaz I sb.m.: ON haptr, haftr captive,
OE hft id., MHG haft id. Substantivized
*xaftaz II. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 144;
Ponzio Gliederung 126; Hrirrnv.xxs 263;
Krtor-Srrnorr 347.
*xaftaz II adj.: Goth hafts bound, joined,
OS haft id., OHG haft id. Identical with
Lat captus captured, W caeth slave,
OCorn caid captured (L.xr Language
IX 246). From *kap-to-, a participial form
of *kap- (see *xafjanan). Tonr-F.rk 72;
Mrirrr+ RG XXI 40 (from Celtic);
Kn.nr SuV 80; Monn ZDADL LXXVI
Horv.xx I 159; Fris+ 230; K.ns+rx
NB II 306; Pokonxv I 527528; Cnrvo-
r.xo\ SGGJa I 102; Vnirs ANEW
*xaftiz sb.f.: Goth anda-hafts answer,
MHG haft detention. Structurally simi-
lar with Lat capti deceit, harm. Derived
from *xafjanan. W.rrr-Horv.xx I 159;
Fris+ 46; Lrnv.xx GED 34; Krtor-
Srrnorr 347.
*xaftjan sb.n.: ON hepti haft, OE hft,
hfte id., MLG hechte id., OHG hefti
id. Derived from *xaftjanan. Tonr-F.rk
*xaftjanan wk.vb.: Goth haftjan to hold
fast to, to adhere, ON hepta, hefta to
bind, to fetter, OE hftan to seize, to
bind, OFris hefta to fortify, to secure,
OS heftian id., OHG heften to fortify, to
bind. Derived from *xaftaz, *xafjanan.
*xaftnjanan ~ *xaftenjanan wk.vb.:
Goth ga-haftnan to stick, to adhere, OE
hftnian to seize, to capture. Derived
from *xaftaz, *xaftjanan. Fris+ 183; Hri-
rrnv.xxs 264.
*xaanan str.vb.: OHG hagan to feed.
Related to Skt aknti to be able, Av sak-
to agree on smth.. See *xaaz, *xan.
B.n+norov.r 15521553; Wissv.xx
NP 72; Tonr-F.rk 6768; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 147; M.vnnorrn III 288289;
Srrnorr 245246.
*xaa-urnaz sb.m.: ON hag-orn haw-
thorn, OE h-orn id., MLG hage-dorn
id., OHG hagan-dorn id. Compound of
*xan and *urnuz ~ *urnaz. See
*xa(i)naz. Tonr-F.rk 68; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 146147; C.nn Nom. comp. 48;
*xaaz adj.: ON hagr handy, skilful,
xa(i)nn 149 xaaz
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 149
MHG be-hac of pleasure. Related to Skt
aknti to be able, Av sak- to agree on
smth.. See *xaanan. WGmc words for
witch belong here: OE htesse, htes,
MDu haghetisse. B.n+norov.r 1552
1553; Tonr-F.rk 6768; K.ns+rx NB
I 10; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 144; M.v-
nnorrn III 288289; Pokonxv I 522;
Vnirs ANEW 203; Oxioxs 423; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 264265.
*xa(i)naz sb.m.: Norw hegn fencing,
fence, OS hagin fence, OHG hagan
hawthorn. Derived from *xan. Vnirs
ANEW 216.
*xa(i)njanan wk.vb.: ON hegna to
hedge, to fence, MLG hegenen id., MHG
heinen to surround with a hedge. Derived
from *xa(i)naz. Vnirs ANEW 216.
*xajaz sb.m.: ON heggr bird-cherry, OE
hee hedge. Cf. also EFris hegge id., MDu
hegge id., OHG hegga id. Identical with
W cae enclosure < *kagos. See *xan.
Oxioxs 434; Vnirs ANEW 215216;
Krtor-Srrnorr 362.
*xala-stainaz sb.m.: ON hagl-steinn hail-
stone, OE haol-stn id., MLG hagel-stn
id., MHG hagel-stein id. Compound of
*xalan ~ *xalaz and *stainaz. C.nn
Nom. comp. 48.
*xalan ~ *xalaz sb.m./n.: ON hagl
hail, OE h(e)l, haol id., OFris heil id.,
OS hagal id., OHG hagal id. From IE
*ol-, reduplication of *el- cold simi-
lar to (but not identical with) Skt ira-
cool, cold. Cf. also *xexln. Unrrxnrck
PBB XXVI 208 (to Gk kxlhj pebble);
Ztri+z. Gutt. 207208 (same as Unrrx-
nrck); Tonr-F.rk 68; Hor+n.tsrx
Pokonxv I 551; Fnisk I 805; Cn.x+n.ixr
I 507 (Gk kxlhj to kaxlzv to splash,
to bubble); Pokonxv I 518, 551;
*xajanan wk.vb.: ON haga to manage,
to arrange, OE on-haian to be within
smb.s powers, OFris hagia to please,
OHG bi-hagon to make comfortable. De-
rived from *xaanan (Wissv.xx NP 72).
Srrnorr 9192.
*xan sb.m.: ON hagi pasture, OE haa
enclosure, OS hago pasture, OHG hag,
hac fence, enclosure (< *xaaz). Derived
from *xaanan. Ztri+z. Gutt. 111;
Unrrxnrck PBB XXIX 332333 (to Slav
*ko basket); Tonr-F.rk 68; Hrnnio
Philologus LXXIII 452 (to Lat caulae
opening, hole, enclosure, dim. of *cau
< *kagh); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 147;
Krtor-Srrnorr 348.
*xau-stalaz sb.m.: ON hauk-staldr
young man (with an irreg. hauk- instead
of *hg-), OE hao-steald bachelor, young
man, young warrior, OS hagu-stald id.,
OHG hagu-stalt hired worker. Com-
pound of *xauz (see *xaaz) and *stalaz
(see *stalan). Tonr-F.rk 489; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 147; F.rk Festschr. Bugge
Kr. 16 (on ON hauk-); C.nn Nom. comp.
48; Vnirs ANF LVIII 93104, ANEW
Krtor-Srrnorr 348.
*xaxsn sb.f.: MHG hahse back of knee.
Identical with Skt kka- armpit, OIr coss
foot, Lat coxa hip. Mrnixorn WuS III
47; Tonr-F.rk 67; W.rrr-Horv.xx I
283; Pokonxv I 611; Ar.vs TB 136137
(adds Toch B kakse body part).
*xaxtuz sb.m.: ON httr mode, way.
Closely related to OIr cucht colour
(Ztri+z. Gutt. 207). Hin+ BB XXIV
231 (to ON hagr state, condition); Srrn-
nrn WuS VI 18 (same as Hin+); Vnirs
ANEW 213.
*xaiaz adj.: ON heir bright, cloudless.
Cf. also sbst. hei brightness of the sky.
Identical with Skt keta- mark, sign, cf.
also ket- brightness, light. Further re-
lated to *xaiuz ~ *xaiiz. Tonr-F.rk
64; K.ns+rx NB II 259, 449; M.vnnorrn
xaaz 150 xaiaz
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 150
*xairaz adj.: OE hdor clear, bright,
serene, OS hdar clear, light, OHG
heitar id. Derived from *xaiaz. Struc-
turally similar with Skt citr- excellent,
bright, Av iyr visible, clear. Cf. also
Lith skaidrs light, clear. Ztri+z. Gutt.
64; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 143; K.ns+rx
NB II 259, 449; M.vnnorrn I 387;
*xaiuz ~ *xaiiz sb.m.: Goth haidus
way, manner, ON heir honor, OE hd
person, degree, rank, OFris -hd, OS hd
id., OHG heit id. Identical with Skt ket-
brightness, form < *k6i-tu- (Gtx+rn+
Kalypso 49), further related to *(s)ki- to
be bright, to shine, see *xaiaz. Hrr+rx
PBB XVII 288; Ztri+z. Gutt. 105; Tonr-
Srrnorr 367.
*xaifstiz sb.f.: Goth haifsts conict, com-
petition, OE hst violence, fury, OFris
hst haste, MLG heist vehemence. Cf.
also WGmc *xaifstaz violent: OE hst(e),
OFris hst, OHG heisti loud. Related to
Lith kaipst, kapti to be dizzy, to ail, to
be sickly. Ztri+z. Gutt. 182; Gnirxnrn-
orn Got. 104 (to Lith aipaUs, aiptis to
mock, to show ones teeth); Unrrxnrck
PBB XXX 286 (against Gnirxnrnorn);
Tonr-F.rk 65; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 146,
427; Fris+ 231; Pokonxv I 542543;
nv.xx ZdWf XVI 166167; Fn.rxkrr
*xaixaz adj.: Goth haihs one-eyed, ON
theon. Hrr one-eyed god (Odin).
Identical with Lat caecus blind, OIr caech
one-eyed. Further cf. Skt kekara- squint-
eyed and probably Dac koiko-lda
nightshade. S.tsstnr Festschr. Thomsen
202; Ztri+z. Gutt. 206, 209; Tonr-F.rk
Dr+scnrv Thr. 551; M.vnnorrn I
SGGJa I 100; Vnirs ANEW 210; Lrn-
*xailaaz adj.: Goth hailags holy (on the
Petroassa ring), ON heilagr id., OE hli
id., OFris hlich id., OS hlag id., OHG
heilag id. Derived from *xailaz II. Ocns
PBB XLV 102112; Ztri+z. Gutt. 105;
218; Oxioxs 445; Sc.nriori Goten 219
365.
*xailajanan wk.vb.: ON helga to make
holy, OE hlgian id., OFris hligia id., OS
hlagn id., OHG heilgn id. Derived
from *xailaaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
*xaila-wanjaz adj.: ON sbst. heil-indi
health, OE hl-wende conducive to
health, healing, OHG sbst. heil-ant
savior. Compound of *xailaz II and
*wanjaz (see *wanjanan). Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 148; C.nn Nom. comp. 60; Vnirs
ANEW 218.
*xailaz I sb.n.: Crim.-Goth iel good,
health, ON heill good luck, omen, OE
hl omen, auspice, OS heil health,
luck, OHG heil id. Substantivized
*xailaz II. Close to W coel sign, omen.
144; Fris+ 290; Pokonxv I 520;
*xailaz II adj.: Goth hails healthy, ON
heill whole, healed, OE hl whole, well,
sound, OFris hl unhurt, whole, un-
harmed, OS hl unhurt, unharmed,
OHG heil whole, healthy, unscathed.
Related to W coel sign, omen, OPrus
kails healthy, Slav *cl whole. The
words for health derived from here (OE
hlu id., OS hli id., OHG heila, heil id.)
probably explain the further derivation of
the noun for brain: ON heili brain,
OFris hli, hl, heila id. Pic+r+ KZ V
3738; Ztri+z. Gutt. 105; K.ns+rx NB II
xairaz 151 xailaz
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 151
266; Gn.v BB XXVII (to Osc kala tem-
ple); Tonr-F.rk 65; Woor MLN XXIX
71 (ON heili to Skt kh tuft of hair);
Srrcn+ KZ LXIV 21; M.ns+n.xrrn NTS
XI 288; Fris+ 232; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
145, 148; B.r+kr HG 6879; Ponzio
Gliederung 141142; Pokonxv I 520;
218 (ON heili to MIr coeln intestine);
Z.rizxi.k II 223; Oxioxs 1005; Brck
Festschr. Eggers 2125; S+.xo LS 25, 81;
Brx\rxis+r IEL 451452, 468; Torono\
PJa III 136143; Lrnv.xx GED 169
267268.
*xailesjanan wk.vb.: ON heilsa to
greet, OE hlsian to foretell, OHG hei-
lisn id. Cf. also ON heilla to bewitch <
*xailzjanan. Derived from *xailes based
on *xailaz. Ztri+z. Gutt. 105; Hor+-
GED 170.
*xaili sb.f.: OGutn haildir damages,
OHG heilida health. Derived from *xail-
janan or *xailaz. Hrirrnv.xxs 268.
*xailjanan wk.vb.: Goth hailjan to heal,
OSwed hela id., OE hlan id., OFris hla
id., OS hlian id., OHG heilen id. Derived
from *xailaz. Structurally close to Slav
*cliti id. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 144;
Fris+ 232; Ponzio Gliederung 141; Vnirs
ANEW 218; Oxioxs 432; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa III 178; Lrnv.xx GED 169
365.
*xailnjanan wk.vb.g: Goth ga-hailnan to
be healed, to recover, OGutn hailna to
heal. Derived from *xailaz. Fris+ 183;
Hrirrnv.xxs 268.
*xaima-far sb.f.: ON heim-fr return
home, OE hm-faru forcible entry into a
house. Compound of *xaimaz ~ *xaim
and *far. C.nn Nom. comp. 81 (parallel
formations).
*xaimai ~ *xaimt adv.: ON heima at
home, home, OS hme id., OHG heim id.
Derived from *xaimaz ~ *xaimiz. Vnirs
ANEW 218219; Lrnv.xx GED 170;
Krtor-Srrnorr 365.
*xaiman adv.: ON heiman from home,
OHG heimina id. Derived from *xaimaz ~
*xaimiz. Vnirs ANEW 219.
*xaima-ljan sb.n.: Goth haimoli patri-
monial land. Cf. also OHG heimdilis
laribus. Compound of *xaimaz ~ *xaimiz
and *ljan. ON heimild, heimold title,
right does not belong here (despite
Scnv.nz GNA 266) and is better to be
explained from *xaimili (Hrssrrv.x
apud Vnirs). Fris+ 233; C.nn Nom.
comp. 44; Vnirs ANEW 219; Lrnv.xx
*xaimatjanan wk.vb.: ON heimta to
get back, to bring home the sheep,
OE hmettan to provide with a home.
Derived from *xaimaz ~ *xaimiz. Hor+-
Oxioxs 430.
*xaimaz ~ *xaimiz sb.m./f.: Goth haims
village (pl. < *xaim), ON heimr abode,
land, village, OE hm home, house,
dwelling, OFris hm, hm id., OS hm
id., OHG heima id. Related to Gk kmh
village, Lith kimas village, eim
family, Slav *smja id. May also be
connected with OIr cim kind, good.
Ztri+z. Gutt. 49, 185; Tonr-F.rk 8788;
251, 970; Tntn.cnr\ Rod. 165; Vnirs
6162; Oxioxs 445446; V.svrn-
365; Vixr Festschr. Watkins 685702
(rejects comparison with Gk kmh
village).
*xaimiskaz adj.: ON heimskr foolish,
silly, OHG heimisc native. Derived
from *xaimaz ~ *xaimiz. Vnirs ANEW
219.
*xaimjanan wk.vb.: ON heima to take
one in, OE hman to have intercourse
with, to marry, MHG heimen to drive
xailaz 152 xaimjanan
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 152
home. Derived from *xaimaz ~ *xaimiz.
Vnirs ANEW 218; Fnisk I 809 (derived
from kemai to lie which is itself related
to *xaimaz).
*xain sb.f.: ON hein hone, whetstone,
OE hn boundary stone. Close to Av
sani- top. Cf. further Gk know pine-
cone < *(i)-no- (Hin+ BB XXIV 234).
*xairaz sb.m.: ON hrr hoary, OE hr
hoary, grey, old, OFris hr high, sub-
lime, OS hr high, noble, OHG hr
great, sublime. Identical with Slav
*sr grey, further cf. MIr car dark <
*eiro-. Scnvrx+xrn FB 8082; Mrir-
rr+ Etudes 321322, 403 (Slav < Gmc);
Prrrnsrx KZ XXXVIII 392393, XL
176177; Tonr-F.rk 65, 88; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 149; K.ns+rx NB II
I 519, 540; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I
68; Vnirs ANEW 212213; Oxioxs
612; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 248; Hri-
rrnv.xxs 269270; Krtor-Srrnorr
363.
*xaisaz adj.: OE hs hoarse, OFris hs
id., MDu hees id., OHG heis id. Of uncer-
tain origin. Cf. *xairaz. Tonr-F.rk 65;
(to *xajaz); Vnirs ANEW 213; Oxioxs
366.
*xaisraz adj.: ON hss hoarse, ME hoors
id., MLG hsch id., OHG heisar rough,
hoarse. Derivative of *xaisaz or a com-
promise form combining *xaisaz and
*xairaz. Ztri+z. Gutt. 52; Tonr-F.rk
65; K.ns+rx NB II 205, 381382;
Hrirrnv.xxs 270271.
*xaitan sb.n.: Goth anda-hait confession,
acknowledgment, ON heit solemn prom-
ise, vow, OE ht vow, promise, OS
masc. bi-ht calling, OHG masc. bi-heiz
promise. Derived from *xaitanan. Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 149; Fris+ 46; Srrnorr
246247; Lrnv.xx GED 172.
*xaitanan str.vb.: Goth haitan to call (by
name), to address, ON heita id., OE htan
to bid, to call, to name, OFris hta to
call (by name), OS htan id., OHG heizan
id. If the original meaning is to name <
*to identify rather than to call, to sum-
mon, probably based on neut. *xit (see
*xi ). Bntov.xx IF VI 8990 (to Gk
kv to go, to drive); Woor MLN XVI
310 (same as Bntov.xx); Horrv.xx
Festschr. Fick 4041 (to Gk knv to set in
motion); Ztri+z. Gutt. 105 (to Slav
*cditi to strain, to lter); Pr+rnssox
PBB XLIV 173 (to Osset sdyn ~ sedun
to call); Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. II 490491
(to Ir cisse carried in); Tonr-F.rk 64;
Pnokoscn CGG 176178 (from *ki-d-);
246248; An.r\ III 105106 (same as
Pr+rnssox); Lrnv.xx GED 171172;
Krtor-Srrnorr 367.
*xaitaz adj.: ON heitr hot, OE ht
id., OFris ht id., OS ht id., OHG heiz
id. Related to *xajaz. Ztri+z. Gutt.
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 149150; K.ns+rx
NB I 18, 59; Pokonxv I 519; Vnirs
ANEW 220; Oxioxs 449; S+.xo LS 25;
366367.
*xaitjanan wk.vb.: ON heita to brew, to
heat, OE htan to heat, OS htian id.,
OHG heizen to light up. Derived from
*xaitaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 146; Vnirs
*xaitjn sb.m.: Goth bi-haitja boaster,
OE scyld-hete enemy, woe, OS scult-htio
baili. Derived from *xaitanan. Fris+
90; Srrnorr 247.
*xaiina-maz sb.m.: ON heiin-dmr
heathendom, OE hen-dm id., MLG
heiden-dom id., OHG heidan-tuom id. De-
rived from *xaiinaz. C.nn Nom. comp.
xaimjanan 153 xaiina-maz
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 153
*xaiinaz adj.: Goth hains heathen (with
syncope), ON heiinn id., OE hen id.,
OFris hthin id., OS hthin id., OHG hei-
dan id. Derived from *xaiiz with the
original meaning living on the heath,
wild. In individual Germanic languages,
the word might have been inuenced by
Lat pgnus (Gnirxnrnorn Got. 106, but
see Vnirs ANEW 216217). Attested as
Xaideino (Ptol.), people of Western
Scandinavia. Sivox ZdPh LIII 4649
(ON and WGmc from Goth); Jrrrixrk
GGS 165, 190, ZDADL LXVI 134
(against Sivox); Tonr-F.rk 64; Hor+-
n.tsrx IF XXX 48 (to *skaianan ~
*skaianan), AEEW 146; Wrssrx ANF
XLIV 8691; Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 519527
(Goth hains as an adaptation of Gk
ynh); Fris+ 237238; Vnirs ANEW 216;
Krtor-Srrnorr 364.
*xaiiz sb.f.: Goth haii eld, ON heir
heath, OE masc., neut. h id., OS
htha, heitha id. (in pln.), OHG heida id.
Related to OW coit woods, OCorn cuit
id., Bret coet id. (Fick KZ I 368
369). Fick II 76 (to Lat b-ctum pas-
ture for cattle); Sorvsrx KZ XXXIV 14
(follows Fick); Bn.txr PBB XLIII
430431; Tonr-F.rk 64; Krtor ZDW
XI 26; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 146; Fris+
Z.rizxi.k II 213; Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 521
Krtor-Srrnorr 363.
*xajaz sb.n.: Goth hais torch, OHG hei
heat. Probably related to Lith kaist,
kasti to become hot < *kai-t-. Ztri+z.
Gutt. 112; Fris+ 235236; Pokonxv I 519;
Fn.rxkrr 204; Lrnv.xx GED 171;
Hrirrnv.xxs 272.
*xakn sb.m.: ON haki hook, OE haca
bolt, OS hako bolt, hook, OHG fem.
hacka id. Identical with Hitt kaka- tooth
(Ptn\rr IV 1415). From here WGmc
*xakuaz ~ *xakiaz pike > OE hacod,
OS hakth, OHG hehhit derivationally sim-
ilar to Slav *kogt claw (Bntov.xx
Grundri II/1 427). Cf. also *xkaz > OE
hc hook, OFris hk id., MLG hk
corner, angle. Ztri+z. Gutt. 111;
Tonr-F.rk 66; Lrvv IF XXXII 160;
AEEW 143, 167; Pokonxv I 537538;
Vnirs ANEW 203 (to Latv kegis crutch);
Oxioxs 447; S+.xo LS 30; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ II 275; Krtor-Srrnorr
349350.
*xakulaz ~ *xakul(n) sb.m./f.: Goth
hakuls cloak, mantle, ON hkull priests
cope, OE hacele cloak, mantle, hcla id.,
OFris hezil id., OHG hahhul id. Derived
from *xakn, lit. a cloak buttoned with
bulae (Dirrrxn.cn VW II 513). Hin+
BB XXIV 277 (from *xk goat related
to Slav *koza id.); Gnirxnrnorn Got. 107
(to ON haka chin); Mrirrr+ Etudes 172
(agrees with Hin+); Unrrxnrck PBB
XXX 287 (follows Dirrrxn.cn); Srrnnrn
WuS VI 20; Tn.t+v.xx ZdWf VII
171 (to Slovene kozl woven vessel);
Wirrrv.xx PBB XXIX 314 (to Latv
saga cover); Ztri+z. Gutt. 106; Tonr-
II 182; Lrnv.xx GED 173; Gon Origins
*xalba-brunnanaz ~ *xalba-brun-
nenaz adj.: ON hlf-brunnin half-burnt,
OHG halb-brunnan id. Compound of *xal-
baz and participle of *brennanan. C.nn
*xalba-auaz adj.: ON hlf-daur
half-dead, OE healf-ded id., OHG
halb-tt id. Compound of *xalbaz and
*auaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 92 (parallel
formations).
*xalbaz adj.: Goth halbs half , ON hlfr
id., OE healf id., OFris half id., OS half
id., OHG halb id. A dicult word.
Probably related to Skt klpate to suc-
ceed, to t, to be partaken by. Gnirx-
nrnorn Got. 107108 (to Lith als side);
Gtx+rn+ WuS XI 137138 (to Gk klpow
pudenda); Unrrxnrck PBB XXX 287
(< IE *skel-p- to cut); Prrrnsrx KZ
XXXVIII 373 (to Slav *xolp slave,
xaiinaz 154 xalbaz
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 154
serf ); Ztri+z. Gutt. 106; Tonr-F.rk 85
(to OE helfe handle, MLG helve id.,
OHG halb id.); Fris+ 239; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 151; K.ns+rx NB I 48; M.vn-
*xalbi sb.f.: ON helft half , OFris helfte,
halfte id., MLG helfte id. Derived from
*xalbaz. Tonr-F.rk 85; Vnirs ANEW
*xalb sb.f.: Goth halba half , OE healf id.,
OS halba id., OHG halb id. Related to
*xalbaz. Tonr-F.rk 85; Hor+n.tsrx
Srrnorr 350.
*xalbn sb.f.: ON hlfa region, quarter,
OFris halve side, OS halba id., OHG
halba id. Derived from *xalbaz. Tonr-
F.rk 85; Hrirrnv.xxs 273.
*xalan sb.n.: ON hald hold, fastening,
support, custody, OE heald guardian-
ship, protection, OHG masc. burg-halto
city advocate. Derived from *xalanan.
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 150151; Vnirs
*xalanan str.vb.: Goth haldan to tend,
to herd, to graze cattle, ON halda to
hold, OE healdan id., OFris halda to
capture, OS haldan to hold, OHG
haltan id. Related to Toch B kl(t)s- to
goad, to drive, Lat prae-cell to surpass,
to excel < *keld-, celsus soaring, high.
Mrnixorn IF XVIII 236; Ztri+z. Gutt.
106 (to Gk bou-klow shepherd), BB
XXV 99 (to Lat aus-cult to listen);
Bntov.xx IF XXXII 181 (on the vocal-
ism); Tonr-F.rk 84; W.rrr-Horv.xx I
Pokonxv I 548; Oxioxs 444; Vnirs
ANEW 204; Srrnorr 248249; Lrnv.xx
Language XVIII 129 (to *kel- to drive, cf.
Skt kalyati to impel, to bear, to carry, to
do), GED 173174; Krtor-Srrnorr
351352; Ar.vs TB 174.
*xalaz adj.: Goth comp. ni e haldis
none, by no means, ON adv. heldr
rather, more, OS comp. than hald ni just
as, OHG comp. halt sooner, adv. halto
quickly, swiftly. A variant of *xalaz.
Dirrrxn.cn VW II 517518; Fick III 85;
Gnirxnrnorn Got. 108109 (directly to
*xalanan to hold); Knors GRM XXXVI
345347; Tonr-F.rk 85; Unrrxnrck
PBB XXX 287; Fris+ 240; Pokonxv I
351.
*xaliz ~ *xaluz sb.m.: ON hlr a
kind of higher yeoman, halr man,
OSwed hlith man, soldier, OE hle()
man, hero (root stem *xals), OS helith
soldier, hero, OHG helid id. Probably
related to Skt kalya- healthy, prepared
for, clever, Gk kalw beautiful, kalli-
(in compounds) (Srrcn+ KZ LXII 257
258). Ztri+z. Gutt. 107; Jon.xssox
WZKM XIX 237 (to Gk klhw courser,
riding horse < *kelt-); Mrirrr+ MSL
XVII 114 (same as Jon.xssox); Tonr-
F.rk 84 (follow Jon.xssox); Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 144; Srrcn+ 128, 195 (directly to
Gk kalw beautiful); Jn.xssox SF 307
(from *man from Halland); M.vnnorrn
Fnisk I 766767 (against Srrcn+ on
semantic grounds); B.vvrsnrnorn Nom.
215 (to IE *el- to raise); Krtor-
Srrnorr 368; Ar.vs TB 155 (to Toch B
kly-ke boy, youth).
*xaliz adj.: Goth adv. halis-aiw hardly
ever, MHG hel weak. Probably, histori-
cally connected with *xaliz ~ *xaluz.
On the other hand, cf. Latv klst to
dry and probably Slav *kolti to freeze
(Ztn.+v AfslPh XVI 395). Hor+n.tsrx
IF XIV 340 (to Gk klow mutilated),
XXXIX 70; Fris+ 240; Lrnv.xx GED
174.
*xalja-rn(n) sb.f.: Goth-Lat pl. haliurun-
nae witches ( Jord.), OE helle-rne sor-
ceress, necromancer, OHG helli-rna
magic. Compound of *xalj and *rn.
C.nn Nom. comp. 44.
xalbaz 155 xalja-rn(n)
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 155
*xalja-wtjan sb.n.: ON hel-vti hell,
OE helle-wte hell-torment, hell, OS helli-
wti hell, MHG fem. helle-wze id.
Compound of *xalj and *wtjan. Vnirs
ANEW 222.
*xalj sb.f.: Goth halja hell, ON hel
abode of the dead, theon. Hel, the god-
dess of death, OE hell hell, OFris helle
id., OS hellia id., OHG hella id. Derived
from *xelanan thus probably repeating the
semantic motivation of Gk Aidhw < *-
id-. Note MIr luid ar cel went to hell
(Gtx+rn+ Kalypso 3435), cel death.
Sz.rnovskv PBB LXXII 221223 (to
*xalluz ~ *xallaz); Ztri+z. Gutt. 185;
1454; Fris+ 240241; Tnirn Lehm 52
61 (hell < lattice work); Pokonxv I
554; Vnirs ANEW 220221; Fnisk I
*xallaz adj.: ON sbst. hall-ri bad season,
NFris hall dry, MHG hel weak. Cf. also
MDu hael dried up < *xlaz (M.+zrr KZ
CV 110). Related to Lat cale to be
warm, W clyd warm < *to-, Lith yl,
lti to become warm. Tonr-F.rk 83;
*xall sb.f.: ON hll hall (partly from
*xalliz), OE heall id., OS halla id., OHG
halla id. From *xal-n- based on *xelanan.
Srrnorr 350.
*xalluz ~ *xallaz sb.m.: Goth hallus
stone slab, rock, ON hallr big stone,
boulder, OE heall rock. Related to
MIr coll head, leader, Lat collis hill <
*kolnis (or *knis), Lith klnas mountain,
Latv kans id. Ztri+z. Gutt. 47, 106;
Tonr-F.rk 86; Btoor BB XXXII 24 (to
Skt il stone, rock, crag); Hin+ BB
XXIV 278 (to OPrus kalso at cake);
Bntov.xx IF XVII 487, XXIX 233;
Horv.xx I 245; Fris+ 241; Pokonxv I
544, 925; Fn.rxkrr 209210; Vnirs
ANEW 205; Z.rizxi.k II 200; Lrncnxrn
112; W.oxrn KZ XCVII 281283 (to
Lat callum callous, OIr calath hard);
H.vr IF LXXXI 3638; Lrnv.xx GED
174175.
*xalmaz sb.m.: ON hlmr straw, OE
neut. healm stalk, straw, MLG halm
id., OHG halm id. Identical with Hitt
kalam(m)a- broom, rake, Gk klamow
reed, Lat culmus stalk, OPrus salme
straw, Latv sams id., Slav *solma id.
AEEW 151, ANW 104; W.rrr-Horv.xx
I 303304; Pokonxv I 612; Cnrvor.xo\
SGGJa I 6263; Fnisk I 760761; Vnirs
430; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 713; Ptn\rr
IV 18; Krtor-Srrnorr 351.
*xaljanan wk.vb.: OFris halia to call,
OS haln id., OHG haln id. Identical
with Lat cal to call, further related
to Hitt kale- id., Gk kalv id. Tonr-
Srrnorr 380.
*xaln sb.m.: ON hali tail. Closely re-
lated to Skt al- sta, MIr cail spear.
M.vnnorrn III 313314; Pokonxv I
*xalsa-bainan sb.n.: ON fem. hls-beina
neckbone, MLG hals-bn id., OHG hals-
bein id. Compound of *xalsaz and *bainan.
*xalsa-fanan sb.n.: ON hls-fang em-
bracing, OE heals-fan compensation
paid by one sentenced to the pillory,
OFris hals-fang rape. Compound of *xal-
saz and *fanan ~ *fanxan. C.nn Nom.
*xalsa-manjan sb.n.: ON hls-men neck-
lace, OE masc. heals-mene id., OLG
hals-meni id. Compound of *xalsaz and
*manjan. C.nn Nom. comp. 48.
*xalsaz sb.m.: Goth hals neck, ON hls
id., OE heals id., OFris hals id., OS hals
xalja-wtjan 156 xalsaz
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 156
id., OHG hals id. Together with Lat col-
lus, collum id. and MIr coll head, chief
continues IE *k
olso- (F.rk ANF XLI

120). No traces of the initial *k
- in Gmc
(Nonrrx IF IV 320321). Sorvsrx KZ
XXXIV 547 (follows Nonrrx); S+okrs IF
XII 187 (on the Irish form); Ton-
nonxssox Festschr. Noreen 257; Ztri+z.
Gutt. 50, 106; Tonr-F.rk 82; Hor+-
245; Fris+ 241242; Kn.nr SuV 75;
Ponzio Gliederung 113; Pokonxv I 639
*xalsjan sb.n.: ON helsi collar, MHG
helse id. Derived from *xalsaz. Vnirs
ANEW 221.
*xalsjanan wk.vb.: ON hlsa to em-
brace, OS helsian id., OHG halsn, halsn
id. Derived from *xalsaz. Vnirs ANEW
206.
*xaltaz adj.: Goth halts crippled, lame,
ON haltr id., OE healt id., OFris halt
id., OS halt id., OHG halz id. Related to
Arm ka lame, Gk kelln: strebln,
plgion (Hes.), OIr coll destruction,
ruin. Ztri+z. Gutt. 107; Tonr-F.rk
152; K.ns+rx NB I 41; St++rnrix IF
XXV 67 (to Lat claudus lame); W.rrr-
Horrv.xx I 231 (to Skt khoa- limping,
lame, Lat claudus); Srrcn+ 130 (to Russ
koldyka lame person); Tnirn Holz 49 (to
*xultan); Pokonxv I 547; Cnrvor.xo\
425; Lrnv.xx GED 175 (from *kel-,
*kld- to strike; original meaning in
Gmc: *broken bones); Hrirrnv.xxs
275276.
*xaltn sb.f.: ON helti lameness, OFris
strump-helte lameness cause by mutila-
tion, OS spuri-helti limping, OHG sr-
halz disability caused by injury. Derived
from *xaltaz. Hrirrnv.xxs 276.
*xaltjanan wk.vb.: ON heltask to become
halt, OHG ir-helzen to lame. Derived
from *xaltaz. Hrirrnv.xxs 276.
*xalaz adj.: ON hallr sloping, leaning to
one side, OE heald bent, inclined, OFris
north-hald directed northwards, OS hold
inclined, merciful, OHG hald bent
down. Related to *xalanan (cf. also *xal-
anan > OSwed halla to hold). Tonr-
F.rk 8283; Hor+n.tsrx AWN 104 (to
Skt kaka- bracelet, ring, Lith at-kaltE
back), AEEW 151; Pokonxv I 552 (to
Lith als side); Vnirs ANEW 205;
Oxioxs 434; Lrnv.xx GED 403; Hri-
rrnv.xxs 276277; Krtor-Srrnorr 350;
Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*xaln sb.f.: Goth wilja-halei partisan-
ship, partiality, OHG uo-hald steep
place. Derived from *xalaz. Fris+ 563;
v.xxs 276.
*xaljanan wk.vb.: ON hella to pour out,
OE hyldan to incline, to bend, OS af-hel-
dian to cease, OHG gi-helden to incline,
to tilt. Derived from *xalaz. Ztri+z.
v.xxs 277.
*xaljanan wk.vb.: ON halla to lean
sideways, OHG haldn to be tilted, to
bend. Derived from *xalaz. Tonr-F.rk
*xamalaz I sb.m.: ON prop. Hamall,
MLG hamel wether, MHG hamal id.
Substantivized *xamalaz II. Tonr-F.rk
73; Hor+n.tsrx AWN 105 (to Skt neut.
mala- stain, spot, fault), AEEW 152;
(to IE *skep- to cut); Hrirrnv.xxs 277;
Krtor-Srrnorr 353.
*xamalaz II adj.: ON hamal-kyrni a
kind of seed, OHG hamal mutilated.
Identical with Slav *komol hornless
(Scntrzr KZ XL 259), further connected
with *kom lump. K.ns+rx NB II 233;
Brnxrkrn I 554 (against Scntrzr); Tonr-
F.rk 73; Mrirrr+ MSL XIV 376; Wiss-
v.xx AWNP 9798 (secondary derivative
of *xamaljan); Pokonxv I 929; Tnt-
n.cnr\ ESSJa X 174175; Hrirrnv.xxs
*xamaljanan wk.vb.: ON hamla to
mutilate, OE hamelian id., OFris homelia
xalsaz 157 xamaljanan
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 157
id., OHG bi-hamaln to cut, to strike.
Derived from *xamalaz II. Tonr-F.rk
73; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 148; Hrirrn-
*xam(a)ln sb.f.: ON hamla oar-loop,
OHG hamila satyrion, orchis. Related to
Lith kambls leaess stock, Slav *koml
butt-end (of a tree). Further cf. *xamalaz
II. Fn.rxkrr 213; Vnirs ANEW 207 (to
Gk kmaj id.).
*xamaraz sb.m.: ON hamarr hammer,
OE hamor, hamer id., OFris hamer, homer
id., OS hamar, hamur id., OHG hamar id.
With a metathesis of the anlaut similar to
that of slav *kamy, continues a thematic
derivative of IE *a-men- stone: *amoros
identical with Skt amar- stony (S+nri+-
nrno IF II 419). Thus, the original mean-
ing of the Germanic word was stone
hammer. Prrrnsrx KZ XXXII 247;
Dr++rn ZDADL XLII 57 (to *xamalaz II,
cf. Lat saxum large stone, rock ~ sec to
cut); Ztri+z. Gutt. 108; Tonr-F.rk 74;
Gtx+rn+ WuS XI 140 (to *xamalaz II
with a secondary attraction to *a-men-),
Labyrinth 21 (to pre-Gk kamra covered
carriage, vaulted chamber); Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 149; Fn.rxkrr KZ LXIII
Oxioxs 425; S+.xo LS 25; Scnrrrsxikrn
Festschr. lberg 2326; M.nrn JIES I
*xamaz sb.m.: ON hamr skin, shape, OE
ham covering, garment, shirt, hama cov-
ering, MLG ham id., OHG hamo shing-
net. Probably related to Skt am
Prosopis spicigera (Ztri+z. BB XXIV
182) and further to *em- to cover.
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 148; M.vnnorrn
III 299; Pokonxv I 556; Vnirs ANEW
208.
*xam(e)str sb.f.: OS hamustra curculio,
corn-weevil, OHG hamustra hamster.
Probably borrowed from Lat comestor
glutton (Mtni.xo\ Etim. 1983 105).
However, the obvious connection with
Slav *xomstor hamster remains un-
clear. Fick BB II 266 (to Lat cumera
chest, box < *komeso-); Brnxrkrn I 395
(< Slav); Fn.rxkrr 896; Oxioxs 425.
*xamfaz adj.: Goth hamfs mutilated,
maimed, OS hf with crippled hands,
OHG hamf mutilated. Related to OIr
camm crooked, bent and further to Gk
kamp bend, Lat campus eld < *bend-
ing, Lith kaMpas corner, edge, Slav
*kp hill, island (S.tsstnr Recueil 598).
Dirrrxn.cn VW II 529531 (to Gk
kptv to strike); Scnnorrn Idg. Anz.
XXVI 59 (to ON hnafa to cut o);
Atrrrnn..n Lehnw. 2122 (WGmc <
Goth); Ztri+z. Gutt. 108; Tonr-F.rk 74
Fnisk I 774775; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XII
5657; Lrnv.xx GED 175176; Ptn\rr
IV 6163 (adds Hitt kappi- small, little
<? *kampi-); Hrirrnv.xxs 278.
*xam(m)inaz sb.m.: ON hemingr skin of
the hide shanks, prop. Hemingr, OE
hemmin a kind of shoe, OFris hemminge
leather wear, shoe, OHG prop. Haming.
Derived from*xam(m). F.rk NVA 1919,
ANEW 222.
*xam(m)janan wk.vb.: ON hemja to
restrain, to hold back, OE hemman id.,
OFris hemma to mutilate, MDu hemmen
to slow down, OHG gi-hemmen to
humiliate. Derived from *xam(m).
Ztri+z. Gutt. 108; Lovrx+n.r KZ
XLVII 146 (to Gk kmow a kind of
plant, Slav *kon horse); Tonr-F.rk 74;
*xam(m) sb.f.: ON hm ham, OE ham
id., MLG ham(m)e id., MHG hamme id.
From *xanm < *kon6m, an ablaut vari-
ant of *knm: Gk knmh leg, shank, OIr
cnim bone (Fick KZ I 368369).
Pokonxv I 613614; Fnisk I 883; Vnirs
425.
*xam(u)laz sb.m.: Norw dial. humul bar,
MHG hamel bar, rod. Related to
xamaljanan 158 xam(u)laz
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 158
*xam(a)ln. Tonr-F.rk 74 (to Gk kmaj
vine-pole, pole, shaft).
*xan(a)paz sb.m.: ON hampr hemp, OE
hnep id., OS hanup id., OHG hanaf, hanif
id. An early borrowing from Lat cannabis
id. < Gk knnabiw id. Hoors Wald-
bume 472473 (from Scythian or Thra-
cian); Lrvv IF LIII 122; Tonr-F.rk 70;
208; Z.rizxi.k II 187; Oxioxs 436
(related to Lat cannabis); Krtor-Srrnorr
354.
*xanaaz ~ *xaniaz ~ *xanuaz
adj.: Goth handugs wise, Norw hendig
deft, adroit, quick, OE list-hendi having
skilful hands, OHG hantag, hantg wise.
Derived from *xanuz (Mrirrr+ MSL IX
49). Krnx TNTL XX 245246; Gnirx-
nrnorn Got. 110 (to Lith kands snappy,
acrimonious); Br.xkrxs+rix IF XXI
115; Ztri+z. Gutt. 206; Ztri+z. Gutt.
n.tsrx AEEW 155; Krtor Nom. Stamm
100 (to Gk kentv to prick); Fris+
244; Pokonxv I 567; Mrir Wortbild. 192;
Lrnv.xx GED 176 (follows Krtor);
Hrirrnv.xxs 278279.
*xanan ~ *xanun sb.f.: Goth han-
dugei wisdom, OHG hantag sharpness,
agony, pain. Derived from *xanaaz ~
*xaniaz ~ *xanuaz. Fris+ 244; Hri-
rrnv.xxs 279.
*xanjanan wk.vb.: ON henda to catch,
to pick up, OE e-hendan to hold, OFris
henda, handa to catch. Derived from *xan-
uz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 155; Vnirs
*xanlan ~ *xanl sb.n./f.: OE handle
handle, MLG hantel id., OHG hantilla
towel. Derived from *xanuz. Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 149; Oxioxs 426.
*xanljanan wk.vb.: ON hndla to han-
dle, to manage, OE handlian to feel, to
handle, OFris handelia, hondelia to han-
dle, OS handlon to act, to deal, OHG
hantaln to handle, to feel. Derived from
*xanlan ~ *xanl. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
Krtor-Srrnorr 353.
*xanu-bann sb.m.: ON hand-bani
homicide, OE hand-bana id., OS hand-
bano id. Compound of *xanuz and
*bann. C.nn Nom. comp. 48.
*xanu-lamaz adj.: ON hand-lami with
a lame hand (n-stem), OHG hant-lam
id. Compound of *xanuz and *lamaz.
*xanu-lausaz adj.: ON hand-lauss with-
out hands, OFris hand-ls id., MHG
hande-ls id. Compound of *xanuz and
*lausaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 89 (parallel
formations).
*xanu-maenan sb.n.: ON hand-megin
strength of hand, strength, OE hand-
men id., OS hand-magan id. Compound
of *xanuz and *maenan. C.nn Nom.
comp. 48.
*xanu-saxsan sb.n.: ON hand-sax short
sword, OE hand-seax id., OHG *hand-sahs
id. (> Fr hansart). C.nn Nom. comp. 49.
*xanu-werkan sb.n.: ON hand-verk
handiwork, OE hand-weorc id., OS hand-
werk id., OHG hant-werc id. Compound of
*xanuz and *werkan. C.nn Nom. comp.
*xanu-wurxtaz adj.: Goth handu-waurhts
handmade, OE hand-worht id. Com-
pound of *xanuz and *wurxtaz. Fris+
245; C.nn Nom. comp. 88 (calque of Gk
xeiropoihtw in Goth and of Lat manufac-
tum in OE); Vrr+rx JEGP XXIX 349
(calque on Greek); Lrnv.xx GED 177.
*xanuz sb.f.: Goth handus hand, ON
hnd id. (root stem), OE hand id., OFris
hand, hond id., OS hand side, OHG hant
hand. Derived from *xenanan (Gnivv
DG 35), cf. Lith rank hand ~ renk,
rikti to gather. Lorvrx+n.r ANF
XXXIII 123124 (to Slav *ti to
begin); Ztri+z. Gutt. 183; Tonr-F.rk
W.oxrn ZfceltPh XXXII 7677; Srrnorr
255; M.nkrv JIES XII 261292; Htrr
120 (to Alb thua ~ thue nail); Lrnv.xx
GED 176177; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom.
xam(u)laz 159 xanuz
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 159
*xanjanan wk.vb.: ON hengja to hang
up, to suspend, OFris hingia id., OHG
ir-henken id. Causative of *xanxanan ~
*xananan. Vnirs ANEW 222; Srrnorr
*xanxan sb.n.: Goth faura-hah curtain,
OHG bruoh-hh belt, girdle. Derived
from *xanxanan ~ *xananan. Fris+ 145;
Srrnorr 250.
*xanxanan ~ *xananan str.vb.: Goth
hahan to hang, to make hang, ON hanga
id., OE hn id., OFris hu id., OS hhan
id., OHG hhan id. Related to Hitt
kanka-, kankiya- id. (S+tn+r\.x+ Language
VII 172). Probably further connected with
Skt kate to doubt, to fear, Lat cnctor
to hesitate, cf. with a similar metaphoric
usage Goth saiwala unsare hahis ( John 10:
24). Mrirrr+ MSL XV 351352 (pho-
netics of Goth); Tonr-F.rk 70; Fris+
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 307; Jn.xxrssox
IEW 207208; M.vnnorrn III 290;
*xakn); K.vvrxntnrn KZ LXXVII 63
(on Hitt); Oxioxs 426; Srrnorr 249250;
Lrnv.xx GED 168; Ptn\rr IV 4851;
*xanxa-sin(a)w sb.f.: ON h-sin
Achilles tendon, hamstring, OE hh-sinu
id., OFris hxene id., MDu haes-sene id.,
OHG hh-sina. Compound of *xanxaz
II and *sin(a)w. Tonr-F.rk 67; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 168; C.nn Nom. comp. 49;
Krtor-Srrnorr 346.
*xanxaz I sb.m.: Run dat. sg. hahai
courser, OHG hh-, hang- (in prop.).
Related to Gk khkv to gush, to bub-
ble forth, Lith ku, kti to spring, to
dance < *(s)ek-. Or same as *xanxaz II?
Fnisk I 838.
*xanxaz II sb.m.: ON h-mt ankle-joint,
OE hh heel. Related to Lith knka
leg, thigh, knee-cap (Ztri+z. Gutt.
115). Tonr-F.rk 67 (to Lat coxa hip);
Pr+rnssox IF XXXV 271272; Hor+-
Oxioxs 434; S+.xo LS 2728; Krtor-
Srrnorr 346; Dvno BSA 20.
*xanxnan ~ *xannan wk.vb.: Goth
hahan to hang, ON hanga id. (part of
forms), OE hanian id., OFris hangia id.,
OS hangon id., OHG hangn id. Derived
from *xanxanan ~ *xananan. ON h to
wear (by sickness or work), to make
depend < *xanxnan belongs here rather
than to Lith kank pain (despite Ztri+z.
Gutt. 111, 132). Ztri+z. Gutt. 133;
Fris+ 230231; Vnirs ANEW 200;
Srrnorr 250.
*xanxilaz ~ *xanxiln sb.m.: ON hll
heel, OE hla id., OFris hla id., MDu
hiel, hiele id. Derived from *xanxaz II.
Cf. similar forms in Skt kakla- scrag,
shell, Lith kenklE knee-cap. Mrnixorn
IF XVII 121 (ON hll to OHG huohil
small plow); Ztri+z. Gutt. 115; Tonr-
F.rk 67, 70; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 167;
M.vnnorrn I 137; Fn.rxkrr 239; Vnirs
ANEW 209210, 276; Oxioxs 434;
Dvno BSA 20.
*xanxistaz ~ *xanistaz sb.m.: ON
hestr stallion, OE henest horse, steed,
OFris hanxt, hengst, hingst id., MDu henxt
id., OHG hengist gelding. Cf. Celt
*kankstik mare: W caseg, Bret pl. kezeg,
OCorn cassec (from Gmc?). Superlative
of *xanxaz I. Srrnnrn WuS VI 21 (to
MHG hagen draught animal); Scnn.rrn-
Nrnnixo I 626 (to Lat cant(h)rius geld-
ing, ass, mule < *canctrius); Tonr-F.rk
522 (to Lith anks quick, fast); Vnirs
436; R.svtssrx APILKU IV 140; Krtor-
Srrnorr 369.
*xanxuz sb.m.: ON hr thole. Identical
with Skt ak- peg, spike, cf. also Slav
*sk branch. Ztri+z. Gutt. 798;
Tonr-F.rk 70; Srrnnrn WuS VI 20 (to
ON hagr handy, skilful); Ztri+z. Gutt.
133, 184; M.vnnorrn III 290; Pokonxv
I 523; Vnirs ANEW 209 (to *xxn);
xanjanan 160 xanxuz
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 160
GED 189.
*xank sb.f.: ON hnk hank, coil, masc.
hanki hasp, clasp, MLG hank handle.
See *xakn. Tonr-F.rk 67 (to Lith kng
hook); Fn.rxkrr 255 (Lith kng <
Gmc).
*xann sb.m.: Goth hana cock, rooster,
ON hani id., OE hana id., OFris hana, hona
id., OS hano id., OHG hano id. Cf. also
WGmc *xan(n)j > OE hn, hen hen,
OFris henne id., MLG henne id., OHG
henna id. Originally, a singer, cf. Gk
i-kanw rooster. Further connected
with Lat can to sing, OIr canim id.
Uxvrn+n PBB XXXVI 23; M.n-
s+n.xrrn NTS III 247, VII 335
337; Ztri+z. Gutt. 108; Bntov.xx IF
XXXVII 249253; Stor.n+i DVN 228
149, 155; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 154155;
*xans sb.f.: Goth hansa troop, cohort,
crowd, OE hs company, band, MLG
hanse company, OHG hansa cohort,
company. May be compared with Skt
sati to praise, to declare, to vow, Lat
cnse to tax, to assess (Ztri+z. Gutt.
109). Btoor PBB XII 418419 (from
IE *om-sed- to sit together); Os+norr
PBB XIII 425426 (from *on-d-t, to
*d- to give); Wirrrv.xx BB XXVII
212 (to *xenanan); Ztri+z. Gutt. 109;
Tonr-F.rk 71; Mrissxrn apud Fris+ (to
*xunslan); Hrrv PBB XXIX 194196;
K.trv.xx ZdPh XXXVIII 238240;
Scnxr+z apud Lrnv.xx GED 177 (to Lat
scandula shingle, from IE *(s)kend- to
split up, to strew); Roo+n Wortst. 168
(follows Mrissxrn); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
245246; M.vnnorrn III 284285 (sepa-
rates Skt from Lat); Pokonxv I 566;
Z.rizxi.k I 147; Oxioxs 427; Brx-
\rxis+r IEL 6365; Lrnv.xx GED 177;
B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 116 (to *xenanan);
Krtor-Srrnorr 355.
*xantjanan wk.vb.: ON henta to t, OE
hentan to pursue, to follow. Unclear.
222; Oxioxs 441, 453 (to *xenanan).
*xappan sb.n.: ON happ good luck. Cf.
a derivative in OE hp-lc equal.
Compared with OIr cob victory, Lith
kabs tenacious, prehensile, Slav *kob
omen, fortune telling, *koba premoni-
tion (Scn.cnv.+o\ AfslPh XXXIII 90).
Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 116; Tonr-F.rk 74
(reconstruct *xampan); Pokonxv I 610;
Fn.rxkrr 200; Oxioxs 427; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa X 101.
*xarbistu-mnz ~ *xarbustu-
mnz sb.m.: ON haust-mnur
autumn month, September, OE hrfest-
mna id., OHG herbist-mnd id. Com-
pound of *xarbistuz ~ *xarbustuz and
*mnz. C.nn Nom. comp. 72 (parallel
formations).
*xarbistuz ~ *xarbustuz sb.m.: ON
haust autumn (neut.), haustar-tmi au-
tumn period (reects old masc.), OE
hrfest harvest, autumn, OFris herfst id.,
OHG herbist id. Derived from IE *karp- ~
*kerp-: Hitt karp-, karap- to pick, to pluck
(S+tn+r\.x+ Language VI 155156), Lat
carp id., Gk karpw fruit (Hin+ IF
XXXVII 233234). Cf. *xarfaz from
which *xarbistaz can be formally derived.
Bntov.xx IF XXVIII 373 (to Lat castr
to emasculate, to prune < *carp(i)str);
Oxioxs 429; Ptn\rr IV 9198; Krtor-
Srrnorr 370.
*xarn sb.f.: ON heri hardihood, OHG
hert rigidity. Derived from *xaruz.
Hrirrnv.xxs 281.
*xarn ~ *xarj sb.f.: ON pl. herar
shoulder, OHG hart id. Derived from
*xaruz (Hrrrtis+ ANF VII 29) and his-
torically identical with *xarn. Scnvir+
xanxuz 161 xarn
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 161
Vok. II 25 (to Russ pl. *kortyki shoul-
dersbut this form does not exist);
Hin+ PBB XXIII 351 (to Lat cartilag
cartilage); Ztri+z. Gutt. 115 (follows
Scnvir+); Tonr-F.rk 78 (follow
Scnvir+); L.xr JEGP XXXII 293 (to IE
*sker- to cut); Vnirs ANEW 223.
*xarjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-hardjan to
harden, ON hera to temper (of iron), to
clench, to fasten, OE hyrdan to make
hard, OFris herda to strengthen, OS her-
dian id., OHG herten to harden. Derived
from *xaruz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 159;
Fris+ 246; Vnirs ANEW 223; Oxioxs
281.
*xart adv.: ON hara very, OE hearde
severely, very much, OFris herde very,
MLG herde id., OHG harto id. Derived
from *xaruz. Lrnv.xx GED 177.
*xaru-xertaz adj.: Goth deriv. hardu-
hairtei hard-heartedness, OE heard-heort
id. Compound of *xaruz and *xertn.
*xaru-lkaz adj.: ON har-ligr hard,
severe, OE heard-lc id., OHG hart-lh
tenacious. Derived from *xaruz. Hri-
rrnv.xxs 281.
*xaru-raz adj.: ON har-rr hard in
counsel, tyrannical, OE heard-rd stead-
fast, rm. Compound of *xaruz and
*raz. C.nn Nom. comp. 95 (parallel
formations).
*xaruz adj.: Goth hardus hard, ON
harr id., OE heard hard, austere, stern,
rm, OFris adv. herde rmly, very, OS
hard hard, OHG hart id. Related to
Lith karts bitter, Slav *kort-k short.
K.ns+rx NB II 361362; Ztri+z.
Gutt. 109; Mrirrr+ Etudes II 325; Tonr-
AEEW 152; W.rrr-Pokonxv I 354;
I 109; Fn.rxkrr 225; Fnisk II 910;
Brx\rxis+r IEL 366367; S+ntxk MSS
XXXIV 169170 (on the comparison
with Gk kratw strong); Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa XI 104; Lrnv.xx GED 177;
*xarfaz sb.m.: ON prop. Harfr, Swed harv
harrow. Related to Gk karpw fruit,
krpion sickle, Lat carp to pick, to
pluck, MIr corrn sickle. Tonr-F.rk
79; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 172173; Tnirn
Holz 70; Pokonxv I 944; Vnirs ANEW
211; Fnisk I 792793.
*xari-fariz sb.f.: ON her-fer military
expedition, OFris here-ferd id., OS here-
vart id., OHG heri-fart id. Compound of
*xariz ~ *xarjaz and *fariz. C.nn Nom.
*xari-fulkan sb.n.: ON her-flk men of
war, OE here-folc people forming an
army, OFris hiri-folk men of war. Com-
pound of *xariz ~ *xarjaz and *fulkan.
C.nn Nom. comp. 49.
*xari-xurnan sb.n.: ON her-horn trum-
pet, OHG heri-horn id. Compound of
*xariz ~ *xarjaz and *xurnan. C.nn Nom.
*xari-mannz sb.m.: ON her-mar war-
rior, OE here-mann soldier, MDu her-
man id., OHG heri-man id. Compound of
*xariz ~ *xarjaz and *mannz. C.nn Nom.
comp. 49.
*xari-skeluz ~ *xari-skeliz sb.m.:
ON her-skjldr war-shield (if not from
MLG), MLG her-schilt id., MHG her-
schilt shield as a sign of a levy. Com-
pound of *xariz ~ *xarjaz and *skeluz ~
*skeliz. C.nn Nom. comp. 73 (parallel
formations).
*xari-skipan sb.n.: ON her-skip warship,
OHG heri-skif id. Compound of *xariz ~
*xarjaz and *skipan. C.nn Nom. comp. 83
*xari-weaz sb.m.: ON her-vegr war
path, OE here-we highway, OFris here-
wei war path, MLG her-wech id., MHG
her-wec id. Compound of *xariz ~ *xarjaz
and *weaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 49.
*xari-wiz sb.f.: ON pl. her-vir
armor, OE here-wd id. Cf. also MLG
neut. here-wde id. Compound of *xariz ~
*xarjaz and *wiz. C.nn Nom. comp. 73
xarn 162 xari-wiz
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 162
*xari-wpnan sb.n.: ON her-vpn wea-
pon, OE here-wpen id. Compound of
*xariz ~ *xarjaz and *wpnan. C.nn
*xari-wpan ~ *xari-wpaz sb.n./m.:
ON her-p war-cry, OE here-wp shout
raised by an army. Compound of *xariz
~ *xarjaz and *wpan ~ *wpaz. C.nn
*xariz ~ *xarjaz sb.m.: Goth harjis
army, ON herr host, people, army, OE
here army, OFris here id., OS heri id.,
OHG neut. heri id. Related to MIr cuire
crowd, Lith krias army, war, OPrus
kargis army. Nrckrr KZ LX 284
(*Hari- as a deity in ancient prop. dat.
Hari-gasti ); Ztri+z. Gutt. 109; Tonr-F.rk
76; Srrcn+ KZ LX 130138; Hor+-
I 615616; Bo. III 950951; Fn.rxkrr
213; Oxioxs 429; Brx\rxis+r IEL 91, 93,
247; Torono\ PJa III 221; Lrnv.xx
*xarjanaz sb.m.: ON Herjann (Odins epi-
thet). Identical with Gk koranow king,
head of the army (Os+norr IF V
275277; Btoor PBB XXI 422), Phryg
kuryan-eyon chief, king (Ltno+skv Kadmos
XXVII/1 23). Further connected with
*xariz ~ *xarjaz. Tonr-F.rk 76; Srrcn+
KZ LX 130; Pokonxv I 615; Vnirs
ANEW 223224; Fnisk I 894895; Lrn-
v.xx GED 178; Onrr Phrygian 438.
*xarjjanan wk.vb.: ON herja to harry, to
despoil, to waste, OE herian to pillage,
to plunder, OFris ur-heria to make raids,
OS herin, herrn id., OHG herin, herrn to
plunder, to raid. Derived from *xariz ~
*xarjaz. Tonr-F.rk 76; Hor+n.tsrx
429.
*xarmaz I sb.m.: ON harmr sorrow, grief ,
OE hearm harm, injury, grief , OFris herm
sorrow, grief , OS harm id., OHG harm
id. Identical with far6ma- shame, Slav
*sorm id. (Mrirrr+ Etudes 428) and, fur-
ther, with Lith arm frost (L.nix Vestnik
LGU XIV 150153 with other examples
of this semantic evolution). K.n+srx NB
II 245246; Ztri+z. Gutt. 183184;
Mrirrr+ Etudes 428; Tonr-F.rk 79;
724; Koi\trrn+o Festschr. Alinei 133147;
Krtor-Srrnorr 357.
*xarmaz II adj.: ODan harm angry, OE
hearm causing harm, grievous, OS harm
grievous. See *xarmaz I. Hrirrnv.xxs
282.
*xarmi sb.f.: ON hermd vexation,
anger, OHG harmida calamity. Derived
from *xarmaz I. Vnirs ANEW 224.
*xarmjanan wk.vb.: ON harma to
bewail, OE hearmian to harm, to hurt, to
injure, OHG harmn to sadden. Derived
from *xarmaz I. Vnirs ANEW 212.
*xarmn sb.m.: OE hearma shrewmouse
(?), OS harmo weasel, shrewmouse,
OHG harmo id. Identical with Lith armu,
ermu id. Tonr-F.rk 79; Tn.t+v.xx
BSW 300; Pokonxv I 574; Fn.rxkrr
*xarpa-slaiz sb.m.: ON hrpu-slagr strik-
ing the harp, OE hearp-slee id. Com-
pound of *xarpn and *slaiz. A secondary
composition vowel in ON. C.nn Nom.
*xarpa-strenaz sb.m.: ON hrpu-strengr
harp string (secondary -u-), OE hearpe-
stren id. Compound of *xarpn and
*strenaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 81 (parallel
formations).
*xarpn sb.f.: ON harpa harp, OE hearpe
id., OS harpa id., OHG harpfa id. Cf. also
ON munn-harpa cramp in the mouth
from cold. Related to Lat corbis basket,
Lith kabas id., Slav *korb ~ *korba id.
Srrnnrn WuS III 6877 (to *xarfaz);
Ztri+z. Gutt. 114, KZ XXXVI 65 (ON
munn-harpa to Gk krmbow dry); Tonr-
F.rk 78; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 117
Horv.xx I 272273; Pokonxv I 948 (to
*(s)kerb- to turn, to bend); Fn.rxkrr
220; Vnirs ANEW 212 (ON munn-harpa to
xari-wpnan 163 xarpn
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 163
G dial. Harpf woman); Z.rizxi.k I
155; Oxioxs 428; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa
XI 5254; Ltnn Expr. 264265; Krtor-
Srrnorr 356357.
*xarskaz adj.: Norw dial. harsk with
a hard voice, MLG harsch harsh, rough.
Derived from or related to *xaruz (Hor+-
n.tsrx AWN 107). K.ns+rx NB II 450;
Tonr-F.rk 80; Pokonxv I 532533;
Vnirs ANEW 212213 (to Lith kari,
kati to comb); Ptn\rr IV 109 (to Hitt
kari- harsh); Hrirrnv.xxs 282283.
*xaruaz sb.m.: ON hrgr heathen altar of
stones, OE hear temple, idol, OHG
harug holy grove, holy stone. Borrowed
from continental Celt *karrik stone
(OW carrecc, OBret carrec) or, rather, from
its non-IE source (Htnscnvir+ Pyren.
3132, 6566). Nonrrx Abri 87, 829
(to Lat carcer prison); Mrnixorn WuS X
188 (same as Nonrrx); Tonr-F.rk 77;
Srrcn+ KZ LXIV 12; Ekv.rr MASO III
41 (to Swed dial. har stony ground);
532 (to IE *kar- hard); Vnirs ANEW
281; Z.rizxi.k I 132; Vrxrnvrs C-31;
Fnirrnicn Trees 150 (to OPrus karige
rowan-tree); B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 156
(< *xaruz).
*xaruaz sb.m.: ON pl. Hrar Hords,
inhabitants of the Hardangerfjord in
Norway, OE pl. Hredas id. Also attested
as Lat Harudes, Gk Xarodew. Probably
further related to WGmc *xaruaz forest
(OE hara, MHG hart). (Gnirxnrnorn
ZDADL XLVI 166). Tonr-F.rk 7677;
532 (to OIr caur hero < *karuts); Vnirs
ANEW 281.
*xasla-xnuts sb.f.: Swed hassel-nt hazel-
nut, OE hsel-hnutu id., MLG hasel-note
id., OHG hasal-nuz id. Compound of
*xaslaz and *xnutz. C.nn Nom. comp. 49.
*xaslaz sb.m.: ON hasl hazel, OE hsel
id., MDu hasel id., OHG hasal id.
Identical with Lat corulus hazel-shrub,
lbert-shrub < *kosulo-, OIr coll hazel,
OW coll id. < *koslo-. (Ztri+z. Gutt. 206).
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 280; Kn.nr SuV 80;
*xasnaz adj.: OHG hasan polished, ne.
Identical with Lat cnus grey < *asno-
(Wrisr BB II 289). Cf. also Hitt kai-
shade of white. Scnvrx+xrn FB 80;
V.svrn ZfslPh II 5758 (adds Slav *sosna
pine < *grey tree); W.rrr-Horv.xx
I 156; Pokonxv I 533; Ptn\rr IV
119120; Hrirrnv.xxs 283284.
*xasn ~ *xazn sb.m.: ON heri hare,
OE hara id., OFris hasa id., MLG hase id.,
OHG haso id. Related to W ceinach id. <
*kasi-n-ako-, OPrus sasins, cf. also Skt a-
id. < *as- (Fons+rnv.x KZ I 498) and
Hitt gagastia- hare (?) (Ptn\rr IV 17). A
taboo word based on the color adjective
preserved in *xasnaz, *xaswaz. Ztri+z.
Gutt. 183; Scnvrx+xrn FB 7980;
Hrxrniksrx IF LVI 27; Tonr-F.rk 76;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 149; Ponzio Glie-
derung 197; M.vnnorrn III 316317,
Sprache VII 181; Pokonxv I 533; Cnrvo-
r.xo\ SSGJa I 58; Vnirs ANEW 223;
Srrnorr 358359.
*xasp(j)n sb.f.: ON hespa hasp, fasten-
ing, OE hpse hasp, clasp, MLG haspe
id. Unclear. Lorvrx+n.r ANF XXXV
233 (to Slav *kosa); Pr+rnssox AfslPh
XXXVI 137138; Tonr-F.rk 71 (recon-
struct *xaps-, to Lith kabE small hook);
359.
*xaswaz adj.: ON hss grey, OE hasu
id., MHG heswe pale, dull. Related to
*xasnaz. Scnvrx+xrn FB 80; Tonr-
Z.rizxi.k I 153; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom.
244; Hrirrnv.xxs 284; Hirv.nssox Mat.
156 (to Toch B kswo eruption, inam-
mation of the skin).
*xatalaz ~ *xatulaz adj.: OESc of-hatul
extremely pleasant, OE hatol, hetol hos-
tile, evil, OS hatulo hate-lled, OHG
xarpn 164 xatalaz
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 164
hazzal guileful, malicious. Derived from
*xataz ~ *xatez, *xatjanan. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 150; Hrirrnv.xxs 284285.
*xataz ~ *xatez sb.m./n.: Goth hatis
hatred, anger, ON hatr id., OE hete id.,
OFris hat id., OS heti id., OHG haz id.
Related to Toch A kat destruction, Av
sdra- grief, sorrow, Osc cadeis enmity,
Gk kdow sorrow, MIr caiss hatred.
Ztri+z. Gutt. 184; B.n+norov.r 1570
AEEW 157; Fris+ 247248; Enxot+-
Mrirrr+ 698 (to Lat d to hate with
a preformant *k-); Pokonxv I 517;
Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 87; Fnisk I
*xatjanan wk.vb.: Goth hatjan to hate,
OE hettan to hate, MHG hetzen to
pursue. Derived from *xataz ~ *xatez.
Fris+ 248; Prr+rns KZ CI 168; Lrnv.xx
*xatnan ~ *xatjanan wk.vb.: Goth
hatan to hate, ON hata id., OE hatian id.,
OFris hatia id., OS haton id., OHG hazzn
id. Derived from *xataz ~ *xatez. Ktnx
KZ I 95; Tonr-F.rk 68; Hor+n.tsrx
*xattuz sb.m.: ON httr hood, OE htt
hat, OFries hath hood. Cf. also WGmc
*xaz > OE hd coat with a hood, OE
hd hood, OFris hd id., OS hd id.,
OHG huot id. Of unknown origin.
Ztri+z. Gutt. 207; Tonr-F.rk 69 (to Lat
cassis helmet); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 146,
167 (*xaz to Lat cassis helm); Pokonxv
I 516; Vnirs ANEW 282; Oxioxs 430,
*xa(a)rn sb.m.: OHG hadara lump,
early G Hader quarrel. Derived from
*xauz. Identical with Slav *kotera ~
*kotora quarrel (Btoor KZ XXXII 49).
Skt atru- enemy is derivationally less
close. Ztri+z. KZ XXXVII 400;
Unrrxnrck PBB XXVI 287 (to Arm kotor
scrap, fragment); Tonr-F.rk 69; M.v-
nnorrn III 294; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XI
200201; Krtor-Srrnorr 346 (separates
OHG from this etymon).
*xauz sb.m./f.: Burg *haus ght, ON
h war, slaughter, theon. Hr, OE
heau-der brave, stout in war, OFris -had
(in prop.), OS hathu- id. (in prop.), OHG
prop. Hadu-wg id. Identical with Hitt
kattu- spiteful, OIr cath id., Thrac theon.
Ktuw (Fick Spracheinh. 422). Tonr-F.rk
Thr. 258259; Pokonxv I 534; Vnirs
ANEW 278279; Fnisk I 932; Konrrn
711; Ptn\rr IV 138140; Krtor-
*xaubuan ~ *xaubian sb.n.: Goth
haubi head, ON haufu id., OE hefod
id., OFris hved, hd id., OS hbid id.,
OHG houbit id. Secondary (taboo?) vari-
ants of *xabuan (Nonrrx ANF VI 310).
M.ns+n.xrrn Kl. 25 (the rst syllable
inuenced by the following -u-); Ztri+z.
(analogical inuence of *xbn); Z.riz-
Krtor-Srrnorr 360.
*xauaz ~ *xauan sb.m./n.: ON haugr
mound, cairn, OHG houg hill. A vari-
ant of *xauxaz with a dierent stress pat-
tern. Close to Lith kaUkas swelling, ulcer,
Slav *kuka hook (Woor IF XVIII 35).
Tn.t+v.xx BSW 121122; Fn.rxkrr
229230; Vnirs ANEW 213214; Tnt-
n.cnr\ ESSJa XIII 8687; Hrirrnv.xxs
*xauxa-beran ~ *xauxa-beraz
sb.n.: ON h-bjarg high rock, OE
hah-beor high mountain. Compound
of *xauxaz and *beran ~ *beraz. C.nn
*xauxa-xertaz adj.: Goth hauh-hairts
haughty, proud, OE heh-heort id. Com-
pound of *xauxaz and *xertaz (see *xertn).
formations); Lrnv.xx GED 171, 179.
*xauxa-lkaz adj.: ON h-ligr high,
xatalaz 165 xauxa-lkaz
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 165
sublime, OE he-lic high, OHG hh-lh
id. Derived from *xauxaz. Hrirrnv.xxs
286.
*xauxa-saliz sb.m.: ON pl. h-salir high
hall, OE heh-sele id. Compound of
*xauxaz and *saliz ~ *salaz. C.nn Nom.
comp. 58.
*xauxa-staiz sb.m.: ON h-star high
place, OE heh-stede id. Compound of
*xauxaz and *staiz. C.nn Nom. comp. 58.
*xauxaz adj.: Goth hauhs high, ON hr
id., OE heh id., OFris hch id., OS hh
id., OHG hh id. Closely related to Toch
A koc, B kauc high. Further cf. Skt koca-
desiccation, kucati to curve, NPers k
bent, crooked, Lith kaUkas bump, swell-
ing, Slav *kuka hook (Woor IF XVIII
35), OIr car crooked < *kukro-. Ktnx
KZ I 137; Scnvrizrn KZ I 558, 560;
K.ns+rx NB I 62; Ztri+z. Gutt. 110,
n.tsrx AEEW 150; M.vnnorrn I 269;
Vnirs ANEW 210; Oxioxs 440; S+.xo LS
27; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XIII 8687;
Srrnorr 378; Ar.vs TB 208; Bot+k.x
OFED s.v.
*xauxi sb.f.: Goth hauhia height, ON
h id., OE hho id., MDu hogede id.,
OHG hhida id. Derived from *xauxaz.
Pirrixo SNF XII/1 68 (ON < *xaxwi);
Nom. 117; Hrirrnv.xxs 286.
*xauxn sb.f.: Goth hauhei height, OS hh
id., OHG hh id. Derived from *xauxaz.
Fris+ 249; Lrnv.xx GED 179; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 286.
*xauxjanan wk.vb.: Goth hauhjan to
make high, OESc hghia to raise, OE
han id., OFris hia id., OLG ir-hen id.,
OHG gi-hhen id. Derived from *xauxaz.
Structurally close to Slav *kuiti to touch,
to gather. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 158;
Fris+ 249; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XIII 81;
*xaulaz ~ *xauln sb.m./f.: ON haull
rupture, hernia, OE hela rupture,
OHG hla id. Related to Gk klh hump,
hernia < *kel, Lith kla swelling,
Slav *kyla hernia (Sorvsrx KZ XXXI
471). Ztri+z. Gutt. 110; Bo. RFV
LXXI 54; Tonr-F.rk 66; Knr+scnvrn
KZ XXXI 471473 (on Gk klh);
r.xo\ SGGJa I 109; Fn.rxkrr 306;
Fnisk I 839840; Vnirs ANEW 214; Tnt-
n.cnr\ ESSJa XIII 262263.
*xaunaz adj.: Goth hauns low, humble,
OE hen low, mean, abject, OFris hna
low, humble, OHG hni shameful.
Close to Gk kaunw: kakw, sklhrw,
klrow (Hes.), Latv kuns ignominy,
shame. Ztri+z. Gutt. 110 (to MHG
hren to cower); Tonr-F.rk 66; Fris+
Pis.xi RIL LXXVI/2 30 (to Toch A i
shame); Pokonxv I 535; Fnisk I 803;
Cn.x+n.ixr 506; S+.xo LS 27; Lrnv.xx
GED 179; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 246 (from
*xawwanan); Hrirrnv.xxs 286287;
Krtor-Srrnorr 380.
*xauni sb.f.: Goth haunia silence,
humility, OE hn, hnu abasement,
humiliation, OFris hnde injury, OS
hnitha ignominy, shame, OHG hnida
disgrace. Derived from *xaunaz. Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 159; Fris+ 249; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 287.
*xaunjanan wk.vb.: Goth haunjan to
abase, to humiliate, OE hnan to abuse,
to humiliate, OFris hna to get over, OS
gi-hnian to abase, to humiliate, OHG
hnen id. Derived from *xaunaz. Hor+-
v.xxs 287.
*xaupaz sb.m.: OE hap heap, pile,
crowd, OFris hp id., OS hp id., OHG
houf id. A phonetically irregular counter-
part of IE *koupo- (with Gmc *-p- < IE
*-p-?): Av kaofa- hill, Lith kaUpas id., Slav
*kupa ~ *kup heap, group (of trees).
Ztri+z. Gutt. 22, 115; B.n+norov.r
431; Tonr-F.rk 9495 (< *koupn-);
xauxa-lkaz 166 xaupaz
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 166
590591 (thinks of a separate IE *keub-),
591; Fn.rxkrr 231; Z.rizxi.k I 132;
Oxioxs 432; S+.xo LS 27 (to Lith kaUbras
hill); Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XIII 107108;
Krtor-Srrnorr 360.
*xausaz sb.m.: ON hauss skull. Identical
with Skt ka- cupboard, treasury, Lith
kuas skull, laddle, scoop (Hin+ BB
XXIV 278). Jon.xssox IF XIX 125
133; Ztri+z. Gutt. 111; M.vnnorrn I
Vnirs ANEW 214.
*xauzjanan ~ *xausjanan wk.vb.:
Goth hausjan to hear, ON heyra id., OE
hran id., OFris hra id., OS hrian id.,
OHG hren id. Related to Gk kov to
note, kov to hear with unclear
- (Drrnntck KZ XVI 271), Lat caue
to take heed. See *skawwjanan. Gnirx-
nrnorn Got. 111 (preposition *x- and
main stem *ausjanan); Ztri+z. Gutt. 206;
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 186187; Fris+ 251
252; Pokonxv I 587588; Fnisk I 890
383.
*xawjanan wk.vb.: ON heyja to execute,
to perform, OE hean to perform.
Probably connected with *xawwanan.
Ztri+z. Gutt. 122 (to Gk skeow vessel,
implement, Slav *kutiti ); Tonr-F.rk 66;
226; V.x Wixrrkrxs I 237238 (to Toch
A ktsets nished, perfect, B ktsaitse old).
*xawwan sb.n.: ON hgg stroke, blow,
OE e-hew striking together, gnashing.
Derived from *xawwanan. Hor+n.tsrx
251.
*xawwanan str.vb.: ON hggva to strike,
to smite, OE hewan to cut, to hew,
OFris hwa id., OS pret. ga-hio id., OHG
houwan id. Related to Toch A ko-, B kau-
to kill, Lat cd to strike, Lith kuju,
kuti id., Slav *kuj, *kovati to forge
(Btoor KZ XIX (1870) 414). Hin+ BB
XXIV 276; Ztri+z. Gutt. 122; Mrirrr+
MSL XIV 355; Tonr-F.rk 6566;
Oxioxs 439; Srrnorr 251; Lixrrv.x
*xawwjan sb.n.: Goth hawi hay, ON hey
id., OE he id., OFries h, hai, h id., OS
hi id., OHG hewi, hou id. Derived from
*xawwanan (Po++ apud Fris+). The origi-
nal meaning was cut grass. Lirrx
Festschr. Bugge 94 (reconstructs *xawjan);
Unrrxnrck PBB XXII 191 (to Slav
*kovyl feather-grass, Stipa pennata);
Ztri+z. Gutt. 52, 75, 122; Tonr-F.rk 66;
251; Lixrrv.x Verschrfung 16.10; Lrn-
*xazaz sb.m.: ON haddr womans hair.
Cf. OE heordan hards of ax, MDu hde
ax ber, oakum, OFris hde oakum.
Related to OIr cass curl < *kastos, Lith
kas plait, OPrus kexti plaited hair, Slav
*kosa id. Ztri+z. Gutt. 103; Tonr-F.rk
r.xo\ SGGJa I 6162; Fn.rxkrr 226;
Vnirs ANEW 200; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XI
*xazjanan wk.vb.: Goth hazjan to praise,
OE herian id. Unclear. Fick I 42, 420
(to Skt sti to order, to direct, Av ssti
to call, to learn); V.xirk Lat. 68 (to Lat
carmen verse, song); Ztri+z. Gutt. 184;
157; Fris+ 252253; Pokonxv I 530
531 (reconstructs *kar- to praise), 533;
Vnirs ANEW 224 (to Skt carkarti to make
mention of < *ker-), Lrnv.xx GED 181
(against comparisons with *ens-).
*xazwaz sb.m.: ON hrr ax, OFris her,
har id., OHG har, haro id. Substantivized
*xaswaz? Alternatively, a derivative of IE
*kes- to comb: Hitt kii- to comb, Slav
xaupaz 167 xazwaz
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 167
*esati id. (Krtor-Srrnorr 345). Hin+
BB XXIV 275; Tonr-F.rk 79 (recon-
struct *xarwaz < *xarzwaz); Vnirs ANEW
281282.
*xexln sb.f.: ON hla hoar frost. Close
to Skt ira- cool, cold, Lith elis
shade, shadow reduplicated fromIE *el-
cold. Cf. *xalan ~ *xalaz. Ztri+z.
Gutt. 184; Tonr-F.rk 84; M.vnnorrn III
975976; Fn.rxkrr 976.
*xelanan str.vb.: OE helan to conceal, to
hide, OFris hela id., OS helan id., OHG
helan id. Related to Lat cel to hide, to
conceal, OIr celid to conceal (Gtx+rn+
Kalypso 3435). Ztri+z. Gutt. 185; Tonr-
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 198199; Jn.xxrs-
sox IEW 242244; Pokonxv I 553;
Srrnorr 252253; Lrnv.xx GED 174,
*xeliz ~ *xelj sb.f.: ON hildr battle
(nom. sg. < *xeliz), OE hild id., OS hildi
id., hild id., OHG hilt(i)a id. Related to
OIr coll destruction, MIr ceallach war,
W coll destruction, Bret koll id. (S+okrs
BB IX 88). Fons+rnv.x KZ I 104;
n.tsrx AEEW 160; L.xr Language IX
247; Tnirn PBB LXVI 241; Pokonxv I
ANEW 226227; Z.rizxi.k II 213.
*xelmaz sb.m.: Goth hilms helmet, ON
hjlmr id., OE helm id., OFris helm id., OS
heli-helm id., OHG helm id. Close to Skt
neut. rman- protection, shelter, cover
(Btoor BB III 118), Thrac zalmw hide
(Tov.scnrk Thr. II/1 10). See *xelanan.
M.ns+n.xrrn NVA 1925/1 32 (to Lat
culmen point, summit, ridge); Tonr-F.rk
255; Dr+scnrv Thr. 175; M.vnnorrn III
230; Z.rizxi.k I 132; Oxioxs 435; Srr-
Srrnorr 369.
*xelmn ~ *xalmn sb.m.: OE helma
helm, rudder, MLG helm oar shaft,
OHG joh-halmo yoke rudder. Related to
Lith klmas tree stump, OPrus kalmus
cane. Ztri+z. Gutt. 113, 152; Prnssox
Beitrge 147149; Tonr-F.rk 82; Tn.t+-
Pokonxv I 546, 924925; Fn.rxkrr 237;
Vnirs ANEW 230231 (from *skel-b-);
Oxioxs 435.
*xelpa-lausaz adj.: ON hjlp-lauss help-
less, ME help-less id., OFris helpe-ls id.,
MHG helfe-ls id. Compound of *xelp
and *lausaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 89 (paral-
lel formations).
*xelpanan str.vb.: Goth hilpan to help,
ON hjlpa id., OE helpan id., OFris helpa
id., OS helpan id., OHG helfan id. With
unclear dierences in consonantism, con-
nected with Lith elpi, epti id. Cf.
also OLith elbtis (Mrirrr+ BSL XXI
126, XXIX 31) which, however, seems
to have a secondary -b- (Fn.rxkrr 971).
IEW250; Tnirn Lehm 56; Pokonxv I 554;
231; Fn.rxkrr 971972; Z.rizxi.k II
196; Oxioxs 436; Srrnorr 254255;
*xelp sb.f.: ON hjlp, hjlp help, OE
help id., OFris helpe id., OS helpa id.,
OHG helfa id. Cf. Burg *hilps id. Derived
from *xelpanan. Tonr-F.rk 85; Hor+-
Oxioxs 436; Srrnorr 254; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 110; Konrrn 711; Krtor-
Srrnorr 374.
*xeltan sb.n.: ON hjalt knob at the end of
a swords hilt, OE hilt handle, OS helta
id. (fem.), OHG helza id. (fem.). Con-
nected with *xultan. Tonr-F.rk 84;
F.rk NVA 1914/6 24; Hor+n.tsrx
441.
*xeln sb.f.: ON hilla shelf , MLG hilde
manger. Probably derived from *xelanan.
Tonr-F.rk 81 (to Lith keli, klti to lift);
xazwaz 168 xeln
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 168
*xemena-kunaz adj.: Goth himina-kunds
heavenly, OE heofon-cund id. Compound
of *xemenaz and *kunaz. Fris+ 256;
C.nn Nom. comp. 88 (parallel formations);
Lrnv.xx GED 183.
*xemena-leuxmn sb.m.: ON himin-
ljmi heavenly light, OE heofon-lema id.
Compound of *xemenaz and *leuxmn.
*xemena-tunlan sb.n.: ON himin-tungl
luminary, heavenly body, OE heofon-
tunol id., OS heban-tungal id. Cf. also
OHG himil-zungal id. Compound of
*xemenaz and *tunlan. C.nn Nom. comp.
50; Z.rizxi.k I 144; Lrnv.xx GED
348.
*xemena-wanaz sb.m.: ON himin-vangr
heaven, heavenly eld, OS heban-wang
id. Compound of *xemenaz and *wanaz.
C.nn Nom. comp. 56.
*xemenaz sb.m.: Goth himins sky,
heaven, ON himinn id., OE heofon id., OS
heban id. Cf. also heteroclytic l-forms:
OFris himel, himul id., OS himil id., OHG
himil id. With a metathesis of the anlaut
and modications of vocalism, continues
a thematic derivative of IE *a-men- vault
of stone, sky: Skt man- stone, rock,
heaven, Av asman- stone, heaven, Gk
kmvn (meteoric) stone, anvil, kmvn:
oranw (Hes.), Lith akmu stone, Slav
*kamy id. (Rricnrr+ KZ XLVI 343, IF
XXXII 2357). B.n+norov.r 207
208; Tonr-F.rk 73; L.xr Language XI
193 (to Latv kamisis shoulder); Fn.rx-
krr KZ LXIII 183184; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 156; Fris+ 256; Pnokoscn CGG
87 (dissimilation of sonorants in *xemelaz
< *xemenaz); Zoxrrnnrorn AnZDA LXXI
152 (variation of l- and n-suxes);
Brx\rxis+r Origines 17 (to Gk kamra
covered carriage, vaulted chamber);
Ponzio Gliederung 75, 190; M.vnnorrn I
6061; Pokonxv I 19, 557 (from IE
*em- to cover); Fn.rxkrr 5; Vnirs
ANEW 227 (against Rricnrr+); Z.riz-
xi.k I 132; Fnisk I 54; Oxioxs 433;
Scnixrrrn Kratylos XV 152; H.vr JL III
8390; M.nrn JIES I 441462 (from the
original meaning *sharp thing > axe >
thunder > sky); Lrnv.xx GED 183
184 (related to *xamaz); Krtor-Srrnorr
374375.
*xemern sb.f.: OHG hemera hellebore.
Identical with Lith pl. kemera Eupa-
torium cannabinum L., Slav *emer
hellebore (Ztri+z. KZ XXXVII 399).
Lorvrx+n.r WuS X 185; Tonr-F.rk 74;
S+.xo LS 16; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa IV
5253.
*xenj(n) sb.f.: ON hind hind, roe (root
stem), OE hind hind, OS hindi- (in
cmpn.), OHG hinta id. From *ken-t- rela-
ted to Skt kanna- young, Gk kainw
new, Lat re-cns fresh, young, new.
Ztri+z. Gutt. 207; Tonr-F.rk 71 (to Gk
kemw young deer); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
norrn I 151; Pokonxv I 556 (to Skt ma-
hornless), 563564; Vnirs ANEW 228;
Fnisk I 754755; Z.rizxi.k II 208;
*xenkjanan wk.vb.: ON hinka to limp,
to hobble, OE hincian id. Cf. a secondary
strong verb in MLG hinken id., OHG
hincan id. Related to *xakn? Krtor-
Srrnorr 375 (to Gk skzv id.).
*xenanan str.vb.: Goth fra-hinan to take
captive, to capture, OSwed hinna to
gain. Any connection with Gk kentv to
prick, to goad? Tonr-F.rk 7071;
Hor+n.tsrx IF XX 326 (to Lat scand to
climb, to rise); Fris+ 161; Srrnorr 255
*xen(n) sb.f.: ON hinna lm, mem-
brane, OE hion bone of the head (?).
Probably derived from *xenanan. Lirrx
BB XXI 107 (to OIr ceinn scale);
228.
*xerjaz sb.m.: Goth hairdeis herdsman,
shepherd, ON hirir id., OE hierde id.,
OS hirdi id., OHG hirti id. Derived from
*xer. Structurally close to Lith kedius
shepherd. Tn.t+v.xx BSW 127128;
xemena-kunaz 169 xerjaz
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 169
Z.rizxi.k I 137; Oxioxs 437; Brx-
\rxis+r 48; Lrnv.xx GED 170171;
377.
*xer sb.f.: Goth hairda herd, ock, ON
hjr id. (partly *xeriz), OE heord id., OS
herda sequence, shift, OHG herta herd.
Connected with Skt rdha- crowd,
might, Av sar6da- type, Gk kryuw
heap, MW cordd crowd, OPrus krdan
time, Slav *erda series, row, herd (Fick
KZ XX 167168). WGmc *xern > OE
heora deerskin, OHG herdo eece is
derived from *xer. Mrirrr+ MSL VIII
297, Etudes II 256257; Ztri+z. Gutt.
105, 115; B.n+norov.r 15661567;
Tonr-F.rk 78; Tn.t+v.xx BSW
127128; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 156157;
Fris+ 234; Lrnv.xx Language XVIII 130
(to *er- to grow); M.vnnorrn III
309310; Pokonxv I 579, 941; Vnirs
ANEW 233 (to *ker- to braid), 255 (to
ON hrer scrotum, Lat cortex bark);
Fnisk I 921922; Z.rizxi.k II 193;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa IV 6063; Lrnv.xx
*xersjaz sb.m.: ON hirsi millet, OHG
hirsi id. Any relation to *xersnn ~ *xers-
nan? Tonr-F.rk 80 (to *er- to feed, to
grow); Pokonxv I 577.
*xersn( j)a-skl sb.f.: ON hjarn-skl
skull, OHG hirni-scala id. Compound of
*xersnn ~ *xersnan and *skl. C.nn
*xersnn ~ *xersnan sb.m./n.: ON
hjarni brain, ME herne id., MDu hersene
id. Cf. also OHG hirni id. < neut. *xerzn-
jan. Based on a poorly attested masc.
*xersn crown of the head: ON hjarsi.
Closely related to the stem of oblique
cases in Skt r- (of ras- head), cf. also
Gk krsh temple. Further connected
with Lat cerebrum brain, Gk kraw
head. Ztri+z. Gutt. 185; Tonr-F.rk
norrn III 341; Pokonxv I 574576;
Vnirs ANEW 231232; Fnisk I 826827,
923 (krsh from kerv to cut); B.vvrs-
376377.
*xertn sb.n.: Goth hairto heart, ON hjar-
ta id., OE heorte id. (fem.), OFris herte, hirte
id., MLG herte id., OHG herza id. Related
to Hitt kir-, kart- id., Toch A kri will, B
pl. krya hearts, Arm sirt heart, Gk
karda id., Lat cor id., OIr cride id., Lith
irds id., Slav *srdce id., *serda mid-
dle. Ztri+z. Gutt. 182; Tonr-F.rk 77;
Fris+ 234235; Pokonxv I 579580;
Z.rizxi.k II 177; Oxioxs 433; Fn.rxkrr
606; Brx\rxis+r IEL 143; Szrvrnrxvi
Scripta 12901292; Lrnv.xx GED 171;
B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 175; Ptn\rr IV
TB 165.
*xeraz sb.m.: OE heor hearth, OFris
herth, herd id., OS herth id., OHG herd id.
Related to Skt kart- cavity, hole, Slav
*rta line, edge and other derivatives
of *(s)ker-t- to cut denoting a (bound-
ary) line. The delimiting function of the
hearth, or of a log in it, is well attested in
other traditions: SCr badnjak and Alb
buzm (Torono\ Etim. 1974 315; Onrr
AED 4344). Tonr-F.rk 75; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 157 (to Lat carb coal,
cremre to burn); Mtnrrxn.cn-Exrzrrix
I 375 (to Latv c\ri hot stones in a sauna,
Slav *ern hearth); M.vnnorrn I 173;
Pokonxv I 941942; Oxioxs 433; Tnt-
n.cnr\ ESSJa IV 161, XI 5860 (to Slav
*korda ~ *krada pile of logs; phonetically
impossible); Lrnv.xx GED 180 (to *xur-
jan ~ *xurjaz).
*xerraz sb.n.: Goth pl. hairra intestines,
bosom, heart, OE hreer breast, bosom
(masc.?), OHG smala-herdar small intes-
tine, gut. May be connected with ON
hrer scrotum. Derived from *xeraz.
S.tsstnr MSL VI 246248 (to *xertn,
xerjaz 170 xerraz
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 170
with sux *-tro-); Jn.xssox PBB XV
229 (same as S.tsstnr); Mrirrr+ Etudes
167 (to *kert- to weave); Ztri+z. Gutt.
111; Tonr-F.rk 77, 102; M.vnnorrn I
Lrnv.xx GED 171 (from *(s)ker- to cut).
*xerutuz ~ *xerutaz sb.m.: ON hjrtr
stag, hart, OE heorot id., OFris hert id.,
OS hirot id., OHG hiruz id. Derivationally
identical with Gk korudw crested lark <
*orudos. Further related to *er(u)- horn
(Fons+rnv.x KZ I 497), see *xurnan.
*xeruz sb.m.: Goth hairus sword, ON
hjrr id., OE heoru id., OS heru- (in
cmpn.). Related to MIr coire id. Ltr+
KZ XXXVI 145 (from *(s)ker- to cut);
I 939940 (to Lith kivis axe); Vnirs
*xerznan sb.n.: ON hjarn hard frozen
snow. Close to Arm san ice, Slav *sern
layer of ice, hard snow, Lith eknas
hoar-frost, Latv srns, srksnis, s\ rsna id.
(Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 112114). Ztri+z.
Gutt. 185; Tonr-F.rk 78; Tn.t+v.xx
BSW 303; Knoov.xx KZ LXIV 133
134; Hor+n.tsrx ANW 116; Pokonxv I
231; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 608.
*xerzn sb.m.: ON hjarri hinge, OE heor-
ra bar, hinge. Might be related to Lith
skesas across, Slav *erz through,
across (secondary development of *ers)
< *(s)kert-s-o. Ztri+z. Gutt. 113; Tonr-
F.rk 80; F.rk MM 1910 12 (to Lat card
door-hinge); Tn.t+v.xx BSW 129130;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 156; Tnirn Holz
7374; Jn.xxrssox IEW 830; Vnirs
ANEW 232; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ IV
337338.
*xeufanan str.vb.: Goth hiufan to lament,
to wail, OS pres. hioban id., OHG pres.
hiut, hiut id. Of unknown origin.
Wrixnorr KZ I 251; Gnirxnrnorn Got.
Brzzrxnrnorn BB XVI 120 (to Lith
auki, aUkti to shout, to call); Tonr-
F.rk 95; Fris+ 258 (to *keu- to howl);
IEW 177178; Pokonxv I 535536; Srr-
norr 256 (to Skt kuti to cry, Gk kvkv
id.); Lrnv.xx GED 185.
*xeufrjanan wk.vb.: ON hjfra to pant,
to heave, G dial. hvern to lament.
Derived from *xeufanan. Monn ZDADL
LXXV 252 (ON < WGmc); Vnirs
ANEW 233.
*xeupn sb.m./f.: Norw dial. hjpa briar,
OE hopa briar, OS hiopo briar, OHG
hiufo id. Related to *xaupaz (Tonr-F.rk
95) repeating the semantic ratio between
OPrus kaubri thorn and Lith kaubrE hill
(Scnv.rs+iro 330). Ztri+z. Gutt. 185
(to Slav *ip thorn); Tn.t+v.xx BSW
349 (to OPrus kaubri thorn); Hor+-
Oxioxs 441; S+.xo LS 27.
*xeurja-lkaz adj.: ON hr-ligr smiling,
sweet, OE un-hr-lc erce, savage, dis-
mal, OS sbst. un-hiur-lk monster, OHG
sbst. un-hiur-lh id. Derived from *xeurjaz.
AEEW 159; Krtor 252 (from *xw-ra-);
Pokonxv I 539540; Hrirrnv.xxs 291.
*xeurjaz adj.: ON hrr sweet, smiling,
mild, OE hre pleasant, gentle, mild,
MDu on-ghehiere terrible, OS un-hiuri
eery, uncanny, OHG hiuri simple.
Connected with *xwan. Tonr-F.rk 88;
*xewjan sb.n.: Goth hiwi form, appear-
ance, ON h down (of plants or hair),
OE hiw shape, form, appearance. Prob-
ably derived from *xawwanan. Gnirx-
nrnorn Got. 114 (to Skt yv- brown,
dark-brown, MIr co fog); Ztn.+ KZ
XXXI 12 (to Skt skunti to cover);
Ztri+z. Gutt. 207; Tonr-F.rk 8889
(same as Gnirxnrnorn); Hor+n.tsrx
xerraz 171 xewjan
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 171
AEEW 159; Fris+ 259; Pirrixo Xenia 165;
Vnirs ANEW 274 (to Skt yv- brown,
dark-brown, Slav *siv grey); Oxioxs
451; Lixrrv.x Verschrfung 16.11; Lrn-
v.xx GED 185; Hirv.nssox Mat. 207
208 (to Toch B kwele black < *kiwolo-).
*xbaz sb.m.: ON hfr pock-net for her-
ring shing, Du haaf net. Derived from
*xafjanan. Vnirs ANEW 201.
*xbiz ~ *xbiz adj.: ON hfr t,
proper, OE be-hfe necessary. Derived
from *xafjanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
245; M.+zrr Festschr. Schrder 104105,
KZ CV 115116, 119; Hrirrnv.xxs
287288.
*xxwn sb.f.: ON h second hay-crop,
aftermath. Identical with Skt neut. ka-
pot-herb, vegetable, Lith kas freshly
mown hay. Tonr-F.rk 68; Tn.t+v.xx
BSW 301; M.vnnorrn III 320321;
Vnirs ANEW 199.
*xlaz I adj.: ON hll slippery, OE hl-
stn crystal, OHG hli smooth.
Probably related to Lith l, lti to
freeze, Skt ira- cool, cold. K.ns+rx
NB II 380; Ztri+z. Gutt. 184; Tonr-F.rk
Lrncnxrn 94; M.+zrr KC CV 110;
Hrirrnv.xxs 289.
*xlaz II adj.: ON hll cunning, MLG hl
hidden, secret. Derived from *xelanan
(unless historically identical with *xlaz I).
Tonr-F.rk 81 (to Lat cel to hide, to
conceal); Vnirs ANEW 205 (to *xalj).
*x
2
r adv.: Goth her here, ON hr id., OE
hr id., OFris hr id., OS hr id., OHG hiar
id. Continues *i-r- ( Jrrrixrk PBB XV
298300) further related to *xi. Sir\rns
PBB XVI 238240, XVIII 403; Tonr-
F.rk 63, 87; Bntov.xx IF VI 8990;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 157; Krtor Urgerm.
123124; Fris+ 254; Pokonxv I 609;
Rixor Sprache XXX 138150 (lowering
of * to *); Lrnv.xx Phon. 7273, GED
Srrnorr 374.
*xran sb.n.: ON hr hair, OE hr id.,
OFris hr id., OS hr id., OHG hr id.
Related to Lith ers bristle, Latv sars
id. with a dierent vowel grade. Dr++rn
ZDADL XLII 55 (to IE *sker- to cut);
Oxioxs 423; Ar.vs JIES XVI 6993;
345.
*xrjn sb.f.: ON hra hair, grey hair,
OE hre hair-cloth. Derived from *xran.
277.
*xi pron.: Goth dat. himma this, OE h
he, OS he, h id., OHG h id. Note neut.
forms: Goth acc. hita it, ON hitt, OE
hit id., OFris hit, het id., MDu het id.
Continues IE demonstrative *ei-, cf. Alb
si-vjet this year, Lith s this, Slav *s id.
Further cf. Hitt ka- this (one). Tonr-
F.rk 63 (< *xe), 87; Tn.t+v.xx BSW
304; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 150, 161; Fris+
255, 258; Pokonxv I 539540, 609610;
Fn.rxkrr 990; Oxioxs 488; V.svrn-
181182; Ptn\rr IV 312; Onrr AED
397.
*xirt adv.: Goth hidre hither, ON hra
here, hither, OE hider hither. Derived
from *xi. Structurally similar to Lat
ctr on this side, (ultro et) ctr (here
and) there. Tonr-F.rk 87; W.rrr-
Horv.xx I 222 (no historical connection
between Gmc and Lat); Hor+n.tsrx
Oxioxs 442.
*xixur ~ *skixur sb.f.: ON skjr mag-
pie, OE hiere id. (< *xiur), OHG hehara
jay. Of imitative origin. Tonr-F.rk 89
(to Gk kssa jay, Garrulus glandarius).
*xinan adv., prep.: Goth hindana
beyond, OE hindan from behind, OS
hindan from beyond, OHG hintana
behind. A secondary locative. Based on
*xin- derived from *xi (S+nri+nrno GE
xewjan 172 xinan
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 172
132; Bntov.xx Dem. 144). Koorr PBB
XVI 514; Wirrrv.xx BB XXVII 199 (to
Skt kanna- young); Ztri+z. Gutt. 116;
Tiscnrrn HEG I 539542 (to Hitt katta(n)
down, under); Vnirs ANEW 228;
Srrnorr 375.
*xinr(n) adj., adv.: Goth hindar behind,
beyond, over to, the other side of , ON
compar. hindri hinder, hindmost, OE
hinder back, behind, down, OFris hindera
beyond, OS hindiro id., OHG hintar
behind, adj. hintaro. An old comparative
of *xin-, a derivative of *xi. Tonr-F.rk
256257 (comparative form of *xin-);
Srrnorr 375376.
*xinrjanan wk.vb.: ON hindra to
hinder, to keep behind, OE hindrian
id., OFris hinderia id., MLG hinderen id.,
OHG hintarn id. Derived from *xinr(n).
Srrnorr 375.
*xit(j)(n) sb.f.: Goth heito fever, ON
hita heating, OE hitt id., OHG hizza
id. Connected with *xaitaz. \.x Hrr+rx
PBB XXX 241 (to Slav *sjati to shine);
Krtor-Srrnorr 377.
*xwan sb.n.: Goth heiwa-frauja master of
the family, ON pl. hjn, hjn man and
wife, OE pl. hwan members of a house-
hold, OFris pl. huna id., OS hwa
spouse, family member, OHG pl. hwun
id. Close to Skt va- dear, intimate, iv-
kind, friendly, dear, Lat cuis citizen,
Latv siva wife. Ttckrn Notes 37;
254; M.vnnorrn III 344, 376; Pokonxv
ANEW 233; Z.rizxi.k II 177; Scntrzr
Kl. Schr. 201; Oxioxs 440; Brx\rxis+r IEL
273275; Lrnv.xx GED 181182; B.v-
vrsnrnorn Nom. 69; Krtor-Srrnorr 366.
*xwisk( j)an sb.n.: ON hski family,
household, OE hwisc id., OS hwiski
family, OHG hwisci id. Derived from
*xwan. Tonr-F.rk 88; Hor+n.tsrx
*xlaan sb.n.: ON hla pile, stack, barn,
OE hld heap, pile. Derived from *xla-
anan. Tonr-F.rk 110; Hor+n.tsrx
259.
*xlaxjanan str.vb.: Goth hlahjan to
laugh, ON hlja id., OE hlehhan id., OS
pret. hlg id., OHG hloc adrisit. A de-
scriptive stem formally close to Slav
*klekot laughter, noise, MIr clocc bell,
Lat glci to cluck. Cf. in particular Gk
klssv id. Ztri+z. Gutt. 117, 191;
Oxioxs 518; Srrnorr 257258; Tnt-
n.cnr\ ESSJa IX 191192; Lrnv.xx
GED 185 (to IE *kel- to shout, to call);
Krtor-Srrnorr 498.
*xlaxtraz sb.m.: ON hltr laughter, OE
hleahtor id., OHG neut. hlahtar id. Derived
from *xlaxjanan. Tonr-F.rk 110; Hor+-
Srrnorr 258.
*xlaibaz sb.m.: Goth hlaifs bread, ON
hleifr loaf , OE hlf id., OFris hlf id.,
OHG leib, hleib id. Derived from *xlb-
janan (Krnx TNTL V 55). Ztri+z. BB
XXV 94 (to OIr cliab basket); Scnn.rrn
Festschr. Sievers 511 (to Gk klbanow cov-
ered earthen vessel); Prrrnsrx IF V 50,
KZ XXXVIII 393394 (related to Slav
*xlb bread which, however, is from
Gmc); Prnssox Beitrge 303 (to Lat lb
to take out as a sample, to take a little
of , Gk loib pouring, drink-oering);
Tonr-F.rk 109; P.scn.rr JEGP VIII
1824 (same as Ztri+z.); Scnn.rrn-
Nrnnixo II 245; Monr MSL VII 403
xinan 173 xlaibaz
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 173
(from Uralic); Krtv\rn TNTL VIII 254
257 (from an unknown source); Kozro\-
ski AfslPh XI 386 (same as Prrrnsrx);
Gnirxnrnorn Got. 114 (same as Scnn.-
rrn); Prrrnsrx IF V 50 (to Lat lbum
an, cake); Lirrx PBB XV 514515
(same as Prrrnsrx); S+rxrrn-Prrrnsrx
Slav.-germ. 297299 (Slav < Gmc); Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 162; Fris+ 260; Tnirn
Lehm 59 (to IE *lei- to lean, to bend);
499500.
*xlaibn sb.m.: Goth ga-hlaiba compan-
ion, OHG gi-leibo id. Derived from
*xlaibaz. Calqued by Rom *com-pni id.
(Bntcn 81). Vrr+rx JEGP XXIX 345
(calque from Rom); Fris+ 183; Lrnv.xx
GED 139.
*xlairj sb.f.: OE hlder ladder, OFris
hldere, hladder id., MLG ledder id., OHG
leitara, leitar id. Derived from IE *lei-, cf.
*xlinjanan. Structurally close to MIr
clithar hedge and similar other deriva-
tives (Ztri+z. KZ XXXV 259, Gutt. 186),
see *xlr. Tonr-F.rk 112; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 161; Ponzio Gliederung
Krtor-Srrnorr 514.
*xlainaz ~ *xlain sb.m./f.: Goth masc.
or neut. hlain(s) hill, Norw dial. fem.
hlein slope. Etymologically close to OIr
clen crooked, unjust, Lith lains
crooked. Further related to *xlinjanan.
Lrnv.xx GED 186.
*xlainiz adj.: OE hlne lean, meagre, LG
leen id., early G lehne gently sloping. De-
rived from *xlinjanan. Structurally close
to Lith lains sloping, oblique, Latv
slains swaying, OIr clen crooked, unjust.
S+.xo LS 29; Pokonxv I 601; Fn.rxkrr
*xlaiwan ~ *xlaiwaz sb.n./m.: Goth
hlaiw tomb, grave, Run hlaiwa id., OE
hlw, hlw rising ground, a funeral
mound (< *xlaiwiz), OS hlo grave,
burial mound (masc.), OHG (h)lo id.
(masc.). Closely connected with Lat cluus
mound < *leios, Lith levas with
crooked legs, crooked (Sorvsrx KZ
XXXVIII 453). Further see *xlinjanan.
St++rnrix IF XXV 72; Ztri+z. Gutt.
Fris+ 261; Mr.rrxo\ 669 (to Slav *xlv
sty, pen); Kn.nr SuV 75; Tnirn Lehm
II 187; Oxioxs 519; Lrnv.xx GED 186;
*xlakkjanan wk.vb.: ON hlakka to cry,
to scream, OFris hlakkia to laugh. Of
imitative origin. Formally close to Gk
klzv to scream, to barek < *klaggjv.
Cf. also *xlaxjanan. Ztri+z. Gutt. 118,
162; Tonr-F.rk 110 (reconstruct *xlank-,
cf. Lat clang to clang, to sound);
*xlammiz sb.m.: ON hlemmr lid, cover,
OE ht-hlem din made in the early morn-
ing, OFris hlem blow. Derived from
*xlemmanan. Tonr-F.rk 111; Kn.nr
SuV 78; Vnirs ANEW 237; Srrnorr 264;
Lrnv.xx GED 186.
*xlam(m)janan wk.vb.: ON hlamma
to give a dull, heavy sound, OS hlamn
to rush. Derived from *xlammiz. M.n-
+ixr+ Gm. 142, 144; Cnrvor.xo\
SGGJa I 91 (to Lat clm to shout);
Srrnorr 264.
*xlanan sb.n.: ON hland urine, OE
hland id. Unclear. Ztri+z. Gutt. 118;
Tonr-F.rk 111 (to Lith klnas puddle);
W.rrr-Pokonxv I 500; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 162; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 77;
Vnirs ANEW 235.
*xlankiz ~ *xlankj(n) sb.m./f.: ON
hlekkr link, chain of links, OE hlenca
link, hlence id., OS hlanka hip, thigh,
OHG hlanca hip. Related to *xlankjanan.
xlaibaz 174 xlankiz
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 174
*xlankjanan wk.vb.: ON hlekkjask to
get impeded, to suer miscarriage, OE
e-hlencan to roll, to wrap, MLG lenken
to bend, MHG lenken id., OHG ir-lenken
to dislocate (a limb), z-lenken to un-
buckle. Implies an unattested str. vb.
*xlenkanan related to Lat cling to shut,
Slav *kl\knti to squat, to kneel ( Jon.xs-
sox PBB XIV 298). Hor+n.tsrx
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa X 3334; Krtor-
Srrnorr 310 (to Lith lenki, lekti to
bend); Ar.vs TB 222 (to Toch AB klnk-
to doubt).
*xlaanan str.vb.: Goth af-hlaan to bur-
den, ON hlaa to load, OE hladan to
heap, to pile up, OFris part. hleden to
load, OS pres. hladan id., OHG hladan id.
Related to Lith klti to spread out and
Slav *klad, *klasti to put (Lo++xrn KZ
XI 179; Scnrnrn GBS 21). Tonr-F.rk
110; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 135136; Fris+ 6;
ANEW 234; Fn.rxkrr 274275; Oxioxs
511; S+.xo LS 2930; Srrnorr 258259;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa IX 187188; Lrnv.xx
*xlan sb.f.: ON hlaa store-house,
barn, MDu lade footlocker, MHG lade
id. Derived from *xlaanan. Krtor-
Srrnorr 498.
*xlauniz sb.f.: ON hlaunn buttock,
haunch. Identical with Skt roi- hip,
loin, buttock, Av sraoni- buttock, Lith
launs hip. Cf. also Lat clnis buttock,
W clun id. Pr+rnssox IF XXXV 269
270; Ztri+z. Gutt. 186; B.n+norov.r
1633; Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 121; Tn.t+-
v.xx BSW 306; Tonr-F.rk 109; W.rrr-
Horv.xx I 239; M.vnnorrn III 395;
ANEW 235.
*xlaupan ~ *xlaupaz sb.n./m.: ON
hlaup leap, MLG lp jump, OHG louf
run. Derived from *xlaupanan. Tonr-
*xlaupanan str.vb.: Goth us-hlaupan to
leap forth, to leap up, ON hlaupa to
leap, to jump, OE hlepan id., OFris hlpa
to run, to hasten, OS pret. uz-hliopun id.,
OHG hloufan id. Related to Lith lumb,
lbti to become lame, klumb, klbti to
stumble (with depalatalized *-), Latv
slubt to limp (Horrv.xx Festschr. Fick
51). Ztri+z. Gutt. 118119, 145; Tonr-
F.rk 109110; Fris+ 532533, PBB
XXXII 452453; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
162; Srrcn+ 130131; Tnirn Lehm 58;
630; M.++.tscn KZ LXXVII 137139;
Vnirs ANEW 235; Fn.rxkrr 276, 1009;
Oxioxs 520; Mo++.tscn KZ LXXVII
129139; Srrnorr 259261 (to Gk
kleuyow way, course, Lith keliuti to
travel, to wander); Kxonrocn WuSBez.
5051 (to Lith klpti ); Lrnv.xx GED 382;
Krtor-Srrnorr 506.
*xlautaz sb.m.: Goth hlauts lot, inherit-
ance, ON hlautr lot, OS hlt lot, prop-
erty, OHG lz, hlz id. Cf. *xlutiz.
Derived from *xleutanan. Ztri+z. Gutt.
AEEW 163; Fris+ 262; Krtor 445446;
Krtor-Srrnorr 525.
*xlefanan str.vb.: Goth hlifan to steal.
Close to Toch B klyp- id., Gk klptv id.,
Lat clep id., OPrus au-klipts concealed
(Scntrzr KZ XLIX 252). Ztri+z. Gutt.
118; Tonr-F.rk 111; W.rrr-Horv.xx I
232; Fris+ 263264; Pokonxv I 604;
Fnisk I 870871; Srrnorr 261; Lrnv.xx
GED 187; Ar.vs TB 175176.
*xlemmanan str.vb.: ON pret. hlam to
clink, OE hlimman to sound, to roar,
OHG pres. limmit infremuit. Related to
Lat clam to call, Lith lam, lamti to
chirp. Ztri+z. Gutt. 118; Tonr-F.rk
111; Brnxrkrn I 526 (to Slav *kln, *klti
to damn); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 162164;
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 227; Jn.xxrssox
IEW 247249; Pokonxv I 548550;
Srrnorr 263264.
xlankjanan 175 xlemmanan
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 175
*xleumn ~ *xleumaz sb.m.: Goth
hliuma hearing, ON hljmr sound, tune,
voice. Identical with Av sraoman hearing
< *leu-men- further related to IE *leu-
to hear. Fons+rnv.x KZ I 8; Kxon-
r.tcn KZ I 573; Ztri+z. Gutt. 186;
Krtor-Srrnorr 516.
*xleumunaz sb.m.: OHG hliumunt testi-
mony, glory. Structurally close to Toch
A klyom, B klyomo noble < *leumnt- and
Skt romata- good reputation. Further see
*xleumn ~ *xleumaz. Mtrrrn KZ XIX
47 (to Lat crmen verdict, judgment);
Tonr-F.rk 112; M.vnnorrn III 373;
*xleutanan str.vb.: ON hljta to get by
lot, to get, to undergo, to suer, OE hle-
tan to cast lots, OS hliotan id., OHG
hliozan id. Related to Lith kliudaU, kliudti
to make hang on, to push, kliaudaU,
klaudti to prevent, to be in the way.
Further connected with Lith kliv, kliti
to hang on, Latv klUt to become, kltas
fate. Scnn.rrn KZ XXX 495 (to Gk
kldow branch); Woor MP V 274
(same as Scnn.rrn); Ztri+z. Gutt. 119;
Gnirxnrnorn Got. 115; Tonr-F.rk 113;
238239; Oxioxs 537; Srrnorr 264
265; S+.xo LS 29; Lrnv.xx GED 186;
Krtor-Srrnorr 525.
*xleuan sb.n.: Goth hliu hearing (?),
silence (?) (hap. leg.), ON hlj hearing.
Continues a derivative in *-to- of IE
*leu- to hear. Structurally close to Av
sraota- hearing. B.n+norov.r 1633;
Tonr-F.rk 112; Fris+ 264; Pr+rnsrx
Language XV 8990 (on Toch A klots,
B klautso ear); Ponzio Gliederung 180;
*xleuran sb.n.: Icel hljur tone, OE
hleor hearing, noise, sound, OHG hlio-
dar-sz magic. Identical with Skt neut.
rotra- ear, Av sraoyra- hearing < *leu-
tro- further related to *leu- to hear. See
*xleuan. B.n+norov.r 1633; Tonr-
M.vnnorrn III 373; Pokonxv I 605
*xleuzan sb.n.: ON hlr cheek, OE hler
id., OS hleor id. Close to Av sraoa- hear-
ing, OIr clas ear, Slav *slux hearing.
See *xleuan. Tonr-F.rk 113; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 162; Btoor ANF II 216;
99; Vnirs ANEW 241.
*xlewaz sb.n.: Run prop. hlewa-gastiz.
Related to the Indo-European word for
glory: Toch A klyu, B klywe glory, Skt
rvas- glory, praise, renown, Av sravah-
word, Gk klow glory, OIr cl id.,
Slav *slovo word. B.n+norov.r 1643
1644; M.vnnorrn III 389; Fnisk I
869870; Lixrrv.x Verschrfung 16.14;
Lrnv.xx GED 188.
*xleweaz adj.: ON hlr famous.
Identical with Gk kleitw id. < *le-
eto-. It is possible to compare this word
with Slav sbst. *kleveta calumny without
assibilation of *-. Further see *xlewaz.
F.rk Festschr. Bugge Kr. 17; Pokonxv I
877878; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa X 1417;
Hrirrnv.xxs 296.
*xlwanjanan wk.vb.: ON hlna to
thaw, G dial. lunen id. Derived from
*xlwaz. Tonr-F.rk 109; Vnirs ANEW
235 (to *xliwan).
*xlwaz adj.: ON hlr warm, mild (sec-
ondary ja-stem), MDu laeu, lau id., OHG
lo id. Probably to Gk klzv to rinse, to
cleanse. See *xltraz. Scnvir+ Vok. II
454; K.ns+rx NB II 421422; Tonr-
F.rk 109 (to Lat cale to be warm);
552, 607; Vnirs ANEW 241; Fnisk I
876877; Oxioxs 538; D.nvs Vddhi
5460; Hrirrnv.xxs 294295 (to *xli-
wan); Krtor-Srrnorr 505.
*xlian sb.n.: ON hli gate, gateway, OE
xleumn 176 xlian
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 176
hlid lid, cover, OFris hlid id., OS hlid id.,
OHG ubar-lit id. Derived from *xlanan.
Identical with Skt rit- adhering to
smth., situated, Gk -kltow stable, Lith
p-litas curved continuing derivatives
in *-to- based on IE *lei- to lean.
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 163; M.vnnorrn III
ANEW 237238; Fnisk I 873875;
Z.rizxi.k I 141; Oxioxs 526527;
Krtor-Srrnorr 518.
*xlin sb.f.: OHG hlina back (of a chair),
lattice. Close to Gk klnh couch, bier.
Further related to *xlinjanan. Pokonxv
I 601; Fnisk I 876877; Krtor-Srrnorr
510.
*xlinjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. lina to
lean, OE hlinian id., OFris lena id., OS
hlinn id., OHG hlinn id. See *xlin.
Derivationally close to Gk klinv to
bend, Lat cln in clntus inclined, bent,
sunk, Lith lien, liti to lean. Prnssox
Beitrge 915; Tonr-F.rk 111; Tn.t+v.xx
BSW 308; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 234236;
Pokonxv I 601; Fn.rxkrr 1004; Fnisk I
TB 223224 (to Toch AB klin- to be
necessary).
*xliwan sb.n.: Goth masc. hlija booth,
tent (leg. *hliwa), ON hl lee, OE hlow
shelter, protection, OFris hl id., OS hleo
shelter from bad weather (masc.). Con-
tinues IE *lei-, cf. *xlr. Ztri+z. Gutt.
119; Gnirxnrnorn Got. 117; Unrrxnrck
PBB XXX 291 (to *lei- to bend); Tonr-
F.rk 109 (to *xlwaz); Hor+n.tsrx
235236 (to W clyd warm); Oxioxs 522;
509.
*xliwi sb.f.: ON hla shed, a part of
the ship, OE hlw protection, shelter.
Derived from *xliwan, *xliwjanan. Hor-
+n.tsrx AEEW 163; Vnirs ANEW 240.
*xliwjanan wk.vb.: ON hlja to cover,
to shelter, OE hlwan to make warm, to
protect. Derived from *xliwan. Tonr-
Vnirs ANEW 240.
*xlbanan str.vb.: OHG lban to protect,
to care. Continues IE *lei- to bend, cf.
*xliwan, *xlr. Tonr-F.rk 112; Srr-
norr 261262.
*xlbjanan wk.vb.: Goth hleibjan to shield,
to protect, ON hlfa to give cover or
shelter, OHG lben to protect, to care.
Derived from *xlbanan. Atrnrcn+ KZ I
311 (to Lat clipeus schield); Fnornrr BB
XXI 329 (follows Atrnrcn+); Unrrxnrck
PBB XXX 291 (to Slav *slp blind);
Tonr-F.rk 112; Fris+ 262; Tnirn Lehm
187.
*xlb sb.f.: ON hlf cover, shelter, pro-
tection, OHG lba calming. Derived
from *xlbanan. Ztri+z. BB XXV 94 (to
MIr cliab basket); Lorvrx+n.r WuS IX
176; Tnirn Lehm 56; Vnirs ANEW 238;
Srrnorr 262.
*xlanan str.vb.: OE t-hldan to yawn,
to gape, to open, OFris hlda to cover,
OS bi-hldan to lock, to cover. See
*xlbanan. Ztri+z. Gutt. 119; Hor+n.t-
srx AEEW 163; Pokonxv I 600602;
*xl(n) sb.f.: ON hl slope, OE neut.
hl id., MLG lt, lte id., OHG lta id. To
*xlanan. Structurally close to MIr clath
hurdle. Tonr-F.rk 111; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 164; Vnirs ANEW 237; Lrnv.xx
*xlr sb.f.: Goth hleira tent. Identical
with Umbr kletram litter < *kltr, Lat
dim. cltellae pack-saddle based on *cltra.
Cf. also MIr clithar fence. Mrnixorn
IF XVI 210 (on semantic development);
Ztri+z. KZ XXXV 259; Tonr-F.rk
514.
*xlanan str.vb.: ON hla to bellow, to
roar, OE hlwan id., OLFrank luoian to
low, to moo, OHG hluoen to roar.
xlian 177 xlanan
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 177
Probably distantly related to Lat clm to
shout. Ztri+z. Gutt. 118; Tonr-F.rk
Horv.xx I 227; Oxioxs 538.
*xliz adj.: Norw dial. and-lg inclined to
laugh, OHG ant-hluogi merry. Back for-
mation of *xljanan ~ *xlxjanan. Further
derived from *xlaxjanan. K.ns+rx NB I
117; M.+zrr Kratylos XXXIV 137, KZ
*xljanan ~ *xlxjanan wk.vb.: Goth
uf-hlohjan to make laugh, ON hlgja id.
Causative of *xlaxjanan. Tonr-F.rk 110;
258.
*xluaz adj.: OHG prop. Hlud-wg. From
IE *lut- famous: Skt rut- heard,
famous, Av sruta- heard, Gk klutw,
Arm lu known. Lat in-clutus famous.
B.n+norov.r 1648; W.rrr-Horv.xx I
690691; M.vnnorrn III 372374;
*xluniz sb.m.: ON hlynr maple tree, OE
hlyn id., LG lne, lne id. Probably con-
nected with Maced klin-troxon a kind
of maple (Theothrastes), Slav *klen ~
*kln maple, W kelyn id. Scnnorrn IF
XVII 316; Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 378;
V.svrn NB XXI 126 (to Gk Lona lh
small Carpathian mountains); Tonr-
S+.xo LS 2829; Srrcn+ 60 (to OHG
ln-boum maple); Pokonxv I 603; Vnirs
ANEW 240241; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa IX
194195.
*xlustiz sb.f.: ON hlust ear, the inner part
of the ear, OE hlyst hearing (fem.,
masc.), OS hlust hearing, ear. Struc-
turally similar to Skt rut- obedience,
OIr cluas ear < *loust. Derived from
*xluzan. Ztri+z. Gutt. 186; Tonr-F.rk
norrn III 394; Pokonxv I 606; Vnirs
531; B.vvrsnrnorn KZ LXXXII 298
*xlutiz sb.m.: ON hlutr lot, share (partly
< *xlutuz), OE hlyt share, OFris neut.
hlot lot, OHG hluz id. Cf. also *xlutn ~
*xlutan. Derived from *xleutanan. Scnn.-
rrn KZ X 475 (to Gk kldow branch);
*xlutjanan wk.vb.: ON hluta to draw
lots, MLG loten, lotten id. Derived from
*xlutiz. Vnirs ANEW 240.
*xlutn ~ *xlutan sb.m./n.: ON hluti
part, share, OE hlot lot, OFris hlot id.,
MLG lot id., OHG hluz id. Derived from
*xleutanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 164;
Srrnorr 265.
*xluzan sb.n.: ON hler shutter, door,
masc. hleri id. The phrase standa hleri to
stand eavesdropping may preserve the
original meaning of the word rather than
be a metaphor. Related to IE *leu-s-:
Tokh A klyo-, B klyau- to hear, Av
sraoa- hearing, OIr sluas ear. B.n-
+norov.r 16341636; Pokonxv I 606.
*xlaz adj.: OE hld loud, OFris hld
id., OS hld id., OHG lt id. Stands close
to adj. *luts derived from *leu- to
hear, cf. Skt rut- heard, famous, Gk
klutw famous, W clywed heard, Arm lu
known. See *xluaz. Tonr-F.rk 112
Dvno VSJa 33; Vnirs ANEW 238; Fnisk
I 877878; Oxioxs 538; Hrirrnv.xxs
*xljanan wk.vb.: ON hla to hearken,
to listen, OE hldan to sound, to make
a loud noise, OFris hlda to ring, OS
-hldian to pronounce, OHG hlten
to sound. Related to *xlaz. Hor+-
*xltraz adj.: Goth hlutrs clean, pure, OE
hlutor clear, pure, OS hluttar clear, pure,
OHG hltar clear, pure, light. Related
to Gk klzv to wash o < *klud, and
further to Lat clu to cleanse, Lith loju,
loti to sweep, to clean up. See *xlwaz.
Ztri+z. Gutt. 119 (to Slav *kluditi to
cleanse rather than to Gk klzv); Tonr-
F.rk 113; Brnxrkrn I 527 (against
Ztri+z.); Tn.t+v.xx BSW 307; W.rrr-
xlanan 178 xltraz
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 178
Horv.xx I 239240; Fris+ 264265;
Fn.rxkrr 10101011; Fnisk I 876877;
*xltrn sb.f.: Goth hlutrei purity, OHG
hlutar sincerity, clarity. Derived from
*xltraz. Fris+ 264; Lrnv.xx GED 188;
Hrirrnv.xxs 298.
*xnaiwaz adj.: Goth hnaiws low, OE
hnh bent, low. Derived from *xn-
wanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 166; Fris+
Hrirrnv.xxs 298.
*xnaiwjanan wk.vb.: Goth hnaiwjan to
make low, to humble, ON hneigja to
bow, to bend, to incline, OE hnan
to cause to bow, to bring low, OHG
hneigen to bow. Derived from *xnaiwaz
or *xnwanan. Tonr-F.rk 98; Hor+-
ANEW 242; Lrnv.xx GED 188; Srrnorr
*xnaikjanan wk.vb.: Icel hneikja to strike,
to kick, OE hncan to kill, OHG neihhen
to sacrice. Implies unattested str. *xnk-
janan of unknown etymology. Cf. *xnait-
janan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 165; Vnirs
ANEW 243 (to Gk po-knav to scrape,
to rub o).
*xnaisjanan wk.vb.: ON hneisa to dis-
grace, MHG nesen to torment. Related
to *xnaisn > ON hneisa disgrace, shame.
Cf. *xnaitjanan. S+tn+r\.x+ Language III
170 (to *naitjanan); Vnirs ANEW 242.
*xnaitjanan wk.vb.: ON hneita to cut, to
wound (?), MLG neten to strike, OHG
neizen to oppress, to exhaust, to destroy.
Causative of *xntanan. On the other
hand, cf. *naitjanan. Vnirs ANEW 242
243.
*xnakkaz ~ *xnakkn sb.m.: ON
hnakki occiput, nape, MLG nacke, necke
id., OHG nac, nacko id. Related to Toch
A kuk neck, nape. Another ablaut grade
is probably represented in Skt akh
conch, Gk kgxow id., kgxh id. <
*onkho-. Ztri+z. Gutt. 207; Tonr-F.rk
97 (to OIr cnoc hill); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
166; M.n+ixr+ Gm. 137, 188; M.vn-
norrn III 290291; Pokonxv I 558 (to IE
*ken- to press, to squeeze), 614; Vnirs
ANEW 242; Fnisk I 889890; Cn.x-
+n.ixr I 550551; Oxioxs 605 (to OIr
cnocc hill < Celt *knukkos); Z.rizxi.k II
*xnappaz sb.m.: ON hnappr button, OE
hnpp cup, bowl, OS hnapp scoop,
OHG napf bowl. Related to Gk knptv
to card or to comb wool, Lith knabti to
pluck out. Tonr-F.rk 97; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 165; M.n+ixr+ Gm. 194; Vnirs
ANEW 242; Z.rizxi.k I 132; Lr\icki
IF CIII 223224 (to *xneupanan); Krtor-
Srrnorr 582.
*xnappjanan wk.vb.: ON hneppa to but-
ton, OE hnppan to strike (?), G dial.
nepfen to limp. Derived from *xnappaz.
Ztri+z. Gutt. 120; Tonr-F.rk 97 (from
*knabh-n
,
-, to Gk knptv); Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 165; M.n+ixr+ Gm. 170, 175;
ANEW 243; Fnisk I 881882; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 299.
*xnask(w)uz adj.: Goth hnasqus soft, del-
icate, OE hnesce id., WFris nesk id., MDu
nesch, nisch soft. Of unknown origin.
K.ns+rx NB II 408; Gnirxnrnorn Got.
117118 (to Gk knv to scratch);
Woor PBB XXIV 530 (to Skt khdati
to chew, to bite, to eat < *k6d-); Tonr-
F.rk 97; Fris+ 265 (to *knes- in Gk kn-
vrow nettle); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 166;
Pokonxv I 561; B.vvrsnrnorn Sprache
XXI 188; Lrnv.xx GED 188189 (from
IE *ken- to rub, to scrape); Hrirrnv.xxs
299300.
*xnawwuz adj.: ON hnggr niggardly,
stingy, OE hnew stingy, near, nig-
gardly, WFris nau narrow, MLG nouwe
narrow, MHG ge-nou careful, thorough.
Derived from *xnewwanan. K.ns+rx NB
II 189, 378380; Tonr-F.rk 99; Hor+-
Lixrrv.x Verschrfung 143; Vnirs ANEW
*xneuanan str.vb.: ON pret. sg. hnau
xltraz 179 xneuanan
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 179
to strike, to punch, MLG neden to
rivet, OHG bi-hniutit munit. Based
on *xnewwanan. Probably related to Gk
knza itch, Latv knudt to itch. Tonr-
F.rk 100; Jn.xxrssox IEW 213214;
Fnisk I 886; Srrnorr 268; Krtor-
Srrnorr 589.
*xneupanan str.vb.: Goth dis-hniupan to
rend, to break apart, to tear, OE pret.
sg. a-hneop to pluck, to tear. Cf. also
OSwed niupa to pinch. Related to Lith
kniubtis to cover the face with hands and
to incline ones head, kniumb, knibti to
kneel and to touch the ground with ones
face. Tonr-F.rk 100; Gnirxnrnorn
Got. 5657 (to Latv kubt to turn, to
bend); Prnssox Beitrge 882 (to Gk knv
to scratch); Tonr-F.rk 100; Fris+ 119
I 91 (to IE *ken- to scratch, to rub);
Fn.rxkrr 278; Srrnorr 269; Lrnv.xx
GED 91.
*xneusanan str.wk.vb.: ON hnjsa to
sneeze, MLG nsen id., OHG niosan id.
Of imitative origin (Vnirs IF LXII 136
150). Tonr-F.rk 100101; Ponzio Glie-
derung 212; Jn.xxrssox IEW 213214;
Pokonxv I 953 (to Skt kuti to sneeze);
*xnewwanan str.vb.: ON hnggva to
humble, to bring down, OHG hniuwan
to punch, to crush. Related to Gk knv
to scratch. Mrnixorn WuS I 2223;
Tonr-F.rk 99; Jn.xxrssox IEW 213
246; Fnisk I 887; Srrnorr 270.
*xnippjanan wk.vb.: ON hnippa to poke
in the side, ME nippen to pinch, LG nip-
pen to sip, G dial. nipfen id. Cf. Lith knbti
to fall, to bend. Ztri+z. Gutt. 120;
Tonr-F.rk 99 (to Gk knpv to scratch);
76; Vnirs ANEW 243.
*xnissn sb.f.: Icel hnissa strong
smell. Close to Gk knsa, knsh steam
and odour of fat, smell or savor of a
burnt sacrice < *knid-s-. Further cf.
Lat ndor vapor, steam, smell ( Jon.xssox
KZ XXX 416417). Tonr-F.rk 98;
561562.
*xnitz sb.f.: OE hnitu id. (traces of cons.
stem), MLG nte, nit id., OHG niz id.
Related to Gk kniw id., Arm anic louse
< *(o)nid-, Alb thri ~ thni id. < *onid-
and probably MIr sned nit < *s()nid
(Fick II 316; Prrrnsrx KZ XXXIX 343,
387). Cf. *nit. Prnssox SVSU X
9496; Mrirrr+ MSL XXII 143; Tonr-
Oxioxs 611; Gnirrrx+noo Wurzelnomina
474476; Onrr AED 476; Krtor-
Srrnorr 589.
*xnwanan str.vb.: Goth hneiwan to
decline, ON hnga to bow dow, to sink,
OE hnan to bend, to bow, OFris hnga
id., OS hngan id., OHG ngan id. Close to
Lat cnue to shut the eyes, to overlook
< *om-kneig
h- (Os+norr PBB VIII 274;

W.rrr-Horrv.xx I 261). Mrirrr+ MSL
XV 101103 (development of *-w-);
Unrrxnrck PBB XXX 291 (to Slav
*niknti to lower, to plummet); Ztri+z.
Gutt. 100; Tonr-F.rk 98; Fris+ 265
Horv.xx I 261; Kn.nr SuV 78; Jn.x-
243; Srrnorr 266267 (to *xnpanan);
*xnpanan str.vb.: ON part. hnipinn
drooping, desponding. Related to Lith
kneibi, knebti to pluck out. Tonr-F.rk
243; Srrnorr 267.
*xnpjanan wk.vb.: ON hnpa to be
downcast, to droop, OE hnipian to
bow the head. Derived from *xnpanan.
*xntanan str.vb.: ON hnta to strike,
to wound to the death, OE hntan to
strike, OS hntan id. Related to Gk knzv
xneuanan 180 xntanan
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 180
to scratch, to pound, Latv knidt to
itch, kniedt to rivet (if not a loanword).
213224; Pokonxv I 562; Vnirs IF LXII
142143, ANEW 244; Fnisk I 884885;
Srrnorr 267268.
*xnanan wk.vb.: OHG nuoen to plane,
to shave. Close to Gk knv to rub,
to scratch, MIr cnim to consume.
Dvno BSA 94.
*xnukkaz ~ *xnukkn sb.m.: Icel
hnokki small iron hook, OE hnocc hook,
penis, MDu nocke cut on the arrowhead.
Related to *xnutz. Related to Dac sikou-
pnoj plant rggion (< *-knouj),
MIr cn nut, Lat nux id. Tonr-F.rk
99100 (to Gk knuzn: ra pinfelon,
Hes.); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 166167;
Vnirs ANEW 245 (to *ken- to squeeze, to
press).
*xnuk(k)ilaz sb.m.: ON hnykill clew (of
yarn), LG nckel hill. Derived from
*xnukkaz ~ *xnukkn. Vnirs ANEW 245.
*xnukkjanan wk.vb.: ON hnykkja to
pull violently, LG nucken to kick, to
punch. Related to *xnukkaz ~ *xnukkn.
M.n+ixr+ Gm. 77; Vnirs ANEW 245.
*xnukkjaz sb.m.: ON hnykkr a kind of
wrestlers movement, MLG nuck, nucke
ip, hitch. Derived from *xnukkaz ~
*xnukkn. Vnirs ANEW 245.
*xnutz sb.f.: ON hnot nut, OE hnutu id.,
MLG not, note id. (i-stem), OHG nuz, hnuz
id. (i-stem). Related to Dac sikou-pnoj
plant rggion, MIr cn nut, Lat nux id.
See *xnukkaz ~ *xnukkn. Lonv.xx
ZfceltPh XIX 6264; Ztri+z. Gutt. 207;
Tonr-F.rk 100; Vrxrnvrs MSL XXI 41
(on the dissimilation in Latin); Hor-
+n.tsrx AEEW 167; W.rrr-Horv.xx
II 191192; Dr+scnrv Thr. 559560;
208; Oxioxs 618; Gnirrrx+noo Wurzel-
nomina 471473; Krtor-Srrnorr 594;
Ar.vs TB 202 (adds Toch B kontac(e)
nut (?)).
*xnuzn sb.m.: ON hnri sneeze, OE
hnora id. Derived from *xneusanan. Hor+-
*xnn ~ *xnaz sb.f./m.: Goth hnupo
pointed stake, spike, ON hnr knob,
ball. Probably derived from *xnewwanan.
Any connection with *kntaz? Pr+rn-
ssox AfslPh XXXVI 150151 (to Russ
sny catch (of a lock), Czech snt
bough); Tonr NTF XVI 144 (to Latv
knute, knutele long stick, itself from Slav
*knut); Tonr-F.rk 100; Tntvn KZ
XXXVI 190192 (to Gk kentv to
prick); Fris+ 266; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I
733; Vnirs ANEW 245 (follows Tonr);
Lrnv.xx GED 189 (to *ken- to scrape, to
scratch).
*xbi sb.f.: ON -hf indecency,
MLG he-hfte need. Derived from *xbiz
~ *xbiz. Hrirrnv.xxs 288.
*xb sb.f.: OS hba plot of land, OHG
huoba, huob id. Close to Gk kpow garden
(Mrvrn KZ VII 28). Scnn.rrn KZ X
473; Ztri+z. Gutt. 103; Cnrvor.xo\
SGGJa I 107; Fnisk I 842; B.vvrsnrnorn
Nom. 111.
*xfan sb.n.: ON hf measure, modera-
tion, OFris bi-hf id., MLG be-hf id.,
MHG be-huof prot, advantage. Closely
related to Gk kph handle, Lith kopa
crowd, ock, band, penalty for damage
caused by cattle. Tonr-F.rk 73; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 168; Tnirn ZdPh LXX
246247; Fnisk II 63; Srrnorr 245 (to
*xafjanan); Krtor-Srrnorr 92.
*xfaz sb.m.: ON hfr hoof , OE hf id.,
OFris hf id., OS hf id., OHG huof
id. Related to Skt aph- id., Av safa- id.
Ztri+z. Gutt. 186; B.n+norov.r 1557
*xfjanan wk.vb.: ON hfa to hit, to
aim, OE be-han to need, to require,
OFris bi-hvia to aim, MLG be-hven
id. Derived from *xfaz. Tonr-F.rk 73;
xntanan 181 xfjanan
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 181
277.
*xxn sb.m.: Goth hoha plow. Cf. also
OHG huohil small plow (Gnivv Gesch.
40). Related to Skt kh branch, Alb
thek fringe, Lith ak id., Slav *soxa
plow (B.n+norov.r BB X 290; Mrir-
rr+ BSL XXXVI/107 111, Etudes 158,
174). Hrnx Kult. 565; Hoors Waldbume
499501; Prrrnsrx KZ XXXVI 332,
XXXVIII 391; Ztri+z. Gutt. 138;
Mrnixorn IF XVII 121; Scnn.rrn-
Nrnnixo II 208209; Tn.t+v.xx BSW
297; Fris+ 266267; M.vnnorrn III
730; Lrnv.xx GED 189; Onrr AED 473.
*xlan sb.n.: ON hl praise, attery,
OE hl vain speech, calumny, slander.
Derived from *xelanan (Gnirxnrnorn Got.
67). Unrrxnrck PBB XXX 291 (to
Lat calumnia trickery, artice, false accu-
sation, Slav *xvala praise); Tonr-F.rk
90 (to Lat caluor to deceive, to devise
tricks, calumnia); Unrrxnrck PBB XXX
291292 (to Lat cal to call); Hor+-
Lrnv.xx GED 189 (to IE *kl- to be-
witch, to deceive).
*xljanan wk.vb.: ON hla to praise, to
atter, OE hlan to slander. Derived
from *xlan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 168;
Vnirs ANEW 278 (to Gk khlv to
charm, to bewitch); Lrnv.xx GED 189.
*xljanan wk.vb.: Goth holon to slan-
der, OE hlian id. Derived from *xlan.
FEIST 267; LEHMANN GED 189.
*xnaz sb.n.: ON pl. hns hens, fowl,
OS hn hen, OHG huon id. (residual s-
stem). Long grade variant of *xann. Cf.
the same ablaut grade in Slav *kana
hawk < *kn. V.xirk Lat. 48 (to
Lat cicnia stork); Bntov.xx IF
XXXVII 249; Ztri+z. Gutt. 108;
Mrirrr+ MSL XII 213; Hor+n.tsrx IF
XXXIX 67; Tonr-F.rk 6970; Vnirs
ANEW 278 (to Lat cnia stork); Lrnv.xx
*xpan sb.n.: ON hp small landlocked
bay, OE fen-hp fen-heap, OFris hp
circle, Du hoep id. Of unknown origin.
Tonr-F.rk 71 (to Gk kmbow roll, band,
girth); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 169; Vnirs
ANEW 248; Oxioxs 447; Torono\ PJa
III 108 (to *xappan).
*xra-maz sb.m.: ON hr-dmr adul-
tery, OFris hr-dm whoredom. Derived
from *xrn. Oxioxs 1005.
*xra-kwenn sb.f.: ON hr-kona adul-
teress, OE hr-cwene id. Compound of
*xran and *kwenn. C.nn Nom. comp. 81
*xran sb.n.: ON hr adultery, fornica-
tion, OE hr adultery, OFris hr adul-
tery, fornication, OS hr-hs brothel,
OHG huor adultery, fornication. See
*xraz. Ztri+z. Gutt. 64; Tonr-F.rk 90;
*xraz sb.m.: Goth hors fornicator, adul-
terer, ON hrr id. Related to Lat crus
dear, OIr caraim to love, Latv krs
lusty, greedy. Ztri+z. Gutt. 122;
Fris+ 267268; Pokonxv I 515; Dvno
VSJa 27; Vnirs ANEW 249; Oxioxs
1005; V.x Wixrrkrxs I 147 (adds Toch
B an-kre immorality (?)); Lrnv.xx GED
190; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 75, 97; Krtor-
Srrnorr 389.
*xrjanan wk.vb.: ON hra to commit
adultery, MLG hren id., OHG huorn id.
Derived from *xraz. Tonr-F.rk 90;
Vnirs ANEW 249.
*xrn sb.f.: ON hra whore, harlot, OE
hre id., MLG hre id., OHG neut. huor
id. Derived from *xraz. Tonr-F.rk 90;
M.cnrk Slavia XXI/2 259261 (from
Slav *kurva id.); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
M.n+vxo\ Slav-germ. 297210 (follows
M.cnrk); Z.rizxi.k I 155; Oxioxs 1005;
Krtor-Srrnorr 389.
*xrabnaz sb.m.: Burg *hramns raven, ON
hrafn id., OE hrfn id., OS naht-hraban
nocticorax, OHG hraban, raban raven.
Derived from *xrabn. Ztri+z. Gutt. 23,
xfjanan 182 xrabnaz
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 182
124; Stor.n+i DVN 174179; Tonr-
F.rk 103; Hor+n.tsrx KZ XXVII 623
(to Lat crep to rattle, to crack), AEEW
GED 192; Konrrn 711; Krtor-Srrnorr
662.
*xrabn sb.m.: MLG rave raven, OHG
rabo id. Of imitative origin. Unrrxnrck
PBB XXVI 305 (to Lat crep to rattle, to
crack, Latv krept to be dirty); Stor.n+i
DVN 174179; Tonr-F.rk 103; Pokonxv
I 569; Z.rizxi.k II 220; Oxioxs 741;
Krtor-Srrnorr 662.
*xrajanan wk.vb.: OE hreddan to rid,
to save, OFris hredda id., OHG ir-retten
id. Identical with Skt rathyati to loosen
(further related to rathnti to become
loose) and Slav *krotiti to tame (M.cnrk
Slavia XVI 187). V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ II
*xraxilaz ~ *xrailan sb.m./n.: ON
hrll weavers rod, OE hrel garment,
OFris hreil id., OHG hregil id. Cf. also
OE hrel reel (Tonr ANF XXIV 95).
Of unknown origin. Brzzrxnrnorn BB
XXVII 170 (to Slav *krosno loom);
Tonr-F.rk 101 (to Gk kerkw weavers
shuttle); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 171;
Pokonxv I 618 (to Gk krkv to weave,
to strike); Vnirs ANEW 263; Oxioxs 736.
*xraifjanan wk.vb.: ON hreifa to swing.
Close to Lith kraipaU, kraipti to turn,
cf. also krepti id. (Ztri+z. Gutt. 125;
Prrrnsrx IF V 57). Prnssox Beitrge
949; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 140; Pokonxv I
*xrairn sb.m.: ON hegri heron (with
dissimilation), OE hrra id., OS regera
id. (fem.), MLG reiger id., OHG reigaro,
reigar id. Probably, results from a dissimi-
lation of *xranrn based on *xrenanan.
Tonr-F.rk 104 (to Slav *krik shout or
Gk krzv to creak); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
ANEW 216 (to Gk aor. krke to creek, to
screech); Oxioxs 438.
*xrainaz sb.m.: ON hreinn reindeer, OE
hrn id. From *xrainiz. ( Jon.xssox KZ
XXX 339) (to*xurnan); Hor+n.tsrx
*xrainisjanan wk.vb.: ON hreinsa to
cleanse, OHG reinisn id. Derived from
*xrainiz. Vnirs ANEW 252253; Lrn-
v.xx GED 193.
*xraini sb.f.: Goth un-hrainia impu-
rity, OHG hreinida purication, clean-
sing. Derived from *xrainjanan. Fris+
303.
*xrainiz adj.: Goth hrains clean, ON
hreinn id., OFris hrne id., OS hrni id.,
OHG reini id. From *roi-ni- probably
related to Skt r- beauty, Av sr- id., Gk
Hom krevn noble. K.ns+rx NB II
104; Fris+ 268269; Krtor PBB VIII
525 (adjective in *-ni- from IE *krei- to
cut, further related to *(s)ker-); Pokonxv
I 618, 946; Vnirs ANEW 252; Lrnv.xx
Srrnorr 677.
*xrainn sb.f.: Goth hrainei cleanliness,
OHG rein id. Derived from *xrainiz.
v.xxs 303.
*xrainja-xertaz adj.: Goth hrainja-hairts
pure in heart, OHG rein-herzi id. Com-
pound of *xrainiz and *xertn. Fris+ 268;
Lrnv.xx GED 190.
*xrainjanan wk.vb.: Goth hrainjan to
cleanse, OS hrnian id., OHG reinen id.
Derived from *xrainiz. Fris+ 268; Lrn-
*xraiwan sb.n.: ON hr corpse, carrion,
OE hrw body, corpse, hrw id., OFris
hr-rf corpse-robbery, OS hru corpse,
OHG hro, ro id. (s-stem in pl.). Cf. also
Goth hraiwa- in hraiwa-dbo turtle-dove
< *dove of death, *dove of corpses
(Scnn.rrn II 141142; Wirrrv.xx BB
XXVIII 32). Substantivized adjective
related to Gk kroiw sickly, weak, Lith
krevas crooked, Slav *kriv id. (Sorvsrx
IF XXXI 466467). S+okrs Urkelt. 97
(to OIr cr body); Btoor PBB XXIV
427428 (to *xrawaz); Ztri+z. Gutt. 208;
xrabnaz 183 xraiwan
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 183
Gnirxnrnorn Got. 119; Uxvrn+n PBB
XXXVI 3 (traces of s-stem); Tonr-F.rk
101 (to Latv krija bark); Wirrrv.xx BB
XXVIII 3032 (to Slav *ervo womb);
Tonr NNEO 558 (to Lett krijat to ay);
Woor MLN XVIII 15 (to *skrei- to
turn); Nrckrr ZDADL LXXI 187188;
22; Ennixon.ts GL XVI 913 (Goth to
Gk kraj raven, Lat corvus id.); Lrn-
v.xx GED 190191.
*xrakjanan wk.vb.: ON hrekja to worry,
to vex, OFris hreka to tear. Related to
Lith krang, krgti to tower, to overhang.
Ztri+z. Gutt. 125; Tonr-F.rk 101 (to Skt
krjati to pain, to torment); Scnrr+r-
rovi+z ZfInd II 279; Cnrvor.xo\
ANEW 254.
*xramaz sb.m.: MLG raem frame,
rack, OHG ram id. Identical with Slav
*krom loom, edge (Ztri+z. Gutt. 122).
Fris+ 270; S+.xo LS 31; Pokonxv I 945;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XII 185186.
*xrammaz ~ *xrammn sb.m.: ON
hrammr paw, palm, OE hramma cramp,
spasm, MLG ram, ramme id. An emphatic
form of *xrampaz. Tonr-F.rk 104;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 172; M.n+ixr+ Gm.
190; Pokonxv I 948949 (to Gk krfow
dry stalk, chip); Vnirs ANEW 251.
*xram(m)janan wk.vb.: Goth hramjan to
crucify, ON hremma to clutch, OE hrem-
man to obstruct, to hinder, EFris remmen
to lace, to tie, MDu remmen to brake, to
check (wheels). Denominative of *xram-
maz ~ *xrammn (Fris+ 270). Cf. a similar
formation in Slav *kromiti to divide, to
break. Ztri+z. Gutt. 114, 122; Tonr-
251, 254; Lrnv.xx GED 191 (to IE
*kre-m-, from *(s)ker- to cut); Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa XIII 5; V.x Wixrrkrxs I 234 (to
Toch B krmp- to disturb, to check).
*xrampaz sb.m.: Norw dial. ramp thin
man, MLG ramp cramp, spasm, MHG
rampf id. Probably related to Gk krmbow
blight in grapes, when they shrivel before
they are ripe. Tonr-F.rk 103; Fnisk II
56.
*xramus(n) sb.f./m.: Norw rams Allium
ursinum, OE pl. hramsan broad-leaved
garlic, MLG ramese wild garlic. Prob-
ably related to Gk krmuon onion <
*kromuso-, krmuon id., MIr crim garlic
and further to Lith kerm wild garlic,
Slav *erma id., *ermxa bird cherry.
The IE word was borrowed from NCauc
*krmuV kind of fruit tree, quince,
plum. Btoor KZ XIX 419420;
Scnvir+ KZ XXXII 346; Prrrnsrx IF V
243; Fnisk II 2324; Oxioxs 738;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa IV 68; S+.nos+ix DV
121 (IE and NCauc words genetically
related); Nikor.vr\-S+.nos+ix NCED
*xrapjanan wk.vb.: ON hrapa to fall,
to tumble down, ME rapen to hurry.
Derived from *xrappaz. Tonr-F.rk 102
(to *xratjann); Ar.vs TB 154 (to Toch
AB krp- to descend < *korb-).
*xrappaz adj.: ON prop. Hrappr, MLG
rapp swift. Related to Slav *krpk
rm. Tonr-F.rk 102 (to *xrapjanan);
Pokonxv I 620; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ II
372.
*xrappjanan wk.vb.: ON hreppa to catch,
to obtain, OE hreppan to touch, to treat,
OFris reppa to touch, MLG reppen to
move slightly. Derived from *xrappaz.
Ztri+z. Gutt. 207; Tonr-F.rk 102103
(to Lith kraptti to scrape, to rub, to
scratch); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 173; M.n-
+ixr+ Gm. 169; Vnirs ANEW 254.
*xratjanan wk.vb.: ON hrata to fall, to
stagger, to tumble, OE hratian to hurry,
MHG razzen to rage. Related to Skt kr-
dati to leap, to jump, Gk kradv to
swing, to wave. On the other hand, cf.
*xrappjanan. Ztri+z. Gutt. 122; Tonr-
M.vnnorrn I 254255; Vnirs ANEW
252; Fnisk II 12.
xraiwan 184 xratjanan
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 184
*xraaz sb.m.: ON hrar swift, OE hr,
hrd id., MLG rat swift, quick, OHG
hrad id. Structurally close to Lith adv. api-
kratai quick, fast. Further related to MIr
crothaim to shake, Lith krei, krEsti id.
(Fick II 99; Scnvrx+xrn PBB XLVIII
7985). K.ns+rx NB I 5758, II 294;
v.xxs 304305.
*xrau sb.f.: ON hrau mail-coat,
cuirass, OE scild-hrea shield, buckler.
Derived from *xreuanan. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 173; Vnirs ANEW 252 (to ON
hrja to strip, to disable).
*xraukaz sb.m.: ON hraukr small stack,
OE hrec heap, stack, MDu rooc id.
Related to MIr crach heap (Krtor PBB
X 444). Btoor KZ XIX (1870) 420
421 (to Lith kruti to put in a heap);
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 172; Cnrvor.xo\
766.
*xraumn ~ *xraumaz sb.m.: ON
hraumi noisy fellow, OE hrem cry.
Probably continues *xraut-mn ~ *xraut-
maz derived from *xreutanan ~ *xrtanan I.
Tonr-F.rk 573 (to LG schrauen to cry, to
shout).
*xraustaz adj.: ON hraustr strong,
valiant, G dial. rst sprightly, active.
Probably derived from *xreusanan.
K.ns+rx NB II 339340; Scnvrx+xrn
PBB XLVIII 85; Ztri+z. Gutt. 123;
*xrawaz adj.: ON hrr raw, fresh, OE
hrew raw, OS hrao id., OHG *rao id.
Related to Skt krav- raw esh, Gk kraw
esh, meat, Lat cruor blood, MIr cr id.,
Lith kraUjas id., Slav *kry id. Ztri+z.
II 1112; Oxioxs 742; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa
XIII 6770; H.vr IF LXXXII 7576;
*xrazn sb.f.: ON hrnn wave, OE hrn
waves, tide. Identical with Gk krnh
spring, fountain (S.tsstnr MSL 1889
119), Alb krua ~ krue id. < PAlb *kresn
(C.v.nr. I 50). Pr+rnssox IF XXIV
46 (to *xreusanan); Ktnx NB XXIX 113;
146; Vnirs ANEW 264 (to *xrzjanan);
Fnisk II 16; Onrr AED 198.
*xrefaz sb.n.: OE hrif womb, belly, OFris
hrif, href id., OHG href id. Related to Skt
kp shape, beautiful appearance, Lat cor-
pus body, MIr cr body < *kpes. Cf. an
interesting derivative ON hriingr a kind
of shoe < *xrefalinaz with a semantic
development similar to Slav *ervik
shoe < *ervo belly (Sonorr\skii RFV
LXXI 444). \.x Wik IF XXVIII 123
124 (to Lith krepti to turn); Ztri+z. Gutt.
53, 125 (ON to Lat carpisculus a kind of
shoe, OPrus kurpe shoe); Tonr-F.rk
103 (ON to Gk krhpw high boot, half-
boot); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 174; W.rrr-
Pokonxv I 620; Vnirs ANEW 255 (ON
to Lith krp shoe); Oxioxs 575.
*xrenanan str.vb.: ON hrinda to kick,
to push, to throw, OE pret. sg. rand id.
Probably related to Lith kratas steep
bank, krent, krsti to fall, Slav *krt
steep (Ztri+z. Gutt. 123). Tonr-F.rk
102 (to Gk krtow clapping); Hor+-
256; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ II 387 (against
Ztri+z.); Srrnorr 273 (to *xrewwanan);
Tntn.cnr\ Etim. 1978 67.
*xrenaz sb.m.: Crim. Goth. rinck ring,
circle, ON hringr id., OE hrin id., OFris
hring id., OS hring id., OHG hring id.
Related to Slav *kr\g mountain ridge <
*krengho-, *krg circle < *krongho-, *kr\
stump, mountain ridge < *krengho-
(Mikrosicn 142, Zrvss KZ XX 132).
Woor IF XVIII 11; Ztri+z. Gutt.
AEEW 174; Fris+ 398; Scnnixrx KZ
xraaz 185 xrenaz
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 185
XLII 103; Tnirn Holz 80; Pokonxv I
132; Oxioxs 768; S+.xo LS 3031; Lrn-
v.xx GEDE 285 (from *(s)ker- to turn, to
bend); Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XII 142, 148
149, XIII 2527; Krtor-Srrnorr 687.
*xrenjanan wk.vb.: ON hringja to ring,
OE hrinan id. (secondary str. forms).
Derived from *xrenaz? Ztri+z. Gutt.
124; Tonr-F.rk 102; Brnxrkrn I 612 (to
Lith kranki, krakti to croak, Slav *krkati
to quack); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 174;
*xrenjn sb.f.: ON hringja buckle, OE
hrine id., OS hringa id., OHG ringa
id. Derived from *xrenaz. Hor+n.tsrx
Srrnorr 688.
*xrepaz sb.n.: ON hrip basket (carried on
the horse-back), OHG ref id. Related to
Lith krpas basket. Tonr-F.rk 103 (to
Lat corbis basket); Bo. RFV LXVII
241; Pokonxv I 937 (to Latv kribas
woven oor of the sleigh); Cnrvor.xo\
SGGJa I 77; Vnirs ANEW 257; Krtor-
Srrnorr 673674.
*xreanan str.vb.: OHG redan to sieve.
Related to Lith krei, krEsti to shake, for
the semantic development cf. especially
Lith kreiuti to sieve. Pokonxv I 620;
Fn.rxkrr 295; Srrnorr 274275.
*xreuan sb.n.: OE hred reed, OFris
hrid id., OS hriod id., OHG hriot place
where reed grows. Identical with Slav
*krud whip (Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XII
AEEW 173; Pokonxv I 623; Oxioxs 749;
Krtor-Srrnorr 687 (to Toch A kru, B
krwats reed).
*xreuanan str.vb.: ON part. hroinn
covered with metal, OE pret. sg. hred
to cover. Related to Lith kruju, kruti to
put on top of each other, Slav *kryti to
cover (Woor MP V 276). Sir\rns PBB
XXXVI 404; Tonr-F.rk 108; Hor+-
*xreufaz adj.: ON hrjfr rough, scabby,
OE href rough, scabby, leprous, OHG
riob mangy, leprous. Related to Lith
kraups uneven, rough. Further cf. Alb
krip ~ kryp salt, Slav *krupa groats
(Mrvrn Alb. St. III 4, 31, 71). K.ns+rx
NB I 23; Ztri+z. Gutt. 126; Tonr-F.rk
AEEW 173; Krtor 279, Nom. Stamm.
60, 88; Pokonxv I 623; Cnrvor.xo\
SGGJa I 74; Fn.rxkrr 290; S+.xo LS 30;
Vnirs ANEW 258; Hrirrnv.xxs 306
307; Onrr AED 197; Krtor-Srrnorr
339, 695.
*xreusanan str.vb.: OE hresan to fall,
OHG hriusu reor (leg. ruor). Etymologi-
cally related to Gk krov to strike, Lith
kru, krti to trample, OPrus krt to
fall, Slav *kruiti to destroy. Ztri+z.
Gutt. 125, 208; Tonr-F.rk 107; Hor+-
(to Gk krow icy cold, frost); Fnisk II
2728; Srrnorr 276277.
*xreutanan ~ *xrtanan I str.vb.: ON
hrjta to snore, OE hrtan to make a
noise, to snore, OFris hrta to wheeze,
OS pres. hrtan to snore, OHG rzan
id. Of imitative origin. Tonr-F.rk 107;
IEW 230236; Pokonxv I 567571;
*xreutanan ~ *xrtanan II str.vb.: ON
hrjta to rebound, to fall, to y, MHG
rzen to move quickly. Related to *xreu-
sanan. Tonr-F.rk 107 (to OPrus krt to
fall); Pokonxv I 622.
*xrewwa-lkaz adj.: ON hrygg-ligr
mournful, sad, OE hrow-lc grievous,
miserable. Derived from *xrewwaz.
Hrirrnv.xxs 308.
*xrewwanan str.vb.: OE hrewan to make
sorry, to grieve, OFris hriouwa, riouwa to
regret, OS hreuwan to hurt, to pain,
OHG riuwan id. Cf. also ON hryggja, hryg-
gva to distress, to grieve < *xrewwjanan.
Of unknown origin. Tonr-F.rk 106
107 (to *kreu- blood); Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 173; Pokonxv I 622 (to *kreu- to
strike); Vnirs ANEW 263; Srrnorr 278
xrenaz 186 xrewwanan
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 186
279 (to Gk krov to strike, to smite,
Lith kru, krti to pound); Krtor-
Srrnorr 683.
*xrewwaz adj.: ON hryggr aicted,
grieved, distressed, OE hrowe sad,
grieved, OS hriuwi worried. Derived
from *xrewwanan. K.ns+rx NB II 444
445; Unrrxnrck PBB XXVI 306 (to
*xrawaz); Prnssox SVSU X 178 (to
Skt kara- lamentable, compassionate);
622 (to *kreu- to strike); Vnirs ANEW
263; Lixrrv.x Verschfrung 150151; Srr-
norr 278279; M.+zrr Festschr. Schrder
*xrkjanan wk.vb.: ON hrkja to spit,
OE hrcan to clear the throat, to spit. De-
rived from *xrkn. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
*xrkn sb.m.: ON hrki spittle, OE hrca
expectoration, spittle. Related to Gk
krzv to croak, Lith kregti to speak
loudly, to grunt. Ztri+z. Gutt. 124, 162;
Fnisk II 31; Oxioxs 743.
*xrt sb.f.: OFris rta honeycomb,
MLG rte id., OHG rza id. An ablaut
variant of *xrtan. \.x Wik IF XXVIII
121123 (to Slav *krada pile, stack);
Pokonxv I 617.
*xrisjanan ~ *xrissjanan wk.vb.:
Goth af-hrisjan to shake o, OE hrissian
id., OS hrisian to shake oneself, to trem-
ble. Related to *xristjanan. Tonr-F.rk
Pokonxv I 19; Lrnv.xx GED 5.
*xrispn sb.f.: Burg *hrispa thicket,
MHG rispe bush. Close to Lat crispus
curly, twisted, W crych vibrant, curly
(Lrnv.xx GED 5). W.rrr-Horv.xx I
293; Pokonxv I 938; Konrrn 711.
*xristjanan wk.vb.: ON hrista to shake,
MLG risten to braid. Related to *xrsan
and *xrisjanan ~ *xrissjanan. Etymologi-
cally close to MIr cressaim id. (M.n-
s+n.xrrn ZfceltPh VII 412). Tonr-F.rk
*xrbanan str.vb.: ON hrfa to catch, to
grapple, EFris rfen to rake, MDu riven
id. Of unknown origin. A modication
of *rpanan or *xrnanan? Ztri+z. Gutt.
126; Tonr-F.rk 105 (to Latv skrpt to
scratch); Scnnixrx KZ XLII 101; Vnirs
ANEW 255 (to ON hrei wrist).
*xrbn sb.f.: ON hrfa rake, OFris hrve
id., MDu rive id. Related to *xrbanan.
*xrran ~ *xrrn sb.n./f.: OE hridder
sieve, OS hrdra sieve, OHG rtera id.
Continues *krei-dhro- (as in Lat crbrum
sieve) or *krei-tro- (as in OIr crathar id.).
Ztri+z. Gutt. 125 (to *xrisjanan ~ *xriss-
janan); Tonr-F.rk 104; Hor+n.tsrx
r.xo\ SGGJa I 88; Oxioxs 767; Lrn-
*xrma-kalaz adj.: ON hrm-kaldr icy
cold, OE hrm-ceald id. Compound of
*xrman ~ *xrmaz and *kalaz. C.nn
Nom. comp. 61.
*xrman ~ *xrmaz sb.n./m.: ON
hrm hoar frost, OE hrm id., Du rijm
id. Probably from *xrp-m- in view of
WGmc masc. *xrpn id.: OS hrpo, OHG
hrfo. Unclear. Ztri+z. Gutt. 126; Tonr-
F.rk 104 (to Lith krn foam on the
cooking dish); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 174
(to Latv krims cream); Pokonxv I 618
(to *xrnanan); Vnirs ANEW 256; Oxioxs
*xrnanan str.vb.: ON hrna to cleave, to
stick, OE hrnan to touch, OS hrnan id.,
OHG hrnan id. Of unknown etymolo-
gy. Ztri+z. Gutt. 124, 187; Tonr-F.rk
104 (to Latv krt to skim); Hor+n.tsrx
75 (to Latv krina pig); Vnirs ANEW
256 (to *krei- to touch); Srrnorr 271;
*xrs(a)ln ~ *xrs(a)laz sb.f./m.: ON
hrsla twig, OE hrisel weaving shuttle
(masc.?). Derived from *xrsan. Hor+-
*xrsan sb.n.: ON hrs shrubs, brush-
wood, OE hrs twig, branch, OFris hrs
xrewwanan 187 xrsan
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 187
switch, rod, MLG rs twig, branch,
OHG hrs, rs id. Etymologically con-
nected with OPrus craysi, crays straw, Lat
crnis hair (< *crisnis) and related to
*xristjanan (Lrnv.xx GED 5). Ztri+z.
Gutt. 126; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 175;
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 292293; Tnirn Holz
257; Z.rizxi.k I 141; Krtor-Srrnorr
677.
*xr sb.f.: ON hr tempest, storm, OE
hr id. Related to OIr crith trembling,
fever, W cryd fever. Lirrx PBB XV
511 (to Gk krsiw separation, decision,
judgement); Tonr-F.rk 105; Hor+n.t-
srx AEEW 175; F.rk ANF XLI 119;
*xrfan ~ *xrfaz sb.n./m.: ON hrf
boat-shed, OE hrf roof, top, summit,
OFris hrf roof , MLG rf id. Continues
*kr-po-, cf. *xrtan < *kr-do-. On the
other hand cf. OIr cr enslosure, barn
< *krpo-. Ztri+z. Gutt. 11, 208, IF
XIII 51 (to Slav *strop roof < IE
*rapo-); Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 92; Tonr-
*xrkaz sb.m.: ON hrkr rook, OE hrc
id., MLG rk id., OHG hruoh id. Related
to *xrkn. Ztri+z. Gutt. 23, 124;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 175; Stor.n+i ANT
Vnirs ANEW 259; Fnisk II 31; Oxioxs
*xrpan ~ *xrpaz sb.n./m.: ON hrp
crying, screaming, OE hrp crying,
clamor. Derived from *xrpanan to
shout, to call. Tonr-F.rk 106; Hor+-
Krtor-Srrnorr 695.
*xrpanan str.vb.: OE hrpan to cry
out, to clamor, OFris hrpa to shout, to
call, OS hrpan id., OHG ruofan id. Of
unknown origin. Cf. *xraz. Nonrrx
Abri 206 (to Lith skreb, skrebti to rus-
tle); Broovrirrr PBB XXXVII 251
(rhyming word with *wpjanan); Tonr-
176; Tnirn Holz 70 (from IE *ker- to
cut); Pokonxv I 531; Srrnorr 279280;
Lrnv.xx GED 191 (to IE *kar- praise);
Krtor-Srrnorr 695.
*xrpiz sb.m.: Goth hrops clamor, outcry,
OHG ruof shout, rumor. Derived from
*xrpanan. Fris+ 270; Vnirs ANEW 260;
Srrnorr 279; Lrnv.xx GED 191; B.v-
vrsnrnorn Nom. 136; Krtor-Srrnorr
695.
*xrpjanan wk.vb.: Goth hropjan to
shout, ON hrpa to libel, to defame,
OHG ruofen to shout, to call. Derived
from *xrpan ~ *xrpaz. Ztri+z. Gutt.
23; Tonr-F.rk 106; Vnirs ANEW 260;
*xrtan sb.n.: Goth hrot roof, house, ON
hrt roof . Related to *xrt. Close to Slav
*krada pile of logs (Brzzrxnrnorn BB
XXVII 170; Unrrxnrck PBB XXX 302)
and Alb krodh beehive < PAlb *krd.
As it follows from the comparison with
*xrfan ~ *xrfaz, the original structure of
this word is *kr-do-, a derivational vari-
ant of *kr-po-. Lirrx Festschr. Noreen 432
(to Pers sar( y) palace < Iran *srda-);
Ztri+z. Gutt. 127; Gnirxnrnorn Got.
119120 (to Gk krdh tree-top); Wirrr-
v.xx IF I 194 (to Slav *kryti to cover);
Unrrxnrck PBB XXX 292 (same as
Lirrx); Tonr-F.rk 106; Hin+ Ablaut 77
(to Gk kraw head); Brnxrkrn 605
(against Brzzrxnrnorn); V.x Wik IF
XXVIII 121 (compares Slav *krada
with Gmc *xrt ); Tn.t+v.xx BSW 140
(to Lith kraUt attic); Hrixrn+z ESt.
432435 (against Brzzrxnrnorn; recon-
structs *kru-d-, eventually, to IE *ker- to
weave); Fris+ 270271; Tnirn Holz 70
(to IE *(s)ker- to cut); Pokonxv I 617;
Lrnv.xx GED 191192; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa XI 5860 (Slav *korda rather than
*krada); Onrr AED 197198.
*xraz sb.m.: Burg *hros glory, victory,
ON hrr praise, OE hr fame, glory,
hror joy, OS hr glory, OHG prn.
Ruod-beraht. Any connection with *xra-
xrsan 188 xraz
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 188
janan? Hin+ PBB XXIII 292 (to *kar- to
praise: Gk kruj herold, Skt carkarti to
make mention of, to praise); Tonr-F.rk
Lrnv.xx GED 192 (to IE *kar- ~ *kr-
to praise); Konrrn 711.
*xriaz ~ *xruaz adj.: Goth
hroeigs victorious, triumphant, ON
hrugr id., OE hri id. Derived from
*xraz. Fris+ 271; Lrnv.xx GED 192.
*xrzaz adj.: Run prop. hroRaR, OE hrr
stirring, active, OS hrr lively. Identical
with Slav *kras beautiful, colored,
*krasa beauty. Tonr-F.rk 106; Hor+-
Vnirs ANEW 264; M.+zrr KZ CV 123;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XII 9597, 105;
Hrirrnv.xxs 309.
*xrzjanan wk.vb.: ON hrra to move, to
stir, OE hrran to shake, to move, OFris
hrra to move, OS hrrian id., OHG
hruoren to push, to move. Derived from
*xrzaz. Structurally close to Slav *krasiti
to ornate. Ztri+z. Gutt. 187; Tonr-
Vnirs ANEW 264; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XII
Srrnorr 696.
*xruf(n) sb.f.: ON hrufa crust, rough
surface (of a stone), OFris rofe, rafe crust
(on a wound), MLG rove id., OHG ruf
scab. Cf. also Gep *hrufs scurf . Related
to *xreufaz. Vnirs ANEW 261; Konrrn
715.
*xrujaz sb.m.: ON hryggr back, spine
(traces of i-stem), OE hryc id., OFris hreg
id., OS hruggi id., OHG hruggi id.
Connected with Lat crux cross, tree or
wooden frame for execution, Ir crach
heap. Ztri+z. Gutt. 127, 187; Tn.t+-
v.xx KZ XLII 374 (to Slav *kriti to
bend, to ply); Tonr-F.rk 107; Hor+-
Lixrrv.x Verschrfung 15.17; Krtor-
Srrnorr 694.
*xrunan sb.n.: ON hrogn sh roe, ME
rowne id., MLG rogen id., OHG masc.
rogan id. Derived from *xrun. Ztri+z.
Gutt. 11, 126; Tonr-F.rk 107; Pokonxv
I 619; Vnirs ANEW 259; Krtor-Srrnorr
690.
*xrun sb.m.: ME rowe sh roe, MDu
roge id., OHG hrogo id. Related to
*xrawaz. Brzzrxnrnorn BB XXI 315 (to
Lith kurkula frog-spawn); Ztri+z. Gutt.
*xruk( j)n sb.m./f.: ON hroki heap above
the brim of a full vessel, OE corn-hrycce
corn-rick. Related to *xraukaz. Vnirs
ANEW 259.
*xrumpaz sb.m.: Norw dial. rump at hill
top, buttocks, ME rumpe podex (fem.),
MLG rump trunk. Of unknown origin.
Tonr-F.rk 103 (to *xrampaz).
*xrun(n) sb.f.: Goth hrugga sta, OE
hrun rung, sta, rod, MLG runge pole,
stake, OHG runga id. Related to *xrenaz
(Tonr-F.rk 108). Cn.nrrx+irn BB
XXX 159; Scnnorrn PBB XXIX 499
(reconstructs the original meaning as
*round pole: to Skt krcati to curve,
to move crookedly); Unrrxnrck TNTL
XXV 279280 (against Scnnorrn);
272; Pokonxv I 936; Z.rizxi.k I 147;
Srrnorr 696.
*xrusn sb.f.: OE hruse earth, ground,
OHG (h)rosa crust, ice. Derived from
*xreusanan. Identical with Lith kru hail,
oe, Slav *krxa bit. Tonr-F.rk 108;
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 295 (to Gk krow
frost, cold, Lat crusta crust); Fn.rxkrr
302; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ II 384.
*xrussan sb.n.: ON hross horse, OE hors
id., OFris hors, hars id., OS hros id., OHG
hros, ros id. Borrowed from East Iranian,
cf. Osset (v)urs stallion (Bnoxr.r APS III
13; Brx\rxis+r BSL LVIII 4143).
Derivation from *xreusanan is less proba-
ble. Cf. also *xruzan. Koorr PBB VII
176 (to Gk kradv to shake); Fnornrr
BB XIV 105 (to Lat curr to run, OIr
carr vehicle); Ztri+z. Gutt. 123; Tonr-
xraz 189 xrussan
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 189
F.rk 79; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 170 (to Skt
krdati to leap, to jump); Jn.xxrssox
IEW 239 (to *xurskaz); Bnoxr.r APS III
131 (from East Iranian); Pokonxv I 583;
Oxioxs 448; Krtor-Srrnorr 692; Ar.vs
TB 234 (to Toch A kursr, B kwarsr
league, course).
*xruzan sb.n.: ON hrr corpse, OE
e-hror fall, ruin, death. Derived from
*xreusanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 176;
Jn.xxrssox IEW 268; Vnirs ANEW
264; Srrnorr 276.
*xrmaz sb.m.: OE hrm soot. Identi-
cal with Av xrma- terrible, horrible,
Gk kr:umw icy cold, frost. Further cf.
*xraz ~ *xrn. Tonr-F.rk 106;
Fnisk II 28.
*xraz ~ *xrn sb.m.: ON hrr
crust, scab, OE fem. hre mange,
scabies, OS hrtho scab, OHG rdo
id. Related to *xrawaz (Torp NNEO 550).
Cf. Lat crusta crust < *reu- blood
(Bcheler Kl. Schr. II 270). Tonr-F.rk
106; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 295 (against
Btcnrrrn); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 177;
Pokonxv I 621; Vnirs ANEW 261 (re-
lated to Lat kreve scab); Krtor-Srrnorr
669.
*xufan ~ *xufaz sb.n./m.: ON hof
pagan temple, OE hof dwelling, house,
hall, OFris hof yard, OS hof id., OHG
hof id. Related to *xaupaz (with irregu-
lar -p-). Tonr-F.rk 94; Hor+n.tsrx
ANEW 246; Z.rizxi.k II 168; Krtor-
Srrnorr 379.
*xufa-staiz sb.m.: ON hof-star sanctu-
ary, OS hof-stedi court. Compound of
*xufan ~ *xufaz and *staiz. C.nn Nom.
*xufraz sb.m.: OE hofer hump, swelling,
MLG hover id., MHG hover id. Close to
Lith kupr id. Cf. also *xufan ~ *xufaz.
S+.xo LS 31.
*xuiz sb.f.: Goth ga-hugds perception,
mind, ON - (in cmpn.), OE e-hyd
thought, cogitation, OS gi-hugd id.,
OHG gi-hugt memory. Derivative in IE
*-ti- from *xujanan. Krtor PBB IX
152153; Corri+z Prt. 1314, 7477 (on
*-ti- > *-i- assimilated to root nal
*--); Fris+ 184; Lrnv.xx GED 139.
*xui-rn sb.f.: ON pl. hug-rnar magical
runes, OE hye-rn secret of the mind.
Compound of *xuiz ~ *xuuz and *rn.
*xui-ankaz ~ *xui-ankn sb.m.:
ON hug-okki mind, disposition, judg-
ment, OE hye-anc thought. Com-
pound of *xuiz ~ *xuuz and *ankaz.
*xuiz ~ *xuuz sb.m.: Goth hugs under-
standing, mind, ON hugr mind, mood,
OE hye mind, heart, soul, OFris hei
mind, OS hugi id., OHG hugu mind,
sense, spirit. See *xujanan. Borr Glos-
sarium 380 (to Skt akate to sway); Fick
BB XVII 320 (to Lat cupi to desire);
Unrrxnrck PBB XXII 541 (to Gk kukv
to mix, to stir up), XXX 293 (to *kuh-
to hide); Cn.nrrx+irn BB XXX 153
154; Tonr-F.rk 91; Mikkor. BB XXII
239 (to Lith kaUkas pixie, goblin); Hin+
Ablaut 110 (from *uk-, cf., Skt ci-
bright, pure, further to Skt cati to
shine, to glow, to burn, Av part. saoint-
burning); Woor MP XVII 572 (to
Czech ihati to lie in wait); Jon.xssox
PBB XVIII 37 (follows Hin+); Hor+-
201; Lrnv.xx GED 192193 (to Skt kav-
seer, sage, poet); B.vvrsnrnorn Nom.
130.
*xujanan wk.vb.: Goth hugjan to think,
ON hyggja to think, to mean, to believe,
OE hycan to think, to be midful, OFris
hugia to think, OS huggian id., OHG
huggen to remember, to hope. Related to
Hitt kunk- to weigh (?), Lith kt, kti
to start to move (Woornotsr IF CIV
211213). For the semantic develop-
ment cf. Lat pend to weigh, to consi-
der, G wgen to determine the weigh, to
xrussan 190 xujanan
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 190
consider. Fick BB XVII 320 (to Lat
cupi to long, to desire); Tonr-F.rk 91;
Lrnv.xx GED 192193; M.ko\skii VJa
XXXV/5 143 (to *xawwanan); Krtor-
Srrnorr 379.
*xujanan wk.vb.: ON huga to consider,
to think, OE hoian to mind, to think,
OFris hugia to think, OS huggean id.,
OHG huggen id. See *xujanan. Hor+-
*xun sb.m.: ON hugi mind, mood, OE
hoa care, hou care, worry. Related to
*xuiz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 168; Vnirs
ANEW 265.
*xulan sb.n.: ON hol cavity, hollow, OE
hol covering, OFris hol den, OHG hol
id. Substantivized *xulaz. Ztri+z. Gutt.
Lrnv.xx GED 194, 383.
*xulaz adj.: ON holr hollow, OE hol id.,
OFris hol id., OS hol id., OHG hol id.
Derived from *xelanan (Bntov.xx IF
XXXIII 305307). K.ns+rx NB I 2;
Ztri+z. Gutt. 185; Mrvrn NGWG 1906
187 (against Bntov.xx; to Skt kuly
brook, ditch, channel, Gk kaulw stem,
shaft, Lat caulis stem, penis); Tonr-
F.rk 81, 563; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 168;
Srrnorr 379380.
*xulan sb.n.: ON hold esh, meat, OE
hold carcass, body. Continues a partici-
ple *(s)kto- of *(s)kel- to cut. On the
other hand, probably related to MIr
colinn meat. Ztri+z. Gutt. 107; Tonr-
F.rk 96 (to *kel- to strike); Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 169; Pokonxv I 925; Dvno VSJa
33 (to Lith elt to split); Cnrvor.xo\
SGGJa I 99; Vnirs ANEW 247.
*xuljanan wk.vb.: ON hylda to slash,
OE hyldan to ay, to skin, holdian to cut
open. Derived from *xulan. Hor+-
*xuln sb.f.: ON hulda hiding, secrecy,
E hull, OHG hulla cover, veil. Cf. also
ON prop. Huld < *xul. Derived from
*xelanan, cf. *xuljanan. Ztri+z. Gutt. 185;
Oxioxs 451; Vnirs ANEW 266; Lrnv.xx
GED 193.
*xulistran sb.n.: Goth hulistr cover, veil,
OE heolstor darkness, veil, covering, Du
holster holster. Derivative in *-str-o- of
*xuljanan (Krtor Nom. Stamm. 4950). Cf.
also *xulis husk, pod: MLG hulse, OHG
hulsa. Tonr-F.rk 81; Fris+ 274; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 156; Lrnv.xx GED 193.
*xuljanan wk.vb.: Goth huljan to cover,
ON hylja to hide, to cover, OFris bi-hella
to cover, OS bi-hullean id., OHG hullen
id. Derived from an unattested aorist
present based on *xelanan (Mrirrr+ BSL
XX 25). Tonr-F.rk 81; Fris+ 274;
*xuln ~ *xuln sb.f.: ON hola hole,
OHG hol id. Derived from *xulaz.
247 (to Gk kali hut, barn).
*xulkaz ~ *xulkan sb.m./n.: ON hlkr
metal tube, OE holc hollow, cavity. Of
unknown origin. To be separated from
OE hulc light ship, MLG hulk, holke ship
of burden, OHG holco id. (despite
Hrixrn+z PBB XLI 194) borrowed from
Lat holcas id. < Gk lkaw id. F.rk WuS
IV 88; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 169, 177;
Vnirs ANEW 247 (to *xulaz); Oxioxs 451.
*xulmaz sb.m.: ON hlmr islet, OE
holm mound, hill, OS holm hill. Related
to *xalluz ~ *xallaz. Reects *kmo-, cf.
Lat columen point, top, pillar < *kelom
(Ctn+its Gr. Et. 153). Ztri+z. Gutt.
169; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 249250;
cnxrn 112, 117; Krtor-Srrnorr 381.
*xulmjanan wk.vb.: ON hylma to hide,
to conceal, OE for-hylman to cover over,
to conceal. Related to *xelmaz, *xelanan.
275.
*xulniz sb.m.: OE hyll hill, Fris hel id.,
xujanan 191 xulniz
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 191
MDu hille id. Close to Lat collis hill if the
latter continues *knis rather than *kolnis.
See *xalluz ~ *xallaz. Ztri+z. Gutt. 106;
Cnrvor.xo\ SSGJa I 55; Oxioxs 441.
*xuljanan wk.vb.: Goth us-hulon to
hollow out, ON hola to make hollow,
OHG holn id. Derived from *xulaz.
*xultan sb.n.: ON holt wood, grove, OE
holt id., OFris holt id., OS holt id., OHG
holz wood. Related to Gk kldow
branch, MIr caill forest, W celli id.,
Corn celli nemus < Celt *kald and Slav
*kolda log (Brzzrxnrnorn BB XVI 240).
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 169; Tnirn Holz
4351; Bonck Festschr. Trier 456
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa X 122123; Krtor-
Srrnorr 381.
*xulaz adj.: Goth huls kind, clement,
ON hollr gracious, faithful, OE hold
kind, friendly, pleasant, OFris hold fair,
faithful, OS hold kind, dear, devoted,
OHG hold true, devoted. Probably
derived from *xalanan (Mrzorn KZ
LXXXIII 150152). K.ns+rx NB II
314315; Woor AJPh XXIII 1951956
(to Skt rmyati to become weary);
Fon+tx.+o\ BB VI 219 (to Skt ka-
twist); Ztri+z. Gutt. 107; Tonr-F.rk 83;
Fris+ 274; Gtx+rn+ Kalypso 91 (to *xul-
janan); Rovrx Festschr. Schrijnen 713716;
247248; Sc.nriori Goten 7071, 105
106; Mrzorn KZ LXXXIII 150152
(to *xalaz); Lrnv.xx GED 193194;
380.
*xuln sb.f.: Burg *huli favor, ON hylli
grace, favor, OE hyldu kindness, favor,
OFris helde goodwill, benevolence, favor,
OS huldi id., OHG huld id. Derived from
*xulaz. Tonr-F.rk 83; Hor+n.tsrx
Lrnv.xx GED 193; Konrrn 711; Hri-
*xuljanan wk.vb.: ON hylla to court
ones friendship, OHG hulden to calm, to
comfort. Derived from *xulaz. Tonr-
*xuln I sb.m.: Goth un-hula devil, OE
un-holda end, OFris holda friend, OS
un-holdo devil, OHG holdo friend.
Derived from *xulaz. Fris+ 520521;
179; Krtor-Srrnorr 848; Hrirrnv.xxs
311.
*xuln II sb.f.: Goth un-hulo end,
she-devil, OHG un-holda monster.
See *xuln I. Fris+ 520521; Lrnv.xx
GED 193; Krtor-Srrnorr 848; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 311.
*xumaraz sb.m.: ON humarr lobster,
LG hummer id. Structurally close to
Gk kmarow lobster, aconite. Ztri+z.
Gutt. 208; Tonr-F.rk 95; Pokonxv I 558;
Vnirs ANEW 266; Fnisk I 773.
*xumalaz ~ *xumaln sb.m./f.: ON
humall hop-plant, OE hymele id., MLG
homele id. Together or via Slav *xmel id.
borrowed from the East (Ktnx KZ
XXXV 313314), cf. Chuv x6mla id. <
*qumlag. The latter goes back to Iranian:
Osset xumllg id. < *xaum-ala-ka- derived
from *xauma- sacred drink, soma
(Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VIII 143144). Late
Lat humulus id. is probably from Gmc.
Hin+ PBB XXIII 338; Unrrxnrck AfslPh
XV 485 (Slav < Gmc); Hor+n.tsrx
447 (from Slav *xmel id.); V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ IV 249250.
*xuml(n) sb.f.: Norw dial. humla bum-
ble-bee, MLG hummel id., OHG humbala
id. Cannot be separated from Slav
*mel id. but the phonetic details
are not clear. Further cf. Lith kamanE
id., OPrus camus id. Ztri+z. Gutt. 127;
Mrirrr+ MSL XIV 367; Tonr-F.rk
95; Lrvv IF XXXII 162 (on OHG
-b-); Vnirs ANEW 266; Fn.rxkrr 212;
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ IV 459; Tntn.cnr\
xulniz 192 xuml(n)
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 192
ESSJa IV 145146; Torono\ PJa III
*xumpaz sb.m.: ON huppr hip, E hump,
LG fem. humpe limp. Related to Skt
kmba- thick end of a bone, Gk kmbh
hollow of a vessel, kumbw id., MIr comm
vessel. Tonr-F.rk 94; Pokonxv I 592;
*xunaan sb.n.: ON hunang honey (sec-
ondary -n-), OE huni id., OFris hunig id.,
OS honig, OHG honag id. A taboo-moti-
vated innovation based on a color adjec-
tive yellow, cf. Skt neut. kcan- gold,
money, wealth, Gk knhkw pale yellow,
OPrus cucan brown. Tonr-F.rk 93;
266; Fnisk II 882883; Z.rizxi.k I 141;
Oxioxs 446; Krtor-Srrnorr 382; Hir-
v.nssox Mat. 181182 (adds Toch B
kro(n)ke bee).
*xunaa-swtuz adj.: ON hunang-str
sweet as honey, OE huni-swte id., MDu
honich-soet id., MHG honec-seze id. Com-
pound of *xunaan and *swtuz. C.nn
*xuna-faiz sb.m.: Goth hunda-fas cen-
turion. Identical with Skt at-pati- cap-
tain. Compound of *xunan and *faiz.
Fris+ 276; Brx\rxis+r BSL LVIII 45
(independent late formation); Cnrvo-
r.xo\ SGGJa I 107; Lrnv.xx GED 195.
*xunan sb.n.: Goth pl. hunda hundred,
OE hund id., OFris hund id., OS hund id.,
OHG hunt id. Identical with Lyc sta,
Toch A knt, B kante, Skt neut. at- id.,
Av sat6m id., Gk katn id., Lat centum
id., OIr ct, Lith iMtas id., Slav *sto
id. Ztri+z. Gutt. 187; B.n+norov.r
Horv.xx I 200201; Fris+ 275276;
Fn.rxkrr 984; Fnisk I 475; Oxioxs 452
Lrnv.xx GED 194195; Mrrcnrn+ St.
Cowgill 202203; Ross-Brnxs Numerals
*xuna-raan sb.n.: ON hundra hun-
dred, OE hundred id., OFris hundred id.,
OS hundrod, hunderod id., MHG hundert id.
Compound of *xunan and otherwise
unattested *raan identical with Lat ratum,
part. of reor to reckon, to believe. See
*rajanan ~ *rajanan. Tonr-F.rk 93,
336; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 429; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 178; Pokonxv I 59, 192;
Riscn IF LXVII 129141; Vnirs ANEW
267; Oxioxs 452453; Prr+rns KZ XCII
2728; Brxos+ox Diachronica IV 257262;
Ross-Brnxs Numerals 620 (dicult -o- in
OS); Krtor-Srrnorr 388.
*xunarjan sb.n.: OSwed hundari com-
pany (of one hundred), OHG huntari id.
Derived from *xunan. Derivationally cf.
Lat centuria division of troops, company.
Lrnv.xx GED 195.
*xunaz sb.m.: Goth hunds dog, ON
hundr id., OE hund id., OFris hund id., OS
hund id., OHG hunt id. Continues *-to-
and is derivationally close to Latv deprec.
snt-ene big dog (Os+norr Etym. I
240241; Prnssox Beitrge 585). Further
related to the Indo-European word for
dog: Toch AB ku, Skt vn-, Av sp, Gk
kvn, Lat canis, OIr c, Lith u (Ktnx
KZ I 380; Fons+rnv.xx KZ I 493).
Hin+ PBB XXII 231232; Os+norr Etym.
240241; Btoor KZ XXXII 54 (to Arm
skund little dog < *on-t); Ztri+z. Gutt.
187; B.n+norov.r 16101612; Tonr-
277; Srrcn+ 422; M.vnnorrn III 402;
Pokonxv I 632633; Fn.rxkrr 1033
Z.rizxi.k I 133; Oxioxs 449; H.vr FLH
IV 137138; Lrnv.xx GED 195; Mrr-
cnrn+ MSS L 97101; Krtor-Srrnorr
388; Ar.vs TB 179.
*xunrjanan ~ *xunrjanan wk.vb.:
Goth huggrjan to make to hunger, ON
hungra id., OE hynran, hynrian id., OFris
hungera id., OS gi-hungrian id., OHG hun-
garen id. Derived from *xunruz ~ *xun-
xruz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 184; Fris+
xuml(n) 193 xunrjanan
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 193
*xunruz ~ *xunxruz sb.m.: Goth
huhrus hunger, ON hungr id., OE hunor
id. (a-stem), OFris hunger id., OS hungar
id. (a-stem), OHG hungar id. (a-stem).
Derivationally close to Hitt tangarant- not
having eaten (with assimilation) and Lith
kekras lean, emaciated. Further to Skt
kkati to wish, to desire, Gk kgkei:
pein, Hom polukagkw parching, very
dry, kgkanow dry, Lith kank pain,
torture (Brzzrxnrnorn BB IV 357).
Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 329; M.vnnorrn
I 194; Pokonxv I 565; Fn.rxkrr 240;
Ptn\rr IV 48; Krtor-Srrnorr 388.
*xunslan sb.n.: Goth hunsl sacrice, ON
hsl housel, eucharist (from OE?), OE
hsel id. Probably continues *s-lo-, a
noun in *-lo- derivationally close to Av
spanah- holiness < *enes-. Further con-
nected with Av sp6nta- holy, saint, Lith
vetas id., Slav *sv\t id. (Fick I 767).
Dr++rn ZDADL XLII 55 (to *xunan,
cf. Gk katmbh); Ztri+z. Gutt. 187;
Gnirxnrnorn Got. 122 (to Lat can
to sing); B.n+norov.r 1612, 1619
1621; Tonr-F.rk 93; Brzzrxnrnorn BB
XXVII 151 (to Lith sti to stew);
Os+norr Festschr. Fick 252253 (to *xen-
anan); Mrkrrn Festschr. Fick 263 (to Gk
kanv to kill); Kock ANF XV 326;
Bn.txr PBB XLIII 417; Roo+n PBB
XLIX 114118 (follows Os+norr), Wortst.
108; Ztri+z. Gutt. 50, 187; Tonr-F.rk
AEEW 179; Fris+ 277; Tnirn PBB LXVI
234 (to *xans ); Ponzio Gliederung 167;
Vnirs ANEW 268 (ON not from OE; fol-
lows Tnirn); Z.rizxi.k I 141; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ III 585 (against Fick);
Lrnv.xx GED 195196.
*xuniz ~ *xun sb.f.: Goth huns cap-
tivity, capture, OE he prey, booty,
OHG heri-hunda id. Derived from *xen-
AEEW 179; Fris+ 277; Lrnv.xx GED
*xupiz sb.m.: Goth hups hip, OE hype id.,
MLG hup id., OHG fem. huf id. Close to
Gk kbow hollow above the hips on cat-
tle, W gogof hollow, den (< *upo-kub).
GED 196; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 130 (to
Lat cubre to lie); Krtor-Srrnorr 386.
*xuppjanan wk.vb.: ON hoppa to hop,
to skip, OE hoppian to hop, to leap,
MLG huppen id., MHG hupfen, hopfen id.
Derived from *xupiz. Prrrnsrx IF II
304; Ztri+z. Gutt. 121; Tonr-F.rk 94 (to
Gk kubistv to tumble head foremost);
248249; Oxioxs 447; S.xrrns Festschr.
de Smet 411417 (*xup(n) > OE hopa
hope, OFris hope id., MLG hope id. is
from *xuppjanan); Krtor-Srrnorr 389.
*xuriz ~ *xuriz sb.f.: Goth haurds
door, ON hur id., OE hyrd id., OS hurth
netting, OHG hurd, hurt lattice, fence.
Etymologically identical with Lat crtis
wicker-work and related to Skt ktti to
twist, to spin, OPrus corto fence and the
like. Ztri+z. Gutt. 111; Tonr-F.rk 77;
Scnn.rrn-Nrnnixo II 557; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 184; Fris+ 250; W.rrr-Horv.xx
I 285286; M.vnnorrn I 257; Pokonxv
I 151; Oxioxs 453; Lrnv.xx GED 179
*xurxwaz ~ *xurxwan sb.m./n.: ON
horr mucus, OE horh, hor phlegm,
rheum, OS horu excrements, dirt, OHG
horo id. Of imitative origin. Mtcn
ZDADL XLII 169 (to OIr corcach
swamp); Lirrx SVSU VI/1 50 (to Skt
kalk- paste, dirt, sin); Ztri+z. Gutt. 72,
170; Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 113 (to Lith ivas
grey); Knoov.xx KZ LXIV 130136
(to Gk krxnow rough excrescence
and its cognates); Srrcn+ KZ LXIV 136
xunruz 194 xurxwaz
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 194
168.
*xurxaz sb.m.: ON horr starvation.
Identical with Skt ka- emaciated, lean,
weak, Av k6r6sa- lean, meager (in
cmpn.) (Unrrxnrck PBB XXXV 172).
Further to Lith krtu, krti to reach old
age, to grow decrepit. Ztri+z. Gutt.
109; B.n+norov.r 469; M.vnnorrn I
262; Pokonxv I 581; Fn.rxkrr 223224,
BS 60; Vnirs ANEW 249.
*xurjan ~ *xurjaz sb.n./m.: Goth hauri
coal, ember, ON hyrr embers of re
(partly *xuriz). Related to Lith kuri, krti
to heat, Slav *kuriti to smoke (Scnrr-
+rrvoi+z BB XXVIII 305; Pr+rnssox
Aufs. 4041). Btoor KZ XXXII 51 (to
Arm krak re); Unrrxnrck Altind. Wb.
62 (to Gk kav to burn); Ztri+z. Gutt.
114; Tonr-F.rk 75; Fris+ 250; Pokonxv
I 571572; Fn.rxkrr 319; Vnirs ANEW
275276; Z.rizxi.k II 213; Fn.rxkrr
319; Lrnv.xx GED 180; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa XIII 123125; Dvno BSA 16.
*xurna-bun sb.m.: ON horn-bogi horn-
bow, OE horn-boa id., MHG horn-boge
id. Compound of *xurnan and *bun.
*xurna-skaz sb.m.: ON horn-skr
garsh, OE horn-sc id. Compound of
*xurnan and *skaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 74
*xurnan sb.n.: Goth haurn horn, ON horn
id., OE horn id. (masc.), OFris horn id.,
OS horn id., OHG horn id. Closely re-
lated to Lat corn id., Skt neut. ga- id.,
probably built on the unattested nomina-
tive in -g of the original *n-. Belongs to
IE *er- head, horn. Pr+rnssox SVSL I
576; M.vnnorrn III 369370; Vnirs
Nom. 73; Ntssn.tv Head passim; Krtor-
Srrnorr 383.
*xurninaz ~ *xurnunaz sb.m.: ON
hornungr bastard, OE hornun-sunu id.,
OFris horning id., MLG horninc id., OHG
hornung February. Derived from *xurnan
(Unrrxnrck KZ XL 555). Ztri+z. Gutt.
207 (to Gk krnow bastard, secondarily
associated with *xurnan); Hor+n.tsrx
*xurnjanan wk.vb.: Goth haurnjan to
blow a horn, OHG hurnen to equip with
horns. Derived from *xurnjan. Fris+
*xurnjn sb.f.: ON hyrna one of the horns
of an axe-head, OE hyrne angle, OFris
herne id. Derived from *xurnan. For the
semantic development cf. Slav *rog
horn, corner. Tonr-F.rk 76; Hor+-
*xurska-lkaz adj.: ON horsk-ligr brave,
wise, noble, OHG adv. horsc-lhho lively,
resolutely, quickly. Derived from *xur-
skaz. Hrirrnv.xxs 313.
*xurskaz adj.: ON horskr wise, OE horsc
quick, ready, active, OS horsk rapid,
eager, OHG horsc swift, fast, lively. Of
unknown origin. Fnornrr BB XIV 105
(to Lat curr to run); K.ns+rx NB II
294295; Ztri+z. Gutt. 125 (to Lat
scrtri to investigate); Tonr-F.rk 79;
Scnvrx+xrn PBB XLVIII 8081; Fris+
579 (to Gk krdow gain, advantage, W
cerdd art); Jn.xxrssox Su. 29 (from
*xur-skaz); Vnirs ANEW 249250; Lrn-
*xurstiz sb.m.: Norw dial. rust grove,
wood, OE hyrst copse, wood, MLG
horst, hurst bush, OHG hurst id. Related
to W prys grove < *k
sto-, Slav *xvorst

bush, oak, rewood (with an unclear
*x-). Tonr-F.rk 78; Pokonxv I 633.
*xusn sb.f.: ON hosa hose, gaiter,
OE hose id., OS hosa trousers, OHG
hosa hose, gaiter. Of unknown origin.
(to Gk kstiw bladder); Vnirs ANEW
250 (to Skt ka- cupboard); Z.rizxi.k
385.
xurxwaz 195 xusn
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 195
*xuzan sb.n.: Goth huzd treasure, ON
fem. hodd id., OE hord id., OS hord, horth
id., OHG hort id. Of uncertain origin.
Bntov.xx IF VI 103104 (together
with Gk ksyow female genitals, from
*kudh-to-); Jon.xssox IF XIX 129130;
Scnvir+ KZ XXV 166167; Ztri+z.
Gutt. 96, 128; Tonr-F.rk 96; Drnntxxrn
IF LII 228; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 170;
Fris+ 278279; Pokonxv I 953 (to
*xjanan); Vnirs ANEW 246; Z.rizxi.k
Krtor-Srrnorr 384 (to Gk keyow
depth, inside).
*xuzjanan ~ *xuzjanan wk.vb.:
Goth huzdjan to treasure up, to store up,
to gather, OE hordian to hoard, to store,
MHG gi-hurten id. Derived from *xuzan.
*xbn sb.f.: ON hfa cap, hood, OE hfe
covering for the head, OFris hve, houwe
cap, hood, OS hva id., OHG hba id.
Related to Skt kakbh- peak, summit, Gk
k:ufw bent, crooked, Slav *kub vessel,
pot or to Skt kpa- hole, cave, well, Gk
kph: trglh (Hes.), Lat cpa barrel.
Horv.xx I 310311; M.vnnorrn I 135,
264265; Oxioxs 442; Fnisk II 5253;
Z.rizxi.k II 180; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa
XIII 7778; Krtor-Srrnorr 360.
*xiz sb.f.: ON h hide, skin, OE hd
id., OFris hde, hud id., OS hd id., OHG
ht id. Related to Gk ktow cover, hide,
Lat cutis hide, W cwd bag, testicle, Lith
kuts bag (Sirns KZ XXXVII 282). Cf.
also WGmc *xuan testicle: OFris hotha,
MDu hode, OHG hodo. Tonr-F.rk
II 57; Z.rizxi.k I 151; Oxioxs 440;
Dvno VSJa 12, BSA 3536 (with shorten-
ing in the oxytonic stem).
*xjanan wk.vb.: OE hdan to hide,
OFris hda id., MLG hden id. Related to
Gk keyv to cover, to hide, kekyv
to conceal (Novicki KZ XCII 187).
Pokonxv I 952; Fnisk I 834; Oxioxs 440;
Lrnv.xx GED 310.
*xknan wk.vb.: ON hka to sit on ones
hams (but part. hokinn indicates a str.vb.),
MLG hken id., MHG hchen id. Probably
based on *xawwanan. Tonr-F.rk 91;
Krtor-Srrnorr 378; Ar.vs TB 180 (to
Toch B kuk- to bow down).
*xnaz sb.m.: ON pl. Hnar, Hnir Huns,
OE pl. Hnas id., OHG pl. Hni id.
Attested in Lat Hunn, Chunn, Gk Onnoi.
Adaptation of Chinese Hiung-nu. Mtcn
WuS I 45 (secondarily inuenced by
*xnaz ~ *xn ); Scnn.rrn-Nrnnixo I
*xnaz ~ *xn sb.m.: ON hnn knob,
bear-cub, MDu hune crows nest.
Identical with Lith knas body, meat,
Latv knis body, chrysalis. Ztri+z.
Gutt. 208; Tonr-F.rk 9293 (to Skt n-
swollen); Pokonxv I 592; Fn.rxkrr 310;
Vnirs ANEW 267.
*xsa-laukaz sb.m.: Icel hs-laukr house-
leek, late ME house-leek id., MLG hs-lk
id., OHG hs-louh id. Compound of
*xsan and *laukaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 74
(Icel < OHG).
*xsa-lausaz adj.: ON hs-lauss without
a house, OFris hs-ls id., MHG hs-ls
id. Compound of *xsan and *lausaz.
*xsan sb.n.: Goth gud-hus temple, Crim.
Goth hus house, ON hs id., OE hs id.,
OFris hs id., OS hs id., OHG hs id.
Borrowed from a phonetically advanced
East Iranian *xuz ~ *xud < Iran *kata-, cf.
Av kata- room, cellar (also borrowed
to ESlav *xata house, probably via
OHung). Note a similarity of *xsan and
Yns *xs tent of skin and bark, probably
explained by the Iranian origin of the lat-
ter. Iran *kata- may be also in some
obscure relation with Gmc *xjn >
Goth hejo chamber (B.n+norov.r
ZdWf VI 355). Gnivv DM I 922 (from
*kdh-s-o, cf. Gk keyow hiding-place);
xuzan 196 xsan
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 196
Scnvir+ KZ XXV 166 (same as Gnivv);
Brzzrxnrnorn BB XXVGII 146 (to Lith
kts stable); P.+ntn.xv IF XIII 163;
Ztri+z. Gutt. 128; Gnirxnrnorn Got. 112
(reconstructs Goth hejo < *heijo);
B.n+norov.r 432; Tonr-F.rk 92 (to
*xjanan); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 178 (to
Skt ka- cupboard); Fris+ 223224
(to Hitt kutta wall), 254255 (Goth hejo
to OFris hde supervision, protection,
MLG hde id., OHG huot id.); Pokonxv I
586587, 953 (related to *xusn); Vnirs
450; Lrnv.xx GED 161 (to *keH- to
cover, to surround), 182; S+.nos+ix KS
155; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VIII 2122;
Krtor-Srrnorr 360; Ar.vs TB 234 (to
Toch B kwao village).
*xsjanan wk.vb.: ON hsa to house, to
harbor, OFris hsia id., MLG husen id.
Derived from *xsan. Vnirs ANEW 276.
*xsjanan wk.vb.: ON hsa to build
houses, OE hsian to house, MDu husen,
huysen id., MHG hsen to build a house.
Derived from *xsan. Vnirs ANEW 268.
*xwart adv.: Goth adre whereto,
whither, OE hwder whither. Derived
from the pronominal stem *xwa- (see
*xwat). Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 179; Fris+
*xwain sb.f.: Swed dial. hven low and
swampy eld. Close to Lat caenum, coenum
dirt < *k
oino- (Ztri+z. Gutt. 53).

Tonr-F.rk 118; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 131
132; Pokonxv I 628; Cnrvor.xo\ SSGJa
*xwaitja-kurnan sb.n.: ON hveiti-korn
grain of wheat, OE hwte-corn id. Com-
pound of *xwaitjaz and *kurnan. C.nn
*xwaitja-melwan sb.n.: ON hveiti-mjl
our, OE hwte-melu id. Compound of
*xwaitjaz and *melwan. C.nn Nom. comp.
*xwaitjaz sb.m.: Goth aiteis wheat, ON
neut. hveiti id., OE hwte id., OFris hwte
id., OS hwti id., OHG (h)weizi id.
Connected with *xwtaz, cf. Bret gwiniz
wheat ~ gwenn white (Hoors Wald-
bume 356). Wirrrv.xx BB XXVII 213
(to Slav *cvt to blossom); Mrvrn Alb.
St. III 51 (to Gk stow grain borrowed
from a sat6m-language); Ztri+z. Gutt. 54;
179; Fris+ 280281; Pokonxv I 629;
Oxioxs 1001; Lrnv.xx GED 197; R.v.+
Gedenkschr. Gntert 71; B.vvrsnrnorn
*xwajan sb.n.: OE hw whey, WFris
waei id., MDu wey id. Identical with Skt
kya- body further connected with cinti
to put in layers, to thread, to string, Gk
poev to make, to produce. Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 179 (to Arm iuk id.);
*xwala-skaz sb.m.: ON hval-skr
whale, MLG wal-visch id., OHG wal-sc
id. Compound of *xwalaz and *skaz.
*xwalaz sb.m.: ON hvalr whale (partly
*xwaliz), OE hwl id., OS hwal id., OHG
hwal, wal id. Of unknown origin. Lirrx
Festschr. Bugge 91 (to Lat squalus big sea
sh), GH XXVI/2 91 (to OPrus kalis
sheat-sh); Pr+rnssox SVSL I 80 (from
*ob-lo-); Ztri+z. Gutt. 55; Tonr-F.rk
II 187; Oxioxs 10001001 (to OPrus
kalis); S+.xo LS 26; Sr\irr. Rorniotrz
JIES XVII 177180 (to Av kara-, Gk
spalow); Krtor-Srrnorr 872.
*xwalban ~ *xwalbn sb.n./m.: ON
hvlf concavity, OE fem. hwealf arched
covering, OS hwolvo hollow brick, OHG
walbo id. Related to Gk klpow bosom,
hollow. Derived from *xwelbanan, *xwal-
baz. Ztri+z. Gutt. 54; Tonr-F.rk 117;
*xwalbaz adj.: Icel -hvolfr something
vaulted, OE hwealf arched, vaulted.
Derived from *xwelbanan. K.ns+rx NB I
4142; Wissv.xx NP 25; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 180; Hrirrnv.xxs 314.
xsan 197 xwalbaz
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 197
*xwalbjanan wk.vb.: ON hvelfa to arch,
to vault (strong part. holnn), OE be-hwyl-
fan to cover, OS bi-hwelbian to hide,
OHG bi-welben to surround, to enclose.
Derived from *xwelbanan. Tonr-F.rk
*xwalbjanan wk.vb.: ON hvlfa to turn
upside down, OHG zisamane-gi-walbn to
come together, to gather. Derived from
*xwelbanan, *xwalbaz. Srrnorr 281.
*xwan(n)ai adv.: Goth an when, OE
hwnne, hwanne id., OFris hwenne id., OS
hwan id., OHG hwanne, wanne, wenne id.
Derived from *xwa- (see *xwat). Cf. OIr
can, W pan id. and probably OPrus kan
when. Scnvir+ KZ XXXII 402 (instr.
in *-n- ~ Av -n); P.tr PBB IV 385388
(to Av k6m how, OLat quom when); D.r
Pr. 3940 (WGmc loc. in *-n-); Tonr-
*xwapan sb.n.: ON hvap dropsical esh.
Originally, *steam, vapor. Despite the
irregular dvelopment of *-p-, related
to Gk kpow: cux, pnema (Hes.), Lith
kvpas breath further connected with
IE *kep- to breathe. Ctn+its Gr. Et.
142 (to Lat uappa at wine); Fris+ 7;
*xwapjanan wk.vb.: Goth af-apjan to
choke, to extinguish, MHG ver-wepfen to
become fusty (of wine). Derived from
*xwapan. Tonr-F.rk 115; Fris+ 7; Lrn-
v.xx GED 5.
*xwar ~ *xwr adv.: Goth ar where,
ON hvar id., OE hwr id., OFris hwr id.,
OS hwr id., OHG hwar, wr id. Derived
from the pronominal stem *xwa- (see
*xwat). The sux *-r- appears in Arm ur
where, Lat cr, OLat qur why, Lith ku
where, Alb kur when. Goth arjis
which, ON hverr who continue *xwar
jaz with the second component from *jaz
< *os who, which: Skt y, Av y, Gk w
(Scnvir+ KZ XXXII 401, Plur. 43). A
similar structure is reconstructed for Alb
kush who < *k
u-so- (Mrirrr+ Idg. Jb. I

13; Onrr LB XXX/1 5758). B.n-
+norov.r 11991227; Tonr-F.rk 114;
Horv.xx I 313; Fris+ 281282; M.vn-
Fn.rxkrr 314; Vnirs ANEW 269, 272;
Krtor-Srrnorr 895; Onrr AED 206
207.
*xwarban ~ *xwarbaz sb.n./m.: ON
hvarf disappearance, circle, OE hwearf
turn, space, change, corwd, OFris hwarf
time, OS hwarf crowd, OHG fem.
warba turn. Derived from *xwerbanan.
Z.rizxi.k II 169.
*xwarbjanan wk.vb.: ON hverfa to make
to turn, OE hwirfan to turn, to revolve,
OS gi-hwervian id., OHG werben id. De-
rived from *xwerbanan. Tonr-F.rk 116;
*xwarbjanan wk.vb.: Goth arbon to
walk about, to wander, ON hvarfa to
turn round, to wander, OE hwearan
to turn, to change, OS hwarbn to walk
about, OHG warbn id. Derived from
*xwarban ~ *xwarbaz. Tonr-F.rk 116;
Vnirs ANEW 269; Srrnorr 283; Lrn-
v.xx GED 197.
*xwassaz adj.: Goth adv. assaba
sharply, ON hvass pointed, sharp,
OE hws sharp, keen, OHG hwas
sharp. Derived from *xwataz, *xwtanan.
Atrnrcn+ KZ I 472474 (to Lat catus
sharp); K.ns+rx NB II 344; Ztri+z.
Gutt. 56; Tonr-F.rk 115; Fris+ 282;
B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 251252; Hrirrn-
*xwassn sb.f.: Goth assei sharpness,
OS hwessi id., OHG wass id. Derived
from *xwassaz. Fris+ 282; Hrirrnv.xxs
315.
xwalbjanan 198 xwassn
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 198
*xwat pron.: Goth a what (loss of -t in
an unaccented position?), ON hvat id.,
OE hwt id., OFris hwet id., OS hwat id.,
OHG hwaz id. Identical with IE *k
od
id.: Skt kad, Lat quod. The loc. of the
same stem (identical with Lith ka how)
appears in *xwai w > Goth aiwa how,
OHG hwio id. where *w goes back to IE
* or: Skt v, Av v, cf. also a variant
with short *e in Gk -W, Lat -ue.
Morrrn Idg. Anz. XXXIII 58 (derives
Goth a from *k
om); 79; Scntrzr Lat. 5

(Goth -aiwa to Skt va- walk); Tonr-
F.rk 114; B.n+norov.r 13061310;
Htrn IF XXIV 71 (*xwai w < *k
o-oios,
to Gk poow of what kind); W.rrr-
Horv.xx II 411, 740; Fris+ 279, 281;
Mrzorn JEGP XLI 508509 (recon-
structs *xwxw ); M.vnnorrn I 192, III
180; Pokonxv I 75, 644646; Vnirs
ANEW 269; Oxioxs 1001; Horririrrr
Sprache XXV 55 (reconstructs *xwai w);
876, 885, 889.
*xwataz adj.: ON hvatr bold, active, vig-
orous, OE hwt quick, active, vigorous,
OS mn-hwt nefarious. Derived from
*xwtanan. K.ns+rx NB I 56; Jtnv.xx
KZ XI 399 (to Lat triqutrus three-
cornered); Ztri+z. Gutt. 56; Tonr-F.rk
115; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 179; Exrzrrix
KZ LI 290 (to Latv skadrs sharp); Fris+
v.xxGED139; Hrirrnv.xxs 316; Krtor-
Srrnorr 887888.
*xwatjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-otjan to
whet, to sharpen (leg. ga-atjan), ON
hvetja to whet, to sharpen, to encourage,
OE hwettan id., MLG wetten to sharpen,
OHG hwezzen, wezzen id. Derived from
*xwataz. Tonr-F.rk 115; Fris+ 184;
Vnirs ANEW 272; Oxioxs 1002; Srr-
norr 284; Lrnv.xx GED 139; Hrirrn-
*xwaaraz ~ *xwearaz adj., pron.:
Goth aar which of two, ON hvaarr
id., OE hwer, hweer id., OFris hweder,
hwedder id., OS hwethar id., OHG wedar id.
Comparative in *-ter- based on *xwa- (see
*xwat). Identical with Skt katar- id., Av
katr id., Gk pterow id., Osc ptrspd
utrique, Lith katrs which of two, Slav
*kotor which. B.n+norov.r 433
120121; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 179180;
268; Fnisk II 586; Oxioxs 1002;
878.
*xwae adv.: Goth a where to,
whither. From IE *k
o-te similar to Hitt

kuwatta(n) where and, probably, Gk pse
where to (S+tn+r\.x+ AJPh L 364). See
*xwat. Mrirrr+ MSL XIX 93 (on the
sux *-te); Fris+ 282283; Cn.x+n.ixr
921922; Tiscnrrn HEG 698700;
Lrnv.xx GED 199.
*xwan sb.f.: Goth ao foam, Swed
dial. hw id. Connected with Skt kvthati
to boil. Ztri+z. Gutt. 56 (to Lat quati
to shake); Fris+ 283; M.vnnorrn I 283;
*xwaz ~ *xwez pron.: Goth as who,
ON hverr id., OSwed hv, hvr id., OE
hw id., OFris hw id., OS hw id., OHG
hwer id. Continues IE *k
os id.: Skt k, Av
k, Lith ks. See *xwat. B.n+norov.r
198; M.vnnorrn I 192; Pokonxv I 644
Krtor-Srrnorr 885.
*xwewlan ~ *xwexwlan sb.n.: ON
hjl, hvel wheel, OE hwel, hweoul, hwe-
owol id., OFris al id., MLG wl id.
Continues IE *k
ek
loid.: Toch A kukl,

B kokale cart, wagon, Skt cakr- wheel,
Av axr id., Gk kklow circle (Rricnrr+
IF XL 58), Phryg kklhn: tn rkton t
stron. Frgew, Hes. (Fick BB XXIX
239). Orsox ANF XXXI 14; Ztri+z.
Gutt. 65; B.n+norov.r 576; Tonr-F.rk
Vnirs ANEW 232, 270; Fnisk II 4445;
xwat 199 xwewlan
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 199
Oxioxs 1001; Ar.vs TB 200; Btnr.k
IFTJa 241242.
*xwekjanan wk.vb.: ON hvika to quail,
to shrink, to waver, MDu wicken to
move back and forth. Of descriptive
origin. Hin+ BB XXIV 253 (to Slav
*eznti to disappear); Ztri+z. Gutt. 58
(to Lat conquinsc to bend, to squat),
197; Tonr-F.rk 114115; Vnirs ANEW
272.
*xwelbanan str.vb.: ON part. holnn to
curve, OFris bi-wolven obrutus (hap.
leg.), MHG pret. sg. walb to expand. See
*xwalban ~ *xwalbn. Tonr-F.rk 117;
*xwellanan str.vb.: Icel hvella to ring
out, OE hwelan to roar, to bellow. Prob-
ably related to Toch B kul bell (Ar.vs
TB 185). Tonr-F.rk 116; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 180; Vnirs ANEW 271 (to *xwel-
paz); Hrirrnv.xxs 318.
*xwellaz adj.: ON hvellr shrilling, thrill-
ing, OHG hwel importunate. Derived
from *xwellanan. K.ns+rx NB II 219;
Hrirrnv.xxs 318.
*xwelpaz sb.m.: ON hvelpr whelp, OE
hwelp id., OS hwelp id., OHG neut. welf
id. A phonetically irregular development
of IE *g
elbh-: Skt grbha- womb, Av

gar6va- id., Gk delfw id. The Germanic
form appears to reect a consonantally
shifted *k
elb-. Stor.n+i ANT 1718;

Ztri+z. Gutt. 57; Scnnorrn ZdPh
XXXVII 393394; Tonr-F.rk 117 (to
Gk sklaj cub, puppy); Scnn.rrn-
Nrnnixo II 336 (to Lat uolps fox <
*g
olpi-); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 181; M.v-

nnorrn I 329; Pokonxv I 473; Vnirs
ANEW 271 (to *xwellanan); Fnisk I 363;
Srrnorr 884.
*xweraz sb.m.: ON hverr cauldron, OE
hwer kettle, pot, OHG hwer, wer caul-
dron. Related to Toch B ker drum, Skt
car- vessel, pot, OIr coire kettle, W pair
id., Corn pr id. Ztri+z. Gutt. 57;
Lrnv.xx GED 197; V.x Wixrrkrxs I
216; Ar.vs TB 195.
*xwerbalaz ~ *xwerbulaz adj.: ON
hverfull shifty, changeable, OE hwurful
changeable, ckle, OHG sina-werbal
rounded. Derived from *xwerbanan.
K.ns+rx NB II 286; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
183; B.vvrsnrnorn Festschr. Derolez 26
*xwerbanan str.vb.: Goth airban to go
around, to walk, to live, peripaten, ON
hverfa to turn round, OE hweorfan to
turn, to change, OFris hwerva to turn,
OS hwerban to go back and forth, OHG
werban to turn. Related to Toch B kurp-
to be concerned with (Ar.vs TB 184
185). Kincnnorr KZ I 39; Scnn.rrn
KZ X 473 (to Gk karpw wrist); Ztri+z.
Gutt. 57 (to Skt neut. rpa- winnowing
basket); Hin+ BB XXIV 253 (to Slav
*svrdlo drill < *svrb-dlo); Fick BB
XXIX 239 (to Phryg Korbantew); Tonr-
Krtor-Srrnorr 885.
*xwerbaz adj.: Goth eila-airbs tempo-
rary, transient, ON hverfr shifty, OE
hweorf turning about, shifting, OHG
sina-werf smooth, polished. Derived
from *xwerbanan. K.ns+rx NB I 2425;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 181; Fris+ 284; Srr-
norr 282; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 241;
Hrirrnv.xxs 318319.
*xwerbilaz sb.m.: ON hvirll circle, ring,
crown of the head, OHG wirbil plec-
trum. Derived from *xwerbanan. Tonr-
F.rk 116; Vnirs ANEW 273; Oxioxs
Krtor-Srrnorr 893.
*xwerbiljanan wk.vb.: ON hvira to
whirl, MDu wervelen, worvelen id. Derived
from *xwerbilaz. Vnirs ANEW 273.
*xwernn ~ xwernn sb.f.: Goth airnei
skull, ON hverna pan, basin. Close to
MIr cern bowl < IE *k
ern and further

xwewlan 200 xwernn
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 200
connected with *xweraz. Hin+ IF XVII
390 (to Gk krnow bowl for oerings);
SGGJa I 98; Vnirs ANEW 271; Lrnv.xx
GED 197.
*xw adv.: Goth e to whom, wherewith,
ON hv how. Old instrumental *k
,
cf. Gk ppoka ever yet (Scnvir+ KZ
XXVII 292, XXXII 403). Fris+ 284;
Pirrixo GH XI/3 33 (to *xwai w, see
*xwat); Lixrtis+ Festschr. A. Kock 359
367 (ON hv < *xwena); Pokonxv I 644
199.
*xws( j)anan str.wk.vb.: ON hvsa to
hiss (wk.), OE hwsan to wheeze. Rela-
ted to Skt vsiti to breathe, Lat queror to
complain, to lament. Tonr-F.rk 117;
631.
*xwtanan str.vb.: ON hvta to hasten,
OE pret. sg. -hwt to drive out, OS
pres. far-hwtan to punch, to kick, OHG
wzan to drive away. Related to Latv
kdt to drive, Slav *kydati to throw. Cf.
*xwataz, *xwatjanan. Ztri+z. Gutt. 56;
285.
*xwin sb.f.: ON hvia t, OE hweou
air, breeze. Close to Av yta- glad,
merry, Lat quis rest, lying still. B.n-
+norov.r 1716; Tonr-F.rk 118; Hor+-
(to *xwataz).
*xwi-lkaz adj., pron.: Goth i-leiks what
sort of, which, ON hv-lkr id., OE hwelc,
hwilc id., OFris hwe-lik, hwelk id., OS hwi-
lk id., OHG hwelh id. Derived from
*xwi- < IE pron. *k
i-: Gk tw who,
Lat quis id. krnrtxr Festschr. Kock
414428 (original short vowel in ON);
272 (secondary length in ON hv-);
Oxioxs 1002; Fnisk II 903904; Lrn-
(< *xwe-lkaz).
*xwistljanan wk.vb.: ON hvsla to whis-
per, OE hwistlian to hiss, to whistle. Of
imitative nature. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
182; Oxioxs 1004.
*xw pron.: ON hv why, OE hw id.,
OS hw id. From *k
ei, loc. of *k
o-, see
*xwat. Cf. Lat qu who, which, Slav *i
how, whether. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
181; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 405; Vnirs
*xwlnan wk.vb.: Goth eilan to pause,
to cease, ON hvla to rest, OFris hwla
id., MLG wlen to stay, OHG wln to
remain in a place. Derived from *xwl.
*xwl sb.f.: Goth eila while, time,
hour, ON hvla bed (*xwiln), OE hwl
while, time, OFris hwle id., OS hwla
id., OHG hwla, wla id. Derivationally
close to Slav *il lively, strong. Further
based on IE *k
eH- to rest, to be quiet.

AEEW 182; Wissv.xx NP 72; Pokonxv I
Oxioxs 1002; Nvv.x IF LXXXIV
132156; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa IV 112;
*xwnanan str.vb.: ON hvna to whizz, to
whistle, OE pres. hwnan id. Further cf.
*xwjan > ON hva to squeal, *xwajjan
> OHG hwein id. Of imitative origin.
182; Jn.xxrssox IEW 258259; Po-
konxv I 628; Vnirs ANEW 273; Oxioxs
1003; Srrnorr 280.
*xwtaz adj.: Goth eits white, ON hvtr
id., OE hwt id., OFris hwt id., OS hwt
id., OHG hwz id. Corresponds (with a
dierent sux or an irregular dental) to
IE *wei-t- in other languages: Skt vet-
white, bright, Av spata- id., Lith viei,
visti to gleam, Slav *svt light.
xwernn 201 xwtaz
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 201
xwtaz 202 xwtjanan
118; Scnvrx+xrn FB 2437; Tn.t+v.xx
BSW 310311; Fris+ 284285; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 182; M.vnnorrn III
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 575576; Ltnn
Expr. 263264; Lrnv.xx GED 200;
883.
*xwtilaz sb.m.: ON hvtill white bed-
cover, OE hwtel cloak, mantle. Derived
from *xwtaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 182;
Vnirs ANEW 273.
*xwtinaz sb.m.: ON hvtingr a kind of
whale, E whiting, MLG wtink id. Derived
from *xwtaz. Vnirs ANEW 273.
*xwtn sb.f.: ON hvti whiteness, OHG
wz white color, white spot. Derived
from *xwtaz. Hrirrnv.xxs 317.
*xwtjaz sb.m.: Swed dial. hwte wheat,
ME whte id. An ablaut variant of *xwait-
jaz. Cf. also G dial. wi6te id. < *xwitj
(Hor+n.tsrx IF XXXII 338). Lrnv.xx
GED 197.
*xwtjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-hweitjan to
whiten, OE hwtan to make white, to
polish, OHG wzen to paint white.
Derived from *xwtaz. Fris+ 284;
*xwpanan str.vb.: Goth opan to boast,
OE hwpan to threaten. Of unknown
origin. Gnirxnrnorn Got. 125 (to *xau-
paz); Broovrirrr PBB XXXVII 251
(formed after *wpan ~ *wpaz, *wp-
janan); Tntvn KZ XVI 193196 (to Gk
kobalw impudent rogue); Unrrxnrck
PBB XXX 294 (to Lat cupi to desire);
Pr+rnssox PBB XXXVIII 321 (to Skt
kvati to sound); Fris+ 286; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 182; Knors Neophilologus
XXXI 1416 (to Lith kvpas vapor);
Pokonxv I 535536 (from *ka-); Srr-
norr 285 (to *xwtanan); Lrnv.xx GED
200201.
*xwsanan str.vb.: OE hwsan to
wheeze. Identical with Skt ksate to
cough, Lith ksiu, ksti id. Further
cf. Toch B kosi cough, Alb koll id.
(< *k
sl), MIr cassacht id., Lith kosuls id.,

Slav *kal id. Tonr-F.rk 118; Hor+-
Pokonxv I 649; Fn.rxkrr 283284; Srr-
norr 285; Onrr AED 189; Ar.vs TB 207.
*xwstjanan wk.vb.: ON hsta to
cough, OE hwstan id., MDu hoesten id.,
OHG huostn id. Derived from *xwstn.
*xwstn sb.m.: ON hsti cough, OE
hwsta id., MLG hste id., OHG huosto id.
Structurally close to W pas id. < *k
6s-t-.
Derived from *xwsanan. Ztri+z. Gutt.
Z.rizxi.k I 154; Srrnorr 285; Tnt-
n.cnr\ ESSJa IX 160161; B.vvrs-
*xwt sb.f.: Goth ota threat, repri-
mand, ON neut. pl. ht id. Derived from
*xwtanan, *xwatjanan. Atrnrcn+ KZ I
471; Broovrirrr PBB XXXVII 250
(rhyme word); Fris+ 286; M.vnnorrn I
400401 (to Skt cdati to incite, to ani-
mate); Pokonxv I 636 (to Lat tri-quetrus
three-cornered); Vnirs ANEW 250;
*xwtjanan wk.vb.: Goth otjan to
threaten, to reprimand, ON hta to
threaten. Derived from *xwt. Atr-
nrcn+ KZ I 471; Tonr-F.rk 115; Fris+
286; Vnirs ANEW 250, 278; Srrnorr
orel_f8(X)_147-202 7/6/04 7:05 PM Page 202
* conj.: Goth ei in that case, then,
thereby. Identical with Slav *i and < *ei
(Fris+ 130). St++rnrix IF IV 9395 (to
IE *o-); Pokonxv I 281284; Lrnv.xx
GED 99.
*alaz adj.: OE del vain, empty, void,
OFris del foolish, vain, empty, OS dal
vain, empty, OHG tal empty. Of un-
known origin. K.ns+rx NB II 275276;
Woor MLN XVII 6, XXV 213; Tonr-
F.rk 3 (to IE *aidh- to burn); V.x
Wik IF XXXV 266; S+tn+r\.x+
Language VI 25 (to Hitt idalu- bad, evil);
(to Gk aylh soot); Oxioxs 460;
Boxr.x+r BSL LXIX 6971 (same as
S+tn+r\.x+); Hrirrnv.xxs 321 (seg-
ments * - as in Lith ypats special, Skt
dk such-like, of such a kind); Krtor-
Srrnorr 214.
*xwaz sb.m.: ON r yew-tree, OE eh
id., OS h id., OHG fem. wa id. Other
WGmc forms have the stress on the suf-
x: OE w < *waz, OHG go < *wn.
Continues IE *eik-o-. Despite formal
diculties, cannot be separated (as a
loanword to Celtic?) from OIr o id., W
ywen id., OCorn hiuin id., Bret ivin id. On
the other hand, Celtic forms hardly can
be isolated from Lith iev bird cherry,
Slav *iva willow; band, edge. A dicult
word. Hoors Waldbume 126127, 239
*iiz sb.f.: ON i deed, doing. Deriva-

tionally close to Skt it- going, walking,
further to *ei- to go. Tonr-F.rk 27;
Pokonxv I 293295.
*iura(n) adv.: ON iur-mltr of a meter
repeating the same syllable, MDu eder-
kauwen to repeat over and over. Identical
with Lat iterum again derived from *i-tero-:
Skt tara- other. Tonr-F.rk 27; W.rrr-
*iilaz ~ iulaz sb.m.: ON gull hedge-
hog, ru (with secondary lengthening),
OE iil hedgehog, OS igil id., OHG igil
id. The name of a prickly animal or sh
is etymologically identical with the iso-
lated Slav *jgla needle < *ighul and,
probably, OPrus ayculo < *eighul. On the
other hand, it could be inuenced by the
continuants of IE *ehi- hedgehog.
Fons+rnv.x KZ I 498 (to *ealaz); Pic+r+
KZ VI 185186; Wnrrr Ostg. 144 (adds
Goth PN Igila); Fick BB XXIX 237;
Bntcn Festschr. Kretschmer 1011; Tonr-
F.rk 23; Tn.t+v.xx APSpr. 296, BSW 3;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 187; Srrcn+ KZ
LXVI 5657 (taboo term); Ponzio Gliede-
rung 202; Pokonxv I 292; Z.rizxi.k I
133; Torono\ PJa I 59; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa VIII 213214; Lrnv.xx GED 204;
Krtor-Srrnorr 394.
*iz pron.: Goth is he, ON es id., OFris er
id., OS es, is id., OHG er id. Related to
Skt y- who, which, Av y id., OPhryg
yos id., Lat is this, Lith js he, Slav *j
this. Neut. *it (Goth ita it, OS it id.,
OHG iz id.) is identical with Lat neut.
id this. B.n+norov.r 11991227;
Tonr-F.rk 27; W.rrr-Pokonxv I 96
Fn.rxkrr 194; Vnirs ANEW 105; Tnt-
n.cnr\ ESSJa VIII 204205; Lrnv.xx
GED 207208; Onrr Phrygian 469470;
Krtor-Srrnorr 227 (from IE *eis).
i
orel_f9_I,J,K-203-230 7/6/04 7:06 PM Page 203
j
*ja ptcl.: Goth ja, jai yes, ON j id. (with
irregular lengthening), OE e id., OFris
j id., OS ja id., OHG j id. Cf. also Goth
jah and, indeed (< *j xwe = Skt ycca
and though), Run ja(h) id., OE e id.,
OS ja id., OHG j id. Fem. of the
pronominal stem *o- or *- (Bntov.xx
Grundri II/2 328). Gnivv DG III
*jaba ~ *jabi conj.: Goth jabai if , OE
if id., OFris jef id., OS ef id., OHG ibu
id. Pronominal stem *o- followed by
particle *bhe ~ *bho. However, the root
vocalism does not match in individual
languages. Cf. Slav *i bo for, because.
Atrnrcn+ KZ I 287; Bntov.xx KVG
669 (derived from *ja); Tonr-F.rk
299300; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VIII 167
168; Lrnv.xx GED 210; Bot+k.x OFED
s.v.
*jainaz ~ *jenaz pron.: Goth jains that
(one), OE eon id., OFris jen id., MLG
I 297; Cnrvor.xo\ SSGJa I 57;
xi.k II 182; Oxioxs 1020; I\.xo\ Etim.
1971 298302 (adds Hitt ea- evergreen
tree); Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VIII 248249;
Onrr Etim. 1985 3537 (willow as a tree
walking along the river-banks, from *ei-
to go); Krtor-Srrnorr 207.
*sa-kalaz adj.: ON s-kaldr ice-cold,
OE s-ceald id., MLG s-kolt id., MHG s-
kalt id. Compound of *saz ~ *san and
*kalaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 89 (parallel
formations).
*saz ~ *san sb.m./n.: ON ss ice, OE
s id., OFris s id., OS s id., OHG s id.
Related to Av axa- cold, isu- icy, Osset
yex ice (Srrcn+ 18). B.n+norov.r 11;
Tonr-F.rk 28; Sir\rns PBB XXXVIII
ANEW 287; Pokonxv I 301; Z.rizxi.k II
*sarna-smiaz sb.m.: ON jrn-smir
blacksmith, OE sen-smi id., OS sarn-
smith id., OHG sarn-smid id. Compound
of *sarnan and *smiaz. C.nn Nom.
*sarnan sb.n.: Goth eisarn iron, ON sarn
id., OE sern, sen id., OFris sern, rsen id.,
OS sarn id., OHG sarn, san id. Bor-
rowed from Celtic: Gaul isarno-dori ferrei
ostii, OIr arn, W haiarn, OCorn hoern,
Bret houarn ( Tntnxrvsrx apud Fris+).
Jon.xssox BB XVIII 17 (to *aizan);
Nonrrx ANF IV 110; Tonr-F.rk 28;
Pokonxv I 300, KZ XLVI 292 (from
Illyrian); Vnirs ANEW 287; Z.rizxi.k I
Krtor-Srrnorr 213.
*sarna-naln ~ *sarna-nalaz
sb.m.: ON jrn-nagli iron nail, OHG
sarn-nagal id. Compound of *sarnan and
*nalaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 84 (parallel
formations).
*traz adj.: ON tr excellent, glorious, OE
prop. Iter-mann. Derived from IE *et-:
Toch A yat- to reach, to achieve, Skt
ytate to place oneself (in the right posi-
tion), W add-iad yearning. K.ns+rx
NB II 458; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 423;
Jxssox ANF XLVI 334335; Pokonxv I
506507; Vnirs ANEW 288; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 322 (segments *- as in *alaz).
*zarnan sb.n.: ON jrn iron, OE ren id.
An accentual variant of *sarnan. Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 189; Pokonxv I 300.
xwaz 204 jainaz
orel_f9_I,J,K-203-230 7/6/04 7:06 PM Page 204
jene id., OHG jenr id. Not quite clear. It
is possible that *jainaz and *jenaz go back
to two dierent sources. While *jainaz
reects demonstrative particle *j- (cf. Lith
js he) followed by *ainaz (Bntov.xx
Grundri II/2 335339) and may be
derivationally close to Slav *jn other
< *-(o)inos (Brnxrkrn I 432, L.xo MF
I 9799 but see dierently Tntn.cnr\
VJa XXIX/1 143: Slav *jn = Phryg
iow ni), *jenaz is a combination of the
same *j- and *enaz. The situation is
further complicated by ON hann he
< *jainaz with a secondary h- by analogy
with *xi. Cf. also a similar formation in
Lith venas one < *-inos. Horrv.xx-
Kn.vrn KZ XIV 144158; Gnirxnrnorn
Got. 135136; Tonr-F.rk 328; Hor+-
n.tsrx PBB XIII 372, 590 (separates
*jai- < loc. *oi ), AEEW 142; Kock ANF
XXIV 186189; Kirckrns HG 145 (fol-
lows Bntov.xx); Fris+ 300; Pokonxv I
319321; Fn.rxkrr 12391240; Vnirs
ANEW 209; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VIII
233234; Lrnv.xx GED 210.
*jain adv.: Goth jaind thither, OE
eond yond, yonder. Derived from
*jainaz ~ *jenaz. Tonr-F.rk 328; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 142; Fris+ 300; Lrnv.xx
GED 210.
*jainjaz sb.m.: ON einir juniper. Identical
with MIr in bulrush < *oini-, Lat ini-
perus juniper-tree (Fick II 223; Lirrx IF
XVIII 507). Tonr-F.rk 328; W.rrr-
*jaukiz sb.f.: ON eykr beast of draught,
eyk-hestr cart-horse. Close to Skt ygya-
id., further to *jukan. K.ns+rx NB I
105106; Tonr-F.rk 330; Scntrzr KZ
LXI 189; M.vnnorrn III 20; Pokonxv I
510; M.+zrr Festschr. Schrder 96, KZ CV
*jexanan str.vb.: ON part. j to assent,
OFris j to confess, OS gehan to articu-
late, to pronounce, OHG jehan to say, to
speak, to admit. Related to Skt ycati
to ask, to solicite, to entreat, MIr ieith
language, W iaith id. (Lirrx ANF III
328). Tonr-F.rk 328; Hin+ PhWschr.
XIV 609 (to Lat iaci to throw, to utter);
III 1415; Pokonxv I 503504; Vnirs
ANEW 289; Srrnorr 286287; Bot+k.x
OFED s.v.
*jextiz sb.f.: OFris jecht confession, OHG
jiht id. Derived from *jexanan. Derivation-
ally close to W iaith language < *ekti-.
Tonr-F.rk 328; Pokonxv I 503; Srr-
norr 286.
*jextjanan wk.vb.: ON jtta to acknowl-
edge, to assent, OFris iechta to confess.
Derived from *jextiz. Tonr-F.rk 328;
Vnirs ANEW 291.
*jexwla-aaz sb.m.: ON jla-dagr Yule-
day, OE ehhel-d id. Compound of
*jexwlan and *aaz. C.nn Nom. comp.
*jexwla-mnz sb.m.: ON jl-mnur
the Yule month, OE ol-mna id. Com-
pound of *jexwlan and *mnz. C.nn
*jexwlan sb.n.: ON pl. jl feast of Yule
(later Christmas), OE ehhol, el id.
Of unknown origin. Gnivv DM II 664
(to *xwew(u)lan ~ *xwexwlan); Btoor ANF
IV 135 (to Lat iocus game and *jexanan);
Gnirxnrnorn SBAW Wien CXLII/8
137 (to Lith jenk, jkti to become
blind); Mrnixorn WuS V 184 (to Av
yc to ask); Lorvrx+n.r PBB XLV
265 (compound with elements related to
Skt pole, shaft of a carriage and IE
*k
el- wheel); F.v JEGP XVII 424425

(a taboo modication of *xwew(u)lan
~ *xwexwlan); K.ns+rx IF XXII 298;
Roo+n Wortst. 43 (follows Btoor); Knoo-
v.xx KZ LX 114 (same as Btoor); Tonr-
Fris+ 301303, KZ LI 143144 (in-
uenced by *jran); W.rrr-Horrv.xx I
716 (to Gk ca game, amusement);
Vnirs ANEW 292; Oxioxs 1021; Lrn-
v.xx GED 211 (against F.v).
*jexwljaz sb.m.: Goth jiuleis Yule-month,
December, ON lir mid-November to
mid-December, OE uli December and
January. Derived from *jexwlan. Tonr-
jainaz 205 jexwlaz
orel_f9_I,J,K-203-230 7/6/04 7:06 PM Page 205
Fris+ 301302; Oxioxs 1021; Lrnv.xx
GED 211.
*jekilaz ~ *jekulaz sb.m.: ON jkull ici-
cle, OE icel id., OFris itsil spur, OS
ichilla stiria. Derived from *jekn. Fick
KZ I 11 (to Lith yi oe); Tonr-F.rk
*jekn sb.m.: ON jaki icicle, LG s-jack
id., G dial. jch hoar-frost. Related to
Hitt eka- cold, frost, ice, MIr aig ice
< *agi-. Tonr-F.rk 328; Pokonxv I
503, Celtica V 236 (from Uralic, cf. Finn
j ice, Hung jg id.); Vnirs ANEW 289;
K.vvrxntnrn KZ LXXVII 67 (follows
Pokonxv); Ptn\rr II 257259.
*jesanan str.vb.: OHG jesan to ferment,
to brew. Related to Toch AB ys- to
excite sexually, Skt ysyati to boil, to
become hot, Av yah- to boil, Gk zv
to boil, to seethe. B.n+norov.r 1281;
Pokonxv I 506; Fnisk I 612; Oxioxs
1019; Srrnorr 287; Krtor-Srrnorr 299;
*jestuz sb.m.: ON jstr yeast, OE ist id.,
MLG gest dregs, dirt, MHG gest, jest
yeast. Derived from *jesanan. Tonr-
*jeuxtan sb.n.: OE eoht yoke. Derived
from *jeukan. Structurally identical with
Skt neut. yukt- harnessed, yoked.
(Hor+n.tsrx IF XLVIII 266). Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 142; M.vnnorrn III 20;
*jeukan sb.n.: MHG jiuch yoke. Close
to Gk zegow yoke of beasts, pair of
mules, oxen or horses. Further see *jukan.
Tonr-F.rk 330; Fnisk I 610.
*jeuknan wk.vb.: Goth jiukan to ght, to
conquer, ga-jiukan to overcome, MHG
jouchen to chase, to drive. Cf. also OE
ecor strong, erce, harsh. Related to
Toch AB yuk- to conquer, Av yaozaiti to
be agitated, to be excited < *eu-. See
*jeukan. Woor MP II 471; B.n+no-
rov.r 12311232; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
141; Fris+ 301; Pokonxv I 512; Lrnv.xx
GED 211 (further to *eu-dh- to move, to
ght).
*jm(a)raz adj.: OE emor sad, sorrow-
ful, OFris sbst. jmer ruefulness, crying
shame, OS sbst. jmar misery, misfor-
tune, OHG sbst. jmar id. Identical with
Gk merow tame, cultivated (Sorvsrx
KZ XXXII 147). Further related to Skt
ymati to subjugate. Tonr-F.rk 329;
Pokonxv I 505; Dvno VSJa 26; Fnisk I
635636.
*jn ~ *jnaz sb.f./m.: Swed dial. n
reapers progress, a stroke of the scythe,
MHG jn row, line. Identical with Skt
yna- going, riding, derived from *- :
*- to go. Tonr-F.rk 329; Pokonxv
I 296.
*jra-mnz sb.m.: ON r-mnar month
of the year, OHG jr-mnd January.
Compound of *jran and *mnz. C.nn
*jran sb.n.: Goth jer year, ON r id., OE
er id., OFris jr id., OS jr, gr id., OHG
jr id. Related to Av yr- id., Gk r`
season, Slav *jaro heat, spring and
the like. B.n+norov.r 1287; Tonr-F.rk
329; Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 831; Hor+n.tsrx
115; Pokonxv I 297; Dvno VSJa 26;
II 11501151; Cn.x+n.ixr 13031304;
Oxioxs 1019; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VIII
Srrnorr 408409.
*jra-talan sb.n.: ON r-tal reckoning by
years, OFris ier-tel one year, MDu jaer-
tal number of years. Compound of *jran
and *talan. C.nn Nom. comp. 7475 (par-
allel formations).
*jtjanan wk.vb.: ON jta to say yes,
OHG gi-jzen to agree. Derived from
*ja. But cf. *jextjanan. Tonr-F.rk 328;
Vnirs ANEW 291.
*jz ~ *jz pron.: ON r you, OE id.,
OFris g id., OS g id., OHG ir id.
Analogical modications of *jz. Tonr-
jexwlaz 206 jz
orel_f9_I,J,K-203-230 7/6/04 7:06 PM Page 206
*ju adv.: Goth ju just now, already, OE
e formerly, before, OS ju already,
OHG j id. Identical with Lith jaU id.,
Latv ju id., Slav *ju id. Knr+scnvrn
KZ XXXI 466 (to IE *een- young);
Mrirrr+ MSL IX 52; Tn.t+v.xx BSW
Fn.rxkrr 190; S+.xo LS 25; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa VIII 190191; Lrnv.xx GED
212.
*juuniz sb.f.: OE eu youth, OFris
jogethe id., OS juguth id., OHG jugund id.
Identical with Skt yuvat- young woman
< *uti-, with a taboo change of *-w- >
*--. Related to *junaz. Bntov.xx
Grundri II/1 439 (*-w- > *-- by anal-
ogy with *uuniz > OE dugu, OHG
tugund ); Tonr-F.rk 331; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 141; M.vnnorrn III 23; Lrnv.xx
Phon. 48 (* < *H), GED 213; Krtor-
Srrnorr 412413.
*jukan sb.n.: Goth juk yoke, ON ok id.,
OE eoc id., OS juk id., OHG joh, juh id.
Etymologically related to Hitt i--ga-an
id., Skt yug- id., Gk zugn id., Arm luc
id. < *ugo-, Lat iugum id., W iau id., Lith
jngas id. (with *-n- from the nasal inx
of the verbal present), Slav *jgo id.
Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 64, 98; Mrirrr+ MSL
VII 57; Tonr-F.rk 330; Tn.t+v.xx
Pokonxv I 508; Vnirs ANEW 417; M.vn-
norrn III 19; Fn.rxkrr 196; Z.rizxi.k
I 142; Fnisk I 615616; Oxioxs 1020;
Ptn\rr II 495496; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa
VIII 206208; Lrnv.xx GED 212;
Krtor-Srrnorr 411.
*jukkjanan wk.vb.: OE iccan to itch,
OS jukkian id., OHG jucken id. Related
to *jeuknan. B.n+norov.r 12311232;
Oxioxs 488.
*jukjanan wk.vb.: ON oka to yoke, OE
eocian to preserve, to save. Derived
from *jukan. Cf. a structural similarity in
Lat iug id. W.rrr-Horv.xx I 728;
Vnirs ANEW 418.
*jukn sb.m.: Goth ga-juka companion,
yoke-fellow, ON oki cross-beam. Iden-
tical with Skt sam-yj- joined through
friendship or relationship, Lat con-iux
spouse. Derived from *jukan. W.rrr-
Horv.xx I 261; Fris+ 186187; Vnirs
*jukuzj sb.n.: Goth jukuzi yoke (with an
unclear -u-), OE cer acre. Fem. *(e)-
ug-us of a perfect participle from IE
*eug- (B.vvrsnrnorn Language XLI
416419, Nom. 213). Nonrrx IF IV 325
(Goth -uz- < IE *-es-); S+nri+nrno IF
XIV 494; Uxvrn+n PBB XXXVI 20 (s-
stem, cf. Gk zegow team, Lat igera
acre, Slav *jgo yoke); Hor+n.tsrx
213.
*jun sb.f.: Goth junda youth. Identical
with Lat iuuenta id. < *ut (Bntov.xx
Grundri II/1 418). Tonr-F.rk 331;
Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 91; Lrnv.xx GED
*junalinaz sb.m.: ON ynglingr young
person, OE eonlin id., OFris jungeling
id., OS jungling id., MHG jungeling id.
Derived from *junaz. Oxioxs 1021;
Krtor-Srrnorr 413.
*juna-lkaz adj.: ON ung-ligr youthful,
OHG jung-lh id. Derived from *junaz.
Hrirrnv.xxs 326.
*junaz adj.: Goth juggs young, ON ungr
id., OE eon id., OFris jung id., OS jung
id., OHG jung id. Related to Skt yuva-
youthful, Lat iuuencus youth, OIr ac
young, W ieuanc id. from *u-- fur-
ther connected with *eu- young. Cf.
also Khwar ywnk young < Iran *aiw-
nak (Trtnxrn Gedenkschr. Gntert 302).
Tonr-F.rk 331; W.rrr-Horv.xx I
142; Krtor 342343; M.vnnorrn III
2324; Ponzio Festschr. Debrunner
343349; Horrv.xx MSS VI 3940;
Eoorns Festschr. Starck 6281; Oxioxs
1021; H.vr KZ LXXXIV 1; Lrnv.xx
ju 207 junaz
orel_f9_I,J,K-203-230 7/6/04 7:06 PM Page 207
k
*kabisjaz ~ *kabisj sb.m./f.: ON kefsir
slave (?), OE ciefes concubine, OS kevis
concubine, OHG kebis, kebisa id. Pro-
bably related to Lith bas branch,
bough, abju, abti to bridle, ebju,
ebti id. The semantic development in
Gmc may be connected with that of the
Baltic verb or similar to that of Slav
*kopyl shoot, branch ~ bastard, boy,
servant. Lirrx SSUF 1894 6364 (to
OIr b woman); Tonr-F.rk 34; Ztri+z.
KZ XXXVII 391 (to Lat captuus captive,
captured), Gutt. 183; Scnnorrrn ZdPh
XXXVIII 523 (to OHG keva shell;
cavea); Tn.t+v.xx BSW 364; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 47; Pokonxv I 408 (from
*gabh- eventually related to *ebanan);
Pis.xi TC XII 71 (to Gk gapv);
Mrxors ZfslPh XLIII 400406 (together
with the unclear Pol kobieta woman from
Uralic); Krtor-Srrnorr 435.
*kabln sb.m.: ON kai cut o piece,
MDu cavele piece of wood used to throw
lots (fem.). Probably related to Lith bas
branch. See *kabisjaz ~ *kabisj. Zt-
ri+z. Gutt. 183; Tonr-F.rk 34; Pokonxv
I 353; Fn.rxkrr 12821283; Vnirs
*kan sb.m.: Norw dial. kage low bush,
E dial. cag stump, G dial. Kag id. Of
unknown origin. Tonr-F.rk 33.
*kaibaz adj.: ON kafr vehement, ery,
OE cf quick, sharp, nimble. Derived
from *kbjanan. Tonr-F.rk 43; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 42; Hrirrnv.xxs 327.
*kailn ~ *kailaz sb.f./m.: Norw keila
channel, MLG kl narrow bay. Related
to *klaz. Tonr-F.rk 43; Vnirs ANEW
304.
*kaipaz ~ *kaip sb.m./f.: ON keipr
rowlock, MLG kp cut, notch. Related
to Lat gibbus hunch, hump, Latv gbstu,
gbt to bend (Hor+n.tsrx PBB LXVI
272). Tonr-F.rk 44; Jn.xxrssox IEW
298 (to Icel keipa to move the shing line
up and down); Vnirs ANEW 305.
*kakn sb.f.: ON kaka cake, ME cake id.
Probably related to Lith gas conical
stack. Pokonxv I 349 (to Lith gog
cabbage-head); Fn.rxkrr 1284; Krtor-
Srrnorr 490.
*kalanan str.vb.: ON kala to freeze, OE
calan to be cold, to become cold.
Related to Lat gel cold, frost, ice, Slav
*zol bad weather. Ztri+z. Gutt. 143;
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 585586; Jn.x-
413.
*junn sb.m.: ON ungi young of a bird,
OHG jungo animal cub. Derived from
*junaz. Hrirrnv.xxs 325.
*jutw ~ *jetw pron.: ON it you two,
OE it id., OFris iat id., OS git id. The
vocalism has been inuenced by *wetw.
Identical with Lith jdu id. Originally, a
compound of *u you and *d two
(Mrirrr+ MSL XIII 208). For the oblique
cases cf. gen. *enkwara > Goth igqara, ON
ykkar, OE incer. S+nri+nrno UGG 265;
Lo+srricn JEGP XXX 150; Pr+rnsrx
JEGP XXXIII 66; Tonr-F.rk 329330;
Fris+ 291; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 142; Po-
ANEW 288, 677; Lrnv.xx GED 204.
*jz pron.: Goth jus you. Related to Av
y id., Lith js id. Further to Skt yym
id., Av y6m id., Gk mmew id. See *jz ~
*jz. B.n+norov.r 13031305; Tonr-
F.rk 330; Fris+ 305; M.vnnorrn III 26;
Krtor-Srrnorr 395.
junaz 208 kalanan
orel_f9_I,J,K-203-230 7/6/04 7:06 PM Page 208
Tntn.cnr\ Slav. jaz. V 179; Vnirs ANEW
214.
*kalbaz sb.m./n.: ON klfr calf , OE cealf
id., OFris calf id., OS kalf id., OHG kalb
id. (i-stem). Despite the dierence in the
anlaut (*g- as opposed to *g
-), related to
Skt grbha- womb, Av gar6wa- id., Gk
delfw womb, dlfaj piglet, dolfw:
mtra, Hes. Ztri+z. Gutt. 77; Prns-
sox Beitrge 7475 (to *kalbn I); Tonr-
M.vnnorrn I 329; Pokonxv I 359 (to
*kalbn I), 473; Vnirs ANEW 298;
Z.rizxi.k II 223; Fnisk I 363; Oxioxs
136; Lrnv.xx GED 214 (to Gaul galba
very fat man, Lat globus globe, heap);
B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 211 (old s-stem);
Krtor-Srrnorr 418.
*kalbn I sb.m.: ON kl calf (anat.), E
calf id., G dial. Kalb muscle. Of uncer-
tain origin. A descriptive stem? Cf. *kla-
bn. Prnssox Beitrge 7475 (to *kalbaz);
Pokonxv I 359.
*kalbn II sb.f.: Goth kalbo heifer, OHG
kalba id. Derived from *kalbaz. Tonr-
F.rk 42; Ztri+z. Gutt. 77, 143; Fris+
*kalaz adj.: Goth kalds cold, ON kaldr
id., OE ceald id., OFris kald id., OS kald
id., OHG kalt id. Derivative of *kalanan
(in *-to-?). Somehow related to Slav sb.
*xold cold, despite the phonetic dicul-
ties (Ztri+z. KZ XXXVII 390). K.ns-
+rx NB II 332; Brzzrxnrnorn BB XVI
242 (to Slav *eldica black ice); Ztri+z.
298; Oxioxs 190; Srrnorr 288; Tnt-
n.cnr\ ESSJa VIII 5758; Lrnv.xx
Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*kalnan wk.vb.: ON kalda to become
cold, OE cealdian id., OHG kaltn id.
Derived from *kalaz. Structurally close
to Slav *xoldti to become cold. Vnirs
ANEW 298; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VIII 56;
Hrirrnv.xxs 328.
*kalzan sb.n.: ON kall call. Derivation-
ally close to Slav *gols voice. Further
related to W galw to call < *gal-, Slav
*golgol speech. Tonr-F.rk 42; Po-
konxv I 350; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 84.
*kalzjanan wk.vb.: ON kalla to call, to
cry, OFris kella to name, MLG kolsen to
call, OHG kalln to talk. Derived from
*kalzan. Ztri+z. Gutt. 143; Tonr-F.rk
298299; Oxioxs 137.
*kalwaz adj.: OE calu bald, MDu kalu
id., OHG kalo id. Closely connected with
Slav *gol bare, naked. Tonr-F.rk 42;
n.tsrx AEEW 43; Srxx JEGP XXXII
521; Krtor 346347; Pokonxv I 349
350; S+.xo LS 24; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VI
Srrnorr 417.
*kambaz sb.m.: ON kambr comb, OE
camb id., OS kamb id., OHG kamb id.
Identical with Toch A kam tooth, B keme
id., Skt jmbha- tooth, tusk, Gk gmfow
peg, nail, Alb dhmb ~ dhamb tooth,
Lith aMbas sharp edge, Latv zobs
tooth, Slav *zb id. Ktnx KZ I 131;
AEEW 43; Srrcn+ 86; M.vnnorrn I
1289; Fnisk I 319320; Vnirs ANEW
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ II 106; B.vvrs-
Onrr AED 82.
*kambjanan wk.vb.: ON kemba to
comb, OE cemban id., OS kembian id.,
OHG kemben id. Derived from *kambaz.
Vnirs ANEW 306.
*kan(i)paz sb.m.: ON kampr beard, mous-
tache, OE cenep moustache, OFris kenep,
kanep id., MDu canef-been cheek bone.
Of unknown origin. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
46; Tnirn Holz 86 (to *kenuz); Vnirs
kalanan 209 kan(i)paz
orel_f9_I,J,K-203-230 7/6/04 7:06 PM Page 209
ANEW 299 (to *knabn, see *knappaz I);
Krtor-Srrnorr 455.
*kanna pret.-pres.vb.: Goth kann to get to
know, ON kann to know, OE can id.,
OFris kan id., OS can id., OHG kann id.
Related to IE *en6- to know: Toch A
kn-, Skt jnti, Gk Ep perf. ggvna to
shout, to be made heard, Alb njoh ~ njof
to know, Lat (g)nsc to know, to
acknowledge, Lith inti to know, Slav
*znati id. Ztri+z. Gutt. 193; Tonr-F.rk
3536; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 371; Fris+
I 293; Oxioxs 139140; Srrnorr 289
290, KZ LXXX 273283 (*-nn- < *-nH-);
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ II 100101; Lrn-
v.xx GED 141, 222; Krtor-Srrnorr
471472; Onrr AED 305; Btnr.k IFTJa
*kannin sb.f.: ON kenning doctrine,
teaching, MLG kenninge feeling, recogni-
tion, MHG kennunge id. Derived from
*kannjanan Vnirs ANEW 306.
*kannjanan I wk.vb.: Goth kannjan to
make known, ON kenna to teach, OE
cennan to choose, to prove, to declare,
OFris kenna to know, OS ant-kennian to
perceive, OHG in-kennen to know.
Causative of *kanna. Ztri+z. Gutt. 193;
Krtor-Srrnorr 437.
*kannjanan II wk.vb.: ON kenna (barn) to
father a child, OE cennan to beget, to
conceive. Related to *kunjan. At a deeper
level of reconstruction identical with
*kannjanan I (Scnnorrn PBB XLIII 495;
Gtx+rn+ WuS XI 128130). Tonr-
ANEW 306.
*kannn sb.f.: ON kanna can, tankard,
jug, OE canne can, cup, OS kanna id.,
OHG kanna vessel. Related to *kann
(Lirrx BB XXI 109). Hardly borrowed
from late Lat canna mug, jug (Fnixos
apud Vnirs) which is from Gmc. Tonr-
F.rk 35; Lirrx BB XXI 109 (to MIr
gann vessel < *gandh-n-); Hor+n.tsrx
422.
*kann sb.m.: ON kani bowl, dish, MLG
kane boat. Of unknown origin. Tonr-
F.rk 35; Lirrx BB XXI 109 (to *kannn);
F.rk WuS IV 89 (to Norw kana to crane
ones neck); Lorvrx+n.r WuS X 184 (to
Gk gnuw chin); Pokonxv I 351 (to MIr
gann vessel < *gandh(n)-); Vnirs ANEW
*karla-fulkan ~ *kerla-fulkan sb.n.:
ON karl-flk male folk, OE ceorl-folc
common people, public. Compound of
*karlaz ~ *kerlaz and *fulkan. C.nn Nom.
*karlaz ~ *kerlaz sb.m.: ON karl man,
OE carl churl, rustic, ceorl freeman of
the lowest class, man, husband, OFris
zerl adult man, MLG kerle id., OHG karl
man, spouse. Related to *karskaz and
further derived from IE *er(6)- to ripen,
to grow old, to become frail, cf. Skt
jrant- old, Arm cer id., Gk grvn
old man and the like. Tonr-F.rk 38;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 4647; Ponzio
Festschr. Debrunner 348 (separates Gmc
from this root); Pokonxv I 391; Vnirs
ANEW 301; Z.rizxi.k I 133; Fnisk I
301302; Oxioxs 146, 175; Krtor-
Srrnorr 438.
*karm( j)az sb.m.: OE cirm noise, shout,
clamor, OS karm shout, cry. Derivation-
ally identical with OIr gairm cry, call, W
garm id., Corn garm id., Bret garm id.
Further related to *kar. Ztri+z. Gutt.
78, 193; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 45, 47;
Pokonxv I 566.
*kar sb.f.: Goth kara care, ON kr bed
in which one lies bedridden, OE caru,
cearu care, sorrow, grief , OFris kar-festere
fasting penitent, OS kara care, sorrow,
mourning, OHG kara mourning. Re-
lated to Lat garri to prattle, OIr gir-
clamor, W gair word < *aro- and the
kan(i)paz 210 kar
orel_f9_I,J,K-203-230 7/6/04 7:06 PM Page 210
like. Ztri+z. Gutt. 78, 193; Tonr-F.rk
Horv.xx I 583; Fris+ 307308; Po-
konxv I 352; Z.rizxi.k I 147; Oxioxs
*karjanan wk.vb.: Goth karon to care
about, OE carian to take care, to regard,
to heed, OS karn to mourn, OHG karn
to bewail. Derived from *kar. Tonr-
*karskaz adj.: ON karskr brisk, bold,
MLG karsch lively, fresh, MHG karsch id.
Derived from IE *er(6)- to ripen, to
grow old, to become frail, cf. Skt jrati to
make old, to grow old, to decay, Slav
*zrti to ripen. K.ns+rx NB II 449;
ANEW 302 (to Gk gerv to wake);
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ II 106; Wissv.xx
AWNP 36; Hrirrnv.xxs 330.
*katilaz sb.m.: Goth katils kettle, ON
ketill id., OE cytel id., MLG ketel id., OHG
kezzil id. An old borrowing from Lat catil-
lus small dish, deep vessel for cooking,
dem. of catnus (Ltr+ ZDADL XLI 242).
Scnvrx+xrn PBB XLIV 498; Bntcn
Festschr. Kretschmer 612; Jrrrixrk ZDADL
LXVI 129; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 48; Fris+
439.
*katn sb.m.: ON kati small ship, LG kat
small vehicle. Of unknown origin.
F.rk WuS IV 88; Bntcn Festschr.
Kretschmer 1214 (from OPic cat man of
war); Vnirs ANEW 303.
*kaunan ~ *kaun sb.n./f.: ON kaun
sore, MDu coon jaw. Derived from
*kewwanan. Derivationally close to Lith
iuna gill, Latv aUnas gills, jaw, Slav
*una lip, mouth < *eun. Btoor KZ
XIX (1870) 431432 (to Skt gavn
groins); Tonr-F.rk 45; Ztri+z. Gutt.
1303; Vnirs ANEW 303 (to ON k to
harass); Lrnv.xx GED 222.
*kaupa-mannz sb.m.: ON kaup-mar
merchant, OE cep-man id., OFris kp-
mon id., MLG kp-man id., OHG kouf-man
id. Compound of *kaupaz and *mannz.
*kaupa-skipan sb.n.: ON kaup-skip mer-
chant ship, OE cep-scip id., MLG kp-
schip id., OHG kouf-skif id. Compound of
*kaupaz and *skipan. C.nn Nom. comp. 75
*kaupa-staiz sb.m./f.: ON kaup-star
market-town, OS kp-stedi market-
place, OHG fem. kouf-stat id. Compound
of *kaupaz and *staiz. C.nn Nom. comp.
*kaupaz sb.m.: ON -kaup purchase (in
cmpn.), OE cep cattle, price, sale, OFris
kp sale, OS kp bargain, purchase,
OHG kouf id. A modication of Lat caup
small tradesman (Bntcn ZDADL
LXXXIII 92103). Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 97; Bot+k.x OFED
s.v.
*kaupjanan ~ *kaupjanan wk.vb.:
Goth kaupon to trade, to do business,
ON kaupa to buy (irreg.), OE cpan to
sell, OFris kapia to buy, to sell, OS
kpian to buy, to trade, OHG koufen
id. Derived from *kaupaz, cf. Lat caupnri
to haggle ( Jrrrixrk GGS 185). Fris+
ANEW 308; Oxioxs 166; Brx\rxis+r IEL
*kauraz sb.m.: Norw kaure frizzy curl, cf.
also neut. kaur wool. Close to MIr gaire
hair, Lith pl. gaura id., Latv gaui pubic
hair (Lirrx IF XIX 341). Pokonxv I
*kausjanan ~ *kauzjanan wk.vb.:
Goth kausjan to sample, to experience,
to taste, OFris kra to choose. Structur-
ally identical with Skt joyate to caress,
to take delight in. Iterative-causative of
*keusanan. Fris+ 310; M.vnnorrn I 445;
Pokonxv I 399400; Srrnorr 294.
*kaw sb.f.: Dan kaa daw, jackdaw, OE
ce a kind of crow, jay, MLG k daw,
kar 211 kaw
orel_f9_I,J,K-203-230 7/6/04 7:06 PM Page 211
jackdaw, OHG k crow. Of imitative
origin, cf. Slav *kavka daw, gull. Tonr-
F.rk 45.
*kazan sb.n.: Goth kas jar, vessel, ON ker
id., MLG kar id., OHG kar id. Cultural
loanword, probably (indirectly) from Sem
*kasu- beaker > Akk ksu- (Gtx+rn+
Festschr. Panzer 12). Ctn+its Gr. Et. 476
(to Lat us vessel, dish); Os+norr BB
XIX 321 (to Lat ger to carry, to lead);
St++rnrix IF XXIX 125 (to Gk gaulw
bucket); Fris+ 308; Vnirs ANEW 306;
426.
*kebran sb.n.: MHG kiver jaw, jawbone
(neut. or masc.). Identical with Av zafar-
mouth. B.n+norov.r 1657; Tonr-
F.rk 34 (reconstruct *kefru); Pokonxv I
*kelkaz ~ *kelkn sb.m.: ON kjalki
jowl, OHG kelh, kelah goitre, swelling.
Related to *kulkaz. Tonr-F.rk 41;
Vnirs ANEW 310311.
*kelpn ~ *kelpaz sb.f./m.: ON kelpa
otter trap, MLG kelp low fellow.
Probably related to Lat galba fat paunch,
big belly (from Celtic). Vnirs ANEW
306 (to ON kilpr handle of a vessel).
*kelaz sb.n.: OE cild child. From here
Goth kilei womb < *keln is derived.
Of uncertain origin. Fon+tx.+o\ BB
VI 217 (to Skt jahra- belly, stomach,
womb); Lirrx IF XIX 335; Ztri+z. Gutt.
77, 211; Tonr-F.rk 42; Mikkor. 5BB
XXI 225 (to Swed kolla, kulla girl
< *kul-); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 48; Fris+
311; Pokonxv I 358; Oxioxs 169; Lrn-
v.xx GED 218 (from IE *gel- rounded);
*keluz ~ *keln sb.m./f.: ON kjlr keel,
OE ceole throat, MLG kele id. Related
to OIr gelid to swallow, to eat, gaile
stomach. Tonr-F.rk 41; Hor+n.tsrx
ANEW 312313 (to Skt girti to swallow,
to eat).
*kembaz ~ *kemb sb.m./f.: Swed dial.
kimb ends of a stave protruding over the
ground, MLG kimme rim. Probably
related to *kambaz. Cf. also Lith gmb
wooden hook. Tonr-F.rk 3738;
Prnssox SVSU X 80; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
49; Pokonxv I 368; Fn.rxkrr 146; Vnirs
ANEW 309 (to Gk gmv to be full).
*kembilaz sb.m.: ON kimbill bundle,
MLG kimmel gag, toggle, OHG kembil
fetter, shackle. Derived from *kembaz ~
*kemb. Tonr-F.rk 37; Vnirs ANEW309.
*keniz sb.f.: ON kind kind, variety.
Derivationally close to Lat gns race,
clan, OW -gint (in compounds). Further
related to *kenan. Prnssox Beitrge 686
(on Av fra-zainti progeny); Bntov.xx
Grundri II/1 434; Tonr-F.rk 35;
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 592; Pokonxv I 373
374.
*kennu-bainan sb.n.: ON kinn-bein cheek-
bone, OE cin-bn id., MLG kinne-bn id.,
OHG kinni-bein id. Compound of *kennuz
and *bainan. C.nn Nom. comp. 50.
*kennu-ber sb.f.: ON kinn-bjrg cheek-
piece (of a helmet), OE cin-ber id.
Compound of *kennuz and *ber. C.nn
*kennuz sb.f.: Goth kinnus cheek, ON
kinn id. (root stem), OE cin chin, OFris
kin id. The geminate is believed to reect
the generalized *-n- of gen. sg. in *enus,
*enos (Hin+ Urgerm. II 47). Related to
Toch A dual. anwem jaw, Skt hnu- id.
(with irregular h-), Av dual zanva id., Gk
gnuw chin, Lat gena cheek, OIr gin, giun
mouth. Woor IF XVIII 32 (identical
with *enu- knee); B.ck IF XL 162167
(to *en6- to give birth); Ztri+z. Gutt.
312; M.n+ixr+ Gm. 69; Ponzio Gliederung
208; Fnisk I 298; Oxioxs 170; Lrnv.xx
Krtor-Srrnorr 442.
*kenan sb.n.: Norw dial. kind child,
OS kind id., OHG kind id. Identical with
Lat part. genitus, further connected with
*en6- to give birth. Ztri+z. Gutt. 193;
kaw 212 kenan
orel_f9_I,J,K-203-230 7/6/04 7:06 PM Page 212
Hrnv.xx IF LIII 102; W.rrr-Horv.xx
309; Htvn.cn MSS VII 55 (to Lat Genita
(Mana), OSc Geneta, W geneth girl);
Lrnv.xx GED 218; H.vr IF LXXXVII
77; B.vvrsnrnorn IF LXXIII 134 (OFris
kind, OS kind < OHG), Nom. 9495;
Krtor-Srrnorr 442.
*keppn sb.m.: ON kjappi he-goat, G
dial. kippe newly born calf . Cf.
Alb c( j)ap, sqap goat < PAlb *tsapa,
Slav *cap id., Rum ap id., Ital zappo id.
continuing an oriental Wanderwort of
Iranian or Altaic origin, cf. NPers api
one year old goat, Osset cw goat,
OTurk bi six-months old kid. M.n-
+ixr+ Gm. 116, 139; Vnirs ANEW 311.
*kerbanan str.vb.: OE ceorfan to carve, to
cut, to hew, OFris kerva id., MDu kerven
id., MHG kerben to notch. Related to Gk
grfv to scratch, to write. Ztri+z.
Pokonxv I 392; Oxioxs 149; Fnisk I
324326; Jrorns KZ LXXX 6366 (on
the connection with OPrus grbin num-
ber, Slav *erbj lot); Srrnorr 292
*kern(n) sb.f.: ON kirnu-askr churn-pail,
OE ciern butter tub (-stem), MLG kerne
id., early G kerne id. Probably related to
*kernn. Tonr-F.rk 38; Hor+n.tsrx
Srrnorr 428.
*kernn sb.m.: ON kjarni kernel, nucleus,
MLG kerne id., OHG kerno, kern id. An
ablaut variant of *kurnan. Ztri+z. Gutt.
193; Tonr-F.rk 38; Ponzio Gliederung
Z.rizxi.k II 227; Lrnv.xx GED 217;
Krtor-Srrnorr 438.
*kerranan str.vb.: OE pret. pl. curran to
creak, OHG kerran id. An onomatopoeic
form that might be close or similar to Skt
jrate to crackle, to roar. Ztri+z. Gutt.
78, 193; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 47; M.vn-
norrn I 421; Pokonxv I 383385; Srr-
norr 293.
*kerzan sb.n.: ON kjarr copsewood.
Identical with Gk grron wicker-work,
oblong shield, wattled screens < *grson
(Lirrx SVSU VI/1 79). Tonr-F.rk 40;
I 300301.
*keulaz sb.m.: ON kjll keel, barge, ship,
OE cel keel, ship, OS kiol ship, OHG
kiol big ship. May be close to Gk gaulw
round vessel, galow kind of ship
(Prrrnsrx KZ XXXIX 459). Both Gmc
and Gk, however, can go back to the
same Semitic source, cf. . . . ka t
Foinikik ploa galoi kalontai, Hes.
(Lrvv Fremdw. 151, 210). F.rk WuS IV
8889 (ON < OE); Ztri+z. Gutt. 145;
46; Pokonxv I 397 (to Skt gola- globe,
ball, Gk galon cavity of the cuirass);
I 291292; Oxioxs 502; Cn.x+n.ixr
*keusanan str.vb.: Goth kiusan to test,
ON kjsa to elect, to choose, OE cesan
id., OFris kisa id., OS kiosan id., OHG
kiosan id. Identical with Skt jute, jati to
be fond of, to like, to enjoy, Av zao- to
be pleased with, Gk geomai to taste,
Alb dua ~ due to love < *us-n-, OIr
asa-g to wish. Ztri+z. Gutt. 194; B.n-
+norov.r 1656; Tonr-F.rk 48; Fris+
xrssox IEW 322323; M.vnnorrn I 441;
*kewwanan str.vb.: OE cewan to chew,
MLG keuwen id., OHG kiuwan id. Cf. also
ON tyggja, tyggva id. with abnormal t-
(? < *kjujja-). Related to Slav *uti id.,
Toch AB uw- to eat. Ztri+z. Gutt.
Srrnorr 294295; Dvno BSJaO 1618
(Gmc gemination in a mobile paradigm);
632; Btnr.k IFTJa 259.
kenan 213 kewwanan
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*kmaz adj.: Norw dial. kaam dark,
clouded, MLG sbst. km mould on liq-
uids, MHG sbst. km id. Related to or,
at least, similar with IE *mo-: Skt
ym- dark gray, black, Lith mas gray
and blue, blue. Tonr-F.rk 37; Pokonxv
I 541.
*kijan ~ *kittjan sb.n.: ON ki kid,
OHG kizzi id. Borrowed from an un-
known IE source continuing *ghaido- (see
*aitz ~ *aitiz). Tonr-F.rk 44 (to Alb
kedh kid); Pokonxv I 409; Oxioxs 505;
Krtor-Srrnorr 444.
*kip(p)az sb.m.: ON keppr cudgel, club,
OE cipp log, coulter, plowshare, OS kip
post. Cf. also OHG kipfa axle, stave
(fem.). Related to *kaipaz ~ *kaip.
Tonr-F.rk 44 (to Lat scipi walking
sta); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 49; M.n+ixr+
Gm. 195; Vnirs ANEW 306; Oxioxs 170.
*kippjanan wk.vb.: ON kippa to pull, to
snatch, MLG kippen to hatch, G kippen
to knock over. Derived from *kip(p)az.
F.rk-Tonr ND 511 (to Oir scibiud to
move); Tonr-F.rk 43 (to Slav *cpiti to
clutch); Vnirs ANEW 310.
*kippn ~ *kippan sb.m./n.: ON kippa
bundle, MLG kip bundle (of furs, sh).
Derived from *kip(p)az. M.n+ixr+ Gm.
*kitiljanan wk.vb.: ON kitla to tickle,
OE citelian id., OS kitiln id., OHG
kizziln id. A descriptive stem. Scnrr-
+rrovi+z BB XXIX 30 (to Arm kcem to
itch, to tickle < *gid); Tonr-F.rk 44;
*kbjanan wk.vb.: ON kfa to strive, to
quarrel, OFris zvia id., MLG kiven id.,
MHG kben id. Retains elements of a
strong paradigm. Probably related to Lith
geibst, gebti to weaken. Prnssox
ANEW 308; Hrirrnv.xxs 327; Krtor-
Srrnorr 436.
*kkjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. kkja to
gasp, to pant, MHG kchen id. A redupli-
cated form similar to Toch AB kk- to
call further related to Skt gti, gyati to
sing, Slav *gajati to shout. Tonr-F.rk
44; Pokonxv I 355.
*klaz sb.m.: Norw kle wedge, MLG kl
id., OHG kl id. Related to *knanan.
Tonr-F.rk 43; Pokonxv I 355 (recon-
structs *klaz).
*kmn ~ *kmaz sb.m.: Norw dial. kme
strip, piece, OS kmo germ, OHG chmo
sprout. Related to *knanan. Tonr-
F.rk 43; Pokonxv I 355.
*knanan str.vb.: Goth keinan to sprout, to
bud (wk. pret.), OE cnan to gape, to
break into chinks, OS knan to germi-
nate, OHG knan to sprout, to germi-
nate. Related to Latv ziju, zit to blos-
som and, further, to Lith diu, ydti id.
(Ztri+z. Gutt. 79, 193). Prrrnsrx KZ
XXXIX 402 (to Arm ce, ciw stalk);
Srrnorr 290291; Lrnv.xx GED 217 (to
IE *skei- to cut, to separate); Krtor-
Srrnorr 437.
*klabn sb.m.: ON kla a kind of fork put
on the neck of cattle, MLG klave yoke.
Related to Lith glbiu, glbti to embrace,
glbiu, glbti id., Slav *globa kind of pole.
ANEW 313; S+.xo LS 22; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa VI 131132.
*klaimjanan wk.vb.: ON kleima to daub,
to smear, OE clman to smear, to
anoint, MDu klmen id., OHG part. bi-
kleimenti. Derived from *klaimn ~
*klaimaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 50; Vnirs
*klaimn ~ *klaimaz sb.f./m.: ON
kleima blot, dab, OE clam mud, clay,
MDu kleem glue, OHG kleim clay.
Related to Lith glima slime, Latv glama
attery. Tonr-F.rk 57 (to Lith glms
slime); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 50; Pokonxv
315; Oxioxs 179, 181; Krtor-Srrnorr
448.
*klainiz adj.: Burg *klaini tender, shining,
OE clne clean, OFris klne narrow,
kmaz 214 klainiz
orel_f9_I,J,K-203-230 7/6/04 7:06 PM Page 214
thin, OS klni narrow, slim, delicate,
OHG kleini, klein delicate, ne, small.
Identical with Slav *gln clay, dregs
< *gloini-. Cf. *klajjaz. Tonr-F.rk 57;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VI 120121; Konrrn
Srrnorr 448.
*klaiwaz sb.m.: OS kl clover, OHG klo,
kl id. Cf. also OE clfre id., MLG klver
id. Identical with Gk gloiw glue, tar,
Slav *glv slime. Cf. *klenanan. Tonr-
F.rk 58; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 50 (to
Slav *glbiti to stick fast); Pokonxv I
364; Fnisk I 312313; Oxioxs 183; Tnt-
n.cnr\ ESSJa VI 121122; Krtor-
Srrnorr 447.
*klajjaz sb.m.: OE cl clay, OFris kly
id., MLG klei id. Related to Gk gloiw
glutinous substance, gum and particu-
larly close semantically to Slav *glj
clay, glue. See *klaiwaz. Tonr-F.rk 57
(add ON kleggi cleg, horsey < *klajjn);
362363; Fnisk I 312313; Oxioxs 180;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VI 162; Dvno BSA
40.
*klak(k)az sb.m.: ON klakkr peg, MDu
klak stain, G Kleck stain, eck. Related
to Slav *glaz stone, pebble (Prnssox
Beitrge 792). Ztri+z. Gutt. 211; Tonr-
F.rk 55; Hor+n.tsrx AWN 154 (to Slav
*glezna ankle); Prnssox SVSU X 70 (to E
dial. clink boulder); Jn.xxrssox IEW
366 (to *klanjanan); Pokonxv I 357358;
Vnirs ANEW 313314.
*klambrjanan wk.vb.: ON klembra to
jam, to pinch in a smiths vice, MHG
klemberen to cotter. Derived from
*klambr. Vnirs ANEW 316 (to IE
*glembh-).
*klambr sb.f.: ON klmbr smiths vice,
E clammer clip, bracket, MHG klammer
id. Derived from *klembanan. Tonr-F.rk
56; Vnirs ANEW 318.
*klamp sb.f.: ON klpp pier-like rock,
stepping stones over a stream, MLG
klampe hook, footbridge. Related to
*klembanan? Tonr-F.rk 57; Pokonxv I
360.
*klanjanan wk.vb.: ON klengjask to pick
up a quarrel, OE clenan to exhilarate.
Causative of *klenanan. Hor+n.tsrx
300.
*klappan ~ *klappaz sb.n./m.: ON
klapp clapping the hands, MHG klapf
crash. Of imitative origin. Tonr-F.rk
56; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 50; Oxioxs 179.
*klappjanan wk.vb.: ON klappa to
pack, to clap, OE clappan to move, to
palpitate, OFris klappia id., MLG klappen
id., MHG klaen to sound. Of imitative
origin. Cf. *klappan ~ *klappaz. Tonr-
F.rk 56; Wissv.xx NP 175; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 51; M.n+ixr+ Gm. 168, 170;
*klatrjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. klatra to
beat, to knock, LG klateren to rattle, to
clatter. Cf. also OE clatrun drum, rat-
tle. Of imitative origin. Tonr-F.rk 55.
*klautaz sb.m.: ME cleat wedge, MDu
cloot ball, sphere, OHG klz clod, lump,
wedge (masc., neut.). Close to Slav *gluda
lump. Brnxrkrn I 307308; Oxioxs
180; Tntn.cnr\ Slav. jaz. V 171, ESSJa
VI 144145; Krtor-Srrnorr 452.
*klawian sb.m.: ON kli itch, OE
clewea clawing, scratching, OHG kl-
wido scabies. Derived from *klawjanan.
Vnirs ANEW 313.
*klawjanan str./wk.vb.: ON kl to
scratch (secondary *klaxanan), kleyja id.,
OE clawan to claw, OHG klwen to
scratch. Of unknown origin. Tonr-
295296.
*klembanan str.vb.: OE climban to
climb, MLG klimmen id., OHG klimban
id. Probably related to Lith glbiu, glbti
to grasp, Slav *globiti to x together, to
assemble. See *klabn. Tonr-F.rk 56;
AEEW 52; Pokonxv I 360; Oxioxs 182
klainiz 215 klembanan
orel_f9_I,J,K-203-230 7/6/04 7:06 PM Page 215
(nasalized form of *klbanan); V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ I 413; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VI
131132.
*klempaz ~ *klemp sb.m.: ON kleppr
plummet, lump, LG klimp small cli.
Connected with *klamp. Ztri+z. Gutt.
146; Tonr-F.rk 57; Vnirs ANEW 316 (to
IE *glembh-).
*klenanan str.vb.: OHG klenan to glue, to
stick, to smear. Transformation of the
original *klinanan identical with OIr gle-
naid to adhere < *gli-n- (Bn.txr AHDG
307). Cf. *klaiwaz. Pokonxv I 32363;
Dvno BSA 39.
*klenanan str.vb.: OE clinan to cling,
to stick close, MDu clingen id., OHG
pres. clinget crispat. If assimilated from
*klemanan, probably related to Lith
gleMti to sweep, to snatch up. Tonr-
F.rk 56; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 52; Fn.rx-
krr 156; Oxioxs 182; Srrnorr 300;
*klenkwaz adj.: ON klkkr bending, soft,
LG klinker weak. Further connected with
ON klkkva to soften < *klenkwanan re-
lated to Lith gl\t, glti to become
abby < *glen-. Tonr-F.rk 56; Jn.x-
xrssox IEW 293294; Pokonxv I 401 (to
Lith glnas weak); Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa
I 84; Vnirs ANEW 318; Fn.rxkrr 157;
Srrnorr 300301.
*kleubanan str.vb.: ON kljfa to cleave,
to split, OE clefan id., OS pret. sg. klf
id., OHG klioban id. Related to Gk glfv
to hollow out and identical with Lat
glb to deprive of the bark, to bark, to
peel < *gleubh (Ztri+z. Gutt. 211).
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 610611; Jn.xxrs-
Vnirs ANEW 317; Fnisk I 315; Oxioxs
180; Srrnorr 301302; Krtor-Srrnorr
449.
*klewn sb.m.: ON kl one of the stones
to keep the warp straight in the old up-
right loom, OE cleowe ball of thread.
Related to *klaujanan. Tonr-F.rk 58.
*klibnan ~ *klibjanan wk.vb.: ON
klifa to repeat, OE clian to cleave, to
adhere, OS klibon to adhere, OHG kle-
bn to glue, to stick. Derived from *klba-
nan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 52; Srrnorr
*klibrjanan wk.vb.: ON klifra to climb,
OE clifrian to scratch, to claw. Related
to *klbanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 52;
Vnirs ANEW 317.
*klifan sb.n.: ON klif cli, OE clif id., OS
klif id., OHG kleb id. Related to *klbanan.
*klbanan str.vb.: ON klfa to climb, OE
clfan to cleave, to adhere, OFris klva to
hang, OS bi-klban to take root, OHG
az-klban to stick fast. Related to Slav
*glibati to stick, to get stuck. Ztri+z.
317; Oxioxs 181; S+.xo LS 22 (to Slav
*glbti to stick fast); Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa
VI 124; Srrnorr 296297.
*kln sb.m.: OE cla plaster, salve,
poultice. Close to Gk gltton: gloin
(Hes.), Lith glits smooth, sticky, Latv
glst to be slimy. Tonr-F.rk 58; Hor+-
I 313; Oxioxs 183.
*klw ~ *klw sb.f.: ON kl claw,
OE clawu nail, claw, hoof , OFris klawe,
kl claw, MLG kla, klouwe id., OHG
klwa id., kla id. Connected with *klaw-
janan. May be further related to Toch B
kolyi clawed paw (?) (Ar.vs TB 205).
Kock ANF XXXII 198; Ztri+z. Gutt.
51; Pokonxv I 361 (to Skt glu- round
lump); Vnirs ANEW 317; Z.rizxi.k II
*kluban ~ *klub sb.n./f.: ON klof
cleft between the legs, OE clufu ear of
corn, clove of garlic. See *klubn. Hor+-
*klubj ~ *klubjn sb.f.: ON klyf
trunk on a pack-horse, OHG klubba
tongs, a split piece of wood used as
tongs. Derived from *klubn. Tonr-
F.rk 59.
klembanan 216 klubj
orel_f9_I,J,K-203-230 7/6/04 7:06 PM Page 216
*klubn sb.m.: ON klo cleft, rift, OE e-
clofa copy of a destroyed document,
OFris klova chasm, OS fugal-klovo perch
(of the bird-catcher), OHG klobo snare,
trap. Derived from *kleubanan. Ztri+z.
*klunraz sb.m.: Norw klundr ball, lump,
LG klunder bush. Of unknown origin.
Vnirs ANEW 318 (to ON klettr rock,
cli ).
*klunaz ~ *klun sb.m./f.: ON klungr
bramble, OHG klunga ball. Derived
from *klenanan. Vnirs ANEW 318 (to
*klanjanan).
*klunjanan wk.vb.: ON klunna to cling,
OE clynian to wrap. Related to *klewn.
Vnirs ANEW 318 (related to *klw ~
*klw).
*kluppjanan wk.vb.: OE clyppan to
embrace, to clasp, OFris kleppa id.
Related to Toch B klup- to squeeze
(Ar.vs TB 226). Ztri+z. Gutt. 146;
(to Slav *glyba clod, lump); Oxioxs 182
(to Lith glbti to embrace).
*kluttaz sb.m.: OE clott clot, MHG klotz
lump. With *-tt- < *-dh- close to Lith
gluds smooth, soft (related to glaUsti to
cling). Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 53; Pokonxv
I 362; Fn.rxkrr 155156; Oxioxs 183.
*kltaz sb.m.: ON kltr kerchief , OE clt
small piece of cloth, patch, MLG klt,
klte patch. See *kluttaz. Tonr-F.rk
183.
*knabilaz sb.m.: ON knell post, pole,
OS knevil short crossbar, OHG knebil
columbar, horses collar. Derived from
*knabn (see *knappaz I). Ztri+z. Gutt.
147; Tonr-F.rk 49; Vnirs ANEW 321 (to
*knappaz I); Krtor-Srrnorr 455.
*knaaz sb.m.: Swed knagg knag, gnarl,
ME knagge id., MLG knagge id. A pho-
netic variant of *knakkaz ~ *knakk. Tonr-
F.rk 49.
*knakkaz sb.m.: Icel knakkr fracture,
crash, ME cnak id., G Knack id. His-
torically identical with *knakkaz ~ *knakk.
Krtor-Srrnorr 453.
*knakkaz ~ *knakk sb.m./f.: ON
knakkr little chair, high stool, LG knacke
peg. Cf. verbal derivatives in MLG
knacken to crash, early G knacken id. Of
unknown origin. Can be the source of
WGmc *knextaz > OE cniht boy, youth,
servant, knight, OFris knecht, kniucht
servant, soldier, OS knecht lad, youth,
OHG kneht youth, servant (for the
semantics see *knappaz I). Ztri+z. Gutt.
194; Tonr-F.rk 35 (*knextaz to *kenan),
4849; Hor+n.tsrx KZ XLVII 307
(*knextaz to *knaaz), AEEW 54;
M.n+ixr+ Gm. 137, 196; Pokonxv I
370; Vnirs ANEW 319, 321; Oxioxs 508;
Krtor-Srrnorr 453.
*knappaz I sb.m.: ON knappr knob, stud,
OE cnpp top, cop, knop, OFris knapp
knob, MLG knapp hill. Of unknown
origin. WGmc words for boy reecting
*knap(p)an and *knabn probably belong
here (OE cnapa, cnafa, ODu cnapo, OHG
knapo, knappo, knabo). For the semantics cf.
Slav *kopyl shoot, branch ~ bastard,
boy, servant. Tonr-F.rk 49; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 54; M.n+ixr+ Gm. 117,
196; Vnirs ANEW 320 (to Gk gmfow
bolt, dowel, gnmptv to bend, to
curve); Oxioxs 507; Ltnn Expr. 274
*knappaz II adj.: ON knappr scanty,
MLG knap scanty, scarce, rare, spare.
Probably connected with *knappaz I.
K.ns+rx NB II 228229, 455; Tonr-
320 (to Gk gnptv, knptv to bend, to
curve); Hrirrnv.xxs 337.
*knarruz sb.m.: ON knrr merchant ship,
ME knarre knag, gnarl, Du knar tree
stump. Similar to *knaaz and *knappaz
I. F.rk WuS IV 109; Vnirs ANEW 323.
*knatrjanan wk.vb.: Norw knatra to
crackle, MDu cnateren to growl, to grum-
ble, G knattern to crackle. Somehow
connected with *knakkaz. Vnirs ANEW
321.
klubn 217 knatrjanan
orel_f9_I,J,K-203-230 7/6/04 7:06 PM Page 217
*knausaz sb.m.: ON knauss knoll, crag,
G dial. knaus button-like topping on the
bread loaf . Derived from *knusjanan ~
*knusjanan. Vnirs IF LXXII 136150
(to Norw knust knotty log), ANEW 320.
*kneanan str.vb.: OSwed pres. knodha to
knead (< *knua-), OE cnedan id., OS
part. gi-knedan id., OHG knetan id.
Compared with Slav *gnet, *gnesti to
press (Lo++xrn KZ XI 193). Ztri+z.
Pokonxv I 370373; Cnrvor.xo\
507; Srrnorr 303304; S+.xo LS 23;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VI 165166; Krtor-
Srrnorr 455.
*knewan sb.n.: Goth kniu knee, ON kn
id., OE cne id., OFris kn, kn id., OS knio
id., OHG knio id. From *neo-, a the-
matic derivative of IE *enu- id.: Hitt
genu-, Toch A dual. kanwe, B keni, Skt
jnu, Arm cunr, Gk gnu, Lat gen and the
like (Ktnx KZ I 129). Pr+rnssox SVSL
I 7; Ztri+z. Gutt. 194; Tonr-F.rk 49;
Lonv.xx Genus 13; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
I 321; Oxioxs 507; Lixrrv.x Verschrfung
16.18; Lrnv.xx GED 220; Ptn\rr IV
TB 193; Btnr.k IFTJa 240.
*knanan str.vb.: ON kn to be able, OE
cnwan to know. An archaic morphono-
logical variant of IE *en6- to know: Skt
pass. jyte to be known, Toch A kn-,
Gk gignskv to come to know, to per-
ceive, Lat (g)nsc to know, Lith inti,
Slav *znati. See *kanna. Ztri+z. Gutt.
54; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 176177; Jn.x-
Oxioxs 508; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ II
100101; Srrnorr 302303; Btnr.k
IFTJa 243.
*knwaz ~ *knwiz adj.: Crim. Goth
acc. sg. knauen good, ON knr pithy, vio-
gorous, OE on-cnwe known, recog-
nized. Related to MIr gne excellent,
beautiful (Mtcn Idg. Anz. IX 198), Lat
gnuus busy, diligent. See *knanan.
K.ns+rx NB II 193194; Brzzrxnrnorn
BB III 81; Tonr-F.rk 36; Fris+ 313; Po-
konxv I 378; Vnirs ANEW 320; Srrnorr
303; H.vr IF LXXXI 39; H.vr IF
LXXXI 39 (Celto-Germanic parallel);
338 (reconstructs *knawaz and *knwiz).
*knbaz sb.m.: ON knfr knife, OE cnf
id., OFris knf id., MLG knf id., G dial.
Kneif shoemakers knife. Related to *kn-
panan despite the dierence in the inlaut
consonantism. Ztri+z. Gutt. 148; Tonr-
F.rk 50; F.rk ANF XLI 118; Pokonxv I
508.
*knpanan str.vb.: Norw dial. knpa to
pinch, MLG knpen id. Identical with
Lith gnbti id., nbti id. Tonr-F.rk 50;
Tn.t+v.xx BSW 93; Pokonxv I 370
371; Fn.rxkrr 159; S+.xo LS 23.
*kniz sb.f.: Goth knos race, stock,
OHG knt, knuot origin, nature. Conti-
nues *nts close to Skt jat- kinsman,
Gk gnvtw related by blood, brother.
Derived from *en6- to know. Fons+r-
v.xx KZ I 238; Tonr-F.rk 35; Fris+
313314; M.vnnorrn I 446; Pokonxv
I 373375; Fnisk I 306; Lrnv.xx GED
*knukjanan wk.vb.: ON knoka to
knock, OE cnucian id., MHG knochen id.
An imitative stem. Hrrrtis+ GH
XIV/2 12; Ztri+z. Gutt. 148; Tonr-F.rk
Krtor-Srrnorr 453 (to *knakkaz).
*knukn sb.m.: MLG knoke bone, MHG
knoche id. Probably related to *knewan. No
direct connection with Gk gnj on the
knees, where -j is analogical (Scnvvzrn
I 620). Tonr-F.rk 50; Pokonxv I 381;
Fnisk I 317; Ltnn Expr. 219220;
Krtor-Srrnorr 457.
*knuppaz sb.m.: Norw dial. knupp bud,
MLG knuppe id., OHG knopf knot.
knausaz 218 knuppaz
orel_f9_I,J,K-203-230 7/6/04 7:06 PM Page 218
Identical with OIr gnobh knot, knag.
*knusjanan ~ *knusjanan wk.vb.:
ON knosa to bruise, to beat, OE cnyssan
to press, to strike, to punch, MDu cnosen
to pinch, OHG knussen to strike, to
strike together. An onomatopoeic for-
mation, cf. *knpanan. Tonr-F.rk 51;
Vnirs ANEW 322.
*knut(t)janan ~ *knut(t)jjanan
wk.vb.: ON knytja to knit, to truss, OE
cnyttan to tie, to bind, to knit, MHG
kntzen to squeeze. Derived from *knut-
tn. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 55; Vnirs
ANEW 323 (to *kntaz).
*knuttn sb.m.: OE cnotta knot, fasten-
ing, MLG knotte knot, knob, MHG
knotze id. Cf. *kntaz and *knuppaz.
372373 (to Lith gniut, gnisti to press,
to push); Oxioxs 508.
*knuzljanan wk.vb.: ON knylla to beat
with a blunt weapon, OE cnyllan to
knell, to sound a bell, MHG knllen to
punch, to kick. Of imitative origin.
Pokonxv I 372 (from *knusjanan ~ *knus-
janan); Vnirs ANEW 323.
*knbilaz sb.m.: ON knll short horn,
late OHG knobel small bone. Of un-
known origin. Cf. *knukn? Pokonxv I
371372 (to Lith gniubti to embrace;
Vnirs ANEW 322323; Krtor-Srrnorr
457 (OHG < *knuwilaz).
*kntaz adj.: ON sbst. kntr knot, MHG
knz bold, pert, overcondent. Related
to *knwjanan. Ztri+z. Gutt. 148; Tonr-
F.rk 50; Wissv.xx NP 4243; Pokonxv
I 371373; Lrncnxrn 152; Ltnn Expr.
Srrnorr 458.
*knwjanan wk.vb.: ON knja to knock,
to press, OE cnuwian to knock, to
pound, EFris knjen to press. Distantly
related to Toch B nusk- to squeeze
< *nu-sk- and Lith niung, nigti to
fall, niugu, niugti to choke, to gag
< *neu-g(h)-. Tonr-F.rk 50; Hor+-
Fn.rxkrr 1321; Vnirs ANEW 323; Hri-
rrnv.xxs 339; Ar.vs TB 341.
*klaz ~ *kliz adj.: OE cl cool, MLG
kl id., OHG kuoli id. Derived from
*kalanan. Ztri+z. Gutt. 143; Tonr-F.rk
213; Srrnorr 288; Hrirrnv.xxs 339.
*kljanan wk.vb.: ON kla to cool, OE
clan to be cold, to become cold, OFris
kla to relieve, OHG kuolen to cool.
Derived from *klaz ~ *kliz. Tonr-
288; Hrirrnv.xxs 339; Bot+k.x OFED
s.v.
*kniz adj.: Burg *konis bold, ON knn
wise, skilful, OE cne keen, erce, bold,
MLG kne valiant, brazen, OHG kuoni
valiant, brave, strong. Derived from
*kanna. K.ns+rx NB I 113; Tonr-F.rk
Srrnorr 290; Piin.ixrx 4950; M.+zrr
Festschr. Schrder 98, 109110, KZ CV
136; Ltnn Expr. 537538 (from *kn-niz);
B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 243 (follows Ltnn);
Konrrn 711; Hrirrnv.xxs 339340;
Krtor-Srrnorr 491.
*knn sb.f.: ON lg-kni skill in the law,
OHG kuon courage, strength. Derived
from *kniz. Hrirrnv.xxs 340.
*kpjanan ~ *kpjanan wk.vb.: ON
kpa to stare, to gape, OE cpan to
observe, to keep, to regard. Related to
Lith bi, Ebti to eat unwillingly, Slav
*zobati ~ *zobiti to peck, to care. The
original meaning seems to be preserved
in ON (Ztri+z. Gutt. 194). Tonr-F.rk
326; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ II 102 (against
Ztri+z.).
*kwz ~ *kz sb.f.: ON kr cow, OE c
id., OFris k id., OS k id. (< *kwiz),
OHG kuo id. (i-stem with traces of a root
stem in pl.). Related to Toch A acc. sg.
ko, B ke
u
id. Skt gu- bull, cow, Av gu
id., Arm kov cow, Gk bow bullock,
knuppaz 219 kwz
orel_f9_I,J,K-203-230 7/6/04 7:06 PM Page 219
bull, Lat bs ox, bull, cow, OIr b cow,
Latv govs id., Slav *gov-\do cattle
(Fons+rnv.x KZ I 493). Krnx KZ I
237240; B.n+norov.r 505509; Tonr-
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 112; M.vnnorrn I
340341; Z.rizxi.k II 209; Fnisk I
260261; Oxioxs 223; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa
VII 7475; Prr+rns KZ LXXXVIII
134136 (reconstructs *kwz); B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 200; Gnirrrx+noo Wurzel-
nomina 233256; Krtor-Srrnorr 491;
Ar.vs TB 189.
*krabljanan wk.vb.: ON kraa to paw,
to scrabble with the hands, MLG krabbeln
to crawl. Probably derived from *krab-
bn. Vnirs ANEW 328.
*krabbn sb.m.: ON krabbi crab, OE
crabba id., MLG krabbe id. Borrowed from
an unknown Mediterranean source, cf.
Gk krabow horned beetle, craysh >
Lat crabus a kind of sea-crab of the
same origin. Conrx BSL XXVII 100
(Ethio-Sem parallels); Tonr-F.rk 52;
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 164; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 5859; M.n+ixr+ Gm. 87; Conrx
BSL XXVII 100; Vnirs ANEW 328
(*scratching animal, to Gk grfv to
scratch, to write); Oxioxs 223; Ltnn
Expr. 296; Krtor-Srrnorr 481.
*krafjanan wk.vb.: ON krefja to demand,
OE craan to ask, to implore. Of uncer-
tain origin. Ztri+z. Gutt. 212; Hor+-
ANEW 329.
*kraftiz ~ *kraftuz sb.m.: ON kraptr,
krptr might, strength, power, OE crft
power, might, art, skill, OFris kreft
might, strength, power, OS kraft id. (also
fem.), OHG kraft id. (fem.). Derived from
*krafjanan. Ztri+z. Gutt. 149; Tonr-
F.rk 52 (to Slav *krpk strong);
Vnirs ANEW 329 (to *krappaz); Z.rizxi.k
II 201; Oxioxs 224.
*krakn sb.m.: ON kraki pale, stake,
OHG kracko, krahho hook, harpune.
Of unknown origin. Tonr-F.rk 51;
Pokonxv I 385 (to Gk gurgayw wicker-
basket); Vnirs ANEW 328; Lrncnxrn
161.
*krammjanan wk.vb.: ON kremja to
squeeze, to bruise, OE crammian to
cram, to stu, MLG krammen to clutch
with claws. Derived from *kremmanan.
*krampjanan wk.vb.: ON kreppa to
clench, OHG part. widar-gi-chrampft to
rise. Derived from *krempanan. Tonr-
*kranaz adj.: ON krangr weak, crank,
MLG krangh weak, worn out, ill, OHG
kranc weak. Derived from *krenanan.
*kranx sb.f.: OM kr angle, OE cr,
crh corner, MLG krch fenced land.
Connected with *krenaz despite the
unvoiced *-x-? Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 61;
*xrenaz).
*krankaz adj.: OESc kranker bad, wicked,
OFris kronk weak, ill, MLG krank id.,
OHG kranc weak, invalid. A phonetic
variant of *kranaz. Tonr-F.rk 52;
Srrnorr 308309; Torono\ PJa II
289290 (to Lith gr.ti to drill, to bore);
483.
*krankjanan wk.vb.: OESc krnkas to get
worse, OFris krenza to damage, OHG
bi-kranken to make ill. Derived from
*krankaz. Hrirrnv.xxs 342.
*krann sb.m.: ON trani crane (with
irregular t-), OE cran id. (< *kranaz), OS
krano id., OHG krano id. Etymologically
and derivationally close to Gk granow
id., Gaul (tri)garanos id., W garan id., Corn
garan id., Bret garan id., Lith garns heron,
stork. Probably further related to *ker-
ranan. Ztri+z. Gutt. 149; Stor.n+i
DVN 292; Tonr-F.rk 39; Hor+n.tsrx
179; Fnisk I 299; Oxioxs 225; Krtor-
Srrnorr 483.
kwz 220 krann
orel_f9_I,J,K-203-230 7/6/04 7:06 PM Page 220
*kranukaz sb.m.: OE cranoc, cornuc
crane, MLG kranek id., OHG kranuh,
kranih id. Close to Arm kunk id. <
*gerungo- (Mrirrr+ BSL XXXVI 121123).
On the other hand, may be a later deri-
vative from *krann. Ztri+z. Gutt. 149;
Krtor-Srrnorr 483.
*krappaz adj.: ON krappr narrow,
straight, MLG krap meagre, moderate,
G dial. krapf unprepossessing. Of
unknown origin. K.ns+rx NB I 51;
Tonr-F.rk 52; M.n+ixr+ Gm. 175;
(to Slav *grab hornbeam); Ltnn Expr.
269, 288; Hrirrnv.xxs 342343;
Krtor-Srrnorr 482 (reconstructs *kram-
paz > OHG krampf crooked, ON krappr).
*krattaz ~ *krattn sb.m.: ON kartr
cart (with metathesis), OE crt cart,
chariot, MDu crat hamper, OHG kratto
basket. Of unknown origin. Btoor
Indf. 258; Tonr-F.rk 51; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 59; Pokonxv I 386 (to Lith grands
bracelet); Vnirs ANEW 302303.
*kraunjan ~ *kraunjanan wk.vb.:
ON krauna to splash, to patter, MDu cro-
nen to moan, to groan, OHG krnen to
chat. Of imitative origin. Pokonxv I
384; Vnirs ANEW 329 (to Lat grs).
*kremmanan str.vb.: OE crimman to
crumble, OHG krimman to bite, to de-
vour. Probably related to Lat gremium
lap, bosom, Lith grumios, grmtis to
struggle, to wrestle. Tonr-F.rk 52;
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 621; Pokonxv I 383.
*krempanan str.vb.: ON part. kroppinn to
cripple, MLG krimpen to slave away, to
grab, OHG krimpfan to rub. Probably
related to Toch B krmp- to disturb, to
check (Hirv.nssox Mat. 174). Tonr-
(to Lith grbti to congeal, Slav *grb
rough); Srrnorr 308 (to Latv grumbt to
get wrinkled); Ar.vs TB 216.
*krenanan str.vb.: OE crinan to yield,
to fall, to perish, OFris pret. pl. krungon
to receive. Related to Lith gr\i, gr.ti
to turn. Tonr-F.rk 52; Hor+n.tsrx
*krenaz sb.m.: Gep *krings arena, ON
adv. kring round, MLG krink circle,
ring, MHG krinc id. Derived from
*krenanan. The relation to *xrenaz is not
clear. K.ns+rx NB I 33, II 272; Tonr-
F.rk 52; Pokonxv I 385386; Vnirs
ANEW 330; Konrrn 715; Hrirrnv.xxs
*krenln sb.f.: ON kringla circle, disk,
MLG kringel id. Derived from *krenaz.
Ztri+z. Gutt. 82, 205; Vnirs ANEW 330.
*kreupanan str.vb.: ON krjpa to creep,
to crouch, OE crepan to creep, to
crawl, OFris krpa, kripa id., MLG krepen
id. Related to Lith grbti to stien, Slav
*grub ~ *grb rough (for the meaning
cf. *kruppaz I). Ztri+z. Gutt. 212; Tonr-
389 (from *greu-b-); Fn.rxkrr 172173;
*kreustanan str.vb.: Goth kriustan to
gnash teeth, OSwed krsta id. Close to
Latv skraustt to crackle, Slav *xrustti
id. < *skrou-st-. Mrvrn Goth. 3 (to Gk
grzv to grunt); Ztri+z. Gutt. 82;
Tonr-F.rk 54 (to Gk brxv to gnash, to
devour); Fris+ 315 (to Lith gruti to
gnaw, to bite o); Pokonxv I 405406
(to Lith grukti to crash); Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa VIII 104; Lrnv.xx GED 221.
*kr
l
kaz sb.m.: Goth Kreks Greek, OE pl.
Crcas id., OFris Crc-land Greece, OHG
pl. Kriehhi Greek. Despite phonetic
diculties, an early (indirect?) borrowing
from Lat Graecus id. (Knr+scnvrn Festschr.
Much 279280). Tntvn ZdWf VII 264;
J.consonx ZDADL LXVI 223225;
Oxioxs 412413; Lrnv.xx GED
220221.
*krs sb.f.: ON krs dainty, OE cras
delicacy, food. Of unknown origin.
kranukaz 221 krs
orel_f9_I,J,K-203-230 7/6/04 7:06 PM Page 221
W.rrr IF XIX 101 (to Skt grsati to
swallow, to consume); Ztri+z. Gutt. 150;
Tonr-F.rk 53; Pokonxv I 474476 (from
*g
er- to swallow); Vnirs ANEW 329.

*krtanan str.vb.: Crim. Goth criten to
cry, MLG kriten to scream, MHG krzen
to cry loudly. Eventually connected with
the group continuing IE *ger-: Skt jrate
to sough, to sound, Lith grti to sound
loudly. Tonr-F.rk 53; Fris+ 112;
*krtjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-kroton to
crush, to smash, OSwed re. krootas to
break into pieces. Cf. also *krattjanan >
MLG kratsen to scratch, OHG krazzn
id. Of imitative origin. Hor+n.tsrx IF
XXXIX 71; Fris+ 187; Pokonxv I 391;
Oxioxs 801; Lrnv.xx GED 141 (to *er-
to ripen).
*krubb(n) sb.f.: ON krubba crib, OE
cryb id., MLG krbbe id. Of unknown ori-
gin. See *kruppaz? Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
62; Vnirs ANEW 332 (to ON krof carcass
of an animal).
*krujanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. kryda to
swarm, to abound, MLG kroden, kruden
to pester, to trouble, MHG kroten id.
Related to Lith grdiu, grsti to stomp,
to bruise. Tonr-F.rk 54; Pokonxv I
461; Fn.rxkrr 173.
*krumaz ~ *krumn sb.m.: Icel krumr
intestines, OE cruma crumb, fragment,
MLG krome, krme id. Related to Gk
grma bag for old clothes, Lat grmus
little heap, hillock (Os+norr Morph.
Unt. IV 124; Prnssox Wurzelerw. 124).
*kruppaz I sb.m.: ON kroppr bump,
bunch, OE crop sprout, bunch, cluster,
MLG krop body, shoot. Based on *kreu-
panan, with an unaccountable gemination
of -p- > -pp-. Ztri+z. Gutt. 77;
187; Tonr-F.rk 55 (to Gk grpw hook-
nosed, hooked, curved); Pokonxv I 389
(reconstructs *greu-b-); Vnirs ANEW 331
(< *krubnaz); Z.rizxi.k I 133; Fnisk I
329330.
*kruppaz II sb.m.: ON pln. Kroppr, OE
crop crop, craw, MLG krop crop, OHG
kropf id. Identical with *kruppaz I.
Oxioxs 230; Krtor-Srrnorr 489 (to IE
*g
er6-).
*kruppilaz sb.m.: ON kryppill cripple,
OE crypel id., MLG kroppel id., dial. G
Krpel id. Derived from *kruppaz I.
Tonr-F.rk 55; Krtor-Srrnorr 490.
*krutjanan wk.vb.: ON krytja to mur-
mur. Identical with Gk grzv to say, to
grumble. Ztri+z. Gutt. 212; Pokonxv I
*krwilaz ~ *krauwilaz sb.m.: Norw
dial. kryl hump, hunch, MLG krouwel a
kind of gable, MHG krouwel crooked
fork. Of unknown origin. Tonr-F.rk
53; Pokonxv I 388.
*kubbn sb.m.: Icel kubbi block, log, ME
cob head, lump. See *kubn. Pokonxv I
395396; Vnirs ANEW 333 (to *kuppaz I).
*kubn sb.m.: ON ko hut, shed, OE cfa
cove, cave, room, chamber, MLG cove
stable, MHG kobe id. Related to Gk
gph: kolvma gw, yalmh, gvna
( Jon.xssox IF II 50). Looks like an old
loanword, cf. Sem *kbu- > Akk kbu
building. Ztri+z. Gutt. 148; Tonr-
Pokonxv I 395396; Fnisk I 335; Oxioxs
*kun sb.m.: ON koddi pillow, OE
codd bag, sack, husk. Of unknown origin.
Pr+rnssox SVSU X 943 (to *kuran);
n.tsrx AEEW 56; M.n+ixr+ Gm. 163;
Oxioxs 187.
*kuran sb.n.: MLG koder double chin,
early G Koder id. Identical with Hitt kuttar
neck, upper arm, Lat guttur gullet,
throat (Prnssox Beitrge 109). W.rrr-
Horv.xx I 629; Pokonxv I 394; Krtor-
Srrnorr 460.
*kukjanan wk.vb.: Goth kukjan to kiss,
EFris kkken id., Du dial. kukken id. A
descriptive stem, hardly connected with
*kussjanan. Fris+ Festschr. Hildebrand 25
krs 222 kukjanan
orel_f9_I,J,K-203-230 7/6/04 7:06 PM Page 222
25 (reduplicated *eu-); Gnirxnrnorn Got.
142143 (to *kewwanan); Scnn.rrn-
Nrnnixo I 670 (to *kussjanan); Fris+
*kukkaz sb.m.: ON kokkr cock, rooster,
OE coc id. Of imitative origin. Ztri+z.
Gutt. 197; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 55 (from
Rom *coccus id.); M.n+ixr+ Gm. 197;
Oxioxs 186.
*kulan sb.n.: ON kol coal, OE cl id.,
OFris kole id., MLG kol, kole id., OHG kol
id. Related to Toch B oliye hearth, OIr
gal id. Tonr-F.rk 48; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 56; Scntrzr KZ LVI 141 (to Skt
jvalati to burn); Pokonxv I 399; Vnirs
635.
*kulbaz ~ *kulbn sb.m.: ON kolfr bolt,
pole, MLG kolve club, mace, OHG kolbo
id., kolb sta. Any connection with
*kelpn ~ *kelpaz? St++rnrix IF IV 105;
Prnssox Beitrge 6465 (to Lat globus ball,
sphere, globe); Ztri+z. Gutt. 211; Tonr-
F.rk 57 (to *klembanan); Pokonxv I 359;
Vnirs ANEW 324.
*kuljn sb.m.: ON kuldi cold, MLG
klde id., G dial. kulde id. Related to *kal-
az. Vnirs ANEW 333; Lrnv.xx GED
214.
*kuljaz sb.m.: ON kylr gust of cold air,
OE cle cold. Derived from *kalanan.
340.
*kulkaz sb.m.: Swed dial. kolk, kulk swal-
low, mouthful, OE colc hole, cask, OFris
kolk hole full of water, MLG kolk, kulk
id. Related to Slav *glgati to swallow.
Further cf. *kelkaz ~ *kelkn. Tonr-F.rk
41; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 56; Vnirs ANEW
311; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VI 157.
*kullaz sb.m.: ON kollr summit, top,
head, MLG kol head. Related to Skt
gul globe, pill. Brnst Gutt. 185 (to Lith
galv head, Lat galea leather helm);
ANEW 325.
*kultaz sb.m.: Norw dial. kult plump,
thick gure; hill top, OE colt foal. May
be connected with Lith guldti to cas-
trate. Tonr-F.rk 4142 (to *kalbaz and
Skt gai- young bull < *goldi-); Pokonxv
I 358; Fn.rxkrr 175.
*kumbalan sb.n.: ON kumbl mark, sign,
badge, OE cumbol sign, image, ensign,
OS kumbal sign, OHG kumbal-boro stan-
dard-bearer. A dicult word. Fiscnrn
apud Vnirs (from Lat cumulus heap,
pile); Mrnixorn IF XIX 445 (to ON
kumbr chopping, cutting); Hor+n.tsrx
*kuna-wij(n) sb.f.: Goth kuna-wida
cord, fetter, OE cynewie royal wreath,
diadem, OHG kuna-wid chain. Com-
pound of *kuna- related to *knewan and
*wijn (Mrnixorn IF XVI 178). Gnirx-
nrnorn Got. 143 (compares with Lith
knas body); Scnn.rrn-Nrnnixo I 677
(same as Mrnixorn); Mrissxrn Festgabe
Bezold 132136 (*kuna- to *kunjan); Tonr-
F.rk 406; Fris+ 315316; C.nn Nom.
comp. 44; Pokonxv I 397 (to *kaunan ~
*kaun ); Oxioxs 1010; Lrnv.xx GED
221222 (supports Mrissxrn).
*kunaz sb.m.: Goth aira-kunds of earth-
ly origin, ON ein-kunn sign, mark, OE
el-kund of noble kind, OS god-kund of
divine kind, OHG gomman-kund male,
masculine. Related to *keniz. Structur-
ally identical with Skt jt- born, Gk
-gnhtw, Lat (g)ntus. K.ns+rx NB II
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 63; Scntrzr Kl. Schr.
373374; Mrir Wortbild. 227228; Vnirs
ANEW 334; Fnisk I 306308; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 347.
*kuniz sb.f.: Goth uf gakunai rxme-
now, ON troll-kyndr descented from
trolls, OE cu native country, home,
MHG kunde knowledge. Derived from
*kanna. Fris+ 187; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
68; Fris+ 187; Vnirs ANEW 334; Lrn-
v.xx GED 141; Srrnorr 290; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 141.
kukjanan 223 kuniz
orel_f9_I,J,K-203-230 7/6/04 7:06 PM Page 223
*kunjanan wk.vb.: ON kynda to light, to
kindle, MHG knten, knden to ignite.
Derived from *kuniz. Vnirs ANEW
340.
*kunjan sb.n.: ON kyndi kind, kin, OE
cynd nature, kind. Related to *kunjan.
340.
*kunina-maz ~ *kununa-maz
sb.m.: ON konung-dmr kingdom, OE
cynin-dm kingly power, kingdom, OS
kuning-dm id. Derived from *kuninaz ~
*kununaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 75 (parallel
formations).
*kunina-rkjan ~ *kununa-rkjan
sb.n.: ON konung-rki kingdom, OE
cynin-rce id., OS kuning-rki id., OHG
kuning-rhhi id. Compound of *kuninaz ~
*kununaz and *rkjan. C.nn Nom. comp.
75 ( parallel formations).
*kuninaz ~ *kununaz sb.m.: ON
konungr king, OE cynin id., OFris kining,
koning, kening id., OS kuning id., OHG
kuning id. Derived from*kuniz. Tonr-F.rk
35; \ox Fnirsrx apud Vnirs (to *kwenn);
Krtor-Srrnorr 470.
*kuniz sb.m.: ON konr nobleman, OE
cyne-helm crown, diadem. See *kunjan.
Tonr-F.rk 35.
*kunja-burenaz adj.: ON kyn-borinn of
noble kin, OE cyne-boren of royal birth.
Compound of *kunjan and *burenaz, par-
ticiple of *beranan. C.nn Nom. comp. 61.
*kunjan sb.n.: Goth kuni clan, tribe, race,
generation, ON kyn kin, kind, OE cyn
id., OFris kinn, kenn id., OS kunni id.,
OHG kunni id. Continues IE *o- re-
lated to Skt jna- race, Av zana- people
(in cmpn.), Gk gnow id., Lat genus birth,
descent. Cf. in particular Lat genius tute-
lar deity < *enos. Ztri+z. Gutt. 193;
Horv.xx I 597599; Fris+ 316;
65.
*kunnnan wk.vb.: Goth ga-kunnan to get
to know, OE cunnian to prove, to try, to
inquire, OS gi-kunnon to recognize,
OHG kunnn to learn, to try. Derived
from *kanna. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 63;
Fris+ 317; Srrnorr 289.
*kunaz adj.: Goth kuns known, ON
kunnr, kur id., OE c id., OFris kth id.,
OS kth id., OHG kund id. Continues
*6-t-, cf. Skt jt- id., Gk gnvtw id.,
Lat (g)ntus id., OIr gnth id., Lith pa-
ntas known. Derived from *kanna.
Negative *un-kunaz > Goth un-kuns
unknown, ON -kr id., OE un-c id.,
MDu on-cont id., OHG un-kund id. is
structurally close to Toch A knats, B
akntsa id., Skt jta- id., Arm an-canaut'
id., Gk gnvtow id., Lat gntus id., OIr
ingnad. Tonr-F.rk 36; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 64; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 677; Fris+
I 308309; Oxioxs 958; Srrnorr 290;
251; Krtor-Srrnorr 493; Btnr.k IFTJa
243.
*kunjan sb.n.: Goth kuni knowledge,
ON kynni acquaintance. Cf. also OHG
ana-kund accusation < *-kunn. Struc-
turally close to Lith pa-ints acquaintance.
Derived from *kunaz. Rosrrr UU
1942/7 109; Fris+ 317; Fn.rxkrr 1310;
*kunjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-swi-kunjan
to make manifest, to make known, ON
kynna id., OE can id., OFris ktha id.,
OS kian, cean id., OHG kunden id.
Derived from *kunaz. Tonr-F.rk 36;
223.
*kuppaz sb.m.: ON koppr cup, small ves-
sel, OE cop top, cop, summit, MLG kop
cup, bowl, OHG kopf cup, skull, head.
Related to Latv gubt to bend, Slav
*gbnti id. There are no reasons to
kunjanan 224 kuppaz
orel_f9_I,J,K-203-230 7/6/04 7:06 PM Page 224
reconstruct *gheubh- rather than *geub- for
Balto-Slavic forms insofar as their Gmc
parallels (Pokonxv I 450) are not reliable.
M.n+ixr+ Gm. 193; Pokonxv I 395396
(to Gk gph: kolvma gw, yalmh,
gvna, Hes.); Fn.rxkrr 140; Z.rizxi.k I
Ltnn Expr. 275276; Krtor-Srrnorr
477 (from Lat cpa tub, cask).
*kurbiz sb.m.: ON kurfr chip, a cut-o
piece, OE cyrf cutting o (fem.?), OFris
kerf cut. Derived from *kerbanan. Tonr-
*kurbjanan ~ *kurbjanan wk.vb.:
ON ver-kyrfa to carve, to cut clean
across, OE coran to cut up small, to
mince. Derived from *kerbanan. Hor+-
*kurna-xsan sb.n.: ON korn-hs gra-
nary, barn, OE corn-hs id., OS korn-hs
id., OHG korn-hs id. Compound of *kur-
nan and *xsan. C.nn Nom. comp. 75
( parallel formations).
*kurnan sb.n.: Goth kaurn grain, wheat,
ON korn corn, grain, OE corn id., OFris
korn id., OS korn id., OHG korn id.
Identical with Skt jr-, jr- old,
decayed, withered, Lat grnum corn,
OIr grn id., Lith rnis id., Slav *zrno id.
Hin+ Idg. Gr. II 130131; Mrirrr+ BSL
XXIV/74 109; Ztri+z. Gutt. 193;
Dvno VSJa 1415, BSA 15; Cnrvor.xo\
SGGJa I 62; Fn.rxkrr 1314; Z.rizxi.k
II 227; Vnirs ANEW 326; Oxioxs 215;
*kurna-westiz sb.f.: ON korn-vist store
of corn, OHG korn-wist corn meal.
Compound of *kurnan and *westiz II.
C.nn Nom. comp. 84 ( parallel formations).
*kurnjan sb.n.: ON hamal-kyrni a kind of
seed, OS hrn-korni wheat, OHG fol-
curni einkorn. Derived from *kurnan.
Lrnv.xx GED 217.
*kurtilaz sb.m.: ON kyrtill tunic, gown,
OE cyrtel vest, garment, frock. Goes
back to Iranian (Av k6r6ti- a kind of
clothes, Sogd qwrty shirt, Osset k
w
6rt
id.) from where, probably, numerous
North Caucasian and Kartvelian forms.
Note the resemblance with *urilaz.
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 68; An.r\ I 609;
Oxioxs 506 (derived from Lat curtus
short); Nikor.vr\-S+.nos+ix NCED
449.
*kuruz adj.: Goth kaurus heavy, weighty.
From earlier *kwuruz. Related to Indo-
European adjectives for heavy: Skt gur-,
Gk barw < *g
6ru- (Fris+ 310). The

development of the labiovelar in Germa-
nic is not clear. Ztri+z. Gutt. 81; Tonr-
F.rk 48; Fris+ 310; M.vnnorrn I 340;
Prr+rns IF LXXIX 3334 (< *g
-u-);
*kusanaz adj.: Goth un-ga-kusans unqua-
lied, unsuccessful, OE un-e-coren un-
chosen, evil. Past participle based on
*keusanan. Fris+ 519; Lrnv.xx GED 219.
*kusmn sb.f.: Norw kusma paroritis, Du
kossem paunch, belly. Of unknown ori-
gin. Tonr-F.rk 60 (from *kwismn, to
*kwiuz ~ *kwiaz).
*kussjanan wk.vb.: ON kyssa to kiss, OE
cyssan id., OFris kessa id., OS kussian id.,
OHG kussen id. Derived from *kussuz.
Tonr-F.rk 48 (to Lat bsium kiss);
*kussn I sb.m.: ON kussi calf, bullock,
Du kuis id., G dial. kusse old sheep.
An aective derivative of *kwz ~ *kz
(Tn.t+v.xx apud Vnirs). Vnirs ANEW
335.
*kussn II sb.f.: ON kussa cow, MHG
kuose female calf . See *kussn I. Vnirs
ANEW 335.
*kussuz sb.m.: ON koss kiss, OE cos id.,
OFris koss id., OS kus id., OHG kus id.
Derived from *keusanan. Ztri+z. Gutt.
81 (to OIr bus mouth, Lat bsium kiss);
kuppaz 225 kussuz
orel_f9_I,J,K-203-230 7/6/04 7:06 PM Page 225
Krtor PBB XLI 180 (to *kweanan);
Fris+ 315; Pokonxv I 399400, 626 (to
the descriptive stem *kus-); Vnirs ANEW
496; Hrvn..xi Festschr. Shevoroshkin 124.
*kustiz sb.f.: Goth ga-kusts approvedness,
test, ON kostr choice, condition (traces
of u-stem), OE cyst choice, election,
OFris kest choice, OS kust choice, deci-
sion, OHG kust id. Structurally identical
with Skt ji- love, favor. Derived from
*keusanan. Tonr-F.rk 48; Hor+n.tsrx
Srrnorr 294; Lrnv.xx GED 219; B.v-
vrsnrnorn Nom. 157.
*kustjanan wk.vb.: ON kosta to try, to
tempt, OE costian to tempt, to try, to
prove, OS koston to try, to attempt,
OHG kostn to try. Derived from *kustiz,
*kustuz. Structurally similar to Lat gustre
to taste. Tonr-F.rk 48; Hor+n.tsrx
Srrnorr 480.
*kustuz sb.m.: Goth kustus test, trial, ON
kostr choice (traces of u-stem in acc. pl.
kostu), MHG fem. kust test. Identical with
Lat gustus tasting, OIr guss excellence
(Lo+n RC XLV 193). Derived from *keu-
v.xx GED 219; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 140,
157.
*kutan sb.n.: ON kot cottage, hut, OE cot
cot, cottage, house, MLG kot id. Bor-
rowed from dial. Iran *kuta-, cf. Av kata-
chamber (Bnoxr.r APS III 131). See
*xsan. Prnssox SVSU X 109 (to Skt
gud- intestine, anus); B.n+norov.r
432; S+rxrrn-Pr+rnsrx Slav.-germ. 232
234 (from Slav *kot-c hut); Tonr-F.rk
4647; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 58; Bnoxr.r
APhS III 89 (to Fr cote hut as a Wander-
wort); Pokonxv I 393 (to *geu- to bend);
Srrnorr 432.
*kutjn sb.f.: ON hs-kytja cottage, OE
cyte id. Derived from *kutan. Hor+-
*kuzan sb.n.: ON kr choice, OE e-cor
making a decision, OFris kor-birta con-
secrated morsel. Derived from *keusanan.
Srrnorr 494.
*kbaz sb.m.: ON kfr heap above the
brim of a vessel. Close to Gk gph:
kolvma gw, yalmh, gvna (Hes.).
Tonr-F.rk 46; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 66
(< Rom *cupia); Pokonxv I 395; Vnirs
ANEW 333.
*kl(n) sb.f.: ON kla ball, knob,
MLG kle club, MHG kle ball, globe,
club. Related to Skt gola- globe, ball.
Vnirs ANEW 333.
*krjanan wk.vb.: Icel kra to duck, to
crouch, MLG kren to crouch, MHG
kren id. Related to Gk g-row round,
Lith g~rinti to mince while stooping, Slav
*guriti (s\) to tighten. F.rk Festschr.
Bugge 18; Pokonxv I 397398; Fn.rxkrr
*kwabjanan str.vb.: ON kvefja to quench,
to extinguish, OHG ir-queban to
suocate. Related to Gk bptv to dip
(Fick BB II 189). Tonr-F.rk 6061;
465466; Fnisk I 218219; Vnirs ANEW
336; Srrnorr 311312.
*kwajanan wk.vb.: ON kveja to call
on, to address, OE cweddian to greet,
OS queddian id., OHG quetten to greet, to
call out. Causative of *kweanan. Hor+-
*kwainjanan wk.vb.: Goth qainon to
mourn, to wail, late ON kveina to
lament, to complain, OE cwnian to be-
wail, to deplore. Of unknown origin.
Cf. *wainjanan. Fick BB VIII 331 (to
Gk dnv to have birth pains); Tonr-
kussuz 226 kwainjanan
orel_f9_I,J,K-203-230 7/6/04 7:06 PM Page 226
F.rk 63; Tntvn KZ XXXVI 196198 (to
Lith gestu, giedti to begin to sing); Monn
ZDADL LXXVI 167 (ON < WGmc);
Ztri+z. Gutt. 84; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 64;
Fris+ 385386; Pokonxv I 467; Vnirs
ANEW 336; Lrnv.xx GED 275 (to
*wainjanan).
*kwaisn sb.f.: ON kveisa whitlow, boil,
MLG quse hematocyst. Of unknown
origin. F.rk-Tonr ND 604 (to *kaunan
~ *kaun ); Pokonxv I 469 (to Gk desa
slime, lth); Vnirs ANEW 337.
*kwakjanan wk.vb.: ON kvaka to twit-
ter, E quack, MLG quaken to quack, to
croak, G quaken id. Of imitative origin.
*kwaljanan wk.vb.: ON kvelja to tor-
ment, OE cwellan to kill, OS quellian id.,
OHG quellen id. Derived from *kwelanan.
*kwal ~ *kwl sb.f.: Goth masc. or
neut. ana-qal rest, quiet, ON kvl tor-
ment, torture, OE cwalu quelling with
weapons, torment, violent death, OS
qula ordeal, OHG qula id. Derived
from *kwelanan. Derivationally close to
Lith gl erce pain, Slav *al sorrow.
Fris+ 4344; Pokonxv I 471; Fn.rxkrr
145146; Z.rizxi.k I 147; Oxioxs 731;
Srrnorr 659.
*kwastuz ~ *kwastaz sb.m.: ON kvstr
bathing scrub, MLG quest, quast id.,
MHG quast id. Related to Alb gjeth
foliage < *gozdo-, W both wheel-nave,
Slav *gvozd wood, nail (Bntckxrn
AfslavPh XXXIX 10; Jokr IF XXX
199200). Tonr-F.rk 6263; Pokonxv
I 485; Gronoir\ ZfBalk III 104105 (on
ethn. Costoboci < Gmc *kwasta-bk-);
134.
*kweiz sb.m.: ON kvir saying, speech
(traces of u-stem), OE cwide sentence,
saying, OS quidi word, OHG quiti sen-
tence, saying. Derived from *kweanan.
*kwew(n) sb.f.: ON kva resin, OE
cwidu cud. Cf. also OHG quiti, kuti glue
(masc.). The Scandinavian variant (at-
tested also in ODan kvade, Norw dial. kwde
birch sap) with a long vowel seems to be
secondary. Related to Skt jtu varnish,
gum, MIr beithe birch, W bedw id.
Z.rizxi.k II 219; Oxioxs 233; B.vvrs-
*kwelanan str.vb.: OE cwelan to die, OS
quelan to be subject to torture, to die,
OHG quelan to suer. Related to Arm
keem to torture, OIr at-baill to die, W
ballu id., Lith gl strong pain, OPrus
gallan death, Slav *al pity. Mrirrr+
Etudes 265, MSL VIII 165; Ztri+z.
Gutt. 85; Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. II 460; Tonr-
Fn.rxkrr 145146; Oxioxs 731; Srr-
norr 313314; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ II
3435; S+.xo LS 21.
*kwelaz sb.m.: ON kveld evening, OE
cwild-td dead time, cwield death, OHG
quilti-werc work till night. Historic-
ally, participle of *kwelanan identical with
Latv part. dzelts stung. Tonr-F.rk 62;
Dvno VSJa 33; Krtor-Srrnorr 442.
*kwellanan str.vb.: OS quellan to gush, to
stream, OHG quellan id. Related to Skt
galati to drop, to fall down. Tonr-F.rk
62; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 57 (on OE collen-
ferh erce-minded, bold); M.vnnorrn
I 329; Pokonxv I 471472; Srrnorr
314315.
*kwemanan str.vb.: Goth qiman to
come, ON koma id., OE cuman id., OFris
kuma id., OS kuman id., OHG queman id.
Related to Toch A kum-, B km- to
come, Skt gmati to go, Av jamaiti id.,
Gk banv id., Lat ueni to come.
Bntov.xx Grundri II/3 89; Mrirrr+
kwainjanan 227 kwemanan
orel_f9_I,J,K-203-230 7/6/04 7:06 PM Page 227
BSL XX 25 (originally athematic);
389390; Exrzrrix KZ XLIV 61 (to Lith
giMti to be born); Ponzio Gliederung 209;
325; Fnisk I 208210; Cn.x+n.ixr
156158; Oxioxs 84, 193; Srrnorr
*kwena-mannz sb.m.: ON kvenn-mar
woman, OHG quena-man uxorious per-
son. Compound of *kwenn and *mannz.
*kwennan sb.n.: Goth qinein female.
Related to *kwenn and identical with
Slav poss. *enin belonging to woman.
*kwenkanan str.vb.: OE cwincan to dis-
appear, to vanish, OFris quinka to be
extinguished. Probably, a secondary for-
mation based on the unattested *kwe(s)-
nanan to be compared with Gk zenamen:
sbnnumen, Hes. < *z-g
es-n-. Further cf.

Skt jsate to be exhausted, to languish,
Gk sbnnumi to extinguish, Lith g\st,
gsti id., Slav *gasiti id. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 66; Pokonxv I 479; Oxioxs 731.
*kwenn sb.f.: Goth qino woman, female,
ON kona id. (partly from *k(w)unn), OE
cwne woman, wife, queen, prostitute,
OS quena woman, wife, OHG quena
wife. Cf. also *kwniz. Particularly close
to Alb grua ~ grue woman < *g
nn (with
dissimilation) unless the latter continues
Gk graw old woman. Related to Toch
A , B ana id., Skt gn goddess, divine
female, Av g6n woman, wife, Arm kin
id., Gk gun woman, OIr ben id., OPrus
genno id., Slav *ena id. (Ktnx KZ I 129).
Ztri+z. Gutt. 81, 86; Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I
47; Tonr-F.rk 60; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 84;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 64; Scntrzr Kl. Schr.
850; Fris+ 388; M.vnnorrn I 351;
Pokonxv I 473474; Tntn.cnr\ Rod.
Fnisk I 333335; Oxioxs 731; Prr+rns IF
XCIV 296; Lrnv.xx GED 276277;
Kon+r.xr+ TIES II 7779 (erroneously
adds Toch A k
u
li, B klye woman); B.v-
vrsnrnorn Nom. 177, 203; Onrr AED
125; Ar.vs TB 621.
*kwerkjanan wk.vb.: ON kyrkja, kvirkja to
strangle, OFris querka, quertza id., MLG
querken id. Derived from *kwerk. Vnirs
ANEW 341; Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*kwerk sb.f.: ON kverk throat, MLG
querke, quarke id., OHG querca id. An
obscure derivative of IE *g
erH- to swal-
low, cf. Gk brayron gulf, pit, Lith
gurkls throat, Slav *grdlo id., *rdlo
orice. The same structure is found in
Lat gurg-it to engulf , gurguli corn-
worm, weevil (Tonr-F.rk 61). Ztri+z.
Gutt. 86; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 8990;
Vnirs ANEW 337; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ I
441442.
*kwernu-stainaz sb.m.: ON kvern-steinn
millstone, OE cweorn-stn id., OS quirn-
stn id., OHG quirn-stein id. Compound of
*kwernuz ~ *kwern and *stainaz. C.nn
Nom. comp. 51.
*kwernuz ~ *kwern sb.f.: Goth asilu-
qairnus millstone, ON kvern handmill
(pl. < *kwerniz), OE cweorn mill, quern,
OFris quern millstone, OS querna id.,
OHG quirn, quirna id. Etymologically
close to OPrus girnoywis mill, Lith grna
millstone, Slav *rny id. Pr+rnssox
SVSL I 141; Ztri+z. Gutt. 84; Tonr-F.rk
II 4950; Lrnv.xx GED 4445.
*kwerranan str.vb.: OE part. a-cworren
drunk. Related to Skt girti to swallow,
to eat, Av araiti to swallow, Gk
bibrskv to eat, to swallow, Lat uor to
swallow, Lith geri, grti to drink, Slav
*r, *erti to swallow. Prnssox
Beitrge 534, 755; B.n+norov.r 512;
kwemanan 228 kwerranan
orel_f9_I,J,K-203-230 7/6/04 7:06 PM Page 228
Horv.xx II 836; M.vnnorrn I 335;
Fnisk I 235236; Srrnorr 318.
*kwerruz adj.: Goth qairrus gentle,
friendly, ON kyrr still, quiet, MLG quere
tame, MHG kirre, krre id. Related to
Hitt karia- to stop, to pause, to rest,
Toch A kur-, B kwr- to become feeble,
to age, Lith grti to collapse, to be weak,
Latv gut to slacken. K.ns+rx NB II
367; Gnirxnrnorn Got. 171172 (to Gk
gruw voice); Jon.xssox KZ XXXII 479
(to Skt guru- heavy, Gk barw id.); Sirns
KZ XXXVII 317 (same as Jon.xssox);
Bntov.xx IF XXXIII 302; Ztri+z. Gutt.
84; Tonr-F.rk 6162 (follow Sirns);
Fris+ 386; Fn.rxkrr KZ LXIX 78 (to
Lith guls tired, weak); Pokonxv I
341, MSS XXXV 7392 (to IE *g
erH-
to praise, with Gmc *-rr- < *-rH- and
secondary u-stem); Lrnv.xx GED 275;
B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 262; Kxonrocn KZ
CIII 286288 (u-stem under the inuence
of *xaruz; < *g
er-ero- driven by a goad);

Hrirrnv.xxs 350352; Ptn\rr IV
8283; Krtor-Srrnorr 443; Dvno BSA
22 (follows Sirns).
*kwessiz sb.f.: Goth ga-qiss agreement,
arrangement, OE cwis saying, speaking.
Continues *g
et-ti-, a derivative in *-tiof

*kweanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 66; Fris+
*kwestjanan wk.vb.: Goth qistjan to
destroy, Dan dial. quista to press, MLG
quisten to destroy. Derived from *kwest.
Tonr-F.rk 63; Fris+ 388389; Lrnv.xx
GED 277.
*kwest sb.f.: MLG quist torment, MLG
quist destruction, OHG quist torment.
Related to the isolated Slav *est hard.
Fick BB VI 211 (to IE *g
e6- to press, to
force); Hin+ PBB XXIII 352 (to Skt jsate
to be exhausted); Bntov.xx IF VI 103
(to ON kvistr twig, branch); Ztri+z.
Gutt. 87; Gnirxnrnorn Got. 172 (to Lith
gend, gsti to become defective); Unrrx-
nrck PBB XXX 304 (contra Bntov.xx);
Woor KZ XLV 64 (same as Fick), MLN
XVII 9, XXV 74; Srrnnrn WuS VI
3132 (same as Bntov.xx); S+tn+r\.x+
Language VI 226 (to Hitt kitari to be
wiped out); Vnirs ANEW 339; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ II 50; Lrnv.xx GED 277;
Ptn\rr IV 121123 (to Hitt kat-, kit-
hunger, starvation), 168.
*kweanan str.vb.: Goth qian to say,
ON kvea id., OE cwean id., OFris quetha
id., OS quethan id., OHG quedan id.
Probably related to Slav *gatati to speak,
a variant of *gadati id. Wirrrv.xx IF I
513 (to OIr bl lip, mouth < *g
etlo-,
Arm koem to call < *g
ot-); Brzzrx-
nrnorn BB XII 239, XVI 245 (to Lat
arbiter spectator, witness); Tonr-F.rk
5960; Fris+ 389390; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 65; Jon.xissox ANF LXII 196
199 (development of meaning); Monorx-
s+irnxr NTS VII 116120 (Iranian paral-
lels); Jn.xxrssox IEW 410411;
277278 (from *g
et- > Skt gdati to say,

to speak); Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*kwaz adj.: ME cwd evil, bad, OFris
qud id., MLG qut id., OHG qut id.
Related to Lith sbst. gda shame
(Bntov.xx IF V 375376), Slav *gydk
disgusting and Alb zi black < *g
edi-.
Hin+ IF XXXVII 236 (to Skt gtha-
excrement); Ztri+z. Gutt. 86; Tonr-F.rk
AEEW 64; Pokonxv I 484; Fn.rxkrr 142;
S+.xo LS 21; Hrirrnv.xxs 348349;
Onrr AED 524; Krtor-Srrnorr 480.
*kwiz adj.: Goth un-qes unspeakable,
unatterable, ON sam-kvr concordant,
OE s-cwde veracious. Derived from
*kweanan. K.ns+rx NB I 9899; Fris+
*kwmiz adj.: ON kvmr free to come,
OE e-cwme pleasant, grateful, accept-
able, OFris *kme pretty, beautiful,
MDu be-quame useful, OHG bi-qumi
kwerranan 229 kwmiz
orel_f9_I,J,K-203-230 7/6/04 7:06 PM Page 229
suitable. Derived from *kwemanan. K.ns-
+rx NB I 96; Tonr-F.rk 61; Wrisvrirrn
IF LIII 55; Vnirs ANEW 339; Srrnorr
316; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 260; M.+zrr
Festschr. Schrder 100, 117, KZ CV 108;
*kwniz sb.f.: Goth qens wife, ON kvn,
kvn id., OE cwn woman, wife, queen,
OS qun woman, wife. Related to Skt
jni- wife (in cmpn.), Av ni- woman
(S+nri+nrno IF III 330). Further con-
nected with *kwenn. B.n+norov.r
603604; Tonr-F.rk 60; Fris+ 386;
*kwikwa-fexu sb.n.: ON kvik-f live-
stock, OFris quik-a id. Compound of
*kwikwaz and *fexu. C.nn Nom. comp. 87
*kwikwaz adj.: ON kvikr alive, OE cwic
id., OFris quik living, OS quik living,
alive, OHG quec alive. Secondary pho-
netic or taboo development of *kwiwaz.
338; Oxioxs 731; Lrncnxrn 174; H.vr
Festschr. Palmer 89; Piin.ixrx 4344;
Lrnv.xx GED 278; B.vvrsnrnorn GL
XXVI 259263 (inlaut *-kw- from re-
duplicated verb forms); Krrix Kratylos
XXXVII 140; Hrirrnv.xxs 352353;
Krtor-Srrnorr 435.
*kwikwjanan wk.vb.: ON kveykva, keykva
to quicken, to kindle, MLG quicken to
enliven, to animate, OHG quicken id. Cf.
also Goth ga-qiujan to make alive.
Derived from *kwikwaz. Fris+ 390;
Hrirrnv.xxs 352.
*kwikwn sb.f.: ON kvika esh under
nails or claws, OE cwice quick-growing
grass, MDu queke esh under nails or
claws, OHG quecka intiba. Derived
from *kwikwaz. Vnirs ANEW 338.
*kwisjanan wk.vb.: ON kvisa to whisper,
to gossip, LG dial. quesen to moan, to
grumble, G dial. queisen to whimper.
Of imitative origin. Vnirs ANEW
338339.
*kwiuz ~ *kwiaz sb.m.: Goth qius
stomach, belly, womb, ON kvir
womb, OE cwi womb, OHG quiti id.
(< masc. *kwiiz). Identical with OIr bith
world, W byd id., Bret bed id. < Celt
*bitu- (Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 41). Further
connected with *g
e6- to live. For the

semantic development cf. Russ ivot
belly < Slav *ivot life based on the
same root. Scnvrx+xrn IF LXI 234
236; Ztri+z. Gutt. 85; Gnirxnrnorn Got.
173 (to Lat uitulus calf ); Tonr-F.rk 60;
Brnxrkrn I 297 (to Slav pl. *gatje pants);
Woor KZ XLV 60 (follows Gnirx-
nrnorn), MP XVIII 303 (to Lat guttus
vessel); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 66; Fris+
390; Pokonxv I 467469, 481 (to OIr bl
lip); Vnirs ANEW 338 (to Lat botulus
sausage); Z.rizxi.k II 201; Ax++ir.
Schw. 91; Mrir Festschr. Knobloch 253254
(follows Prrrnsrx); Lrnv.xx GED 278;
B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 159; Mrir Festschr.
Knobloch 253254; Krtor-Srrnorr 496;
Ar.vs TB 156 (to Toch A kts, B ktso
belly, stomach < *g
t-n-).
*kwiwaz adj.: Goth qius alive. Identical
with IE *g
ios id.: Skt jv-, OPers va-,

Gk bow life, Lat uuus, OIr bu, bo
(with short *-i- as in Gmc), Lith gvas,
Slav *iv derived from *g
ei- to live
(Atrnrcn+ KZ I 160). K.ns+rx NB II
409411, 435; Ztri+z. Gutt. 87;
Tn.t+v.xx BSW 76; W.rrr-Horv.xx
II 808810; Fris+ 390391; M.vnnorrn
I 440; Pokonxv I 467469; Dvno VSJa
24 (pretonic shortening in Gmc); Cnrvo-
r.xo\ SGGJa I 77; Fn.rxkrr 154; Fnisk
I 237239; Oxioxs 731; Lixrrv.x
Scnni\rn LL 355 (follows Dvno);
Hrirrnv.xxs 352353.
*kwmiz adj.: ON hug-kmr ingenious,
OE cwme pleasant, grateful, acceptable.
Derived from *kwemanan. K.ns+rx NB I
115116; M.+zrr Festschr. Schrder 107;
Hrirrnv.xxs 353354.
*kwumiz sb.f.: Goth ga-qums gather-
ing, synagogue, assembly, ON sam-kund
kwmiz 230 kwumiz
orel_f9_I,J,K-203-230 7/6/04 7:06 PM Page 230
feast, banquet, OHG kumft arrival.
Derived from *kwemanan. Structurally
identical with Skt gti- going, moving,
Av aiwi-gaiti- entrance, Gk bsiw step
reecting IE *g
ti- (Mrirrr+ MSL XIX

6567). B.n+norov.r 88; Tonr-F.rk
61; Fris+ 197; M.vnnorrn I 319;
493.
*kwumiz sb.m.: Goth qums coming, arri-
val, OE cyme coming, approach, OFris
on-keme penetration, OS kumi advent,
OHG fona-uf-kume arrival. Derived from
*kwemanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 67;
Fris+ 391; Srrnorr 316; Lrnv.xx GED
*k(w)mja-lkaz adj.: ON kmi-ligr
amusing, funny, OE cym-lc comely,
convenient. Derived from *k(w)mjaz.
340.
*k(w)mjaz adj.: OE cyme becoming,
suitable, lovely, OS cmi weak, MHG
kme thin, weak. Derived from *kwe-
manan. Tonr-F.rk 45 (to Gk galon
hollow); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 67.
kwumdiz 231 lawaz
*labbaz ~ *labbn sb.m.: Norw labb
paw, OHG lappo palmula, oar blade.
An expressive form probably related to
*lfn (Tonr-F.rk 370). Hor+n.tsrx
PBB LXVI 266; Lrnv.xx GED 237.
*laj(n) sb.f./m.: Icel leja clay, OHG
letto id. Related to MIr laith marsh,
swamp, W llaid mud < *lato-. Tonr-
F.rk 360 (to *slaan); Mtnrrxn.cn-
Exrzrrix II 425 (to Latv rvn. Late);
Pokonxv I 654655; Lr\icki IF CIII
221.
*laan sb.n.: ON lag layer, shape, OE pl.
e-lau collection of water, OS pl. aldar-
lagu life-time, OHG ur-la fate (masc.).
Derived from *lejanan. Tonr-F.rk 358;
*lajanan wk.vb.: Goth lagjan to lay, ON
leggja to lay, to put, OE lecan to lay, to
put, to place, OFris ledza to lay, OS leg-
gian to produce, OHG leggen to lay.
Derived from *lejanan. Structurally close
to Slav *loiti to put, to lay (Corri+z
Prt. 7778; Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. II 572).
Tonr-F.rk 358; Mrirrr+ MSL IX 144;
Pokonxv I 659; Oxioxs 519; Srrnorr
325; Lrnv.xx GED 5, 233; Krtor-
Srrnorr 509510.
*lajanan wk.vb.: ON laga to shape, to
put right, to mend, OFris lagia to estab-
lish. Derived from *laan or *lejanan.
*lauz sb.m.: ON lgr sea, lake, OE lau
sea, water, OS lagu-strm sea current.
Identical with Lat lacus lake, OIr loch id.
Further related to Gk lkkow pit, tank,
pond < *lkWow, Slav *loky pond, pool
(Krnx KZ II 553554). Fick I 531 (to
*lejanan); Tonr-F.rk 358; Prrrnsrx Kelt.
Gr. I 149; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 149; Hor+-
748; Pokonxv I 653; Cnrvor.xo\ SSGJa
I 54; Fnisk II 7576; Lrnv.xx GED 224;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XVI 1011; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 156.
*lawaz ~ *laxwaz sb.n.: ON lr leg,
OE lew thigh, ham, Langob neut. lagi
thigh. Connected with Lith lEkti to y,
Latv lekt id. as a regular deverbative (for
the vocalism and semantics cf. Lith lkt
pole on which birds sit). Mikrosicn
171 (to Slav *l\ga thigh); Ztri+z. Gutt.
l
orel_f10 _L-231-251 7/6/04 7:07 PM Page 231
65, 134 (reconstructs *la(w)jaz); Lirrx
BB XXI 94; Tonr-F.rk 357 (to Lat lacer-
tus lizard, Lith alkn elbow); Pokonxv
I 673; Oxioxs 522.
*laxanan str.vb.: Icel l to rebuke, OE
len to blame, to reproach, OS lahan id.,
OHG lahan id. Related to OIr locht guilt,
mistake < *lok-tu-. Ztri+z. Gutt. 209;
197; Pokonxv I 673; Srrnorr 321.
*lax ~ *laxaz sb.f./m.: ON poet. l
sea, OHG lah pool, swamp. Related to
*lauz. Tonr-F.rk 358; Pokonxv I 653;
Cnrvor.xo\ SSGJa I 54.
*laxsaz sb.m.: ON lax salmon, OE leax
id., OS lahs id., OHG lahs id. Related to
Toch B laks sh (from Toch A?), OPrus
lasasso salmon, Lith lis id., Latv lasis
id., Slav losos id. < IE *laso-. Lovrx-
+n.r KZ LII 98 (to Lith las drop), WuS
X 140; Ztri+z. Gutt. 191; Tonr-
F.rk 357; Scnn.rrn-Nrnnixo II 2;
Tn.t+v.xx BSW 150; Monorxs+irnxr
NTS VII 120 (adds Osset lsg salmon);
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 197; Srrcn+ 31;
Tnirvr KZ LXIX 209216 (to Skt lk
red varnish); Knoov.xx KZ LXXVI
norrn ZDMG CV 175177; Pokonxv I
653; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 111; Fn.-
rxkrr 341342; Z.rizxi.k I 134; Oxioxs
519; V.x Wixrrkrxs ZDMG CXX
305307 (on Toch B laks); An.r\ II 32
(Osset lsg from a European IE dialect);
Ar.vs IF XC 918919; Dirnorr Evol.
passim; Torono\ PJa IV 101110;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XVI 8890; Krtor-
*laxstran sb.n.: OFris laster slander, dam-
age, OS lastar disgrace, OHG lastar id.
Derived from *laxstuz. Tonr-F.rk 357;
Pokonxv I 673; Z.rizxi.k II 226;
Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*laxstuz sb.m.: ON lstr fault, aw, blun-
der. Cf. also OE leahter moral defect,
crime < *laxtraz. Derived from *laxanan.
*laibjanan wk.vb.: Goth bi-laibjan to
leave behind, ON leifa to leave a her-
itage, to relinquish, OE lfan to leave, to
remain, OFris lva to bequeath, OS
lvian to leave, OHG leiben id. Causative
of *lbanan. Tonr-F.rk 369; Hor+-
I 670; Oxioxs 521; Srrnorr 326; Lrn-
v.xx GED 69.
*laib sb.f.: Goth laiba remains, remain-
der, ON pl. leifar leavings, remnants,
OE lf remnant, remains, OFris lva id.,
OS lba id., OHG leiba id. Derived from
*lbanan. Tonr-F.rk 369; Hor+n.tsrx
*laijanan wk.vb.: ON leia to lead, to
conduct, OE ldan id., OFris lda id., OS
ldian to bring, OHG leiten to lead.
Causative of *lanan. Tonr-F.rk 368;
Oxioxs 520 (from *lai ); Srrnorr 329;
Krtor-Srrnorr 514.
*lai sb.f.: ON lei way, road, course
(partly < *laiiz), OE ld course, way,
watercourse, OFris lde way, direction,
OHG leita id. Derived from *lanan.
nrnorn Nom. 107.
*laixwnaz sb.n.: ON ln, ln ef , OE ln
loan, grant, ef (fem.), OFris ln id., OS
lhan id., OHG lhan loan. Derived from
*lxwanan. Structurally similar with Skt
rkas- inherited possession, property, Av
rax6nah- inheritance. Mrirrr+ MSL
XV 254256; B.n+norov.r 1480;
Oxioxs 533; Brx\rxis+r 150157; Srr-
nrnorn Nom. 72, 147; Hrirrnv.xxs 356;
Krtor-Srrnorr 510.
*laikanan str.vb.: Goth laikan to jump, to
hop, ON leika to play, to sport, OE
lcan to swing, to play, MHG part. ge-
leichen cheated. Related to Skt rjate to
lawaz 232 laikanan
orel_f10 _L-231-251 7/6/04 7:07 PM Page 232
tremble, Gk ligw clear, shrill (of
sound), liganv to shout, to sing, to
dance, Lith ligyti to run about wildly
(Dirrrxn.cn VW II 768). Scnvrizrn
KZ I 559; Btoor KZ XX (1872) 1112
(to Lat ldere to play); Ztri+z. Gutt. 90;
Tonr-F.rk 354355; Fris+ 319320;
Hor+n.tsrx IF XXV 148, AEEW 190;
Mikkor. BB XXV 75; Jn.xxrssox
321322; Lrnv.xx GED 225.
*laikaz ~ *laikiz sb.m.: Goth laiks frolic,
dance, ON leikr game, play, sport, OE
lc battle, struggle, sacrice (neut., fem.),
OHG leih melody, tune. Derived from
*laikanan. Ztri+z. Gutt. 163; Tonr-F.rk
Pokonxv I 667; Z.rizxi.k II 187; Brck
Festschr. Her I 116; Srrnorr 322; Lrn-
*laimn sb.m.: OE neut. lm clay, mud,
earth, OS lmo clay, OHG leim id., leimo
id. Connected with Gk leimn moist
place, meadow, Lat lmus silt < *loimos
(Sorvsrx KZ XXXVIII 453). Further see
*lman ~ *lmaz. Scntrzr KZ XLV 55;
194; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 804805; Tnirn
Lehm 1016; Pokonxv I 662; Cnrvo-
r.xo\ SSGJa I 55; Krtor-Srrnorr
510.
*laisa str.vb.: Goth lais to know. Of
uncertain origin. Presumably connected
with *laisn (Prrrnsrx IF V 40; Fick KZ
XVIII 412413). Mrirrr+ IF XXVI
200203 (innovation based on *waita);
M.ns+n.xrrn NTS II 99103 (to OIr
lenaid to follow); Tonr-F.rk 370; Fris+
320; Brx\rxis+r EGS I 15 (against the
reconstruction of *leis-); Pokonxv I 671;
(Gothic innovation).
*laisjanan ~ *laizjanan wk.vb.: Goth
laisjan to teach, OE lran id., OFris lra
id., OS lrian id., OHG lren id. Causative
of *laisa. Tonr-F.rk 369370; Fris+
Krtor-Srrnorr 511.
*laisn sb.f.: OS wagan-lsa wagon track,
OHG wagan-leisa id., MHG leise, leis
track. If the connection with *laisa is
accepted, cf. also WGmc *laiz > OE lr
teaching, learning, OFris lre id., OS lra
id., OHG lra id. Etymologically identical
with Slav *lxa land strip, track, furrow
< *lois (Prrrnsrx IF V 40). Cf. also Lat
lra furrow < *leis, Lith ls garden-
bed. Tonr-F.rk 369370; Hor+-
SGGJa I 6768; Fn.rxkrr 376; Oxioxs
537; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XVI 184186;
B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 116 (from IE *loit-
t-); Krtor-Srrnorr 310, 511.
*laistiz ~ *laistaz sb.m.: Goth laists
track, trace, ON leistr foot below the
ankle, short sock, OE lst step, footstep,
sole, lst id., MLG lste last, OHG leist
foot trace. Derived from *laisn. Tonr-
Srrnorr 514.
*laistjanan wk.vb.: Goth laistjan to fol-
low, OE lstan to follow, to accompany,
to do, to perform, OFris lsta, lsta to
fulll, OS lstian to pursue, to carry out,
OHG leisten to follow, to carry out.
Derived from *laistiz ~ *laistaz. Tonr-
Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*laia-wanjaz adj.: ON lei-indr loath-
some, tiresome, OE l-wende evil, hos-
tile. Compound of *laiaz and *wanjaz
(see *wanjanan). C.nn Nom. comp. 62.
*laiaz adj.: Burg *lais tired, hated,
ON leir loathed, disliked, OE l
causing hate, evil, hated, OFris lth id.,
OS lth hostile, OHG leid hated,
spoiled. Related to Gk litanv to
transgress, lethw sinner (S.tsstnr
Mmoire 75), OIr liuss loathing < *lit-tu-.
Gnirxnrnorn Got. 192193 (to *slijaz);
laikanan 233 laiaz
orel_f10 _L-231-251 7/6/04 7:07 PM Page 233
Tonr-F.rk 355 (derived from ON l
harm, damage < *laiwan); Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 195196; M.tnrn passim; Po-
konxv I 672; Fnisk I 66; Oxioxs 533;
237 (to *lanan); Konrrn 712; Hrirrn-
*laijanan wk.vb.: ON leia to make smb.
loathe, OS a-lthian to spoil, to make
hated, OHG leiden to feel distasted, to
hate. Derived from *laiaz. Tonr-F.rk
*laiwazikn sb.f.: Sweb *lawerka lark,
OSwed lrikia id., ON lvirki id., OE
lwerce id., NFris lsk (< *laiwas(i)kn),
OS lwerka id., OHG lrihha id. A di-
cult word, probably an old compound.
Tonr-F.rk 355; Krtor Nom. Stamm
3233; V.svrn ZfslavPh XII 103 (recon-
structs Gmc *laiw lark > Slvn lva id.);
Hor+n.tsrx KZ L 141142 (*laiw- to Gk
laein: fygesyai), AEEW 193; Oxioxs
515; Konrrn 715; Krtor-Srrnorr 515.
*laizan sb.n.: ON leir clay, earth, mud.
Identical with OPrus layso earth, clay.
See *laimn. Tonr-F.rk 365; Ponzio
Cnrvor.xo\ SSGJa I 55; S+.xo LS 31;
Mrnrixorx IF LXXXIII 5859; Toro-
no\ PJa IV 41.
*lakanan sb.n.: ON lakan bed-sheet,
OFris leken piece of fabric, linen, OS
lakan cloth, OHG lahhan id. Identical
with Gk lganon thin broad cake
further related to lagav to release.
Derived from *lakaz. Tonr-F.rk 356;
Pokonxv I 959960; Fnisk II 68; Krtor-
Srrnorr 500.
*lakaz adj.: ON lakr lacking, defective,
lacking in quality, MLG lak slack, loose.
Cf. *slakaz. Probably related to Gk lgv
to stop, to end, Lat langue to be slack.
498.
*lakwjanan wk.vb.: OE lccan to take,
to seize, to grasp. Identical with Gk
lzomai to seize, to grasp < *lag
--,
Hom aor. llabe. Tonr-F.rk 356;
Woor Postcons. 117 (to Lat laci to entice,
to allure); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 190;
Pokonxv I 958; Fnisk II 71; Oxioxs 516.
*lamaz ~ *lamn adj.: ON lami lame,
OFris lom id., OS lam withered, OHG
lam lame, paralyzed. Related to IE *lem-
to break. Structurally close to Lith p-
lamas awkward, clumsy, Slav *lom
breaking, something broken. K.ns+rx
NB II 452453; S+okrs KZ XXXVII 258
(to OIr laime, lime axe); Tonr-F.rk 363;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 194, 423; Pokonxv I
Oxioxs 513; S+.xo LS 33; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa XVI 2527; Hrirrnv.xxs 359
*lambaz sb.n.: Goth lamb lamb, ON
lamb id., OE lamb id., Northumb. lemb
id. (< *lambez), OFris lamb id., OS lamb
id., OHG lamb (pl. lembir). Of unknown
origin. The derivationally unusual NCauc
*VmbagV sheep may be somehow con-
nected. Fick I 188 (to Skt rmbhate to
roar); Os+norr Etym. I 308; Btoor PBB
XIII 315116 (to *el-en- deer); Mikkor.
BB XXI 219220 (to Alb lop cow, Latv
lups cattle); Hin+ Idg. Gr. II 155;
Pr+rnssox Heter. 2223 (secondary nasal-
ization); Tonr-F.rk 363364 (to Gk
lafow deer < *elbho-); Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 194; Fris+ 321; Scntrzr Kl. Schr.
Oxioxs 512; Brx\rxis+r IEL 48; Lrn-
501; Nikor.vr\-S+.nos+ix NCED 757.
*lami sb.f.: ON lemd lameness (from a
blow), OFris lemethe paralysis, MLG
lemede id., MHG lemede, lemde id. Derived
from *lamaz ~ *lamn. Hrirrnv.xxs
360.
*lamjanan wk.vb.: ON lemja to thrash, to
og, to lame, OE lemian to lame, to crip-
ple, OFris lema, lemma to paralize, OS
part. bi-lemid paralyzed, OHG lemmen to
paralyze, to lame. Derived from *lamaz
~ *lamn. Structurally close to Lith lmyti
to engulf , Slav *lomiti to break. Tonr-
laiaz 234 lamjanan
orel_f10 _L-231-251 7/6/04 7:07 PM Page 234
F.rk 363; Bo. RFV LXVII 242;
338; S+.xo LS 33; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa
XVI 1619; Hrirrnv.xxs 360.
*lamsaz sb.m.: ON lss lock, latch, MLG
ls id. Probably related to *lamaz ~
*lamn. Prrrnsrx KZ XXXII 252;
Tonr-F.rk 363.
*lana-bwn sb.m.: ON land-bi inhab-
itant, OHG lant-bwo id. Compound of
*lanan and *bwn. C.nn Nom. comp.
*lana-kaupan ~ *lana-kaupaz
sb.n./m.: ON land-kaup purchase of
land, OFris lond-kp id., MLG lant-kp id.
Compound of *lanan and *kaupan ~
*kaupaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 76 (parallel
formations).
*lanan sb.n.: Goth land land, ON land
id., OE land id., OFris land, lond id., OS
land id., OHG lant id. Related to OIr land
open place, OPrus lindan valley, Slav
*l\do waste ground. Scnvrizrn KZ I
559; Mtcn ZDADL XLII 170 (on ON
lundr grove); Lrvv PBB XXXII 138;
Pokonxv I 675; Cnrvor.xo\ SSGJa I
Sc.nriori Goten 47 (non-IE origin follow-
ing from comparison with Basque landa
eld); S+.xo LS 33; M.itris PKP II
138 n. 221 (to Balt *lind- to fall down);
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XV 4448; Torono\
PJa IV 263269; Lrnv.xx GED 226
*lana-seuz sb.m.: ON land-sir cus-
tom of the land, OE land-sidu id., OS land-
sidu id., MHG lant-site id. Compound of
*lanan and *seuz. C.nn Nom. comp. 76
*lana-skapaz sb.m.: ON land-skapr
region, OHG lant-scaf land. Derived
from *lanan. C.nn Nom. comp. 76 (par-
allel formations).
*lana-skuliz sb.f.: ON land-skyld rent
of land, OS land-skuld id., MHG lant-
schult id. Compound of *lanan and
*skuliz. C.nn Nom. comp. 84 (parallel
formations).
*lann ~ *lanj sb.f.: ON lend
loin, OE pl. lendenu loins, reins, OFris
lenden id., OS pl. lendin id., OHG lent
id. Related to Lat lumbus thigh
< *londhos (Ktnx KZ XVII 233; Os+-
norr Perf. 534), Slav *l\dvje id.
(Scnvir+ Plur. 6). Tonr-F.rk 362; Tn.t+-
674; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 61; Z.riz-
xi.k II 220; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XV
*lanjanan wk.vb.: ON lenda to land,
OHG lenten id. Derived from *lanan.
Krtor-Srrnorr 501.
*lann sb.m.: ON landi countryman,
OE e-londa id., MDu ge-lande id., OHG
gi-lanto id. Derived from *lanan. Vnirs
ANEW 345.
*lana-aiwaz adj.: ON lang-r long-last-
ing. Compound of *lanaz I and *aiwiz.
Might be identical with Lat longaevus
long-lived (Btoor BB III 104) if the lat-
ter is not a translation of Gk makravn
id. (W.rrr-Horv.xx I 820). Pokonxv I
*lana-lb( j)az adj.: ON lang-lfr long-
lived, OE lan-lfe id., OHG lang-lb id.
Compound of *lanaz I and *lb( j)az (see
*lbanan). C.nn Nom. comp. 66.
*lana-lkaz adj.: OESc lang-liker stop-
ping for a long time, OHG lang-lh
long. Derived from *lanaz I. Hrirrn-
v.xxs 361.
*lana-mn sb.f.: Goth lagga-modei
patience, OHG lang-muot id. Com-
pound of *lanaz I and *maz. Probably,
a calque of Gk makroyuma id. Fris+
*lana-wrkiz adj.: ON lang-rkr having
a long memory, brooding long over past
wrongs, MHG lanc-rche vindictive.
Compound of *lanaz I and *wrkiz.
Tonr-F.rk 361.
*lanaz I adj.: Goth laggs long, ON langr
id., OE lan id., OFris long id., OS lang
id., OHG lang id. Identical with Lat longus
lamjanan 235 lanaz
orel_f10 _L-231-251 7/6/04 7:07 PM Page 235
id. further related to other similar ad-
jectives with irregular phonetic corre-
spondences: Skt drgha-, Av dar6ga-, Gk
dolixw, Hitt dalugai-. Scnvrizrn KZ I
558; B.n+norov.r 693694; K.ns+rx
NB I 44; Ztri+z. Gutt. 218; Tonr-F.rk
360361; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 820821;
Ponzio Gliederung 123; M.vnnorrn II
SGGJa I 103; Fnisk I 406407; Oxioxs
536; S+ntxo Glotta XLVII 34; Lrnv.xx
GED 224; Ltnn Expr. 161; Hrirrnv.xxs
*lanaz II adj.: ON end-langr from one
end to another, OE and-lan continuous,
all-along, throughout, OFris adv. ond-
lenghe stretching, OS ant-lang continu-
ous, OHG gi-lang related. Related to
Lith lenki, lekti to incline, to tilt and
identical with Lith lakas curve, circle,
Slav *lk curve, arc. The meanings of
*lanaz II must have been inuenced by
*lanaz I. Prnssox Beitrge 340, 345;
AEEW 195; Wissv.xx NP 24; Pokonxv
ANEW 9; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XVI 148
*lani sb.f.: ON lengd length, OE len
id., MLG lengde id. Derived from *lanaz
I. Tonr-F.rk 361; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
199; Oxioxs 523.
*lann sb.f.: Goth laggei length, OE lenu
id., OFris lentze id., OHG leng id.
Derived from *lanaz I. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 199; Fris+ 318; Hrirrnv.xxs
361.
*lanjanan wk.vb.: ON lengja to length-
en, OE lenan id., OHG lengen id.
Derived from *lanaz I. Derivationally
similar to Slav *liti to join, to connect.
*lanjn sb.f.: ON lengja oblong piece,
MLG lenge long rope. Related to *lanaz
I. Tonr-F.rk 360 (to *lanxaz); Cnrvo-
r.xo\ SGGJa I 82; Gon Origins 132.
*lanjanan wk.vb.: ON langa to long
for, to yearn, OE lanian to cause long-
ing, OS langn to long for, to yearn,
OHG gi-langn to gain, to attain. De-
rived from *lanaz II. Structurally iden-
tical with Slav *lkati to separate, to
peel. Tonr-F.rk 361; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 195; Oxioxs 536; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa XVI 142143; Hrirrnv.xxs 362;
Krtor-Srrnorr 858.
*lanxaz sb.m.: OE lh strap. Related to
*lanaz II. Identical with Slav *lk
curve, arc. Tonr-F.rk 360; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 206; Gon Origins 132;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XVI 148149.
*lan(n) sb.f.: ON ln small oblong hay-
rick, row of houses, OE lane lane, street,
OFris lan, lone way, Du laan alley. Could
be compared with the etymologically ob-
scure Slav *lono lap. Tonr-F.rk 354
(to Gk lanv to drive); Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 194; Oxioxs 514; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ II 517 (Slav *lono < *logh-sno-
in parallel to *loesno id. < *logh-esno-).
*lapanan str.vb.: OHG laan to slurp.
Related to Lat lamb to lick. Tonr-
Pokonxv I 651; Srrnorr 323324.
*lapjanan wk.vb.: Icel lepja to lick, OHG
gi-lepphen to ladle, to scoop. Derived
from *lapanan. Tonr-F.rk 362; Oxioxs
514; Srrnorr 323; Krtor-Srrnorr 523
(to Slav *lobzati to kiss).
*lappn sb.m.: OE lppa skirt, ear-lobe,
OFris lappa cloth, rag, OS lappo id.,
OHG *lapfo id. Cf. also ON leppr rag,
tatter < *lappjaz. Related to Gk lobw
lobe, Alb lab bark. Nonrrx Abri 121
(to Lat lab to totter, to be ready to fall);
192; Pokonxv I 655656; Fnisk II 131
*lasaz adj.: ON las-meyrr mellow,
decrepit, MLG sbst. las rag. Cf. also
WGmc *lziz > E dial. leer empty, OS
lri id., MHG lre id. Related to Lith
losas lame, Slav *lo bad (Scnvir+
Verw. 39). Unrrxnrck PBB XXX 298;
Pokonxv I 680; Oxioxs 522; Fn.rxkrr
lanaz 236 lasaz
orel_f10 _L-231-251 7/6/04 7:07 PM Page 236
359360; S+.xo LS 34 (against Scnvir+);
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ II 526; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa XVI 9294.
*lasiwaz adj.: Goth lasiws weak, OE lysu
depraved, corrupt, evil. Cf. also MHG
er-leswen to become weak. Derived from
*lasaz. Identical with Toch B laswi
attacks of weakness < *losio- (V.x Wix-
rrkrxs Etim. 1972 145). Po++ EF II/1
839 (to Lat sublestus feeble, faint);
Fnornrr BB I 192 (same as Po++); Tonr-
F.rk 364; Fn.rxkrr KZ LXIX 7778.
*laskwaz adj.: ON lskr weak, idle,
WFris lask light, thin, MLG lasch tired,
weak. Related to Lat lascuus wanton,
petulant, cf. further Slav *laska caress
(with *--). Cf. also *lataz. K.ns+rx NB
II 295296; Tonr-F.rk 364; W.rrr-
Horv.xx I 766767; Fris+ 322323;
Krtor 428429; Pokonxv I 666; Cnr-
vor.xo\ SGGJa I 100; Vnirs ANEW
374; Mrir Wortbild. 195; Hrirrnv.xxs
*lataz adj.: Goth lats sluggish, lazy, ON
latr slow, lazy, OE lt late, slow, slug-
gish, OFris comp. lettera later, OS lat
sluggish, casual, OHG laz sluggish,
lazy. Derived from *ltanan (St++rnrix
IF IV 99; Prnssox Beitrge 710).
Scnvrizrn KZ I 561; K.ns+rx NB I 57;
AEEW 192; Ponzio Gliederung 104;
Pokonxv I 666; Oxioxs 516 (to Lat lassus
weary < *ladtos); Srrnorr 334; Lrnv.xx
GED 227; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 239; Hri-
*latn sb.f.: Goth latei sluggishness, ON
leti laziness, sloth, OHG lazz slowness.
Derived from *lataz. Fris+ 322; Lrn-
*latjanan wk.vb.: Goth latjan to retard, to
delay, ON letja to hold back, to dis-
suade, OE lettan to let, to hinder, to
impede, OFris letta to hinder, to stop, to
check, OS lettian to slow, to become
tired, OHG lezzen to hinder. Derived
from *lataz. Os+norr Perf. 546; Tonr-
Krtor-Srrnorr 858.
*latjanan wk.vb.: ON lata to slow, to
slacken, to abate, OHG lazn to be slow,
sluggish. Derived from *lataz. Tonr-
*latn sb.m.: ON lati late one, OE hild-
lata coward. Derived from *lataz.
Hrirrnv.xxs 364.
*la sb.f.: ON l bidding, invitation,
OE frend-lau friendly invitation.
Probably connected with Slav *lotiti to
drive, to grasp. Os+norr IF V 311
312; Mrnixorn IF XVI 114117 (as
*invitation sent on a special tablet
connected with MHG lade lath, stake,
piece of wood); Nrckrr IF XVII 175
176 (follows Mrnixorn); Tonr-F.rk 359;
Pnrrrvi+z 268 (to OIr air-le zeal, regu-
lation); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 196; Fris+
323; Ptn\rr Laryngeals 88 (to Hitt alzai-
to call out, to cry); Lrnv.xx GED 227;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XVI 96.
*lajanan wk.vb.: Goth laon to invite,
to call, ON laa to bid, to invite, OE
laian id., OFris lathia, ladia to invite, to
summon, OS lathian, ladoian to call, to
summon, OHG ladn id. Derived from
*la. Tonr-F.rk 359; Hor+n.tsrx
*lauban sb.n.: Goth masc. laufs leaf,
foliage, ON lauf leaf, foliage, OE lef
id., OFris lf id., OS lf id., OHG loub id.
Identical with Slav *lub bast < *loubho-.
Further related to Lat liber bast, OIr
luib grass, Lith loba bark, Latv lubs
shell. Tonr-F.rk 377; Hor+n.tsrx
791; Fris+ 323324; Pokonxv I 690;
Fn.rxkrr 343; Z.rizxi.k II 169; Oxioxs
520; Brrkrs Orbis XX 132137 (from
substratum); Lrnv.xx GED 227228;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XVI 156158 (com-
pares Slav *lub with Gmc *laupaz),
*laubaz adj.: Goth ga-laufs valuable,
expensive, OE un-e-lef unbeliev-
ing, incredulous, OHG gi-loub instilling
lasaz 237 laubaz
orel_f10 _L-231-251 7/6/04 7:07 PM Page 237
trust, agreeable. Derived from *leubaz.
Krtor 186, 268; Wissv.xx Postv. 3940
(exocentric denominative of *lauba-);
Jon.xxissox VPV 4 (derived from *laub-
janan I); Lrnv.xx GED 142; Hrirrn-
*laubjanan I wk.vb.: Goth ga-laubjan to
believe, OE e-lfan id., OFris ge-lva id.,
OS gi-lbian id., OHG gi-louben id.
Derivative of *laubaz. Fris+ 187188;
Krtor-Srrnorr 326.
*laubjanan II wk.vb.: Goth us-laubjan to
allow, ON leyfa to permit, to allow, OE
lfan to give leave, to allow, to permit,
OS gi-lbian to believe, OHG ir-louben
to allow. Derived from *laub. Tonr-
Pokonxv I 684; Oxioxs 521; Lrnv.xx
GED 141142; Krtor-Srrnorr 230 (to
Lith liuti to cease, to stop).
*laub sb.f.: OE lef leave, permission,
MHG loube id. Derivationally close to Skt
lobha- wish and further connected with
*leubh- to like, to wish: Skt lbhyati to
desire ardently, Lat lubet, libet please,
Slav *lubiti to love. Cf. *laubaz, *leubaz.
Krtor ZdWf VII 169 (semantic dev-
elopment of derivatives); Hor+n.tsrx
684; Oxioxs 521.
*lauan sb.n.: OE led lead, OFris ld
lead (as a measure of weight), MLG ld
lead, MHG lt plummet, solder. May
be related to Lith lid plumb, plummet
and MIr laide lead < *loud (if not
from *ploud) or borrowed from Celtic.
On the other hand, may simply repre-
sent a deverbative of *leuanan (cf. also
*lauaz). Tonr-F.rk 355; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 196; Fn.rxkrr 378 (Lith < MLG);
Oxioxs 520; Krtor-Srrnorr 526; Bot+-
k.x OFED s.v.
*lauaz adj.: Goth swa-laus so large, so
great, MHG lte qualied, conditioned.
Derived from *leuanan. Tonr-F.rk 375.
*lauaz ~ *lauiz sb.m.: Burg *laugs
ame, ON leygr ame, re, OE l
ame, lightning (also neut.), OFris loga
ame, re, OHG loug id. Related to
Skt roc- light, Lat lx id., Slav *lu
ray further connected with *leuk- light,
white. Ztri+z. Gutt. 134; Tonr-F.rk
Horv.xx I 823824; M.vnnorrn III
221; Lrnv.xx GED 228, 236; Konrrn
712; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XVI 163164;
Krtor-Srrnorr 524.
*launiz ~ *launjaz adj.: Goth ana-
laugns concealed, secret, hidden, OE un-
lne incontrovertible. Derived from
*leuanan. K.ns+rx NB II 180181;
AEEW 201; Lrnv.xx GED 31; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 365366.
*launjanan wk.vb.: Goth laugnjan to de-
clare untrue, to deny, OE lnan to lie,
OFris leina to refuse to take an oath,
OS lgnian to lie, OHG lougnen to deny.
Derived from *laun ~ *launaz. Tonr-
Krtor-Srrnorr 516.
*laun ~ *launaz sb.f./m.: ON laun
secrecy, OHG lougan lie. Derived from
*leuanan. Tonr-F.rk 374; Pokonxv I
687; Brx\rxis+r 134136; Srrnorr 336.
*lau sb.f.: ON laug hot spring, bath,
OE la lye, MLG lge id., OHG louga
id. A suxal formation (< *louk) related
to IE *lou(H)- to wash: Gk lov, Lat
lau and the like (Po++ WW 1307).
Btoor KZ XX (1872) 1213; Tonr-F.rk
Fnisk II 138139; Z.rizxi.k I 147;
Oxioxs 542; Torrrx.rnr KZ XCVI
144145; Prr+rns KZ CI 168; Krtor-
Srrnorr 506.
*lauxaz sb.m.: ON l clearing (in the
woods), meadow, OE lah meadow,
open space, MLG lo bush, OHG lh
grove, bush. Identical with Skt lok-
open space, place, world, Lat lcus holy
grove, Lith laUkas eld. Connected with
laubaz 238 lauxaz
orel_f10 _L-231-251 7/6/04 7:07 PM Page 238
*leuk- light, white. Tonr-F.rk 372;
Horv.xx I 828; M.vnnorrn III 113;
Krtor-Srrnorr 524.
*laukaz sb.m.: ON laukr leek, OE neut.
lec id., OS lk id., OHG louh id. The ety-
mology remains unknown. Any relation
to Dac lj purslain, Portulaca oleracea
< *lauk- with *au > *a as in other Dacian
words? Ztri+z. Gutt. 164; Tonr-F.rk
355 (to Gk lgow willow-like tree);
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 196; Dr+scnrv
Thr. 553554 (Dac < Lat lax = fraus
deceit, fraud); Pokonxv I 681;
Z.rizxi.k I 134; Oxioxs 522; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 53 (to *lkanan); Krtor-
Srrnorr 505.
*launan sb.n.: Goth laun reward, ON
pl. laun id., OE lan id., OFris ln id., OS
ln id., OHG ln reward, price (neut.,
masc.). Continues *l6u-no- related to Skt
ltam booty, Gk Ion lhh id. < *l,
Lith lvyti to exercise, Slav *lov hunt-
ing. Pr+n BB XXV 141; Tonr-F.rk
AEEW 196197; Fris+ 325; M.vnnorrn
III 114; Pokonxv I 655; Z.rizxi.k II
169; Fnisk II 96; Brx\rxis+r IEL
134136; V.svrn-Tntn.cnrv II 508;
Nom. 73 (to *leusanan); Krtor-Srrnorr
524.
*laupaz sb.m.: ON laupr basket, box,
OE lepp basket, MLG lp wooden
vessel. Somehow connected with *leubh-
reected in *lauan. Tonr-F.rk 377;
*lausa-wur(j)an sb.n.: ON laus-yri
breech of ones word, OS ls-waurd
slander. Cf. also Goth lausa-waurdei
empty talk. Compound of *lausaz and
*wuran. Fris+ 326; Lrnv.xx GED 229.
*lausa-wuraz adj.: Goth lausa-waurds
talking idly, ON laus-orr unreal in
ones words. Compound of *lausaz and
*wuraz (see *wuran). Fris+ 326; C.nn
Nom. comp. 94 (parallel formations); Lrn-
v.xx GED 229.
*lausaz adj.: Goth laus empty, void, ON
lauss loose, free, OE les id., OFris ls
free, deprived, OS ls free, OHG ls
lightminded, wicked, evil. Derived from
*leusanan. K.ns+rx NB I 63; \.x
Hrr+rxs ZdWf XI 56 (from *leuanan);
Tonr-F.rk 377378; \.x Wik IF
XXXV 265268; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
197; Fris+ 325; Oxioxs 521, 536;
Nom. 237238; Hrirrnv.xxs 366
OFED s.v.
*lausn sb.f.: ON hug-leysi timidity, OHG
ls carelessness. Derived from *lausaz.
Hrirrnv.xxs 366.
*lausniz sb.f.: Goth us-lauseins release,
salvation, ON r-lausn solution of a
diculty. Derived from *lausaz. Fris+
*lausjanan wk.vb.: Goth lausjan to make
loose, to free, ON leysa to loosen, to
free, OE lsan id., OFris lsa id., OS -
lsian id., OHG ir-lsen id. Derived from
*lausaz. Tonr-F.rk 378; Fris+ 326;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 202; Srrnorr 339;
*lausn sb.f.: ON sta-lausa absurdity,
OFris hs-lse homelessness. Derived
from *lausaz. Hrirrnv.xxs 366.
*lausun sb.f.: ON lausung lying, false-
hood, OE lesun leasing, lying, ction.
Derived from *lausaz. Hrirrnv.xxs 366
367.
*laut(n) sb.f.: ON laut hollow place,
ESwed lyto little hole. Identical with
Toch A lot hole, Toch B laute moment,
opportunity (Hirv.nssox apud Ar.vs
TB 563) and Hitt luttai window.
Tiscnrrn HEG II 7980.
*lauran sb.n.: ON laur froth, foam,
soap, OE leor nitre used for soap,
lather. Identical with Gk loutrn bath,
Gaul lautro balneo, OIr lathar bowl,
lthur bath tub (Btoor KZ XX 1213)
derived from *lou(H)-: Gk lov to wash,
lauxaz 239 lauran
orel_f10 _L-231-251 7/6/04 7:07 PM Page 239
Lat lau id. Tonr-F.rk 371; W.rrr-
Horv.xx I 773774; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 197; Pokonxv I 692; Fnisk II
138139; Oxioxs 517.
*lejanan str.vb.: Goth ligan to lie (no j-
forms in pres.), ON liggja id., OE lican
id., OFris lidza id., OS liggian id., OHG
liggen id. Related to *legh- to lie: Toch B
lyk-, Gk ljomai, MIr laigim, Slav *l\g,
*legti (Annrxs apud Scnvrizrn KZ I 562).
Ztri+z. Gutt. 178; Mrirrr+ MSL XIV
339; Tonr-F.rk 357358; Tn.t+v.xx
BSW 158; Fris+ 330331; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 201; Krtor 440441; Jn.xxrs-
GED 233; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XIV 99
*leran sb.n.: Goth ligrs bed (masc.), ON
legr bed, grave, OE leer lying, couch,
lair, OFris legor camp, OS legar ill-
ness, OHG legar lair, camp. Derived
from *lejanan. Mrirrr+ BSL XXIV 110
(dissimilated from *lelan); Scnnorrn
ZDADL LXXIV 48; Tonr-F.rk 358;
Krtor-Srrnorr 499.
*lekanan str.vb.: ON leka to drip, to
leak, OFris bi-leka to dry out, OHG
lecken to moisten. Related to OIr legaim
to be dissolved, to melt. Ztri+z. Gutt.
Srrnorr 330; Krtor-Srrnorr 508
509.
*lekaz adj.: ON lekr leaky, OE hlec
having cracks (with irregular anlaut),
MDu lec leaky, G dial. lech id. Derived
from *lekanan. K.ns+rx NB I 2728;
197; Oxioxs 520; Srrnorr 330 (on OE
anlaut); Hrirrnv.xxs 372373; Krtor-
Srrnorr 508509.
*lempanan str.vb.: OE limpan to befall,
to happen, OHG gi-limpfan to t.
Related to Toch AB lm- to sit, to
remain, Skt rmbate to hang down.
203; M.vnnorrn III 44; Pokonxv I
656657; Oxioxs 529; Srrnorr 330331
(to Lith lmti to join); Ar.vs TB
654655.
*len( j) sb.f.: ON lind lime-tree, OE
lind(e) id., OS lindia id., OHG linta id.
Identical with Lith lent board, Alb lnd
~ land wood, timber, material < *lent
(Brzzrxnrnorn-Fick BB VI 240;
Unrrxnrck PBB XVII 435440). Cf. also
Slav *lt bast (Brnxrkrn 740741).
Fick III 631; Tonr-F.rk 361; Bokr IF
LIV 119121; Scnvir+ KZ LVII 16 (on
Alb); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 203; Pokonxv
I 677; Fn.rxkrr 357358; Z.rizxi.k II
217; Oxioxs 529; S+.xo LS 3435;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XVI 150151; Hri-
rrnv.xxs 375 (to adj. *lenaz); Krtor-
*lenn sb.f.: Swed dial. linda fallow.
related to *lanan. Derivationally close to
Slav *l\da hearth, eld. Tonr-F.rk
362; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XV 4447.
*lenn ~ *lenan sb.m./n.: ON lindi
belt, girdle, MLG lint band. Related to
*len( j). Tonr-F.rk 361.
*len(w)anan str.vb.: OHG lingan to
hither with, to ourish. Identical with Skt
rhate to hurry, to spring, Lith lngstu,
lngti to check, to inhibit. Tonr-F.rk
360; Pokonxv I 660; Fn.rxkrr 356.
*lenxwta-lkaz adj.: ON ltt-ligr lightly,
light, OS lht-lk light, bad, OHG lht-lh
insignicant, vain. Derived from *lenxw-
taz. Hrirrnv.xxs 374.
*lenxwtaz adj.: Goth leihts light, ON lttr
id., OE leht id., OFris lchte id., OS
comp. lhto id., OHG lhti id. Continues
*leng
h-to- attested also in Alb leht id.

(unless this is a later derivation of leh id.,
Onrr AED 217) and further connected
with Toch B lank
u
tse light, Skt ragh-
hastening, eet, rapid, Av ragu- nimble,
Gk laxw small, Lat leuis light,
lauran 240 lenxwtaz
orel_f10 _L-231-251 7/6/04 7:07 PM Page 240
OIr comp. laigiu smaller, Lith legvas
light, Slav *lgk id. See *len(w)anan.
Scnvrizrn KZ I 559; K.ns+rx NB II
1497; Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 97, 339; Tonr-
ANEW 353; Fnisk I 484485; Oxioxs
nrnorn Nom. 256257; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa
XVII 7579; Hrirrnv.xxs 373374;
*lenxwtjanan wk.vb.: ON ltta to lighten,
to lift, OE lhtan to make light, to make
easy, OHG lhten to make lighter. Derived
from *lenxwtaz. Tonr-F.rk 360; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 201; Hrirrnv.xxs 374.
*lena-wurmaz sb.m.: ON linn-ormr dra-
gon, serpent, MLG linde-worm snake,
OHG lind-wurm id. Compound of *lenaz
I and *wurmaz ~ *wurmiz. C.nn Nom.
comp. 84 (parallel formations); Krtor-
Srrnorr 520521.
*lenaz I sb.m.: ON linnr serpent, MHG
lint id. Substantivized *lenaz II (Nonrrx
Abri 138). Vnirs ANEW 358; Hrirrn-
*lenaz II adj.: OE l lithe, soft, gen-
tle, OS lthi mild, merciful, OHG lindi
gentle, mild. Identical with Lat lentus
exible, tough, Lith letas still, quiet
(Brzzrxnrnorn-Fick BB VI 240; Tn.t+-
v.xx Festschr. Bezzenberger 167). Tonr-
F.rk 361; Bo. KS 83 (Lith < Pol lenty
tardy, slow < Lat lentus); Hor+n.tsrx
Pokonxv I 677; Fn.rxkrr 358; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 375; Krtor-Srrnorr 520 (recon-
structs *lenjaz).
*lep( j)n sb.m.: OSwed lpi, lippe, lippa
lip, OE lippa id., OFris lippa id., MDu
lippe id. Cf. also OHG leur, lefs id.
Related to Lat labium id. (Hor+-
n.tsrx KZ L 143). Tonr-F.rk 362;
v.xx I 738739; Pokonxv I 656; Cnrvo-
r.xo\ SGGJa I 89; Z.rizxi.k II 224;
Oxioxs 530; W.oxrn KZ CX 161165;
Krtor-Srrnorr 521.
*lesanan str.vb.: Goth lisan to collect,
ON lesa to glean, to gather, to grasp,
OE lesan to gather, to collect, OFris lesa
to gather, to read, OS lesan to pick, to
collect, to gather, OHG lesan to gather,
to read. Related to Hitt lei- to collect,
to pick up, Lith les, lsti to pick up.
Prrrnsrx IF V 47 (adds Slav *las
greedy); Tonr-F.rk 364; Fris+ 331;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 200; Ponzio Glie-
derung 191; Jn.xxrssox IEW 758759;
Oxioxs 520; S+.xo LS 31; Srrnorr 332
333; Lrnv.xx GED 233; Tiscnrrn HEG
*lera-xusn sb.f.: ON ler-hosa leather
hose, gaiters, OE leer-hose id., OHG
ledar-hosa id. Compound of *leran and
*xusn. C.nn Nom. comp. 50.
*leran sb.n.: ON ler leather, OE leer
hide, skin, leather, OFris leither, leder id.,
MLG leder id., OHG ledar id. Borrowed
from Celtic: OIr lethar id., W lledr id.,
Bret lezr id. Tonr-F.rk 360; Hor+-
Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 98; Z.rizxi.k I
*leuba-lkaz adj.: Goth liuba-leiks lovely,
charming, OE lef-lc lovely, beautiful,
OS liof-lk charming, OHG liub-lh
beautiful, charming. Derived from *leu-
baz. Fris+ 332; Lrnv.xx GED 235; Hri-
rrnv.xxs 377.
*leubaz adj.: Goth liufs beloved, ON ljfr
dear, beloved, OE lef desirable, pleas-
ant, beloved, OFris lif dear, beloved,
OS liof id., OHG liob beloved. Identical
with Slav *lub id. For further parallels
see *laub. Scnrricnrn KZ I 141; K.n-
s+rx NB I 23; Tonr-F.rk 376; Fris+ 333;
240; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XV 181182;
518.
lenxwtaz 241 leubaz
orel_f10 _L-231-251 7/6/04 7:07 PM Page 241
*leuanan str.vb.: Goth liudan to grow,
ON part. loinn shaggy, thick, OE ledan
to grow, OS liodan id., OHG liotan to
spear, to pierce. Related to Skt rdhati
id., Av raodaiti id., Alb lej to give birth
< PAlb *laudnja. B.n+norov.r 1492
1493; Tonr-F.rk 375; Fris+ 332333;
IEW 746; M.vnnorrn III 7778; Po-
konxv I 684685; Brx\rxis+r 263264;
523; Onrr AED 217.
*leuiz sb.m.: Burg *leuds man, ON lr,
ljr people (pl. lir, rarely lar), OE
led man, OFris liude, liode people, OS
liud, liudi id., OHG liut id. Close to Lith
liudis (simple) people, Slav *lud id.
Derived from *leuanan. Hin+ PBB
XXIII 355 (Slav < Gmc); Bntov.xx
PBB XLIII 316 (doubts the semantic
connection); Tonr-F.rk 375; Tn.t+v.xx
BSW 160162; Dr\o+o St. Balt. III
7576; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 199; Tnirn
Holz 113114; Pokonxv I 684685; Cnr-
vor.xo\ SGGJa I 81; Fn.rxkrr 360
II 193; Brx\rxis+r 262265; S+.xo LS
32; Srrnorr 335; Szrvrnrxvi Kinship
orn Nom. 136; Konrrn 712; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa XV 194200; Krtor-Srrnorr
517.
*leuanan str.vb.: Goth liugan to lie, ON
ljga id., OE lean id., OFris liga id., OS
liogan id., OHG liogan id. Related to Lith
lgti to request, Slav *lgati to lie
(Scnrricnrn KZ I 141; Exrzrrix KZ LII
114116). Goth liuga wedding, marriage
< *leu is derived from *leuanan in its
original meaning *to request (Gnivv DG
88: identies Goth liugan to marry and
to lie). Lo++xrn KZ XI 179; Gtx+rn+
Weltknig 69 (Goth liuga to OFris or-loch
war, OHG ur-liugi id.); Ztri+z. Gutt.
179, 218; Brzzrxnrnorn BB XVI 244;
163; S+tn+r\.x+ JAOS LII 8 (to Hitt
aluka- message, announcement); Fris+
686687 (Goth liuga from Celt *lugjom >
OIr luige oath); Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I
68, 96; Fn.rxkrr 389; Vnirs ANEW 361
(to OIr fol-lugaim to conceal); Oxioxs
527; S+.xo LS 35; Prr+rns IF XCIV
235236; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XVI 233
*leuxmn sb.m.: ON ljmi beam, ray,
radiance, OE lema light, radiance, OS
liomo id. Continues *leuk-men- (Os+norr
PBB VIII 277), cf. Lat lmen light
< *leuk-s-men. Related to *leuxtan.
832833; Pokonxv I 689; Lrncnxrn 185;
Nom. 183.
*leuxsaz adj.: ON ljss light, bright, shin-
ing. For further connections see *leuxtan.
Mrir Wortbild. 135; Lrnv.xx GED 236;
Hrirrnv.xxs 378.
*leuxsjanan wk.vb.: ON lsa to shed
light, to light up, OE lxan to shine, to
glitter. Derived from *leuxsaz. Ztri+z.
AEEW 202; Lrnv.xx GED 236; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 378.
*leuxsnaz adj.: OHG liohsan brilliant.
Close to or identical with Av raoxna-
light, brilliant. Cf. also Lat lna moon,
OPruss lauxnos stars, Slav *luna moon
< *louk-sn-. Further see *leuxtan, *leuxsaz.
Fick KZ XVIII 416; B.n+norov.r 1488;
Btoor KZ XX 1314; Tonr-F.rk 373;
Tn.t+v.xx BSW 152; Pokonxv I
687689; Mrir IF LXIX 244 (secondary
*-s-); Hrirrnv.xxs 379.
*leuxtan sb.n.: OE leht light, OFris liacht
id., OS adj. lioht id., OHG lioht id. Cf.
also Goth liuha id. < *leuxaan. Cf. a
possible structural parallel in Hitt lukkat-
morning (L.nocnr RHA XXVIII 34
35). Derived from IE *leuk-: Skt rcate to
shine, to be bright, Gk leukw light,
leuanan 242 leuxtan
orel_f10 _L-231-251 7/6/04 7:07 PM Page 242
white, Lat lx light and the like.
Gnivv apud Ktnx KZ I 380 (to *leuxsaz
with an alteration t : s); Ztri+z. Gutt.
134; Tonr-F.rk 372373; Fris+ 334
Horv.xx I 823824; M.vnnorrn III
Fnisk II 108109; Oxioxs 527; Horr-
v.xx KZ LXXXII 215; Lrnv.xx GED
236; Tiscnrrn HEG II 6569; Hrirrn-
*leuxtjanan wk.vb.: Goth liuhtjan to
light, OE lhtan to shine, to lighten, OS
liohtian to light, OHG liuhten id. Derived
from *leuxtan. Tonr-F.rk 373; Hor+-
*leusanan str.vb.: Goth fra-liusan to lose,
OE for-lesan id., OFris ur-lisa id., OS
far-liosan id., OHG r-liosan to lose, to
destroy. Related to *leu-: Skt lunti to
cut, Gk lv to lose, Last lu to pay.
Tonr-F.rk 377378; Hin+ PBB XXIII
316 (*-s- of aoristic origin); Fris+ 163;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 199200; Jn.xxrs-
sox IEW 739741; M.vnnorrn III 106
348; Fnisk II 149150; Srrnorr 339
858.
*leuskn sb.m.: OSwed liuske softness,
ME lske id., MLG lsche id. Related to
Lith pl. lskos rags, Latv luska frag-
ment, shred, Slav *luska ~ *luzga shell,
skin. On the other hand, cf. *leusanan.
Tonr-F.rk 355356; Irixski AfslPh
XXIX 492 (reconstructs Slav *luska sh
scales that would be identical with Gmc);
Bo. RFV LXV 318, LXXI 470
471; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 152; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ II 530, 535; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa XVI 188190, 213214.
*leutaz adj.: Goth liuts deceitful, fraudu-
lent, ON ljtr ugly, hideous, misshapen,
OFris lit mendacious. Derived from
*ltanan. Scnvrizrn KZ I 564; Gnirx-
nrnorn Got. 150151 (to Lat ldus play);
K.ns+rx NB II 453; Tonr-F.rk 374 (to
Slav *lud stupid); Wrisvrirrn IF XLI
6370; Fris+ 335336; Scntrzr Kl. Schr.
573; Knoov.xx IF LIII 4448; Pokonxv
Hrirrnv.xxs 380381.
*leutn sb.f.: Goth liutei deceit, hypocrisy,
ON lti fault, aw, deformity. Derived
from *leutaz. Fris+ 335; Hrirrnv.xxs
380.
*leuan sb.n.: Goth awi-liu prayer of
gratitude (-- < *--), ON lj song,
ditty, lay, OE le song, poem, OS wini-
lioth folk song, OHG liod song.
Perhaps, distantly related to Lat laus
praise, laudre to praise. Woor AJPh
XXIII 200 (to Gk lssa frenzy, rage,
Slav *lut wild); Unrrxnrck PBB XXX
Fris+ 336; Pokonxv I 683; Z.rizxi.k I
142; Brx\rxis+r 160; Lrnv.xx GED 53;
Krtor-Srrnorr 519.
*leua-sanwaz sb.m.: ON lj-sngr
song, OE le-san song, poem. Com-
pound of *leuan and *sanwaz. C.nn
*leujanan wk.vb.: Goth liuon to sing
praise, ON lja to sing, to make verses,
OE leian to sing, to sound, OHG liudn
id. Derived from *leuan. Scnvrizrn KZ
237.
*lewn sb.m.: ON l scythe, MLG l id.
Related to Skt lav- sickle, lava- cutting,
Gk acc. laon plowshare (?). Based on
*leu-: Skt lunti to cut, Gk lv to loosen,
to unbind. See *leusanan. Tonr-F.rk
370; Pokonxv I 681; Fnisk II 73, 149
150.
*l
2
baz adj.: OE lf weak, injured, inrm,
OFris lf weak, ill, OS lf weak, fragile.
Identical with Lith lebas with thin legs,
cf. also libas slim, thin (Hor+n.tsrx IF
XX 323324), Slav *lib thin, weak.
Tonr-F.rk 363, 571; Tn.t+v.xx BSW
661662; Fn.rxkrr 329330; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ II 492; Kx.rr Btrg. Gesch.
leuxtan 243 l
2
baz
orel_f10 _L-231-251 7/6/04 7:07 PM Page 243
XCVI 209213 (to *lbanan); B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 258 (same as Kx.rr);
Hrirrnv.xxs 367368; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa XV 7475.
*lan sb.n.: ON l land, OE l id.
Continues *l-t- distantly related to
*ltanan (Gnirxnrnorn Got. 227). Tonr-
Vnirs ANEW 343; Fnisk II 8990 (to Gk
ltron payment); Cn.x+n.ixr 622623
(against Fnisk); Oxioxs 517; Lrnv.xx
GED 377.
*laz adj.: Goth un-les poor, OE un-ld
poor, miserable, unhappy. Derived from
*lan? Tonr-F.rk 354; Fris+ 521;
*laz adj.: ON lgr low, OFris lch id.,
MLG lch, lge id., MHG lge id. Derived
from *lejanan. K.ns+rx NB II 380,
435; Tonr-F.rk 358; Cn.nrrx+irn AfslPh
XXIX 5 (to Slav *laz path); Hor+-
344; Hrirrnv.xxs 368369 (to Lith
lEknas at); Krtor-Srrnorr 510.
*li sb.f.: ON lg hollow, low place,
MLG lgede low place. Derived from
*laz. Hrirrnv.xxs 368.
*liz adj.: ON lgr in eiga leigt to have a
right to be buried, OHG aba-lgi unmil-
itant, powerless. Derived from *lejanan.
Vnirs ANEW 371; Oxioxs 538; M.+zrr
Festschr. Schrder 103, KZ CV 113; Lrovr-
Srnixorn I 9; Hrirrnv.xxs 369370.
*l sb.f.: ON lg felled tree, log, OFris
lge lying, position, site, OS wider-lga
repayment, retribution, OHG lga
ambush. Substantivized fem. of *laz.
Tonr-F.rk 358.
*ljanan str.vb.: Goth laian to berate, to
revile. Related to Gk laen: fyggesyai,
Hes., OIr lim to accuse. Tonr-F.rk
354.
*lkinan sb.n.: OHG lhhin cure, remedy.
Derived from *lkjaz. Tonr-F.rk 357;
Lrnv.xx GED 232.
*lkinjanan wk.vb.: Goth lekinon to
heal, to cure, ON lkna id., OE lcnian
id., OS lknn id., OHG lhhinn id.
Derived from *lkinan. Tonr-F.rk 356
Lrnv.xx GED 232.
*lkjaz sb.m.: Goth lekeis physician,
OSwed lkir id., OE lce id., OFris letza
id., OS lki id., OHG lhhi id. Borrowed
from Celt *lgi- < *lpagi- as in OIr liaig
doctor (Annois rr Jtn.ix\irrr Prem.
II 366367). S+okrs KZ XXXV 595;
Ltr+ ZDADL XLI 237 (to Gk lgv to
pick up, to tell, Lat leg to gather, to col-
lect); Tonr-F.rk 356; Hor+n.tsrx IF
XXXIX 71 (same as Ltr+), AEEW 190;
Fris+ 329; Pokonxv I 658; Oxioxs 522;
Lrnv.xx GED 232.
*lstaz ~ *lstn superl. adj.: Crim.
Goth. lista too little, OE lst smallest,
least, OFris lst id. Based on *lziz (see
*lasaz). Brzzrxnrnorn BB III 81 (Goth
lista to Slav *liiti to devoid); Tov.-
scnrk Taurien (Goth lista from Osset listg
narrow); Lorvr Schw. Meer 136 (follows
Tov.scnrk); Hor+n.tsrx Einz. ZDADL
XXIV 34, AEEW 192; Gnirxnrnorn
ZdPh XXX 128129 (Goth lista < *lei-
tista-, cf. WFris lijts small); Lorvr IF
XIII 11; Fris+ 331; Lrnv.xx GED
233234; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 235 (re-
constructs *laiz-ista-).
*lsw sb.f.: OE ls, gen. lswe pasture.
Close to Slav *ls wood, forest (Lirrx
GH (1904) apud Brnxrkrn I 713) and,
in particular, to pre-Greek pln. Lsbow <
*lso- otherwise called Issa < *idh
(Tntn.cnr\ VJa XXXIII/2 26). On the
other hand, cf. *lan. Tonr-F.rk 364;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 192; V.irr.x RES
XIV 224; S+.xo LS 32; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa XIV 249252.
*ltan sb.n.: Goth af-let indulgence, for-
giveness, ON lt loss, OE wter-e-lt
water-course, aqueduct. Derived from
*ltanan. Tonr-F.rk 359; Fris+ 330;
Srrnorr 334.
*ltanan str.vb.: Goth letan to let, ON
lta id., OE ltan id., OFris lta id., OS
ltan id., OHG lzan id. Related to Gk
lhden: kopin Hes.), Alb lodh to tire,
to weary < PAlb *lda, Lat lassus weak
l
2
baz 244 ltanan
orel_f10 _L-231-251 7/6/04 7:07 PM Page 244
< *l6d-to- (Prnssox Beitrge 710). Bnto-
v.xx IF VI 89100 (to Lith lidiu, listi
to let and further to IE *l(i)- to leave);
Tonr-F.rk 359; Mikkor. UG III 24
(to Slav *lad order); Fris+ 329330;
Horv.xx I 767768; Jn.xxrssox IEW
Fnisk II 114 (the status of Gk is dubious
in view of hdsai: kopisai, kamen
suggesting l- might be a mistaken read-
ing of -); Oxioxs 524; Brx\rxis+r 152;
Prr+rns IF LXXXI 3233; Srrnorr
Srrnorr 504; Onrr AED 230; Dvno BSA
96 (on preterital forms in their connec-
tion to Lith listi ).
*ltaz sb.m.: Goth fra-lets freed man,
OFris lt id., OHG ab-lz indulgence.
Derived from *ltanan. Tonr-F.rk 359;
*lwan sb.n.: Goth lew opportunity,
cause. See *lwjanan. Prnssox BB XIII
279280 (to Lith liuju, liuti to cease);
Brnxrkrn IF X 159 (to Gk lv to
remove); Tonr-F.rk 364; Fris+ 330;
*lwjanan wk.vb.: Goth lewjan to betray,
OE lwan id., OHG gi-lwen id. Derived
from *lwan. Structurally close to and ety-
mologically connected with Slav *lviti
to give way, to yield, to lose time, fur-
ther to Litv liutis to stop, OPrus au-
lut to die (Prnssox BB XIX 279
280). Tonr-F.rk 364; Tn.t+v.xx BSW
Fn.rxkrr I 362363; S+.xo LS 32;
Lrnv.xx GED 232; Torono\ PJa I
154156; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XV 28.
*libnan wk.vb.: Goth liban to live, ON
lifa id., OE lian id., OFris libba, liva id.,
OS libbian id., OHG lebn id. Connected
with *lbanan (cf. in particular such con-
texts as ON er rijungr lir dags when
a third of the day lives = is left).
Related to Hitt lip- to lick, Toch AB lip-
to remain, Skt limpti to smear
(Mrirrr+ JA XVIII 633), Lith limp, lpti
to stick, to adhere, Slav *lpn, *lpnti
id. For the semantic reconstruction note
Blr lipets to live with diculty < Slav
*lpti to stick (Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XVII
92). Scnvrizrn KZ I 562; Brnxrkrn I
754755; Corri+z Prt. 8084 (from
*leibh- as in Lat cae-lebs celibate);
S+tn+r\.x+ Language VI/1 27; Tonr-
F.rk 368; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 161162;
Fn.rxkrr 375376; Oxioxs 532;
Srrnorr 326; V.x Wixrrkrxs I 263;
Lrnv.xx GED 232; Tiscnrrn HEG II
6263; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XVII 9193;
Krtor-Srrnorr 508.
*lib(a)ra-wurtiz sb.f.: Swed lefver-rt
hepatica, blue anemone, OE neut. lifer-
wyrt liverwort, MLG lever-wort id. Com-
pound of *lib(a)r and *wurtiz. C.nn
Nom. comp. 50.
*lib(a)r sb.f.: ON lifr liver, OE lifer id.,
OFris livere id., MLG lever id., OHG lebara
id. Etymologically identical with Gk
liparw fat, greasy further derived from
*leip- to smear (Ztri+z. Gutt. 1214).
Hardly connected with but probably
inuenced by the Indo-European word
for liver*ek
-. Mrirrr+ RS IX 72
(to *libnan); Scnvir+ KZ XXV 23 (to
*ek
-); Tonr-F.rk 368; Hor+n.tsrx

AEEW 202; Pokonxv I 504, 670;
Oxioxs 532; Irricn-S\i+vcn Opyt II 17
(continues Nostr *lep'A spleen); Krtor-
Srrnorr 508.
*lian sb.n.: ON li folk, people, army,
OE lid vessel, ship (< *crew), OFris
lid band, troop, retinue. Derived from
*lanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 201; Srr-
norr 329; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 56, 173;
Pn\trrsct IF CII 7980 (to *liuz, cf.
OIr gln knee, generation).
*lifnjanan wk.vb.: Goth af-lifnan to be
left, to remain, ON lifna to be left.
Derived from *lbanan. Structurally close
to Slav *lpn, *lpnti to stick. Fris+ 8;
Srrnorr 326; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XVII
9193.
*likkjanan wk.vb.: OE liccian to lick,
ltanan 245 likkjanan
orel_f10 _L-231-251 7/6/04 7:07 PM Page 245
OS likkn id., OHG leckn id. Related to
Skt rhi id., Arm lizanem id., Gk lexv
id., Lat ling id., OIr ligim id., Lith liei,
liti id., Slav *li, *lizati id. reecting
a root with aspirate *-h- (Mrirrr+ MSL
XVI 239241). Scnrr+rrovi+z BB
XXVIII 300; Tonr-F.rk 367; Tn.t+-
v.xx BSW 155; Wissv.xx NP 160,
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 806; M.vnnorrn III
Fnisk II 102; Oxioxs 526; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa XV 162163; Krtor-Srrnorr
509.
*lima-xailaz adj.: ON lim-heill sound-
limbed, OE lim-hl id. Compound of
*liman and *xailaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 61.
*liman sb.n.: ON lim foliage, branch, OE
lim member, limb, branch. Eventually
related to *linaz ( Jon.xssox PBB XIV
301304). Woor MP IV 495 (agrees
with Jon.xssox); Tonr-F.rk 366; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 202; Tnirn Lehm 12 (to
*lman ~ *lmaz); Vnirs ANEW 354357;
Lrnv.xx GED 234.
*linaz adj.: ON linr gentle, soft, OHG len
pretty, gentle. Related to *linnanan.
Corresponds to Skt ln-, participle of
linti to bend down, to duck. Tonr-
F.rk 365; Knoov.xx IF LIII 46;
shortening in Gmc); Vnirs ANEW 358;
Oxioxs 531; Scnni\rn LL 354; Lrnv.xx
*linnanan str.vb.: Goth af-linnan to leave
(o ), OE linnan to cease, to desist, OHG
bi-linnan to stop, to end. Related to Skt
linti to bend down, to duck, to hide,
Gk lnamai: trpomai (Hes.), lnein:
lefein (Hes.) (Os+norr Morph. Unt. IV
46: *linnanan < *lin ), Slav *linati to
shed hair, to moult. See *linaz. Tonr-
203; Tnirn Lehm 1016 (to IE *lei- slimy,
to glide); M.vnnorrn III 102; Pokonxv
I 661662; Fnisk I 73; Oxioxs 531;
Srrnorr 331332; Ltnn MSS XXXV 79
(*-nn- < *-nH-); Lrnv.xx GED 6; Tnt-
n.cnr\ ESSJa XV 109110.
*listiaz ~ *listuaz adj.: Goth listeigs
crafty, cunning, ON listugr skilled,
polite, G listig crafty, cunning. Derived
from *listiz. Tonr-F.rk 369.
*listiz sb.f.: Goth lists wile, cunning, ON
list art, craft, artice (if not from
WGmc), OE list art, skill, craft, artice
(also masc.), OFris list id., OS list id.,
OHG list id. Derived from *laisa. On
the other hand, cf. *lit ~ *litaz implying
*listiz < *lit-ti-? Scnvrizrn KZ I 564;
204; Fris+ 331332; Pokonxv I 671;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XVII 9799 (Slav
*lst attery < Gmc); Krtor-Srrnorr
522.
*lit ~ *litaz sb.f./m.: Goth lita
hypocrisy, insincerity, OHG liz pre-
text. Related to Gk lzei: pazei (Hes.),
Lat ld to play < *loid. Scnvrizrn
KZ I 564; Gnirxnrnorn Got. 149 (to Lith
lend, lsti to creep, to sneak into); Fris+
332; Pokonxv I 666; Lrnv.xx GED
234.
*liaaz ~ *liuaz adj.: ON liugr
ready, willing, free, OFris lethich single,
free, MLG ledich, leddich free, unoccu-
pied, MHG lidec, ledic single, free.
Derived from *liuz. Tonr-F.rk 366;
Tonr-F.rk 366; Broovrirrr Festschr.
Collitz 9194; Pokonxv I 309; Vnirs
ANEW 355; Hrirrnv.xxs 384385;
Krtor-Srrnorr 509.
*liu-lausaz adj.: ON li-lauss helpless,
OHG lide-ls limbless (hap. leg.).
Compound of *liuz and *lausaz. C.nn
*liuz sb.m.: Goth lius limb, joint, ON
lir id., OE li id. (also neut.), OFris lith
id., MLG ge-lit id., OHG lid id. (masc.,
fem., neut.). Connected with *liman.
Scnvrizrn KZ I 563; Prnssox Wurzelerw.
187 (to Lat lituus crooked sta); Lirrx
BB XXI 106); Jon.xssox IF XIX 120
(same as Prnssox); Tonr-F.rk 365366;
Pokonxv I 309, 672; Z.rizxi.k II 202;
likkjanan 246 liuz
orel_f10 _L-231-251 7/6/04 7:07 PM Page 246
*liznjanan ~ *liznnan wk.vb.: OE
leornian to learn, OFris lerna, lirna id., OS
lnn id., OHG lirnn, lernn id. Derived
from *laisa. Tonr-F.rk 369; Hor+-
*lba-aaz sb.m.: ON pl. lf-dagar life,
days of life, OE lf-d day of life.
Compound of *lban and *aaz. C.nn
*lba-lausaz adj.: ON lf-lauss lifeless,
OE lf-les id., OFris lf-ls id., OS lf-ls
id., MHG lbe-ls id. Compound of *lban
and *lausaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 89 ( paral-
lel formations).
*lba-laz adj.: ON lf-ligr alive, living,
OE lf-lc id., OHG lb-lh id. Derived
from *lban. Oxioxs 532.
*lban sb.n.: Burg *lif life, ON lf life,
body, man, OE lf life, OFris lf id.,
OS lf id., OHG lb id. Connected with
*libnan. Tonr-F.rk 368; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 202; Pokonxv I 670; Z.rizxi.k II
Konrrn 712; Krtor-Srrnorr 511.
*lbanan str.vb.: Goth pret. sg. bi-laif to
remain, OE be-lfan id., OFris bi-lva id.,
OS bi-lban id., OHG bi-lban id. Related
to Toch B lip-, lip- to remain, Skt limpti
to smear, Lith limp, lpti to stick and
other continuants of IE *leip-. Germanic
forms were semantically inuenced by IE
*leik
-, see *lxwanan. Os+norr Morph.

Unt. IV 47; Tonr-F.rk 368; Fris+
xrssox IEW 737738; M.vnnorrn III
6061, 104; Pokonxv I 670671; Fn.rx-
krr 375; Irricn-S\i+vcn Opyt II 18 (on
the semantic parallelism between Gmc
and Toch); Srrnorr 326327; Lrnv.xx
GED 70; Krtor-Srrnorr 118; Ar.vs TB
555.
*lxwanan str.vb.: Goth leian to lend,
ON 1 sg. pres. l id., OE len id., OFris
li id., OS lhan id., OHG lhan id.
Related to Skt rikti to leave, to give up,
to release, Gk lepv to leave, Lat linqu
id., OIr leigim to let, Lith liek, lkti to
remain. Tonr-F.rk 367; Prrrnsrx Kelt.
Gr. II 562; Fris+ 327; Hor+n.tsrx
669670; Vnirs ANEW 359; Fn.rxkrr
372373; Fnisk II 99100; Oxioxs 533;
Brx\rxis+r IEL 150, 157158; Srrnorr
Srrnorr 513.
*lxwjanan wk.vb.: ON la to lend,
OFris la id. Derived from *lxwanan.
Srrnorr 327.
*lka-xamn sb.m.: ON lkami body,
OE lc-hama id., OFris lkoma id., OS lk-
hamo id., OHG lh-hamo id. Compound
of *lkan I and *xamn, originally body-
covering, see *xamaz (Gtx+rn+ Kalypso
64). Tonr-F.rk 366; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
148, 200; C.nn Nom. comp. 50; Lrnv.xx
GED 45, 230.
*lka-mannz sb.m.: ON lk-mar grave-
digger, OE lc-mann person having to do
with the corpse. Compound of *lkan I
and *mannz. C.nn Nom. comp. 82 ( paral-
lel formations).
*lkan I sb.n.: Goth leik body, ON lk id.,
OE lc id., OFris lk id., OS lk id., OHG
lh id. (also fem. *lkiz). Related to Toch
AB lek appearance, body, Lith lgus
like, lgti to equal, to match, Latv lgt
to agree (V.x Wixrrkrxs I 260).
Scnvrizrn KZ I 562; Ennisv.xx PBB
XX 53; Unrrxnrck PBB XXX 279 (to
Skt ligam mark, sign); Ztri+z. Gutt. 163;
Tonr-F.rk 366; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW200;
Lrnv.xx GED 142, 230231; Krtor-
Srrnorr 512 (to Slav *lice face).
*lkan II sb.n.: ON lk leech-line, the bor-
ders of a sail, EFris lk id., MLG lk id.
Related to Alb lidh to bind, Lat lig id.,
Slav *ligati id. (Ztri+z. Gutt. 197). Tonr-
Pokonxv I 668; Vnirs ANEW 401; Tnt-
n.cnr\ ESSJa XV 87; Onrr AED 226
227.
*lkaz adj.: Goth ga-leiks similar, ON lkr
liuz 247 lkaz
orel_f10 _L-231-251 7/6/04 7:07 PM Page 247
alike, OE e-lc like, alike, similar,
OFris ge-lk same, OS gi-lk id., OHG gi-
lh same, similar. Related to *lkan I
(Woor MLN XXI 3940). Tonr-F.rk
119, 366; Fris+ 189; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
200; Pokonxv I 671; Scnnorrn PBB
LXXXIII 151194; Vnirs ANEW 172;
Oxioxs 25; S+.xo LS 3233; Lrnv.xx
GED 143; Srrnorr Festschr. Meid 343
Srrnorr 326327.
*lknan wk.vb.: Goth leikan to please,
ON lka to like, OE lcian to please,
OFris lkia to like, OS lkon id., OHG
lhhn id. Derived from *lkaz. Tonr-
*lkenjanan wk.vb.: ON lkna to show
mercy to, OFris a-lknia to compare,
OHG gi-lhhinn to compete. Derived
from *lkaz. Hrirrnv.xxs 382.
*lkjan sb.n.: Goth ga-leiki likeness, ON
lki body, form, shape. Derived from
*lkaz. Fris+ 188; Hrirrnv.xxs 382.
*lkjanan wk.vb.: ON lkja to be similar,
OHG lhhen to make similar. Derived
from *lkaz. Hrirrnv.xxs 382.
*lkjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-leikon to liken,
to compare, ON lka to make equal,
OFris lkia to compare, OHG lhhn
to smooth. Derived from *lkaz. Fris+
SGGJa I 76; Lrnv.xx GED 142, 231;
Hrirrnv.xxs 382.
*lkn sb.m.: Goth ga-leika sssvmow,
partner in the same body, ON lki equal,
match, OE e-lca equal, MLG ge-like
comrade. Derived from *lkaz. Fris+
*lman ~ *lmaz sb.n./m.: ON lm
lime, OE lm cement, mortar, glue,
lime, MLG lm glue, OHG lm glue.
Related to *laimn. Tonr-F.rk 365;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 202; Ponzio Gliede-
rung 110; Pokonxv I 662; Z.rizxi.k II
*lnan sb.n.: Goth lein linen, ax, ON ln
id., OE ln id., OS ln id., MHG masc. ln
id. Borrowed from Lat lnum id. As to
ON lna line, rope, OE lne id., OFris
lne id., MLG line id., OHG lna id., they
go back to Lat lnea linen thread, string,
line and are secondarily associated with
*lnan. Wrixnorr KZ I 250 (to Slav
*ln id.); Rnvs RC VII 241 (related to
Lat lnum, Gk lnon); Hrnx Kult. 164
190 (same as Rnvs); Scnn.rrn-Nrnnixo
Z.rizxi.k I 155, II 169; Oxioxs 529;
513.
*listn sb.f.: ON lista edge, OE lste list,
hem, border, MLG liste edge, OHG
lsta id. Related to *laistiz ~ *laistaz.
Fnornrr BB XVII 312314 (to Lat ltus
sea-shore); Prnssox BB XIX 272; Tonr-
F.rk 370 (to Lat ltus sea-shore, strand);
Jokr IF XXX 206 (to Alb ledh mud, allu-
vium, river-bank); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
204; Pokonxv I 672673; Z.rizxi.k I
*ltilaz ~ *ltilaz ~ *luttilaz adj.:
Goth leitils small, little, ON ltill id., OE
lytel id., MDu littel, luttel id., OS luttil id.,
OHG luzzil little, tiny. Derived from
*luttiz ~ *luttjaz. Gnirxnrnorn Got. 146;
K.ns+rx NB II 270271; Tonr-F.rk
367, 374; Scnvir+ KZ LVII 35 (to Lith
pa-lidas loose); Fris+ 328329; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 209; Knoov.xx IF LIII
4448; Srrcn+ 125; Pokonxv I 661662;
Vnirs ANEW 358; M.+zrr ZdWf XIX
Lrnv.xx GED 231; Ltnn Expr. 496501;
Hrirrnv.xxs 371372, 390391; Krtor-
Srrnorr 529.
*lanan str.vb.: Goth ga-leian to come,
to go, ON la to go, OE lan id.,
OFris ltha to suer, OS lthan to go,
OHG ldan to leave. Connected with
Toch A lit- to go away, to fall down, Av
ray- to die (Srrnorr 328330). B.n-
+norov.r 14801482; Tonr-F.rk 367;
Fris+ 8 (to *liuz); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
204; Tnirn Lehm 15 (to Gk lit prayer);
lkaz 248 lanan
orel_f10 _L-231-251 7/6/04 7:07 PM Page 248
512.
*lu ~ *lan sb.n.: Goth leiu cider,
strong drink, ON l cider, ale, OE l
strong drink, OFris lth id., OS lth
wine, drink, OHG ld id. (also masc.).
Close to Lith lyts rain, Slav *litva
shower (based on *litu-). Derived from
*lei-: MW di-llyd to pour out, Lith leju,
leti to pour, Slav *liti id. Zivvrn
ZDADL XXXII 284 (to OIr lth festival);
Tonr-F.rk 364365 (to Gk leison ves-
sel for wine, beaker < *leitWon); Hor+-
Fn.rxkrr 368; Z.rizxi.k II 202;
Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 258259; Lrnv.xx
GED 231 (against comparison with *lei-);
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XV 157160; Krtor-
Srrnorr 513.
*lfn sb.m.: Goth lofa palm of hand,
ON l id., ME love id. Related to Lith
lpa paw, Slav *lapa id. (Scnvir+ KZ
XIX 272). S+okrs Urkelt. 252 (to OIr lue
rudder, W llyw id.); Mrnixorn IF XVII
162 (to Gk lph robe, attire); Tonr-
F.rk 370; Bo. RFV LXVI 243244;
339340; Oxioxs 402; S+.xo LS 23;
Lrnv.xx GED 237; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa
XIV 2627; Krtor-Srrnorr 529.
*lan sb.n.: ON lg place (in idioms),
OE l id., OFris lch id., OHG luog den,
pit. Derived from *lejanan. Structurally
close to Slav *lag ravine. Tonr-F.rk
659; Z.rizxi.k II 174; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa
XIV 15.
*lkjanan wk.vb.: OE lcian to look,
WFris loaitsje id., OS lkon id. Cf. also a
dierently stressed OHG luogn < *l-
nan. Probably identical with Dor lvgv
= lgv to pick up, to tell and related to
Toch AB lk- to see (Ar.vs TB 550).
The connection with Bret lagad eye is
dubious. Ztri+z. Gutt. 215; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 205; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa
I 100; Oxioxs 536.
*luba-ernaz adj.: ON lof-gjarn praise-
worthy, OE lof-eorn desirous of praise.
Cf. also a nominal derivative in OHG
loba-gern. Compound of *luban and
*ernaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 60.
*luban sb.n.: ON lof praise, OE lof id.
(masc., neut.), OFris lof id., OS lof
id., OHG lob id. Derived from *leubaz.
522.
*lubjan sb.n.: Goth lubja-leis magician,
alchemist, ON lyf healing herb, OE lybb
medicine, drug, poison, OS lubbi sap,
poison, OHG lubbi poison. Related to
OIr luib plant, herb, Lat liber bast.
Scnn.rrn-Nrnnixo I 61 (to *leubaz like
Lat uennum poison < uenus love); Gtx-
+rn+ Kalypso 203 (from Celtic); M.n-
s+n.xrrn Corr. 20 (same as Gtx+rn+);
ANEW 346347, 369; Z.rizxi.k I 145;
Lrnv.xx GED 237.
*lub sb.f.: Goth broru-lubo brotherly
love, OS luva love, OHG luba id. Re-
lated to *laub, *leubaz. Fris+ 107;
Pokonxv I 683684; Oxioxs 538; Lrn-
v.xx GED 81, 237; Hrirrnv.xxs 377.
*lubjanan wk.vb.: ON lofa to praise,
OE loan to praise, to value, OFris lovia
to praise, OS lobon id., OHG lobn, lobn
id. Derived from *luban. The variant
*lubnan attested in Goth lubains hope is
close to Lat lubet, libet to please. Tonr-
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 206207; Fris+
Srrnorr 522.
*luftjanan wk.vb.: ON lypta to lift, to
raise, MLG luchten id., MHG lften id.
Derived from *luftuz ~ *luftiz. Oxioxs
*luftuz ~ *luftiz sb.f.: Goth luftus air
(masc. or fem.), ON lopt air, sky, loft,
upper room (< *luftan), OE lyft air
(fem., masc., neut.), OS luft id. (fem. and
masc.), OHG luft id. (fem. and masc.).
lanan 249 luftuz
orel_f10 _L-231-251 7/6/04 7:07 PM Page 249
Related to Skt lumpti to break, to
injure, Lith lup, lpti to peel. The
original meaning might be porch or
upper oor. However, the reverse
direction of development is as possible,
with air dened as section, sector.
Gnirxnrnorn Got. 152153 (to Lith lubas
bark); Tonr-F.rk 377 (to *lauban);
Mrnixorn Mitt. Pal. 5760 (porch
> airy room > air); Lo+n RC XLIII
135137 (to W llwch whirling dust
< *lup-s-); Tonr-F.rk 377; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 208; Fris+ 337; M.v-
nnorrn III 108109; Pokonxv I 690691;
Pis.xi JDE XIV 3233 (< *luk-tu- upper
layer); Lrnv.xx GED 237; B.vvrs-
*luin sb.f.: Norw lygn lie, OE lyen id.,
OFris leine id., OS lugina id., OHG lugina
id. Derived from *leuanan. Similar to
Slav adj. *ln, fem. *lna false.
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XVII 1011.
*lun sb.f.: ON lygi lie, OHG lug id.
Derived from *leuanan. Tonr-F.rk
373; Pokonxv I 686687; Z.rizxi.k I
221; Srrnorr 337.
*lun sb.m.: ON ing-logi engagement-
breaker, OE trew-loga one who fails to
keep faith, OS treu-logo traitor. Derived
from *leuanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW206;
*lun ~ *luxn sb.m.: ON logi ame,
OFris loga id., MHG lohe id. Cf. ON log
id. (neut.). Related to *leuk- to shine, see
*leuxtan. Tonr-F.rk 372; Oxioxs 538;
Nom. 175.
*luxatjanan wk.vb.: Goth lauhatjan to
ash (of lightning), OHG lohezzen id., z-
lougezzen to spit with re (< *lauatjan).
Structurally similar to Gk leukzv to
be white which, however, seems to be
a Greek innovation (Scnvvzrn Mlanges
Pedersen 63, 72). Connected with *lauaz
~ *lauiz. Tonr-F.rk 372; Fris+ 324;
Lrnv.xx GED 228.
*luxaz ~ *luxsuz sb.m.: OSwed l lynx,
OE lox id., OS lohs id., OHG luhs id.
Related to Arm pl. lusnanunk' id., Gk lgj
id., MIr lug id. (with irregular -g- < *-k-),
Lith lis id., Slav *rys id. (with irregu-
lar *r-), see Fons+rnv.x KZ I 498.
Btoor KZ XX 10; Ztri+z. Gutt. 191;
141142; Z.rizxi.k II 224; Krtor-
Srrnorr 527.
*lukan sb.n.: Goth us-luk opening, ON
lok lock, OE loc lock, bolt, bar, OFris
lok lock, OHG loh hole, cavity. Related
to *lkanan. Tonr-F.rk 372; Hor+-
I 686; Z.rizxi.k II 227; Oxioxs 534;
522523.
*lukkaz sb.m.: ON lokkr hairlock, OE locc
hair, hairlock, OFris lokk hairlock, OS
lokk id., OHG loc id. Related to IE *leug-
to bend, cf. Gk lgow withy; screw-
press, Lith lgnas supple, exible.
85, 92, 188; Pokonxv I 685; Fn.rxkrr
388389; Fnisk II 141; Z.rizxi.k I 134;
*lukkjanan wk.vb.: ON lokka to entice,
OE e-loccian to stroke gently, OHG
lockn to entice. Probably connected
with Lith lgti to ask, to request, Slav
*lgati to lie (Exrzrrix KZ LII 114
116). Cf. *leuanan. Nonrrx Abri 156;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 205; M.n+ixr+
Gm. 174; Pokonxv I 687; Cnrvor.xo\
SGGJa I 76; Fn.rxkrr 389; S+.xo LS 34;
(to *lukkaz).
*lukn sb.f.: ON loka cover, lid, OHG
lucka hatch, opening. Derived from
*lkanan. Srrnorr 338.
luftuz 250 lukn
orel_f10 _L-231-251 7/6/04 7:07 PM Page 250
*lunaz sb.m.: Goth luns ransom. Finn lun-
nas id. (Tnovsrx Ein. 151) attests the
original form (masc. a-stem). Adjective in
*-no- of IE *leu-: Skt ln-, participle of
Skt lunti to cut, Gk lv to release, Lat
lu to free, to pay o. Cf. in particular
Gk ltron ransom. Tonr-F.rk 370;
Fris+ 338; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 834;
681682; Dvno VSJa 24 (pretonic short-
ening in Gmc); Fnisk II 149150;
Lrnv.xx GED 238.
*lun sb.f.: ON pl. lundir esh along the
back, OE lund-laa rein, kidney, OHG
lunda suet. Related to *lann ~ *lanj.
*lunwan ~ *lunwn sb.n./f.: ON pl.
lungu lungs, OHG lunga lung. Cf. also
*lunun( j) > OE lunen id., OFris lungen,
lungene id., OS lungannia id., OHG lungun
id. Related to *lunwraz. Tonr-F.rk
I 661; Z.rizxi.k I 221; Oxioxs 540;
528.
*lunwraz adj.: OE adv. lungre quickly,
soon, OS lungar strong, powerful, OHG
lungar ecient, eager, fast. Identical with
Gk lafrw light, quick. For further
connections see *lenxtaz. Ztri+z. Gutt.
AEEW 207; Pokonxv I 661; Fnisk I 484;
*lunjanan wk.vb.: Goth *lunjan to save
(suggested by us-luneins salvation, re-
demption), OE a-lynnan to deliver, to
release. Derived from *lunaz. Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 209; Fris+ 338, 534;
Lrnv.xx GED 238.
*luppn sb.f.: Swed loppa ea, OE loppe
ea, spider(?). Derivationally close to
Latv lupa fragment, bit, small piece fur-
ther related to Skt lumpti to break into
pieces, Lith lpti to peel, Slav *lupiti id.
For the semantic development cf. Slav
*mol moth from *melti to grind, to
break (see *maluz ~ *mal). Tonr-F.rk
375376 (to MHG lupfen to move quickly,
to soar); Pokonxv I 690691; Fn.rxkrr
391392.
*lusan sb.n.: ON los looseness, breaking
up, OE los loss, OHG far-los id. Derived
from *leusanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
206; Srrnorr 339; Oxioxs 537.
*lusnjanan wk.vb.: Goth fra-lusnan to be
lost, ON losna to get loose, to get free.
Derived from *leusanan. Tonr-F.rk 377;
*lusjanan wk.vb.: ON losa to loosen,
OE losian to perish, to be lost, OS lsian
to become free. Derived from *lusan.
*lustjanan ~ *lustjanan wk.vb.: Goth
luston to desire, OE lystan to cause pleas-
ure, OS lustian, lustean to desire, OHG
lustn id. Derived from *lustuz ~ *lustaz.
*lustu-saman ~ *lusta-samaz adj.:
Goth lustu-sama longed for, desirable,
OS lust-sam desirable, pleasant, charm-
ing, OHG lust-sam id. Derived from *lus-
tuz ~ *lustaz. Cf. also OE lust-sum-lc
pleasant, delectable. Fris+ 338; C.nn
Nom. comp. 59; Lrnv.xx GED 238.
*lustiz sb.f.: Goth fra-lusts destruction,
loss, OS far-lust id., MHG ver-lust waste.
Derived from *leusanan. Fris+ 163; Srr-
norr 339; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 140.
*lustuz ~ *lustaz sb.m.: Goth lustus
desire, lust, late ON lyst id. (fem. *lustiz),
OE lust id., OFris lust id., OS lust id.,
OHG lust id. Probably, from *lub-stu-
derived from *lub. Scnvir+ Voc. II 148
(< *s-tu-, from *las- to desire as in Skt
lati id. < *-lals-, Gk lv to look);
Srrnnrn WuS VI 5455 (to *ltanan);
207208; Fris+ 338; Pokonxv I 654 (to
*las- to be greedy, lascivous), 683684;
Tnirn Venus 160176 (from *leusanan);
*luttiz ~ *luttjaz adj.: OE lyt little, few,
LG ltt small, little, OHG luzzi id.
Probably derived from *ltanan. Jon.xs
lunaz 251 luttiz
orel_f10 _L-231-251 7/6/04 7:07 PM Page 251
luttiz 252 maa
sox PBB XV 231232 (to *ltanan and
*leutaz); Knoov.xx IF LIII 307309
(to IE *el- to bend); Tonr-F.rk 374;
Pokonxv I 684; Oxioxs 532; Lrnv.xx
GED 231; Hrirrnv.xxs 390391 (alter-
native reconstruction *lutiz).
*lun sb.m.: ON loi fur cloak, OE loa
cloak, upper garment, OFris lotha id.,
OS lotho id., OHG lodo, ludo coarse
woolen cloth. Unclear. Tonr-F.rk 374
375; Krtor-Srrnorr 523 (to *leuanan).
*lkanan str.vb.: Goth ga-lkan to lock
up, to shut up, ON lka to shut, OE
lcan to close, to conclude, to lock,
OFris lka to shut, OS bi-lkan id.,
OHG bi-lhhan id. Connected with Gk
lgow withy; screw-press, Lith lgnas
exible. Cf. *lukkaz. Tonr-F.rk 371;
Srrnorr 522523.
*lkanan ~ *leukanan str.vb.: OE lcan
to pull up, to weed, OFris lka to pull,
MLG lken to tear, OHG liohhan to
pluck (with a secondary diphthong).
Related to Skt rujti to break, to shatter,
Arm lucanem to break open, Lith luiu,
luti to break. Scnvrizrn KZ I 565;
Brzzrxnrnorn GGA 1898 556 (to Lat
luct to wrestle, to struggle, luxor to
riot); Tonr-F.rk 371372; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 207; M.vnnorrn III 64; Pokonxv
I 686; Fn.rxkrr 347; Srrnorr 337;
*lsz sb.f.: ON ls louse, OE ls id.,
MLG ls id. (i-stem), OHG ls id. (i-
stem). Related to W pl. llau lice, Corn
pl. low id., Bret pl. laou id. < *lu.
Lonv.xx ZfceltPh. XIX 6264; Tonr-
F.rk 571; Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 59 (to Slav
*v id.); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 207;
506.
*ltanan str.vb.: ON lta to bow down,
OE ltan to lout, to bow, to bend for-
ward. Of unknown origin. Tonr-F.rk
374 (to Lith list, li~sti to become sad,
Slav *luditi to deceive); Hor+n.tsrx
Fn.rxkrr 378379; Oxioxs 538; Srr-
norr 340341; Lrnv.xx GED 236 (to
*leutaz).
*marn sb.f.: ON mara madder, OE
mdere id., MLG madre id., OHG matra
id. Related to Slav *modr purple, blue
(Brnxrkrn II 66; Hrrrtis+ apud Vnirs).
Lorvrx+n.r ANF XXXII 272 (to Russ
mate white spot); Tonr-F.rk 306;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 210; M.cnrk ArOr
XVII 131 (connects Slav *modr with
Hitt antara- blue); Pokonxv I 747; Vnirs
ANEW 375 (to WFris miede id., MLG mde
id.); Oxioxs 544; Srrnorr Lar. 510 (to
Hitt antara- blue < *dhro-); Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa XIX 101104; Hrirrnv.xxs 392.
*maa irreg. str.vb.: Goth mag can, to be
able, ON m id., OE m id., OFris mei
id., OS mag id., OHG mag id. Most of the
forms belong to the Vth class (Os+norr
PBB XV 217218). Related to Toch AB
mokats mighty, Skt magh- gift, reward,
wealth, Gk mxow means, contrivance,
OIr do-for-maig to extend, to increase,
Lith magti to please, Slav *mog, *mogti
to be able (Scnrricnrn KZ I 141).
Ctn+its Gr. Et. 328 (to IE *meh- great,
m
orel_f11 _M-252-278 7/6/04 7:08 PM Page 252
big); Hin+ PBB XXIII 35 (Slav *mog,
*mogti from Germanic); Wirrrv.xx BB
XXVIII 6266; Mrirrr+ MSL XIV 335,
XIX 183; Ztri+z. Gutt. 178; Scnvir+ KZ
XXV 18 (same as Ctn+its); Tonr-F.rk
303; Tn.t+v.xx KZ XLVI 180182;
Krtor PBB IX 156 (to Av masy larger,
Gk makrw long); Jn.xxrssox IEW
650651; M.vnnorrn II 545546;
Pokonxv I 695; Fn.rxkrr 395; Fnisk II
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XIX 107111; Krtor-
Srrnorr 565.
*maaiz sb.f.: Goth magas maiden, OE
m maid, virgin, girl, maiden, OFris
megith maiden, OS magath id. (root stem),
OHG magad id. Identical with the rst
component of Celt *magot-akt in MIr
ingen maccdacht young growing girl, MW
machteith virgo, OCorn mahtheid id. Fur-
ther connected with *mauz. Ztri+z.
Z.rizxi.k II 209; Vrxrnvrs M-3;
Oxioxs 546; Lrnv.xx GED 240; B.v-
531.
*maenan sb.n.: Burg *magin power, ON
megin might, strength, OE men might,
strength, OS megin id., OHG megin, magan
id. Derived from *maa. Tonr-F.rk
304 (to Gk mhxan contrivance, ma-
chine); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 210; Vnirs
ANEW 375, 381; Oxioxs 546; Srrnorr
342; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 82; Konrrn
*maena-werkan sb.n.: ON megin-verk
mighty deed, OE men-weorc mighty
work. Compound of *maenan and *wer-
kan. C.nn Nom. comp. 50.
*maenaz adj.: ON meginn strong, OHG
megin id. See *maenan. Hrirrnv.xxs
392393.
*maenjanan wk.vb.: ON magna to
strengthen, OE menian to gain
strength, OHG ubar-magann, ubar-meginn
id. Derived from *maenan. Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 210; Vnirs ANEW 375,
381.
*mai sb.f.: ON meg doing, MLG
mechte power. Derived from *maa.
Vnirs ANEW 381.
*man sb.m.: ON magi stomach, OE
maa id., OFris maga id., MLG mage id.,
OHG mago id. Connected with W megin
bellows, Lith mkas purse. Ztri+z.
Gutt. 134; Tonr-F.rk 304 (to OIr mn
open mouth < *makno-); Hor+n.tsrx
Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*maraz adj.: ON magr meager, lean,
OE mer id., MLG mager id., OHG magar
id. Identical with Lat macer id. and prob-
ably Gk makrw long. K.ns+rx NB II
K.vvrxntnrn KZ LXXVII 64 (on Hitt
makl-ant- thin); Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I
165; Hrirrnv.xx 393; Krtor-Srrnorr
531.
*marn sb.f.: ON megri meagerness,
OHG magar id. Derived from *maraz.
Tonr-F.rk 304; Vnirs ANEW 381; Hri-
rrnv.xxs 393.
*marjanan wk.vb.: ON megra to make
meager, OHG magaren id. Derived from
*maraz. Vnirs ANEW 381; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 393.
*mauz sb.m.: Goth magus child, boy,
ON mgr boy, youth, son, man, OE
mau child, son, servant, OS magu ser-
vant, OHG magu-zogo educator, mentor.
Identical with OIr maug, mug slave, Corn
maw youth, Bret mao id. (Annois rr
Jtn.ix\irrr MSL VII 292: Gmc from
Celtic) and further related to Av magava-
unmarried (Fick II 198; Bntov.xx IF
XXXVIII 140141: further to *maa, cf.
Lat uir man ~ us power). Scnvrizrn
KZ I 559 (to Gk mgaw); Wirrrv.xx BB
XXVIII 6266 (to OIr macc son);
maa 253 mauz
orel_f11 _M-252-278 7/6/04 7:08 PM Page 253
B.n+norov.r 1111; Brnxrkrn IF IX
361 (to Lat hom man); Ztri+z. KZ
XXVI 237, Gutt. 65; Jokr IF XLIII
5759 (to Alb makth young hare);
Prrrnsrx Festschr. Jespersen 6263 (on OIr
macc son); Mrirrr+ MSL XXI 46 (from
childrens vocabulary); Tonr-F.rk 304;
96; Vrxrnvrs M-7071; Vnirs ANEW
Lrnv.xx ZfMund XXXV 1519 (non-
IE), GED 240; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom.
156157.
*mawil(n) sb.f.: Goth mawilo little girl,
ON meyla id., OE mewle maid, damsel,
virgin. Derived from *mawj. Tonr-
F.rk 304; Hin+ Etym. 110 (to Skt mahil
woman, wife); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 219;
Fris+ 352; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 106;
Vnirs ANEW 386.
*mawj sb.f.: Goth mawi girl, ON mr
id. Derived from *mauz. Ztri+z. Gutt.
65; Tonr-F.rk 304; Fris+ 352; Vnirs
ANEW 399; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 114.
*maxtiaz adj.: Goth mahteigs powerful,
able, possible, ON mttigr powerful,
mighty, OE meahti id., OFris elle-machtich
almighty, OS mahtig powerful, mighty,
OHG mahtig id. Derived from *maxtiz.
Tonr-F.rk 304; Fris+ 340; Pokonxv
I 695; Lrnv.xx GED 240; Bot+k.x
OFED s.v.
*maxti-lausaz adj.: ON mtt-lauss power-
less, exhausted, OE meaht-les power-
less, Du machte-loos id., MHG macht-ls
id. Compound of *maxtiz and *lausaz.
*maxtiz sb.f.: Goth mahts power, might,
ON mttr id. (< *maxtuz), OE meaht
might, OFris macht id., OS maht id.,
OHG maht id. Derived from *maa.
Structurally identical with Slav *mogt
might, power. Wirrrv.xx BB XXVI-
II 63 (Slav < Gmc); Tonr-F.rk 304;
Brx\rxis+r Nom. 108111; Pokonxv I
S+.xo LS 37; Srrnorr 342; Lrnv.xx
Srrnorr 530.
*maiaz I sb.m.: ON meir pole, beam.
Related to Skt meth- pillar, post, Lith
mitas pole. Tonr-F.rk 301302; M.v-
nnorrn II 683; Pokonxv I 709; Fn.rxkrr
*maiaz II adj.: Goth ga-mais crippled,
OE e-md crazy, mad, OS gi-md fool-
ish, stupid, OHG gi-meit silly, foolish,
stupid. Derived from *maijanan (Unrrx-
nrck PBB XXX 280). Tonr-F.rk 321;
Btoor PBB XXIV 456457 (to Gk
mthn in vain); Fris+ 191; Scnvir+r-
nixo ZDADL LVI 125127; Hor+n.tsrx
*maijanan wk.vb.: Goth maidjan to
alter, to falsify, ON meia to hurt, to in-
jure, to maim, OE part. e-mded fool-
ish, maddened. Causative of *manan
(Ztri+z. BB XXV 98). Tonr-F.rk 321;
Oxioxs 544; Brx\rxis+r IEL 82; Srr-
norr 349; Prr+rns KZ XCIV 207208;
Lrnv.xx GED 144, 240241; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 394395.
*maiaz adj.: OE mh wicked, wanton.
Identical with Gk moixw adulterer.
Further see *manan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
213; Fnisk II 249250; B.vvrsnrnorn
*mailan sb.n.: Goth mail wrinkle, OE
ml mole, spot, mark, MLG ml mole,
spot, OHG meil id. Identical with OIr
mael bald < *mailo- (S.tsstnr Recueil
595596; Woor MLN XXI 40).
Prnssox Beitrge 221 (to Lith pl. mils
yeast); Hin+ Ablaut 151; Gnirxnrnorn
Got. 154 (to Gk miarw stained, mianv
to dye); Btoor PBB XXIV 433 (to Skt
mla- dirt, lth, Gk mlaw black);
214; Fris+ 340341; Pokonxv I 697;
*maina-aiaz sb.m.: ON mein-eir false
mauz 254 maina-aiaz
orel_f11 _M-252-278 7/6/04 7:08 PM Page 254
oath, perjury, OE mn- id., OFris
mn-th id., OS mn-th id., OHG mein-
eid id. Compound of *mainaz and
*aiaz. Tonr-F.rk 319; C.nn Nom.
comp. 50.
*maina-fullaz adj.: ON mein-fullr nox-
ious, OE mn-full evil, wicked, OS mn-
ful noxious, OHG mein-fol nefarious,
shameful. Compound of *mainan and
*fullaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 60.
*maina-lkaz adj.: ON mein-ligr painful,
troublesome, OHG mein-lh nefarious,
dastardly. Derived from *mainaz. Hri-
rrnv.xxs 396.
*mainan sb.n.: ON mein hurt, harm, OE
mn shameful action, crime, wickedness,
OS mn id., OHG mein id. Substanti-
vized form of *mainaz. Tonr-F.rk 319;
*maina-swarn sb.m.: ON mein-svari
perjurer, OE mn-swara id. Compound
of *mainan or *mainaz and *swarn.
*mainaz adj.: ON meinn mean, base, OE
mn wicked, false, OFris mn wrong,
MLG mn id., OHG mein id. Related to
Lat mnus service, oce, OIr min, min
preciousness, Lith manas change,
exchange, Slav *mna id. and other
derivatives of *mei- to change, to
exchange. K.ns+rx NB II 225226,
313; Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 57, 174; Tonr-
382; Brx\rxis+r 79; Lrnv.xx GED
143144; Hrirrnv.xxs 395396; Tnt-
n.cnr\ ESSJa XVIII 171172; Krtor-
Srrnorr 550.
*mainiz adj.: Goth ga-mains common,
OE e-mne id., OFris mne id., OS gi-mni
usual, OHG gi-meini common. The
form with prex *a-mainiz is identical
with Lat commnis id. See *mainaz.
Tonr-F.rk 319; Fris+ 190191; Hor+-
Prr+rns KZ XLI 166; Hrirrnv.xxs
*mainn sb.f.: Goth ga-mainei community,
koinvna, OFris mne id., OHG gi-mein
id. Derived from *mainiz. Fris+ 190;
Hrirrnv.xxs 397.
*mainjanan I wk.vb.: Goth ga-mainjan to
demean, ON meina to harm, to hinder,
MDu ver-menen to damage by a criminal
act, OHG r-meinen to perjure. Derived
from *mainaz. Structurally identical with
Slav *mniti to change. Fris+ 190;
Vnirs ANEW 382; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa
XVIII 173174.
*mainjanan II wk.vb.: OE mnan to
mean, OFris mna to signify, OS mnian
to intend, to make known, OHG meinen
to mean. Related to Slav *mnti ~
mniti to think, *mniti to mean, to
think. Tonr-F.rk 302 (from WGm
*main meaning, sense: OFris mne,
OHG meina compared with OIr man
wish < *meino-); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
Mrir Sprache XII 109; S+.xo LS 36;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XVIII 174175,
XXI 113115; Krtor-Srrnorr 551.
*mainjanan III wk.vb.: Goth ga-mainjan
to share, to make common, OE mnan
to tell, to relate, MDu ge-meinen to im-
part, OHG gi-meinen to destine, to allot.
Derived from *mainiz. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 211; Fris+ 190; Hrirrnv.xxs
397.
*mainjn sb.m.: Goth ga-mainja partaker,
participant, OHG gi-meino comrade,
partner. Derived from *mainiz. Fris+
*mairjan sb.n.: ON landa-mri border-
land, OE mre boundary, limit, MDu
mre boundary mark, pole. Related to
Lat mrus wall. Tonr-F.rk 302; Hor+-
131132; Pokonxv I 709; Oxioxs 570.
*maisaz sb.m.: ON meiss basket, wooden
box. Cf. also *maisj > MLG mse ton,
dry measure, OHG meisa basket.
Identical with Slav *mx water-skin,
maina-aiaz 255 maisaz
orel_f11 _M-252-278 7/6/04 7:08 PM Page 255
fur, OPrus moasis bellows, Lith maas
bag (Btoor KZ XX 12; Scnn.rrn-
Nrnnixo I 629). Unrrxnrck AfslPH
XVI 370; Lirrx PBB XV 512 (to *mai-
tanan); Tonr-F.rk 302; Tn.t+v.xx BSW
Vnirs ANEW 382; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa
XVIII 156159.
*maiskaz sb.m.: Norw dial. meisk mix,
OE mx-wyrt mash-wort, the wort in the
mash-tub, MLG mesche crushed grapes,
MHG meisch crushed grapes. Identical
with Slav *mzga juice, tar. Tonr-F.rk
322 (to *miskjanan ~ *miskjanan); Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 216; Oxioxs 559;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XVIII 223225;
Krtor-Srrnorr 533.
*maisn sb.f.: Swed mes tit, titmouse,
OE mse id., OS msa id., OHG meisa id.
Cf. also ON meisingr id. Derived from
*maisaz. Fick II 205 (to W mwyalch
blackbird < *meisalk, cf. *amsln);
Woor KZ XLV 70 (to Norw meis weak,
frail); Tonr-F.rk 302 (to Lar merula
blackbird, W mwyalch id.); Hor+n.tsrx
*maistaz adj.: Goth maists most, ON
mestr id., OE mst id., OFris mst id.,
OS mst id., OHG meist id. Superlative
related to *maiz. Fris+ 341; Hor+-
Vnirs ANEW 385; Oxioxs 592; Lixrr-
v.x Verschrfung 9.3; Lrnv.xx GED
Srrnorr 551.
*maitanan str.vb.: Goth maitan to cut, to
hew, OHG meizan to cut o. Probably
related to *manan, *maijanan (Sorvsrx
KZ XXXVII 584). Derived from here
(with a prex *-) is the WGmc word for
ant *maitjn > OE -met(t)e ant, MLG
-mete, -mete id., OHG a-meiza id. For
the semantic development cf. Slav *mol
moth from *melti to grind, to break.
Unrrxnrck PBB XXX 280; Gnirx-
nrnorn Got. 154 (same as Horrv.xx);
Horrv.xx Festschr. Fick 45 (to *smtanan);
Woor MLN XXI 40 (same as Sorvsrx);
Tonr-F.rk 320; Nonrrx Abri 31, 192
(to Goth mes table, OE mse id.);
Oxioxs 39, 582; Srrnorr 343344;
Lrnv.xx GED 144, 241242; Lrovr-
Srnixorn I 203205; Krtor-Srrnorr 33,
551.
*maitilaz sb.m.: ON meitill chisel, OHG
meizil id. Derived from *maitanan. Tonr-
*maitjanan wk.vb.: ON meita to cut, to
trim, OHG aba-r-meizan to cut o (str.).
Derived from *maitanan. Jn.xxrssox
IEW 648; Vnirs ANEW 382; Srrnorr
344.
*maitn sb.m.: ON prop. Meiti, OHG
stein-meizo stone mason. Derived from
*maitanan. Vnirs ANEW 382.
*maimaz sb.m.: Goth maims gift, ON
pl. meimar gifts, presents (fem.), OE
mum treasure, jewel, ornament, OS
mdom id., MHG meidem stallion. Con-
nected with *maijanan, *manan. Tonr-
381 (to Lat mt to move); Z.riz-
xi.k II 175; Brx\rxis+r IEL 82; Srr-
norr 349; Lrnv.xx Festschr. Einarsson 165
(metric particularities of the Beowulf
form); GED 242; Kirx.s+ Gedenkschr.
Gntert 5767; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 70.
*maiwaz I sb.m.: ON mr, mr mew,
gull, OE mw id. (< *maiwiz), Fris meau,
mieu id., MLG mve id. (fem.). Derived
from *maiwjanan (Stor.n+i ANT 397).
Unrrxnrck PBB XX 328 (from *maixwaz,
to Skt mcaka- dark blue, black); Ztri+z.
Gutt. 66; Pirrixo SNF VIII/1 5 (to ON
mr narrow); Tonr-F.rk 301 (follow
Unrrxnrck); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 213;
Z.rizxi.k II 188; Oxioxs 574; Lrncnxrn
*maiwaz II adj.: ON mjr slim, narrow.
Identical with Toch B maiwe young.
K.ns+rx NB II 445; Tonr-F.rk 319;
maisaz 256 maiwaz
orel_f11 _M-252-278 7/6/04 7:08 PM Page 256
Hrirrnv.xxs 397398; Ar.vs TB 472
473.
*maiwjanan wk.vb.: ME mawen to shout,
to mew, MDu mauwen id., MHG mwen
id. Of imitative origin. Pokonxv I 751
(to Latv mat to roar, Slav *myjati to
mew).
*maiz adv.: Goth mais more, ON meir
id., OE m id., OFris mr, m id., OS
m, mr id., OHG mr id. Comparative
based on *m- large similar to Osc mais
more (Sovvrn IF XI 8490), W mwy
id. < *mis (Os+norr Morph. Unt. VI
219221). Tonr-F.rk 300; Mrirrr+
BSL XXVII 232233; Fris+ 341; Hor+-
Vnirs ANEW 382; Pis.xi Glotta L 2829
(to archaic Aeol *maiw more); Oxioxs
583; Lrnv.xx GED 241; Bot+k.x
OFED s.v.
*maizn adj.: Goth maiza larger, ON
meiri bigger, higher, OE mra larger,
more, OFris mra bigger, OS mro big-
ger, higher, OHG mro larger, more.
See *maiz. Tonr-F.rk 300301; Fris+
Krtor 470471; Pokonxv I 704; Vnirs
ANEW 382; Oxioxs 589; Lixrrv.x
Verschrfung 105; Lrnv.xx GED 242;
*maka-lkaz adj.: ON mak-ligr proper,
becoming, OHG gi-mah-lh comfortable.
Derived from *makaz. Hrirrnv.xxs
399.
*makan sb.n.: OESc mak condition,
state, OS un-gimak precipitousness,
OHG mah thing. See *makaz. Hrirrn-
v.xxs 399.
*makaz adj.: ON makr more unsuitable,
OE mc well-matched, equal, agreeable,
OS un-gimak hostile, OHG gi-mah
appropriate. Derived from *makjanan
(Sri+zrn WuS VI 37). K.ns+rx NB II
AEEW 209210, ANW 190 (ON <
MLG); Lirrx SSUF 1898 67 (to OIr
mm yoke < *magmu); Pokonxv I 696
311.
*makjanan wk.vb.: Icel maka to smear,
OE macian to make, to do, OFris makia
id., OS makn id., OHG mahhn id.
Identical with Slav *ma, *mazati to
smear. Further connected with Gk
mssv to knead (Mrnixorn IF XVII
146148). Tonr-F.rk 303; Mrirrr+
MSL XIX 122; Exrzrrix KZ XLIV 66
(on Baltic parallels: Latv muzt to tor-
ment < *to smear); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
209; Pokonxv I 696697; Fnisk II
180181; Oxioxs 547; V.svrn-Tntn.-
cnr\ II 557558; Hrirrnv.xxs 400;
*makn sb.m.: ON maki match, mate,
OE e-maca mate, equal, companion,
OS gi-mako match. Derived from
*makaz. Tonr-F.rk 303; Hor+n.tsrx
AWN 190 (ON < OS); Tnirn Lehm
*malanan str.vb.: Goth malan to grind,
ON mala id., OS part. gi-malan id., OHG
malan id. Related to Hitt malla- id., Toch
A malyw-, B mely- to crush, to grind, Skt
mti id., Arm malem id., Lat mol to
grind, OIr melim id., Lith mal, mlti id.,
Slav *melj, *melti id. (Lo++xrn KZ VII
22). Tonr-F.rk 314315; Tn.t+v.xx
BSW 168; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 104106;
Jn.xxrssox IEW 672675; Tnirn Lehm
6775; M.vnnorrn II 672673; Po-
konxv I 716717; Fn.rxkrr 403404;
Lrnv.xx GED 242; Tiscnrrn HEG II
102103; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XVIII
*malriz ~ *malran sb.m./n.: ON
meldr our, corn in the mill, OS maldar
milling, grinding, OHG maltar our.
Derived from *malanan. Tonr-F.rk
*malxaz ~ *malx(n) sb.m./f.: ON malr
knapsack, ME male id., MLG male id.,
OHG malaha id. A Wanderwort similar to
Gk mlgow leather sack. Tonr-F.rk
maiwaz 257 malxaz
orel_f11 _M-252-278 7/6/04 7:08 PM Page 257
316; Fris+ 524 (to *malskaz); Hor+n.tsrx
ANW 191 (ON < MLG); Vnirs ANEW
377; V.x Wixrrkrxs I 286 (to Toch AB
mlk- to interweave).
*mallaz adj.: WFris ml foolish, mad,
MLG mall stupid, foolish. Probably,
identical with Skt malv- thoughtless,
foolish, unwise (Hrirrnv.xxs 400). Rela-
ted to *malanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
216, 221; M.vnnorrn II 602; Pokonxv I
716.
*malmaz ~ *malmn sb.m.: Goth
malma sand, ON malmr metal, OE
mealm-stn malmstone. Cf. a more archaic
ablaut grade in *melmaz. Tonr-F.rk
Pokonxv I 717; Vnirs ANEW 377 (even-
tually, to *malanan); Z.rizxi.k II 179;
Krtor-Srrnorr 535.
*malskaz adj.: Goth un-tila-malsks rash,
reckless, OS malsk proud, high-spirited.
From *malskaz related to Lat mollis soft
< *molduis, Slav *mold young and their
cognates (Gnirxnrnorn Got. 229). Further
see *maltaz. Tonr-F.rk 316; W.rrr-
Horv.xx II 103104; Fris+ 524; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 214; Pokonxv I 719
(to Gk malakw weak, MIr malcad rot,
decay); Ennixon.ts GL XVII 20 (to Gk
mla, mllon much, more); Lrnv.xx
GED 378379 (may be non-IE); Hri-
rrnv.xxs 400401; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa
XIX 174179.
*maltan sb.n.: ON malt malt, OE mealt
id., OS malt id., OHG malz id. Sub-
stantivized *maltaz. Tonr-F.rk 317;
Oxioxs 549; M.n+vxo\ Jazyk 2021
(from Slav *molto); Hrirrnv.xxs 401;
Krtor-Srrnorr 536.
*maltaz adj.: Icel maltr sharp, bitter (of
taste), OE mealt cooked, boiled (?),
OFris malt bad, spoiled, OHG malz
gentle, soft, mild. Related to Skt md-
soft, tender, mild, Lat mollis id., W blydd
id., Slav *mold young (with an o-grade
as in Gmc), further connected with Skt
mdnti to press, to squeeze, to rub, Gk
mldv to soften by boiling. K.ns+rx
NB I 42; Tonr-F.rk 317; W.rrr-
Horv.xx II 13104; M.vnnorrn II 676;
Oxioxs 549, 568; Hrirrnv.xxs 401;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XIX 174179;
Krtor-Srrnorr 536.
*maltjanan I wk.vb.: ON melta to malt
for brewing, MLG melten id., MHG
malzen id. Derived from *maltan. Vnirs
ANEW 383.
*maltjanan II wk.vb.: ON melta to melt,
OE miltan id. Goth ga-malteins melting
away, dissolution is derived from here.
Causative of *meltanan. Structurally iden-
tical with Slav *molditi to become young,
to make young. Tonr-F.rk 317; Hor+-
ANEW 383; Srrnorr 351; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa XIX 164166.
*malj sb.f.: OE meld declaration,
proclamation, OS maldia testimony,
accusation, OHG melda id. Despite the
phonetic dierences, close to Lith mald
plea. Further related to Hitt mald- to
vow, Arm malt'em to ask, to request,
Lith mesti to ask, to bid, Slav *modliti to
pray. Mrirrr+ MSL X 227; Tonr-F.rk
Tiscnrrn HEG II 109110; Krtor-
Srrnorr 551552.
*maln ~ *maluz sb.m./f.: Goth malo
moth, ON mlr id., OE ml-sceafa
canker. Close to Slav *mol moth
(Mrirrr+ MSL XIV 373). For further
connections see *malanan. Tonr-F.rk
343; Pokonxv I 717; S+.xo LS 37;
Vnirs ANEW 401; Z.rizxi.k II 203; Lrn-
177; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XIX 203205;
Krtor-Srrnorr 558.
*malwjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-malwjan to
crush, to grind, ON mlva to shiver, to
break. Related to *melwan. Identical with
Toch A malyw-, B mely- to crush, to
grind < *mol- (Mrirrr+ JA XVIII 461).
malxaz 258 malwjanan
orel_f11 _M-252-278 7/6/04 7:08 PM Page 258
Tonr-F.rk 314; L.xr Language XIV 31;
GED 144; Ar.vs TB 470; Btnr.k IFTJa
251.
*mana str.vb.: Goth man to reckon, to
think, ON man to remember, mun
to become, shall, will (aux.), OE man to
remember, to be mindful of , OS far-man
to despise. Continues IE *men-: Skt
mnyate to think, Av mainyete id., Gk
mmona to think intensively, Lat memin
to think of, to remember, Lith men,
miti to remember, Slav *mnj, *mnti
to mean, to think. B.n+norov.r 1121
1124; Tonr-F.rk 307; Mrirrr+ MSL
XIII 364366; W.rrr-Horv.xx II
*manaa-falaz adj.: Goth manag-fals
manifold, OE mani-feald id., OFris
manich-fald id., OS manag-fald id., OHG
manag-falt frequent, multiple. Compound
of *manaaz and *falaz. Fris+ 343;
Sc.nriori Goten 223 (WGmc forms
inuenced by Gothic); C.nn Nom. comp.
*manaaz pron.: Goth manags sucient,
large, many, late ON mangr many,
much, OE mani id., OFris manich, monich
id., OS manag id., OHG manag id.
Related to OIr menic(c) frequent, abun-
dant, Slav *mnog many; abundant
(Btoor KZ XIX 444) with variations
in phonetic details. Fick I 104, 508
(to *meh- large with a nasal inx);
Bntov.xx Grundri II 971 (follows Fick);
Tn.t+v.xx BSW 189; Scntrzr Kl. Schr.
378; Oxioxs 554; S+.xo LS 39; Lrnv.xx
GED 243; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XX
*manan sb.f.: Goth managei people,
crowd, ON mengi multitude (neut. <
*manajan), OE meniu id., OFris menie id.,
OS menigi id., OHG manag, menig
id. Derived from *manaaz. Hor+n.tsrx
*manan sb.n.: Goth ga-man fellow, fellow-
ship, koinvna, ON man bondman.
Derived from *mannz with the original
meaning preserved in Gothic. W.r-
s+rix IF V 8 (< *a-amanan, to Lat am to
love); Wirrrv.xx BB XXVII 202 (to Gk
yumw soul, spirit, Lat fmus smoke);
Roo+n Wortst. 42 (to *amalaz); Tonr-
Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 851853; Fris+ 192;
Fovkrs JEGP XLIV 208228; Pokonxv
I 490 (to IE *g
hemb-); Vnirs ANEW 154;

Z.rizxi.k I 140; Oxioxs 388.
*manj sb.f.: MHG menz infertile cow.
Close to Alb mz ~ mz foal < PAlb
*mandja, MIr menn young of animals
< *mendo-, Lat-Celt mannus small Gaulish
horse. Cf. also Messap Iuppiter Menzana
(S+irn KZ XI 148) < *mendh-. Tonr-
F.rk 570; Kn.nr Glotta XIX 149;
729; Onrr AED 265.
*manulaz sb.m.: ON mndull handle (of
a hand-mill), G dial. mandel roller,
rolling-pin. Probably derived from
*manj. Tonr-F.rk 309 (to Slav *m\t
to mix, to sway, Lith mentr twirling
stick); Pokonxv I 732; Vnirs ANEW 401;
Lrncnxrn 197.
*mannan wk.vb.: OE manian to remind,
to admonish, to exhort, OFris monia to
warn, to advise, to remember, OS mann
id., OHG r-mann, r-mann to neglect.
Related to *mana. Structurally close to
Lat mone to remind, to advise. Tonr-
W.rrr-Horv.xx II 107; Lrnv.xx GED
261.
*manjanan wk.vb.: ON manga to
barter, to chaer, OE manian to trac,
to trade, OS mangn id. Based on Lat
mang dealer, trader. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 214; Oxioxs 586.
malwjanan 259 manjanan
orel_f11 _M-252-278 7/6/04 7:08 PM Page 259
*manjan sb.n.: ON men necklace, OE
mene id. (masc.), OS meni id., OHG menni
id. Identical with Skt mny nape of the
neck, and further related to Lat monle
necklace, collar, OIr muin-torc necklace.
219; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 108; M.vn-
norrn II 584585, Gedenkschr. Gntert
*mankn sb.m.: ON makki upper part of
horses neck. Related to OIr mong hair,
mane. See *manjan. Tonr-F.rk 309;
Vnirs ANEW 376 (further to *man );
Oxioxs 551.
*mann-auljan sb.n.: Goth man-auli
human image, human gure, ON mann-
li mannekin, human shape. Compound
of *mannz and *auljan (see *aulaz). C.nn
Nom. comp. 67.
*mann-far sb.f.: ON mann-fr travelling,
OE mann-faru expedition, a moving band
of men. Compound of *mannz and *far.
*mann-kunjan sb.n.: ON mann-kyn
mankind, OE mann-cynn id., OS man-
kunni id., OHG man-kunni id. Compound
of *mannz and *kunjan. R.xkix JEGP
VIII 357359 (calque of Lat genus
humanum); C.nn Nom. comp. 50.
*mann-lausaz adj.: ON mann-lauss with-
out men, without a husband, OE mann-
les uninhabited, MLG man-ls without
men. Compound of *mannz and *lausaz.
*mann-lkn sb.m.: Goth man-leika
image, likeness, ON mann-lkan human
image, idol (neut.), OE mann-lca human
form, image of a man, statue, OHG
mana-lhho statue, image. Compound of
*mannz and *lkn. C.nn Nom. comp. 43
(secondary formation in ON); Fris+ 344;
*manniskaz adj.: Goth mannisks human,
ON mennskr id., OE mennisc id., OFris
sbst. manniska man, OS mannisc, mennisc
human, OHG mennisc id. Derived from
*mannz. Tonr-F.rk 308; Hor+n.tsrx
201; Pokonxv I 700; Szrvrnrxvi IBK
XV 193 (close to Lat masculus male,
masculine < *manu-sk-elos); Vnirs ANEW
553.
*mannjanan wk.vb.: ON manna to man
(a boat), OE mannian to supply with
men, MHG mannen to make smb. a
man. Derived from *mannz. Vnirs
ANEW 378.
*mannz sb.m.: Goth manna man (some
forms continue *mannn), ON mar, mannr
id., OE mann id., OFris mann, monn id.,
OS man id., OHG man id. Cf. also
Mannus, ancestor of Germans (Tacit.).
Related to Skt mnu-, mnu- id., Av
manu- (in prop.), Slav *m id.
(< *mongo-). Borr Glossarium 286 (to
*men- to think); Scnvrizrn KZ I 158;
Brnxrkrn IF IX 360361 (to Lat hom
man); Bntov.xx IF XXXVII 250;
Nirrrnv.xx Idg. Anz. XXIX 35 (to Lat
manus hand); Unrrxnrck PBB XXX
301 (against Nirrrnv.xx); Brnxrkrn IF
IX 360361 (to Lat hom man); B.n-
V.irr.x+ RES XVIII 75 (pre-Slav *-ng-
< *-n-); Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 851853;
M.n+ixr+ Gm. 64, 69; M.vnnorrn II
374375; Z.rizxi.k I 157; Oxioxs
nrnorn Nom. 201; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XX
*man sb.f.: ON mn mane, OE monu id.,
OFris mana, mona id., MLG man id.,
OHG man, mana id. Connected with
*manjan. Tonr-F.rk 308; Hor+n.tsrx
*manwuz adj.: Goth manwus ready, at
hand. Derived from *manu- hand re-
ected in Lat manus (Unrrxnrck PBB
XXX 301). Gnirxnrnorn Got. 155156
(to *munnan); Woor MP XI 32 (to Gk
mnu: mikrn, Hes.); Tonr-F.rk 310;
manjan 260 manwuz
orel_f11 _M-252-278 7/6/04 7:08 PM Page 260
S+trrnts IF XLVIII 72 (from *manxwuz,
to Lith mnkyti to knead); W.rrr-
Hrirrnv.xxs 403404 (reconstructs
*manwes-, to IE *men- to think).
*maruz ~ *maruz sb.m.: Goth *mar-
us marten (as attested in Span marta),
Crim. Goth. marzus marriage, wedding,
ON mrr marten, OE mear id., OFris
merth id., MHG mart id. Related to Lith
mart bride (Sorvsrx KZ XXXV
481482). For the semantic development
bride > marten cf. Ital donnola marten
~ donna woman, NGk numfta marder.
Tov.scnrk Taurien 62 (Goth marzus <
*mar-kus, with *mar- to Lith mart
bride, young woman and *-kus to Gmc
*keusan); Gnirxnrnorn ZdPh XXX 125
(Goth marzus < *marwios, to MHG mer-
wen to hold); Mtcn Idg. Anz. IX 198
(Goth marzus < *marhus bride house, to
Lith mart bride, young woman); Tonr-
Vnirs ANEW 401 (to *muran I);
Sc.nriori Goten 260 (Goth marzus < Lat
Martius March, month of weddings);
S+r.nxs CG 146; Lrnv.xx GED
*marxa-skalkaz sb.m.: Goth *marh-skalks
horse-groom (reconstructed from OItal
mariscalco), MLG mar-schalk id., OHG
marah-scalc id. Compound of *marxaz and
*skalkaz. G.virrscnro RG 12, 66; C.nn
Nom. comp. 44.
*marxaz sb.m.: Burg *marh horse, ON
marr steed, OE mearh id., OHG marah-
stal stable. Borrowed from Celtic, cf.
Gaul acc. sg. mrkan (Paus.), OIr marc,
W march (M.xsiox Rev. Instr. Belg. LVI
196). Ztri+z. Gutt. 209; Irsrx IF XLIV
347 (an old Wanderwort); Tonr-F.rk 313;
Konrrn 712; Tntn.cnr\ Etim. 1988
1990 18 (Gmc and Celt cognates to Skt
mrya- stallion); Krtor-Srrnorr 533.
*marxjn sb.f.: ON merr mare (partly
from *marxiz), OE mere, myre id., OFris
merrie id., OS meria id., OHG meriha, merha
id. Derived from *marxaz. Tonr-F.rk
*marxuz sb.m.: ON mrr suet. Cf. NFris
marig tallow. Close to Lith mark steep-
ing (of ax), Latv m?rks moisture, Slav
*morky morass. Further related to Lat
marce to wither, to droop, Lith merki,
mekti to soak (ax), mirkst, mikti to
lie in water. Tonr-F.rk 313 (to Gk
mmarkuw hare-soup, jugged hare, Skt
marcyati to injure, to hurt); W.rrr-
Vnirs ANEW 402.
*mariskaz sb.m.: OE mersc marsh, OS
mersc id., MLG mersch id. Archaic deriva-
tive connected with *mariz and identical
with Slav adj. *morsk related to sea
(Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa Prob. 62). Hor+-
Oxioxs 557.
*mari-swnan sb.n.: ON mar-svn a kind
of whale, OE mere-swn porpoise, dol-
phin, OS meri-swn dolphin, OHG meri-
swn id. Compound of *mariz and *swnan.
C.nn Nom. comp. 51.
*mariz sb.m.: Goth mari-saiws lake, sea,
ON marr id., OE mere sea, lake, pool
(masc., fem.?), OFris mar pool, ditch,
OHG meri sea, lake (neut., masc.).
Identical with Lat mare id., OIr muir id.,
and also related to Lith pl. mrs sea,
bay, OPrus mary bay, Slav *more sea
(Ctn+its KZ I 3334). Scnvir+ Plur.
4547; Mrirrr+ BSL XXVI/3 131;
Hoors PBB XXIII 568569; Tonr-F.rk
Fris+ 347; Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 117119;
54; Tnirvr KZ LXXVIII 240241;
XIX 227230; Krtor-Srrnorr 549.
*marn sb.f.: Goth marei sea, lake, OS
manwuz 261 marn
orel_f11 _M-252-278 7/6/04 7:08 PM Page 261
mer id., OHG mar, mer id. Mor-
phological variant of *mariz (Sir\rns PBB
V 107). Tonr-F.rk 312; Fris+ 346;
*marka-lanan sb.n.: ON mark-land
forest land, OE mearc-land borderland.
Compound of *markan and *lanan.
C.nn Nom. comp. 55.
*markan sb.n.: ON mark mark, land-
mark, OFris merke id., MLG mark id.,
OHG marc id. (fem.). Related to Av
mar6za- boundary, Lat marg edge, bor-
der, OIr mruig district < *mrogi-.
Ztri+z. Gutt. 164; Unrrxnrck PBB
XXX 301; B.n+norov.r 1153; Tonr-
Z.rizxi.k II 175; Oxioxs 556; V.x
Wixrrkrxs I 290 (adds Toch A mrkam-
in mrkam-pal = Skt dharma-); Lrnv.xx
GED 246; Gnirrrx+noo Wurzelnomina
*markjan sb.n.: ON merki mark, land-
mark, banner, OE e-mierce sign, mark,
OS gi-merki id., OHG gi-marki boundary.
Derived from *markan. Ztri+z. Gutt.
ANEW 385.
*markjan ~ *markjaz sb.n./m.: ON
merki celery, OE merece marche (plant),
OS merca celery, OHG merc id. A bor-
rowing from NCauc mrqw> root, cf.
*murxn. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 220;
Pokonxv I 748 (to *mariz); Vnirs ANEW
385 (to *marxaz); Nikor.r\-S+.nos+ix
NCED 827.
*markjanan wk.vb.: ON merkja to mark,
to draw, OHG merken to dene, to des-
ignate. Derived from *markan. Tonr-
*mark sb.f.: Goth marka region, border,
ON mrk forest (i-stem and root stem),
OE mearc limit, term, boundary, sign,
OFris merke boundary, OS marka
boundary, district, OHG marca bound-
ary. From here *mark mark, half-
pound of silver. See *markan. Ztri+z.
Gutt. 197; Unrrxnrck PBB XXX 301 (on
semantic development); Tonr-F.rk 312;
*markjanan wk.vb.: ON marka to mark,
to sign, to x, OE mearcian to mark, to
make a mark, OFris merkia to mark, OS
gi-markn id., OHG marcn to dene, to
delimit. Derived from *markan. Tonr-
*marn sb.f.: ON mara nightmare,
ogress, OE mre nightmare, MLG mare
id., OHG mara id. Related to Slav *mora
id. (Brnxrkrn II 7677). Tonr-F.rk
I 67; Vnirs ANEW 379; Oxioxs 610;
Srrnorr 533.
*marwaz ~ *merwaz adj.: ODan mir
mellow, OE mearu tender, soft, delicate,
OHG maro ripe, tender, mellow. Rela-
ted to OIr meirb soft < *meri-. Tonr-
*marzjanan wk.vb.: Goth marzjan to
anger, to oend, ON merja to bruise, to
crush, OE mierran to hinder, to obstruct,
to waste, OS merrian to hinder, OHG
merren to hinder. Causative of unattested
*merzanan related to Toch AB mrs- to
forget, Skt myati to forget, Lith miti
id. (Woor MLN XXI 40). Gnirxnrnorn
Got. 156 (to Lat mora delay); Tonr-F.rk
310, 313; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 222; Fris+
347348 (to Slav *mrzk disgusting);
Pokonxv I 737738 (to IE *mer-s- to
disturb, to irritate); Vnirs ANEW 385;
Fn.rxkrr 456457; Oxioxs 554; Lrn-
v.xx GED 246; Ar.vs TB 455456.
*maskw(n) sb.m./f.: ON mskvi mesh,
OE neut. masc, max mesh, net, OS maska
loop, noose, OHG masca id. Identical
with Lith mzgas knot, mezg, mgzti to
knit, to tie (Ztn.+v AfslPh XV 479). Cf.
also Slav *mozg-ar spider (Tntn.cnr\
marn 262 maskw(n)
orel_f11 _M-252-278 7/6/04 7:08 PM Page 262
Slav. jaz. V 173). Tonr-F.rk 318;
W.rrr KZ XXXIV 514; Tn.t+v.xx
S+.xo LS 35; Krtor-Srrnorr 543.
*mastaz I sb.m.: OE mst mast, a pole to
support a sail, MLG mast id., OHG mast
id. Identical with Lat mlus id. < *mazdo-,
further cf. OIr matan club. Tonr-F.rk
318; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 212; Scnnixrx
KZ XLVI 377 (Lat < Sabin); W.rrr-
Horv.xx II 19; Pokonxv I 701; Oxioxs
560.
*mastaz II sb.m.: OE mst mast, fruit of
forest-trees, OHG mast mast, feed, fod-
der. Identical with Gk mazw, mastw
breast, Skt mdas- fat (Scnn.rrn KZ X
476). Further see *matjanan. Bn.rkr KZ
XXVIII 295; Tonr-F.rk 318; Hor+-
Fnisk II 183; Oxioxs 560 (to *matiz);
Krtor-Srrnorr 544.
*masuraz sb.m.: ON msurr maple-tree,
OS masur knobbed outgrowth on trees,
OHG masar id. Of unknown origin.
*mati-baliz sb.m.: Goth mati-balgs food-
bag, pra, OE mete-bl bag for food,
wallet (hap. leg.). Compound of *matiz
and *baliz. C.nn Nom. comp. 45.
*mati-lausaz adj.: ON mat-lauss without
food, OE mete-les id. Cf. also a nominal
derivative in OS metilsi. Compound of
*matiz and *lausaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 60.
*matiz sb.m.: Goth mats food, ON matr
meat, food (traces of a-stem in pl.), OE
mete food, OFris mete id., OS mat, meti
id., OHG maz id. (neut.). Related to Skt
mdati to boil, to bubble, Av madaite to
get drunk, Gk madv to be moist, Lat
made to be wet, OIr maidim to break
(Gnirxnrnorn Got. 156157). Originally,
*matiz stood for soft food as opposed to
hard food like in Hamito-Semitic lan-
guages. Tntnxrvsrx IF XIV 132 (same
as Gnirxnrnorn); Mrnixorn IF XI 211
(to *metan); K.ns+irx Festschr. Behaghel
289295; B.n+norov.r 1113; Tonr-
Fnisk II 157158; Oxioxs 565; Btnnov
BSOAS XLIV 85104 (reconstructs IE
*mad- common meal); Lrnv.xx GED
Srrnorr 554.
*matjanan wk.vb.: Goth matjan to eat, to
feed, ON metja to lap (of dogs), OE met-
ian to supply with food. Derived from
*matiz. Tonr-F.rk 305; Hor+n.tsrx
*malan sb.n.: Goth mal assembly,
market-place, ON ml speech, suit,
case, OE mel assembly, council, speech,
OS mahal law-court, assembly, mathal
id., OHG mahal law-court. Derivative in
*-la- < *-tlo- of *metanan (Wirrrv.xx IF
I 512: to *mtjanan). Cf. Toch B moliye
dispute (Hirv.nssox apud Ar.vs TB
476). Mrnixorn IF XVIII 211215;
Mrvrn Goth. 203 (to Skt mntra- speech,
sacred text, song of praise); Brzzrx-
nrnorn BB IX 134 (to Gk metalln to
investigate, to ask); Lirrx PBB XV 513
(to Lat macula stain, eck); Prrrnsrx
KZ XXXIX 411 (to Arm matim to
approach); Tonr-F.rk 306; Hor+n.tsrx
705, 746; Z.rizxi.k II 227; Vnirs ANEW
376; Oxioxs 546; Szrvrnrxvi IBK XV
207211 (close to Lith mald prayer,
maldti to pray, Slav *modliti id.); Sc.n-
riori Goten 32; Krixorxscnvi++ Verbum
71 (follows Wirrrv.xx); Lrnv.xx GED
247248; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 89 (recon-
structs *m6-tlo- or *mod-tlo-); Hirv.nssox
Festschr. Rix 213; Krtor-Srrnorr 311.
*maljanan wk.vb.: Goth maljan to
speak, ON mla id., OE mlan id.,
OFris mlia id., OS mahalian id., OHG
mahalen to reach an agreement. Derived
from *malan. Tonr-F.rk 306; Hor+-
I 746747; Vnirs ANEW 399; Szrvr-
nrxvi IBK XV 207211 (close to Lith
maskw(n) 263 maljanan
orel_f11 _M-252-278 7/6/04 7:08 PM Page 263
maldti to pray, Slav *modliti id.);
M.n+vxo\ Jazyk 2122 (from Slav *mod-
liti to pray).
*mal(n) sb.f.: ON mla female acquain-
tance, OHG gi-mahala wife. Derived
from *malan. Vnirs ANEW 377.
*man sb.m.: Goth maa worm, OE
maa maggot, worm, OS matho id.,
OHG mado id. A diminutive in ON makr
maggot, worm. Of unknown origin.
Prnssox Ger. 14, Wurzelerw. 34 (to Lat
mand to chew); Cn.nrrx+irn KZ XLVI
4344 (to Skt matkua- bug); Tonr-F.rk
Pokonxv I 700 (to Arm mat 'il louse);
Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 110; Z.rizxi.k I
154; Oxioxs 545; Irricn-S\i+vcn Opyt II
77 (against Pokonxv: Arm mat 'il is from
Kartvelian, cf. Georgian mat 'il worm;
compares *man with Slav *motyl
buttery); Lrnv.xx GED 247; Krtor-
Srrnorr 531 (to Slav *motyl buttery).
*maujanan wk.vb.: Goth maudjan to
remind. Close to Lith maudi, maUsti to
desire, to long for and structurally iden-
tical with Slav *muditi to procrastinate.
Further to Gk myow speech, Slav *mysl
thought. Scnvir+ Voc. I 178 (to OIr
smuainim to think); Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I
113 (adds Lat mutti to mutter, to mum-
ble); Tn.t+v.xx BSW 171172; Fris+
Fnisk II 264265.
*mauraz sb.m.: ON maurr ant. With a
metathesis, from an earlier *marwaz re-
lated to Av maoir- id., OIr moirb id., Slav
*morv ~ *morv id. Fons+rv.xx KZ III
50; \.x Wik IF XXXIII 367; Tonr-
ANEW 380; Lrncnxrn 202; Lrnv.xx
GED 253254; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XIX
246247.
*maziz sb.m.: ON mergr marrow, OE
mearh id. (masc., neut.), OFris merg, merch
id. (masc., neut.), OS marg id. (neut.),
OHG marg id. (neut.). Related to Toch A
munt id., Skt majjn- id., Av mazga-
marrow, brain, Lith smgens brain,
marrow, Latv smadzenes id., OPrus
musgeno marrow, Slav *mozg brain,
marrow (W.rrr KZ XXXIV 511512).
Tonr-F.rk Wortschatz 318; Tn.t+v.xx
Ponzio 211; M.vnnorrn II 549550;
557; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 50; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa XX 9497; Krtor-Srrnorr 541.
*mejana-araz sb.m.: Goth midjun-
gards inhabited world (inuenced by
miduma, see *meum( j)az), OE middan-eard
earth, world, OS middil-gard id. (with
a dissimilation). Cf. also ON mi-garr
earth. Compound of *mejn (wk. form
of *mejaz) and *araz. Gnirxnrno Got.
160 (reconstructs the rst part as
*mejnaz); Tonr-F.rk 307; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 221; Fris+ 357; C.nn Nom. comp.
*mejaz adj.: Goth midjis middle, ON
mir id., OE midd id., OFris midde id., OS
middi id., OHG mitti id. Identical with Skt
mdhya- id., Av maidya- id., Gk msow,
mssow id., Arm m middle (noun), Lat
medius what is in the middle, intermedi-
ary, Gaul medio- (in prop.), OIr mide
middle, Lith mdis wood, tree, Slav
*medja boundary. B.n+norov.r 1115
1116; Tonr-F.rk 307; Btoor PBB XXI
Fris+ 356; M.vnnorrn II 572; Pokonxv
ESSJa XVIII 4546; Krtor-Srrnorr
563.
*mejn sb.f.: ON mija middle, OE
midde id., OS middia id., MHG mitte id.
Derived from *mejaz. Structurally close
to Slav *medja boundary. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 221; Vnirs ANEW 386; Tntn.-
cnr\ ESSJa XVIII 4546; Krtor-
Srrnorr 563.
*me(a)lan ~ *meilan adj.: ON adv.
meal, miil among, between, OE middel
middle, OFris middel id., OS middil id.,
maljanan 264 me(a)lan
orel_f11 _M-252-278 7/6/04 7:08 PM Page 264
OHG mittil-tag noon. Related to *mejaz.
May be structurally close to Lat medulla
marrow, pith. Tonr-F.rk 307; Hor+-
II 5859; Vnirs ANEW 381; Krtor-
Srrnorr 563.
*meljanan wk.vb.: ON mila to
share, OE midlian to mediate, MLG
middelen to distribute, MHG mitteln id.
Derived from *me(a)lan ~ *meilan.
386.
*meum( j)az adj.: OE medume middling,
moderate, common, OFris superl. adj.
medemest middle, OHG metamo me-
diocre. Superlative identical wih Skt
madhyam- middle, Av mad6ma- id.
Szrvrnrxvi PBB LXXXII 130 (-uma as
elative or intensive); Tn.t+v.xx Adj.
*meum sb.f.: Goth miduma middle,
ON mjm hip, OE medema step (of a
loom) (masc.). Derived from *meum( j)az.
218; Fris+ 357; Pokonxv I 706707;
*meu-rannan sb.n.: ON mjrann
drinking-hall, OE medu-rn banqueting-
house. Compound of *meuz and *rannan
(derived from *rennanan). C.nn Nom.
comp. 55.
*meu-wurtiz sb.f.: Icel mja-urt meadow-
sweet, OE medu-wyrt id., MLG mede-
wurt id., OHG metu-wurz id. Compound
of *muz and *wurtiz. C.nn Nom. comp.
50.
*meuz sb.m.: ON mjr mead, OE
meodu, medu id. (masc., neut.), OFris mede
id., MLG mede id., OHG metu id. Related
to Toch B mit honey, Skt mdhu- honey,
mead, Av madu- berry wine, Gk myu
wine, OIr mid mead, Lith meds
honey, Slav *med id. B.n+norov.r
306; Scnn.rrn-Nrnnixo I 139; Tn.t+-
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XVIII 6872; Krtor-
Srrnorr 555; Ar.vs TB 461; Btnr.k
IFTJa 252.
*mekila-lkaz adj.: ON mikil-ligr grand,
OE micel-lc great, grand, OHG mihhil-
lh id. Derived from *mekilaz. Hrirrn-
v.xxs 405.
*mekilaz adj.: Goth mikils large, many,
ON mikill, mykill large, big, OE micel
great, OS mikil id., OHG mihhil id. See
*mekuz. Structurally close to Gk meglo-
great, with an augmentative (Scntrzr
Kl. Schr. 7577) or a diminutive sux
(Sirnrnrn Sprache II 113114). Fons+rn-
v.x KZ I 16; Scnvrizrn KZ I 559;
Tntnxrvsrx KZ XLVIII 61 (sux under
the inuence of *ltilaz ~ *ltilaz ~ *lutti-
laz); Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 7579; Fris+
Fnisk II 189191; Oxioxs 574, 594;
Brxrrik+ssox ANF XCIII 4862; Lrn-
v.xx GED 254255; Hrirrnv.xxs 405
406.
*mekiln sb.f.: Goth mikilei immensity,
largeness, OS mikil id., OHG mihhil
largeness, greatness. Derived from
*mekilaz. Fris+ 358; Lrnv.xx GED 254;
Hrirrnv.xxs 405.
*mekiljanan wk.vb.: Goth mikiljan to
make great, to praise, OS mikilan id.
Derived from *mekilaz. Fris+ 358;
Ponzio Gliederung 157; Hrirrnv.xxs 405.
*mekiljanan wk.vb.: ON mikla to make
great, to magnify, OE miclian to become
great, to increase, OLG ge-mikilon to
praise, OHG mihhiln id. Derived from
*mekilaz. Lrnv.xx GED 254; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 405.
*mekuz adj.: ON mjk much. Related to
Hitt mekki- much, many, Toch A mk, B
mka many, much, Skt mahnt- great,
me(a)lan 265 mekuz
orel_f11 _M-252-278 7/6/04 7:08 PM Page 265
large, Av maz
nt- id., Gk mgaw great,

large, Phryg meka-, Arm mec big, Lat
magnus great, OIr maige great, large,
Alb madh big (Borr Alb. 489, 491).
W.rrr-Horv.xx II 1012; Scntrzr Kl.
Schr. 75 (u-stem under the inuence of
*felu); Pokonxv I 708709; Vnirs ANEW
390; Fnisk II 189190; Oxioxs 594;
M.vnnorrn II 609610; Lrnv.xx GED
254; Tiscnrrn HEG II 181185; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 263; Onrr AED 240,
Phrygian 444; Ar.vs TB 446447.
*meli sb.f.: Goth mildia compassion,
sympathy, OHG miltida mercy, compas-
sion. Derived from *meljaz. Fris+ 359;
Hrirrnv.xxs 406.
*meljaz adj.: Goth friawa-milds loving
tenderly, aectionate, ON mildr mild,
gentle, graceful, OE milde mild, gentle,
benign, OFris milde benevolent, OS
mildi municent, friendly, merciful,
OHG milti merciful, compassionate,
mild. Originally, an oxytonic derivative
in -ti-/*to- of *malanan. Lixr\is+
Festschr. Pipping 361; K.ns+rx NB II 445;
Wrisvrirrn IF XLI 352365; Tonr-
Oxioxs 576; Rosrxonrx passim; Lrn-
v.xx GED 255; Hrirrnv.xxs 406407;
Krtor-Srrnorr 559.
*meln sb.f.: ON mildi grace, mercy,
MDu un-mildi mercilessness, OHG milt
grace, mildness Derived from *meljaz.
Hrirrnv.xxs 406.
*meln sb.f.: Norw melde small seed,
OE melde orach (plant), MLG melde
notch-weed, OHG melda id. Related to
*malanan. Tonr-F.rk 317; Vnirs ANEW
*melunjaz sb.m.: ON Mjllnir Thors
hammer. Despite the dierences in vo-
calism, close to Slav *mldni lightning
< *mdh-n (Wirrrv.xx BB XXVIII 11).
Further related to OPrus mealde id., Latv
milna the hammer of Perkuns < *mdhn,
W mellen lightning. ON myln re
< *muln-j- is identical with Slav *mldni.
Scnvir+ Voc. II 131 (to Lat malleus ham-
mer); Lorvrx+n.r ANF XXXVIII 281
(ON myln to W melyn yellow); Mikkor.
ANF XIX 331; Ponzio Gliederung 195;
57; Vnirs ANEW 390, 397; Goni.cnr\.
Etim. 1981 6667; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XX
220222.
*meli-awwan sb.n.: Sw mjl-dagg
mildew, OE mil-daw, mele-daw honey-
dew, nectar, OS mili-dou mildew, OHG
mili-tou id. Compound of *meli- (see
*meli) and *awwan ~ *aww. Hor+-
Lrnv.xx GED 255.
*meliskaz adj.: OE milisc sweet, hon-
eyed. Derived from IE *meli- honey, see
*meli. Tonr-F.rk 315; Hor+n.tsrx
*meliskn sb.f.: ON milska mead, hon-
eyed beverage, OHG milsca wine mixed
with honey. Derived from *meliskaz.
Lrnv.xx GED 255.
*meli sb.n.: Goth mili honey. Based on
IE *meli-t id.: Hitt milit, Arm mer, Gk
mli, Alb mjalt, Lat mel, OIr mil. Tonr-
F.rk 315; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 6162;
Lrnv.xx GED 255256; Tiscnrrn HEG
II 207210; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 215;
Onrr AED 268.
*melkanan str.vb.: OE melcan to milk,
OFris pres. melka id., MDu melken id.,
OHG melcan id. Related to Toch AB
mlk- to milk, Gk mlgv to draw, to
pull, Lat mulge to milk, MIr bligim id.,
Alb mjel id., Lith mliu, mlti id., Slav
*mlz, *melzti id. Mrvrn BB VIII 190;
Ztri+z. Gutt. 198; Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr.
I 43; Tonr-F.rk 315316; Mrirrr+
MSL XVII/1 6064; Tn.t+v.xx BSW
Horv.xx II 121; Szrvrnrxvi KZ LXXV
170 (adds Skt mjti to rub, to wipe);
Oxioxs 576; Fnisk I 9192; Srrnorr
mekuz 266 melkanan
orel_f11 _M-252-278 7/6/04 7:08 PM Page 266
350351; Lrnv.xx GED 256; Gnirrrx-
+noo Wurzelnomina 282304; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa XVIII 9596; Krtor-Srrnorr
552; Onrr AED 270; Btnr.k IFTJa
251.
*melkaz adj.: ON fem. mjlk milch, giv-
ing milk, OE meolc, melc id., MLG melk
having a calf, giving milk, OHG melc
giving milk. Derived from *melkanan.
K.ns+rx NB II 329; Tonr-F.rk 315
sox IEW 676677; Vnirs ANEW 389;
Krtor-Srrnorr 552.
*melktaz adj.: ON mjaltr milch, giving
milk. An archaic formation similar to
MIr mlicht milk < *m-tu- and W blith
id. < *m-ti. Further cf. Slav *melztva
milking, milk pot based on *meltu-.
Pokonxv I 723; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa
XVIII 96.
*melmaz sb.m.: OS melm sand, dust,
OHG melm dust. An ablaut variant of
*malmaz ~ *malmn. Closely related to
Lith melmu kidney stone < *mel-men-
(Scnvir+ Kritik 104) further connected
with IE *mel(H)- to grind, cf. *malanan.
Tonr-F.rk 314; Pokonxv I 717; Fn.rx-
krr 431; Z.rizxi.k II 178; Srrnorr
535.
*meltanan str.vb.: Icel part. moltinn
weak, OE meltan to melt. Related to
Skt mdnti to press, to squeeze, to rub,
Gk mldomai to melt (Srrcn+ KZ LXIV
66). See *maltaz. Cf. also *smeltanan id.
Oxioxs 568, 838; Srrnorr 351; Lrnv.xx
GED 144.
*meltjan sb.n.: ON milti spleen, OE
masc., fem. milte id., OFris fem. milte id.,
MLG fem. milte id., OHG milzi id.
Related to *maltaz (Pr+rnssox IF XXIII
158). For the semantics cf. W lleithen
spleen ~ lleitho to make wet. Tonr-F.rk
*melukjanan wk.vb.: ON mjlka to
milk, OE meolcian id., OFris melka id.,
MLG melken id. Derived from *melukz.
219; Vnirs ANEW 389; Pokonxv I 723.
*melukz sb.f.: Goth miluks milk, ON
mjlk id., OE meolc, meoluc, milc id., OFris
melok id., OS miluk id. (i-stem), OHG
miluh id. (i-stem), milih id. (< *melikiz). The
origin of the second vowel is not clear
(Hin+ Idg. Gr. II 118; Prnssox Beitrge
685). The connection with *melkanan (sup-
posed in Mrirrr+ MSL XVII 6061) is
dubious. Mrirrr+ MSL XII 219 (to Gk
gla milk), XVII 60; Ztri+z. Gutt. 198;
Tonr-F.rk 315; Hin+ IF XXI 173
(< *del6k-); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 223;
M.vrn KZ LXXIII 235237; Pokonxv I
II 209; Oxioxs 576; Szrvrnrxvi Scripta
1125 (crossing of *melk- and *mluk-);
H.vr KZ XCII 30; Lrnv.xx GED 256;
Srrnorr 558559.
*melwan sb.n.: ON mjl our, meal, OE
melu id., OFris dat. mele id., OS melo id.,
OHG melo id. Identical with Alb miell id.
and Slav *melvo grain to be ground.
Further connected with IE *mel- to
grind, cf. *malanan. Woor MLN XV
326 (to Skt malv- thoughtless, foolish,
unwise, Gk mluw weak); Tonr-F.rk
ESSJa XVIII 9293; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom.
69; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XVIII 9293;
266.
*memzan sb.n.: Goth mimz meat.
Related to IE *mmso- id. with a long
vowel: Toch B pl. msa meat, esh, Skt
msm, Arm mis, Alb mish, OPrus mensa,
melkanan 267 memzan
orel_f11 _M-252-278 7/6/04 7:08 PM Page 267
menso, Slav *m\so (Scnvir+ KZ XXVI 16).
Tonr-F.rk 310; Fris+ 361; M.vnnorrn
II 615; Pokonxv I 725; Sc.nriori Goten
24, 257; Lrnv.xx GED 256; Exnir++i
AFLLS XIX 171173 (from Slav *m\so
id.); Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XIX 711;
B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 95 (Vddhi with a
long *--); Onrr AED 267; Ar.vs TB
*meniz sb.f.: Goth ana-minds suspicion,
supposition, ON pl. minjar memorials.
Related to *mana. Cf. *muniz. Tonr-
F.rk 308; Fris+ 4243; Vnirs ANEW
388; Srrnorr 346.
*men(i)lan sb.n.: ON ml mouth-piece,
bit, OE midl id., OS mindil id., OHG
mindil id. Closely related to OIr mdal,
mtal paunch, belly < *mentl. Further
related to *munaz (Lirrx Festschr. Bugge
78). Woor MLN XXI 40 (to Gk mtow
thread of the warp); Tonr-F.rk 310;
732733; Vnirs ANEW 383; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 88.
*menjan sb.n.: Goth ga-mini memory,
ON minni id., OHG fem. minne id. De-
rived from *mana. Cf. *muniz. Tonr-
nrnorn Nom. 95.
*menjanan wk.vb.: ON minna to re-
mind, OFris minnia to remember, OS
minnian id. See *menjan. Vnirs ANEW
388.
*merkwaz adj.: ON myrkr dark, murky,
OE mirce id., OS mirki eery, evil. Related
to Lith mrgas colorful, mirgti to sparkle,
to icker (Wirrrv.xx BB XIII 300) and
especially close to Slav *merg brown,
with dark stripes. K.ns+rx NB II
Vnirs ANEW 398; Oxioxs 597; S+.xo LS
3637; Lrnv.xx GED 248 (to *murinaz);
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XVIII 98; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 409410.
*metan sb.n.: ON pl. mjt measure, OE
e-met id., OS gi-met id., OHG mez id.
Derived from *metanan. Tonr-F.rk 305;
Br\rxis+r 399406; Srrnorr 353;
*metanan str.vb.: Goth mitan to mea-
sure, ON meta to tax, to value, OE
metan to measure, OFris meta id., OS
pres. metan to take for, OHG mezzan to
measure, to compare, to evaluate. Re-
lated to Gk mdomai to take care of , Lat
meditor to think about, OIr midiur to
think. Tonr-F.rk 304; Hor+n.tsrx
385; Fnisk II 191; Brx\rxis+r IEL
101102; Srrnorr 352354; Lrnv.xx
*metuz sb.m.: ON mjtur God (as a
dispenser), weird, bane, OE metod, meotod
fate, destiny, OS metod id. Derived from
*metjanan. Tonr-F.rk 305; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 220; Krtor Nom. Stamm.
*metjanan wk.vb.: Goth miton to plan,
to think about, to weigh, OE eanc-met-
ian to deliberate, to consider, OHG
eban-mezzn to measure. Derived from
*metanan. Tonr-F.rk 305; Fris+ 364;
Pokonxv I 706; Srrnorr 353; Brx\r-
xis+r IEL 101; Lrnv.xx GED 258.
*mea prep.: Goth mi with, among, ON
me with, OE mid, mi id., OFris mith,
mithi id., OS mid, midi id., OHG mit, miti
id.. Identical with Gk met with, among
(Ktnx KZ I 515). Tonr-F.rk 306;
II 216217; Lrnv.xx GED 258259;
Krtor-Srrnorr 563.
*meurj(n) sb.f.: Crim. Goth. miera ant,
Swed myra id., MLG mre id. Connected
with *mauraz. Probably goes back to
*mer, cf. Av maoir- < *mor. Further cf.
OIr moirb id., Slav *morvja id. < *mor.
Mtcn Idg. Anz. IX 197198; Tonr-F.rk
302303; Fris+ 357; Pokonxv I 253254;
memzan 268 meurj(n)
orel_f11 _M-252-278 7/6/04 7:08 PM Page 268
ESSJa XIX 244; Krtor-Srrnorr 557
558.
*meusan ~ *meusaz sb.n./m.: OE mes
moss, OHG mios id. Cf. also ON fem.
mrr moor, bog, swamp < *meuziz. An
ablaut variant of *musn ~ *musan.
SSGJa I 55; Vnirs ANEW 398; Z.rizxi.k
568.
*manan str.vb.: OE mwan to mow,
OFris pres. ma id. Related to Gk
mv to cut, to mow. Tonr-F.rk 301;
Fnisk I 88; Oxioxs 594; Srrnorr 347;
Krtor-Srrnorr 532.
*maz sb.m.: Goth megs son-in-law, ON
mgr male in-law, OE m relative,
OFris mch, mg id., OS mg id., OHG
mg id. Despite phonetic diculties, to
*mauz (Unrrxnrck PBB XXX 302).
Pnrrrvi+z BB XXIV 215216 (to Gk
peri-hmektv to be angry, disgusted, Lith
mgstu, mgti to like); Wirrrv.xx BB
XXVIII 65 (same as Pnrrrvi+z, cf. for
the semantic development Fr beau-ls son-
in-law); Woor MP XI 316 (to *malan);
I 707 (to Skt mahyati to animate, to
strengthen, to gladden); Vnirs ANEW
375; Z.rizxi.k I 134; Fn.rxkrr 425
426, Lexis II 168170; Szrvrnrxvi Kinship
190192; Lrnv.xx ZfMund XXXV 15
17, GED 249250; Krtor-Srrnorr 531.
*mi sb.f.: ON mg anity by mar-
riage, OE mg family, race. Derived
from *maz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 210;
Vnirs ANEW 398.
*mxn ~ *man sb.m.: OSwed val-
moghe poppy (< *walxa-man), OS mho
id., mho-smo id., OHG mago id. Some-
how related with (or borrowed from the
same source as) Gk mkvn id., Slav *mak
id. Fick I 707 (to Gk mssv to knead);
Ztri+z. Gutt. 135; Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I
159 (adds OIr meccun carrot); Tonr-F.rk
303; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 166; Fnisk II 225;
Gixrix Etim. 6970 (together with Gk
mkvn id. from Thrac *mkh-); Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa XVII 149151; Krtor-Srrnorr
565.
*mkjaz ~ *mkjn sb.m.: Goth meki
sword, ON mkir id., OE mce id., OS
mki id. Borrowed from NCauc *mq
c
V
chisel, hoe, knife: Avar-And *maq
c
ala,
Tsez *miq
c
, Lezghi *mVq
c
(uj). Fnornrr
KZ XIV 454 (to Lat mact to sacrice, to
kill); Tonr-F.rk 303 (to OIr machtaim to
slaughter); Lorvrx+n.r ANF XXXIII
113 (to Lith smagas cane, pole); Hor+-
Snr\rro\ Prehist. 169 (from Georgian
mxva sharp; knife, cf. also Avar max:
iron); Szrvrnrxvi KZ XCIII 110118
(from Iran *madyaka attached to the
waist); Vrnx.rskv Saeculum II 368
(Sarmathian loanword); Lrnv.xx GED
250; Mrxors Slovo 199 (from North
Caucasian: Arch, Did maa sword); Frn-
vrori. ASGM XXI 123124 (< *mgo-,
to IE *m-); Orix+so\ Etim. 1982 110
(to Bret mecet to shine); Nikor.vr\-
S+.nos+ix NCED 827.
*mlan I sb.n.: Goth mel hour, time, ON
ml time, term, mealtime, OE ml
measure, xed time (neut., masc.?),
OFris ml, ml time, mealtime, MLG
ml period of time, MHG ml time,
moment. Equivalent of ELith tuo-mEl
(Fn.rxkrr KZ XLI 417). Derived from
IE *m- to measure: Toch A me-, B
mai-, Skt mmti, Alb mas id.
< PAlb *matja, Lat mtior and the like
(Btoor PBB XXIV 434). Gnirxnrnorn
Got. 158 (identical with *mlan II); Tonr-
Tnirn Lehm 72; M.vnnorrn II 638;
Oxioxs 565; S+.xo LS 3536; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 76; Krtor-Srrnorr 534
535; Onrr AED 246247.
*mlan II sb.n.: Goth mel scripture, writ-
ing, ON ml ornament (on a sword),
OE ml mark, sign (neut., masc.?), OFris
meurj(n) 269 mlan
orel_f11 _M-252-278 7/6/04 7:08 PM Page 269
ml sign, OS hbid-ml head portrait,
OHG ml spot, point. Historically iden-
tical with *mlan I (Lorvr KZ XLVII
132; Gnirxnrnorn Got. 158). Fick I 507
(to Lat macula spot); Dr++rns ZDADL
XLII 57 (to *malan); Tonr-F.rk 315;
Hin+ Idg. Gr. V 101 (follows Fick and
reconstructs *mtl-); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
211; Fris+ 353 (to Skt mlam dirt, Gk
mlaw black, Lith mlas blue); Tnirn
Lehm 71; Pokonxv I 703704, 720721;
535; Ar.vs TB 469470 (to Toch A
mala, B meli nose < *mlo-).
*mlan III sb.n.: OFrank gloss mla cow,
Du maal young cow. Identical with Gk
mlon small animals, sheep, further cf.
OIr ml animal, Arm mal sheep, ram
(Scnrr+rrovi+z BB XXIX 46), Slav
*ml small. See *smalaz. Fick I 519
(to *m- to bleat); Pokonxv I 724;
Dvno VSJa 26; Vrxrnvrs M-51; Fnisk
II 226227; Cn.x+n.ixr 694695;
XVIII 168; Hrirrnv.xxs 517.
*mljanan ~ *mlnan wk.vb.: Goth
meljan to write, late ON mla to paint,
to portray, mla id., OE e-mlan to spot,
to blemish, OFris mlia to paint, OS
mln to paint, to draw, OHG mln,
mln id. Derived from *mlan II. Tonr-
*mljaz sb.m.: ON mlir measure, OE
mle, mle cup, bowl. Derived from
*mlan I. Tonr-F.rk 301; Hor+n.tsrx
GED 250.
*mnn sb.m.: Goth mena moon, ON
mni id., OE mna id., OFris mna id., OS
mno id., OHG mno id. Derivationally
similar to OPrus menins id. A secondary
form based on *mnz. Scnvir+ KZ
XXVI 340, 345346; Tonr-F.rk 309;
Srrcn+ KZ LXVI 53; Hor+n.tsrx
*mnz sb.m.: Goth menos month, ON
mnar, mnur id., OE mna month,
OFris mnath moon, OS mnuth id.,
OHG mnd id. Related to Toch A ma
id., B mee id., Skt ms- id., Av mh- id.,
Arm amis id., Gk Dor mw id., Alb muaj ~
muej id. < PAlb *msnja, Lat mnsis id.,
OIr m, Lith mnuo, Slav *ms=c id.
Scnvir+ KZ XXVI 340346, Plur. 193;
309; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 179181; Hor+-
II 7172; Fris+ 354; M.vnnorrn II
209; Fnisk II 227228; Oxioxs 587;
Brrkrs JIES X 55; Lrnv.xx GED 251;
Onrr AED 276; Ar.vs TB 468; Btnr.k
IFTJa 251.
*mri sb.f.: Goth meria repute, news,
ON mr praise, song of praise, OE
mru, mr greatness, honor, glory, OS
mritha glory, fame, OHG mrida id.
Derived from *mrjaz. Tonr-F.rk 300;
408409.
*mrn sb.f.: Goth waila-merei good repu-
tation, OHG mr fame. Derived from
*mrjaz. Fris+ 543544; Hrirrnv.xxs
408.
*mrjanan wk.vb.: Goth merjan to pro-
claim, ON mra to praise, OE mran to
make known, to celebrate, OS mrian to
announce, to praise, OHG mren id.
Derived from *mrjaz. Tonr-F.rk 300;
*mrjaz adj.: Goth waila-mereis well-
reputed, laudable, ON mrr famous,
glorious, great, OE mre great, excel-
lent, distinguished, OS mri brilliant,
famous, OHG mri famous. Related to
OIr mr large, Gk gxes-mvrow mighty
with the spear < *mros. Fick KZ II
mlan 270 mrjaz
orel_f11 _M-252-278 7/6/04 7:08 PM Page 270
382383 (to Lat merus pure, unmixed);
Mi++xrn Wurd 139141 (contamination
of *m- large and *mer- to shine);
Lixrov CIH 129130 (follows Mi++xrn);
539540.
*mtan sb.n.: Goth us-met manner of life,
behavior, conduct, ON mt moderation,
OHG mz measure. Derived from *me-
tanan. S+tn+r\.x+ JEGP XXXVI 180
181 (on the meaning in Gothic); Tonr-
*mtiz adj.: ON mtr valuable, excellent,
OE mte moderate, mean, small, poor,
OHG un-mzi enormous. Derived from
*metanan. K.ns+rx NB I 100; Tonr-
F.rk 305; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 212; Srr-
M.+zrr Festschr. Schrder 102, KZ CV
Srrnorr 544.
*man sb.n.: OE m mowing, OFris
de-meth days worth of mowing, MHG
mt mowing. Close to Gk mhtow reap-
ing, harvesting. Derived from *manan.
Krtor Glotta III 280 (against comparison
with Gk); Tonr-F.rk 301; Brx\rxis+r
Origines 157; Fnisk I 88; Krtor-Srrnorr
532.
*miz sb.f.: OE m measure. Identical
with Skt mti- id., Gk mtiw id., Alb mot
time. Derived from *m- to measure.
Tonr-F.rk 301; Brx\rxis+r Nom. 77;
Onrr AED 274275.
*mixstaz sb.m.: ON mistr mist, OE mist
mist, dimness, MLG mist id. Related to
Skt megh- cloud, Av maga- id., Arm mg
fog, Gk mxlh cloud, Alb mjegull
cloud, Lith migl fog, Slav *mgla fog,
darkness (S\rrntr IF XXXV 154).
320; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 223; Brx\r-
xis+r Nom. 107; M.vnnorrn II 680;
581; Onrr AED 269; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa
XXI 9394.
*mixstila-tainaz sb.m.: ON mistil-teinn
mistletoe, OE mistel-tn id. Compound
of *mixstilaz and *tainaz. Tonr-F.rk 320;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 223; C.nn Nom.
comp. 55; Vnirs ANEW 389; Oxioxs
582.
*mixstilaz sb.m.: ON mistil-teinn mistle-
toe, OE mistel basil, mistletoe, Du mistel
mistletoe, OHG mistil id. Derived from
*mixstuz. The mistletoe is the source of
the bird glue. Tonr-F.rk 320; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 223; O+nnski St. IE 203
(from IE *em-istlo- taking, seizing);
Z.rizxi.k I 134; Oxioxs 582; Tnt-
n.cnr\ ESSJa VI 27 (same as O+nnski);
B.rrrs KZ CXII 137142 (from IE *mi-
zdo- similar to *ni-zdo-); Krtor-Srrnorr
562563.
*mixstuz sb.m.: Goth maihstus dung, OS
mist id., OHG mist id. Derived from
*manan. Tonr-F.rk 320; Krtor Nom.
Stamm. 70; Fris+ 340; Pokonxv I 713;
Krtor-Srrnorr 562.
*mimaraz adj.: OE e-mimor existing in
the memory, known. Identical with Av
mimara- mindful, Lat memor id. Believed
to be a reduplication of *(s)mer- to keep
in mind (Fn.xck KZ XXXVII 128130;
Unrrxnrck PBB XVIII 75). B.n+no-
rov.r 1186; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 6768;
B.vvrsnrnorn MSS XXVIII 58.
*minniz ~ *minaz adv., adj.: Goth mins
less, ON minnr, mir less, OE min
small, OFris min less, LG min id., OHG
min id. Probably with *-nn- < *-nw-
(Os+norr Morph. Unt. VI 231). Related to
Skt minti to depreciate, Gk minyv to
diminish, to destroy, Lat minu to dimin-
ish, to become smaller, minor smaller,
OIr menb small, little, Slav *mnj
smaller. Further connected with myate
to grow smaller, Gk mevn smaller <
mrjaz 271 minniz
orel_f11 _M-252-278 7/6/04 7:08 PM Page 271
IE *mei-. Tonr-F.rk 310, 319; W.rrr-
I 711; Vnirs ANEW 388; Fnisk II 242;
Vrxrnvrs M-37; Lrnv.xx GED 256
257; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XXI 119122.
*miskjanan ~ *miskjanan wk.vb.:
OE miscian to mix, MLG mischen id.,
OHG misken id. From *mix-sk-. Deri-
vationally close to Lat misce id., OIr
mescaim id. Cf. also Toch B msk- to
exchange usually etymologized from
*mei- to exchange (Mrrcnrn+ KZ XCI
107). Further related to Skt mimikati to
mix, Gk megnumi, mgnumi id., Lith miti
id., Slav *msiti to mix, to knead.
Prrrnsrx IF V 5859, Kelt. Gr. I 76;
451; Fnisk II 192193; Ar.vs TB
459.
*missa-iz sb.f.: Goth missa-des mis-
deed, transgression, OE mis-dd id., OS
mis-dd id., OHG missi-tt id. Compound
of *missaz and *iz. Fris+ 362; Lrn-
v.xx GED 257.
*missa-jrjan sb.n.: ON miss-ari, miss-eri
season, half-year, OE miss-ere id. Com-
pound of *missaz and *jran. C.nn Nom.
comp. 58.
*missa-lkaz adj.: Goth missa-leiks
diverse, various, ON mis-lkr id., OE mis-
lc wanting in likeness, unlike, various,
OFris mis-lk various, OS mis-lk id.,
OHG mis-lh, missi-lh id. Compound of
*missaz and lkaz. Tonr-F.rk 321;
Lrnv.xx GED 142, 257; Krtor-Srrnorr
562.
*missaz adj.: Goth adv. misso each other,
mutually, ON -miss dierent, various,
OE mis-byrd abortion, OFris mis-dde id.,
OS adv. mis-lko otherwise, in a dierent
way, OHG missi dierent, various (hap.
leg.). Adjective in *-to- based on IE *meit-:
Skt mthati to be angry, to be hostile,
Lat mt to change. See *manan.
Koorr PBB VII 173175 (to Lat mittere
to let go, to send); K.ns+rx NB II
310312; Tonr-F.rk 321; W.rrr-
Horv.xx II 137138; Fris+ 362363;
Krtor-Srrnorr 562.
*missjanan wk.vb.: ON missa to miss, to
lose, OE missan to miss, OFris missa id.,
MLG missen id., OHG missen id. Based on
*missaz. Tonr-F.rk 321; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 223; Oxioxs 581; Lrnv.xx GED
562.
*miss(n) sb.f.: ON missa loss, OE neut.
miss id., MLG misse id., MHG misse id.
Related to *missaz. Tonr-F.rk 321;
388; Oxioxs 581.
*miz(n) ~ *m
2
sb.f.: Goth mizdo
reward, pay, OE meord id., md meed,
reward, OFris mde rent, OS mda pay-
ment, OHG mieta price. In WGmc a
secondary variant is attested. Related to
Skt neut. mh- strife, contest, prize,
reward, Av mida- reward, gift, Gk
misyw recompense, Slav *mzda
reward. W.rrr KZ XXXIV 496;
B.n+norov.r 11871188; Hin+ Urgerm. I
33 (-
2
- compensates the loss of *-z-);
Mrirrr+ Etudes 248, MSL XXI/3 111;
M.vnnorrn II 642643; Fnisk II 244;
Oxioxs 567; Sc.nriori Goten 129;
Brx\rxis+r IEL 131138; Coxxorrv
PBB CI 129; Lrnv.xx GED 259; B.v-
vrsnrnorn Nom. 179; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa
XXI 176178; Krtor-Srrnorr 558.
*manan str.vb.: ON mga to urinate,
OE man id., MLG mgen id. Tokh mio
urine, Skt mhati to urinate, Av mazaiti
id., Arm mizem id., Lat mei id. < *meh,
Lith m, mti id., Slav *miati id.
xrssox IEW 658; M.vnnorrn II 690;
347348; Lrnv.xx GED 241; Tnt-
minniz 272 manan
orel_f11 _M-252-278 7/6/04 7:08 PM Page 272
n.cnr\ ESSJa XIX 63; Krtor-Srrnorr
562; Ar.vs TB 463464.
*mnaz pron.: Goth meins my, ON mnn
id., OE mn id., OFris mn id., OS mn id.,
OHG mn id. Adjective in *-no- derived
from *mei, a secondary stem or locative of
IE *me, 1 sg. personal pronoun (Bnto-
v.xx Grundri II/1 274, II/2 405).
ANEW 388; Oxioxs 577; Scnvir+ Pron.
Srrnorr 550.
*mtaz ~ *mtn sb.m./f.: Norw dial. mt
mite, OE mite id., MLG mte id., OHG
mza gnat. Related to Skt minti to
depreciate, Gk minyv id., Lat minor
small. See *minniz ~ *minnaz. Tonr-
F.rk 320 (to *maitanan); Hor+n.tsrx
*manan str.vb.: OE man to conceal,
OFris pres. for-mtha to avoid, OS mthan
id., OHG mdan id. Related to Hitt muti-
to remove, Skt mthati to be angry, to be
hostile, Lat mt to change, Latv mitt
to change, Slav *mit alternately.
Koorr PBB VII 173 (to Lat mitt to
cause to go, to send); Nonrrx Abri
190 (same as Koorr); Tonr-F.rk 320;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 224; L.xr Language
XIV 24 (adds Toch A met-, B mit- to go,
to set out); W.rrr-Horv.xx II 137138;
710, 715; Srrnorr 348350; Lrnv.xx
GED 241; Tiscnrrn HEG II 235236;
Srrnorr 550.
*maaz ~ *miaz ~ *muaz
adj.: Goth modags angry, ON mugr
moody, gloomy, erce, OE mdi high-
spirited, noble-minded, OS mdag, mdig
excited. Cf. OHG muotig animosity.
Derived from *maz. Fris+ 365; Lrn-
v.xx GED 259.
*ma-safjn sb.m.: ON m-se mind,
OE md-sefa mind, spirit, soul, OS md-
sebo mind. Compound of *maz and
*safjn. C.nn Nom. comp. 51.
*maz sb.m.: Goth mos anger (gen.
modis), ON mr wrath, OE md mind,
spirit, courage (neut.), OFris md id., OS
md id. (masc., neut.), OHG muot soul,
spirit, courage (masc., neut.). Probably
continues *m-t-, cf. Lat mtus moved
< *moitos and further related to Lat
moue to move, Lith muju, muti to
turn down, to touch, to graze. Fick KZ
XXII 377 (to Slav *smti to dare, Gk
maomai to seek); Pnrrrvi+z BB XXVI
310; Tonr-F.rk 322 (to *mjanan);
Scnvir+ KZ XXXVII 45 (from IE *m-
to be spiritually aroused); Mrvrn Bed.
Passim; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 224;
365366; Pokonxv I 705 (to Gk
maomai); Fn.rxkrr 421; Vnirs ANEW
Enxot+-Mrirrr+ 416 (to Lat ms will,
custom); Cn.x+n.ixr 659, 697 (to Gk
mniw anger); Lrnv.xx GED 259;
Krtor- Srrnorr 577.
*mr sb.f.: ON mir mother, OE
mdor id., OFris mdar id., OS mdar id.,
OHG muoter id. Related to Toch A mcar,
B mcer id., Skt mtr- id., Av mtar-
id., Gk mthr id., Alb motr sister, Lat
mter mother, OIr mthir id., Lith mt
id., Slav *mati id. B.n+norov.r 1167;
Pokonxv I 700701; M.vnnorrn II 619;
592; Brx\rxis+r 171; B.vvrsnrnorn
Nom. 208; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XVII
AED 275; Ar.vs TB 447.
*mernjan sb.n.: ON merni mothers
side of lineage, mother. Derived from
*mr and structurally close to Lat mter-
nus of mother. W.rrr-Horv.xx II 49;
Vnirs ANEW 391.
*m(n) sb.f.: ON ma large river, E
dial. mood slime, mucus, LG mt, md
beer foam. Semantically distant from
but historically and formally identical
with *maz. Vnirs ANEW 391.
manan 273 m(n)
orel_f11 _M-252-278 7/6/04 7:08 PM Page 273
*mjanan wk.vb.: Goth past part. af-
mauidai weary, MLG mien to toil, to
endeavor, OHG muoen to become tired,
to labor. Identical with Slav *majati to
wear out, to labor, to be slow (Scnvir+
KZ XXVI 5). Prnssox apud Fris+ (to
Gk marow black); Btoor PBB XIII
316317 (to Gk kmnv to tire); Gnirx-
nrnorn Got. 8 (to Lat moue to move);
Brnxrkrn II 7; Tonr-F.rk 322; Tn.t+-
v.xx BSW 188; Fris+ 9; Pokonxv I 746;
S+.xo LS 35; Lrnv.xx GED 6; Tnt-
n.cnr\ ESSJa XVII 132134; Krtor-
Srrnorr 573.
*mnn sb.f.: ON mna mammy (of a
baby), ME mne mother, MLG mne id.
A word of child language. Vnirs ANEW
392.
*mriz ~ *mraz sb.f./m.: ON mrr
land, border-land, sea, OE mr moor,
OFris mr id., OS mr id., OHG muor
marsh, lake. Secondary form based on
*mariz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 226; Po-
konxv I 748; Vnirs ANEW 400; Cnrvo-
r.xo\ SSGJa I 54; Z.rizxi.k II 170;
*msan sb.n.: ODan ms porridge, OE
ms food, nourishment, OFris ms
meal, OHG muos id. Probably, from
*m-s-an related to *mastaz II, *matiz
(Unrrxnrck PBB XXX 302). Tonr-
D.nvs Vddhi 219231; Lrnv.xx GED
*mta str.vb.: Goth ga-mot to nd room,
OE mt must, OFris mt id., OS mt id.,
OHG muoz can, must. Derived from
*metanan. Drrnntck Synt. III 331 (to IE
*m- to measure); Tonr-F.rk 323; Fris+
Brrkrs KZ LXXXVII 8698 (on *md-:
*med-); Lrnv.xx GED 145; Krtor-
Srrnorr 576577.
*mtan I sb.n.: ON mt meeting, ME
mt, emt id., OS mt id. (fem.), MHG
muoz single combat (of knights) (fem.).
Derived from *metanan (Woor MP XI
321). Mrnixorn IF XVIII 212213;
Unrrxnrck TNTL XXV 269270; Tonr-
F.rk 322323; Prrrnsrx KZ XXXIX
411; Pokonxv I 705706, 746 (to Arm
matim to approach); Vnirs ANEW
393394; Oxioxs 588.
*mtan II sb.n.: ON mt stamp, mark,
EFris mt spot, Du moet trace, spot.
Derived from *metanan. Tonr-F.rk 323;
Vnirs ANEW 393.
*mtjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-motjan to
meet, ON mta id., OE mtan id., OFris
mta id., OS mtian id. Derived from
*mtan I. Mrnixorn IF XVIII 212213
(derived from *mt); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
145.
*mt sb.f.: Goth mota tax, OSwed mt
measure, OE mt toll, tax, MHG muoze
millers pay. Derived from *mtan II
(Mrnixorn IF XVIII 211215). Jrrri-
xrk ZDADL LXVI 129 (from MLat mta
toll); Mtcn DLZeit. XLI 554 (Lat mta
from Gmc.); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 226;
Fris+ 365; S+rxrrn-Pr+rnsrx 322325
(same as Mrnixorn); Fris+ 365; Con.zz.
Lat. 6466; Lrnv.xx GED 259; Krtor-
Srrnorr 548.
*maz adj.: ON mr moody, weary,
OE me weary, troubled, sad, OS mthi
moody, weary, OHG muodi id. Derived
from *mjanan. See *maz. K.ns+rx
NB II 392394; Tonr-F.rk 322; Fris+ 9;
746; Vnirs ANEW 391; Mrir Praet.
87; Lrnv.xx GED 6; M.+zrr KZ CV
572.
*mn sb.f.: ON mi weariness, ex-
haustion, OHG muod id. Derived from
*maz. Hrirrnv.xxs 414.
*mjanan ~ *mnan wk.vb.: ON
ma to plague, to exhaust, OHG
muodn to tire. Derived from *maz.
*mran sb.n.: OFris mther breast-band-
age, OS mder id., OHG muodar belly.
Identical with Gk mtra womb. Derived
mjanan 274 mran
orel_f11 _M-252-278 7/6/04 7:08 PM Page 274
from *mr. Tonr-F.rk 323; Pokonxv
I 701; Fnisk II 232.
*mu(i)ljanan wk.vb.: ON mula to
maunder, to munch, OHG mutiln to
murmur. Of imitative origin. Tonr-F.rk
326 (to Lat mutti to mutter, to mumble);
*muj sb.f.: OSwed mugga mosquito,
OE myce midge, OS muggia id., OHG
mugga id. Distantly related to *ms ~
*msn. Tonr-F.rk 327 (reconstruct
*muwj ); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 228; Po-
konxv I 752; Z.rizxi.k II 226; Oxioxs
*mula-weaz sb.m.: ON mold-vegr
earthly path, OE mold-we way upon
earth, earth. Compound of *mul(n) and
*weaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 55.
*muljanan wk.vb.: ON mylda to cover
with mould , OE be-myldan id., OHG
multen to dig land. Derived from
*mul(n). Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 228;
Vnirs ANEW 397.
*mul(n) sb.f.: Goth mulda dust, ON
mold mould, earth (pl. reects *muliz),
OE molde id., OFris molde id., OHG molta
earth, dust. Close to OPrus piva-maltan
malt, Lith mltai our. Participle *mt-
of *mel- to grind, see *malanan (Sorvsrx
KZ XXXVII 587589). Fons+rnv.x KZ
I 4; Tonr-F.rk 314; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 168;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 225; Fris+ 366; Po-
*muln I sb.m.: OE molda, molde top of
the head (masc., fem.), MDu moude id.
Derivationally close to Skt mrdhn- top,
summit, head, Av ka-m6r6da- head (of a
dev), with a pejorative ka-. B.n+no-
rov.r 440; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 225;
Oxioxs 593.
*muln II sb.f.: OSwed molda Cheno-
podium, MHG multe notch-weed. See
*meln. Tonr-F.rk 317.
*muljanan wk.vb.: ON mylja to shiver, to
crush, MLG mullen to crush, OHG
mullen to rub. Related to *malanan.
*munaz adj.: ON -munr eager, OE
e-mun mindful. Derived from *mana.
Hrirrnv.xxs 415.
*munaz sb.m.: ON mundr bridal
present, OFris mund guardianship. Mor-
phological variant of *mun. Hor+-
Krtor-Srrnorr 574.
*munilaz ~ *munil sb.m.: Goth
prop. Mundila, ON prop. Mundill, OFris
mundele minor, ward (fem.), MHG mndel
minor, ward (neut.). Derived from*mun.
*muniz sb.f.: Goth ga-munds remem-
brance, ON mynd shape, form, image,
OE e-mynd mind, memory, remem-
brance, OHG gi-munt remembrance.
Continues IE *mtis: Skt mat- thought,
design, devotion, Av anu-maiti- ponder-
ing, Lith mints id., Slav *pa-mt mem-
ory, based on *men- to think. See *mana.
AEEW 228; Fris+ 194; M.vnnorrn II
*mun sb.f.: ON mund hand, OE mund
id., OFris masc. mund protection, guard-
ing, OS mund hand, OHG munt hand,
palm as a length measure. Continues
*m-t (D.xirrssox AISt. III 189190)
probably connected with Gk mrh
hand, Lat manus id., a heteroclytic stem,
cf. *manwuz. Tonr-F.rk 326; Hor+-
3435; Kn.nr SuV 75; Pokonxv I
Krtor-Srrnorr 574.
*munjanan wk.vb.: Goth mundon to
pay attention, to observe, ON munda to
point, to aim. Related to Gk manynv,
mran 275 munjanan
orel_f11 _M-252-278 7/6/04 7:08 PM Page 275
aor. mayen to learn. Tonr-F.rk 308;
Fris+ 367; S+tn+r\.x+ MP XXVI 472
(from *mana); Pokonxv I 730; Vnirs
GED 261.
*munraz adj.: OHG muntar lively,
fresh. Connected with *munjanan.
Structurally close to Lith mandrs lively,
Slav *mdr wise. Tonr-F.rk 308;
Fris+ 367368; Wissv.xx NP 78;
Fn.rxkrr 405406; Lrnv.xx Language
XVIII 128, GED 261; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa
XX 130133; Hrirrnv.xxs 416; Krtor-
Srrnorr 575.
*munrn sb.f.: Goth mundrei aim, goal,
OHG muntr eagerness, diligence. De-
rived from*munraz. Fris+ 367368; Lrn-
*munnan wk.vb.: Goth munan to intend,
to be about to, OHG r-monen to value
little. Derived from *muniz. Fris+ 367;
Srrnorr 346.
*muniz sb.m.: Goth muns thought, inten-
tion, ON munr mind, longing, delight,
OE myne mind, purpose, desire. Related
to *mana. Tonr-F.rk 308; Hor+n.tsrx
nrnorn Nom. 132133.
*munaz sb.m.: Goth muns mouth, ON
munnr, mur id., OE m id., OFris mund,
mond id., OS mth id., OHG mund id.
Etymologically close to Lat mentum chin,
W mant jaw, mouth < *mto-, Alb mat
bank, shore < *mto- ( V.svrn AW
3940). Hin+ PBB XXII 228 (to Gk
stma mouth, from *st(o)ment-); Dr++rn
ZDADL XLII 56 (to Skt mkha- mouth);
Knr+scnvrn Glotta XV 195196 (from
*mu-nt- making a mu-sound and identi-
cal with Lat mundus underground pit
< *mouth of the underworld); Tonr-
Ponzio Gliederung 126, 133; Pokonxv I
726, 732733; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I
Oxioxs 594; Lrnv.xx GED 261 (to Gk
masomai to chew); B.vvrsnrnorn
Nom. 7778; Krtor-Srrnorr 574; Onrr
AED 247.
*munn sb.m.: ON munni mouth, open-
ing, OE ma mouth (of the river),
opening, door, OFris mtha id., MLG
mde id. Derived from *munaz. Hor+-
*murina-eb sb.f.: ON morgin-gjf bri-
dal gift, OE moren-ifu id., MLG morgen-
gave id., OHG morgan-geba id. Compound
of *murinaz and *eb. C.nn Nom. comp.
*murinaz sb.m.: Goth maurgins morn-
ing, ON morginn, myrginn id., OE moren
id., OFris morn id., OS morgan id., OHG
morgan id. Cf. also OE merien id.,
MDutch margen, mergen id. < *marinaz.
Identical with Slav *mrn dark.
Further related to OIr mrecht multi-
colored, Lith mrkiu, mrkti to blink, Slav
*mrknti to become dark. Tonr-F.rk
326; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 182184; Hor+-
Fn.rxkrr 441; Z.rizxi.k I 134; Oxioxs
590; S+.xo LS 3637; Lrnv.xx GED
248; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XXI 130,
*murjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-maurgjan to
shorten, OE miran to be happy, to
rejoice. Derived from *muruz. Tonr-
416; Ar.vs TB 454455 (adds Toch B
mrkwace upper leg, thigh).
*muruz adj.: OE myr(i)e pleasant,
delightful, sweet, OHG murg-fri transi-
tory, murg short. Closely related to Av
m6r6zu- short (?), Gk braxw id., Lat
brevis id. (S.tsstnr Recueil 406407).
G.t+nio+ MSL XVIII 343347; Fris+
145; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 262; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 416417.
*murxn sb.f.: OE more, moru edible root,
carrot, parsnip, OS morha carrot, OHG
munjanan 276 murxn
orel_f11 _M-252-278 7/6/04 7:08 PM Page 276
moraha id. Connection with Gk brkana:
t gria lxana (Hes.) cannot be sup-
ported. Together with Slav *mrky id.,
*murxn was borrowed from a North
Caucasian source: NCauc mrqw> root
(in WCauccarrot). Ztri+z. Gutt.
135 Tonr-F.rk 570; M.cnrk LP II 158
(of non-IE origin); Nikor.r\-S+.nos+ix
NCED 827; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XX 247
*murnanan str.vb.: OE murnan to mourn,
to be sad. See *mimaraz. Woor MP V
Srrnorr 351352.
*murnnan wk.vb.: Goth maurnan to
worry, to concern oneself , OS mornian
id., OHG mornn to mourn. Derived
from *murnanan. Woor MP V 282283
(to Gk maranv to rub o); Tonr-F.rk
313; Fris+ 351; Oxioxs 593 (to Skt
smrati to remember, to think of, to long
for, Gk mrimna); Lrnv.xx GED 248
249.
*murrjanan wk.vb.: ON murra to mur-
mur, MLG murren to drone, G murren
to grumble. Of imitative origin. Tonr-
*muran I sb.n.: ON mor murder, OE
mor death, murder (neut., masc.), OFris
morth murder, OS morth id., OHG mord
id. (neut., masc.). Identical with Skt mt-
dead, Av m6r6ta- id., Gk brotw (mortal)
man, mortw: nyrvpow ynhtw (Hes.),
Arm mard man, Lat mortuus dead, Slav
*mrtv id. Derived from *mer- to die.
Mrirrr+ MSL XIV/4 378; B.n+norov.r
113; M.vnnorrn II 674; Pokonxv I 735;
392; Z.rizxi.k I 223; Fnisk I 270271;
78; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XXI 146148;
Krtor-Srrnorr 569.
*muran II sb.n.: OSwed mor sand,
EFris murt sand. Goes back to a partici-
ple of *mer- to rub, *mto- also attested
in Lat mortrium mortar. Tonr-F.rk
311; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 112; Pokonxv I
736; Vnirs ANEW 392393.
*mura-werkan sb.n.: ON mor-verk
murder, OE mor-weorc act which
causes death, OS mord-werk murder.
Compound of *muran I and *werkan.
C.nn Nom. comp. 51.
*murjanan wk.vb.: ON myra to mur-
der, OFris morthia id., MLG morden id.,
OHG murden id. Derived from *muran I.
*murran sb.n.: Goth maurr murder,
OE moror id. (masc., neut.). Derived
from *muran I. Tonr-F.rk 311312;
Pokonxv I 735; Z.rizxi.k I 223; Oxioxs
*murrjanan ~ *murrjanan wk.vb.:
Goth maurrjan to murder, OE for-
myrrian id., OFris morthra id., OHG
murdiren id. Derived from *murran. Tonr-
*murrjn sb.m.: Goth mana-maurrja
murderer, OE myrra id., OHG murdreo
id. Derived from *murran. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 229; Fris+ 344; B.vvrsnrnorn
Nom. 182.
*murwaz adj.: MLG more, morwe surly,
grouchy, OHG muruwi delicate, ne.
Close to OIr meirb lifeless, W merw
weak, Slav *mrva piece of meat, bit,
straw. Tonr-F.rk 311; Pokonxv I 735
*musn ~ *musan sb.m./n.: ON mosi
moss, OE mos moss, marshy place,
MLG mos moss, OHG mos moss,
marsh. Related to Lith pl. msos mould,
Slav *mx moss. Further cf. Lat muscus
id. Btoor KZ XXXII 17; Bntov.xx
II/1 166; Tonr-F.rk 327; Tn.t+v.xx
Cnrvor.xo\ SSGJa I 55; Fn.rxkrr
217; Oxioxs 591; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XX
murxn 277 musn
orel_f11 _M-252-278 7/6/04 7:08 PM Page 277
*mutaz ~ *muaz sb.m.: Swed modd
dirty wet snow, E mud, Du mot light
rain, G dial. mott peat area, morass.
Identical with Gk mdow wetness, rot,
MIr muad noble (?) < *moudo-. Tonr-F.rk
326; Pokonxv I 741742; Fnisk II 263.
*mutrjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. mutra to
mutter, ME muteren id. Of imitative ori-
gin. See *mu(i)ljan. Tonr-F.rk 326.
*muraz sb.m.: E mother sediment, yeast,
Du modder mud, late MHG moder mold,
swamp. Derivationally close to Skt neut.
mtra- urine, Av myra dirt. Tonr-
*mun sb.m./f.: ON motti moth, OE
moe id., MLG motte id. An expressive
formation based on *ms ~ *msn.
Tonr-F.rk 326; Pokonxv I 752; Ltnn
Expr. 252 (from *mux-, further related to
*maan); Krtor-Srrnorr 572.
*mn sb.m.: ON mgi mob, crowd,
OE ma mow, heap, stack of hay. See
*mxaz. Tonr-F.rk 325; Ztri+z. Gutt.
75, 209; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 226227;
Vnirs ANEW 394 (to Gk mkvn stack);
Oxioxs 594.
*mxaz sb.m.: ON mr moor, heath,
OHG m-werfo mole. Identical with Lat
mcus slime. Tonr NNEO 429 (to OIr
min bog, swamp); Lorvrx+n.r ANF
XXXIII 106 (from *smgho- smoke);
*mxjanan wk.vb.: MHG mhen, muojan
to roar, to bellow. Identical with Gk
m!komai id., Lith mki, m~kti id., Slav
*myati id. Tonr-F.rk 324; Pokonxv I
751; Fnisk II 266.
*mjan sb.n.: ON m midge, gnat. An
isolated form distantly connected with
*muj and *ms ~ *msn. Tonr-F.rk
Krtor-Srrnorr 572 (reconstructs *mux-
jan).
*mkaz adj.: Goth muka-modei meekness,
gentleness, Du muik soft, overripe, G
dial. mauch dry and decayed, rotten.
Probably related to OIr mocht soft, ten-
der, W mwyth weak < *mug-to-. Tonr-
D.nvs Vddhi 402; Hrirrnv.xxs 415.
*mljanan wk.vb.: Goth faur-muljan to
muzzle, ON mla id., LG mlen to grouse,
to moan. Derived from *mln. Tonr-
397.
*mln sb.m.: ON mli snout, muzzle,
OFris mla id., MLG ml id. (neut.), mle
id. (fem.), OHG mla id. (fem.). Related
to Gk mllon lip (Gnirxnrnorn Got.
66; W.ckrnx.orr SBAB 1918 410411)
but eventually of imitative origin. Cf. also
Norw smaul muzzle close to Latv smaule
id. Knr+scnvrn Glotta XV 195196 (to
*munaz); Tonr-F.rk 324; Fris+ 147;
Pokonxv I 751752, 968; Vnirs ANEW
394; Fnisk II 270; Cn.x+n.ixr 721
Srrnorr 546547.
*ms ~ *msn sb.f.: Gotland mausa
mosquito, Flem meuzie id. (n-stem).
Related to Gk mua y, Alb miz y
(derivative of PAlb *mj), Lat musca y,
Lith musE id., Slav *muxa id. Bo. RFV
LXXII 192193; Tn.t+v.xx BSW
191; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 133; Porovr
Language XXV 186; Pokonxv I 752;
Fn.rxkrr 474; Enxot+-Mrirrr+ 424;
Fnisk II 265266; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XX
170172; Onrr AED 268.
*msz sb.f.: ON ms mouse, OE ms id.,
OFris ms id., OS ms id., OHG ms id.
Connected with Skt m- id., Arm mukn
id., Gk mw id., Alb mi ~ m id., Lat ms
id., Slav *my id. (Fons+rnv.x KZ I
493). Mrvrn BB VIII 190; Tonr-F.rk
Horv.xx II 132133; M.vnnorrn II
396; Z.rizxi.k II 209; Fnisk II 275
Gnirrrx+noo Wurzelnomina 305321;
mutaz 278 msz
orel_f11 _M-252-278 7/6/04 7:08 PM Page 278
*naba-aizaz sb.m.: ON nafarr auger,
OE nafu-gr id., OS nabu-gr id. Com-
pound consisting of *nab and *aizaz.
231; C.nn Nom. comp. 51; Vnirs ANEW
403; Oxioxs 62.
*nabjan sb.n.: ON nef beak, bill, nose,
OE nebb nib, beak, nose, MLG nebbe
beak, bill. Derived from *nab. Tonr-
F.rk 292 (to Lith snpas bill, beak);
406; Oxioxs 605.
*nab sb.f.: ON nf nave, clasp (partly
< fem. *nabiz), OE nafu id., OS naba id.,
OHG naba id. Related to Skt neut. n-
bhya- nave (of a wheel), nbhi- navel,
nave, OPrus nabis id., Latv naba navel.
Krtor- Srrnorr 579.
*nab(u)ln sb.m.: ON nai navel, OE
nafela id., OFris navla id., MLG navel id.,
OHG nabalo, nabulo id. Derived from
*nab. Further etymologically connected
with and structurally similar to Gk
mfalw id., Lat umbilcus id., OIr imbliu
id. < *imbilon-. Tonr-F.rk 293; Hor+-
403; Z.rizxi.k I 154; Fnisk II 391392;
Oxioxs 604; Ax++ir. Schw. 91; Krtor-
Srrnorr 579.
*naraz sb.m.: Goth nadrs adder, viper,
snake, ON nar viper, adder, snake.
Related to Lat natrix water snake, OIr
nathir id., W neidr snake, Corn nader id.,
MBret azr id. See also *nrn ~ *narn.
Tonr-F.rk 291292; W.rrr-Horv.xx
II 147; Fris+ 368; Ponzio 110; Pokonxv
nrnorn Nom. 86.
*nalaz sb.m.: ON nagl nail (root stem in
pl.), OE nl id., OFris neil id., OS nagal
id., OHG nagal, negil id. (a- and i-stem).
Related to Skt ghri- foot < *onghli-, Gk
nuj nail, Lat unguis id., OIr ingen id.,
Lith ngas id., Slav *noga foot, *nogt
nail (Hin+ IF X 49). Ztri+z. Gutt.
Horv.xx II 818819; Pis.xi Paideia VIII
112 (to Slav *jgla needle); M.vnnorrn
I 22; Pokonxv I 780; Cnrvor.xo\
SGGJa I 61; Vnirs ANEW 403404;
Fnisk II 398399; Oxioxs 601; Krtor-
Srrnorr 580581; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa
XXV 161164, 170173.
*naljanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-nagljan to
nail, ON negla id., OS neglian id., OHG
negilen, nagalen id. Derived from *nalaz.
Srrnorr 580.
*naxa str.vb.: Goth ga-nah to suce, OE
e-neah id., OHG gi-nah id. Related to
Hitt enk- to bestow, to consign, Skt
nati to attain, Gk negken to carry,
Lith ne, nti to carry, Slav *nesti id.
IEW 5859; M.vnnorrn II 145;
Pokonxv I 316318; Fn.rxkrr 497498,
Lexis II 186; Fnisk I 512513; Oxioxs
7071; Ptn\rr III 380382.
*naxt-fulaz sb.m.: ON ntt-fugl night-
bird, OHG naht-fogal id. Compound of
*naxtz and *fulaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 84
(calque of Lat noctua or nocticorax in
OHG).
*naxtz sb.f.: Goth nahts night, ON ntt,
ntt id., OE niht, neaht id., OFris nacht id.,
OS naht id., OHG naht id. Related to Hitt
nekuz evening, Skt nk night, Gk nj
n
orel_f12_N-279-289 7/6/04 7:09 PM Page 279
id., Alb nat id., Lat nox id., W nos id.,
Lith nakts id., Slav *nokt id. Bnto-
v.xx Grundri II/1 435; Mrirrr+ BSL
XXV 144, XXVII/1 128; Ztri+z. Gutt.
136; Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 123; Tonr-
F.rk 290; S+tn+r\.x+ Language VI/3
220; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 236; Scntrzr
Kl. Schr. 803, 847; W.rrr-Horv.xx II
181182; Fris+ 368369; Brx\rxis+r
Origines 10; Pokonxv I 762763;
M.vnnorrn II 121122; Fn.rxkrr
327328; Z.rizxi.k I 157; Oxioxs 610;
Prr+rns IF LXXIX 3132 (no traces of
labiovelar in Germanic and Greek);
201202; Gnirrrx+noo Wurzelnomina
476479; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XXV
AED 282283; Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*naitjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-naitjan to
treat shamefully, to revile, OE ntan to
trample upon, to crush, MLG nten id.,
OHG neizen id. Related to Skt nndati to
blame, to revile, to despise, Av nad- to
blame, to revile, Gk neidow shame,
Lith nedti to despise. B.n+norov.r
1034; Tonr-F.rk 297; Ktirrn Nasal-
prsentia 130; Fris+ 194195; M.vn-
norrn II 163164; Pokonxv I 760; Fnisk
II 394; Fn.rxkrr 501; Lrnv.xx GED
146.
*nakwaaz ~ *nakweaz adj.: Goth
naqas naked, ON nkkvir id., OE nacod
id., OFris naked id., MLG naket id., OHG
nackot id. Identical with Lat ndus id. <
*nog
edho-. Further connected with Hitt

neku-mant- id., Skt nagn- id., OIr nocht id.
< *nog
to-, Lith nugas id., Slav *nag id.

Pr+rnssox IF XXIV 259; Ztri+z. Gutt.
Horv.xx II 185; Fris+ 370; Srrcn+ 251;
Enxot+-Mrirrr+ II 798; Vnirs ANEW
404, 414; Fn.rxkrr 511512; Oxioxs
601; H.vr Festschr. Seiler 272 (reconstructs
*-d- in Lat); Lrnv.xx GED 263; Htrr
Festschr. Puhvel I 8889; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa XXII 7072; Hrirrnv.xxs 419
420; Krtor-Srrnorr 580; Dvno BSA 130
(length in Balto-Slavic due to Winters
law).
*nakwn sb.m.: ON nkkvi small boat,
OE naca boat, bark, OS nako id., OHG
nahho id. Somehow related to IE *nu-
ship, see *nwaz (Btoor PBB XIII 515).
Maybe borrowed from another Indo-
European dialect, with substitution of
*-- > *-g
-? Lirrx SVS VI/1 34 (to Skt

nga- mountain, tree); Pr+rnssox IF
XXIII 392 (to Slav *no knife); Tonr-
Pokonxv I 770 (follows Lirrx); Cnrvo-
Z.rizxi.k II 228; Krtor- Srrnorr 579 .
*naman-lkt adv.: ON nafn-liga by
name, OFris name-lik id., MDu name-lke
id., OHG nama-lhho, nemen-lhho id. De-
rived from *namn ~ *nam(n)an. Oxioxs
602.
*namni sb.f.: ON nefnd nomination,
levy, MLG nemede jury trial, OHG nem-
nida calling, naming. Derived from
*namnjanan. Vnirs ANEW 406.
*namnjanan wk.vb.: Goth namnjan to
name, ON nefna id., OE nemnan id.,
OFris namna, nemna id., OS nemnian id.,
OHG nemnen to call, to name. Derived
from *namnn. Cf. Gk nomanv to
name. Tonr-F.rk 294; Hor+n.tsrx
406; Fnisk II 396; Lrnv.xx GED 262;
Krtor-Srrnorr 585.
*namnn sb.m.: ON nafni namesake,
MLG ge-nanne id., OHG gi-nanno id.
Derived from *namn ~ *nam(n)an.
Vnirs ANEW 403.
*namn ~ *nam(n)an sb.n.: Goth namo
name (pl. namna), ON nafn id., OE nama
id., OFris nama, noma id., OS namo id.,
OHG namo id. Related to Hitt la-a-man
id., Toch A em, B om id., Skt neut. nma
id., Av nman- id., Arm anun id., Gk
noma id., Phryg onoman-, Alb emr ~ emn
id. < PAlb *enmen-, Lat nmen id., OIr
ainmm n- id., OPrus emnes, emmens id., Slav
*jm\ id. (Ktnx KZ I 374). Bntov.xx
naxtz 280 namn
orel_f12_N-279-289 7/6/04 7:09 PM Page 280
Grundri II/1 237 (secondary masc.);
Horv.xx II 173174; Fris+ 369370;
Fnisk II 396397; Lrrtxr BSL LXI 38;
Nom. 184; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VIII
227228; Torono\ PJa I 2830; Krtor-
Srrnorr 581; Onrr AED 87, Phrygian
450; Ar.vs TB 270271; Dvno BSA 14
(identical in vocalism with Skt, with the
shortening of the root vowel in an oxy-
tonic stem).
*nanjanan wk.vb.: Goth ana-nanjan to
take courage, to dare, ON nenna to
strive, to have a heart for, OE nan to
have courage, to dare, to venture, OS
nthian id., OHG nenden id. Factitive/
causative of *nenanan. F.rk ANF
117118 (prexal derivative of *anjaz);
Scnnorrn Abl. 9 (similar to F.rk); Tonr-
Scntnrn+ Erw. 69 (denominative); Lrn-
v.xx GED 31.
*narwaz adj.: ON sbst. prop. Nrr, OE
nearu narrow, OS naru id. Structurally
identical with Lith navas, narv honey-
comb cell, Slav *po-norv worm.
Further related to Lith nars gnarl, loop,
sling, neri, nrti to thread, to set.
196197; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 232233;
Vnirs ANEW 405; Oxioxs 603; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ III 325; Hrirrnv.xxs 421;
Krtor-Srrnorr 582.
*narwn sb.f.: ON island name Nrva,
MLG narwe scar, OHG narwa, narawa
loop, sling, scar. Derived from *narwaz.
Tonr-F.rk 294; Hrirrnv.xxs 421.
*nasjan ~ *nasjaz sb.n./m.: ON nes
cape, promontory, OE nss id., MLG
nes id. Derived from *nas. Tonr-F.rk
755; Oxioxs 607; Vnirs ANEW 408 (to
Slav *nos promontory which, however,
is identical with *nos nose).
*nasjanan ~ *nazjanan wk.vb.: Goth
nasjan to save, OE nerian id., OFris nera
to nourish, OS nerian to heal, to save,
OHG nerien to nourish, to heal.
Causative of *nesanan. Tonr-F.rk 296;
Pokonxv I 766767; Cn.x+n.ixr 733
734; Srrnorr 360; Lrnv.xx GED 146,
*nasjanz ~ *nazjanz sb.m.: Goth
nasjands savior, OE neriend id., OS neriand
id. Lexicalized pres. part. of *nasjanan ~
*nazjanan. K.trv.xx ZdPh XLIX 21
22 (calque of Gk svtr); Fris+ 371;
Tnt+v.xx Adj. 20, 4142; Lrnv.xx GED
263.
*nas sb.f.: ON ns nose (- and i-stem),
OE nasu id., OFris nose id., MDu nose id.,
OHG nasa id. (- and n-stem). An old
dual. Related to Skt nas-, ns nose, Av
nh- id., OLat nsum nose, OPrus nozy
id., Lith nsis id., Slav *nos id.
AEEW 232; Pis.xi Glotta XXVI 276;
W.rrr-Horv.xx II 145146; M.vn-
norrn II 146; Pokonxv I 755; Fn.rxkrr
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XXV 212216;
Krtor-Srrnorr 582583; Fni+z KZ CIX
1415.
*nataz adj.: OE nata- (in cmpn.), MLG nat
wet, OHG naz id. Connected with Skt
nad river representing fem. of *nad-.
Tonr-F.rk 291; Wrio.xr apud Hrirrn-
v.xxs (from *wnataz, to Skt untti to
spring, to wet, to bathe); Kn.nr IF
LVIII 209211; M.vrn AIPh VI
*natiln sb.f.: Norw dial. netla nettle, OE
netele, netel id., MLG nettele id., OHG
nezzila id. Derived from *natn. Tonr-
Oxioxs 608.
*natjan sb.n.: Goth nati net, ON net id.,
OE nett id., OFris net, nette id., OS netti id.,
namn 281 natjan
orel_f12_N-279-289 7/6/04 7:09 PM Page 281
OHG nezzi id. Related to Lat ndus knot
(Prnssox Beitrge 139, 814), see *nt.
Other parallels are problematic. Tonr-
F.rk 291 (to Lat nassa wickerbasket with
a narrow neck < *nadt); Krtor KZ
XXV 313 (Lat ndus < *nozdo-); Hor+-
172173; Fris+ 371; Pokonxv I 758759;
Oxioxs 608; Lrnv.xx GED 263264
(pre-Gmc); Krtor-Srrnorr 586.
*natjanan wk.vb.: Goth natjan to make
wet, to moisten, MLG netten id., OHG
nezzen id. Derived from *nataz. Fris+
*natjn sb.f.: ON netja net-like caul of fat,
OE nette net-like caul, OFris nette re-
tina. Derived from *natjan. Hor+-
(calque of Lat reticulum net, shing net).
*natn sb.f.: Norw dial. nata nettle, OHG
nazza id. Close to Skt nda- reed.
St++rnrix IF IV 92 (to Gk dkh nettle
< *dik); Tonr-F.rk 291; Pokonxv I
*naui-banj sb.f.: Goth naudi-bandi
shackle, manacle, fetter, OFris nd-bende
violent, forced fettering, MLG nd-bende.
Compound of *nauiz and *banj.
Fris+ 371; C.nn Nom. comp. 45; Lrnv.xx
GED 264265.
*nauiaz adj.: ON nauigr forced,
unwilling, MLG ndech id., MHG ntec,
ntec id. Cf. OE nediness obligation.
Derived from *nauiz. Vnirs ANEW
405.
*nauijanan wk.vb.: ON nauga to
force, to compel, MDu nodigen id., MHG
ntegen id. Derived from *nauiaz.
Vnirs ANEW 405.
*naui-sunj sb.f.: ON nau-syn need,
necessity, lawful impediment, OFris nd-
skne lawful, impediment, MLG noet-schyn
id. Compound of *nauiz and *sunj.
WGmc *-sk- is explained by secondary
analogies. C.nn Nom. comp. 77 (calque
of Lat sontica causa).
*naui-arb sb.f.: Swed nd-tharf press-
ing need, OE nd-earf necessity. Com-
pound of *nauiz and *arb. Tonr-
F.rk 299.
*naui-urftiz sb.f.: Goth adj. naudi-au-
rfts necessary, OFris nd-threft pressing
need, OS nd-thurft necessity, OHG nt-
durft id. Compound of *nauiz and *urf-
tiz. Tonr-F.rk 299; Fris+ 371; C.nn
Nom. comp. 43; Lrnv.xx GED 264265;
Krtor-Srrnorr 592.
*nauiz sb.f.: Goth naus need, ON nau
need, diculty, distress, OE nd need,
necessity, OFris nd, nth id., OS nd id.,
OHG nt id. Might be related to OPrus
acc. sg. nautin id. (Tn.t+v.xx APSpr.
382). Cf. also Lith naud need, advan-
tage, Slav *nuditi to make, to cause,
*nudja need reecting *-d(h)- (Os+norr
Etym. I 355). Fons+rnv.x KZ I 238;
Prnssox Festschr. Bugge 192 (to ON naumr
narrow, close); Mrnixorn IF XVII 152
(to ON gna to rub); Ann.n.vsox NTU
VIII 103 (same as Prnssox); Tonr-F.rk
Fn.rxkrr 513; Z.rizxi.k I 151; Oxioxs
606; S+.xo LS 39; Lrnv.xx GED
264265; Krtor-Srrnorr 592; Tnt-
n.cnr\ ESSJa XXVI 3439.
*nautan sb.n.: ON naut cattle, ox, OE
net id., OHG nz cattle. Close to Lith
naud use, property, Latv nda money.
Related to *neutanan. Cf., on the other
hand, *nauiz. Tonr-F.rk 300; Hor+-
Fn.rxkrr 487; Vnirs ANEW 406; Z.ri-
zxi.k I 142; Oxioxs 605; S+.xo LS 39;
Srrnorr 361; Lrnv.xx GED 269; Krtor-
Srrnorr 314.
*nautaz sb.m.: ON nautr mate, fellow,
OE e-net companion, associate, vassal,
OFris nt companion, fellow, OS ge-nt
id., OHG gi-nz. Derived from *neutanan.
*nautjanan wk.vb.: ON neyta to use, to
enjoy, to consume, OFris nta to utilize,
MDu noten to use. Causative of *neu-
tanan. Vnirs ANEW 408; Srrnorr 361.
*naujanan ~ *naujanan wk.vb.:
natjan 282 naujanan
orel_f12_N-279-289 7/6/04 7:09 PM Page 282
Goth naujan to compel, to force, ON
neya id., OE nedan id., OFris nda id.,
OS ndian to need, OHG nten id.
Derived from *nauiz. Tonr-F.rk 299;
*nawiz sb.m.: Goth naus dead man,
corpse, ON nr id., OE n, ne id.
Related to Lith nv oppression, death,
Latv nve death, OPrus nowis body,
stump, Slav *nav corpse (Gnirxnrnorn
Got. 164). Ktnx KZ I 137 (to Gk nkuw
corpse); Po++ KZ I 395; Ztri+z. Gutt.
Pokonxv I 756; Dvno VSJa 2526 (pre-
tonic shortening of * in Gmc); Cnr-
vor.xo\ SGGJa I 67; Fn.rxkrr 509;
Vnirs ANEW 405; S+.xo LS 39;
Lixrrv.x Verschrfung 16.20; Lrnv.xx
GED 264; Scnni\rn LL 352353 (fol-
lows Dvno); G.vknrrirzr-I\.xo\ II 825
(to *nwaz); Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XXIV
4952.
*ne ptcl.: Goth ni not, ON n id., OE ne
id., OFris ni, ne id., OS ni, ne id., OHG
ni, ne id. Identical with Skt n id., Av na-
(with enclitics), Lat ne- (in cmpn.), OIr
ni, Lith n id., Slav *ne id. (Bntov.xx
Grundri II/3 977). Short variant of *n.
The univerbated *ne ainaz (ON neinn
any, OE nn no one, none, OFris nn,
nn id., OS nn not, OHG nein id.) is
structurally close to Lat nn not< *ne-
oino-. Another univerbation (Goth niba,
nibai if not, but not, unless, ON nefa if
not, OS neba id., nebo, OHG nibu id.)
reminds Slav *ne bo for, because, or. As
to *ne ke (OS nec and not), it can be
identical with Lith ngi id. (Hor+n.tsrx
KZ XLVII 309). Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I
194195; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 231232;
W.rrr-Horv.xx II 150151, 157 (Lat
*neg(i) reconstructed from neg); Fris+
605, 613; Lrnv.xx GED 265266;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XXIV 9193; Krtor-
Srrnorr 585.
*nebul ~ *nebulaz sb.f./m.: ON njl
night, OE adj. neowol, nifol prone, pros-
trate, deep down, profound, OFris nevil
fog, mist, OS nebal id., OHG nebul id.
Together with Gk neflh cloud, Lat
nebula id. derived from IE *nebh-, *nebh-es:
Hitt nepi sky, Skt nbhas- vapor, cloud,
mist, Av nabah- air, sky, Gk nfow
cloud, fog, OIr nem sky, Lith debess
cloud, Slav *nebo sky. Proix MSL IV
415, 421; B.n+norov.r 1040; Prrrnsrx
Kelt. Gr. I 255; Tonr-F.rk 293; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 236, PBB LXVI 273;
W.rrr-Horv.xx II 151152; Ponzio
Gliederung 190; M.vnnorrn II 134;
II 309310; Cn.x+n.ixr II 748; Tnt-
n.cnr\ ESSJa XXIV 101104; Hrirrn-
*nef(z) sb.m.: ON ne cognate kins-
man, OE nefa grandson, nephew, OFris
neva id., OS nebo id., OHG nevo nephew,
relative. Etymologically close to Skt npt
ospring, son, grandson, Av napt-
grandson, Lat neps id., OLith nepuotis id.
Tn.t+v.xx BSW 196; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
233; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 161162; M.v-
nnorrn II 132133; Pokonxv I 764; Fn.-
rxkrr 494; Vnirs ANEW 406; Z.rizxi.k
I 154; Oxioxs 607; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom.
*neftiz sb.f.: ON nipt female relative, sis-
ter (contamination with -stem), OE nift
granddaughter, niece, OFris nift niece,
MLG nichte id., OHG nift, nifta niece,
step-daughter. Close to Skt napt- daugh-
ter, granddaughter, Av napt- grand-
daughter, Lat neptis id., OIr necht niece,
OLith neptE granddaughter (Gnivv KZ I
434). Further connected with *nef(z).
B.n+norov.r 1039; Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I
93; Tonr-F.rk 292; Bo. RFV LXV
naujanan 283 neftiz
orel_f12_N-279-289 7/6/04 7:09 PM Page 283
xi.k II 214; Oxioxs 609; Szrvrnrxvi
Kinship 53; Krtor-Srrnorr 587.
*nemanan str.vb.: Goth niman to take,
ON nema id., OE niman id., OFris nema
id., OS niman id., OHG neman id. Related
to Gk nmv to deal out, to distribute.
Hin+ Idg. Gr. I 328 (to Lat em to buy,
Lith im, iMti to take); Tonr-F.rk 293;
Mrirrr+ BSL XXXIV/103 6970 (from
*ni- and *emas in Lat em to take);
Mrnixorn IF XVIII 238240; Fris+
Vnirs ANEW 407; Oxioxs 611; Fnisk II
302304; Brx\rxis+r IEL 6769; Srr-
norr 357359; Lrnv.xx GED 266267;
Krtor-Srrnorr 585.
*nemeaz sb.m.: OFrank nimid holy
grove. Related to or borrowed from Cel-
tic: Gaul nemhton sacellum, OIr nemed
holiness. Tonr-F.rk 294; Pokonxv I
764.
*nenanan str.vb.: OHG pret. gi-nand to
strive. Related to Toch A nati might,
strength, OIr nit battle < *nanti-. Tonr-
F.rk 292; Pokonxv I 755; Vrxrnvrs
N-7; Srrnorr 359; Lrnv.xx GED 31.
*nesanan str.vb.: Goth ga-nisan to re-
cover, to be saved, OE nesan to escape,
OS gi-nesan id., OHG gi-nesan to become
healthy. Related to Toch A nas-, B nes-
to be, Skt nsate to approach, to join,
Gk nomai to return (Mrirrr+ JA XVII
456). Tonr-F.rk 296; Fris+ 195196;
IEW 693694; M.vnnorrn II 146;
Fnisk II 304306; Srrnorr 359360;
Ar.vs TB 344346.
*nestan sb.n.: ON nest provisions, viands,
OE nest provisions, victuals, OHG wega-
nest provisions for journey. Derived from
*nesanan. Tonr-F.rk 296; Hor+n.tsrx
Nom. 78.
*nestiz sb.f.: Goth ga-nists salvation, OS
gi-nist release, salvation, OHG gi-nist cure,
healing. Derived from *nesanan. Cf. also
*nestan. Fris+ 195196; Srrnorr 359;
143.
*nestjan sb.n.: ON nisti brooch, pin.
Probably, to *natjan. W.rrr-Horv.xx
II 172173; Vnirs ANEW 408.
*nestjanan wk.vb.: ON nesta, nista to pin,
to nail fast, OE nestan to spin, MHG
nesten to tie, to lace up. Derived from
*nestjan. Tonr-F.rk 296; Hor+n.tsrx
*neuxsjanan wk.vb.: Goth bi-niuhsjan to
spy out, ON nsa to pry, to enquire,
OE nes(i)an to search out, to nd out,
OS niusian to investigate, OHG niusen to
work on smth.. Close to Slav *nuxati to
smell < *neuks- (Dirrrxn.cn VW II 116).
Unrrxnrck PBB XXX 267 (same as
Dirrrxn.cn); Gnirxnrnorn Got. 48 (to
*neujaz); Bntov.xx IF XIII 153155 (to
Skt nvate to go, to move); Tonr-F.rk
299; Hor+n.tsrx KZ LXIX 116117,
Vnirs ANEW 413; S+.xo LS 40;
Lrnv.xx GED 71.
*neujanan wk.vb.: Goth ana-niujan to
renew, OESc ater-nya id., OS niwian id.,
OHG niuwen id. Derived from *neujaz.
Structurally close to Slav *noviti to renew,
to make new. Fris+ 377; Vnirs ANEW
412; Hrirrnv.xxs 426; Tntn.cnr\
ESSJa XXV 232233.
*neujaz adj.: Goth niujis new, ON nr id.,
OE nwe id., OFris n, ne id., OS niuwi
id., OHG niuwi id. Identical with Skt
nvya- new, young, Gk neow new, OIr
ne id., Lith naUjas id. Further related to
IE *neo-: Hitt nea- id., Toch A u, B
uwe id., Skt nva- new, fresh, young, Gk
now id., Lat nouus id., OLith navas id.,
Slav *nov id. (Gnivv KZ I 433).
Horv.xx II 181; Ponzio Festschr. De-
brunner 343349, Gliederung 203; M.vn-
neftiz 284 neujaz
orel_f12_N-279-289 7/6/04 7:09 PM Page 284
Bo. II 502; Fn.rxkrr 487488; Vnirs
ANEW 412; Fnisk II 297298, 306307;
Srrnorr 587; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XXVI
913; Ar.vs TB 269; Btnr.k IFTJa
244.
*neujun sb.f.: ON njung novelty,
news, OHG niuwunga renewal. Derived
from *neujaz. Hrirrnv.xxs 426.
*neur( j)n sb.n.: ON nra kidney, ME
nre id., MLG nre id., OHG nioro id.
Continues *neg
hro-. Related to Gk pl.

nefro id., Lat Praenestine pl. nefrns
kidneys, testicles (Btoor BB III 105;
W.rrr IF XIX 102). F.v Festschr.
Bloomeld 140 (to IE *(s)neu- to drip);
Fnisk II 310; Oxioxs 505; Szrvrnrxvi
IBK XV 193194 (related to Lat rn kid-
ney < *regno- metathesized from *negro-);
Krtor-Srrnorr 588.
*neutanan str.vb.: Goth niutan to attain,
to enjoy, ON njta to use, to enjoy, OE
netan id., OFris nita id., OS pres. niotan
id., OHG niozan to make use of . See
*nautan. Tntnxrvsrx KZ XXX 562 (to
Lat ntri to suckle, to feed); Tonr-F.rk
299300; Mrnixorn IF XVIII 235 (to
Skt nudti to push, to impel, to remove);
313314.
*neuwanan ~ *nwanan str.vb.: Goth
b-nauan to rub (secondary -au- < *--),
ON na id., OHG (h)niuwan to pulverize,
to grind. Related to Skt nvate to turn,
Gk nev to nod, to wave, Lat nu id.
Gnirxnrnorn Got. 52 (reconstructs Goth
*hnauan = Gk knv to scratch); Tonr-
F.rk 298 (to Skt kuti to whet, to
sharpen); Mrnixorn IF XVII 150151
(to *nwaz); Knr+scnvrn Glotta II 353;
Fris+ 101102 (to IE *nu- to torment);
Lrnv.xx GED 77.
*neuwjanan wk.vb.: OHG niuwn to
make new, to renew. Derived from *neu-
jaz. Structurally identical with Hitt
nea- id., Gk nev id., Lat (re)noure id.
W.rrr-Horv.xx II 181; Fnisk II 297
*newun num.: Goth niun nine, ON nu
id., OE nion id., OFris nigun id., OS nigun
id., OHG niun id. Continues IE *(e)ne
id.: Toch AB u, Skt nva, Arm inn, Gk
nna, Lat novem, OIr no n-, Lith devyn,
Slav *dev\t. Tonr-F.rk 295; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 236; Scntrzr Kl. Schr.
Nrnnixo Sprache VIII 130; Fn.rxkrr 92;
ESSJa IV 222223; Ross-Brnxs Numerals
*newuniz num.: ON nund body of
nine. Derived from *newun. Deriva-
tionally close to Skt navat- nine tens,
Slav *dev\t nine. Tonr-F.rk 295;
Pokonxv I 318319.
*newunn ~ *newunn ord. num.:
Goth niunda ninth, ON nundi id., OE
nioa id., OFris nigunda id., OS nigundo,
niguo id., OHG niunto id. Derived from
*newun. Structurally similar to Toch B
unte id., Gk natow id., Alb nnt ~ nand
id., OPrus newnts id., Lith devitas id.,
Slav *dev\t id. and the like, from *neto.
236; S+tn+r\.x+ MLN XL 2527; Fris+
IV 222; Ross-Brnxs Numerals 630631;
*n ptcl.: Goth ne no, nay. Related to Skt
n not, Lat n not, lest, OIr n not,
neujaz 285 n
orel_f12_N-279-289 7/6/04 7:09 PM Page 285
Slav *n not. W.rrr-Horv.xx II
150151; Fris+ 373; M.vnnorrn II 120
(on Ved n not); Pokonxv I 757;
Oxioxs 605; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XXIV
9193.
*nbr ~ *nbriz sb.f.: ON nfr birch
bark, MLG dver id. (with assimilation in
the anlaut). Probably related to Lith
nbesis weakling. Tonr-F.rk 293 (to
Skt nbhate to burst, to tear); Fn.rxkrr
489490 (Lith nbesis built on nebe now
more); Ar.vs TB 441 (to Toch B mape
ripe).
*nrn ~ *narn sb.f.: ON nara
adder, viper, snake, OE ndre id., OS
ndra id., OHG ntara, ntra id. An ablaut
variant of *naraz (Fick I 504). Tonr-
Srrnorr 583.
*nxw(a) adv.: Goth ne near, ON n-
ligr id., OE neh id., OFris ni id., OS nh
id., OHG nh id. An old compound of
*ne- ~ *n (cf. Lith nu from, Slav *na
on) and *ok
- ~ *6k
- eye, sight
(Bntov.xx Grundri II/2 799). Cf. in par-
ticular Lith prankti to ferry across, Latv
nkt to get there (Ztri+z. Gutt. 6667).
Woor PBB XXIV 530 (to *naz ~
*nxaz); Exrzrrix Laty. predl. I 127129,
KZ LXII 2328; Tonr-F.rk 289290;
F.v IF XXXIII 352 (from *ene-
nectere); Tn.t+v.xx BSW 200;
S+tn+r\.x+ JEGP XXX 157 (on in
Goth); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 232; Fris+
373; Orsox ANF XXXI 1012; Pokonxv
265 (to Skt nati to draw near, to
arrive); B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 257258;
Krtor- Srrnorr 579, 581.
*nxwa-frijnz sb.m.: ON n-frndi
near kinsman, OE neh-frend near
friend, near relation. Compound of
*nxw(a) and *frijnz. C.nn Nom. comp.
*nxwa-laz ~ *nxwa-ln adj.: ON
n-ligr near, OHG nh-lhho almost. De-
rived from *nxw(a). Vnirs ANEW 404.
*nxwa-maz sb.m.: ON n-mgr near
relative by marriage, OE neh-m near
kinsman, MLG nmge id. Compound of
*nxw(a) and *maz. C.nn Nom. comp.
*nxwa-westiz sb.f.: ON n-vist pres-
ence, OE neh-west nearness, neighbor-
hood. Compound of *nxw(a) and *westiz
I. Tonr-F.rk 290; C.nn Nom. comp. 58.
*nxwnan ~ *nxwjanan wk.vb.: ON
n to reach, to get, OE e-nan to
approach, OHG nhen id. Derived from
*nxw(a). Ztri+z. Gutt. 191; Tonr-F.rk
265.
*nxwun sb.f.: ON nnd neighbor-
hood, proximity, OHG adv. nhunt
recently. Cf. Goth neundja neighbor.
Derived from *nxw(a). Fris+ 373;
Vnirs ANEW 405.
*njanan wk.vb.: MLG neien to sew,
OHG nien, n(w)en id. Etymologically
related to Gk nv to spin, Lat ne id. <
*ne. Tonr-F.rk 288; W.rrr-Horv.xx
II 159160; M.vnnorrn III 534 (on
Dhtup. Skt snyati to wrap); Pokonxv I
973; Fnisk II 311312; Oxioxs 606.
*nman sb.n.: Goth anda-nem receiving,
acceptance, ON nm learning, study,
OE fem. nm seizure of property. Long
grade derivative of *nemanan. Cf. with the
same ablaut grade Toch B emek harvest
< *nm-oko- (Ar.vs TB 271). Tonr-
Nom. 63.
*nmiz adj.: Goth anda-nems acceptable,
pleasant, ON nmr keen, sharp, quick at
learning, MLG an-nme acceptable,
OHG nmi id. Derived from *nemanan.
K.ns+rx NB I 9697; Tonr-F.rk
293294; Wissv.xx NP 113; Fris+ 47;
Srrnorr 358; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 260
261; M.+zrr Festschr. Schrder 99100,
117, KZ CV 108; Hrirrnv.xxs 424425;
n 286 nmiz
orel_f12_N-279-289 7/6/04 7:09 PM Page 286
*nmjanan wk.vb.: ON nma to bereave,
to deprive, OE e-nman to take away.
Derived from *nman. Hor+n.tsrx
*nanan str.vb.: Goth nian to help, to
support. Identical with Skt nthate to ask
for help (Fick I 96). Fovkrs Language
XXIII 420421 (to OIr snd- to pro-
tect); Tonr-F.rk 291; Fris+ 376;
Srrnorr 360 (Goth -i- for -e-); Lrnv.xx
GED 267.
*nl sb.f.: Goth nela needle, ON nl
id., OE ndl id., OFris ndle id., OS ndla
id., OHG ndala id. Derived from
*njanan. Tonr-F.rk 288; Krtor Nom.
Stamm. 52; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 229230;
Tntn.cnr\ Etim. 3436, Rem. 114115
(close to Slav *snovadlo wooden plank in
weaving, a thematized variant of *(s)neu-
tlo-); Lrnv.xx GED 265; Krtor-Srrnorr
580.
*n sb.f.: ON n rest, quietness, peace,
OFris nthe mercy, grace, OS ntha
mercy, grace, OHG gi-nda id. Related
to Skt ntha- refuge, relief, help. Derived
from*nanan. Tonr-F.rk 291; Pokonxv
I 754.
*niw sb.f.: Goth nidwa rust, decay.
From *ni-t, a derivative of IE *ni-
down (Gnirxnrnorn Got. 166: rust as
sediment, deposit on iron). Os+norr
IF V 299301 (to Skt nla- dark blue,
black, of a dark color, Lat nite to glit-
ter, to shine); Lirrx Studien 60 (same as
Os+norr); F.rk ANF V 111; Tonr-F.rk
298; Fris+ 375; Pokonxv I 312313;
*nikwiz ~ *nikwuz sb.m.: ON nykr
water goblin, grey water-horse, OE nicor
water monster, hippopotamus, MLG
necker water spirit, water animal, OHG
nihhus crocodile (masc., neut.). Related
to Skt nnekti to wash, to cleanse, Gk
nzv to wash, OIr nigid id. Ztri+z.
I 761; Z.rizxi.k II 171; Fnisk II
319320; Oxioxs 609; B.vvrsnrnorn
*nistan sb.n.: OE nest nest, MLG nest id.,
OHG nest id. Identical with Toch B lesto
nest, Skt n- resting-place, abode,
nest, Arm nist place, location, residence,
Lat ndus nest, MIr net id., Lith lzdas id.
(with irregular l-), Slav *gnzdo id., with
irregular anlaut and *-- < *-oi- (Scntrzr
KZ XL 415). Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 88,
887; Fn.rxkrr 383; Oxioxs 607; V.x
Wixrrkrxs 261, LP XXV 1315 (con-
nects Toch B lesto with OPruss lasto bed
< *les- weak); B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 55;
Krtor-Srrnorr 586.
*nian adv.: ON nean from beneath,
from below, OE neoan, neoane down,
beneath, below, OS nithana id., OHG
nidana id. Derived from *niaz. Tonr-
Srrnorr 588.
*niaz adj.: OE superl. niemest lowest,
OFris bi-nitha beneath, OS nithe id.,
OHG nida underneath. Derived from IE
*ni- down. Tonr-F.rk 297; Pokonxv I
312313.
*nijaz sb.m.: Goth nijis relative, kins-
man, ON nir son, kinsman, OE pl.
nias men. Identical with Skt ntya-
continual, perpetual, ones own (Scntrzr
KZ XL 412413). W.rrr KZ XXXIV
495496 (from *nepto-); Mrirrr+ BSL
XXX 51, Etudes 393 (same as W.rrr);
Tonr-F.rk 292; Bntov.xx IF XXXIII
304 (close to Scntrzr); Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 237; Fris+ 376377 Fn.rxkrr
ZfslavPh XX 6263, KZ XLII 260;
Brx\rxis+r Hitt. 104 (follows Scntrzr);
Vnirs ANEW 409; Z.rizxi.k I 138 (from
Slav *netij nephew); Mrzorn KZ LXXI
118; M.n+vxo\ Jazyk 2324 (same as
Z.rizxi.k); Lrnv.xx GED 267; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 84.
nmjanan 287 nijaz
orel_f12_N-279-289 7/6/04 7:09 PM Page 287
*ni ~ *nian sb.f./n.: ON ni the
wane of the moon, OE ni abyss. Sub-
stantivized *niaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
*nir(a) adv.: ON nir down, OE nier
down, beneath, below, OFris nither, neder
id., OS nithar id., OHG nidar id. See *nirn.
*nirai adv.: ON niri down, beneath,
OE niere id., OHG nidaro id. Derived
from *nir(a). Tonr-F.rk 297.
*nirn adj.: ON neri lower, OE neoera
id., OFris nithera id., OS nithiri id., OHG
nidari id. Comparative form based on IE
*ni- down, cf. Skt nitarm downwards.
Further see *nian. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
Oxioxs 608.
*nirjanan wk.vb.: ON nira to put
down, OE nierian to bring low, OFris
nithria, netheria to abase, OS nitharn id.
Derived from *nir(a). Hor+n.tsrx
*n(t) ptcl.: Goth nei not, ON n id.
Continues an earlier *ne it related to Skt
net, ned absolutely not, Av nit id.
(Os+norr PBB VIII 312) or to Lat n
not, OIr n id., Lith ne nor, than, Slav
*ni nor. B.n+norov.r 10721079;
Tonr-F.rk 288; Ztn.+v IF IV 471;
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XXV 106107.
*nan ~ *naz sb.n./m.: Goth nei
envy, spite, ON n libel, OE n envy,
hatred, enmity, OFris nth envy, hatred,
OS nth enmity, hatred, OHG nd
wrath, hatred. Close to W nwyd passion
< *nei-to-, OIr nth combat < *n-tu- and
Toch B ytse danger, plague, distress
< *nto- (Hirv.nssox TIES V 137139).
Further related to *naitjanan. Tonr-F.rk
*njanan wk.vb.: ON na to libel, to
revile, OHG nden to revile. Derived
from *nan ~ *naz. Tonr-F.rk 298;
409.
*nbriz adj.: ON nfr clever, skilled, G
dial. neber lively, spright (\ox B.nrrn
IF XIV 260). Identical with Arm nurb
narrow, thin, sharp (Lirrx Arm. St. 64
65). \ox B.nrrn IF XIV 260; Tonr-
F.rk 292, 569; Pokonxv I 973974;
Sor+. Arm. 440; Vnirs ANEW 414;
Hrirrnv.xxs 427428.
*na-lkaz adj.: ON g-ng-ligr abundant,
OFris nge-lik betting, adequate.
Derived from *naz ~ *nxaz. Hrirrn-
v.xxs 428.
*naz ~ *nxaz adj.: Goth ga-nohs
enough, sucient, ON g-ngr id., OE e-
n id., OFris e-nch id., OS gi-ng id.,
OHG gi-nuog id. Related to *naxa.
v.xx GED 70; M.+zrr KZ CV 118119;
*ni sb.f.: ON ng plenty, abun-
dance, OHG gi-nuogida suciency.
Derived from *naz ~ *nxaz. Vnirs
*njanan ~ *nxjanan wk.vb.: Goth
ga-nohjan to satisfy, to satiate, ON g-ngja
to be enough, to suce, OHG gi-nuogen
to be present in abundance. Derived
from *naz ~ *nxaz. Tonr-F.rk 289;
Fris+ 196; Vnirs ANEW 181; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 428.
*njaz adj.: ON sbst. ngi contentment,
OHG gi-nuogi sucient, rich. Derived
from *naz ~ *nxaz. Hrirrnv.xxs
428.
*nmjanan wk.vb.: OFris nmia to
name, MLG nmen id., MHG be-nuomen
id. Derived from *namn ~ *nam(n)an with
the long grade attested outside Germanic
in Lat nmen and Skt nman- name, Av
nman- id. B.n+norov.r 10621063;
norrn II 153; Pokonxv I 321; Oxioxs
ni 288 nmjanan
orel_f12_N-279-289 7/6/04 7:09 PM Page 288
602; Dvno BSA 14 (traces of the bary-
tonic variant without shortening).
*ns sb.f.: Norw ns muzzle, snout, OE
nose, nosu ness, promontory. Connected
with *nas. Retains the original long
vocalism of nom. sg. *ns-. Tonr-F.rk
755.
*nt sb.f.: ON nt net. Etymologically
close to Lat ndus knot (Bntov.xx
Tot. 60). See *natjan. Tonr-F.rk 291;
W.rrr-Horv.xx II 172173; Kn.nr
SuV 76; Pokonxv I 535; Cnrvor.xo\
608; D.nvs Vddhi 308310; Lrnv.xx
GED 263; Gnirrrx+noo Wurzelnomina
454457.
*nwaz sb.m.: ON nr ship. Related to
Skt nu- id., Gk naw, Hom nhw id., Lat
nuis id., OIr nau id. Prnssox UU
1891 142 (to IE *sneu- to ow);
Mrnixorn IF XVII 149 (to *neuwanan ~
*nwanan); Tonr-F.rk 288289; Hor+-
755756; Szrvrnrxvi KZ LXXIII 185
Fnisk II 292293.
*nu adv.: Goth nu now, ON n id., OE n
id., OFris n id., OS nu id., OHG nu, no
id. Related to Hitt nu now, Toch A nu,
B no however, but, Skt n, n now, now
then, certainly, Av n now, Gk nu, nn
now, OIr nu, n now, Lith n~ id., Slav
*n and, but. Cf. also the univerbation
of *nu xwe > Goth nauh still, yet, OFris
noch id., OS noh id., OHG noh id.
Scnvir+ Plur. 219 (on the alternation *u:
*); Os+norr Morph. Unt. IV 272274,
351; Knr+scnvrn KZ XXXI 337; B.n-
+norov.r 10881089; Bntov.xx IF
XXXIII 175; Tonr-F.rk 298; Tn.t+-
Fris+ 371, 380; M.vnnorrn II 175176;
616; Ltnn MSS XXXIV 8081; Lrn-
v.xx GED 264, 269; Krtor-Srrnorr
590, 593594; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XXVI
247.
*nuxtiz sb.f.: ON g-ntt abundance,
plenty, OE e-nyht id. (fem., neut.), OHG
gi-nuht id. Derived from *naxa (with a sec-
ondary analogical vowel). Tonr-F.rk
*numjn sb.m.: Goth arbi-numja heir,
inheritor, OHG nt-numeo robber. De-
rived from *nemanan. Fris+ 56; Srrnorr
*numn sb.m.: ON her-numi captive, full-
numi practised, experienced, OE irfe-numa
heir, OFris erf-noma id., OHG sigi-nmo
winner. Derived from *nemanan. Hor+-
*numtiz ~ *numt sb.f.: Goth anda-
numts acceptance, OHG numft robbery.
Goes back to *nemanan. B.nrrn Verba-
labstr. 72 (Goth -mt- < *-mft-); Scntrzr
KZ XLII 92; Bntov.xx Grundri I 386
(new formation); Fris+ 47; Srrnorr 358;
Lrnv.xx GED 35 (agrees with B.nrrn).
*nuran adv.: ON noran from the
North, OE noran id., MLG norden
northwards, OHG nordana id. Derived
from *nuraz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 238;
Vnirs ANEW 411.
*nura-weaz sb.m.: ON Nor-egr
Norway, OE nor-we way to the
North. Cf. also MLat Northwegia.
Compound of *nuraz and *weaz.
Vnirs ANEW 411.
*nuraz sb.m.: ON norr North, OE adv.
nor northwards, OFris adv. north id.,
OS adv. north id., OHG nord North
(masc., neut.). Related to Gk nr-ye(n)
from beneath, nrterow underground,
Umbr nertru sinistro (Btoor BB III 105:
together with Skt naraka- hell, Gk neroi
those below, those beneath the earth).
238; Htisv.x KZ LXXI 100; Pokonxv I
*nurr(n) adv.: ON norr northwards.
nmjanan 289 nurr(n)
orel_f12_N-279-289 7/6/04 7:09 PM Page 289
nurr(n) 290 alan
Derived from *nuraz. Cf. a similar deri-
vational pattern in Gk nrterow under-
ground. Tonr-F.rk 295; Fnisk I 514
515.
*nutan sb.n.: ON not use, utility, E to note
useful. Derived from *neutanan. Srr-
norr 361.
*nuti-samaz adj.: ON nyt-samr useful,
MLG nut-sam id., OHG nuzzi-sam id.
Compound of *nutiz and *samaz. C.nn
*nutiz ~ *nutjaz adj.: Goth un-nuts use-
less, foolish, ON ml-nytr yielding milk,
OE nytt useful, OFris nette id., OS nutti
id., OHG nuzzi id. Cf. also ON ntr t,
usable < *neutjaz. Related to *neutanan.
Wissv.xx NP 5960; Hor+n.tsrx
nrnorn Nom. 242, 260; M.+zrr Festschr.
Schrder 96, KZ CV 101; Hrirrnv.xxs
*nutj sb.f.: ON nyt prot, use, OE nytt
use, advantage, prot, OHG nuz use
(masc.). Related to *neutanan. Tonr-F.rk
*nutjjanan wk.vb.: ON nytja to milk,
OE nyttian to make use, to enjoy, OHG
nuzzn to utilize. Derived from *nutj.
*beraz ~ *beran sb.m./n.: OE fer
edge, border, margin, MLG ver bank,
shore, MHG uover id. Close to Gk
peirow id. < *peros (Lo++xrn KZ VII
AEEW 240; Pokonxv I 53; Fnisk I 640;
Krtor-Srrnorr 845.
*bjanan wk.vb.: ON fa to exercise, OS
bian to celebrate solemnly, OHG uoben
to practice. Related to Skt pas- work,
religious action, pas- work, action, Av
pah- working, Lat opus work. Tonr-
M.vnnorrn I 38, 75; Pokonxv I 780;
*briz adj.: ON fr vehement, angry,
MHG uober active. Related to *bjanan.
*a pret.-pres.: Goth og to fear. Created
on the basis of vestigial *aan. Tonr-
*janan wk.vb.: Goth ogjan to frighten,
to scare, ON gja id., OE on-an to
fear. Causative of *a, *aanan. Tonr-
Lrnv.xx GED 270.
*xstaz ~ *xstn sb.m.: ON (h)str
throat, OE hsta armpit. Derived from
*axs. S\rrntr IF XXXV 155; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 243; Ponzio Gliederung
*saz ~ *zn sb.m.: ON ss river
mouth, OE r beginning, origin (neut.),
ra bank (masc. n-stem). Related to Skt
s- mouth, Av h- id., Lat s id., OIr
id. B.n+norov.r 345; Tonr-F.rk 29;
*alan ~ *ilan sb.n.: Burg *oil
estate, ON al nature, property,
hereditary property, inheritance, OE
masc. el home, native country, el resi-
dence, property, inheritance (also masc.),
OFris thel id., OS thil id. (also masc.),
OHG uodil property. Cf. also Goth utal
orel_f13_O,P,R,-290-309 7/6/04 7:09 PM Page 290

alan 291 plaz
p
name of the o-rune. Vddhi of *aalan.
Tonr-F.rk 10; Nrckrr PBB XLI
233, 537; Pokonxv I 71; Vnirs ANEW
P.rvrn Denkschr. Gnter 15; Lrnv.xx
GED 170, 384; Konrrn 712.
*ala-turbn ~ *ila-turb sb.f.:
ON al-torfa patrimonial land, OE el-
turf native soil. Compound of *alan ~
*ilan and *turban ~ *turb(n). C.nn
Nom. comp. 55.
*ljan sb.n.: Goth haim-oli patrimonial
land, ON li family estate. Derived
from *alan ~ *ilan. Fris+ 233; Vnirs
ANEW 684.
*pan sb.f.: OSwed padda toad, ME
padde id., MLG padde, pedde id. Probably
related to Lat badius brown, chestnut-
colored, OIr buide yellow. Unrrxnrck
PBB XXII 199 (to Gk btraxow frog);
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 92; M.n+ixr+ Gm.
Oxioxs 640; Ltnn Expr. 299; Krtor-
Srrnorr 607.
*pai sb.f.: Goth paida tunic, shirt, OE
pd coat, cloak, OS pda garment,
OHG pfeit shirt. Borrowed from *bait,
an Oriental word attested in Gk bath
coat made of leather (Tntvn ZdWf VII
261263). Boxr.x+r BSL XXXVI 151
152 (from Illyrian, cf. Alb petk clothes,
garment); Ztri+z. Gutt. 24; K.ns+rx
Germanen 195; Tonr-F.rk 217; Hor+-
Knoov.xx KZ LXXI 121123; Pis.xi
Sprache I 138; Pokonxv I 9293 (related
to Gk bath); Z.rizxi.k I 147; Fnisk I
210211; Lrnv.xx GED 271; Onrr AED
317 (Alb petk derived from pet layer);
Krtor-Srrnorr 624.
*pampaz sb.m.: Swed pamp fat person, G
dial. pfampf id. Of imitative origin. Cf.
Lith bmba navel, Latv baMba ball.
Pokonxv I 94; Vnirs ANEW 422 (from
IE *bemb-).
*panninaz sb.m.: ON penningr penny,
OE penin, pendin id., OFris penning, pan-
ning id., OS penning id., OHG pfenning,
pfending id. If derived from neut. *panan
> OFris pand pledge, OS pant id., OHG
pfant id. (Scnnorrn ZDADL XXXVII
124127), *paninaz could be recon-
structed. However, this etymology is
problematic since forms in -n- are not
the earliest. Connected with *pannn >
OE panne pan, OFris panna id., OS
panna id., OHG pfanna id.? Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 244; Oxioxs 659 (*panan < OFr
pan < Lat pannus piece of cloth), 665;
Kxonrocn Lingua XXVI 311; Krtor-
Srrnorr 624625 (based on Lat pondus
weight); Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*paaz sb.m.: OE p path, OFris path
id. (neut.), MLG pat id., OHG pfad id.
Borrowed from Iran dial. *paa- id., cf.
OPers acc. sg. payim (Bnoxr.r APS III
13; Brx\rxis+r BSL LVIII 4143).
Tonr-F.rk 217 (to Lat baet to go);
Oxioxs 657; M.vnnorrn KZ LXXXIV
224230; Gnrtrr KZ XCIV 208217;
Mrir Germ. Rek. 110 (from Celt *batos <
*g
6tos); L.xzsvrrn+ Festschr. Knobloch

223230 (to Lith gtv path); Krtor-
Srrnorr 623.
*penn(n) sb.m./f.: ON pinni pin, OE
pinn id., OS pinn id., OHG pn nail. Cf.
MIr benn horn, point, tip < *bd-no-.
246; Pokonxv I 9697; Oxioxs 681
(from Lat pinna, penna wing, feather);
Krtor-Srrnorr 633.
*plaz sb.m.: ON pll hoe, spade, pale,
orel_f13_O,P,R,-290-309 7/6/04 7:09 PM Page 291
plaz 292 plaz
OE pl pale, pole, stake, OFris pl id.,
OS pl id., OHG pfl id. Believed to be
a borrowing from Lat plus id. Unclear.
Krtor-Srrnorr 623.
*pkaz sb.m.: Goth peika-bagms palm tree,
OE pc point, pike. Usually believed to
be a loan from Rom *pcus (cf. *picre to
prick). Unclear. Jon.xssox KZ XXXVI
383; Mtcn PBB XVII 3334 (Goth form
from Lat fcus g via Celtic); Tonr-F.rk
218 (to Skt neut. bja- seed); Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 246; Fris+ 383; Oxioxs
*ppanan str.vb.: Swed pipa to whistle,
MLG pipen id., MHG phifen id. Of imita-
tive origin. Srrnorr 363.
*ppn sb.f.: ON ppa pipe, OE ppe id.,
OFris ppe id., MLG ppe id., OHG pffa
id. Derived from *ppanan and inuenced
by Rom *ppa id. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
246; Oxioxs 683.
*plaan sb.n.: ON plagg luggage, MLG
plagge shred, rag. Borrowed from an
unknown source, probably continuing
*ploo-, to IE *ple- to tear, see *axanan.
*platan sb.n.: Goth neut. or masc. plat
patch. Cf. MLG plet rag, piece < *platja-.
Borrowed from an unknown (Balto-
Slavic?) source connected with Skt pth-
wide, Av p6r6yu- id., Gk platw id., Lith
plats id. S+okrs Urkelt. 255 (connected
with Ir lonta linen); B.n+norov.r
892893; Tonr-F.rk 222; Jon.xssox KZ
XXXVI 372373; Fris+ 383384 (from
Slavic); Pokonxv I 833; Fn.rxkrr 606;
Fnisk II 553554; M.n+vxo\ Jazyk
2324 (from Slav *polta patch); Lrnv.xx
GED 273 (same as M.n+vxo\).
*pleanan ~ *plexanan str.vb.: OE
plen to risk, to expose to danger, OS
plegan to be responsible for, OHG pegan
id. Of unknown origin. Cf. also *plextiz >
OE pliht danger, damage, OFris plicht
care, protection, MLG plicht duty,
obligation, OHG piht duty, pledge.
St++rnrix BB XVII 166 (to Lat bu-bulcus
herdsman); L.orncn.x+z KZ XXXVII
178 (contra St++rnrix); Ztri+z. Gutt.
AEEW 247; Oxioxs 689.
*plextn ~ *plextiz sb.f.: Norw dial. plitt
quarter-deck (of a ship), MLG plicht
small deck (of a ship), OHG pihta
prow. Probably from *pleanan ~
*plexanan. Tonr-F.rk 222.
*plaz sb.m.: ON plgr produce, gain,
MLG plg acquisition, MHG puoc trade,
sustenance. If not a metaphoric usage of
*pluz ~ *plaz, may be derived from
*pleanan ~ *plexanan. Tonr-F.rk 222.
*pluz ~ *plaz sb.m.: ON plgr
plow, OE pl land that can be plowed
by one yoke of oxen in a day, OFris plch
plough, MLG plg id., OHG puog id.
Of uncertain origin. If continues *blk-
could be compared, rather shakily, to
Arm pelem to dig, W bwlch crack < Celt
*bolko-. Mrnixorn IF XVII 109110 (to
Lat plaumorati Rhetian plough); Ztri+z.
Gutt. 25; Unrrxnrck PBB XXXV
AEEW 248; Tnirn PBB LXVII 131136
(to *pleanan ~ *plexanan); Pokonxv I 96;
M.n+vxo\ Jazyk 2425 (from Slav *plug
plough); Oxioxs 689; Kxonrocn Slavica
VIII 117120 (from IE substratum);
Pis.xi IuE 4850; Krtor-Srrnorr 626
627 (to Gk elka plough).
*pluaz sb.m.: Norw plug peg, small
wedge, MLG plugge wooden nail, MHG
pock peg. Despite the anlaut, related to
Lith plkiu, plkti to strike, to hew.
Tonr-F.rk 222; Fn.rxkrr 632.
*plaz sb.m.: OE pl pool, OFris pl id.,
MLG pl id., OHG pfuol id. Cf. Norw
dial. pla id. < *pljn. Related to Lith
bal swamp, marsh, Latv bala woodless
valley, Slav *balka ravine (Ztri+z. KZ
XXXVII 390), hardly connected with IE
*bhel- white. Unrrxnrck PBB XVII
439440 (to Lith bltas white, Slav *bolto
marsh); Tonr-F.rk 218; Hor+n.tsrx
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ I 115116; Krtor-
Srrnorr 627.
orel_f13_O,P,R,-290-309 7/6/04 7:09 PM Page 292
*pran( j)anan str.wk.vb.: Goth ana-
praggan to press upon, to oppress, Du
prangen to pinch, MHG phrengen to hem
in, to drive into a corner. Related to
*pran. Fick GGA 1894 32 (to Lat breuis
short); Tonr-F.rk 221; Fris+ 43; Po-
konxv I 103; Oxioxs 646, 715; Srrnorr
364; S+.xo LS 1516; Lrnv.xx GED 32.
*pran sb.f.: OSw prang narrow street,
ME prange narrowing, MLG prange
pinching instrument, pole, OHG *pfranga
pole. Probably to be compared with
Toch AB prk- to stay away (Kn.tsr
Toch. 13). Jon.xssox KZ XXXVI 346
(to Gk brgxow throat); Ztri+z. Gutt.
2526; Prnssox Beitrge 870; Gnirx-
nrnorn Got. 23 (to Lith braktas part of
harness for a horse, brang knee (in a
boat)); Tonr-F.rk 221 (to Slav *pr\gti );
Fris+ 43; Pokonxv I 103; Fn.rxkrr 54;
S+.xo LS 1516 (to Lith brangs dear,
costly); Lrnv.xx GED 32.
*preunaz sb.m.: ON prjnn knitting nee-
dle, OE pren pin, brooch, fastening,
MLG prn puncher, awl. Related to Lith
briaun edge, keel < *breun. Btoor
ANF XXII 128129; Tonr-F.rk 220;
(reconstructs *bh-); Fn.rxkrr 57 (Lith
briaun to *brw); Vnirs ANEW 428;
H.vr KZ XCVI 95100 (dubious Gmc
parallels); Lrnv.xx GED 275.
*prikan ~ *prik sb.n./f.: Icel prik
point, OE pricu id., masc. pricu id. Of
unknown origin. Tonr-F.rk 221 (to Lith
brs scratch, crack).
*prikjanan wk.vb.: Icel prika to prick,
OE prician id. Derived from *prikan ~
*prikn. Tonr-F.rk 221.
*pukn sb.m.: ON poki bag, pouch,
ME pocce id., MDu poke id. Of uncertain
origin. Tonr-F.rk 219; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 248; Pokonxv I 100 (to IE *beu-
to swell); Vnirs ANEW 427 (to Lat bucca
cheek, mouthful); Oxioxs 691, 692 (the
ME form is from Northern OFr poque,
poke).
*pullaz adj.: ON sbst. pollr pool, pond,
EFris pol round, full, MLG sbst. pol
head, tree top. Despite the anlaut,
might be derived from *pHno- full or
borrowed from an unknown source con-
tinuing this IE form. Tonr-F.rk 220
(from *pulna-, to Lat bulla bubble,
boss, knob); Pokonxv I 799800;
Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 83 (to Lith bal
swamp).
*punaz sb.m.: Goth puggs purse, small
bag, ON pungr id., OE pun id., MLG
punge id., OHG scaz-pfung money-bag.
Probably connected with *pukn. Unrrx-
nrck PBB XX 44 (from Slav *pgy
tassle); Gnirxnrnorn Got. 170171
(probably from Rom *punga bag <
MGk); Jon.xssox KZ XXXVI 367 (to
Skt baka- a kind of heron (?)); Tonr-
F.rk 219; Mrvrn-Ltnkr REW 567;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 250; Fris+ 385 (from
an unknown source); Pokonxv I 100;
Z.rizxi.k I 134; Con.zz. Lat. 66, 77
(from MLat punga purse); G.virrscnro
RG 2829 (MLat punga < Gmc);
Lrnv.xx GED 274.
*pursaz ~ *pursan sb.m./n.: ON pors
a kind of onion, Myrica gale, MLG
pors id. Borrowed from an unidentied
IE source related to Lat porrum onion,
Gk prson id. < *psom. Tonr-F.rk 220
(to Gk beirn, berrn: das, Hes., Lat
burra shaddy garment); W.rrr-Horv.xx
II 343.
*pusn sb.m.: ON posi little bag, OE
posa, pusa bag, OHG pfoso id. Of un-
certain origin. Probably connected with
*pukn, *punaz, *psaz or borrowed from
Celtic, cf. MIr bas id. Tonr-F.rk 220;
Jon.xssox KZ XXXVI 357; Hor+n.tsrx
ANEW 427; Z.rizxi.k I 154.
*putjanan wk.vb.: Icel pota to stick, OE
potian to push, to thrust. Any connection
with *bautanan? Tonr-F.rk 219.
*puttaz sb.m.: ON pottr pot, OE pott id.,
OFris pot id., MLG pot, put id. Cognate
of or, rather, early borrowing from Lat
buttis barrel. Tonr-F.rk 219; Krtor-
Srrnorr 643.
*puttjaz ~ *puttj sb.m./f.: ON pyttr
pran( j)anan 293 puttjaz
orel_f13_O,P,R,-290-309 7/6/04 7:09 PM Page 293
r
*rabaz sb.n.: ON rafr amber, NFris reaf
id. Derived from *rebanan. Semantically
based on the magnetic power of amber,
cf. Torono\ PJa II 215 (on Balt *gintar-
to Lith gnti to defend, giti to drive
(away)). Mtcn ZdWf II 285 (related to
*erpaz); Pokonxv I 334; Vnirs ANEW
431.
*ra sb.f.: ON r row, MLG rat id.
Connected with *raan wheel. Fick III
337 (to *rajanan ~ *rajanan); Tonr-
F.rk 337 (to Lith rdas order); Hor+-
n.tsrx AWN 235 (to Lat ratis raft, oat);
*rafaz sb.m.: ON rafr fat and ns of a
ounder. Unless a metaphoric usage of
*rabaz, related to IE *rep-: Gk rp-
tomai to feed on, Alb rjep to strip o, to
tear o, Lat rapi to seize and carry o,
to snatch, Lith rpiu, rpti to grasp
(Brzzrxnrnorn GGA 1898 555). Tonr-
Pokonxv I 865; Fnisk I 553; Onrr AED
372.
*ralaz sb.m.: ON rell tapestry, hang-
ings, EFris rafel bre, Du rafel id.
Derived from *rafaz. Tonr-F.rk 337.
*rasjanan ~ *rasjjanan wk.vb.:
ON refsa to punish, OE rpsan to prove
(?), OS respian to punish, to chasten,
OHG refsen to punish, to rebuke. Based
on an s-stem (cf. Skt rpas- defect,
injury) related to Gk rptomai to feed
on, Lat rapi to seize, to grasp, Alb rjep
to strip o (skin or bark), to tear o ,
Lith rpiu, rpti to grasp. (Uxvrn+n PBB
XXXVI 31). See *rafaz. Fick III 338;
Brzzrxnrnorn BB III 73; Tonr-F.rk
Fnisk I 553.
*raftraz sb.m.: ON raptr rafter, OE rfter
id., MLG rafter small beam. Related to
*rfan ~ *rfn. Tonr-F.rk 338; Hor+-
*rainan sb.n.: Goth ragin advice, deci-
sion, ON pl. regin gods (= *advisors),
OE ren-weard mighty guard, OS ragin
giskapu divine destiny, OHG prop. Regin-
frid. Connected with Toch A rake, B reki
word, Slav *rekti to speak. Ztri+z.
Gutt. 136; Tonr-F.rk 335; S+tn+r\.x+
JEGP XV 251; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
ANEW 436437; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III
478; Lrnv.xx GED 280; Btnr.k IFTJa
254.
*rainjanan wk.vb.: Goth raginon to
govern, to counsel, ON regna to swear,
OE renian to set in order, to arrange.
Derived from *rainan. Hor+n.tsrx
Lrnv.xx GED 280.
*rax(n) sb.f.: ON r sail-yard, pole,
MLG r sail-yard, OHG raha shuttle.
Derived from *reanan. Can be further
compared with Lith rkas term, Latv raks
aim, boundary (Fn.rxkrr 121). Tonr-
F.rk 335; Pokonxv I 863; Cnrvor.xo\
pool, OE pytt pit, hole, OFris pett
puddle, MLG putte id., OHG pfuzza
well, fountain. Can be formally identical
with Gk bzon: puknn, sunetn, garon
d ka mga (Hes.). Jon.xssox KZ
XXXVI 353 (semantically inuenced by
Lat puteus well); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 251
(< Lat puteus); Pokonxv I 99; Vnirs
*psaz sb.m.: ON pss small bag, purse,
LG pse id. Probably related to Gk bunv
< *bus-n-v to ll up, Alb mbush to ll
< PAlb *en-busa. See *pusn. Tonr-F.rk
220 (to Skt busa- cha); Pokonxv I 101.
puttjaz 294 rax(n)
orel_f13_O,P,R,-290-309 7/6/04 7:09 PM Page 294
SGGJa I 73; Vnirs ANEW 430 (to ON
regg a kind of ship); Krtor-Srrnorr 664.
*raib sb.f.: ON pl. reifar swaddling
clothes. Related to *rifan (Tonr-F.rk
345). Pokonxv I 858.
*raibjanan wk.vb.: ON reifa to swad-
dle, to enrich, to rip up, to disclose, OE
-ran to unrove, to unwind. Derived
from *raib. Tonr-F.rk 345; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 254; Vnirs ANEW 437 (to
*rfan); Lrnv.xx GED 310 (to *raipan ~
*raipaz).
*raiaz ~ *raijaz adj.: Goth ga-rais
arranged, determined, ON greir ready,
free, straight, OE rde ready, OFris rd,
rde id., MLG rde id., OHG gi-reiti id.
Derived from *ranan (Scntnrn+ Erw.
60: from *rai ). Close to OIr rid level,
easy, W rhwydd easy (Vrxrnvrs R-
1617), Lith raids upright, Latv raids
ready (Prnssox Beitrge 856857;
Ztri+z. KZ XXXVI 66). K.ns+rx NB
I 107; Tonr-F.rk 344; Fris+ 197, 393;
186, 437; Lrnv.xx GED 280281;
Lrovr-Srnixorn I 283285; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 433434; Krtor-Srrnorr 98;
Ar.vs TB 531 (adds Toch AB rtk- to
heal).
*rainiz sb.f.: Goth ga-raideins regulation,
rule, OE rden condition, stipulation,
rule. Derived from *raijanan. Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 253; Fris+ 197; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 148.
*raijanan wk.vb.: Goth raidjan to di-
rect, to mandate, ON reia to bring, to
serve, to make ready, to make to ride, to
carry, OE e-rdan to arrange, to dispose,
to direct, OHG bi-reiten to prepare.
Derived from *raiaz, *ranan. Tonr-
Fris+ 393; Pokonxv I 60; Cnrvor.xo\
SGGJa I 76; Vnirs ANEW 437 (to Latv
riest to arrange); Lrnv.xx GED 280281
Hrirrnv.xxs 434.
*rai sb.f.: ON rei riding, raid, vehicle
(pl. -ar, -ir reecting *raiiz), OE rd rid-
ing, road, OFris rf-rd ride on a stolen
horse, OS brande-rda andiron, re-dog,
OHG reita wagon. Derived from
*ranan. Cf. Gaul rda wagon, OIr
rad driving, riding. Tonr-F.rk 344;
*rai ~ *raix sb.f.: ON r-merki land-
mark, OE rw, rw row, line. Cf. also
MLG rige row, order, OHG riga line <
*ri. Identical with Skt rekh stroke,
line. Further to Skt rikhti to scratch,
Gk rekv to rend, to bruise, Lith rikti
to cut bread. Tonr-F.rk 343; M.vn-
norrn III 58; Pokonxv I 862; Fn.rxkrr
Oxioxs 775.
*raixa-bukkaz sb.m.: ON r-bukkr roe-
buck, MLG r-bok id., OHG rh-boc id.
Compound of *raixn and *bukkaz.
*raixn sb.m.: ON r roe (fem., from
*raix ), OE r, rha id., OS rho id., OHG
rho id. Of unknown origin. Stor.n+i
ANT 109112; Pr+rnssox PBB XL 101
(to Skt ya- deer); Tonr-F.rk 332 (to Ir
rach grey); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 254;
Pokonxv I 859; Vnirs ANEW 430 (to Ir
rach grey, Lith rabas multicolored);
Z.rizxi.k II 183; Oxioxs 771; Wi+cz.k
KZ CVII 141142 (to Gk zrj roebuck,
W iwrch id.); Krtor-Srrnorr 675.
*raikjanan wk.vb.: OE rcan to reach,
OFris rka id., MLG reiken, rken id., OHG
gi-reihhen id. Identical with Lith riytis to
keep stretching further related to OIr
rigim to stretch, Lith riu, riti to
stretch, to tighten (Ztri+z. Gutt. 198
200). Wirrrv.xx BB XXVIII 58 (to
Lith rti to cut); Woor MLN XXVI
166 (same as Wirrrv.xx); Prnssox
Beitrge 150, 941; Tonr-F.rk 342; Vrx-
rnvrs MSL XV 363365 (also to Lat
rige to be sti); Tn.t+v.xx BSW
Oxioxs 742.
rax(n) 295 raikjanan
orel_f13_O,P,R,-290-309 7/6/04 7:09 PM Page 295
*rain ~ *rainaz sb.f./m.: ON rein strip
of land, MLG rn, rein balk, ridge as a
boundary, OHG rein demarcation line
on the ground. Identical with OIr roen
way, mountain chain, Bret rn hill <
*roino- (Fick II 234) and further related
or borrowed to Slav *rn sandbank.
Prnssox Beitrge 769; Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I
58; Prnssox Beitrge 773; Tonr-F.rk 332;
439 (to *raix ); V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 470.
*raipan ~ *raipaz sb.n./m.: Goth skauda-
raip thong, strap, ON reip rope, OE
rp id., OFris rp id., MLG rp sling,
rope, OHG reif rope, cord. Of un-
known origin. Ztri+z. Gutt. 27; Tonr-
(to *rain ~ rainaz); Z.rizxi.k II 172;
Oxioxs 773; Lrnv.xx GED 310 (to Gk
rpnh cli , Lat rpa bank); Krtor-
Srrnorr 676.
*raipjanan ~ *raipjanan wk.vb.: ON
reipa to fasten with a rope, OE rpan
to bind with a rope MLG rpen to
measure. Derived from *raipan ~ *raipaz.
439.
*rairjanan ~ *rairjanan ~ *rrnan
wk.vb.: Goth reiran to tremble, OE rrian
to wail, to roar, MLG rren, rren to
roar, OHG rren id. Based on an old per-
fect reduplication *rai-rias in Skt lelyati
to move to and fro, to quiver, to trem-
ble (Fr.srirck Anglia LIX 139, 182;
J.s.xorr Stative 7172). Btoor IF V
176 (Goth from Arm ererem to tremble);
Tonr-F.rk 341 (separate Goth from
WGmc); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 255; Fris+
862; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 75; N.n+rx
Sprache XXVII 1012 (reconstructs *reir-);
690.
*raisjanan ~ *raizjanan str.vb.: Goth
ur-raisjan to raise, to rouse, ON reisa to
raise, OE rran to rear, to raise.
Causative of *rsanan. Tonr-F.rk 345
372.
*rais sb.f.: late ON reisa journey, OFris
reise id., OHG reisa id. Derived from
*rsanan. Tonr-F.rk 346; Srrnorr 372.
*raitjanan wk.vb.: ON reita to stir, OHG
reizen to stir, to irritate. Causative of
*rtanan. Tonr-F.rk 343.
*rakan ~ *rak I sb.n./f.: ON pl. rk
reason, ground, origin, sign, OE racu
explanation, account, narrative, OS raka
situation, talk, OHG rahha thing, talk.
Substantivized *rakaz. Tonr-F.rk 333;
Lrnv.xx GED 280.
*rakan ~ *rak II sb.n./f.: ON rak rak-
ings of hay in a eld, wick, OE racu hol-
low path, bed of a stream. Derived from
*rakaz. Or identical with *rakan ~ *rak I?
*rakaz adj.: ON rakr straight, MLG adv.
rak id. Derived from *rekanan. Cf. *rankaz.
Formally can be equated with Lat rogus
funeral pile, grave < *roos (Fnisk GH
XLIV/1 24). K.ns+rx NB I 71; Ztri+z.
Gutt. 198; Tonr-F.rk 333; Pokonxv I
*rakentjan ~ *rakentj(n) sb.n./f.: ON
pl. rekendr chain, OE racente id., OHG
rahhinza id. Derived from *rakaz. Tonr-
F.rk 333 (to *rakkn II); Hor+n.tsrx
*rak sb.f.: Swed raka rake, OE raca
id. (masc.), racu id., OS raka id. Related to
*rekn II. Tonr-F.rk 334; Krtor-
Srrnorr 671.
*rakjanan wk.vb.: Goth uf-rakjan to
stretch, ON rekja to spread out, to
unfold, OE reccan to stretch, OFris rtza
to reach, to give, OS rekkian to explain,
OHG recken to reach, to guide, to ex-
plain. Derived from *rekanan (Goxr. KZ
LXXIII 162163). Sirns KZ XXXVII
278279 (to *strakkjanan); Tonr-F.rk 333;
Vnirs ANEW 440 (to Lat reg to keep
straight, to guide, to draw the bound-
rain 296 rakjanan
orel_f13_O,P,R,-290-309 7/6/04 7:09 PM Page 296
aries); Oxioxs 735; Srrnorr 373; Lrn-
*rakkjn sb.f.: ON rekkja bed, MLG recke
rack. Derived from *rakjanan. Vnirs
ANEW 441.
*rakjanan wk.vb.: ON raka to rake, to
sweep away, MLG raken id. Derived
from *rekanan. Tonr-F.rk 334; Vnirs
*rakkn I sb.m.: ON rakki dog, OE rcc
dog that hunts by scent. Related to
*rakjanan. Unrrxnrck PBB XXVI 570;
*rakkn II sb.m.: ON rakki ring by
which the sail-yard moves round the
mast, OE racca cord which forms part
of the rigging of a ship. Derived from
*rakaz. Horv ANF LXIX 195209 (to
*rakkn I); Tonr-F.rk 332; Hor+n.tsrx
Pokonxv I 863 (to Skt raan rope, cord,
bridle); Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 106;
Vnirs ANEW 432.
*rammaz adj.: Burg *rams strong; ram,
ON rammr strong, mighty, OE sbst.
ramm ram, MLG sbst. ram id., OHG
sbst. ram id. Related to *remiz. K.ns+rx
NB I 67, II 230; Tonr-F.rk 339 (to OIr
remor thick, fat), 340 (*rammaz ram to
Lith ras lamb, Lat aris ram); Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 254; M.n+ixr+ Gm.
Konrrn 712; Hrirrnv.xxs 436; Krtor-
Srrnorr 665.
*ram sb.f.: MLG rame stand, frame,
OHG rama, hrama pillar. Derivationally
close to Lith p-rama prop. Based on IE
*rem-: OIr fo-rim- to put, Lith remi, reti
to support. See *rammaz. Tonr-F.rk
339; Hrixrn+z SVSL VII 108119 (to
*xram(m)janan); Pokonxv I 864; Fn.rxkrr
*ranaz adj.: ON sbst. rani snout, MHG
adj. ran slender, slim. Derived from
*rennanan (Prnssox SVSU 1912/10 769).
Pokonxv I 329 (to OIr rind top); Vnirs
ANEW 433.
*raniz sb.f./m.: Burg *rands edge of a
shield, ON rnd border, rim, shield, OE
rand brink, edge, margin, shore, shield,
OFris rd-rond edge, rim, shield, OS rand
id., OHG rant shield buckle, edge. See
*ren. Tonr-F.rk 339 (from *ram--,
to *ram ); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 254;
665666.
*ran sb.f.: Norw rand cross-beam, G
dial. rante bar. Identical with *raniz.
Tonr-F.rk 339 (to Lith raMtis prop,
banister).
*rankaz adj.: ON rakkr straight, slender,
OE ranc proud, haughty, MLG rank
long and thin. Related to Skt jati, jyati
to stretch, Lith rti, ryti to tighten, to
elongate (Hor+n.tsrx IF XXXII 337).
Tonr-F.rk 334; Szonrn PF XIV 601
602 (to WSlav *r fast); Tn.t+v.xx
Fn.rxkrr 711, 726; Vnirs ANEW 432;
Oxioxs 738739; Hrirrnv.xxs 437;
Krtor-Srrnorr 666.
*rankjanan wk.vb.: ON rekkja to strain,
to stretch out, OE -rencan to make
proud. Derived from *rankaz. Hor+-
*rannjanan wk.vb.: Goth ur-rannjan
to make emerge, to make rise, ON renna
to run, OE rnan to run, OS rennian to
gather, OHG gi-rennen to coagulate.
Causative of *rennanan. Similar to Slav
*roniti to pour, to drop. Tonr-F.rk 17;
Srrnorr 376; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III
680.
*raskuz ~ *raskaz adj.: ON rskr
brave, vigorous, ME rash id., MLG rasch
quick, fast, OHG adv. rasco id. May be
directly related to Thrac prop. Rskow
(Dtnir.xo\ Trakite 65). Tonr-F.rk 341
(to *raz and further to Skt rasati to
rakjanan 297 raskuz
orel_f13_O,P,R,-290-309 7/6/04 7:09 PM Page 297
roar); Krtor-Srrnorr 667 (to *raaz or
*xraaz).
*rast sb.f.: Goth rasta mile, ON rst
measure of length between two rest-
places (pl. i-stem), OE rest rest, quiet,
OS rasta rest, place of rest, OHG rasta
rest, league. Of uncertain origin.
Atrnrcn+ KZ I 360; Fick KZ XXII 375
(to *rw ); Mrnixorn IF XVIII 237 (to
*raznan II); Woor MLN XXV 74 (to Gk
rastw charming); Tonr-F.rk 340 (to
OIr rus dwelling); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
254; Fris+ 394; Pokonxv I 338339;
Vrxrnvrs A-90 (to OIr ros residence);
Oxioxs 760; Lrnv.xx GED 281 (fol-
lows Fick); B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 116117
(from *rajanan ~ *rajanan).
*raan sb.n.: OFris reth wheel, OS rath
id., OHG rad, hrad id. Related to Skt
rtha- chariot, car, Av raya- chariot,
Lat rota wheel, OIr roth id., Lith rtas
id. B.n+norov.r 1506; Tonr-F.rk
336; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 443444; M.vn-
Fn.rxkrr 703; Krtor-Srrnorr 663.
*raaz adj.: Goth comp. raizo simpler,
easier, MLG ge-rade immediate, quick,
MHG ge-rat, ge-rade growing straight
upwards. Historically identical with
*raan (Tonr-F.rk 336). Scnvrx+xrn
PBB XLVIII 8384; Fris+ 394 (against
Tonr-F.rk); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 252;
Mtnrrxn.cn-Exrzrrix III 514 (to Skt
t- row, quarrel, Gk riw strife, quar-
rel); Pokonxv I 866; Vnirs ANEW 457;
*rajanan ~ *rajanan str.wk.vb.:
Goth ga-rajan to count, OFris rethia to
talk, OS rein id., OHG redn id. Back
formation based on *raj(n) (Krtor-
Srrnorr 673). Tonr-F.rk 336 (to Lat
ror to reckon, to believe); Fris+ 197;
Lrnv.xx GED 282.
*raj(n) sb.f.: Goth rajo number,
counting, account, explanation, OFris
rethe speech, word, account, OS rethia
account, OHG reda speech, account.
Identical with Lat rati reckoning,
account (Fris+ 394) based on ror to
reckon, to calculate, to believe. Bnr.r
MSL VII 137138 (from Lat rati ); Tonr-
F.rk 336 (derived from *rajanan ~
*rajanan); Pokonxv I 59 (against
Bnr.r); W.rrr-Horv.xx II 419420;
Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 511; Cnrvor.xo\
SGGJa I 90; Lrnv.xx GED 281282 (to
*raan in *xuna-raan); Krtor-Srrnorr
673.
*raubjanan wk.vb.: ON reyfa to rob, OE
be-rfan to bereave, OHG roufen to pull,
to pluck. Derived from the unattested
str. *reubanan, cf. *raub ~ *raubaz.
*raub ~ *raubaz sb.m./f.: ON rauf
hole, rift, OE neut. raf spoil, booty,
OFris rf loot, booty, OS rf booty,
OHG roub id. Related to Skt rpyati to
suer racking pain, Lith raupi, raUpti to
dig, rups rough. Particularly close
to Skt neut. ropa- hole, cave, Slav *rupa
pit. W.rs+rix IF XIV 402406;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 255; Bo. RFV
LXXV 141142; Srrcn+ KZ LXVIII
I 870; Fn.rxkrr 707708, 750; Vnirs
53; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 518; Krtor-
*raubjanan wk.vb.: Goth bi-raubon to
rob, ON raufa to rob, to spoil, OE
raan to plunder, to spoil, rob, OFris
rvia id., OS rbon id., OHG roubn id.
Based on *raub ~ *raubaz. Tonr-F.rk
Vnirs ANEW 435; Oxioxs 8990, 744;
Krtor-Srrnorr 669; Bot+k.x OFED
s.v.
*raua-brunaz adj.: ON rau-brnn
red-brown, OHG rt-brn-pfelln of red-
brown fabric. Compound of *rauaz and
*brnaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 92 (parallel
formations).
raskuz 298 raua-brunaz
orel_f13_O,P,R,-290-309 7/6/04 7:09 PM Page 298
*rauaz adj.: Goth raus red, ON raur
id., OE red id., OFris rd id., OS rd id.,
OHG rt id. Derived from *reuanan.
Related to OIr rad id., Lat rfus id.
(< *roudhos, with dialectal features), Lith
raUdas id., Slav *rud id. Btoor KZ
XX (1872) 67; K.ns+rx NB I 46;
Scnvrx+xrn FB 4454; Tonr-F.rk 351;
Bo. RFV LXXV 141; Tn.t+v.xx BSW
xrssox IEW 714715; Ponzio 194;
378; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 513; Riscn
Festschr. Szemernyi 708709; Lrnv.xx
*raun sb.m.: ON raui red metal,
OHG rto red trout. Derived from
*rauaz. Cf. Slav *ruda ore, blood of the
same origin. No connection with Sumer
urudu copper (see *arutaz). Scnrnrn Urh.
Idg. 296; Binkn.nx GuK 141; Kiri.x
Urspr. 34; Tntn.cnr\ VJa XXXIV/5
*raukiz sb.m.: ON reykr smoke, steam,
OE rc smoke, OFris rk id., OS rk id.
(<*raukaz), OHG rouh id. (<*raukaz).
Derived from *reukanan. Ztri+z. Gutt.
164; Tonr-F.rk 349 (to Alb re cloud
< *rougi-); Ricn+rn KZ LV 138149;
Gliederung 177; Pokonxv I 872 (to *reu-g-
to vomit); Vnirs ANEW 443; Z.rizxi.k
II 188; Oxioxs 749; Srrnorr 380; B.v-
669.
*raukjanan wk.vb.: ON reykja to smoke,
OE rcan id., OFris rka, rza id., MLG
roken id., OHG rouhhen id. Derived from
*raukiz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 259; Vnirs
ANEW 443.
*raun sb.f.: ON raun trial, experiment,
experience, OFris rn attempt, trial. An
archaic ablaut grade related to *rn.
Btoor KZ XX (1872) 910; Tonr-F.rk
349 (to Gk reuna inquiry, search);
*raupjanan wk.vb.: Goth raupjan to
pluck, OE rpan to spoil, to plunder,
MLG rpen to reap, to pluck. Despite
the irregular *-p-, seems to be connected
with *reufanan. Woor MLN XVI 310
(to Lat rubus blackberry); Lrvv PBB
XXXII 141 (to Lith ruMbas scar on the
tree bark); Ztri+z. Gutt. 35; Tonr-F.rk
Srrcn+ KZ LXVIII 125; Lrnv.xx GED
282.
*rausan ~ *rauzan sb.n.: Goth raus
reed, ON reyrr id. (masc.), MLG rr id.,
OHG rr id. Derived from *rjanan.
Unrrxnrck ANF XV 157 (to Skt roa-
anger); Horrv.xx BB XXV 106108 (to
Gk rofow pipe); Hin+ PBB XX 234
(to Slav *rogoz rush); Tonr-F.rk 332
(same as Hin+); Btoor PBB XIII 334;
Fris+ 395; Pokonxv I 332; M.cnrk 420
(together with Slav *rogoz from pre-IE);
Vnirs ANEW 443; Pis.xi IuE 4748;
Lrnv.xx GED 282 (from non-IE source);
Krtor-Srrnorr 690 (to MLG rschen to
sough, MHG rschen id.).
*rautaz sb.m.: OHG rz, hrz weeping,
wailing. Identical with Skt rda- id., cf.
also Lith raud lamentation. Derived
from *reutanan I. Cf. also ON fem. raust
voice < *raust. Tonr-F.rk 351; M.v-
nnorrn III 77; Pokonxv I 332, 867;
Fn.rxkrr 704.
*rautjanan wk.vb.: ON reyta to pluck, to
pick, MLG rtin to make rot (of ax),
MLG rten id., MHG rzen to make rot-
ten. Causative of *reutanan II. Tonr-
F.rk 350.
*raz sb.f.: Goth razda language,
speech, ON rdd voice (partly <
*raziz), OHG fogal-rarta birds song as
an omen. Cf. also OE fem., neut. reord
speech, tongue, language, voice < *rez
~ *rezan. Probably, goes back to *redh-
dh- similar to *er dh- to believe. See
*ranan. Scnvrizrn KZ I 154; Gnirx-
nrnorn Got. 175 (to Gk =yow sound,
noise); Tonr-F.rk 340; Hor+n.tsrx
rauaz 299 raz
orel_f13_O,P,R,-290-309 7/6/04 7:09 PM Page 299
AEEW 257258; Fris+ 396 (to *ranan or
to Skt rsati to roar, to yell, to sound);
*raznan sb.n.: Goth razn house, ON rann
id., OE rn place, habitation, house,
OFris fa-ern cattle shed. Continues
*rodh-sno- related to Slav *rod kin, Latv
rads id. Atrnrcn+ KZ I 360; Mrnixorn
IF XVI 142 (to *rastaz); Tonr-F.rk 340;
AEEW 12; Fris+ 396; Pokonxv I 339 (to
*erH- to rest); Tntn.cnr\ VJa VI/2 88
(against traditional comparisons of the
Balto-Slavic word with Skt vrdhati to
increase); Vnirs ANEW 433; Z.rizxi.k
I 143; Oxioxs 75, 760; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ III 490491; Lrnv.xx
GED 283.
*raznn sb.m.: Goth ga-razna neighbor,
ON g-ranni id. Derived from *raznan.
Fris+ 197; Vnirs ANEW 184.
*rebanan str.vb.: MHG reben to move, to
stir. Probably related to Lat rp to
crawl, OPrus rpaiti to follow. Tn.t+-
v.xx BSW 246; Pokonxv I 865, 853 (to
MIr reb game, perdy < *rebh).
*rebjan sb.n.: ON rif rib, OE ribb id.,
OFris rib id., OS ribbi id., OHG ribbi id.
Closely connected with Slav *rebro id. and
identical with *(ko-)rebje rib, skeleton.
258, AWN 228; Scntrzr KZ XLII 233,
Kl. Schr. 372; Pokonxv I 30, 853;
S+.xo LS 44; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\
III 453; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa XI 4950
(reconstructs *ko-rebrje); Krtor-Srrnorr
688.
*reanan str.vb.: MHG regen to rise.
Related to *er(e)h- in Gk rxomai to
come, Alb aor. erdha to come, and
probably also OIr imper. eirg to go.
S.n.tv KZ XXXVIII 160 (on Celtic);
Tonr-F.rk 334; Pokonxv I 327328,
863; Fnisk I 572; Onrr AED 508.
*rena-bun sb.m.: ON regn-bogi rain-
bow, OE ren-boa id., OFris rein-boga
id., MLG regen-boge id., OHG regan-bogo
id. Compound of *renan ~ *renaz and
*bun. Tonr-F.rk 273; C.nn Nom.
comp. 51; Krtor-Srrnorr 674.
*renan ~ *renaz sb.n.: Goth rign
rain, ON regn id., OE ren id. (masc.),
OFris rein id. (masc.), OS regan-, regin id.
(masc.), OHG regan id. (masc.). Similarity
with Lat rig to moisten, to irrigate and
Alb rrjedh to ow deserves attention
(Horrv.xx BB XXVI 136: also a wrong
comparison with Gk brxv to wet, to
rain; W.rrr-Horrv.xx II 435). Gmc
*renan ~ *renaz could be then a deriva-
tive in *-no-. Ztri+z. Gutt. 136; Tonr-
F.rk 335336; Tn.t+v.xx apud Fris+
(from *re-no-, to ON raki dampness,
moisture); Hor+n.tsrx GRM VIII 368
(to Gk =xyow roar, thunder), AEEW
397; Pokonxv I 857; Enxot+-Mrirrr+
573574 (isolated character of Lat rig );
Cnrvor.xo\ SSGJa I 55; Z.rizxi.k II
172; Vnirs ANEW 432, 437 (follows
Tn.t+v.xx); Oxioxs 737; Scntrzr Kl.
Schr. 476; Lrnv.xx GED 284; Krtor-
*rena-skr sb.f.: ON regn-skr shower,
OE ren-scr id. Compound of *renan ~
*renaz and *skr. C.nn Nom. comp. 78
*rena-wurmaz ~ *rena-wurmiz
sb.m.: Swed regn-orm earthworm, OE
ren-wyrm id., OS regan-wurm id., OHG
regan-wurm id. Compound of *renan ~
*renaz and *wurmaz ~ *wurmiz. C.nn
Nom. comp. 51.
*renjanan wk.vb.: Goth rignjan to rain,
ON regna, rigna to rain. Derived from
*renan ~ *renaz. Tonr-F.rk 336; Hor+-
*rexta-lkaz adj.: ON rtt-ligr just, due,
OFris riuchte-lik just, fair, legal, MDu
reht-lk just, fair, OHG rehtlh just, right
(of faith). Derived from *rextaz. Hrirrn-
v.xxs 442.
*rextaz adj.: Goth raihts straight, ON rttr
upright, straight, OE riht straight, right,
raz 300 rextaz
orel_f13_O,P,R,-290-309 7/6/04 7:09 PM Page 300
rextaz 301 rekwez
OFris riucht right, correct, OS reht good,
true, right, OHG reht straight. Close to
Av rata- straight (way), Gk rektw
stretched out, Lat rctus straight, up-
right, OIr recht law, authority (V.xirk
228229). Derived from *rekanan. B.n-
Tonr-F.rk 333334; Fris+ 393; Hor+-
424; Hoors EG V 8486; Goxr. KZ
LXXIII 161; Ponzio Gliederung 122;
Fnisk II 413; Oxioxs 767; Brx\rxis+r
IEL 309, 311; Srrnorr 373; Lrnv.xx
*rextin ~ *rextun sb.f.: ON rtting
correction, OE rihtun direction, guid-
ance, correction, OHG rehtunga direc-
tion, justication. Derived from *rextaz.
Tonr-F.rk 334.
*rextn sb.f.: Goth ga-raihtei justice, right-
eousness, ON rtti straight direction, OS
rihti canon, rule, OHG reht order, jus-
tice. Derived from *rextaz. Fris+ 197;
*rextjan sb.n.: ON van-rtti inicted
wrong, OHG in rihti straight ahead,
directly. Derived from *rextaz. Hrirrn-
v.xxs 441.
*rextjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-raihtjan to
direct, to make straight, ON rtta to
make straight, to make straight, OE rih-
tan to right, OFris riuchta to direct, to
speak the truth, OS rihtian to uplift,
OHG rihten to direct. Derived from
*rextaz. Tonr-F.rk 334; Hor+n.tsrx
Krtor-Srrnorr 685.
*rextuz ~ *rextan sb.m./n.: ON rttr
right, law, OE riht straight object, per-
pendicular, right, law, OFris riucht id.,
MLG richt id., OHG reht id. Substanti-
vized adjective *rextaz. Derivationally cf.
OIr recht law < *rektu-. Tonr-F.rk
334; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 260; Ponzio
Lrnv.xx GED 281.
*rekanan str.vb.: Goth rikan to heap up,
to rake up, ME reken to stoke a re,
OFris reka to gather, MLG reken to stoke
a re, MHG rechen id. Connected with
Toch AB rk- to extend, to cover, Skt
jyati to stretch, jati id., Lat reg to
direct in a straight way, Gk rgv to
stretch, OIr rigim to stretch out, Lith
riu, rti to tighten, to elongate
(Mrnixorn IF XVII 145). Ztri+z. Gutt.
198; Tonr-F.rk 334; Fris+ 397398;
Horv.xx II 426427; M.vnnorrn I
121; Pokonxv I 854856; Fn.rxkrr 711,
726; Fnisk II 412413; Oxioxs 737; Srr-
*rekenaz adj.: OE recen ready, prompt,
OFris rekon clear, open. Derived from
*rekanan. Derivationally close to MIr rigin
sti, rigid (Hor+n.tsrx IF XX 329).
Oxioxs 746.
*rekn I sb.m.: ON naut-reki herdsman,
OHG anut-rehho drake. Probably derived
from *rekanan. Tonr-F.rk 333 (directly
to Lat rex king, OIr r id.); B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 178.
*rekn II sb.f.: ON reka shovel, spade,
OS reka rake, OHG masc. rehho id.
Derived from *rekanan. Cf. *rak. Ztri+z.
671.
*rekwez ~ *rekwaz sb.n.: Goth riqis
darkness, ON rkkr twilight. Continues
IE *reg
os: Skt rjas dust, mist, darkness,

Gk rebow darkness of the underworld,
Arm erek evening (Borr apud Atrnrcn+
KZ I 355). Cf. also Toch A orkm, B orkmo
darkness < *H(o)rg
-mon-. Ktnx KZ I
380; Gnirxnrnorn PBB XIX 527530;
Fris+ 399400; M.vnnorrn III 3435;
Pokonxv I 857; Fnisk II 431432; Vnirs
286; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 212; Ar.vs TB
123.
orel_f13_O,P,R,-290-309 7/6/04 7:09 PM Page 301
*remez sb.n.: Goth rimis rest, calmness.
Close to Gk -remow in remow peaceful,
comp. -rems-terow (an es-stem as in
Gmc), cf. further cognates in Skt rmate
to calm, to stop, to rest, Lith reMti to
support, rmti to be quiet (Nrssrrv.xx
apud Atrnrcn+ KZ I 358). Zivvrn KZ
XXIV 212; Tonr-F.rk 339 (to *ram );
Bntov.xx IF XV 103 (against isolating
- in Gk); Tn.t+v.xx BSW 243244;
Fris+ 398; or KZ LXXIV 228;
864865; Fn.rxkrr 695, 718; Fnisk I
643; Cn.x+n.ixr 416; Lrnv.xx GED
285.
*remiz sb.f.: ON rim rail, EFris rim
rafter. See *ram. Tonr-F.rk 339;
Vnirs ANEW 446.
*remn sb.m.: ON rimi strip of land, OE
rima, reoma edge. Related to *ram.
260; Oxioxs 768.
*ren(n) sb.f.: Norw rind stripe, OE rind,
rinde bark, OS rinda id., OHG rinta id.
See *ran ~ *raniz. Tonr-F.rk 339;
458; Oxioxs 768.
*renwaz adj.: Goth un-mana-riggws un-
tamed, wild (of a person), OFris adv.
ring quick, fast, MLG ringe small, easy,
OHG ringi small. Identical with Gk adv.
=mfa easy, light, deft, adroit, swift
unless it continues *Wrmfa ~ Lith rangs
agile, nimble (Scnvvzrn GG 275).
Ztri+z. Gutt. 100; Gnirxnrnorn Got. 228
(to OE rew erce, cruel); Hor+n.tsrx
IF XX 328 (to Lat ru to hurry); Fris+
522; Pokonxv I 332, 1155 (from
*renhu-); Fnisk II 656657; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 445446; Krtor-Srrnorr 316 (to
Lith rangs rapid, actively working).
*renkaz sb.m.: Burg *rinks warrior, ON
rekkr straight, upright man, OE rinc
man, OS rink man, hero, warrior,
OHG rinc, hrinc id. Related to *rankaz
(Hor+n.tsrx IF XXXII 337). Hor+-
Konrrn 713; Lrncnxrn 225; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 437.
*rennanan str.vb.: Goth rinnan to run,
ON rinna, renna id., OE irnan id., OFris
rinna id., OS rinnan id., OHG rinnan id.
Continues *ren-w- < *re-nu- related to
Hitt arnu- to set in motion, to bring, Skt
ti to arise, to move, Av 6r6naoiti to
move, Gk rnumai to begin, Lat orior
to rise, to come forth (Ktnx KZ II 460).
Prnssox Wurzelerw. 25, Beitrge 768772
(to Slav *rinti to thrust, *roniti to drop);
W.rrr-Horv.xx II 222223; M.n+ixr+
Gm. 69, 105; Ktirrn Nasalprsentia 94 (on
similarity with Skt ravati, pres. subj. of
ti ); Pnokoscn CGG 85 (to Skt rvati to
cause to ow); Jn.xxrssox IEW 6367;
Vnirs ANEW 441442; Rix IF LXX
2549; Oxioxs 777; Fnisk II 422424;
Cn.x+n.ixr 824; Srrnorr 375376
(from *-n- and in connection with *rei-
to ow); Ltnn MSS XXXV 7392
(*-nn- < *-nH-); Lrnv.xx GED 285286;
Krtor-Srrnorr 688.
*rennn sb.f.: Goth rinno torrent, water-
course, OHG rinna cataract. Derived
from *rennanan. Fris+ 399; Srrnorr
375.
*reuanan str.vb.: ON rja to redden, to
besmear with blood, OE redan id.,
OHG riuten to exterminate, to destroy.
See *rauaz. Tonr-F.rk 351352 (sepa-
rate OHG); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 257;
448; Srrnorr 377378; Adams TB 538
(to Toch AB rutk- to move, to remove).
*reuaz adj.: Goth ga-rius respectable,
ON rjr ruddy, red, OE red red, red-
dening. Connected with *rauaz, *reua-
nan. K.ns+rx NB I 31; Gnirxnrnorn
Got. 9192 (for the semantic development
cf. Slav *krasa beauty ~ *krasn red);
257; Fris+ 199; Pokonxv I 872873;
378; Lrnv.xx GED 148, 282; B.v-
vrsnrnorn Nom. 240; Hrirrnv.xxs
448.
remez 302 reuaz
orel_f13_O,P,R,-290-309 7/6/04 7:09 PM Page 302
*reuran sb.n.: ON rjr clearing, OE
e-riere id. Derived from *reuanan.
Krtor-Srrnorr 683.
*reufanan str.vb.: ON rjfa to break,
to rip up, OE part. rofen to break, to
rend. Related to IE *reup-: Skt rpyati to
suer racking pain, Lat rump to break,
Lith rump, rpti to become rough, un-
even. Ztri+z. Gutt. 35; Tonr-F.rk
v.xxs 447448.
*reukanan str.vb.: ON rjka to smoke,
OE recan to reek, to smoke, OFris rika
to smoke, MDu rieken, ruken id., OHG
riohhan id. Despite the phonetic dier-
ences, related to Lith r~kti id., r~kas
smoke, fog. See *raukiz. Ztri+z. Gutt.
I 871872 (to Lith rugti to sour);
*reumn sb.m.: ON rjmi cream, OE
rema membrane, ligament, OS riomo
thong, leather strap, OHG riomo, riumo
id. Cf. also MLG rm, rme cream, OHG
roum id. (< *raumaz). Close to Lith raumu
muscle, lean meat. Scnvvzrn IF XXI
180 (from *reumn, to Av raogna- but-
ter); Scnnorrn PBB XLVII 164 (from
*sreu- to ow); Tonr-F.rk 348 (from
*rjanan); Vrxrnvrs RC XLV 351 (to Lat
rudns rope, line, cord); Krtor Nom.
Stamm. 4647; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 255;
Fn.rxkrr 707 (Lith raumu < *raud-m-, to
raUdas red-brown); Vnirs ANEW 449;
Oxioxs 743, 767; Krtor-Srrnorr 664,
686687.
*reuriz adj.: Goth riurs transient, mortal,
perishable, ON rrr thin, poor, OFris
*riure transient. Derived from *rjanan
(Zivvrn ZDADL XIX 450). Tonr-F.rk
348; Fris+ 400; Vnirs ANEW 455;
Lrnv.xx GED 286 (to *rxwaz); Hrirrn-
v.xxs 449.
*reurjanan wk.vb.: Goth riurjan to spoil,
to corrupt, ON rra to make small, to
depreciate. Derived from *reuriz. K.ns-
+rx NB II 447; Tonr-F.rk 348; Fris+
(from *rei-ro-, to Lat ruus stream).
*reutanan I str.vb.: ON rjta to roar, to
rattle, OE retan to make a noise, to
lament, to wail, MLG rten to make a
noise, OHG riozan to weep, to howl.
Related to Skt rditi to weep, to roar, Av
raod- to lament, to wail, Lat rud to
roar, to bellow, Lith raud lamentation,
raudti to weep, Slav *rydati to cry
(Bntov.xx II/1 458). B.n+norov.r
14921493; Tonr-F.rk 351; Tn.t+v.xx
ANEW 449; Srrnorr 380381; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ III 526527.
*reutanan II str.vb.: ON part. rotinn rot-
ten. Of unknown origin. Tonr-F.rk
350 (to Lat rdus rude mass, piece of
brass); Pokonxv I 869.
*ra-bann sb.m.: ON r-bani acces-
sory to a murder, OE rd-bana id.
Compound of *ran ~ *raz and *bann.
C.nn Nom. comp. 55.
*ra-ebn sb.m.: ON r-gja counsel-
lor, OE rd-ifa id., OFris rd-ieva judge,
OS rd-gebo ruler, OHG rt-gebo coun-
sellor. Compound of *ran ~ *raz and
*ebn. C.nn Nom. comp. 77 (parallel
formations).
*ra-lausaz adj.: ON r-lauss shiftless,
OE rd-les ill-advised, unwise, incon-
siderate, OFris rd-ls without legal
advice, MDu rd-loos perplexed, MHG
rt-ls ill-advised. Compound of *ran ~
*raz and *lausaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 90
*ran ~ *raz sb.n./m.: Burg *res
reuran 303 ran
orel_f13_O,P,R,-290-309 7/6/04 7:09 PM Page 303
advice, ON r counsel, advice, OE rd
id., OFris rd id., OS rd id., OHG rt id.
Derived from *ranan. Tonr-F.rk 337;
668.
*ranan str.vb.: Goth ga-redan to intend,
to have a plan for, ON ra to advise,
OE rdan to counsel, to ask advice,
OFris rda to advise, to help, OS rdan
to take care of , OHG rtan to advise, to
consider. Related to Skt rdhnti to
achieve, to prepare, Av rdaiti to pre-
pare, OIr imm-rdaim to think over, to
consider, Lith rdyti to show, Slav *raditi
to think over, to care for. B.n+noro-
v.r 15201521; Tonr-F.rk 336337;
Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 591; Tn.t+v.xx
Krtor-Srrnorr 668.
*ra-snutraz adj.: ON r-snotr clever
with advice, OE rd-snotor wise in coun-
sel. Compound of *ran ~ *riz and
*snutraz. C.nn Nom. comp. 61.
*raz adj.: Goth adv. ga-redaba respect-
ably, commendably, ON har-rr hard
in counsel, tyrannical, OE e-rd consid-
ered, instructed, learned, OHG ein-rti
secret, isolated. Derived from *ran ~
*raz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 252; Fris+
198199; Scntnrn+ Erw. 62; Srrnorr
366; M.+zrr KZ CV 129; Hrirrnv.xxs
439440.
*rjan sb.n.: ON ri rule, manage-
ment, OE rde reading, lesson (fem.),
OFris rde advice, OS gi-rdi id., OHG
gi-rti advice, secret. Derived from
*ran ~ *raz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
*rfan ~ *rfn sb.n./m.: ON rf roof ,
OHG rvo, rfo beam, girder. Related to
Slav *rpj burdock (Fick BB VI 240).
Tonr-F.rk 338; Hor+n.tsrx AWN 222;
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 471; An.r\ III
364 (to Osset
rf girder); Tntn.cnr\
VJa XXIV/1 133 (to Slav *strop beam,
girder < * srop < *rpo-); Lrncnxrn
221.
*rmaz sb.m.: OHG rm dirt, soot. Cf.
also OE rmi blackened, sooty. Identi-
cal with Skt rm- black. Pokonxv I
853; Dvno VSJa 27; Krtor-Srrnorr
664.
*rs ~ *rsan sb.f./n.: ON rs race,
running, OE masc. rs id., MLG rs
strong current. Related to Gk rv
quick motion, rush, force. Tonr-F.rk
*rsjanan wk.vb.: ON rsa to race, to
run, OE rsan to rush, to move vio-
lently, MLG rsen to race, to rage,
OHG rsen id. Derived from *rs ~
*rsan. Tonr-F.rk 340; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 254; Vnirs ANEW 434, 456;
Krtor-Srrnorr 668.
*rin sb.m.: ON -rii rider (in com-
pounds), OE tot-rida swing (?). Derived
from *ranan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 259;
Srrnorr 368.
*rifan sb.n.: ON rif reef (a part of sail),
MLG re id. Related to Lith rip disk
used by children to play with, Latv ripa
ring, round disk. On the other hand, cf.
*rfanan. Tonr-F.rk 345; Pokonxv I
858; Fn.rxkrr 737; Krtor-Srrnorr 674.
*riftiz sb.f.: ON ript a kind of cloth, OE
rift, rifte veil, curtain, cloak (neut.), OHG
bein-reft trousers (masc.). Derived from
*rfanan. Tonr-F.rk 345; Hor+n.tsrx
*ristiz sb.f.: Goth ur-rists rising up, resur-
rection, OE rist id., OHG ur-rist id.
Derived from *rsanan. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 262; Fris+ 527; B.vvrsnrnorn
Nom. 139.
*ristjanan wk.vb.: ON rista to slice,
MLG risten id. Derived from *rstanan.
Tonr-F.rk 346; Vnirs ANEW 448 (to Skt
ryati to be hurt, to be injured).
ran 304 ristjanan
orel_f13_O,P,R,-290-309 7/6/04 7:09 PM Page 304
*ranan str.vb.: ON ra to ride, OE
rdan id., OFris rda id., OS pret. pl. umbi-
ridun to ride around, OHG rtan to
ride. Related to OIr rdid to ride, MIr
radaim id., W rhwydd-hau to hurry, Lith
ried, riedti to roll (also of a wagon),
Slav *ridati to move. Tonr-F.rk 343;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 259; Krtor
Ponzio 120; Pokonxv I 861; Fn.rxkrr
Goni.cnr\. Etim. 19861987 156157
(Slavic reconstruction); Krtor-Srrnorr
678.
*rfanan str.vb.: ON rfa to tear, OFris
rva id. Related to Gk repv to throw,
to dash down (Fick KZ XIX 263264).
Tonr-F.rk 344; Jn.xxrssox IEW
445; Fnisk II 552; Srrnorr 368; Krtor-
Srrnorr 676, 686.
*rfaz adj.: ON rfr municent, abun-
dant, OE rfe rife, abundant, MLG rve
wasteful, easily available. An alternative
reconstruction is *rbaz. Derived from
*rfanan. Tonr-F.rk 345; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 260; Pokonxv i 858, \nirs ANEW
445; Oxioxs 767, M.+zrr KZ CV 95;
Hrirrnv.xxs 442443.
*rxanan str.vb.: WFris riuwe to string,
MLG rigen id., MHG rhan to plait, to
turn. Related to Skt rikhti to scratch,
Gk rekv to bruise, to pound. M.vn-
norrn III 58; Pokonxv I 858; Fnisk II
*rkja-maz sb.m.: ON rk-dmr power,
might, OE rce-dm power, rule, domin-
ion, OFris rke-dm power, might, OS
rki-dm richness, fortune, OHG rh-tuom
id. Derived from *rkjaz. Hrirrnv.xxs
450.
*rkjan sb.n.: Goth reiki realm, authority,
ON rki power, might, empire, OE rce
id., OFris rke id., OS rki id., OHG rhhi
id. Substantivized *rkjaz or direct bor-
rowing from Celtic, cf. MIr rge kingdom
< *rom. Tonr-F.rk 342; Fris+ 396;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 258; Tnirn NGWG
1943 535537 (directly to *re- to fence);
Vrxrnvrs R-25; Srrnorr 369; Lrnv.xx
676.
*rkjanan wk.vb.: ON rkja to reign, to
rule, OHG gi-rhhen id. Derived from
*rkjaz. Tonr-F.rk 342; Hrirrnv.xxs
450.
*rkjaz adj.: Goth reikeis noble, distin-
guished, princely, ON rkr mighty, pow-
erful, OE rce id., OFris rk id., OS rki
id., OHG rhhi rich, mighty. Derived
from *rkz. Tonr-F.rk 342; Fris+
Oxioxs 766; Ross-Tnovsox IF LXXXI
176179; Nonvirn KZ XCI 187;
Lrnv.xx GED 293; Srrnorr 369;
676.
*rkz sb.m.: Goth reiks ruler, lord, prince.
Borrowed from Celtic, cf. OIr rg (Annois
rr Jtn.ix\irrr MSL VII 288290).
Scnvrizrn KZ I 559 (related to Skt rjan-
king); Tonr-F.rk 342; Fris+ 396397;
Vnirs ANEW 446; Pokonxv I 856; E\.xs
BBCS XXIX 230255; Oxioxs 766;
Ross-Tnovsox IF LXXXI 176179;
199; Scnvir+ ZfceltPh XLI 382384;
Gnirrrx+noo Wurzelnomina 350366.
*rman sb.n.: ON rm computation, OE
rm number, OS un-rm uncountable
number, OHG masc. rm row, number.
Identical with (or, more plausibly, bor-
rowed from) OIr rm number, W rhif id.
If *rman continues an IE source, it is
further connected with Toch B yrm
measure, Gk rarskv to join together,
to fasten, riymw number (Prnssox
Beitrge 741742). Tonr-F.rk 342; Hor+-
171; Srrnorr 370 (on OHG str. pret. gi-
reim); Krtor-Srrnorr 677.
*rpanan str.vb.: OE repan to reap. A
ranan 305 rpanan
orel_f13_O,P,R,-290-309 7/6/04 7:09 PM Page 305
variant of *rfanan? Cf. also WGmc adj.
*rpaz ~ *rpiz: OE rpe ripe, mature, OS
rpi id., OHG rf, r id. Tonr-F.rk
858 (to *rei- to tear); Oxioxs 769;
Srrnorr 371; M.+zrr KZ CV 95;
676.
*rpaz ~ *rp sb.m./f.: Burg *ripa slope,
bank, ON rpr crag, EFris rip, ripe bor-
der, edge, bank, shore, MHG rf bank,
shore. Connected with *rfanan, *rpanan.
Despite the phonetic diculties, it is
tempting to compare it with Lat rpa
bank, W rhiw slope, hill (in pln.).
Lo+n RC XLIII 140; Tonr-F.rk 344
345; Vnirs ANEW 447; Konrrn 713.
*rsanan str.vb.: Goth ur-reisan to rise,
ON rsa id., OE rsan id., OFris rsa id.,
OS rsan id., OHG rsan to toss, to fall.
From *r-s- related to *ranan. Tonr-
F.rk 345; Wirrrv.xx BB XXVIII 72 (to
Lith rtas morning); Unrrxnrck PBB
XXX 319 (to Lat ruus small stream of
water, brook); Irixskii IORJaS XXIII/
2 240241 (to Slav *rxati to roam);
326332 (to *er- ~ *or-); Vnirs ANEW
447 (to Skt riti to stream, to release,
Gk rnv to stir, to raise); Oxioxs 769;
*rstanan str.vb.: ON rsta to cut, to
slash. Related to *rtanan, *rpanan.
Tonr-F.rk 346 (to Skt ryati to be hurt,
to be injured); Pokonxv I 859; Vnirs
ANEW 448.
*rtanan str.vb.: OSwed rita to scratch,
MLG rten to rend, to tear, OHG rzan
id. Related to *rpanan. Prnssox
Wurzelerw. 12, 102103 (to Lat irrt to
stir, to provoke), Beitrge 773 (to Lat rma
cleft, crack < *reid-m); Tonr-F.rk 343.
*raz sb.m.: OE r small stream, OS rth
torrens. Structurally close to Skt rt-
stream, W rhid semen, OIr riathor tor-
rens, further to *(e)rei- to move, to ow
(Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 6768). Tonr-F.rk
341; Pokonxv I 330.
*ranan str.vb.: ON ra to row, OE
rwan id. Identical with OIr raid id., fur-
ther related to Lith iri, rti id. Tonr-
Srrnorr 691.
*rb( j)n sb.f.: MLG rve beet, OHG
ruoba id. Close to Lith rp id., Lat rpum
id., Gk =puw id., =fuw id. An old cul-
tural loanword (Hoors Waldbume 350).
Slav *rpa id. goes back to the same
source but, in view of its vocalism (hardly
resulting from ablaut), must have been
borrowed separately. Tonr-F.rk 347;
Pr+rnssox GL 32; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 237;
Fn.rxkrr 743; Fnisk II 645; Gixrix Etim.
5563 (from Thrac *rph- beet).
*rjanan wk.vb.: Goth rodjan to talk, to
speak, ON ra to speak, OFris rda id.
Identical with OIr no-ridiu to say, Lith
rdyti to show, to point to, Slav *raditi
to care for. Connected with *ranan.
Tonr-F.rk 347; Fris+ 400; Tn.t+v.xx
BSW 235 Ponzio 122 (from Celtic);
Pokonxv I 59; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 68,
457; Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 476; Sc.nriori
Goten 227 (on G reden < *rajanan semantic-
ally inuenced by *rjanan); V.svrn-
286287.
*r(n) sb.f.: Gep *roda rod, ON ra
rood, holyrood, crucixion, OE rd
pole, rod, cross, OFris rd, rde gallows,
OS rda pole, cross, crucixion, OHG
ruota branch, pole. Of unknown origin.
Ctn+its Gr. Et. 352 (to Lat rudis stirring
spoon); Lrvv KZ XL 422 (to Lat
ratis raft, oat); Tonr-F.rk 347 (to
OCS ratite lance shaft); Hor+n.tsrx
697 (to Lat rtae trees standing on the
bank).
*rfan sb.n.: ON staf-rf alphabet, OE
rpanan 306 rfan
orel_f13_O,P,R,-290-309 7/6/04 7:09 PM Page 306
sec-rf host of men (?), OHG ruoba
number, sum (fem.). Related to IE *rep-:
Gk rptomai to feed on, Alb rjep to
strip o, to tear o, Lat rapi to seize
and carry o, to snatch, Lith rpiu, rpti
to grasp. For the semantic development
cf. Lat numerus number ~ IE *nem- to
take. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 263; Pokonxv
I 865; Vnirs ANEW 450, 541 (to *rain );
Oxioxs 749.
*rkaz sb.m.: MLG rke care, OHG ruoh
id. Derivationally close to Gk rvg
help. Related to *rekanan. Mrnixorn
IF XVII 144145 (semantic develop-
ment); Tonr-F.rk 346347; Pokonxv I
857; Srrnorr 374 (to Gmc *rkanan >
OHG part. fer-rchen to indulge in vice);
Lrnv.xx GED 280.
*rkjanan wk.vb.: ON rkja to take care
of, to heed, OE rcan id., OS rkian id.,
OHG bi-ruohhen id. Derived from *rkaz.
GED 280, 284, 287; Hrirrnv.xxs 452;
Krtor-Srrnorr 317.
*rkjaz adj.: ON rkr legitimate, OHG
un-bi-ruoh unheeded. Derived from *rk-
janan. Hrirrnv.xxs 452.
*rtaz adj.: OE rt glad, cheerful.
Identical with Slav *rad id. (Unrrxnrck
PBB XXII 536) Tonr-F.rk 347; Tn.t+-
SGGJa I 85; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 429;
Hrirrnv.xxs 453.
*rraz ~ *rran sb.m./n.: ON rr
rowing, OE rer rudder, oar, OFris
rder id., MLG rder id., OHG ruodar id.
Derived from *ranan. Cf. a similar
derivational structure with a dierent
ablaut grade in Skt artra- oar. Tonr-
F.rk 346; Krtor Nom. Stamm. 695;
695.
*rrjan sb.n.: ON rri rudder, OE pl.
e-rru rudder, helm. Derived from
*rraz ~ *rran. Vnirs ANEW 457.
*rwaz adj.: ON rr calm, composed,
OE rw quiet, calm, mild. See *rw.
*rw sb.f.: ON r rest, calm, quietness,
OE rw quiet, rest, MLG rwe id., OHG
ruowa id. Another ablaut grade is attested
in MLG rwe id., OHG rwa id. < *rw.
Etymologically identical with Lith rov
boulder left behind on a meadow after
the ood and Gk rv (polmoio) calm
of the battle (Fick KZ XXII 375;
Scnvir+ KZ II 375376). Tonr-F.rk
338; Fn.rxkrr 708 (Lith rovto ruju,
ruti to scue); Vnirs ANEW 449;
Z.rizxi.k I 149; Fnisk I 573; Lrnv.xx
Srrnorr 695.
*ruan sb.n.: ON ru clearing, OFris
rothe id., OHG rod id. Derived from
*reuanan. Tonr-F.rk 352; Vnirs ANEW
*ru( j)an sb.n.: ON ry rust, masc. ryr
id., MHG rot id. Close to Slav *rdja id.
See *rauaz. Tonr-F.rk 351; Vnirs
ANEW 454.
*runan wk.vb.: ON roa to gleam red,
OHG rotn to turn red. Derived from
*ru(n). Cf. structural parallels in Lat
rubre to be red and Slav *rudti to
become red (< *roudh-). Tonr-F.rk
Horv.xx II 444445; Vnirs ANEW 450.
*rujanan wk.vb.: ON ryja to clear, OE
ryddan to strip. Derived from *reuanan.
*ru(n) sb.m./f.: ON roi redness, OE
rudu id., MLG rode id. Related to *rauaz.
Nom. 110.
*rurn sb.f.: ON rora blood. Based on
the unattested *ruraz red identical with
Toch A rtr, B ratre, Gk ruyrw id., Lat
rfan 307 rurn
orel_f13_O,P,R,-290-309 7/6/04 7:10 PM Page 307
ruber id., Slav *rdr id. Tonr-F.rk 351;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 265; Scnvrx+xrn
KZ LXXIII 110111; W.rrr-Horv.xx
ANEW 450; Fnisk I 567568; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ III 453; Scnixrrrn KZ
LXXXI 71; Riscn Festschr. Szemernyi
708709; Hrirrnv.xxs 454; Ar.vs TB
526.
*ruiz ~ *run sb.m.: ON rugr rye,
OE rye id., OFris rogga id., OS roggo id.,
OHG roggo id. Identical with Lith rugs
id., Slav *r id. (Mrvrn BB XX 121;
Fick BB XXIX 241; Hin+ BB XXII 235).
It is not clear if this group of words is
related to Thrac brza id. < *rugh
(indicative of the initial *-). Hoors
Waldbume 447461; Ztri+z. Gutt. 179;
Tonr-F.rk 350; Cn.nrrx+irn ANF
XLVI 6373 (from Balt); Tn.t+v.xx
BSW 246; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 265,
AWN 233; Ponzio Gliederung 143; Srxx
KZ LXXI 186; Dr+scnrv Thr. 8788;
8283; Gixrix Etim. 65 (from Thrac);
Z.rizxi.k II 225; Oxioxs 778779;
S+.xo LS 46; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III
493494; Ltnn Expr. 291; Krtor-
Srrnorr 690.
*ruljanan wk.vb.: ON rugla to con-
found, MHG rugelen to stir. Related to
*rukkaz ~ *rukkn. Tonr-F.rk 335;
Pokonxv I 869.
*rukan ~ *rukiz sb.n./m.: Norw dial. rok
current, MLG roke smell, MHG ruch id.
Derived from *reukanan. Tonr-F.rk
349.
*rukkaz sb.m.: ON rokkr jerkin, OE rocc
upper garment, OFris rokk skirt, OS rok
overcoat, OHG (h)roc id. Related to OIr
rucht tunica < *ruktu-, MW rhuch(en)
coat. Tonr-F.rk 350; Hor+n.tsrx
689690.
*rukkaz ~ *rukkn sb.m.: ON rokkr
dista, MLG rocken id., OHG roc, rocko
id. Related to Skt lucati to tear, to
pluck, Gk rssv to dig up, Lat runc
to weed out, to root up. Ztri+z. Gutt.
216 (to OIr rucht tunica); Hor+n.tsrx
AWN 231 (to *rax(n)); Tonr-F.rk
349350 (to OE rene spider (?) and fur-
ther to Gk rxnh id., Lat arnea id.);
Tonr NNEO 541 (to *wranaz); W.rrr-
Horv.xx II 453; M.n+ixr+ Gm. 196;
Oxioxs 770; Krtor-Srrnorr 690 (from
Rom *rotica derived from Lat rot to
turn).
*rukkiz sb.m.: ON rykkr hasty pull, MDu
ruc start, jolt, OHG ruc movement.
Related to *rukkjanan. Tonr-F.rk 335;
Krtor-Srrnorr 694.
*rukkjanan wk.vb.: ON rykkja to pull
roughly and hastily, MLG rucken to
rock, OHG fram-rucken to go away.
Related to *rukkaz ~ *rukkn. Tonr-
M.n+ixr+ Gm. 77; Vnirs ANEW 455;
*rumpaz sb.m.: ON rumpr rump, but-
tocks, MHG rump body, beehive.
Identical with Lith ruMbas edge, border,
further related to Lith rambs lazy, dull,
Slav *rb cut, edge. Tonr-F.rk 336;
864865; Fn.rxkrr 696.
*run(n)iz sb.m.: Goth runs race, running,
course, ON runnr bush, grove, runi ux
(n-stem), OE ryne course, run, OFris rene
blood trickling, OHG run walk, run-
ning. Derived from *rennanan. Ktnx
AEEW 265; Fris+ 401; Srrnorr 376;
*runsiz sb.f.: Goth ga-runs street, market-
place, OHG runs river-bed, stream
(masc., fem.). Derived from *run(n)iz.
Based on an s-stem reected in Skt neut.
ras- undulating, surging. Fris+ 200;
M.vnnorrn I 51; Srrnorr 376.
*rupatjanan wk.vb.: ON rypta to belch,
OHG roezzen id. Cf. also ON repta id. <
*rapatjan. Related to *raupjanan. Tonr-
rurn 308 rupatjanan
orel_f13_O,P,R,-290-309 7/6/04 7:10 PM Page 308
F.rk 337 (to Norw dial. rapa to belch);
Pokonxv I 871.
*ruppjanan wk.vb.: ON ruppa to pluck,
ME ryppen id., MLG roppen id., OHG
ropfn id. Intensive of *raupjanan.
M.n+ixr+ Gm. 169; Vnirs ANEW 454;
Lrnv.xx GED 282.
*ruskj sb.f.: Norw dial. ryskje hair-grass
(neut.), rusk id. (< *rusk ), OE rysc, rysce
rush, bulrush, MLG rusch reed, bul-
rush. Related to Lith rzginti to gnarl,
to murmur, to move, to touch, ruzgs
surly, sulky. Tonr-F.rk 341 (to IE *rezg-:
Lith rgzti to knit, Skt rjju- rope);
*rust ~ *rustaz sb.m./f.: Norw dial.
rust rust, OE rust rust, OS rost id.,
OHG rost id. Etymologically connected
with *rauaz. Close to Skt neut. loa-
rust of iron, Lith rstas brown-red
( Jon.xssox IF VIII 162163). Tonr-
Fn.rxkrr 752; Vnirs ANEW 452; Oxioxs
*rutaz adj.: ON sbst. rot concussion of the
brain from a blow, E rot, MDu rot rot-
ten. Derived from *reutanan II. Vnirs
ANEW 452.
*rujanan wk.vb.: ON roa to huddle
together, OFris rothia to grub up, to
clear, MLG roden id., OHG rodn to
stub, to root out. Derived from *reuanan.
Vnirs ANEW 450.
*rxwaz adj.: OE rh rough, MLG rch
id., OHG rh id. Related to Skt lucati to
tear, to pluck, Lat runc to weed out, to
root up, Lith runk, rkti to be wrinkled.
II 452; M.vnnorrn III 105; Pokonxv
*rxwjn ~ *rxwn sb.f.: ON rja
rag, OE rhe rug, rough covering, OS
rwi rough skin, OHG rh id. Derived
from *rxwaz. Tonr-F.rk 350; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 265; Lrnv.xx GED 286.
*rjanan wk.vb.: ON rja to pluck the
wool o sheep. Related to Toch AB
ruw- to pull out, Skt rvati to shatter,
to batter, Lat ru to fall down, to
rush down, Lith ruju, ruti to scue, to
tear out, Slav *rv, *ruti to tear
(Os+norr Morph. Unt. IV 2829).
Prnssox Beitrge 287289; Tonr-F.rk
Fn.rxkrr 708709; Ar.vs TB 537;
Dvno BSA 3334.
*rman ~ *rmaz sb.n./m.: Goth rum
room, space, ON rm id., OE rm id.,
OFris rm id., OS rm distance, OHG
rm room, space. Based on *rmaz.
*rmaz adj.: Goth rums roomy, spacious,
ON rmr roomy, ample, spacious, OE
rm roomy, spacious, ample, OFris rm
spacious, MDu ruum wide, broad,
OHG rmi id. A form in *-mo- related to
Av ravah- open space, Lat rs country-
side, OIr re eld, open land (Fick I
118, 529; Os+norr Morph. Unt. IV 126).
Further cf. Toch AB ru- to open.
St++rnrix IF XLV 308 (from *rmaz,
to Skt lok- open space, place, world);
237238, 456; Tonr-F.rk 353; Hor+-
ANEW 453; Lrnv.xx GED 287; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 244245; Hrirrnv.xxs
*rmjanan wk.vb.: ON rma to make
room, OE rman to make roomy, to
extend, OFris rma to clear, OS rmian
id., OHG rmen to give away, to
weaken. Derived from *rman ~ *rmaz.
456.
*rm sb.f.: Goth Ruma Rome, ON
Rma-borg id., OHG Rm-liuti Romans.
rupatjanan 309 rm
orel_f13_O,P,R,-290-309 7/6/04 7:10 PM Page 309
rm 310 saaz
*sa pron.: Goth sa this, that, ON s id.,
OE se, si id. Identical with IE *so id.: Skt
s that, he, Av h, h, Gk , OLat acc.
sum eum. Corresponding feminine and
neuter forms are *s and *at (the latter
could be generalized): Goth so, ata, ON
s, at, OE t, OFris thet, OS that, OHG
daz. Bntov.xx Dem. 2032, Grundri
II/2 313321; B.n+norov.r 17181727;
286; Fris+ 402; W.rrr-Horv.xx II
I 978979, 10861087; Vnirs ANEW
459; Fnisk II 342343; Oxioxs 914;
Lrnv.xx GED 289.
*saaz adj.: Goth sas satised, sated,
full, ON sar, saddr sated, OE sd sated,
weary, lled, OS sad full, OHG sat
full, sated. Continues IE *s6ts, a partici-
ple in *-to- identical with Gk -atow
insatiable < *-s6to- based on *s- to
satisfy: Lat satis enough, sucient, OIr
sith satisfaction, Lith sots satised,
replete. K.ns+rx NB II 306; Tonr-
s
An old borrowing from Lat Rma
( Jrrrixrk GGS 182185). Fris+ 400
401; S+rxrrn-Pr+rnsrx 484485; Con.zz.
Lat. 3940; Lrnv.xx GED 287.
*rna-stabaz sb.m.: ON rna-stafr Runic
letter, OE rn-stf id., OHG rn-stab let-
ter, character. Compound of *rn and
*stabaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 5152.
*rnjan sb.n.: Goth ga-runi counsel, coun-
cil, ON rni scrutiny, contemplation,
OE rne mystery, OS gi-rni id., OHG
ga-rni id. Derived from *rn. Tonr-
F.rk 348349; Fris+ 199200; Lrnv.xx
GED 287.
*rn sb.f.: Goth runa mystery, secret,
ON rn secret, mystery, rune, OE rn
whisper, mystery, secret, rune, OS rna
condential talk, advice, OHG rna
mystery. Directly related to (Vrxrnvrs
R-5354) or borrowed from Celtic (M.n-
s+n.xrrn NTS I 175177): OIr rn
secret, mystery, W rhin secret, mystery,
charm, Bret rin secret, wisdom. Further
might be connected with Gk rv,
eromai to ask, to seek, reunv to
nd out (Fris+ 401). Cf. also *raun.
Tonnionxsox Festschr. Noreen 255257 (to
Gk Oranow ~ Skt Vrua-); Tonr-F.rk
348 (to *rjanan > OE ran to roar, to
rage); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 264; Dtvrzir
Mythes 24 (follows Tonnionxsox); Anx+z
RK 294296; Pokonxv I 337, 867 (to
*reu- to roar); Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 96;
Fnisk I 467468; Oxioxs 777; Porovr
GPG 65 (to Hitt urtalia- to chant a mag-
ical formula); Lrnv.xx GED 287288;
\.x Wixrrkrxs MSS XLIX 152153 (to
Hitt arwai- hidden, secret); Monnis
PBB CVII 344358 (separates *rn
mystery from *rn rune); B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 115; Krtor-Srrnorr 670,
696.
*rnn sb.m.: ON rni counsellor, friend,
OE e-rna counsellor, OHG gi-rno id.
Derived from *rn. Tonr-F.rk 348;
Vnirs ANEW 454.
*rsn sb.f.: Norw dial. rsa weel, bow-
net, weir-basket, MLG rse id., OHG
rsa sh-trap. Related to *rausan ~
*rauzan. Tonr-F.rk 332; Pokonxv I
332.
*rtjanan wk.vb.: ON rta to squeal (of
boars and pigs), MDu ruten, ruyten to
grunt, OHG rzen id. Derived from
*reutanan I. Vnirs ANEW 456.
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saaz 311 saulaz
481482; Fris+ 411412; Wissv.xx Postv.
Vnirs ANEW 459; Fnisk I 2; Oxioxs 781;
Szrvrnrxvi KZ XCIII 103107 (sepa-
rates Goth sas < *saiz similar to Lat
satis repleteness); Lrnv.xx GED 296;
*sajanan wk.vb.: ON seja to satiate,
OE seddan to satisfy, MHG seten id.
Derived from *saaz. Tonr-F.rk 421;
*saula-bun sb.m.: ON sul-bogi
saddle-bow, OE sadol-boga id., MLG
sadel-boge id., OHG satul-bogo id. Com-
pound of *saulaz and *bun. C.nn
*saulaz sb.m.: ON sull saddle, OE
sadol id., OFris sadel id., MLG sadel id.,
OHG satul, satil id. Derivation from *set-
janan is phonetically dicult. Probably an
old loanword from Slav *sedlo saddle.
Lirrx PBB XV 515 (continues *sodlo- <
*sod-tlo-); S.tsstnr MSL VI 247 (against
reconstructing *sod-tlo); Tonr-F.rk 427;
(from East IE); Vnirs ANEW 578;
Z.rizxi.k I 135; M.n+vxo\ Jazyk 2526
(Gmc < Slav); Oxioxs 781; Srrnorr
397 (reconstructs *satulaz); V.svrn-
*safjanan str.vb.: OS af-sean to per-
ceive, OHG in-sebben id. Related to Lat
sapi to taste, OIr saer artful; artist,
artisan. Mrvrn Got. 962 (to Gk ca
amusement, plaything); Woor JEGP
II 218 (to Skt spati to foster, to
seek); Tonr-F.rk 431; Hor+n.tsrx
880; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 103; Vrx-
rnvrs S-6; Srrnorr 383; Lrnv.xx GED
302.
*safjn sb.m.: ON se mind, aection,
OE sefa understanding, mind, OS sebo
sense, feeling. Derived from *safjanan.
Tonr-F.rk 431 (reconstruct *sebn);
467; Srrnorr 383.
*sajanan ~ *sanan wk.vb.: ON segja
to say, to tell, OE secan id., OFris sedza,
sega id., OS seggian id., OHG sagn id.
Related to *sa(n). Tonr-F.rk 425;
*sajn sb.m.: ON segi, sigi slice, bit, clot.
Close to OIr seche hide, skin (Lirrx BB
XXI 95). Connected with *sa. Vnirs
ANEW 467.
*san sb.f.: ON sgn tale, report,
OE sen saying, statement. Derived
from *sajanan ~ *sanan. Hor+n.tsrx
*sa sb.f.: ON sg saw, OE sau id.,
MLG sage id., OHG saga id. (cf. also sega
id.). Related to Lat sec to cut, MIr
tescaid id., Lith iskti to incise, to cut,
Slav *skti to cut. Mrirrr+ MSL XVII
195; Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. II 612; Tonr-
Horv.xx II 504505; Pokonxv I
Z.rizxi.k I 147; Oxioxs 791792;
Srrnorr 699.
*sajanan wk.vb.: ON saga to saw, E
saw id., MLG sagen id., MHG sagen id.
Derived from *sa. Vnirs ANEW 459.
*sa(n) sb.f.: ON saga tale, story, saga,
OE sau saying, story, tale, OFris sege
id., MLG sage id., OHG saga tale, mes-
sage. Derivationally close to Lith p-saka
story. An abstract noun related to IE
*sek
-: Gk npv to tell, Lat nseque

announced, MW hebu to speak, Lith
sek, skti to tell. Tonr-F.rk 426;
75; Fn.rxkrr 773; Z.rizxi.k II 180;
*saulaz adj.: ON sann-sgull truthful,
OE les-saol mendacious. Derived from
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 311
saulaz 312 sailjanan
*sajanan ~ *sanan. K.ns+rx NB II
*sawjaz sb.m.: ON seggr man, OE sec
id. Identical with Lat socius fellow, com-
panion (Ctn+its Gr. Et. 460). Related to
Skt skh friend, companion, Av haxay-
id. Unrrxnrck IF XIII 218, KZ XX
1744; Hin+ Urgerm. II 40; Tonr-F.rk
Horv.xx II 551552; M.vnnorrn III
*saxsan sb.n.: ON sax a kind of sword,
OE seax knife, a short sword, OFris sax
sword, OS sahs id., OHG sahs small
sword, knife. Derivationally close to Lat
saxum rock. Further related to *sa.
Unrrxnrck IF XVII 99 (to Slav *soxa
wooden plough); Ztri+z. Gutt. 137
(same as Unrrxnrck); Prnssox Beitrge
Pokonxv I 895 (from *se- to cut); Vnirs
ANEW 465466; Z.rizxi.k I 143;
Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*saxsaz ~ *saxsn sb.m.: ON pl. Saxar
Saxons, OE pl. Seaxe id., OS Sahso
Saxon, OHG Sahso id. Derived from
*saxsan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 288; Vnirs
ANEW 466.
*saxtaz adj.: Goth adv. un-sahaba (leg. un-
sahtaba) indisputably, accordingly, ON
sttr reconciled, agreeing. Derived from
*sakanan, cf. *saxtiz. K.ns+rx NB II
Fris+ 407, 523; Pokonxv I 876877;
463464; Lrnv.xx GED 292293;
Hrirrnv.xxs 459460.
*saxtiz sb.f.: Goth ga-sahts reproach, refu-
tation, OE seht settlement, agreement
(fem., masc.). Derived from *sakanan.
Tonr-F.rk 424; Woor MLN XXIV
49 (Goth in-sahts account, report, OE
in-siht account, narrative, to *sa);
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 288; Fris+ 200, 294;
*sai interj.: Goth sai here, see, OHG
s id. Form of *sa. Tonr-F.rk 421;
Pokonxv I 978979.
*saiaz ~ *saiaz sb.m.: ON seir
band, OE sda cord, halter, snare,
OHG seid band, string (neut.), seito id.
Related to Skt stu- binding, fetter, bond,
bridge, Av hatu- dam, Lat saeta mane,
(horse) hair, Lith satas string, band,
sitas cord, Slav *st net. Mrirrr+
MSL XIV 348; B.n+norov.r 1728;
norrn III 501; Pokonxv I 892; Fn.rxkrr
756; Vnirs ANEW 468; V.svrn-
H.vr IF LXXXVII 7275; Krtor-
Srrnorr 700.
*sai(w)az adj.: ON seigr tough, OE on-
se falling upon, assailing, attacking,
MLG sge with watery eyes, OHG ana-
seigi hostile. Derived from *s(w)anan.
468; Srrnorr 389 (reconstructs *saiiz);
Hrirrnv.xxs 460461.
*saixaz sb.m.: ON sr large cask, OE s
tub, pail, vessel. Identical with Lith
sakas measure of capacity. Further
related to Toch B sik- to set foot, Gk
kv to come, to attain, Lith sekiu, sekti
to reach, to measure capacity (Fick GGA
1891 207). Ztri+z. Gutt. 137; Tonr-
F.rk 422; Pokonxv I 893 (to IE *seik- to
be enough); Fn.rxkrr 755, 781; Vnirs
ANEW 463; Fnisk I 719720; Ar.vs TB
691.
*sailjanan wk.vb.: Goth in-sailjan to let
down, ON re. seilask to stretch out
ones hands, OE slan to fasten with a
cord, OFris sla to make ropes, to bind
with a rope, MLG slen id., MHG seilen
id. Derived from *sail ~ *sailan. Tonr-
755.
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 312
*sail ~ *sailan sb.f./n.: ON seil string,
OE sl rope, cord, line, OFris sl
string, OS sl id., OHG seil id. Deri-
vative in *-l- related to Hitt iia- to
bind, Skt syti to bind, to tie, to fetter,
Latv set id. Structurally close to Slav *silo
noose, snare with a dierent ablaut
grade. Lith t-sail connecting rod
attached to the axle is an independent
formation. Tonr-F.rk 438; Tn.t+v.xx
BSW 253; Mrirrr+ MSL XIV 348;
Lrnv.xx GED 206; H.vr RRL XXXII
*saimaz sb.m.: Burg *saims liquid, clot,
ON seimr honey-comb, OS sm nectar,
honey, OHG seim id. Probably related to
Gk ama blood (Fick apud Lorvrx+n.r
PBB XLIX 416). Tonr-F.rk 422;
Cn.x+n.ixr I 34; Konrrn 713; Hrirrn-
*s(w)anan).
*sainiz adj.: ON seinn slow, slack, OE
sne slow, dull, sluggish, MHG seine
slow, slack. Related to Lith at-sains
careless (with a secondary u-stem?). Cf.
*sinnan. K.ns+rx NB II 365; Tonr-
Vnirs ANEW 469; Scntnrn+ Erw. 70;
Lrnv.xx GED 291292; M.+zrr KZ CV
*sainjanan ~ *sainjanan wk.vb.:
Goth sainjan to delay, ON seina id., OE
-snian to languish, to grow weak.
Derived from *sainiz. Tonr-F.rk 439;
291292.
*saip( j)(n) sb.f.: OE spe soap, sp
amber, resin, MLG spe id., OHG seifa
id. Derived from *spanan. Tonr-F.rk
440; Scnn.rrn-Nrnnixo II 284 (to Lat
sbum tallow, suet, grease); Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 270; Vnirs ANEW 462463 (to
Norw spa to cry, to blubber, OE sypian
to take in moisture); Oxioxs 842;
*saira-btiz sb.f.: ON pl. sr-btr com-
pensation for a wound, OE sr-bt id.
Compound of *sairan and *btiz. C.nn
*saira-lkaz adj.: ON sr-ligr sore, OE
sr-lc sad, mournful, lamentable, OFris
sr-lik painful, OHG sr-lh id. Derived
from *sairaz. Hrirrnv.xxs 464.
*sairan sb.n.: Goth sair pain, ON sr
sore, wound, OE sr pain, suering,
soreness, OFris sr pain, wound, OS
sr pain, sorrow, OHG sr pain,
suering (also masc.). Substantivized
*sairaz. Gnirxnrnorn Got. 578579 (to
ON seir spell, charm); Hin+ PBB XXIII
354 (to Gk jhrw dry); Tonr-F.rk 422;
*sairaz adj.: ON srr sore, wounded, OE
sr sore, painful, grievous, OFris adv.
sre very, OS sr grievous, OHG sr
sad, gloomy. May be related to OIr saeth
illness, W hoed id. < *sai-tu-, Lat saeuus
erce < *sai-o-, Latv sievs sharp,
biting. Bntov.xx II/1 498 (to Lat
saucius wounded, hurt < *sa-cios);
Gnirxnrnorn Got. 178179 (to ON seir
spell, charm); K.ns+rx NB II 259
260; Tonr-F.rk 422; Fris+ 405406;
Vrxrnvrs S-67; Lrnv.xx GED 292;
754.
*sairjanan wk.vb.: ON sra to wound,
OFris sra id., OS srian to injure, OHG
sren to cause worry, to sadden. Derived
from *sairan. Tonr-F.rk 422; Vnirs
*saiaz sb.m.: ON seir spell, charm.
Close to MW hut praestigiae, illusio.
Based on ON sa to practise sorcery <
*sanan. Derivationally close to W hud
sail 313 saiaz
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 313
magician < *soito-. Perhaps further con-
nected with *saiaz ~ *saiaz. Tonr-
F.rk 440; Pokonxv I 892; Cnrvor.xo\
SGGJa I 67; Fn.rxkrr 756 (Lith satas
emblem, divination, talisman represents
a metaphoric usage of satas bucket
rope).
*saiwal sb.f.: Goth saiwala soul, OE
swel id., OFris sle id., OS sola, sla
id., OHG sola, sla id. Derived from
*saiwiz ~ *saiwaz (Gnivv DG 99), prob-
ably because of a Germanic belief in
souls born out of and returning to sacred
lakes (Wrisvrirrn IF LVII 2555).
Scnvrizrn KZ I 152; Hrr+rx PBB XX
508510; Koorr GGA 1897 655 (to Gk
alow rapid < *saiWolow); Ztri+z.
Gutt. 76; Gnirxnrnorn Got. 179 (to Lat
saeuus erce); Prnssox BB XIX 276278
(to Slav *sila strength); Bnr.r MSL
XVI 131132 (original adj. related to
*sljanan); Tonr-F.rk 422423; W.rrr
IF XII 382 (reconstructs Gmc *saiwl, to
Lat saeuus); Nrckrr Walhall 49 (recon-
structs the original meaning as breath ~
life); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 270; Fris+
877; Z.rizxi.k II 180; Koi\trrn+o NM
LXVIII 113118; Mrzorn KZ LXXXII
285287 (from *swai-wal ones own
will); Oxioxs 848; Lrnv.xx GED 292
(against Fris+); Krtor-Srrnorr 753.
*saiwi-burz sb.f.: ON sj-borg sea-town,
OE s-bur id., OFris s-burch sea-
dyke. Compound of *saiwiz ~ *saiwaz
and *burz. C.nn Nom. comp. 78 (par-
allel formations).
*saiwi-euzan sb.n.: ON sj-dr sea ani-
mal, OE s-dor sea-beast. Compound
of *saiwiz ~ *saiwaz and *euzan. C.nn
Nom. comp. 55.
*saiwi-fiskaz sb.m.: ON sj-skr sea-sh,
OE s-sc id., MLG s-visch id. Com-
pound of *saiwiz ~ *saiwaz and *skaz.
*saiwi-lanan sb.n.: ON toponym Sj-
land, OE s-land maritime district, OFris
s-land id., Du zee-land id., OHG so-lant
id. Compound of *saiwiz ~ *saiwaz and
*lanan. C.nn Nom. comp. 78 (parallel
formations).
*saiwi-mannz sb.m.: ON sj-mar sea-
man, OE s-mann id., MLG s-man id.,
G Seemann id. Compound of *saiwiz ~
*saiwaz and *mannz. C.nn Nom. comp.
*saiwi-weaz sb.m.: ON sj-vegr way on
the sea, OE s-we sea-way. Compound
of *saiwiz ~ *saiwaz and *weaz. C.nn
Nom. comp. 55.
*saiwiz ~ *saiwaz sb.m.: Goth saiws
sea, lake, marshland, ON sr, sjr, sjr
sea, lake (gen. sg. svar ~ ss), OE s
id. (masc., fem.), OFris s id., OS so
id., OHG s, so id. Probably, connected
with Lat saeuus erce and Latv sievs,
svs sharp (Ktnx KZ LXXI 149).
Scnvrizrn KZ I 152; Fick II 260 (to Lat
saeuus erce); Prnssox UU 1891 67 (to
Lith svas juice, Gk ionv to moisten,
to foment); Gnirxnrnorn Got. 179
(< *saiwiz, to *s(w)anan); Ztri+z.
Gutt. 6869; Corrixrrn Festschr. Pipping
85 (from Uralic); Lorvrx+n.r ANF
XXXII 292293 (to *sknanan); Tonr-
W.rrr-Horv.xx II 462463; Fris+ Idg.
2627 (a pre-Germanic loanword), 406
407; Scnn.rrn-Kn.nr Idg. 37 (same as
Fris+); Wrisvrirrn IF LVII 2555 (same
as Fris+); Pokonxv I 877; Vnirs ANEW
Ennixon.ts GL XI 1516 (follows
Gnirxnrnorn); Koi\trrn+o NM LXVIII
113118; Mrir Festschr. Kronasser 9193;
Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*sakanan str.vb.: Goth sakan to dispute,
to argue, OE sacan to ght, to strive, to
disagree, OFris seka to argue, OS sakan
to rebuke, OHG sahhan to argue, to lit-
igate. Related to Hitt ak- to know, Gk
gomai to go before, to lead the way,
Lat sgi to feel, to notice, OIr saigid to
seek, to aspire. See *skjanan (Scnvrizrn
KZ I 566). Ztri+z. Gutt. 164; Tonr-
F.rk 423; Mrzorn KZ LXI 259262
(same as Scnvrizrn); Woor IF XIII 119
saiaz 314 sakanan
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 314
(to OIr saigim to say); Brzzrxnrnorn
BB XVI 255 (same as Woor); Fris+
877878; Fnisk I 621622; Srrnorr
383385; M.n+vxo\ Jazyk 2627 (from
Slav *soiti to accuse); Lrnv.xx GED
292293; Srnixorn IEur. 3944; Krtor-
Srrnorr 698.
*sakj(n) sb.f.: Goth sakjo dispute, quar-
rel, OE scc strife, contest, conict,
OHG secka strife. Derived from *sak.
Krtor-Srrnorr 698.
*sakkuz ~ *sakkiz sb.m.: Goth sakkus
sack, ON sekkr id., OE scc sack-cloth
(a-stem), OS sakk sack, OHG sac id. (a-
stem). An old borrowing from Lat saccus
id. (G.rnrrrn ZdPh XLIII 3). Tonr-
407; M.n+ixr+ Gm. 64, 106, 193;
Con.zz. Lat. 2122, 43; Z.rizxi.k II
*sak sb.f.: ON sk charge, guilt, crime,
suit, OE sacu strife, contention, distress,
OFris seke thing, OS saka charge, accu-
sation, case, OHG sahha case. Derived
from *sakanan. Ztri+z. Gutt. 72, 164;
*sakjanan wk.vb.: ON saka to blame, to
hurt, OE sacian to strive, to brawl.
Derived from *sakanan. Hor+n.tsrx
*sakn sb.m.: ON saki loss (unless a mis-
take for sakni id.), OE and-saca denire,
opposer, enemy, OFris wither-saka adver-
sary, OS and-saco id., OHG widar-sahho
id. Derived from *sakanan. Hor+n.tsrx
*salb sb.f.: OE sealf, sealfe salve, oint-
ment, OS salba id., OHG salba id.
Related to Toch A lyp, B alype fat,
butter, oil, Skt sarp- melted butter, Gk
lpow: laion, star, eyhna; lfow:
boturon (Hes.), Alb gjalp butter
(Scnvir+ KZ II 316). Tonr-F.rk 437;
Fnisk I 503; Oxioxs 785; Cn.x+n.ixr
652653.
*salbjanan wk.vb.: Goth salbon to
anoint, OE sealan id., OS salbn id.,
OHG salbn id. Derived from *salb.
286; Fris+ 407408; Pokonxv I 901;
*sali-astiz sb.m.: Run Swed prop. sali-
gastiR, OE sele-ist guest in a hall,
OLFrank prop. Sali-gast. Compound of
*saliz ~ *salaz and *astiz. Fnirsrx UU
1924/4 98 (ON < WGmc); Vnirs ANEW
461.
*salix( j)(n) sb.f.: ON selja sallow, OE
masc. sealh, salh id., OHG salaha id.
Related to Lat salix id., MIr sail id.
286; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 469; Ponzio
Brx\rxis+r IEL 108; Krtor-Srrnorr 702.
*saliw sb.f.: Goth saliwa inn,
dwelling, OE sl dwelling, abode, OS
selitha id., OHG selida id. Derived from
*saliz ~ *salaz. Close to Slav *selitva
dwelling. Bntov.xx Grundri II/1
Lrnv.xx GED 293294.
*sali-waraz ~ *sali-waruz sb.m.:
ON sal-vrr porter, janitor, OE sele-
weard hall-warder. Compound of *saliz
~ *salaz and *waraz. C.nn Nom. comp.
*saliz ~ *salaz sb.m./n.: ON salr hall,
OE sele hall, house, dwelling, sl hall,
NFris seal id., OS seli id., OHG sal
house, hall. Related to Lith sal island,
sakanan 315 saliz
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 315
Slav *selo eld. Gnirxnrnorn Got. 180
(to Lat sole to look after, to care for);
Tonr-F.rk 435436; Mrnixorn IF XVI
182, XVIII 241242 (follows Gnirx-
nrnorn and adds Lat solum oor);
AEEW 267, 289; Fris+ 408; Pokonxv I
758 (Lith sal is derived from slti to
ow); Vnirs ANEW 461; Z.rizxi.k II
224; Fn.rxkrr 758; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\
III 596; Lrnv.xx GED 294; Krtor-
Srrnorr 698.
*saljanan wk.vb.: Goth saljan to sacrice,
ON selja to hand over, to sell (irreg.),
OE sellan to give, to furnish, to deliver,
OFris sella to hand over, to sell, OS gi-
sellian id., OHG sellen id. Causative of
unattested str. *selanan further related to
Gk len to take, OIr selaim to take
(Os+norr PBB XIII 457458). Mrirrr+
Etudes 419 (to Slav *slati to send);
Corri+z Prt. 6970 (to Gk llomai to
spring, to leap); Tonr-F.rk 435; Hor+-
Pokonxv I 899; Vnirs ANEW 461, 469
(to Goth saljan to stay, see *saliz ~
*salaz); Fnisk I 487488; Oxioxs 808;
S+.xo LS 56; Brx\rxis+r IEL 108109;
Mrzorn KZ LXXXIII 124149; Lrn-
v.xx GED 294.
*sal(n) sb.f.: ON sala sale, OE masc.
sala id., OHG sale transfer of property.
See *saljanan. Tonr-F.rk 435; Hor+-
Srrnorr 701.
*salta-fatan sb.n.: ON salt-fat salt-vat,
OE sealt-ft vessel for salt, salt-cellar, OS
salt-fat salt-vat, OHG salz-faz id. Com-
pound of *saltan and *fatan. C.nn Nom.
*saltan sb.n.: Goth salt salt, ON salt id.,
OE sealt id., OS salt id., OHG salz id.
Closely related to Lith salds sweet, Slav
*soldk id. Further connected to other
continuants of IE *sal- salt: Toch A sle,
B slyiye, Gk lw, Arm a, Lat sl,
Slav *sol. Scnvir+ Plur. 182183;
Unrrxnrck PBB XX 564 (to *salwaz);
Tonr-F.rk 436; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 249,
Fn.rxkrr 759760, KZ XLII 234;
385; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 713, 715;
Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*saltanan str.vb.: Goth saltan to salt, OE
sealtan id., MLG solten id. (wk., with str.
part.), OHG salzan id. Related to *saltan.
Identical with Lat sall to salt, OIr sail-
lim id. Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 114; Tonr-
Krtor-Srrnorr 702.
*salta-stainaz sb.m.: ON salt-steinn salt-
stone, OE sealt-stn pillar of salt, rock
salt, OHG salz-stein pillar of salt. Com-
pound of *saltan and *stainaz. C.nn
*saltjanan wk.vb.: ON salta to salt,
OHG salzn id. Derived from *saltan.
*saltaz adj.: ON saltr salty, OE sealt
id., OFris salt id., MLG solt salty (of
water). Derived from *saltan. Originally
identical with the u-stem: Lith salds
sweet, Slav *sold-k id. K.ns+rx NB
I 4849; Tonr-F.rk 436; Fris+ 409;
461; Oxioxs 784; Srrnorr 385; V.svrn-
294; Hrirrnv.xxs 466; Bot+k.x OFED
s.v.
*salwaz adj.: ON slr yellow, OE salu
dusky, dark, MDu salu dirty, pale
yellow, OHG salo dark, black. Related
to Slav *solv cream-colored, sallow.
K.ns+rx NB II 196197; Lorvrx+n.r
KZ LII 222 (to Lat salm salmon);
Scnvrx+xrn FB 2124, KZ LXXIII 117;
Unrrxnrck PBB XX 264, XXII 536;
saliz 316 salwaz
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Kock ANF X 306; Tonr-F.rk 437;
N.tv.xx ANNS 104; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 269, AWN 298; Scntrzr Kl. Schr.
118119 (to *sal-u- salt); Pokonxv I
879; Vnirs ANEW 578; S+.xo LS 52;
467.
*sama-kunjaz adj.: Goth sama-kuns of
the same kin, ON sam-kynja of the same
kind. Compound of *samn and *kunjan
(see *kunjaz). Structurally similar to Gk
m-gniow of the same origin. Tonr-
F.rk 433; Fris+ 410; Fnisk I 307;
Lrnv.xx GED 294295.
*sama-lkaz adj.: Goth sama-leiks equal,
identical, ON sam-lkr like, similar,
OHG sama-lh id. Compound of *samn
and *lkaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 269;
Fris+ 410; Lrnv.xx GED 142, 295.
*saman adv: Goth samana together, ON
saman id., OE samen id., OFris samin, semin
id., OS saman id., OHG saman id.
Identical with Skt saman id. (W.ckrn-
x.orr Festschr. Geiger 229) and OIr samain
festival of Tara, bech-samain bee-
swarm (S+okrs KZ XL 245, Urkelt. 293).
Further connected with *samn. Tonr-
410; W.ckrnx.orr-Drnntxxrn II/2
461462; M.vnnorrn III 435 (doubts
the direct comparison with Germanic);
Lrnv.xx GED 295; Krtor-Srrnorr 703,
917.
*samanin ~ *samanun sb.f.: ON
samning agreement, treaty, OS samanunga
congregation, community, OHG sama-
nunga id. Derived from *saman. Vnirs
ANEW 462.
*samanjanan wk.vb.: ON samna, safna
to gather, to collect, OE samnian id.,
OFris samenia, somnia id., OS samnn id.,
OHG samann id. Derived from *saman.
*samanaaz sb.m.: ON samnar gather-
ing, host, OFris samnath id. Derived from
*saman. Vnirs ANEW 462.
*sama(e) adv.: Goth sama together,
OE samod id., OS samad id., OHG samant,
samit id. Etymologically close to Gk mse
together < *mote (Bntov.xx KVG 455).
Cf. also Skt smt, sumt id. (M.vnnorrn
III 548) and OIr samud assembly <
*sama-t-u- (S+okrs Urkelt. 293). Further
connected with *samn. Tonr-F.rk 433;
*sama-westiz sb.f.: ON sam-vist living
together, OE sam-wist living together,
cohabitation, matrimony, OHG sama-
wist consortium. Compound of *samn
and *westiz I. Tonr-F.rk 433.
*samaz adj.: Goth lustu-sama longed for,
ON samr agreeing, willing, OS frithu-sam
peaceful, OHG lioht-sam obvious. See
*samn. K.ns+rx NB II 453; Tonr-F.rk
ANEW 461462; Disnixo+ox IESt IV
436, 439440; Hrirrnv.xxs 467468.
*samn sb.f.: ON mann-semi valour, OHG
arbeit-sam hardship, diculty. Derived
from *samaz. Hrirrnv.xxs 467.
*samjanan wk.vb.: Goth samjan to seek
to please, ON semja to arrange, to shape,
to compose. Derived from *samaz.
Woor MP II 475 (to Gk merow gentle);
470; Lrnv.xx GED 295 (to *samn);
Hrirrnv.xxs 467.
*samjanan wk.vb.: ON veg-sama to
honor, to glorify, OHG gireht-samn to
be said justly. Derived from *samaz.
Vnirs ANEW 461462; Hrirrnv.xxs
468.
*samn adj.: Goth sama same, ON sami,
samr id., OE adv. sw same in the same
way, OS sama, samo same, OHG samo
id. Identical with Skt sam- equal, like,
the same, even, Av hama- equal, the
same, Gk mw one and the same, OIr
-som that one (Btoor KZ XX (1872) 31).
Cf. also *samaz. B.n+norov.r 1773;
K.ns+rx NB II 453; Scnvir+ KZ XXXII
372; Tonr-F.rk 432433; Fris+ 409;
salwaz 317 samn
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 317
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 269270, AWN 237;
Ponzio Gliederung 128, 199; M.vnnorrn
III 437 (separates Gk from Indo-Iranian);
462; Fnisk II 390; Oxioxs 785; Lrnv.xx
GED 294295; Disnixo+ox IESt IV 436,
*samjaz adj.: OE sfte gentle, mild, OS
adv. sftor simply, easily, OHG samfti
simple, easy. Identical with Skt voc.
santya (address to Agni) (Horrv.xx MSS
XXIII 2938). Tonr-F.rk 433; Hor+-
Pokonxv I 904; Oxioxs 843 (to *samaz);
Rosrxonrx 2229; Hrirrnv.xxs 468
469.
*sana-kurnan sb.n.: ON sand-korn
grain of sand, OE sand-corn id., G Sand-
korn id. Compound of *sanaz ~ *sanan
and *kurnan. C.nn Nom. comp. 78 (paral-
lel formations).
*sanaz ~ *sanan sb.m./n.: ON sandr
sand, OE sand id., OFris sand, sond id.,
OS sand id., OHG sant id. From an ear-
lier *samaz. Close to Gk mayow sand.
Probably derived from *sem- to pour:
Gk momai to gather, OIr to-ess to
pour out, Lith semi, smti to scoop.
Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. II 624; Tonr-F.rk
Ktirrn Festschr. Kretschmer 218; Pokonxv I
146 (to Gk cmmow sand), 901902;
*sanjanan wk.vb.: Goth sandjan to
send, ON senda id., OE sendan id., OFris
senda id., OS sendian id., OHG senten id.
Causative of *senanan to go. Tonr-
Krtor-Srrnorr 758.
*sanjanan wk.vb.: OE senan to singe,
OFris sanga, senga id., MLG sengen id.,
OHG bi-sengen id. Cf. also Icel sangr
singed. Identical with Slav *siti to dry,
to boil. The underlying str. vb. is not
attested. On the other hand, if *sanjanan
was originally connected with sacricial
practices, it might be connected with
*senwanan cf. similar cases in Skt hvate
to invoke, to address ~ juhti to pour
(Hin+ Idg. Gr. II 189), Slav *pti to sing
~ *piti to drink (Tntn.cnr\ VSJa-P
135138). Ztri+z. Gutt. 205; Tonr-
Pokonxv I 907; Oxioxs 829; V.svrn-
758.
*sanwaz sb.m.: Goth saggws song
(i-stem), ON sngr id., OE san sound,
singing, OFris song song, OS sang id.,
OHG sang id. (masc., neut.). Structurally
close to Gk mf voice. Derived from
*senwanan. Brocn BSL XXXI 62 (adds
Pkt saghai to say, to teach); Lo+n RC
XLI 377; Tonr-F.rk 429; Hor+n.tsrx
Fnisk II 392393; Cn.x+n.ixr 801;
*sankwan sb.n.: Goth saggqs setting (of
the sun), Occident, ON skk sinking.
Derived from *senkwanan. Close to Slav
*ob-sga frost, sweat (Axikix Etim. 1983
4849). Fris+ 403; Vnirs ANEW 576;
Srrnorr 394.
*sankwjanan wk.vb.: Goth saggqjan to
plunge, to immerse, ON skkva to sink,
OE sencan id., OFris sanza, senza id., OS
bi-senkian id., OHG senken id. Causative of
*senkwanan. Tonr-F.rk 429; Hor+-
ANEW 576577; Srrnorr 394; Krtor-
Srrnorr 758.
*sanaz ~ *sanan sb.m./n.: ON sannr
truth, justice, OE s id., OS sth id.
Derived from *sanz. Tonr-F.rk 430.
*sanjanan wk.vb.: ON senna to chatter,
to tell, OE san to declare true, to
arm, OFris sannia id. Derived from
*sanz. Tonr-F.rk 430; Hor+n.tsrx
*sanjanan wk.vb.: ON sanna to prove,
samn 318 sanjanan
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 318
to arm, OE e-sian to prove the
truth, to bear witness, OHG sandn to
prove, to arm. Derived from *sanz.
Hrirrnv.xxs 470.
*san-lkaz adj.: ON sann-ligr just, fair,
t, OE s-lc true, genuine, unfeigned,
OS sth-lk true. Derived from *sanz.
Hrirrnv.xxs 469.
*san-wuran sb.n.: ON pl. sann-yri
true words, OE s-word true word, OS
sth-word id. Compound of *sanz and
*wuran. C.nn Nom. comp. 87 (parallel
formations).
*sanz adj.: Burg *sans true, truthful,
ON sannr, sar true, OE s id., OS sth
id. An old active participle similar to
OLith sant, Slav *sy-j. Further cf. Lat
sns guilty, criminal. See *esti. Tonr-
F.rk 430; Wissv.xx KZ LX 285;
Horv.xx II 560; Ponzio Gliederung 112,
462; Oxioxs 846; Mrir Wortbild. 150,
172; W.+kixs Festschr. Lane 186194;
Srrnorr 177, Sprache XV 1445;
Konrrn 713; Hrirrnv.xxs 469470.
*sapn ~ *sapan sb.m./n.: ON sa sap,
OE sp id., MLG sap id., OHG saf, sapf
id. Despite phonetic diculties, related to
Lat sapa must, new wine boiled thick
(Ctn+its Gr. Et. 512). Tonr-F.rk 431;
Sorvsrx KZ XXXIV 62 (Gmc < Lat);
*sarkiz sb.m.: ON serkr shirt, OE serc, syrc
id. Borrowed from Lat sarica silk.
Mikrosicn 316 (from Slav *sorka shirt);
Fons+rv.xx KZ XIX 355 (to Lith akas
piece of clothing, shermans coat);
Sorvsrx KZ XXXII 275 (borrowed
from Slav *sorka shirt); Prrrnsrx KZ
XXXIX 370 (ON < Russ sorok shirt);
Scnxrirrn ZDADL LXVI 252 (to Skt
srj- wreath, garland); Tonr-F.rk 435;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 292; Dr+scnrv Thr.
179180 (to Thrac zeir article of cloth-
ing); Vnirs ANEW 471 (ON < OE);
Oxioxs 789.
*sarwan sb.n.: Goth pl. tant. sarwa arms,
armament, OE searo device, craft, art,
skill, machine (neut., fem.), OS saro
arms, armament, OHG saro id. Related
to Av -haurv defending, protecting, Lat
seru to save, to preserve (Mrvrn Goth.
154) and, probably, Gk Hra as a *pro-
tecting deity. Btoor KZ XX 32 (to Gk
erv to join, Lat ser to connect, to set
in order); Scntrzr Qu. 325; Gnirx-
nrnorn Got. 180181; Scnnorrn IF XVII
464465 (follows Btoor); Unrrxnrck
PBB XXX 306; Tonr-F.rk 435; Hor+-
525526; Fris+ 411; Pokonxv I 910, 911;
Z.rizxi.k I 146; Fnisk I 642; Lrnv.xx
GED 296.
*sarwjan sb.n.: ON srvi stone necklace,
armor, OHG gi-sarawi arms, armament.
Derived from *sarwan. Tonr-F.rk 435.
*satnaz ~ *satn sb.m./f.: Goth ga-
sateins foundation, OE seten set, shoot,
plantation, OFris seten negotiation, as-
sertion. Derived from *satjanan.
Lrnv.xx GED 296.
*satjanan wk.vb.: Goth satjan to set, ON
setja id., OE settan id., OFris setta id., OS
settian id., OHG sezzen id. Causative of
*setjanan, cf. Skt sdyati to seat, OIr
sidim to sit, Slav *saditi to set, to plant.
Mrirrr+ MSL IX 144; Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr.
AEEW 291; Fris+ 411; M.vnnorrn III
471; Oxioxs 90, 813; Srrnorr 397;
*sauiz sb.m.: Goth saups sacrice, ON
saur sheep. Derived from *seuanan.
Scnn.rrn-Nrnnixo II 136137; Tonr-
Nov. 133.
sanjanan 319 sauiz
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 319
*saujanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. sygja to
suckle, OS sgian id., OHG sougen id.
Causative of *sanan. Tonr-F.rk .
*sauljanan wk.vb.: Goth bi-sauljan to
spot, Sw dial. saula to soil. Derived from
*saul. Fris+ 9495; Lrnv.xx GED 72.
*saul sb.f.: Norw dial. saula dirt.
Identical with Slav rvn. Sula < *soul (or
< Balt *saul). Further related to Skt sr
spirituous liquor, Av hur intoxicating
drink, kumys, Lith sul birch sap, Latv
sula id., OPrus sulo curdled milk.
B.n+norov.r 1837; Tn.t+v.xx BSW
I 912913; Fn.rxkrr 940; V.svrn-
72.
*saumaz sb.m.: ON saumr seam, OE
sem id., OFris sm id., MLG sm id.,
OHG soum id. Derivationally close to Skt
syman- band, Gk mn thin skin,
membrane, OPrus schumeno twine,
waxed end although the inlaut vocalism
was changed in Germanic. Further
related to *siwjanan. Tonr-F.rk 442;
*saumjanan wk.vb.: ON seyma to stud,
MLG smen id. Derived from *saumaz.
Vnirs ANEW 471.
*saupan ~ *saupaz sb.n.: ON saup
sup, MDu soop, sope broth (fem.), OHG
souf id. (masc.). Derived from *spanan.
Vnirs ANEW 464.
*sauaz sb.m.: OGutn saur spring, OE
se pit, hole, well, lake, OFris sth
spring, MLG sd spring, seething,
MHG st id. Derived from *seuanan.
297298.
*sauzaz adj.: Norw dial. syr withered,
rotten (of wood), OE ser dry, barren,
MLG sr id. From IE *sauss id., cf. Gk
aow id., Lith saUsas id., Slav *sux id.
Tn.t+v.xx BSW 250251; Hor+-
881; Fn.rxkrr 766; Fnisk I 188189;
471; Krtor-Srrnorr 769; Ltno+skv
KZ XCVIII 110 (reconstructs *Hsous-,
based on *Hsus-, part. perf. of *Hes- to
burn, to glow).
*sauzjanan ~ *sauzjanan wk.vb.:
ON seyrask to starve, Norw syra to
make dry, OE serian to wither, to pine
away, MLG sren to make dry, OHG
ir-srn to become thin, meagre. Derived
from *sauzaz. Structurally close to Slav
*suiti to dry. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 287;
Vnirs ANEW 471.
*sawan sb.n.: OE sew juice, moisture,
OS sou id., OHG sou id. Identical with
Skt neut. sava- juice of owers. Further
related to Skt sunti to squeeze. Tonr-
*sebjaz adj.: Goth un-sibjis unlawful, OE
sibb related, OFris sib id., MLG sibbe id.,
OHG sibbi id. Cf. *sebj. Tonr-F.rk
432; Fris+ 417, 523; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
*sebj sb.f.: Goth sibja kinship, ON sif,
usually pl. sifjar sib, anity, OE sibb
relationship, peace, OFris sibbe kin-
ship, OS sibbia id., OHG sibba peace,
alliance. Etymologically close to Skt
sabh assembly, social gathering, meet-
ing, Slav *sob peculiarity, OPrus subs
self (Sorvsrx UGLV 200201). Ktnx
KZ IV 370372; Lirrx SVSU VI 54;
Erorn+ox KZ XLVI 178180 (separates
Skt sabh as sa(m)- together and bh- to
speak); Tonr-F.rk 432; Fris+ 417;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 432; Srrcn+ KZ
LXVIII 46; M.vnnorrn III 433434
(same as Erorn+ox); Pokonxv I 883;
GED 300; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 113114
(to IE *sep- to respect); Hrirrnv.xxs
472 (substantivized *sebjaz); Krtor-
saujanan 320 sebj
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 320
Srrnorr 765; Onrr JSL V/1 144149
(separates Slav *svoboda freedom from
this root).
*sebjjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-sibjon to
become reconciled, ON af-sifja to cut o
from ones sib, to alienate from ones
family, OE sibbian to reconcile, OHG
sibbn to form an alliance. Derived from
*sebj. Tonr-F.rk 432; Hor+n.tsrx
*sebjn sb.m.: ON gu-se godfather, OS
sibbio blood relative, OHG *sibbo rela-
tive. See *sebjaz, *sebj. Tonr-F.rk 432;
*sebulaz adj.: ON sbst. sjli king, prince,
MHG un-sivel unfriendly. Derived from
*sebj. Vnirs ANEW 479.
*sebun num.: Goth sibun seven, ON sjau
id., OE seofon id., OFris sigun, soven id.,
OS sibun id., OHG sibun id. Continues
*sep < IE *sept id.: Toch A pt, B ukt,
Skt sapt-, Av hapta, Gk pt, Alb shtat <
PAlb *septati-, Lat septem, OIr secht n-, Lith
septyn, Slav *sedm. Kock PBB XV
252 (on the history of ON sjau); Krtor
ZdWf I 363365; B.n+norov.r 1765;
518; Fris+ 417; Pirrixo GH XI/3 26
(analogy with *ahtau in ON); S+tn+r\.x+
MLN XL 26; H.vr Word VIII 136
139 (*sebun results from restructuring of
*sebunn ~ *sebunn); M.vnnorrn III
Szrvrnrxvi Numerals 104105; Vnirs
ANEW 478; Fnisk I 545; Oxioxs 813;
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 599600; Lrn-
v.xx GED 300301; Ross-Brnxs Nume-
rals 586588; Krtor-Srrnorr 762; Onrr
AED 436; Ar.vs TB 657; Btnr.k IFTJa
260.
*sebuniz sb.f.: ON sjaund period of
seven (nights). Identical with Skt saptat-
seven decades, Alb shtat seven < PAlb
*septati- < *septti-. Tonr-F.rk 431;
Pokonxv I 909; Onrr AED 436.
*sebunn ~ *sebunn num.: ON
sjaundi seventh, OE seofoa id., OFris
sigunda id., OS sibondo, sivoo id., OHG
sibunto id. Related to Toch A ptnt, B
uktante id., Skt sapttha- id., Lith septitas
id. Derived from *sebun. Tonr-F.rk
Szrvrnrxvi Numerals 35 (with dissimila-
tion, from *septtos, cf. Skt sapttha- sev-
enth); Oxioxs 813; Ross-Brnxs Numerals
629; Ar.vs TB 658.
*seaz ~ *seuaz adj.: ON siugr
well-bred, well-behaved, OHG sitg
being in the habit, modest. Derived
from *seuz. Tonr-F.rk 428.
*sejanan wk.vb.: Goth sidon sis to
practice (in o sido us tata melta),
ON sia to mend, to improve ones life
and manners, OE sidian to arrange, to
set right, OS gi-sidn to add, to prepare,
OHG sitn to plan, to carry out. De-
rived from *seuz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
Lrnv.xx GED 301.
*seu-lausaz adj.: ON si-lauss ill-man-
nered, OHG situ-ls id. Compound of
*seuz and *lausaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 91
*seu-samaz adj.: ON si-samr well-
conducted, OHG situ-sam clever. Com-
pound of *seuz and *samaz. C.nn Nom.
*seuz sb.m.: Goth sidus custom, habit,
ON sir id., OE sidu id., OFris side id.,
OS sidu id., OHG situ id. Related to Skt
svadh particularity, custom, Gk yow id.
< *se-dh- (Ctn+its Gr. Et. 251) with
unclear anlaut *s- ~ *s-. Fris+ PBB
XV 548550 (on the anlaut); Jon.xssox
IF II 8; Tonr-F.rk 428; Woor MLN
XVIII 1314 (to *siz); Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 292; Fris+ 418; Tnirn Lehm 41;
Wissv.xx MSS VI 129 (*-i- in the stem
contradicts Fris+s etymology); M.vn-
449; Scnirrrn MSS XX 49; Lrnv.xx
GED 301 (analogical modication of the
vowel); B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 159 (recon-
sebj 321 seuz
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 321
structs *siuz from IE *s- to bind);
Krtor-Srrnorr 765.
*seez ~ *seaz sb.n./m.: Goth sigis vic-
tory, ON sigr id., sig id., OE sie, sior id.,
OFris s id., OS sigi- (in cmpn.), OHG
sigu id. Structurally identical with Skt
shas- force, victory, Av hazah- force,
power (Atrnrcn+ KZ I 355). Related to
Skt shate to overcome, to conquer,
to win, shas force, victory, Gk xv to
have, MIr seg strength. Ztri+z. Gutt.
888889; Z.rizxi.k II 224; Vnirs ANEW
474; Fnisk I 602604; Brx\rxis+r IEL
Nom. 136, 212; Krtor-Srrnorr 762.
*seezjanan wk.vb.: ON sigra to van-
quish, to overcome, OE siorian id. De-
rived from *seez ~ *seaz. Tonr-F.rk
*seiaz ~ *sein sb.m.: ON sigr
sickle, OE sige id., MLG segede
id. Related to *sa. Tonr-F.rk 424;
804.
*selan sb.n.: ON segl sail, OE sel id.
(also masc.), OFris seil id., OS segal
id., OHG segal id. (masc.). The original
meaning must have been *piece of
cloth, cf. OIr sol kerchief, sail bor-
rowed from Germanic. Probably, from
IE *sek-lo-, to *sek- to cut, to cut o.
Mtcn ZDADL XXXVI 50 (to Gk plon
tackle, tool); Ztri+z. Gutt. 76, 138;
Srrnorr 753.
*seljanan ~ *seljanan wk.vb.: ON
sigla to sail, OE selian, selan id., MLG
segelen id., MHG sigelen id. Derived from
*selan. Tonr-F.rk 426; Hor+n.tsrx
*sewniz I sb.f.: Goth siuns sight, form,
face, image, ON sjn, sn sight, vision,
OE sn sight, vision, OFris siune face,
sight, appearance, OS siun sight. De-
rived from *sexwanan. Tonr-F.rk 425;
Pokonxv I 898; Vnirs ANEW 479, 573;
Z.rizxi.k II 228; Scntnrn+ Erw. 58;
Srrnorr 388, Festschr. Meid 351355;
*sewniz II adj.: Goth ana-siuns visible,
ON snn id. Identical with *sewniz I.
K.ns+rx NB II 34; Tonr-F..rk 425;
Srrnorr 388; Lrnv.xx GED 307; Hri-
rrnv.xxs 473474.
*sewnjan sb.n.: ON sni sight, OS gi-
siuni face, OHG gi-siuni face, sight.
Derived from *sewniz I. Vnirs ANEW
573.
*sexs num.: Goth saihs six, ON sex id.,
OE six, syx id., OFris sex id., OS sehs id.,
OHG sehs id. Continues IE *s()es
id.: Toch A k, B kas, Skt , Av xva,
Arm vec', Gk j, Lat sex, OIr s, Lith e,
Slav *est. S.tsstnr MSL VII 7374;
830; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ IV 433434;
Lrnv.xx GED 290291; Ross-Brnxs
Numerals 585; Krtor-Srrnorr 753;
*sexstiz sb.f.: ON stt body of six.
Identical with Skt at- sixty, Av xvati-
id., Alb gjasht six, Slav *est id.
( Jtctois Muson LXXVIII 440). See
*sexs. B.n+norov.r 561; Tonr-F.rk
Tntn.cnr\ IV 433434; Onrr AED 130.
*sexstn adj.: Goth saihsta sixth, ON stti
id. (< *sextn), ODan sxte id., OE sixta
id., OFris sexta id., OS sehsto id., OHG
sehsto, sehto id. Derived from *sexs. Cf.
seuz 322 sexstn
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 322
Toch A k, B kaste, Skt ah- id., Gk
ktow id., Lat sextus id., OIr sessed id., Lith
tas id., Slav *est. Tonr-F.rk 425;
Tn.t+v.xx BSW 143; Mrirrr+ BSL
XXIX 3334; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 293;
Fnisk I 527; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ IV 433;
Ross-Brnxs Numerals 628629; Ar.vs TB
664.
*sexwanan str.vb.: Goth saian to see,
ON sj id., OE sen id., OFris sia id., OS
sehan id., OHG sehan id. Related to Hitt
akuwi- to observe, Skt scate to
accompany, to stand by, to follow, Gk
pomai to follow, Alb shoh to see <
PAlb *sk-ska, Lat sequor to follow,
Lith sek, skti id. (Gnivv Gesch. 409).
Atrnrcn+ KZ I 352; Lorvr KZ XXXIX
312 (Alb shoh < Gmc); Unrrxnrck PBB
XXIX 336 (to *sa(n)); Hin+ IF
XXXVII 231233 (to *skawwjanan);
Ztri+z. Gutt. 68; Tonr-F.rk 425, 572;
III 417418; Pokonxv I 896899;
K.vvrxntnrn KZ LXXVII 62 (on the
Hittite parallel); Fnisk I 544545; Oxioxs
291 (doubts the identity of *sek
- to see
and *sek
- to follow); Krtor-Srrnorr
754; Onrr AED 425426.
*seke re. pron.: Goth sik self , ON sik
id., MLG sik id., OHG sih id. Con-
tinues *se e. For the structure cf. *meke.
Based on the reexive pronoun *s()e-.
Bntov.xx Grundri II/2 390, 395402;
Srrnorr 761.
*selbaz ~ *selbn pron., adj.: Goth silba
self , ON sjlfr id., OE self, selfa id., OFris
self id., OS self id., OHG selb id. Venet
sselboi sselboi is identical with OHG selbsel-
bo (Sovvrn IF XLII 128129). The fre-
quently posited connection with *s()e- is
not so obvious. IE *sel-bho- could be
derived from *sol()o- whole, all and
probably inuenced by *se-bh- (see *sebj).
Fick I 795 (suxal derivative of the
pronominal *se-, see *seke); Gnirxnrnorn
Got. 185186 (to OIr selb property);
Tonr-F.rk 437; Kn.nr IF XLVII
884; Vnirs ANEW 478; Prrrronixi-
Pnosrocivi I 451452, II 167168;
Krtor-Srrnorr 756.
*sela-lkaz adj.: Goth silda-leiks wonder-
ful, OE seld-lc strange, wonderful, OS
seld-lk remarkable. Derived from unat-
tested *selaz, see *selan. Tonr-F.rk
437; Fris+ 421; Oxioxs 807; Lrnv.xx
*selan adv.: ON sjaldan seldom, OE
seldan id., OFris sielden id., MLG selden id.,
OHG seltan id. Derived from unattested
*selan ~ *selaz. Derivative of *sel- to
jump: Gk llomai, Lat sali, Lith slti to
ow. For the formation cf. Lat salitus.
Lirrx Studien 55 (from *se- separate);
Tonr-F.rk 437; W.rrr-Horrv.xx II
557 (to Lat slus alone); Hor+n.tsrx
757.
*sela-sewniz adj.: ON sjald-snn sel-
dom seen, OE seld-sne id., MDu selt-siene
rare, OHG selt-sni seldom seen.
Compound of *selaz (see *selana) and
*sewniz II. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 289;
C.nn Nom. comp. 62; Lrnv.xx GED 303;
Krtor-Srrnorr 757.
*selxaz sb.m.: ON selr seal, OE seolh id.,
MLG sel id., OHG selah id. A Wander-
wort of unknown origin. Hor+n.tsrx IF
XXV 147 (to Gk lkv to draw, to
drag), AEEW 290; Fick III 328 (to Gk
slaxow cartilaginous sh); Tonr-F.rk
436 (to OIr selige tortoise < *seleko-);
Pokonxv I 901 (from *selk- to pull);
Oxioxs 804; Scnixrrrn Sprache XII
sexstn 323 selxaz
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 323
6566 (from Finno-Ugric *lke, cf. Finn
dial. hylki); Krtor-Srrnorr 753.
*selkanan str.vb.: MHG selken to trickle,
to drip. Identical with Skt sjti to
send o, to discharge, Av har6zaiti
id. B.n+norov.r 17921793; Tonr-
F.rk 436; M.vnnorrn III 497498;
Pokonxv I 900901.
*selmn sb.m.: OE sealma couch, OFris
bed-selma bedstead, OS selmo bed.
Despite the dierence of the anlaut,
related to Gk slma upper planking of a
ship < *selm, Lith elmu eaves, beam,
Slav *selm beam (Knr+scnvrn KZ
XXXI 422: reconstructs an improbable
*s-). Further see *swellj (Scnvir+ Voc. II
78). Prrrnsrx IF V 59; Tonr-F.rk 437;
898899 (also adduces Lith solas bench,
sl trough); Fnisk II 691692; V.svrn-
*semln ~ *semlai adv.: Goth simle
once, formerly, OE simble always, OS
simla, simbla id., OHG adj. simbal contin-
uous. Cf. ON simul ever. An old instr.
sg. (Scnrnrn Gesch. 595) or gen. pl.
Related to Gk malw like, smooth, Lat
similis once, OIr samlith once, further to
*sem- one. Hrr+rx PBB XXVIII 564
(from gen. pl. *semln an); Bntov.xx
Grundri II/2 695 (follows Hrr+rx);
W.ckrnx.orr KZ XXX 316 (to *mlan I);
Tonr-F.rk 432; Krtor Urgerm. 250 (on
semantic development in Gothic; from
*sem-bl related to Gk -plw simple,
easy); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 294; Ri++rn
ANF CXIX 180 (from *sem- and *mel-, to
*mlan I), CXXII 99; W.rrr-Horv.xx II
538539; Fris+ 422; Honx Spr. 115 (same
as Ri++rn); Pokonxv I 903; Vnirs ANEW
476; Fnisk II 384; Lrnv.xx GED 304;
*sena-rniz adj.: ON s-grnn ever-
green, OE sbst. sin-rne house-leek,
MDu sbst. sinde-grn id., OHG sin-gruoni
evergreen. Probably, compound of
*senaz and *rniz. Bonkv.x ZdWf II
229230; Krtor-Srrnorr 764 (the rst
component from IE *sem- one).
*senaz adj.: Goth superl. sinista oldest,
Gmc-Lat sbst. sinistus sacerdos apud
Burgundios omnium maximus (Amm.
Marcell. 28, 5.14). Identical with Skt
sna-, Av hana-, Gk now, Arm hin, Lat
senex, senis, OIr sen, Lith snas. Bnto-
v.xx PBB XVIII 313314; B.n+no-
rov.r 1769; Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 36;
Tonr-F.rk 428; Fris+ 422; Tn.t+v.xx
BSW 256; Fris+ 423; W.rrr-Horv.xx II
I 907908; Vnirs ANEW 476; Fn.rxkrr
774775; Sc.nriori Goten 25; Fnisk I
522523; Ponzio Festschr. Debrunner 343
v.xxs 478479.
*senran sb.n.: ON sindr dross, slag, OE
sinder id. (neut., masc.), OS sinder scale,
slag, OHG sintar id. (masc.). Identical with
Slav *sdra thickened liquid (Lirrx SVSU
VI/1 39). Further related to *sanaz ~
*sanan. Tonr-F.rk 431; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 294, AWN 244; Pokonxv I 906;
S+.xo LS 46; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 825;
*senwanan str.vb.: Goth siggwan to
sing, ON syngva, syngja id., OE sinan to
sing, to recite, to narrate, OFris siunga
to sing, OS singan id., OHG singan id.
See *sanwaz. Ztri+z. Gutt. 100; Tonr-
294; Krtor 709710; Brx\rxis+r BSL
XXXIII 136 (attributes IE *seng
h- to the
religious lexicon); Jn.xxrssox IEW 786;
*seniaz adj.: Goth sineigs old, OFranc
prop. Sinigus. Derived from *senaz. Simi-
lar to Skt sanak- old, Lat senex id.
if the latter is from *sene-k(o)-s (Szrvr-
nrxvi AION-L III 10; the reconstruction
*seneH-s proposed by M.n+ixr+ BSL LI
4256 has to be dropped in any case).
Scnvrizrn KZ I 478 (to Lat sinister left);
Fons+rv.xx AND I 1337; Fris+ 422423;
M.vnnorrrn III 426; Lrnv.xx GED
selxaz 324 seniaz
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 324
*senkwan sb.n.: ON skk sinking, hollow,
pit, OE sinc treasure, gold, silver, OS
sinc gold, treasure. Derived from *senk-
wanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 294; Vnirs
ANEW 576.
*senkwanan str.vb.: Goth sigqan to sink,
ON skkva id., OE sincan id., OFris sinka
id., OS sincan id., OHG sinkan id. Iden-
tical with Slav *s\gti to reach, to grab
(Axikix Etim. 1983 4857: for the seman-
tic development cf. Slav *ob-s\gati to sink,
to settle). Snvir+ Kritik 6364 (to Lith
senk, skti to sink, to dry up, Slav *s\knti
to dry up); Mrirrr+ MSL VIII 288 (to
Arm ankanim to fall); Ztri+z. Gutt. 93;
Jn.xxrssox IEW 785786; Pokonxv
Oxioxs 829; Srrnorr 393394 (to
*sxwanan); V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 826;
Lrnv.xx GED 303 (against Scnvir+);
Krtor-Srrnorr 764.
*senanan str.vb.: OE sinnan to care for,
to mind, to heed, OFris sinna to think,
OHG r-sinnan to recover, to come back
to ones senses. Related to Av hant- to
arrive, Lat senti to perceive (V.xirk
296; Fick I 562). Prrrnsrx IF II
908; Srrnorr 394395; Eicnv.xx KZ
LXXXVII 269271 (reconstructs *sen-
nanan < *senH-, cf. Hitt san- to seek);
*senjan sb.n.: ON sinni walk, fellowship,
OE e-s company, fellowship, OS gi-
sthi id., OHG gi-sindi id. Cf. also Goth
ga-sinja fellow traveller. Derived from
*senanan. Fris+ 200; Vnirs ANEW 477;
*senaz sb.m.: Goth sins time, instance
(in iterative numerals), ON neut. sinn
time, OE s going, journey, travel,
OS s way, OHG sind direction,
way. Identical with OIr st way, W hynt
id., MBret hent id. Further connected
with *senanan. Tonr-F.rk 430; Hor+-
Z.rizxi.k II 172; Srrnorr 394; Lrnv-
.xx GED 305.
*senjanan wk.vb.: ON sinna to jour-
ney, to travel, OE sian id., OS sn id.,
OHG sindn id. Derived from *senanan.
305.
*senn ~ *senaz sb.m.: Goth ga-sina
companion, ON sinni id., OS gi-sd id.,
OHG gi-sind id. Derived from *senanan.
Fris+ 200;Vnirs ANEW 477; Lrnv.xx
*seranan str.vb.: ON sera to fornicate,
OE seoran to violate, OHG sertan to
have sexual intercourse. Of unknown
origin. Bntov.xx IF XXXII 323 (to
Gk erv to fasten together in rows);
Woor MP V 283 (to Skt ssarti to stretch,
to extend); Tonr-F.rk 435 (to W serth
obscene); Jn.xxrssox IEW 787788;
Pokonxv I 911, 1023; Vnirs ANEW 470;
Srrnorr 395396.
*sessaz sb.m.: ON sess seat, OE sess
seat, bench. Derived from *setjanan. Cf.
Lat part. sessus < *sed-to-. Tonr-F.rk
Horv.xx II 507508; Vnirs ANEW 471;
*setan sb.n.: ON set aisle, wing (along the
hall), sjt residence, seat (u-stem), OE set
seat, stall, MDu set podex, OHG sez
seat. Derived from *setjanan. Cf. W sedd
seat. Tonr-F.rk 426427; Hor+-
Vnirs ANEW 471, 479; Z.rizxi.k I 143;
*setjanan str.vb.: Goth sitan to sit (no
*-j- in pres.), ON sitja id., OE sittan id.,
OFris sitta id., OS sittian id., OHG sizzen
id. Related to Skt sdati to sit down, to be
seated, Av had- to sit, Gk zomai
id., Lat sede id., OIr saidid to sit, Lith
sdu, ssti, Slav *sd, *ssti. Bntov.xx
Grundri II/3 190192 (analogical loss of
senkwan 325 setjanan
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 325
*-j- in Goth); B.n+norov.r 17531754;
K.ns+irx KZ LXV 145153; W.rrr-
781782; M.vnnorrn III 472474;
Pokonxv I 884886; Fn.rxkrr 769, 777;
*setlaz sb.m.: Goth sitls seat, OE setl, seld
id. (neut., masc.), MLG setel id., OHG
sezzal chair, seat. Identical with Arm et
place, loc. ll: kaydra, Hes., Lat
sella seat of the chair, Gaul sedlon seat,
Slav *sedlo village. Derived from *set-
janan. On the other hand cf. OS sethal
seat, throne, OHG sedal id. < *selaz.
Tonr-F.rk 427; Krtor Nom. Stamm.
Horv.xx II 511; Fris+ 425; Pokonxv I
Tntn.cnr\ Etim. 46 (*selaz directly to
Slav *sedlo); Oxioxs 813; Srrnorr 397;
GED 306 (from *sed-tlo-); Hirv.nssox
Festschr. Rix 213 (analogically restored *d
of the original *setlo- < *sed-tlo-; *selaz <
*sed-tlo-); B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 75; Krtor-
Srrnorr 760.
*setn sb.m.: ON seti sitter, OE an-seta
carbuncle, pimple, MLG -sete sitter,
OHG stuol-sezzo architriclinus. Derived
from *setjanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 291;
Vnirs ANEW 471.
*setran sb.n.: ON setr seat, residence.
Close to Gk dra id. Further see *setjanan.
ANEW 471.
*seuaz sb.m.: ON sjr money-bag, OE
sed money-bag, purse. Derived from
*siwjanan ( Jon.xssox Festschr. Kuhn 272
*seuxsl ~ *sxsl sb.n.: ON ssl
business, OE ssl torment. Related to
*seukaz. Tonr-F.rk 443.
*seuka-maz sb.m.: ON sjk-dmr ill-
ness, MLG ske-dm id., OHG sioh-tuom
id. Derived from *seukaz. C.nn Nom.
comp. 87 (parallel formations); Hrirrn-
v.xxs 480.
*seukaz adj.: Goth siuks ill, sick, ON sjkr
id., OE soc id., OFris sik id., OS siok id.,
OHG sioh id. Cf. also str. *seukanan >
Goth siukan to be sick. Two possibilities
have to be further explored: connection
with *skanan (Lir NTS VII 170173)
and comparison with Lith sugoti to
watch over (Fick III 442) revealing a
semantic relation similar to that of Lith
sigti to be sick and srgti to guard, to
watch over. K.ns+rx NB I 31; Ztri+z.
Gutt. 165 (same as Fick), KZ XXXVI 66
(to Lith skti to turn); Scnrr+rrovi+z
BB XXVIII 707 (to Arm k'akem to dis-
solve); Tonr-F.rk 442; Fris+ 426;
Hor+n.tsrx KZ XLVII 311312 (to
Lat sgill to thrash), AEEW 290;
915 (to MIr socht silence, depression);
398399, IF LXXVI 327; Lrnv.xx GED
v.xxs 480481; Krtor-Srrnorr 762;
Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*seukn sb.f.: Goth siukei illness, sickness,
ON hug-ski anxiety, MLG suke pesti-
lence, epidemic, OHG siuhh illness.
Derived from *seukaz. Fris+ 426; Lrn-
Krtor-Srrnorr 760.
*seuanan str.vb.: Burg *seudan to boil, to
sacrice, ON sja to cook, OE soan
to seethe, OFris sitha id., MLG seden
id., OHG siodan id. Close to Lith siaui,
siaUsti to winnow (Brnxrkrn IF X 160).
Jon.xssox PBB XV 237 (to Goth sujan
to tickle); Cn.nrrx+irn KZ XL 427 (to
Av hvayeiti to stew); Tonr-F.rk 443;
IEW 776; Pokonxv I 914; Vnirs ANEW
Prr+rns IF XCIV 294295; Lrnv.xx
GED 297298; Konrrn 713;.
*sez pron. re.: Goth sis oneself , ON sr
setjanan 326 sez
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 326
id. A form of dative derived from IE *se-
id. See *seke. Fris+ 420; Pokonxv I 882;
Vnirs ANEW 470.
*sanan str.vb.: Goth saian to sow, ON
s id., OE swan id., OFris part. esn id.,
OS pret. obar-seu darbersen, OHG
part. in-sniu incultu. Related to Lat ser
id. < *sis, perf. sv, Lith sju, sti id., Slav
*sj, *sti id. Morrrn PBB XI 5154;
J.consonx KZ XLVII 9294 (treats
Goth -ai- as an original diphthong);
S+nri+nrno GE 7576; Tonr-F.rk 421;
Horv.xx II 522; Krtor 618619;
Tntn.cnr\ III 615; G.vknrrirzr-
I\.xo\ 688689 (add Hitt ai- to press
down, to sow); Lrnv.xx GED 290;
Krtor-Srrnorr 699.
*san sb.n.: ON s seed, crop, corn,
MLG st id. A morphological variant of
*siz. Tonr-F.rk 421; Hor+n.tsrx
Srrnorr 698.
*si-tmn sb.m.: ON s-tmi sowing
season, OE sd-tma id. Compound of
*siz and *tmn. C.nn Nom. comp. 82
*siz sb.f.: Goth mana-ses mankind,
OE sd seed, fruit, growth, sowing
(neut.), OFris sd crop, sowing, OS sd
id., OHG smala-st small vegetables.
Similar to W had seed, Bret had id.,
Corn has. Continues *s-ti-. Related to
*sanan. Tonr-F.rk 421; Hor+n.tsrx
386; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 146; R.v.+
Gedenkschr. Gntert 75; Krtor-Srrnorr
698.
*slan sb.n.: ON sld sieve. Identical
with Lith skla seed and Dac dies-sathel
Verbascum sinuatum (= Gk flmow) <
*dies-stlo-. Cf. a synonymic Dac disema
< *dies-sm. Cf. also W hidl sieve.
Derived from *sanan. Ztri+z. Gutt.
137; Tonr-F.rk 421; Dr+scnrv Thr.
546547 (Dac -sathel ~ Lith stis satiety,
satiation); Pokonxv I 889; Fn.rxkrr
*sli-lkaz adj.: ON sl-ligr healthy,
wealthy, blissful, OE e-sl-lc happy.
Derived from *sliz. Hrirrnv.xxs 476.
*sli sb.f.: ON sld bliss, OE sl hap-
piness, joy, OS sla id., OHG slida id.
Derived from *sliz. Tonr-F.rk 436;
*sliz adj.: Goth sels good, kind, ON sll
happy, blessed, OE un-sle evil, wicked.
Probably related to *saljanan. Fick I 564
(to Skt srva- entire, whole, intact <
*solo-); Fnornrr BB IX 119 (to Lat slor
comfort, Gk lhmi to be gracious);
K.ns+rx NB II 445446; Woor PBB
XXIV 531 (to *sanan); Scnnorrrn
ZDADL XLII 63 (from *sdlo-); Mrnixorn
IF XVI 151 (same as Scnnorrrn); Tonr-
267, AWN 297 (to Osc sivom omnino);
Woor AJPhil XXIV 4041 (to *sanan);
Pokonxv I 979980 (to *solo- whole,
hale); Vnirs ANEW 575; Mrzorn
KZ LXXXIII 124149; Oxioxs 827;
Krixorxscnvir+ MSS XXVIII 7588 (to
Gk lskomai to appease, Arm aac'em
to ask); D.nvs Vddhi 8586, 466467;
Lrnv.xx GED 299230; M.+zrr Festschr.
*sln sb.f.: Goth selei usefulness, good-
ness, kindness, ON r-sli blessing on
the year, plenty. Cf. also OE un-sl un-
happiness, improper season (masc.).
Derived from *sliz. Fris+ 416; Vnirs
v.xxs 476.
*sljanan wk.vb.: ON sla to bless, OE
slan to happen, to betide. Derived from
*sliz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 267; Vnirs
*smaz adj.: ON smr swarthy, blackish.
Identical with Skt km- singed, dried
sez 327 smaz
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 327
up. Tonr-F.rk 434; M.vnnorrn I
288 (against the comparison with Skt);
D.nvs MSS XXXV 28; Hrirrnv.xxs
477.
*smiz adj.: OE sm-wyrcan to do a thing
incompletely, OS sm-quik half-dead,
OHG smi-heil spoiled, weakened.
Identical with Skt sm half , Gk mi- id.,
Lat smi- id. (Ctn+its Gr. Et. 325).
267, 269; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 512513;
Fris+ 405 (to *saimaz); M.vnnorrn III
N.rn+ ANF LXXII 3034; D.nvs MSS
XXXV 1011, Vddhi 108108; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 477478.
*smn sb.m.: OS smo seed, OHG smo
id. Close to Lat smen id., OPrus semen id.,
Lith smenys ax seed, Slav *sm\ seed
and also Dac disema Verbascum sinua-
tum < *die(s)-sm as opposed to dies-
sathel id. < *dies-stlo- (see *slan). Further
related to *sanan (Ktnx KZ LXXI 141
142). Tonr-F.rk 422; Tn.t+v.xx BSW
253254; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 512; Po-
konxv I 890; Dvno VSJa 26; Fn.rxkrr
774; Srrnorr 386; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\
III 600601; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 184;
Krtor-Srrnorr 703.
*staz sb.n.: ON pl. str mountain
pastures, G dial. S id. Derived from
*setjanan. Krtor-Srrnorr 533.
*stiz adj.: Goth anda-sets detestable, hor-
rible, ON neut. stt endurable, OE and-
ste odious, hateful, MDu ont-set id.,
MHG ant-sze brave. Derived from
*setjanan. K.ns+rx NB I 101; Tonr-
Fris+ 47; Pokonxv I 886; Srrnorr 397;
261; M.+zrr Festschr. Schrder 103, 117,
KZ CV 114; Hrirrnv.xxs 479480.
*stjan sb.n.: ON sti seat, OE e-ste
back of the head, OHG gi-szi seat,
district. Derived from *setjanan. Hor+-
*st sb.f.: ON st ambush, sitting in
ambush, OE st ambush. Derived from
*setjanan. Tonr-F.rk 427; Hor+n.tsrx
Nom. 111.
*st(n) sb.f.: ON sta truss of hay, OE
ste house, OFris ste bail, OHG hs-
sza home. Derived from *setjanan.
463.
*sibaz sb.n.: ON sef sedge, OE sife sieve,
MLG seve id., OHG sib id. An isolated
derivative *si-bho- related to *sanan.
n.tsrx AEEW 293; Pokonxv I 889890,
894 (from *seip- ~ *seib-); Z.rizxi.k II
189; Oxioxs 826.
*si(w)an sb.n.: ON sig rope which is let
down, OE sie fall, setting of the sun
(masc.). Derived from *s(w)anan. Hor+-
*silnan wk.vb.: Goth ana-silan to cease,
to grow calm. Identical with Lat sile to
be silent. Gnirxnrnorn Goten 23; Tonr-
F.rk 440441; W.rrr-Horv.xx II
535536; Fris+ 44; Pokonxv I 891;
Lrnv.xx GED 33.
*siln sb.m.: ON sili, seli strap belonging
to the harness, OFris sil-rp rope, MLG
sele id., OHG silo id. A zero-grade variant
of *sailan ~ *sail. Tonr-F.rk 438;
Krtor-Srrnorr 763.
*silubran sb.n.: Goth silubr silver, ON
silfr id., OE seolfor, siolufr id., OFris selover
id., OS siluvar id., OHG silabar id. (with
*-a-). The HG vocalism may well be
more archaic. A North European Wan-
derwort of uncertain origin, cf. OPrus
sirablan id., Lith sidbras id., Latv sidrabs
id., Slav *srebro id. (Scntrzr Kl. Schr.
115). Further explanations are more
than dubious (I\.xo\ Met. 104: to Lyc
rvn. Sbrow: rgreow potamw, Kartv
*werc
1
xl- silver, Basque zillar id.).
Mrirrr+ BSL XXIV 138 (to Lyc Sbrow
rgreow potamw); Unrrxnrck PBB XX
43 (originally, to Akk arpu silver); Irsrx
Festschr. Streitberg 229230; Lorvrx+n.r
smaz 328 silubran
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 328
PBB XLIX 71 (via Thracian); Mikkor.
BuS 41 (to Gk sdhrow iron); Tonr-F.rk
441; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 295; Fris+ 421
422; Ponzio Gliederung 143; Fn.rxkrr
143; Oxioxs 827; Brx\rxis+r IEL 48,
154155; S+.xo LS 47; To\.n IEur.
271272 (to Basque zillar, zidar, zirar
silver); V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 606;
Tntn.cnr\ VJa 1985/5 56 (from resid-
ual Indo-Aryan in Eastern Europe);
G.vknrrirzr-I\.xo\ 713 (from Kartve-
lian); Lrnv.xx GED 303304; Krtor-
Srrnorr 763.
*silubra-smiaz sb.m.: ON silfr-smir
silver-smith, OE seolfor-smi id., MDu sil-
ver-smit id., OHG silabar-smid id. Com-
pound of *silubran and *smiaz. C.nn
*silubrnaz adj.: Goth silubreins of silver,
OE seolfren id., OFris selvirn id., OS silu-
brin id., OHG silbern id. Derived from
*silubran. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 292;
*sin(a)w sb.f.: ON sin sinew, OE seonu
id., OFris sine, sini, sin id., OS sinewa id.,
OHG senawa id. Related to Av hinu-
band, chain, manacle, OIr sin, sn
chain, Latv pa-sainis string. B.n+no-
rov.r 1814; Tonr-F.rk 428 (to Skt
snvan- sinew); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 295;
Z.rizxi.k II 180; Oxioxs 828; B.v-
754.
*sinnan ~ *sinjanan wk.vb.: Swed-
Norw dial. sina to cease, to be ex-
hausted, MHG senen to yearn. Related
to *sainiz. Particularly close to Lat sin to
leave. K.ns+rx MSN III 412; W.rrr-
890891; Lrnv.xx GED 291.
*siwil(n) sb.f.: Norw syl awl, MLG
swele id., MHG siule id. Derived from
*siwjanan. Tonr-F.rk 442.
*siwjanan wk.vb.: Goth siujan to sew,
ON sja to sew, to tie the planks of
a ship together, OE sewan, seowian to
sew, OFris sa id., OS siuwian id., OHG
siuwen id. Related to Skt svyati to sew, to
join, Osset xuyun ~ xuin to sew, Lat su
id., Lith siuv, siti id., Slav *iti id.
Vnirs ANEW 572; Oxioxs 814; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ IV 443444; Lrnv.xx GED
*s pron.: Goth si she, OFris se id., OS siu
id., OHG siu, s id. Related to Skt encl.
part. sm, Av acc. hm him (W.ckrn-
x.orr KZ XXIV 605606), Gk id., OIr
s id., Lith -si id. (Scnvir+ KZ XXXVI
395396). Annrxs KZ VIII 344 (on Gk
); Bntov.xx Grundri II/2 321; B.n+no-
rov.r 1814; Fris+ 416; M.vnnorrn III
475, 551; Pokonxv I 9789979; Fnisk I
*saz adj.: ON sr long, hanging, OE
sd wide, broad, ample, OFris adv. sde
deep, MLG st, sde low, quiet, OHG
adv. sto slack, loose. Related to Lat
stius late, srus id., OIr sr long (of
time). Tonr-F.rk 439; Hor+n.tsrx
Oxioxs 825; Hrirrnv.xxs 475476;
Krtor-Srrnorr 756.
*sn sb.f.: ON sa side, OE sde id.,
OFris sde id., OHG sta id. Derived from
*saz. Tonr-F.rk 439; Hor+n.tsrx
*s(w)anan str.vb.: ON sga to sink
down, to slide, OE san to sink, to
decline, to fall, OFris pres. sga id., OS
pret. sg. sg id., OHG sgan id. A variant
of *sxwanan. Woor MLN XVIII 14 (Gk
kv to come); Tonr-F.rk 439; Hor+-
473; Srrnorr 388389 (against Tonr-
F.rk); Krtor-Srrnorr 755.
*sxwanan str.vb.: ON sa to lter (orig-
silubran 329 sxwanan
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 329
inally str.vb.), OE sen id., OFris sa id.,
MDu sien to drip, OHG shan to strain.
Related to Skt sicti to pour out, to
sprinkle, Av hinaiti id., Gk jai:
dihysai (Hes.), Slav *sc, *scati to uri-
nate. Ztri+z. Gutt. 68; Tonr-F.rk
Srrnorr 755.
*sxw(n) sb.f.: ON sa sieve, strainer,
OHG sha id. Derived from *sxwanan.
Tonr-F.rk 439; Srrnorr 390; Vnirs
ANEW 472.
*skan sb.n.: ON sk ditch, trench, OE sc
brook, water-course, MLG sk marshy
wold (masc.), OHG seih urine (masc.).
Related to Lat siat urinates. Ztri+z.
Pokonxv I 893 (to *seik
- to ow out);
Vnirs ANEW 474475; Z.rizxi.k II 218.
*skaz sb.m.: ON skr a kind of salmon,
Coregonus lavaretus. Of unknown ori-
gin. Borrowed from the same source as
Russ sig id., Lith sykis id., Latv sga, ska
id. (Finn siika is from Gmc). Tonr-F.rk
439; Bo. II 561 (from a non-IE lan-
guage of the Eastern Baltic).
*smn sb.m.: ON sma cord (neut.), OE
sma id., OFris sm, sma id., OS smo id.
Close to Toch B im roof , Skt smn-
parting of the hair, Gk mw leather
strap (suggesting *mvn) and further
derived from *si- to bind (Skt syti, Lith
siti). Tonr-F.rk 437; Tn.t+v.xx BSW
norrn III 475 (against this etymology);
Fn.rxkrr 783; Fnisk I 724725; Lrn-
Ar.vs TB 656657.
*sna-ernaz adj.: Goth nom. pl. seinai-
gairnai (leg. seina-gairnai) selsh, ON sn-
gjarn covetous, avaricious. Compound of
*snaz and *ernaz. S+nri+nrno GE 163;
Fris+ 415; C.nn Nom. comp. 67; Lrnv.xx
GED 299.
*snaz poss. pron.: Goth seins his, her,
ON sinn id., OE sn id., OFris sn id., OS
sn id., OHG sn id. Derived with *-no-
from IE loc. *sei, to IE re. *s()e-. Cf. in
particular Venet veina- ones own <
*sei-no- (Kn.nr ZONF XI 86, Festschr.
Hirt II 565566). Btoor KZ XX (1872)
AEEW 294; Mrzorn Word IV 100; Fris+
*spanan str.vb.: OFris part. bi-seppen
bloodshot (of an eye), MDu spen to
drip, MHG sfen to ow (of blood).
Related to Gk ebv to drop, to let fall in
drops. Tonr-F.rk 440; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 296 (OE spian to fall < *sp-
janan); Pokonxv I 894; Fnisk I 450451
(ebv as Reimwort zu lebv); Srrnorr
391.
*siz adv: Goth ana-seis further, there-
after, ON sr less, OE s later, since,
OS s later, OHG sd later, since.
Compared with Lat stius inferior, lower,
worse (Btoor BB III 106107) and MIr
sith- long, lasting continuing IE *si-t-.
May be related to *saz. Fn.xck
ZDADL XLVI 168175; K.ns+rx NB II
527; Fris+ 489; Pokonxv I 889891;
GED 299; Ltnn MSS XXXVII 121130;
756.
*skabanan str.vb.: Goth skaban to shear,
to shave, ON skafa to scrape, to shave,
OE sceafan id., OS pres. scaban id., OHG
skaban id. Related to Gk skptv to dig,
to hack, Lith skapi, skpti to cut, Slav
*skopiti to castrate. Bickrrr KZ XIV
433 (to Lat scab to shave, to scratch);
Ztri+z. Gutt. 150; Mrirrr+ MSL XIV
339; Sorvsrx KZ XXXVII 584; Tonr-
AEEW 272; Jn.xxrssox IEW 824
sxwanan 330 skabanan
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 330
*skablaz sb.m.: ON ska snow-drift, G
dial. Schabel scraper. Derived from *ska-
banan. Vnirs ANEW 480.
*skabn sb.f./m.: ON skafa scraper, OE
scafa plane, OHG scaba id. Derived
from *skabanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
*skaaz sb.m.: Norw skadd snap, OE
sceadd shad, G dial. schad, schade id. Of
unknown origin. Tonr-F.rk 449 (to Lat
scate to bubble, to gush); Hor+n.tsrx
ANEW 479.
*skauz ~ *skawaz sb.m.: Goth skadus
shadow, OE sceadu id. (fem.), MLG
schade id., OHG scato id. Related to Gk
sktow darkness, OIr scth shadow, mir-
ror. Ztri+z. Gutt. 150; Tonr-F.rk
Pokonxv I 957; Z.rizxi.k II 219; Fnisk
Krtor-Srrnorr 713.
*skawjanan wk.vb.: Goth ufar-skadwjan
to overshadow, OE sceadwian to cover
with shadow. Derived from *skauz ~
*skawaz. Tonr-F.rk 449; Fris+ 510;
Lrnv.xx GED 307308.
*skaftan ~ *skaftaz sb.n./m.: Burg
*skafts shaft, ON skapt shaft, missile,
OE sceaft stick, pole, shaft, OFris skaft
shaft, OS skaft spear, OHG scaft shaft,
spear. Related to Gk skptron sta,
Dor skpton id., skpow: kldow, ka
nemow poiw (Hes.), Lat scpus shaft,
stem, Latv kEps spear. Probably,
to *skabanan. Ztri+z. Gutt. 152, 213;
189; Fnisk II 728729; Oxioxs 815;
Lrnv.xx GED 298; Konrrn 713; Krtor-
Srrnorr 710.
*skaftiz sb.f.: Goth ga-skafts creation,
creature, OE (e-)sceaft id. (fem., masc.),
OS gi-scaft id., OHG gi-scaft id. Derived
from *skapjanan. Tonr-F.rk 450; Hor+-
*skaftjan sb.n.: ON skepti shaft, OHG
scefti spear. Derived from *skaftan ~
*skaftaz. Vnirs ANEW 490.
*skaftjanan wk.vb.: ON skepta to make
shafts (to arrow-heads), LG scheften id.,
OHG scaften provide with a shaft.
Derived from *skaftaz ~ *skaftan. Vnirs
ANEW 490.
*ska( j)an sb.n.: ON skegg beard, OE
sceaca hair of the head (masc.). Derived
from *skan. Lixrno+n ANF XX 367;
487.
*skan sb.m.: ON skagi low cape, ness,
OE sceaa small wood, copse, thicket.
Probably derived from *skexanan. Tonr-
Vnirs ANEW 480 (to OIr der-scaigim to
distinguish oneself ); Oxioxs 815.
*skaibaz adj.: ON skeifr askew, oblique,
OE scef-ft splay-footed, OS skf
crooked, G dial. scheib id. Probably
related to Lith skybas wedge-like piece of
land, Latv bs crooked. K.ns+rx NB
I 60; Ztri+z. Gutt. 43, 154; Prnssox
Beitrge 85; Tonr-F.rk 464; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 271, ANW 249 (ON < MLG);
ANEW 488; Kx.rr PBB XCVI 210
211; Ltnn-M.+zrr KZ XLIX 257258;
720.
*skaianan ~ *skaianan str.vb.: Goth
skaidan to separate, to divide, OE scedan
id., OFris sktha id., OS skdan id., OHG
sceidan id. Continues zero grade of IE
*ski-t- (Bntov.xx IF XXXII 179181).
Related to *skanan. Ztri+z. Gutt. 150;
AEEW 272; Pnokoscn CGG 176180;
Srrnorr 715.
*skainjanan wk.vb.: ON skeina to
skabanan 331 skainjanan
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 331
scratch, to wound slightly, OE scnan to
break, OFris sknia id., OHG ir-skeinen id.
Related to *skin. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
*skaian sb.n.: ON skei race, course,
OS skth dierence. Derived from
*skaianan ~ *skaianan. Tonr-F.rk
463.
*skaiiz ~ *skai sb.f.: Burg *skaii
sheath, ON skei slay, weavers rod, pl.
skeiar scabbard (in pl. also root stem
and i-stem), OE sce sheath, OFris
skthe id., OHG skeida id. Derived from
*skaianan ~ *skaianan. Tonr-F.rk
210; Oxioxs 818; Srrnorr 403; Konrrn
*skaijanan wk.vb.: ON skeia to
sheath (a sword), ME scthen id. Derived
from *skai. Structurally close to Lith
skaitti to count. Fn.rxkrr 792; Vnirs
ANEW 488.
*skakanan str.vb.: ON skaka to shake,
OE sceacan to shake, to quiver, OFris
pres. skeka to run away, OS pret. sg. skk
to leave. Related to Skt khjati to stir, to
churn, W ysgogi to stir. Ztri+z. Gutt.
M.vnnorrn I 296; Pokonxv I 923 (from
*skeg-); Vnirs ANEW 480481; Oxioxs
815; Lrncnxrn 227; Srrnorr 404405.
*skakulaz sb.m.: ON skkull pole of a
cart, OE sceacel shackle, EFris schakel
wooden semi-circle (fem.), LG schakel
chain link (fem.). Derived from
*skakanan. Tonr-F.rk 447; Hor+n.tsrx
814.
*skala str.vb.: Goth skal to owe, to have
to, ON skal must, to be obliged, OE
sceal id., OFris skel id., OS scal id., OHG
scal id. Related to Lith skeli, skelti to
owe, OPrus skellnts indebted (Sirns KZ
XXXVII 320). Ztri+z. Gutt. 159 (to
Lat scelus crime); Mrnixorn IF XVIII
229230 (to Lith sklti to split); Tonr-
*skalbjanan wk.vb.: ON skelfa to make
shake, to make tremble, OE -scielfan
to destroy. Derived from *skelbanan.
488489; Srrnorr 412.
*skaln sb.m.: ON sklgi a kind of sh,
OE sceala id. Derived from *skelaz ~
*skelxaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 273;
Vnirs ANEW 481 (to *skalj ).
*skalja-skaz sb.m.: ON skel-skr shell-
sh, OE scil-sc id., MLG schell-visch
haddock, early G Schell-sch id. Com-
pound of *skalj and *skaz. C.nn Nom.
*skaljanan wk.vb.: ON skella to make
slam, OE -scilian to shell, MLG schellen
to divide, to separate. Derived from
*skalj. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 277; (to
MHG schel springing, OHG scelo
draught horse); Vnirs ANEW 489.
*skalj sb.f.: Goth skalja tile, ON skel
shell, OE scill id., MLG schelle shell,
scale. Derived from *skal. Close to Alb
hal sh bone, splinter; pine (Prnssox KZ
XXXIII 285) < PAlb *skal. Ztri+z.
924; Vnirs ANEW 488 (directly to IE
*skel- to split); Z.rizxi.k II 218; Oxioxs
710; Onrr AED 141.
*skalkaz I sb.m.: Goth skalks servant,
ON sklkr rogue, slave, OE scealc ser-
vant, man, OFris skalk slave, OS skalk
servant, OHG scalc id. Etymologically
identical with Slav *xolk bachelor (with
a dierence of voiced/unvoiced inlaut
consonants). The latter is clearly con-
nected with Slav *xolp servant and
*xolst unmarried, thus implying the
reconstruction of IE *skel-/*skol- (Bntck-
xrn KZ LI 235: from *skel- to cut, treat-
ing the servant as originally *maimed).
skainjanan 332 skalkaz
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 332
(from Celtic, cf. OIr scoloc vassal,
novice); Fnirsrx Gemin. (to Norw skalk
bread stump < IE *skel- to cut which
might strengthen Bntckxrns etymology);
Gnirxnrnorn Got. 187 (to *skala); Sirns
KZ XXXVII 313 (to Goth kalkjo whore);
Bntov.xx IF XIX 381 (from *sel- to
jump); Mtcn WuS I 47 (same as
Fnirsrx); M.ns+n.xrrn NTS I 142 (from
non-IE Caucasian xkalax, xkalak servant);
Gtx+rn+ Labyrinth 4042 (to *skel- to
cut, treating the servant as *stone
mason); Tonr-F.rk 460 (to *skalkaz II);
Kxonrocn Muttersprache LXXXIX 45
46; Lrnv.xx GED 308309 (from the
designation of a subjugated people);
Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa VIII 6465; Krtor-
Srrnorr 710.
*skalkaz II sb.m.: ON sklkr sword,
EFris schalk small plank preventing the
surface from being penetrated by a nail,
MLG schalc support on which the rafter
is resting. Any connection with *skalm ?
Tonr-F.rk 460; Vnirs ANEW 482 (to
*skalj ).
*skalkjanan wk.vb.: ON skelkja to mock,
MHG be-schelken id. Related to *skalkaz I.
Vnirs ANEW 489.
*skalliz sb.m.: ON sbst. skellr loud splash,
OE sbst. scelle concisium, MLG schal(l)
sound, OHG scal id. Derived from
*skellanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 277;
Srrnorr 413; M.+zrr KZ CV 102103.
*skalljanan wk.vb.: ON skella to clash,
to knock, OE scellan to make a noise, to
sound, OHG gi-skellen to make sound, to
ring. Causative of *skellanan. Hor+-
*skalm sb.f.: ON sklm short sword,
EFris schalm thin stripe of wood, Du
schalm id. Identical with Thrac sklmh:
mxaira Yr&ka (Hes.), Gk skalmw pin
to which the oar is fastened (Fick
Spracheinh. 419). Tonr-F.rk 458; Dr+-
scnrv Thr. 454; Pokonxv I 923924;
*skal sb.f.: OE scealu shell, husk, MLG
schale bark, OHG scala shell, hull.
Derived from *skeljanan ~ *skeljanan. Cf.
*skl with another ablaut grade. Iden-
tical with Alb hal sh bone, Lith skal
splinter, further cf. Slav *skala rock
with *--. Ztri+z. Gutt. 151, 154;
Gtx+rn+ Labyrinth 4041; Tonr-F.rk
924925; Fn.rxkrr 792793; Z.rizxi.k
Onrr AED 141.
*skama-lausaz adj.: ON skamm-laus
shameless, OE sceam-les id., MLG
schame-ls id., OHG scama-ls id. Com-
pound of *skam and *lausaz. C.nn
Nom. comp. 60.
*skamnan ~ *skamjanan wk.vb.:
Goth skaman sik to be ashamed, ON
skamma to shame, to disgrace, OE
sceamian to be ashamed, OFris skamia id.,
MLG schamen id., OHG scamn, scamn
id. Derived from *skam. Ztri+z. Gutt.
*skami sb.f.: ON skemmd shame, dis-
grace, MLG schemede id. Derived from
*skamnan ~ *skamjanan. Vnirs ANEW
489.
*skam(m)az adj.: ON skammr short, OE
sceam, scamm id., OHG scam id. Of
unknown origin. Probably related to Av
kamna- little < *kombh-no-. B.n+no-
rov.r 440; K.ns+rx NB II 232233,
*skammjanan wk.vb.: ON skemma to
shorten, OHG skemmen id. Derived from
*skam(m)az. Tonr-F.rk 453; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 484.
*skam sb.f.: ON skm, skmm shame,
OE sceamu id., OFris skome id., OS skama
id., OHG scama id. Substantivization of
*skam(m)az without gemination. Jon.xs-
sox KZ XXX 428430 (from *em- to
cover); Tonr-F.rk 452 (< *skem- to
skalkaz 333 skam
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 333
cover); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 271; Fris+
Pis.xi Gedenkschr. Gntert 285286 (to
Umbr eskamitu male pudenda); Lrnv.xx
GED 309 (to Gk skambw crooked);
Krtor-Srrnorr 711.
*skan sb.f.: Goth skanda shame, OE
skeand id., OFris skande id., MLG schande
id., OHG scanta id. Could continue sbst.
*skanaz ashamed (OHG scant). Probably
connected with Gk skinyw diver, Lith
sk\st, sk.sti to sink, to drown, OPrus
auskindlai to set, to go down. Fick KZ
XXII 111; Prnssox Beitrge 155; Ztri+z.
Gutt. 195; Tonr-F.rk 452453 (to *em-
to cover); Tn.t+v.xx BSW 265; Fris+
429 (to *skam ); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 271;
Pokonxv I 930; Fn.rxkrr 803; Z.rizxi.k
*skankaz adj.: ON skakkr slew, wry, dis-
torted. Related to Gk skzv to limp <
*skg, MIr scingim to spring. K.ns+rx
NB I 45; Ztri+z. Gutt. 23, 151; Tonr-
Hoors EG V 94; Sovvrn Festschr.
Debrunner 425427; Pokonxv I 930; Vnirs
*skankaz ~ *skankn sb.m.: Norw
skank shank, OE sceanca id., LG schanke
id., OHG scanc rack, cupboard. Derived
from *skankaz. Tonr-F.rk 450; Hor-
*skankjanan wk.vb.: ON skekkja to set
askew, to displace, OE scencan to pour
out, OFris skenka id., OS skenkian id.,
OHG skenken to give to drink, to pour,
to mix. Derived from *skankaz. Tonr-
*skapan sb.n.: ON skap shape, form, OE
e-sceap creation, decree, OS skap ves-
sel, MHG ge-schaf creature. With irreg-
ular *-p- < IE *-b-, to be compared with
Lat scab to scrape, Lith skamb, skbti to
pick. For the semantic development cf.
various reexes of IE *te-. Ztri+z.
Gutt. 150; Prnssox Beitrge 142, 784;
Horv.xx II 484485; Fris+ 200201;
407; Lrnv.xx GED 148149.
*skap( j)an ~ *skapn sb.n./m.: OFris
schep cupboard, OS skapo vessel for
liquids, OHG scao id. Cf. also ON
skeppa bushel < *skappjn. Despite the
dierences in consonantism, close to Gk
skfh tub, skfow ship. Further see
*skabanan. Tonr-F.rk 451; Pokonxv I
932; Fnisk II 718.
*skapjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-skapjan to
create, ON skepja to shape, to form, OE
scippan to shape, to form, to create,
OFris skeppa id., OS skeppian id., OHG
skepfen id. Derived from *skap( j)an ~
*skapn (in its original meaning *shape?).
Ktnx KZ I 139 (related to Skr skabh-,
skambh- to support); Gnivv KZ I 81;
Tonr-F.rk 450451; Fris+ 200201;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 277278; Krtor
Pokonxv I 930933; Vnirs ANEW 483,
489; Oxioxs 816; Srrnorr 406408 (to
Lith skpti to hollow, to chisel, Slav *sko-
piti to castrate); Lrnv.xx GED 148;
Krtor-Srrnorr 709.
*skapjanan wk.vb.: ON skapa to shape,
to form, to make, OHG gi-skan to
form, to build. Derived from *skap( j)an ~
*skapn. Cf. *skapjanan. Tonr-F.rk 451;
*skarbaz I sb.m.: ON skarfr cormorant,
OE scrf id., OHG scarbo id. (n-stem).
Identical with *skarbaz II? Stor.n+i
DVN 393397; Tonr-F.rk 457 (to
*skrafjanan); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 282;
*skarbaz II sb.m.: ON skarfr plank,
board, MLG scharf broken fragment.
Derived from *skerfanan. Tonr-F.rk
skam 334 skarbaz
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 334
*skaran sb.n.: ON skar notch, chink,
OE sceard tile, sherd, OFris skerd
cut, notch, MLG schart crack, chink,
MHG schart, scharte notch, gap (fem.).
Substantivized *skaraz. Tonr-F.rk
ANEW 484; Oxioxs 816817; Krtor-
Srrnorr 713.
*skaraz adj.: ON skarr diminished,
OE sceard notched, hacked, gashed,
OFris skerd nicked, OS skard chopped
up, wounded, OHG lidu-scart mutilated.
Probably related to OIr scert part, Lat
scortum hide, skin. Further see *skeranan.
(substantivized participle of *sker-); Hor+-
Srrnorr 713.
*skarjanan wk.vb.: ON skera to dimin-
ish, OE part. e-scyrded destroyed,
OHG skerten to damage, to cut. Derived
from *skaraz. Vnirs ANEW 490491;
Hrirrnv.xxs 486.
*skarjan sb.n.: ON sker isolated rock
in the sea, MLG scher rock, cli ,
MHG scher id. Derived from *skeranan.
Ztri+z. Gutt. 154; Vnirs ANEW 490.
*skarjanan wk.vb.: Goth us-skarjan to
tear out, to sober, OE scirian to separate,
to divide, to allot, OS skerian to separate,
to distribute, to allot, OHG skerien id.
Causative of *skeranan. Gnirxnrnorn
Got. 233; Tonr-F.rk 453454; Hor+-
I 939; Lrnv.xx GED 383.
*skar( j)n sb.m.: Norw skere plowshare,
OE scear id. (< *skaraz), OFris skere id.
(fem.), MLG schar, schare id. (neut., fem.),
OHG scaro id. Derived from *skeranan.
Derivationally close to Lith skar rag,
Slav *skora hide, skin (Fick III 453).
Prnssox Beitrge I 176; Tonr-F.rk 454;
Bo. III 950951.
*skarnan sb.n.: ON skarn dung, dirt, OE
scearn dung, lth, OFris skern dung,
MLG scharn id. Related to Hitt akkar
dirt, Gk skr id. Further to *skeranan.
Pr+rnssox SVSL I 95 (*-rn- reects hete-
roclysis similar to Gk and Hitt); Ztri+z.
ANEW 484; Fnisk II 746; Lrncnxrn 228;
Krtor-Srrnorr 720.
*skar I sb.f.: ON skr crowd, multitude,
army, MLG schare crowd, share, OHG
scara crowd, army. Derived from *sker-
anan. Ztri+z. Gutt. 154; Tonr-F.rk
I 939; Z.rizxi.k II 183; Srrnorr
Srrnorr 712.
*skar II sb.f.: ON skr hair, rim, edge,
OE scearu shearing, cutting. Derived
from *skeranan. Tonr-F.rk 453.
*skarpaz adj.: ON skarpr sharp, OE
scearp id., OFris skerp id., OS skarp id.,
OHG skarpf sharp, rough. Identical with
Latv skarbs sharp, strict, rough. For the
labial extension of *sker- to cut cf. also
MIr cerb sharp, Toch B krpye rough,
Slav *rb incomplete, decient. Note
ON part. skorpinn shrivelled reecting
str. *skerpanan. Scnnorrn IF XVII
459465; K.ns+rx NB I 67, II 228;
Ktnx Festschr. Wagner 107113; Vnirs
ANEW 485; Oxioxs 817; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ IV 503504; Srrnorr 416;
Ltnn Expr. 266; Hrirrnv.xxs 487;
Krtor-Srrnorr 712.
*skarpjanan wk.vb.: OESc skrpa to
press, to tuck, OS gi-skerpian to sharpen,
MHG scherpfen id. Derived from *skarpaz.
Hrirrnv.xxs 487.
*skartan ~ *skartaz sb.n./m.: ON skart
show, nery, MHG scharz jump,
spring. Derived from a poorly attested
str. *skertanan > MHG scherzen to spring,
to jump. The latter is related to Skt
krdati to spring, Gk kradv to swing
(a secondary denominative based on
*krdv). Tonr-F.rk 455; Pokonxv I
12.
skaran 335 skartan
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 335
*skarzjanan wk.vb.: Norw skarra to
make a scratching sound, MLG scharren
to scratch, MHG scharren id. Derived
from *skerzanan. Tonr-F.rk 457.
*skattaz sb.m.: Goth skatts money, coin,
ON skattr tribute, OE sceatt property,
goods, wealth, OFris sket money, cattle,
OS skatt piece of money, wealth, OHG
scaz denarius, money, wealth. A very
dicult word. Gnirxnrnorn Got. 188
(with the original meaning coin, piece of
money, from Gmc *ska(b)- to cut);
Scnnorrn KZ XLVIII 266272 (recon-
structs *skwattaz); Woor MP XVIII 86
(from *sh6to- covered with pelt);
M.ns+n.xrrn apud Kxt+ssox ZfslavPh
XV 129 (from a Celtic ethn. Skttoi);
Vrr+rx JEGP XXIX 497 (semantic
inuence of Lat pecnia); Tonr-F.rk
448449; Lrvv KZ LXII 263264 (from
Osset sktt cattle-shed); S+rxrrn-
Pr+rnsrx 313315 (Gmc > Slav *skot
cattle, property, money); Fris+ 429;
Mr.rrxo\ 585 (related to Slav *skot
cattle); Hor+n.tsrx PBB LXVI 267 (to
Lat scate to bubble, to gush), AEEW
274; M.n+ixr+ Gm. 64, 150, 200;
J.konsox IJSLP 1/2 271 (from Slav
*skot), SR IV 605606 (Slav *skot <
*skopt, to *skopiti to castrate); Vnirs
ANEW 486 (Oriental Wanderwort);
29 (same as J.konsox); Oxioxs 795;
Brx\rxis+r IEL 48, 154155; An.r\ III
123124 (Gmc < Slav < Osset < Iran
*fu-kata-); Lrnv.xx GED 309; Krtor-
Srrnorr 713.
*skajanan str.vb.: Goth skajan to
injure, to harm, ON skeja to scathe, to
hurt, OE scean id. Derived from
*skan. Btoor IF I 447 (adds Arm
xat'arem to destroy); Tonr-F.rk 449;
Fris+ 429430; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
487; Vrxrnvrs S-4647; Srrnorr 408;
Lrnv.xx GED 309310.
*skajanan wk.vb.: ON skaa to scathe,
to hurt, OE sceaian to hurt, to harm,
OFris skathia, skethia id., OS scathn id.,
OHG scadn id. Derived from *skan.
*skan sb.m.: ON skai harm, damage,
OE sceaa scathe, harm, injury, OFris
skatha harm, loss, OS skatho harm,
OHG scado id. Cf. also Goth neut. skais
harm, injustice. Despite the phonetic
discrepancies, related to Gk *skyow in
-skhyw unharmed, OIr scathaim to
scathe, to harm (Os+norr PBB XIII
AEEW 274275 (the rst element of
Sca(n)dinavia identied with *skan); Fris+
*skaulaz adj.: Goth skauls harmful,
OHG skadal wicked, spoiled. Derived
from *skan, *skajanan. Fris+ 429;
Hrirrnv.xxs 488.
*skau sb.f.: Goth skauda-raip thong,
strap, ON pl. skauir horses sheath,
MLG schode horses sheath (neut.),
MHG schte pod. Related to Gk sktow
skin, leather, Lat sctum shield. Tonr-
F.rk 468; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 503; Fris+
486 (to ON skja small skin-bag); Fnisk
II 744745; Lrnv.xx GED 310; Krtor-
Srrnorr 741.
*skaufan ~ *skaufaz sb.n./m.: ON
skauf sheaf , OE scef sheaf, bundle,
OFris scf bundle, sheaf , OS skf id.,
OHG scoub bundle of straw. Connected
with Slav *ub hairlock, bundle <
*(s)keubho-. Ztri+z. Gutt. 156; Tonr-
Pokonxv I 956; Z.rizxi.k II 172; Vnirs
ANEW 486487; Oxioxs 817; S+.xo LS
17; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa IV 126; Krtor-
Srrnorr 713714.
*skauniz adj.: Goth skauns graceful, good-
looking, OE scne beautiful, OFris
skne id., OS scni brilliant, beautiful,
skarzjanan 336 skauniz
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 336
OHG scni beautiful. Further related to
*skawaz. Cf. probably NPhryg prop.
Jeunh unless it continues *jenW` = Gk
fem. jnh host, stranger (Onrr Phrygian
438). K.ns+rx NB II 178; Tonr-F.rk
Wissv.xx NP 40; Pokonxv I 588;
Hrirrnv.xxs 488489 (reconstructs
*skaunaz); Krtor-Srrnorr 740.
*skaunn sb.f.: Goth guda-skaunei godly
form, yeo morf, OS skn splendor,
beauty, OHG scn id. Derived from
*skauniz. Fris+ 431; Lrnv.xx GED 310.
*skautan ~ *skautaz sb.n./m.: Goth
neut. or masc. skaut(s) hem, edge, fringe,
ON skaut corner of a square cloth, sheet,
OE scet corner, angle, nook, OFris skt
coattail, skirt, MLG scht id., MHG
schz fold, apron. Derived from *skeu-
tanan. Mrvrn Goth. 1036 (to Lat cauda
tail); Tonr-F.rk 468; W.rrr-Horrv.xx
I 185; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 274; Fris+
*skautjanan wk.vb.: ON skeyta to convey
a piece of land to another, to join to-
gether, MLG schten to splice, to piece
together. Derived from *skautan ~ *skau-
taz. Vnirs ANEW 491.
*skautn sb.m.: ON skauti kerchief, a
square piece of wood, OE sceta corner,
angle, cloth, MLG schote pot, MHG
fem. scze fold, apron. See *skautan
~ *skautaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 274;
Vnirs ANEW 487.
*skawaz adj.: Goth us-skaus sober (leg.
un-skaus), ON opin-skr made public.
Identical with Gk (yuo-)skow sacricing
priest. Psir.xrrn Festschr. Lidn 229;
Tonr-F.rk 465; Fris+ 534535; S+tn-
+r\.x+ PhQ VII 78; Pokonxv I 588;
Vnirs ANEW 107; Fnisk I 695.
*skawjanan wk.vb.: OE scewian to
look, to observe, OFris skawia id., OS
skawn id., OHG scouwn id. Derived
from *skawaz. Related to Gk kov to
notice, Lat caue to beware (< *coue ),
Slav *uj, *uti to feel, to perceive with-
out initial *s-. Cf. OE hwian to view, to
look < *x(u)w- < IE *ku-. Tntn-
xrvsrx KZ XXVIII 155; Sorvsrx
KZ XXXVII 13; Tonr-F.rk 465;
Bntckxrn 183 (to Slav *xovati to hide, to
keep); W.rrr-Horv.xx 186187; Vnirs
ANEW 486487; Pokonxv I 587588;
Fnisk I 890891; Oxioxs 823; Tnt-
n.cnr\ ESSJa IV 134136; Lrnv.xx
GED 310, 378; Krtor-Srrnorr 714.
*skexanan str.vb.: MLG skn to happen
(to smb.), OHG gi-skehan id. Related to
OIr scuchid to leave, to go away <
*skoketi, Slav *skoiti to spring, to hop.
Krtor-Srrnorr 318.
*skelbanan str.vb.: ON skjlfa to shake,
to shiver, to quiver, OE scelfan id. Of
unknown origin. Ztri+z. Gutt. 154 (to
Slav *kolbati to shake); Tonr-F.rk 461;
412.
*skelb(n) sb.f.: ON skjlf shelf, seat, OE
scilfe shelf, ledge. Related to *skelbanan.
Tonr-F.rk 461 (to *skel-p- to split);
Pokonxv I 926.
*skeljanan wk.vb.: ON skilda to shield,
OE scildan to shield, to protect, MHG
schilten to shield. Derived from *skeluz ~
*skeliz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 278; Vnirs
ANEW 492.
*skelu-burz ~ *skeli-burz sb.f.:
ON skjald-borg wall of shields, testudo,
OE scild-bur id., OHG scilt-burg id.
Compound of *skeluz ~ *skeliz and
*burz. C.nn Nom. comp. 52.
*skeluz ~ *skeliz sb.m.: Goth skildus
shield, ON skjldr id., OE scild id. (<
*skelaz), OFris skeld id., MLG schilt id.,
OHG skilt id. Derivative of *skeljanan ~
*skeljanan (Koorr IF IV 319: to Lith
skltis slice, sklti to split o ).
Atrnrcn+ KZ I 360361; Horrv.xx BB
XVIII 286287 (to Skt khea- shield);
Cn.nrrx+irn IF XXVIII 185 (against
Horrv.xx); Unrrxnrck KZ XX 560;
skauniz 337 skeluz
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 337
ANEW 486487; Z.rizxi.k II 203;
Srrnorr 721.
*skelaz ~ *skelxaz adj.: ON skjlgr
wry, oblique, OE sceolh oblique, wary,
MLG schle squinting, OHG skelah
squinting, oblique. An Erweiterung related
to Gk skoliw curved, bent, Lat scelus
evil deed, sin, crime, Arm el crooked,
Alb al lame ( Jon.xssox PBB XIV
296298). K.ns+rx NB II 291292;
492; Krtor 627 (identical with MDu
schelu crooked, MHG schelb id. <
*skelxwaz); Pokonxv I 550, 928; Vnirs
ANEW 495; Fnisk II 723724; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 493494; Krtor-Srrnorr 714
715; Onrr AED 49.
*skeljanan ~ *skelxjanan wk.vb.:
ON skelgjask to come askew, MLG sche-
len id., OHG skilihen id. Derived from
*skelaz ~ *skelxaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
*skeljanan ~ *skeljanan wk.vb.: ON
skilja to part, to divide, OE scilian to
separate, OFris skilla to battle, MLG
schelen, schillen to split, to separate.
Related to Hitt ikalla- to tear apart, to
slit open, Gk skllv to hoe, to harrow
< *sk, Lith skeli, sklti to split.
II 715716; Tiscnrrn HEG I 397398;
Lrnv.xx GED 311312.
*skelkaz sb.m.: ON skelkr fear, MHG
schelch male deer. Distantly related to
*skelbanan. Pokonxv I 929 (to MHG
schel springing, OHG scelo draught
horse); Vnirs ANEW 489.
*skellanan str.vb.: ON skjalla to clatter,
to slam, OE scillan to cause to sound,
OHG skellan to sound. Related to Slav
*skoliti to howl, to whine. Tonr-F.rk
xrssox IEW 247; Pokonxv I 550; Vnirs
ANEW 495; Srrnorr 412413; V.svrn-
711, 716.
*skellaz adj.: ON skjallr loud, clashing,
shrill, OE scill sonorous, sounding,
OHG ab-skelli absurd, discordant. De-
rived from *skellanan. K.ns+rx NB I
413 (reconstructs *skalliz); M.+zrr
Festschr. Schrder 98, Kratylos XXXIV 135,
*skellingaz sb.m.: Goth skilliggs shilling,
golden solidus, ON skillingr gold coin,
aureus, OE scillin shilling, OFris scilling
id., OS skilling id., OHG skilling id.
Derived from *skellanan (Dirrrxn.cn VW
II 249). Prnssox KZ XXXIII 286 (to
*skalj); Scnnorrn KZ XLVIII 254256,
ZDADL XLVIII 254 (to *skeluz ~
*skeliz similar to or inuenced by the
Romance usage of Lat sctum shield as
a name of a coin); Tonr-F.rk 459;
Bnoxr.r Substrat. 147149 (from Rom
*scella < *silicula little coin); M.n-
s+n.xrrn Corr. 25 (originally, shield-like
clipeoli on the Roman gravestones);
GED 312 (from *skel- to split, to cut);
Krtor-Srrnorr 721.
*skenan ~ *sken sb.n./f.: ON skinn
skin (of a little animal), MHG scint fruit
shell. Probably related to Bret skant
dandru < *skto-. Ztri+z. Gutt. 156;
493.
*skeranan str.vb.: ON skera to cut, to
slaughter, OE sceran to cut, to shear,
OFris skera id., MLG skeren id., OHG ske-
ran id. Connected with Gk skerv to cut
o , kerv to cut, to shear, Alb shqerr to
tear (cloth), OIr scaraim to separate,
Lith skiri, skrti id. (Ztri+z. Gutt.
154155). Gnivv KZ I 83; Tonr-F.rk
453455; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 266267;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 278; Tnirn PBB
LXIX 425432; Jn.xxrssox IEW
skeluz 338 skeranan
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808; Vnirs ANEW 490; Fnisk I 810
811; Oxioxs 818; Vrxrnvrs S-3334;
Onrr AED 433; Krtor-Srrnorr 717
718.
*skerfanan str.vb.: OE sceorfan to gnaw,
to bite. Related to Latv rpt to cut the
turf with a plough. Ztri+z. Gutt. 155;
276; Pokonxv I 938947; Srrnorr
414415.
*skerzanan str.vb.: OS of-skerran to
scratch, OHG scerran id. Related to Skt
kati id., Lat carr id., Lith kari, kati
to card, to comb (of wool) < *(s)ker-s-.
Tonr-F.rk 457; W.rrr-Horv.xx II I
173174; Pokonxv I 532; Fn.rxkrr 224.
*skeubanan ~ *skbanan str.vb.: Goth
af-skiuban to reject, OSwed skiuva to
shove, OE scefan, scfan id., OFris pres.
skva id., MLG schuven id., OHG skioban
id. Related to Lith skumb, skbti to hurry
up, Slav *skubti to pluck. Tonr-F.rk
470; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 263; Fris+ 9;
IEW 822; Pokonxv I 955; Fn.rxkrr 820;
416417; S+.xo LS 50; Lrnv.xx GED 6;
Krtor-Srrnorr 719.
*skeulan ~ *sklan sb.n.: ON skjl
shelter, cover, EFris schl protection,
rescue, MLG schl hiding place.
Related to *skuwwn. Ztri+z. Gutt. 153;
ANEW 495; Hirv.nssox TIES V 153
154 (to Toch B oale north < *-skeelo-).
*skeuljanan ~ *skljanan wk.vb.: ON
skla to screen, to shelter, MHG schlen
to be hidden. Derived from *skeulan ~
*sklan. Tonr-F.rk 466.
*skeumn ~ *skeumaz sb.m.: ON
skjmi ickering light, OE scem white
horse. Derived from *skeu-: Skt skunti to
rummage. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 273;
*skauniz).
*skeuraz sb.m.: ON skjr magpie, MLG
schare id. Identical with Slav *ur rat.
Bntixirn KZ XXXIV 366 (to ON skjarr
shy, timid); Fnirsrx SVSU VII/2 40 (to
*skwjanan); Hor+n.tsrx AWN 254 (to
*skauniz); Pokonxv I 598; Vnirs ANEW
496.
*skeutanan str.vb.: Crim. Goth schieten to
shoot, ON skjta id., OE scetan id., OFris
skiata id., OS skiotan telo sequi, OHG
skiozan to shoot, to throw. Connected
with Alb h( j)edh to throw, to shoot <
PAlb *skeuda. Ztri+z. Gutt. 156; Tonr-
Fris+ 414; Pokonxv I 955956 (to Skt
cdati to incite, to animate); Vnirs
ANEW 496; Oxioxs 822; Srrnorr
417418 (to Lith uju, uti to shoot);
Onrr AED 143144.
*skeutaz adj.: ON skjtr swift, OE scet
ready, quick. Derived from *skeutanan.
468; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 276; Wissv.xx
NP 56; Vnirs ANEW 496; B.vvrsnrnorn
*skeutaz ~ *skeutan sb.m./n.: ON
skjtr vehicle, horse, OHG scioz side of
a fork. Substantivized *skeutaz. Vnirs
ANEW 496.
*skxaz adj.: ON comp. skri better,
advisable, OHG schhe squinting (sec-
ondary ja-stem). Derived from *skexanan.
K.ns+rx NB I 6364, 7273, II 48,
Tonr-F.rk 448; Pokonxv I 930, Vnirs
ANEW 108; M.+zrr KZ CV 115;
Hrirrnv.xxs 490491.
*skk sb.f.: Norw dial. skaak fork shaft,
LG schake chain link. Probably related
to MIr ail-cheng rack (for weapons),
Lith kng hook. Tonr-F.rk 447 (to
Lat cing to go round in a circle, to
surround); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 271;
Oxioxs 814.
*skl sb.f.: ON skl bowl (pl. from
*skliz), OS skla id., OHG scla id.
Connected with *skal. Gtx+rn+ Laby-
rinth 4041; Tonr-F.rk 458; Pokonxv I
925 (to IE *skel- to cut); Vnirs ANEW
skeranan 339 skl
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*skpan sb.n.: OE scep sheep, OFris skp
id., OS skp id., OHG scf id. Of
unknown origin. Probably belongs to a
group of Wanderwrter similar to Alb c( j)ap,
sqap he-goat (> Rum ap id.), Slav *cap
id., presumably irradiating from Iranian
(NPers api one year old goat). Fick BB
V 169 (to Skt chga- he-goat); Stor.n+i
ANT 121124 (same as Fick); Tonr-F.rk
451 (to NPers api ); Hor+n.tsrx IF
XXXIX 74 (to *skapjanan, cf. Dan kreatur
cattle), AEEW Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 273;
P.n+niror 615 (non-IE, to Eg s.t id.);
(from Slav *skop castrated ram); Oxioxs
818; D.\is IF XCVI 118135 (to IE
*skebh- to cut with a sharp instrument);
Krtor-Srrnorr 709.
*skrjan ~ *skr sb.n./f.: ON pl. skri
scissors, OE scer id., OFris skre id., OS
skra id., OHG scra thongs, scissors.
Derived from *skeranan. Tonr-F.rk
*skwjanan wk.vb.: Goth skewjan to go
(forth), ON skva to stride. Cf. also
EFris schjen to go, to hurry, Du schooien
id. < *skaujanan. Related to *seu-: Lith
uju, uti to shove, to shoot, Slav *suj,
*sovati to push, to throw. Gnivv KZ I
83; Pirrixo Xenia 169; Tonr NNEO 606
(to Lith uliais galloping); Ztri+z. Gutt.
195 (same as Tonr); Tonr-F.rk 466;
Tn.t+v.xx BSW 300; Fris+ 432 (to
IE *skek
- to jump); Jn.xxrssox IEW

205 (to *skr ~ *skraz), 822 (to
*skakanan); Pokonxv I 954955; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ III 705; Vnirs ANEW 511;
Lrnv.xx GED 311.
*skir( j)az adj.: OHG skiteri, sketari loose,
thin. Close to Skt chidr- pierced, Gk
skidarn: rain (Hes.), Latv idrs
thin. Further see *skan. Tonr-F.rk
463464; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 263264;
Fn.rxkrr 805806; Hirnscnr TA 102
103; Etrrn IGG 115; Hrirrnv.xxs 498;
Krtor-Srrnorr 746.
*skiftjanan wk.vb.: ON skipta to divide,
to part, to share, OE sciftan to divide,
to separate into shares, OFris skifta to
determine, MLG schiften to divide, to
exchange. Connected with *skipjanan.
*skimjanan wk.vb.: ON skima to look
all around, OE scimian to grow dark,
MDu schemen to give shadow, MHG
schimmen to gleam, to glisten. Related to
*skmn. Cf. an expressive derivative
*skimrjanan > OE scimrian to shine, to
glisten, MLG schmeren to be shaded or
shadowy, G schimmern id. Hor+n.tsrx
820.
*skinan sb.n.: ON skin shining, OHG ge-
scin appearance. Derived from *sknanan.
Srrnorr 410.
*skin sb.f.: OE scinu shin, MLG schene
id., OHG scina id. Related to *skjan.
*skipa-fariz sb.f.: ON skip-fer sea-
voyage, OE scip-rd naval expedition,
MLG schip-vart navigation, OHG scif-fart
id. Compound of *skipan and *fariz.
*skipa-mannz sb.m.: ON skip-mar
sailor, OE scip-mann id., OFris scip-mann
id., MLG schip-man id., OHG scif-man id.
Compound of *skipan and *mannz.
*skipan sb.n.: Goth skip ship, ON skip
id., OE scip id., OFris skip id., OS skip id.,
OHG scif id. Originally, *structure,
framework as demonstrated by the deriv-
ative *skipjanan, cf. semantically Slav
*sd vessel, ship < *om-dh-. Related
to Lith skibti to unstitch, to rip, to make
a hole, to cut (bread), Latv ibt to cut
(Tnirn ZdPh LXX 348349: ship <
skin-covered framework). Bnr.r MSL
VII 147 (to Gk skfow hull of a ship);
Unrrxnrck PBB XXVII 131 (ship <
hollowed log, to Gk skpvn sta);
Tonr-F.rk 463; Hor+n.tsrx IF XXXIX
skpan 340 skipan
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 340
70 (to Lat cibus dish, food), AEEW
279; Fris+ 433434; Pokonxv I 922;
Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 72; Fn.rxkrr 805;
Srrnorr 720.
*skipa-steurn sb.m.: ON skip-stjri
shipper, captain, OE scip-stera steers-
man, pilot. Compound of *skipan and
*steurn (see *steur ~ *steur( j)an). C.nn
*skipjanan wk.vb.: ON skipa to order,
to arrange, to establish, OFris skipia to
set in order, to array, MLG schippen id.
Based on *skipan in its unattested original
meaning *structure, framework. Tonr-
F.rk 463; Pokonxv I 895 (to Lith skieb,
skibti to unstitch, to rip, to make a hole,
to cut (bread), Slav *ipati to pinch);
*skiwn sb.m.: ON sk cloud, OE
sce id., OS skio, skeo light cloudiness.
Probably related to *sknanan. Ztri+z.
AEEW 279; Pokonxv I 951 (to *skeulan ~
*sklan); Vnirs ANEW 508; Oxioxs 832.
*skbn sb.f.: ON skfa slice, ME schfe
id., OFris skve id., OS skva id., OHG
skba ball, disk, slice. Related to *skaibaz.
Derivationally close to Gk sk,pvn sta,
cane. Further connected with Gk
skopow: jox tn jlvn, f n esi
o kramoi (Hes.), Lat scpi sta.
491; Fnisk II 733; Oxioxs 818; Krtor-
Srrnorr 715.
*skan sb.n.: Crim. Goth sched-iit light,
ON sk rewood, ski, ski sheath,
OE scd shingle, a piece of wood split
thin, OFris skd id., OHG sct log,
wooden handle. Related to OIr scath
shield and Slav *it id. Within
Germanic, cf. *skaianan ~ *skaianan.
Gnirxnrnorn Got. XXX 129; Lorvr IF
XIII 12 (Crim. Goth < Iranian, cf. Av
xata- glamor, radiance); Tonr-F.rk
Z.rizxi.k I 143; Oxioxs 820, 831;
Srrnorr 403; Lrnv.xx GED 298, 308;
Krtor-Srrnorr 716.
*skjan sb.n.: ON sk jugglery. Metaphor
based on the original meaning *shadow,
*shining or the like. Derivationally close
to Toch B skiyo shade, shadow, Gk ski
id., Alb hije id., Latv sejs shadow, mirror
reection, image (S+tn+r\.x+ SSN IX
155). See *sknanan. Pokonxv I 917
731; Onrr AED 147; Ar.vs TB 706;
Btnr.k IFTJa 262.
*skmn sb.m.: Goth skeima torch,
lantern, ON skmi gleam of light, OE
scma splendor, brightness, light, OS
scmo light, shine, shadow, OHG scmo
brilliance, shine. Derived from *sknanan.
Close to OIr scam beauty. Ztri+z.
Srrnorr 717.
*sknanan str.vb.: Goth skeinan to shine,
ON skna id., OE scnan id., OFris skna
id., OS sknan id., OHG sknan id.
Etymologically connected with Toch B
skiyo shadow, Skt chy shadow,
reection, Gk ski shadow, Alb hije, he
id., Latv seja shadow, face, Slav *sijati to
shine. Ztri+z. Gutt. 195; Tonr-F.rk
Oxioxs 820; S+.xo LS 4748 (to Slav
*sjati to shine); Srrnorr 409410;
AED 147; Btnr.k IFTJa 262.
*skriz adj.: Goth skeirs clear, ON skrr
clear, bright, pure, OE scr bright,
clear, OFris skre id., OS skr clear,
unmixed, OHG skri pure, clear, bril-
liant. From here *skr (OE scr oce,
skipan 341 skriz
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 341
business, district, OHG scra business,
oce) is derived. Identical with Alb hir
grace, favor, mercy < PAlb *skra, Slav
*ir clean, true. Probably further
related to *sknanan. Gnivv KZ I 83;
K.ns+rx NB II 447; Bntckxrn KZ LI
226 (to Slav *irok wide); Ztri+z. Gutt.
195; Tonr-F.rk 462 (Slav < Gmc); Fris+
432; Hor+n.tsrx IF XIV 341342 (*skr
to Lat cra care, charge < *kois),
ANEW 494; Oxioxs 818, 821; S+.xo LS
58; Srrnorr 410; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ IV
v.xxs 492; Onrr AED 148149; Krtor-
Srrnorr 720.
*skrjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-skeirjan to
make clear, ON skra to cleanse, OE
scran to make clear, to tell. Derived
from *skriz. Tonr-F.rk 462.
*sktanan str.vb.: ON skta to defecate,
OE sctan id., WFris skite id., MLG schiten
id., OHG bi-skzan to make dirty, to
defecate. Related to Skt chintti to cut
o, to split, Gk sxzv id., Lat scind
to cut, to tear, Lith skediu, skesti to
separate, to divide. Tonr-F.rk 463;
Srrnorr 715716.
*sktaz sb.m.: ON sktr excrements,
MLG scht id. Derived from *sktanan.
Tonr-F.rk 463.
*skb(n) sb.f.: ON skf singed crusts (at
the bottom of a pan), MLG schve scale,
OHG scuoba id. Derived from *skabanan.
*skxa-waniz sb.m.: ON sk-vengr
shoe-string, OE sch-wan id. Com-
pound of *skxaz and *waniz. C.nn
*skxaz sb.m.: Goth skohs shoe, ON skr
id., OE sch id., OFris skch id., OS skh
id., OHG scuoh id. Derived from *skexa-
nan (in its original meaning unattested
in Gmc). Derivationally close to Toch
B skk balcony. Os+norr ZfceltPh VI
398400 (to MW eskit shoe < *ped-
skto-); Ztri+z. Gutt. 153 (from *skeu- to
cover); Prnssox Beitrge 186 (same as
Ztri+z.); Pr+rnssox Glotta VIII 72 (to Gk
skxoi: podmata Frgia, Hes.); Tonr-
F.rk 465; Woor JEGP XIII 506 (to
*skankaz); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 280; Fris+
499; Oxioxs 822; Z.rizxi.k I 135;
Oxioxs 822; Lrnv.xx GED 312 (from
*skeu- to cover); Krtor-Srrnorr 744 (to
*skau ); Ar.vs TB 705706.
*skxjan sb.n.: Goth ga-skohi sandals,
shoes, OE e-sc pair of shoes, OS i-
schi shoe, OHG gi-scuohi id. Derived
from *skxaz. Fris+ 201; Lrnv.xx GED
312.
*skxjanan ~ *skjanan wk.vb.:
ON ska to shoe, OE scan id., MLG
schien, schgen id., OHG scuohen id.
Derived from *skxaz. Hor+n.tsrx
*skxslan sb.n.: Goth skohsl evil spirit,
demon. Identical with OIr scl super-
natural being, phantom < *skk-slo-
derived from *skek- to jump (OBnirx
riu XI 8990). Gnivv DM 455
(wood-spirit related to ON skgr wood);
K.trrv.xx PBB XVIII 154155 (same
as Gnivv); Hrrrtis+ ANF VII 45 (from
*skakanan); Fris+ 432 (to *skwjanan); Mrir
KZ LXXVIII 153155; Vrxrnvrs S-30;
L.cv APS XXXII 114120; Lrnv.xx
GED 312313.
*skpn sb.f.: MLG schpe vessel for bal-
ing, MHG schuofe id. Connected with
*skapan ~ *skapn. Oxioxs 799.
*skrj(n) sb.f.: ON skra quarrel, MHG
schuor shearing. Derived from *skeranan.
*skrafjanan wk.vb.: ON skrafa to prate,
to chat, MDu schraven to scrape. Cf. also
Norw skravla to crunch, to gnash, G dial.
schrbbeln to make a noise < *skraf-l-.
Related to *skerfanan. The innovative root
structure may result from the re-interpre-
skriz 342 skrafjanan
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 342
tation of zero grade forms like *skurfaz.
Pokonxv I 569 (to *xrabnaz); Vnirs
ANEW 501.
*skraian sb.n.: ON skrei step, pace,
movement, OE scrd moving body (?),
vessel (?). Derived from *skranan.
502; Srrnorr 421.
*skraijanan wk.vb.: ON skreiask to
creep, to slink, MHG schreiten to stride,
to walk, OHG screiten to spread wide.
Derived from *skranan. Vnirs ANEW
502; Srrnorr 421.
*skraiaz adj.; ON r-skreir sliding
swiftly (of a ship), MHG schreit broad,
expanded. Derived from *skranan.
K.ns+rx NB I 79; M.+zrr Festschr.
500.
*skraklaz ~ *skreklaz adj.: Norw dial.
skrakal fragile, ailing, LG sbst. schrkel
creature crippled while growing, MHG
sbst. walt-schreckel faun, spirit of the
woods. Related to *skrenkwanan? Tonr-
F.rk 471 (to Skt kharjati to creak).
*skralljanan wk.vb.: Norw skrella to cry,
ME schrillen to shrill. Derived from
*skrellanan. Tonr-F.rk 474.
*skrallutjanan wk.vb.: Icel skrlta to cry,
OE scrallettan to make a loud sound.
Derived from *skrellanan. Tonr-F.rk
474.
*skram(m)n ~ *skrmn sb.f.: ON
skrma scar, MLG schramme scratch,
MHG schramme id. Related to MIr screm
surface, skin, Lith krmas tetter, scab,
Slav *kroma edge (Mikkor. IF XXIII
Pr+rr\. Etim. 1974 2225; Krtor-
Srrnorr 741.
*skrampaz ~ *skrempaz sb.m.: Norw
skramp thin man, thin horse, ME
shrimp dwarf , MHG schrimpf scratch.
Derived from *skrempanan. Tonr-F.rk
*skrapjanan wk.vb.: ON skrapa to
scrape, to clatter, OE scrapian to
scratch, MDu schrapen id., MHG schraen
to eece. Derived from *skrepanan.
501; Oxioxs 801 (to *skarpaz); S+.xo
LS 49; Srrnorr 425; Krtor-Srrnorr
742.
*skrattn sb.m.: ON skrati, skratti wizard,
warlock, goblin, OHG scraz pixie,
goblin. Related to Norw dial. skrata to
laugh loudly, Swed skratta to laugh of
imitative origin. Tonr-F.rk 472473;
Pokonxv I 933 (to Lith skrent, skr\sti to
be covered with a crust); Vnirs ANEW
501502 (to Norw skranta to become
thin); Dtko\. Etim. 1982 6163 (to Slav
*rt devil); Krtor-Srrnorr 742.
*skrauanan str.vb.: OHG scrtan to cut
o . See *skrauaz. Tonr-F.rk 476;
Pokonxv I 947.
*skrauaz sb.m.: OE fem. scrad(e)
shred, OFris skrd hair-cutting, clipping
coin, MLG schrt cut o piece, OHG
scrt shred. Derived from *skrauanan.
Identical with Lat dial. scrtum scrotum
< *scrautum, MW ysgryd skeleton <
*skrouto-. Tonr-F.rk 476; Hor+n.tsrx
Srrnorr 743.
*skrawaz adj.: ON sbst. skr dry skin,
scroll, MLG schr barren, thin. Related
to Gk xrow surface of the body, skin <
*ghroos (Fick III 339). Tonr-F.rk 472
(reconstruct *skrax; to Norw dial. skraaen
dry); Tonr NNEO 616 (to Skt k- ema-
ciated, lean, weak); Pokonxv I 933;
Vnirs ANEW 500501; Fnisk II 1120
1121.
*skrekkjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. skrikka
to spring, to jump, MLG schricken,
schrecken to move hands and feet, to
dance. Of imitative origin. Might be
eventually connected with Gk skarv to
spring. Tonr-F.rk 472; Pokonxv I
934; Fnisk II 714715.
*skrellanan str.vb.: Norw skrella to
sound. Of imitative origin. Cf. *skrattn.
Tonr-F.rk 474.
*skrempanan ~ *skrempnan str.
skrafjanan 343 skrempanan
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 343
wk.vb.: ON skreppa to slip, MLG
schrimpen to shrink, to shrivel, MHG
schrimpfen id. Related to Lith skremb,
skrbti to get a thin crust, to stien, Slav
*skreb, *skrebti to scratch (Ztri+z. Gutt.
28). See *skrepanan. Tonr-F.rk 474;
Tn.t+v.xx BSW 267; Jn.xxrssox IEW
423 (to Lith skirbst, skibti to shrink, to
shrivel).
*skrenkwanan str.vb.: OSwed part.
skrunken to shrink, to shrivel, Norw
skrkka to shrivel up, OE scrincan to
wither away, to become weak, MDu
schrinken to move together. Similar to
*skre-n-t- in Lith skrent, skr\sti to be cov-
ered with a crust. Tonr-F.rk 473;
IEW 831832; Pokonxv I 936 (to
*xrenkwanan > ON hrkkva to fall back, to
recoil); Srrnorr 424425.
*skrepanan str.vb.: OE screpan to scrape,
to scratch, MDu schrepen to shove.
Related to Lith skremb, skrbti to get a
thin crust, to stien, Latv skrabt to
scratch, Slav *skreb, *skrebti to scratch.
AEEW 282; Pokonxv I 938947;
656.
*skrkjanan wk.vb.: ON skrkja to
screech, to shriek, MLG schrken to laugh
loudly. A variant of *skrkjanan. Cf. also
ME shreame to scream, WFris skrieme to
weep, WFlem schreemen id. Pokonxv I
569 (to Skt kharjati to creak); Vnirs
*skriiz ~ *skriiz sb.m.: ON skrir
creeping or sliding motion, OE scrie
course, OHG scrit step. Derived from
*skranan. Tonr-F.rk 475; Hor+-
*skriftiz sb.f.: ON skript picture, drawing,
tapestry, OE scrift penalty, penance
(masc.), OFris scrift writing, MDu schrift
id., OHG scrift id. Derived from *skrba-
nan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 283; Oxioxs
823824; Srrnorr 420.
*skriulaz adj.: ON skriall transient,
OE wd-scriol wide-wandering, ram-
bling. Derived from *skranan. K.n-
s+rx II 276; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 284;
Hrirrnv.xxs 502.
*skrbanan str.vb.: OSwed skrva to
write, OE scrfan to assign, to decree, to
allot, OFris skrva to write, OS skrban
id., OHG skrban id. Hardly borrowed
from but, probably, semantically in-
uenced by Lat scrb to write. Of un-
known origin. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 283;
Jn.xxrssox IEW 11661167; Pokonxv
I 946947; Oxioxs 824; Srrnorr
*skranan ~ *skranan str.vb.: ON
skra to creep, to crawl, OE scran to
go, to wander, OFris pres. scrda to
walk, OS skrdan to glide, to stride,
OHG bi-scrtan to glide. Related to Lith
skriedi, skristi to make a circle, to move
around. Tonr-F.rk 475; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 283; Mrzorn GR XVII 9498;
937; Fn.rxkrr 817; Vnirs ANEW 503 (to
*xr ); Z.rizxi.k I 149; Oxioxs 801;
*skrkjanan wk.vb.: Icel skrkja to cry,
ME schrken id., OS scrkon id. Of imitative
origin. Cf. *skrkjanan. Ztri+z. Gutt. 158;
Vnirs ANEW 503 (to Icel hrikta to creek).
*skrtanan str.vb.: Goth dis-skreitan to
tear (asunder), G dial. schreissen, schritzen
id. Close to MIr scrissid to cut <
*skrid-t- continuing IE *skrei-. Gnirx-
nrnorn Got. 57 (to Lat scind to cut, to
tear); Ztri+z. KZ XXXVI 243; Fris+
120; Pokonxv I 938947; Srrnorr
420421; Lrnv.xx GED 91 (to IE *skrei-
out, to separate).
*skrubbj sb.f.: Dan dial. skrub brush-
wood, OE scrybb underwood, shrub-
bery, NFris skrobb broom, brushwood.
Related to *skrubbjanan. Bo. RFV
LXX 252 (to Lith skraUbis fear); Tonr-
F.rk 476; Oxioxs 824.
skrempanan 344 skrubbj
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 344
*skrubbjanan wk.vb.: Swed skrubba to
rub, to scrub, MLG schrobben, schrubben
to scratch, to rub. Related to Lat scrpus
rough, sharp stone. Tonr-F.rk 476;
*skran sb.n.: ON skr, skri shroud,
gear, OE scrd dress, clothing, attire.
Derived from *skrauanan. Ztri+z. Gutt.
AEEW 284; Vnirs ANEW 504505 (ON
< OE); Oxioxs 824.
*skrjanan wk.vb.: ON skra to
clothe, to dress, to adorn, OE scrdan to
put on (clothes), to clothe. Derived from
*skran. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 284;
Oxioxs 824; Vnirs ANEW 505.
*skujanan wk.vb.: OFris schedda to
tremble, OS skuddian id., OHG scutten id.
Probably related to Gk skzomai to be
angry < *skud-j-, Lith skund, sksti to
be nervous, to be tired. Brzzrxnrnorn-
Fick BB VI 240; Pokonxv I 955;
Fn.rxkrr 823; Fnisk II 740741; Oxioxs
824.
*skuftan sb.n.: Goth skuft hair, ON skopt
id., OHG scuft tuft of hair, hair-lock
(fem.). Based on *skuppaz. Gnirxnrnorn
Got. 190191 (from *skeubanan ~
*skbanan); Ztri+z. Gutt. 47; Tonr-F.rk
470 (to ON skfr tassel); Fris+ 435;
Slav *up forelock); Z.rizxi.k I 143;
*skulaz ~ *skuljaz adj.: ON skyldr
obligatory, due, OHG scult accused.
Participle of *skala. Tonr-F.rk 460;
*skuliz sb.f.: ON skyld tax, due, OE
scyld guilt, sin, debt, OFris skelde debt,
OS skuld id., OHG sculd accusation,
guilt. Derived from *skala. Tonr-F.rk
460; Pokonxv I 927; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
285; Vnirs ANEW 506507; Vnirs
Srrnorr 744.
*skuljjanan wk.vb.: ON skylda to bind
in duty, to oblige, OE scildan to shield,
to protect, OFris ur-skelda to forfeit,
MLG schulden to accuse, OHG sculdn
id. Derived from *skuliz. Hor+n.tsrx
*skulr( j) sb.f.: Swed skuldra shoulder,
OE sculdor id. (masc.), OFris skulder id.,
MLG schulder id., OHG scultra, scultirra id.
A zero-grade derivative of *skeluz ~
*skeliz. Tonr-F.rk 460 (to Gk kvl
thighbone with the esh on it, ham);
(reconstructs *sk-dhr shoulder-bone as a
digging tool); Z.rizxi.k II 181; Oxioxs
*skulln sb.m.: Swed skolla piece of tin,
thin plate, MLG schulle piece of earth,
OHG scollo earth lump. Related to
*skeulan ~ *sklan. Tonr-F.rk 459;
*skuln sb.m.: Goth skula debtor, OS
skolo id., OHG skolo id. Derived from
*skala. Fris+ 435; Oxioxs 815; Brx\r-
xis+r 153; Srrnorr 405; Brx\rxis+r IEL
Nom. 177.
*skulpaz sb.m.: ON skolpr turners chisel,
MLG scholpe mussel shell, G dial. Schlp
clod, lump. Probably related to *skel-
janan ~ *skeljanan. Pokonxv I 926;
Vnirs ANEW 498 (to *skalj).
*skuman ~ *skmaz sb.n./m.: Norw
dial. skum foam, MLG schm id., OHG
scm id. Derived from *skeu-: Skt skunti
to cover. Tonr-F.rk 466; Pokonxv I
951.
*skunjanan wk.vb.: ON skynda to has-
ten, OE scyndan id., OS skundian to lure,
OHG scunten id. Of unknown origin.
*skunjanan wk.vb.: ON skunda to
speed, to hasten, OS far-skundian to
incite, to instigate. See *skunjanan.
*skeutanan).
*skunkaz sb.m.: ON skokkr chest, trunk,
ships hulk, NFris skonk cross-beam
skrubbjanan 345 skunkaz
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 345
under the end of the roof , LG schunk
second layer of beams in a square struc-
ture. Cf. also OS skokka swinging move-
ment (fem.), OHG skokka swinging
(fem.). Related to *skankaz. Ltxoonrx
ANF LIV 1744 (to ON skukka crease);
Tonr-F.rk 467; Hor+n.tsrx AWN 254
(reconstructs *skukkaz, to Skt ka- cask,
coop); Pokonxv I 953954; Vnirs
ANEW 497.
*skupan sb.n.: ON skop railing, mocking,
MDu scop mockery, derision, OHG scopf
story, anecdote, mockery. Cf. also OE
scop poet (masc.). Probably derived
from *skupjan to spring > ON skopa to
mock (Wissv.xx SDAW Jahrg. 1954/2).
498; Oxioxs 799; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 98.
*skuppaz sb.m.: MHG schopf tuft, fore-
lock. Related to Slav *ub ~ *up id. <
*(s)keub(h)o- ~ *(s)keupo- (Ennisv.xx PBB
XX 5456). See *skaufan ~ *skaufaz.
Tonr-F.rk 469; Brnxrkrn I 160161;
Pokonxv I 956; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa IV
126.
*skup(p)janan wk.vb.: ON skoppa to
spin like a top, MDu schoppen to mock.
Derived from *skupan. M.n+ixr+ Gm.
168, 173; Tonr-F.rk 469; Vnirs ANEW
499.
*skuriz sb.m.: ON skurr cutting, carv-
ing, OFris skerd id. Continues *skti-
derived from *skeranan. Ztri+z. Gutt.
155; Tonr-F.rk 455; Vnirs ANEW 507.
*skurfaz sb.m.: Swed skorf scurf , OE scorf
id., MLG schorf id., OHG scorf id. De-
rived from *skerfanan. Tonr-F.rk 457.
*skurjanan wk.vb.: ON skora to cut, to
incise, OE scorian to reject, to refuse,
MLG schuren to rub. Derived from
*skur(n). Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 281;
(directly to *skurn); Lrnv.xx GED 405.
*skur(n) sb.f.: ON skora score, incision,
OE scoru score, 20 pieces, MLG schore
ssure (masc.). Derived from *skeranan.
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 281 (OE < ON);
Vnirs ANEW 499.
*skurn sb.f.: Goth wini-skauro winnow-
ing fork, Swed dial. skur shovel, OHG
scora id. Related to Gk skrow chippings
of stone, Lith skiaurE boat full of holes
used to keep sh (Prnssox Beitrge I 374
376). Hin+ Ablaut 113 (to Lat secris
axe); Tonr-F.rk 470471; Fris+ 566;
Lrnv.xx GED 405 (to IE *skeu- to cut,
to separate).
*skurtaz adj.: ON sbst. skortr, skort short-
age, want, OE scort short, OHG scurz
id. Probably related to OIr scerdid to
scrape o , Lith skrdiu, skrdti to get
ssures, to crack. K.ns+rx NB II 203;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 281; Krtor Vorg.
338 (from Lat *excurtus short); Pokonxv
I 941; Fn.rxkrr 801; Vnirs ANEW 500;
Oxioxs 822; Ltnn-M.+zrr KZ XCIX
718; Onrr AED 425 (Alb shkurt short <
Gmc).
*skurtnan wk.vb.: ON skorta to be short
of, to lack, MDu schorten to be absent, to
mangle, to lack. Derived from *skurtaz.
Hrirrnv.xxs 503.
*skurtjn sb.f.: ON skyrta shirt, robe (if
not from OE), OE scyrte short garment,
skirt, MLG schorte apron. Derived
from *skurtaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 286;
Oxioxs 821, 832; Vnirs ANEW 510;
Onrr AED 425 (Alb shkurte shirt < Gmc).
*skutan sb.n.: ON skot shot, shooting,
OE scot rapid movement, OFris scot
throw, shot, OHG scoz catapult,
projectile. Derived from *skeutanan.
*skuta-wuran sb.n.: ON pl. neut. skot-
yri scos, taunts, MHG schoz-wort id.
Compound of *skutan and *wuran.
Jn.xxrssox IEW 206 (*skuta- compared
with Gk kudzv to revile, to abuse);
Vnirs ANEW 500.
*skutilaz sb.m.: ON skutill harpoon, bolt,
skunkaz 346 skutilaz
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 346
OE scytel dart. Derived from *skutan.
286; Vnirs ANEW 508; Oxioxs 803, 825;
Srrnorr 418.
*skutiskaz adj.: ON skozkr nimble, alert,
MDu schotsch wrong, strange. Derived
from *skutan. Vnirs ANEW 500.
*skutiz sb.m.: ON skutr stern, OE scyte
shooting, OFris skete id., MLG schte id.,
OHG scuz throwing, shooting. Derived
from *skeutanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
*skutjn I sb.m.: ON skyti marksman,
OE scytta shooter, archer, OFris sketta
id., MLG schutte id., OHG skuzzo id.
Derived from *skeutanan or *skutan.
*skutjn II sb.f.: ON skytja little nook,
MLG schtte bulkhead. Derived from
*skutan. Vnirs ANEW 510.
*skutjanan wk.vb.: ON skota to shove,
OE scotian to move rapidly, OS skotn to
shoot, to throw, OHG scozzn to shoot,
to throw. Derived from *skutan. Hor+-
Srrnorr 418.
*skut(n) sb.f.: ON aust-skota scoop,
MHG dial. schoss bread shovel. Derived
from *skeutanan. Vnirs ANEW 500.
*skuwwuz adj.: Norw dial. skygg timid,
MLG schwe id. May be related to
*skawjanan. On the other hand, a direct
derivation from *skuwwn cannot be out-
ruled. Tonr-F.rk 467; Oxioxs 825;
Krtor-Srrnorr 718.
*skuwwjanan wk.vb.: ON skyggva, skyggja
to overshadow, OHG pres. scuit adum-
brat. Derived from *skuwwn. Tonr-
F.rk 466.
*skuwwn sb.m.: Goth skuggwa mirror,
ON skuggi shade, shadow, OE scwa id.,
OHG scwo look. Related to Skt skunti
to cover, Arm c'iw roof , OIr cl back
continuing IE *(s)eu6- to cover (\.x
Hrr+rx PBB XXX 247: separates
Goth). Ttckrn Notes 37 (to Lat sctum
shield); Unrrxnrck TNTL XXV 294 (to
*skawjanan); Tonr-F.rk 465; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 284; Fris+ 435; M.vn-
norrn III 508; Pokonxv I 951 (to *skeu-
lan ~ *sklan); Vnirs ANEW 506;
Z.rizxi.k I 154; Oxioxs 832; Lixrrv.x
Verschrfung 17.7; Vrxrnvrs C-2829;
Lrnv.xx GED 313.
*skbjanan wk.vb.: ON skfa to shove,
to push, OE scfan id., OFris skva id.,
MLG schuven id. Derived from *skeubanan
~ *skbanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 284;
*sku sb.f.: Swed skofvel shovel, OE sco
id., OS wind-ska id., OHG scvala,
schvel id. Derived from *skeubanan ~
*skbanan. Tonr-F.rk 470.
*sklan sb.n.: MLG schl asylum. Cf.
also OFris skl id. < *skl. Identical with
Gk sklon weapons stripped o a slain
enemy, spoils. Pokonxv I 951; Dvno
VSJa 26; Fnisk II 742743.
*skraz sb.m.: Icel skrr shelter, OFris
skre shelter, screen (neut.), OS skr
id., MHG schr shelter, screen. Related
to Lith skr skin, bark, Lat ob-scrus
dark, dusky. Tonr-F.rk 466; W.rrr-
Fn.rxkrr 822; Vnirs ANEW 507 (to
*skeulan ~ *sklan); Krtor-Srrnorr 714.
*skr ~ *skraz sb.f./m.: Goth skura
storm, shower, ON skr shower, OE
scr id., OFris skr t of illness; shower
(of rain), OS skr blows in battle, OHG
scr shower (< *skriz). May be con-
nected with Lat caurus northwest wind,
Arm c'urt cold, shower < *srdo-, Lith
iaurs North wind, Slav *sver north,
north wind (Scnvir+ KSB VI 149;
Mikkor. IF XVI 100). Tonr-F.rk
466467 (to *skwjanan); Woor MLN
XXI 228; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 303304;
Mrirrr+ Etudes 410; Bo. RFV LXVII
597; Cnrvor.xo\ SSGJa I 5556; Vnirs
ANEW 507; Fn.rxkrr 978; Z.rizxi.k II
197; Szrvrnrxvi KZ LXX 65; Oxioxs
*sktn sb.f.: ON skta small craft, cut-
skutilaz 347 sktn
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 347
ter, MDu schte at-bottomed boat.
Derived from *skeutanan (Onrv.nks apud
Vnirs 507). Vnirs ANEW 507508;
Oxioxs 800.
*skwakkjanan wk.vb.: ON skvakka to
splash, E dial. squack to shout loudly. Of
imitative origin. See *kwakjanan. Vnirs
ANEW 508.
*skwelpanan str.vb.: Norw skvelpa to
rinse. Probably related to Lith skalbi,
ska
lbti to do laundry. Tonr-F.rk 477;

Fn.rxkrr 793.
*sk(w)uljanan wk.vb.: ON skola to
wash, MLG scholen to stream, to ow.
Probably related to Lith skaluju, skaluti
to wash (Ztri+z. Gutt. 47). Tonr-F.rk
*skwulpjanan wk.vb.: Icel skolpa to
rinse, LG schulpen to splash. Derived
from *skwelpanan. Tonr-F.rk 477;
Vnirs ANEW 498 (to *sk(w)uljanan).
*slabbjanan wk.vb.: Swed dial. slabba
to botch, MDu slabben to smirch. Re-
lated to *slpanan. Tonr-F.rk 537;
Pokonxv I 656.
*slaan sb.n.: Norw dial. slad valley, OE
sld at piece of grass, valley. Probably
related to Lith slEdnas at. Hrxrniksrx
IF LVI 28 (to Slav *sld trace < *sloid-
hos); Tonr-F.rk 535; Hor+n.tsrx IF XX
326 (to Lat lma slough, bog, fen),
AEEW 297; Fn.rxkrr 828; Vnirs ANEW
516517 (to Slav *led ice); Oxioxs 833;
Lr\icki IF CIII 221 (to IE *slei- to
slide).
*slaan I sb.n.: ON slag blow, stroke,
MLG slach lock, bolt. Derived from
*slaxanan. Vnirs ANEW 512.
*slaan II sb.n.: ON slag wetness, MLG
slagge rainy weather. Probably related
to Lith lkas drop, spot < *(s)loko-.
Krtor-Srrnorr 723.
*slaiz sb.m.: Goth slahs blow, ON slagr
id., OE slee id., OFris slei id., OS slegi id.,
OHG slag id. Derived from *slaxanan.
298; Fris+ 436; Vnirs ANEW 513; Z.riz-
*slaj(n) sb.f.: ON sleggja sledge-
hammer, OE slec id., Du slegge id.
Derived from *slaiz. Tonr-F.rk 534;
*slajanan wk.vb.: ON slaga to tack, to
cruise, OFris slagia to beat, OLG slagn
id., OHG slagn to strike together. Based
on *slaan, *slaiz. Vnirs ANEW 513.
*slaxanan str.vb.: Goth slahan to strike,
ON sl id., OE slen id., OFris sl id., OS
slahan id., OHG slahan to strike, to
smite. Related to MIr slacc sword,
slachta struck (S+okrs KZ XLI 388).
S\.xnrno APS III 260 (to *slenwanan);
Vnirs ANEW 512; Vrxrnvrs S-124;
GED 314; Lr\icki IF CIII 222 (to IE
*slei- to strike, to cut); Krtor-Srrnorr
722724.
*slax(n) sb.f.: ON sl bar, bolt, cross-
beam, OE sl, sleahe weavers reed,
MLG slage beating tool. Derived from
*slaxanan. Tonr-F.rk 533; Hor+n.tsrx
*slaxt(n) sb.f.: ON sltta mowing, OFris
mon-slachta manslaughter, OS man-slahta
murder, OHG slachta massacre. De-
rived from *slaxanan. Tonr-F.rk 533;
722.
*slaxtuz ~ *slaxtiz sb.m.: ON slttr
mowing, smiting, OE sliht, sleaht strik-
ing, slaughter. Derived from *slaxanan.
Tonr-F.rk 533.
*slaixwa-urnuz ~ *slaixwa-urnaz
sb.m.: Dan slaa-torn sloe, OE slh-orn
id., MLG sl-dorn id. Compound of
*slaixwn ~ *slaixwaz and *urnuz ~ *ur-
naz. Tonr-F.rk 532.
*slaixwn ~ *slaixwaz sb.m./f.: Dan
slaa sloe-thorn, OE slh id., MLG sl
sktn 348 slaixwn
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 348
id., OHG slha id. Related to OIr l
color, Lat lue to be blue (Scnn.rrn-
Nrnnixo I 149, II 181). Tonr-F.rk 532
(to Slav *sliva prune); Hor+n.tsrx
Srrnorr 725726.
*slaipaz adj.: ON sleipr slippery, MDu
sleep rising at an angle, OHG sleif
smooth, slippery. Derived from *slpa-
nan. K.ns+rx NB I 6061; Tonr-F.rk
539; Krtor 655656; Jn.xxrssox IEW
729731; Pokonxv I 663 (to Gk librw
slippery); Vnirs ANEW 514 (to ON
sleppa to slip, to slide); Srrnorr 429
*slait(n) sb.f.: ON sleita backsliding,
MLG slt wooden pole, MHG sleize
splinter. Derived from *sltanan. Vnirs
ANEW 514 (to Lith sklaidti to disperse).
*slaiwaz adj.: ON slr, sljr blunt, dull,
OE slw sluggish, slow, WFris sleau
slow, OS slu despondent, cowardly,
OHG slo blunt, withered, tepid. With-
out reliable external connections. A
semantic interaction with *slakwaz cannot
be excluded. Fnirsrx SVSU VII/2 19
(reconstructs *slaiwjaz); Bntov.xx Grund-
ri II/1 202 (to Lat laeuus left, Skt
srevyant- causing miscarriage); K.ns+rx
NB II 417418; Tonr-F.rk 532533;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 297298 (follows
Bntov.xx); Vnirs ANEW 518; Oxioxs
v.xxs 505506.
*slaiwjanan wk.vb.: ON sljva to blunt,
OE -slwian to be heavy, OHG
slwn to become limp, to become blunt.
Derived from *slaiwaz. Hor+n.tsrx
v.xxs 505.
*slakwaz adj.: ON slakr slack, OE
slc slack, inactive, lazy, slow, OS slak
despondent, cowardly, OHG slah.
Derived from *slekwanan (see *slakwjanan).
ANEW 513 (to Russ pereslga defect in a
fabric); Oxioxs 833; Ltnn Expr. 229 (to
Gk lgnow lecherous, lustful); Hrirrn-
*slakwjanan wk.vb.: ON slkkva to extin-
guish, OE e-sleccan to make slack, OS
sleckian to deaden, to weaken. Causative
of str. *slekwanan > ON part. slokinn to
extinguish, to run out. Related to Lith
slgiu, slgti to press, to squeeze. Cf. also
a similar secondary sux in Lat langue
to be faint (Prnssox Beitrge 131).
298; Pirrixo Xenia 146; Pokonxv I 962;
Hrirrnv.xxs 506.
*slampjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. slampa
to be negligent, MHG slampen to sag.
Close to Lith slamb, slbti to weaken.
See *slabbjanan, *slpanan. Tonr-F.rk
537; Fn.rxkrr 825826.
*slanwjanan wk.vb.: ON slngva to
sling, MLG slengen to hurl, to ing,
OHG slangen to throw. Derived from
*slenwanan. Tonr-F.rk 536; Vnirs
*slankaz adj.: Swed dial. slank long and
slender, MLG slank exible, slack,
MHG slanc slender. Derived from
*slenkanan. Ztn.+v LF XX 406 (to Slav
*sl=ga pole); Tonr-F.rk 536.
*slaupjanan wk.vb.: Goth af-slaupjan to
put o, to make slip o, OE slpan to
slip, to glide, OFris slpa to transfer, OS
slpian to let loose, OHG sloufen to join,
to connect. Causative of *sleupanan ~
*slpanan. Tonr-F.rk 542; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 299; Fris+ 9; Srrnorr 436.
*slautn sb.m.: E sleet, LG pl. slten hail,
MHG slz id. Close to Slav *slud crust
of ice (Pr+rnssox BSl. 62). Tonr-F.rk
541; Lrvv IF XXXII 158 (to Lat lutum);
Oxioxs 834; Sninoko\ VBK 204 (to Alb
ledh mud, clay, OPrus laydis clay);
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 676677.
*slenanan str.vb.: Goth fra-slindan to
devour, to swallow up, OS pret. sg. far-
sland id., OHG slintan id. Of unknown
etymology. Gnirxnrnorn Got. 74 (to
Lith sklendi, skl.sti to y, to hover);
slaixwn 349 slenanan
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 349
Tonr-F.rk 536537; Fris+ 164165;
Jon.xssox PBB XIV 326 (to *slanan);
M.vnnorrn III 558 (to Skt srdhati to
fail, to err); Pokonxv I 960961;
Srrnorr 432 (to Lith lend, lsti to
creep); Lrnv.xx GED 125; Krtor-
Srrnorr 728.
*slenwanan str.vb.: ON slyngva, slyngja
to throw, to sling, OE slinan to wind,
to twist, MLG slingen, slengen to wind,
OHG slingan to decay. A variant of
*len(w)anan? On the other hand, may be
related to Lith slenk, slikti to crawl (see
*slenkanan). Ztri+z. Gutt. 6970 (to Lat
lquis crooked); Tonr-F.rk 536; Hor-
+n.tsrx AEEW 299; Jn.xxrssox IEW
*slenkanan str.vb.: OSwed pret. slank to
creep, OE slincan to crawl, WFris slinke
to reduce, to decrease, MLG slinken to
decrease. Despite the irregular corre-
spondence of velars, can be related to
Lith slenk, slikti to crawl (Ztri+z.
Gutt. 6970). On the other hand, cf. a
certain semantic anity with *slenwanan.
269; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 299; Srxx
Sprache V 182186 (Lith < Gmc);
*sleupanan ~ *slpanan str.vb.: Goth
sliupan to slip, to slide, OE slpan to slip,
to glide, WFris slpe id., MLG slpen id.,
OHG ir-sliofan to come (out). No reliable
external parallels except for Toch AB
lup- to rub lightly, to smear (Dtcnrsxr-
Gtirrrvix BSL XLI 152). Conssrx KB
430 (to Lat lbricus slippery); Fick I 577
(same as Conssrx); Ztri+z. Gutt. 28;
Tonr-F.rk 542; Fris+ 438 (to Lat lbricus
slippery, Lith slbnas languid, dull,
weak); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 300;
SGGJa I 91; Oxioxs 836; Srrnorr
*sleutanan ~ *sltanan str.vb.: OFris
slta to close, OS part. ut-bi-slotenun
seclusis, OHG bi-sliozan to close. A vari-
ant of *ltanan? Firnrixorn KZ XXVII
191 (to Lat claud to limp, to be lame);
Jon.xssox PBB XIV 289291 (same as
Firnrixorn); Tonr-F.rk 541; Pokonxv I
604605; Srrnorr 436437 (follows
Firnrixorn); Krtor-Srrnorr 727.
*slpanan str.vb.: Goth slepan to sleep,
OE slpan id., OFris slpa id., OS slpan
id., OHG slfan id. Related to Lith slb-
nas weak, slobst, slbti to weaken, Slav
*slab id. (Ztri+z. Gutt. 2728; Hin+
PBB XXIII 292, Idg. Gr. II 130). Fick
Glotta II 128 (to Gk lgv to stay, to
abate); Bntov.xx IF VI 96 (to Lat lab
to totter, to be ready to fall); Prnssox
Beitrge 489; Tonr-F.rk 537; Tn.t+v.xx
BSW 270; Scnvrx+xrn KZ LXVI 260;
*slpaz sb.m.: Goth sleps sleep, OE slp
id., OFris slp id., OS slp id., OHG
slf id. Related to *slpanan. Tonr-F.rk
GED 315.
*slin sb.m.: ON slei sledge, OS slido
id., OHG slito id. Derived from *slanan.
Srrnorr 728.
*slirjanan wk.vb.: Norw slidra to slide,
to slip, OE slidrian, slidorian id., LG slid-
deren id., G schlittern id. An emphatic
derivative of *slanan. Tonr-F.rk 539;
512.
*slixtaz adj.: Goth slaihts smooth, even,
ON slttr plain, at, even, smooth, OE
adv. eor-slihtes in an earth-destroying
manner, OFris sliucht simple, OS sliht
decorated, ornamented, OHG sleht
smooth, mild. Derived from *slkanan
(Ztri+z. BB XXV 97). K.ns+rx NB II
318; Fnornrr BB III 5 (to Gk Hom adv.
slenanan 350 slixtaz
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 350
lgdhn grazing); Fris+ 436437; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 299; Krtor 638639;
Oxioxs 834835; Vrxrnvrs S-133;
*slixtjanan wk.vb.: ON sltta to make
plain, to level, OHG slihten to smooth,
to quiet. Derived from *slixtaz. Vnirs
*slimbaz adj.: MLG slim bent, crooked,
OHG slimb id. Related to Latv slps
slanting, sloped without nasal (Lrvv KZ
XX 561). Further cf. *slpanan. Tonr-
F.rk 538; Pokonxv I 657; Oxioxs 835;
Ltnn Expr. 148150; Hrirrnv.xxs 513.
*slipraz adj.: OE slipor slippery, MLG
slipper id., OHG slear id. Close to Gk
librn: lisyhrn, leon, pisfalw
(Hes.). Derived from *slpanan. Tonr-
Pokonxv I 663; Ats+ix Language XVII
87; Fnisk II 376; Hrirrnv.xxs 514.
*slitan sb.n.: ON slit tear, slit, OE lah-slit
ne payable for the breach, OFris slit
slit, OHG gi-sliz split. Derived from
*sltanan. Vnirs ANEW 516; Srrnorr
430.
*slitn sb.f.: ON slita tearing, splitting,
MLG slete wear, wear and tear. See
*slitan. Vnirs ANEW 516.
*slanan str.vb.: OE sldan to slide,
MLG slden id. (stem?), OHG bi-sltan to
make slippery, to lubricate. Related to
Skt srdhati to fail, to err, Gk lisynv
to slip (based on *liy-), Lith slstu, slsti
to slide, to slip (Unrrxnrck PBB XXVI
294295). Tonr-F.rk 539; Hor+n.t-
srx AEEW 298; M.vnnorrn III 558;
*slkanan str.vb.: MLG sliken to creep,
OHG slhhan id. Related to OIr sligim
to smear, Slav *slzk smooth,
slime (Scnrr+rrovi+z KZ LIV 248).
Krtor-Srrnorr 726.
*slkaz adj.: ON slkr sleek, smooth,
MLG sbst. slk mud, MHG sbst. slch id.
Related to *slkanan. Ztri+z. Gutt. 199;
Tn.t+v.xx BSW 270; Pokonxv I 664;
III 671672.
*slman sb.n.: ON slm slime, OE slm id.
(masc. or neut.?), OFris slm id., MLG
slm id. (masc., neut.), OHG slm id.
(masc.). Related to Gk leimn moist
place, meadow, Lat lmus mud, slime,
OIr slm slime. Cf. also *slkaz, *slkanan.
*slpanan str.vb.: OFris slpa to sharpen,
MLG slpen to grind, to smoothen (str.
and wk.), OHG slfan to smoothen, to
whet. Related to *slimbaz, *slipraz.
*sltanan str.vb.: ON slta to slit, to
break, OE sltan to slit, to tear, OFris
slta to wear out, OS sltan to split,
OHG slzan to cut, to tear. Of unknown
origin. Jon.xssox PBB XIV 316 (to Lat
laed to hurt, to wound); Tonr-F.rk 538
(to Lith skleidi, sklesti to spread);
IEW 845850; Pokonxv I 923927;
*sljaz adj.: Goth sleis (or sleideis) dan-
gerous, erce, ON slr fearful, OE sle
dire, hard, cruel, OS slthi cruel,
wicked. Related to *laiaz (S.tsstnr
Mmoire 75: to Gk litanv to sin;
Gnirxnrnorn Got. 192193). Prnssox
UU 1891 48 (to Skt srdhati to fail, to
err); K.ns+rx NB II 448; Tonr-F.rk
314315; Gnirrrx+noo KZ CIV 111;
Hrirrnv.xxs 509.
*slwan ~ *slwaz sb.n./m.: ON sl
water-cotton, OE slw a kind of sh,
tench, MLG sl slimy water plant,
slixtaz 351 slwan
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 351
OHG slo a kind of sh, tench. Prob-
ably connected with *slman (Prnssox
Wurzelerw. 110). Tonr-F.rk 538; Hor+-
518 (to Gk linew a kind of sea sh,
Lith lnas tench); Krtor-Srrnorr 726.
*sljanan wk.vb.: ON sla to trail,
early Du slooien to tow, to carry. Related
to *slaan. Tonr-F.rk 535; Vnirs
ANEW 518.
*sljn sb.f.: ON pl. slur gown that
trails along the ground, MDu slooye train
(of dress). Related to *sljanan. Vnirs
ANEW 518.
*slurjanan wk.vb.: ON slora to trail
oneself along, Du slodderen to sway,
to rock back and forth, MHG slotern
to shake. An expressive derivative of
*sljanan. Tonr-F.rk 542; Pokonxv I
*slukan ~ *slukn sb.n./m.: ON slok
water gutter, OE sloca bit, morsel,
MLG sloke throat. Derived from
*slkanan. Tonr-F.rk 540; Hor+n.tsrx
ANEW 517.
*slumaz adj.: Norw dial. slum slack,
abby. Related to Goth slawan to be
silent? Gnirxnrnorn Got. 192 (Goth
slawan to Gk lgv to stay, to abate,
Lat langue to be faint); Tonr-F.rk
314.
*slumaz ~ *slumn sb.m.: ODan slum
slumber, OE sluma id. Substantivized
*slumaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 300;
*slumjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. sluma to
weaken, MLG slmen to sleep, late
MHG slumen id. Derived from *slumaz.
*slumpaz sb.m.: Norw slump accident,
chance, MLG slump id. Related to *slam-
pjanan. Tonr-F.rk 537.
*slunaz sb.m.: ON adv. slund-samliga
abbily, OS slund gullet, throat, OHG
slunt id. Derived from *slenanan.
Lrnv.xx GED 125.
*sluppaz sb.m.: ON sloppr a kind of
gown, OE slop loose upper garment,
ME sloppe id. Derived from *sleupanan ~
*slpanan. Tonr-F.rk 542; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 300; M.n+ixr+ Gm. 192; Vnirs
*slutan sb.n.: ON vind-slot abatement,
MLG slot door-bolt, lock, OHG sloz
lock, bolt. Derived from *sleutanan ~
*sltanan. Pokonxv I 963; Oxioxs 836;
Srrnorr 436.
*slutjanan wk.vb.: ON slota to hang
down, to droop, G dial. schlossen to be-
come slack. Connected with *slurjanan?
*slw ~ *slxw sb.f.: Norw sl
eshy kernel in a horn or a hoof , ME
slghe stripped hide, MLG sl shell,
hull. Close to Slav *lya pole, keel, ski
< *lg(h). Tonr-F.rk 541; Pokonxv I
964 (to Lith liaUti to crawl); V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ II 540.
*slkanan str.vb.: Norw slka to swal-
low, MLG slken id., MHG schlchen to
intertwine. Related to Gk lzv to swal-
low, OIr sluccim id. Tonr-F.rk 540;
Tonr-F.rk 540; Pokonxv I 964; Fnisk II
142; Srrnorr 435.
*slrn ~ *slraz sb.m.: Norw dial. slre
idler, MHG slr id. Cf. *slurjanan,
*slutjanan. Tonr-F.rk 540.
*smait( j)az adj.: ON smeittr enamelled,
OE smte pure, rened. Derived from
*smtanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 301;
Vnirs ANEW 519.
*smaitjanan wk.vb.: Norw smeita to
strike, MHG smeizen to throw, to defe-
cate. Derived from *smait( j)az. Vnirs
ANEW 519 (to *smxiz).
*smak(k)n ~ *smak(k)az sb.m.: Goth
smakka g, OE smcc taste, OFris smaka
id., MLG smak id., OHG smac id. Related
to Lith smags merry, cheerful (Ztri+z.
Gutt. 165166). Tonr-F.rk 526 (to Lith
smaguria tidbits); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
Irricn-S\i+vcn EIRJa 7173 (on Slav
*smoky g); Oxioxs 837; Krtor-Srrnorr
731.
*smakjanan wk.vb.: Swed smaka to
slwan 352 smakjanan
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 352
taste, OFris smakia id. Derived from
*smak(k)n ~ *smak(k)az. Tonr-F.rk 526.
*smakjanan ~ *smakkjanan
wk.vb.: Swed smacka to smack, OE sma-
cian id., MLG smacken id. Related to Lith
smagi, smgti to og, to ing, to hurl,
Slav *smagati id. (Ztri+z. Gutt. 165).
Fn.rxkrr 848.
*smalaz adj.: Goth smals small, ON smalr
id., OE sml id., OFris smel slim, thin,
OS smal id., OHG smal id. Probably
related to Gk mlon small cattle, Lat
malus bad, Slav *mal small (Sorvsrx
KZ XXXVII 17). See *mlan III.
K.ns+rx NB II 266267; Brnxrkrn II
13; Sorvsrx KZ XXXVII 18; Tonr-F.rk
I 724; Vnirs ANEW 519; Fnisk II 226
227; Oxioxs 837; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ II
orn Nom. 249; Hrirrnv.xxs 517518;
Krtor-Srrnorr 730.
*smalxjaz adj.: MHG smelhe small, little.
Related to Lett sma
lks little, small, sma
lce
new shoot on the tree and, with a
dierent vocalism, to Lith smulks little,
small. Further connected with *smalaz.
Tonr-F.rk 528; Fn.rxkrr 839840,
849850.
*smalxj sb.f.: Norw smele, smylve Aira
exuosa, MHG smelha id. Substantivized
*smalxjaz. Tonr-F.rk 528.
*smaln ~ *smalan sb.m./n.: ON smali
small cattle, MHG smal-nz id. Con-
nected with *smalaz. Vnirs ANEW 519;
Lrnv.xx GED 316.
*smaltan ~ *smultan sb.n.: Norw smolt
melted fat, OE smolt lard, MLG smalt,
smolt fat, OHG smalz melted fat, lard.
Derived from *smeltanan. Cf. also *maltan.
*smauaz adj.: OE smah subtle. Derived
from *smeuanan ~ *smanan. Formally
identical with Latv smaugs slender. Tonr-
*smaujanan wk.vb.: ON smeygja to
make slip, OE smean to consider,
to meditate, MHG sich smougen to
cling. Derived from *smeuanan ~
*smanan. Tonr-F.rk 531532; Hor+-
Srrnorr 440.
*smeltanan str.vb.: OSwed smlta to
melt, WFris smelte id., OS smeltan id.,
OHG smelzan id. A variant of *meltanan.
Tonr-F.rk 528529; Pokonxv I 716
*smeltaz sb.m.: Dan smelt kind of sh,
Osmerus eperlanus, OE smelt smelt, Du
smelt Ammodytes tobianus. Derived
from *smeltanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
301; Vnirs ANEW 519520.
*sme
2
rjanan wk.vb.: OE smerian to
laugh, to scorn, OHG smiern to smile.
Connected with Toch AB smi- to smile,
Skt smyate to smile, to blush, smera-
smiling, Latv smite to laugh, Slav
*smjati s id. Prrrnsrx IF V 41;
Tn.t+v.xx BSW 270271; Scnvrx+xrn
KZ LXIII 262263; Scnvvzrn IF XLV
*smertanan str.vb.: OE smeortan to
smart, MDu smerten to be painful, OHG
smerzan to wound, to cause pain. Prob-
ably related to Lith smrdiu, smirdti to
stink, Slav *smrdti id. Prnssox Ger. 68
(to Lat morde to bite); Os+norr Etym.
9495 (same as Prnssox); Tonr-F.rk
527; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 271; Hor+-
737; Fn.rxkrr 847848; Oxioxs 838;
*smerwan ~ *smerwn sb.n./m.: ON
smjr grease, butter, OE smeoru fat,
grease, OFris smere pus, OS smero fat,
butter, OHG smer, smero id. Related to
Toch B mare oil, OIr smiur, smir mar-
row. Ttckrn Notes 35 (to Lith smrsas
fat); Fris+ 438; Tonr-F.rk 527;
smakjanan 353 smerwan
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 353
Pokonxv II 690 (to Gk smv to rub, to
anoint); Pokonxv I 971 (to Gk smriw
emery-powder); Vnirs ANEW 520;
Vrxrnvrs S-142; Z.rizxi.k I 146;
Ar.vs TB 668.
*smerwislan sb.n.: ON smyrsl ointment,
OE smirels id. (masc.). Derived from
*smerwjanan. M.ns+n.xrrn NTS I 244
245 (to Lat medulla marrow < *(s)meusl);
521.
*smerwjanan wk.vb.: ON smyrva, smyrja
to anoint, OE smirwan to smear, MLG
smeren id., OHG smirwen id. Derived from
*smerwan ~ *smerwn. Tonr-F.rk 527;
Srrnorr 732.
*smeuanan ~ *smanan str.vb.: ON
smjga to creep (through a hole), to
pierce, OE sman to creep, to crawl,
MHG smiugen id. Related to Lith smunk,
smkti to glide o, Slav *smykati to whisk,
to crawl (Fick KZ XX 366). Ztri+z.
Gutt. 138139 (to Lat mucr sharp point,
edge); Tonr-F.rk 531532; Tn.t+v.xx
520; Oxioxs 839; S+.xo LS 51; Srrnorr
*smeukanan str.vb.: OE smecan to
smoke, Du smieken to burn, to smoke.
Related to Lith smugiu, smugti to stran-
gle, Slav *smuga black spot, stripe? Cf.
further, with a dierent velar, Gk smxv
to burn in a slow re and Slav *smaga
re, ame. Ztri+z. Gutt. 166; Tonr-
Krtor 662663; Pokonxv I 971;
Fn.rxkrr 841; Fnisk II 752; Oxioxs 839;
Srrnorr 440441; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\
III 682683, 693.
*smezilaz ~ *smeziln sb.m.: ON
smyrill merlin, a kind of hawk, MHG
smirle id. Related to Lat merula id. and
Celt *mesalk or *misalk > W mwyalch
(see *amsln). Tonr-F.rk 527; Vnirs
ANEW 521 (to MHG smerle loach, Gk
smarw small sea-sh, Smaris vulgaris).
*smxaz adj.: ON smr little, small, OS
sm-wort contemptuous word, OHG
smh small. Any connection with *smalaz
or *smikraz? Ctn+its Gr. Et. 693 (to Gk
smkrw little, short); Prnssox UU 1891
1011 (to Gk makednw tall, taper, Lat
macer soft, tender); Hin+ Ablaut 37;
*smxjanan wk.vb.: ON for-sm to
despise, OFris for-smia to spurn, OHG
bi-smhn to show contempt. Derived
from *smxaz. Tonr-F.rk 526; Vnirs
*smikraz adj.: OE smicer ne, fair, beau-
tiful, OHG smeckar delicate, ne. De-
spite the irregular *-k-, somehow related
to Gk smkrw, mkrw little, small.
966967 (to Lith miti to remain small);
*smittjanan ~ *smittjanan wk.vb.:
Norw dial. smita to smear in a thin layer,
OE smittian to smear, MLG smitten to
make dirty, MHG bi-smizzen to smear.
Related to *smtanan. Tonr-F.rk 530.
*smia-baliz sb.m.: ON smi-belgr bel-
lows, OE smi-bel id. Compound of
*smiaz and *baliz. C.nn Nom. comp.
*smiaz sb.m.: ON smir smith, crafts-
man (also u- and i-stems), OE smi
smith, OFris smith id., OS smith id.,
OHG smid id. Cf. also Goth aiza-smia
copper-smith < *-smin. Derivative in
*-to- based on IE *smei- to spread, to
smear, cf. Gk smv id., Gmc *smtanan.
Semantically, this development is close to
that of Slav *kaliti to temper (of metals)
derived from *kal dirt. This shift
implies an intermediate stage to dip
the metal into water or liquid clay
smerwan 354 smiaz
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 354
(Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa IX 124). Po+rnxi.
RFV IV 209 (to Slav *md copper);
Bntov.xx IF VI 93 (to Gk smlh knife,
chisel); Tonr-F.rk 529; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 302; Fris+ 3132; Pokonxv I 966,
838; Lrnv.xx GED 23 (to *maitanan);
Krtor-Srrnorr 732.
*smijn sb.f.: ON smija smithy, OE
smie id., OFris smithe id., MLG smede id.,
OHG smitta id. Derived from *smiaz.
*smijanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-smion to
forge, OE smiian id., MLG smeden id.,
OHG smidn id. Derived from *smiaz.
Oxioxs 838.
*smtanan str.vb.: Goth ga-smeitan to
smear, OE smtan id., OFris smta id.,
MLG smiten id., OHG bi-smzan id.
Related to Arm mic dirt, Slav *smd
dark brown (Scnrr+rrovi+z BB XXIX
30) and further to Gk smv to smear.
Po++ EF I 253 (to Lat mitt to send);
B.n+norov.r ZdWf VI 354355 (to Av
ha-msta- thrown down); Tonr-F.rk
302; Pokonxv I 966; Cn.x+n.ixr
1027; Oxioxs 838; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\
III 684; Srrnorr 437438 (follows Po++);
731.
*smjan sb.n.: ON smi smiths work,
MLG smde id., OHG gi-smdi metal.
Related to *smiaz. Tonr-F.rk 529;
Vnirs ANEW 520.
*sm sb.f.: ON sm craft, smiths
work, OHG smda metal, piece of metal
(to be worked on). Related to *smiaz.
*smu(n) sb.f.: ON smuga narrow cleft
to creep through, hole, OE -smou
snakes skin. Derived from *smeuanan ~
*smanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 303;
Vnirs ANEW 520.
*smukkaz sb.m.: ON smokkr smock (with
an opening in front), OE smocc smock,
MLG smuck shirt, OHG smoccho under-
wear (< *smukkn). Of unknown origin.
Tonr-F.rk 532 (to *smeuanan ~ *sma-
nan); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 303; M.n+ixr+
Gm. 192; Pokonxv I 745 (to IE *(s)meug-
~ *(s)meuk- to glide); Vnirs ANEW 520;
440.
*smuzljanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. smolla
to smile, MHG smollen id. Of imitative
origin. Tonr-F.rk 531.
*snabbn sb.m.: OFris snabba mouth,
MLG snabbe beak. Close to Lith sn-
pas id. Tonr-F.rk 520; Fn.rxkrr 851
852.
*snaiinaz sb.m.: ON sneiingr zigzag
path, OE sndin meal (fem.). Derived
from *snaiiz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 303;
Vnirs ANEW 523.
*snaiiz sb.f.: ON snei slice, OE snd
cut, slice, morsel, bit, OFris snde slice.
Derived from *snanan. Tonr-F.rk
*snaijanan wk.vb.: ON sneia to cut into
slices, to walk zigzag, OE sndan to slice,
OHG sneiten id. Derived from *snanan.
*snaiwa-xwtaz adj.: ON sn-hvtr
snow-white, OE snw-hwt id., OFris
snie-wyt id., MLG sn-wt id., MHG sn-
wz id. Compound of *snaiwaz and *xw-
taz. C.nn Nom. comp. 60.
*snaiwaz sb.m.: Goth snaiws snow (a-
or i-stem), ON snr, snjr (gen.sg. snvar ~
sns) id., OE snw id., OFris sn id., OS
sno id., OHG sno id. Etymologically
connected with Toch B icatstse snowy,
Prakrit sieha- < *sneha- id., Av snaa- to
snow, Gk acc. nfa snow, Thrac (?)
nba: xina. ka krnhn (Hes.), Lat nix
id., Ir snigid to rain, to snow, Lith snigas
snow, Latv snegs, Slav *sng id. (Ktnx
KZ I 138). See *snwanan. Scnvrizrn
KZ I 479 (to Skt snti to bathe); Hin+
Urgerm. II 42 (on the suxation); Ztri+z.
smiaz 355 snaiwaz
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 355
Gutt. 100; B.n+norov.r 1626; Prrrnsrx
Kelt. Gr. I 85; Tonr-F.rk 522; Tn.t+-
440; Dr+scnrv Thr. 331; Ponzio Gliede-
rung 141; Pokonxv I 974; Cnrvor.xo\
SSGJa I 56; Fn.rxkrr 853; Vnirs ANEW
Oxioxs 841; Srrnorr 442, KZ LXXX
629630.
*snaiwjanan wk.vb.: ON snjva to
snow, ME snwen id., MDu sneeuwen,
snouwen, snwen id. Derived from *snai-
waz. Vnirs ANEW 525.
*snaisjanan wk.vb.: ON sneisa to spit a
sausage, to coil a sausage up, OE snsan
to spit, to run through with a pointed
weapon, MHG sneisen to thread, to line
up. Derived from *snais. Hor+n.tsrx
*snais sb.f.: ON sneis skewer, OE sns,
sns spit, skewer, OFris sns twenty
pieces, MLG snse branch, measure of
720 shes, MHG sneise row, string on
which items are put in a line. Prob-
ably derived from *snanan. Tonr-F.rk
*snakanan str.vb.: OHG snahhan to
crawl. Related to OIr snaighim id.
W.rrr-Pokonxv II 697692; Pokonxv I
974; Oxioxs 840; Srrnorr 441442.
*snakkj(n) sb.f.: ON snekkja a kind of
swift-sailing ship, OE snacc swift-sailing
vessel, OHG snagga ship with a prow.
Derived from *sn-: Skt snti to bathe,
Gk nv to swim, Lat n id., OIr snim
id. Bntov.xx IF XX 221223; Tonr-
F.rk 519 (to Norw dial. snaga to
stick out); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 303;
310311.
*snakn ~ *snkaz sb.m.: ON snkr
snake, OE snaca id., MLG snake id. (fem.).
Derived from *snakanan. Ztri+z. Gutt.
Lrncnxrn 196; Srrnorr 441; Lr\icki IF
CIII 220; Krtor-Srrnorr 734.
*snallaz sb.m.: MHG snal swift move-
ment. Related to *snellaz (and conrm-
ing this reconstruction of the latter).
Hrirrnv.xxs 525.
*snalljanan wk.vb.: ON snellask to strap
forcefully, MDu snellen to move fast,
MHG snellen to click, to snap. Derived
from *snallaz. Hrirrnv.xxs 525.
*snappnan ~ *snappjanan wk.vb.:
ON snapa to snue, Du snappen to
snatch, MHG snappen id. Of unknown
origin. Cf. probably *snabbn. Tonr-
F.rk 520; Vnirs ANEW 522; Krtor-
Srrnorr 734.
*snarxan sb.n.: Norw dial. snar intertwin-
ing, knot, MLG snar string. Substan-
tivized *snarxaz. Tonr-F.rk 521.
*snarxaz adj.: ON snarr hard-twisted (of
a rope), swift, keen, OE snear nimble,
strong, MDu snare nimble, skillful.
Derived from *snerxanan. K.ns+rx NB I
523 (to *snarxn); Hrirrnv.xxs 522.
*snarxn sb.f.: ON snara snare, OE
snearu noose, snare, MLG snare string,
OHG snaraha id. Related to Gk nrkh
numbness, deadness. Derived from
*snerxanan. Tonr-F.rk 521; Jn.xxrs-
*snarpaz adj.: ON snarpr rough to the
touch, sharp. Related to Arm snerb nar-
row (Scnnorrn IF XVII 461). Derived
from *snerpanan. Fick I 575 (to Gk
norb: kal, Hes., norbe: ntametai,
Hes., Arm snerb narrow); Ztri+z. Gutt.
*snarpjanan wk.vb.: Goth at-snarpjan to
grasp, to touch, ON snerpa to whet.
Derived from *snarpaz or from *snerpanan.
GED 46.
snaiwaz 356 snarpjanan
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 356
*snatn sb.f./m.: ON snata spear, OHG
snazo pike. Probably related to Slav
*snaditi to x together, *snast instru-
ment, tool, weapons. Vnirs ANEW 523
(to ON snt gentlewoman); V.svrn-
*snatrjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. snatra to
sni, to crinkle, MLG snateren to chat-
ter. Of imitative origin. Cf. *snawwjanan
~ *snuwwjanan. Tonr-F.rk 519.
*snauaz ~ *snaujaz adj.: ON snaur
poor, stripped, bereft, MLG snde con-
temptible, worthless, MHG snde con-
temptible, servile. Derived from *sneu-
anan. Ztri+z. BB XXV 95 (to Skt
kuti to whet); K.ns+rx NB II
395397; Tonr-F.rk 524525; Krtor
523; Srrnorr 445 (reconstructs *snauaz);
Hrirrnv.xxs 523.
*sn(a)ujanan wk.vb.: ON sneya to
bereave, OE be-snyian to deprive.
Derived from *sneuanan. Tonr-F.rk
524; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 305; Srrnorr
445.
*snawwaz adj.: ON snggr short,
smooth, sudden, brief , MLG snouw,
snaw rapid, shrewd, skillful. Derived
from *snew(w)anan. K.ns+rx NB II
527; Lixrrv.x Verschrfung 146147;
Hrirrnv.xxs 524; Dvno BSA 27 (with
oxytonic shortening).
*snawwjanan ~ *snuwwjanan
wk.vb.: Norw dial. snugga to sni, to
scent, MHG snouwen to sni, to wheeze.
Derived from *snawwaz. Tonr-F.rk
524.
*sneilaz sb.m.: ON snigill snail, OE
sneel id., OS snegil id., OHG snegil id.
Derived from *snen. Tonr-F.rk 519;
I 135; Oxioxs 839840; Krtor-Srrnorr
735.
*snen sb.m.: MLG snigge snail, OHG
sneggo id. Related to Lith snk id. con-
nected with IE *sn- to ow, to swim.
For the sux cf., probably, the Greek
present nxv < *sngh. Pokonxv I
971972; Fn.rxkrr 851 (Lith < G dial.
schnak snail); Vnirs ANEW 524; Krtor-
Srrnorr 735.
*snellaz adj.: ON snjallr swift, good,
excellent, valliant, OE snell quick, active,
strong, OFris snell quick, fast, OS snell
valiant, pugnacious, spright, OHG snel
brave, deft, lively. Of unknown origin.
K.ns+rx NB II 371; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
304; Vnirs ANEW 525; Ri++rn Anglia
XXXIII 471 (reconstructs *snilaz, to
*snanan); B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 248 (fol-
lows Ri++rn); Hrirrnv.xxs 524525
(reconstructs *snellaz); Krtor-Srrnorr
736.
*snelln sb.f.: ON snilli prowess, skill, elo-
quence, OHG snell agility, courage.
Derived from *snellaz. Vnirs ANEW
*snerxanan str.vb.: OHG in-snerahan to
bind. An isolated archaism, cf. *snarxn.
Of unknown origin. Tonr-F.rk 521;
Pokonxv I 976977; Oxioxs 840;
Srrnorr 444.
*snerkanan str.vb.: Icel part. snorkinn
wrinkled, OE pret. sg. e-snerc to
shrink. Cf. *snerpanan. Ztri+z. Gutt.
166 (to Lith snargls mucus); Tonr-F.rk
xrssox IEW 917919; Pokonxv I
444445.
*snerpanan str.vb.: Norw snerpa to
shrink, OHG snerfan id. Of unknown
origin. Tonr-F.rk 521; Fris+ 61;
445.
*sneumaz adj.: ON snimma early, OE
adv. sneme swiftly, rapidly, OS sniumi
rapid, fast, OHG sniumi id. Derived
from *snew(w)anan (Krtor Nom. Stamm.
Scntnrn+ Erw. 72; Srrnorr 446;
*sneumjanan wk.vb.: Goth sniumjan to
snatn 357 sneumjanan
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 357
sneumjanan 358 snpjanan
hurry, MLG ge-sniumen id., OHG sniumen
to expedite. Derived from *sneumaz.
*sneuanan str.vb.: ON part. snoinn
bald, late MHG be-schnotten to cut, to
trim. Of unknown origin. Cf. *snanan?
305; Vnirs ANEW 525; Pokonxv I 585;
Srrnorr 445.
*snew(w)anan str.vb.: Goth sniwan to
come upon, to hasten, OE snewan to
proceed, to hasten. Cf. also ON str. sna
to wind < *snwanan. Related to
Slav *snov, *snuti to warp. Prnssox
Beitrge 818819; Unrrxnrck PBB XXX
309; Scnvvzrn Festschr. Kretschmer
244251; Tonr-F.rk 523; Fris+ 441;
526; S+.xo LS 5152; Srrnorr 446
447; B.vvrsnrnorn KZ XC 358261;
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 699; Lixrrv.x
Krtor-Srrnorr 727.
*snian sb.n.: ON sni slice, OE e-snid
killing, slaughter. Derived from *sn-
anan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 304; Vnirs
Nom. 56.
*sniilaz sb.m.: ON sniill pruning knife,
MHG snittel little cut. Derived from
*snian. Vnirs ANEW 524; Srrnorr
444.
*snipilaz sb.m.: ON snepill snip, ap,
eyra-snepill earlobe, MLG sneppel mouth-
ful, corner, end. Derived from *snpanan.
*snwanan str.vb.: ON snr it snows,
OE snwan to snow, OHG sniwit it
snows. See *snaiwaz. Close to Av snaa-
id., Gk nefei id., Ir snigid to rain, Lith
sngti to snow, snigti id. B.n+norov.r
BSW 273274; Jn.xxrssox IEW 913;
*snkanan str.vb.: OE sncan to crawl.
Cf. also Norw dial. snkja to cadge, to
live on others. Identical with Latv sngt
to hand, to pass, to reach. Tonr-F.rk
*snpanan str.vb.: Norw dial. snpa to
snap. Probably connected with Skt sn-
yati to wrap around, Gk nyv to spin,
Lat ne id. < *sni-. Tonr-F.rk 523 (to
Gk sknptv to pinch, to nip); Pokonxv
I 973.
*snipn sb.f.: ON mri-snpa moor-snipe,
ME snpe snipe, OS sneppa id., OHG
snepfa id. Derived from *snpanan. Tonr-
F.rk 523; Vnirs ANEW 525; Krtor-
Srrnorr 736.
*snanan str.vb.: Goth sneian to har-
vest, to reap, ON sna to cut, to slice,
OE snan to cut, to make an incision,
OFris sntha to cut, OS snan id., OHG
sndan id. No external cognates. Lrvv
KZ XX 561 (to Slav *snt block, log);
Tonr-F.rk 522; S+okrs KZ XXXVIII
471 (to OIr snid small, short); Lrvv KZ
XL 561 (to Slav *snt log, branch);
444 (to OIr snadat to cut o with a
dierent vocalism); Lrnv.xx GED 316
*snbriz adj.: ON snfr tight, narrow,
tough, G dial. schnueper swift, lively. A
variant of *nbriz. K.ns+rx NB II 448;
Tonr-F.rk 292, 569; Pokonxv I 973
*sn sb.f.: OSwed sno string, cord,
OE snd snood, llet, head-dress.
Related to OIr gloss snthe lum, Latv
snte linen cover. Tonr-F.rk 523;
Pokonxv I 973.
*snkaz sb.m.: Norw dial. snk muzzle,
snout, MLG snk pike. Of imitative ori-
gin? Cf. *snabbn. Vnirs ANEW 522,
525 (to *snakn ~ *snkaz).
*snpjanan wk.vb.: Norw snpa to
snatch, EFris snpen to regale oneself
with, Du snoepen id. Connected with
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 358
*snappnan ~ *snappjanan. Tonr-F.rk
*snrjn sb.f.: Goth snorjo net, basket,
ON neut. snri twisted rope, OE snr
string (of a musical instrument). Derived
from *snr. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 305;
*snr sb.f.: Norw snr cord, string,
MLG snr id., OHG snuor id. An ablaut
innovation related to Toch B or sinew,
Av snvar6 id., Gk neron id., Lat neruus
id. < *neuro-, Arm neard id. ( Jon.xssox
PBB XIV 379). Woor IF XVIII 2425
(to *(s)ner- to turn); Prnssox Beitrge
820822 (same as Woor); B.n+norov.r
1629; Tonr-F.rk 523; W.rrr-Horv.xx
II 165; Brx\rxis+r Origines 21, 111;
Pokonxv I 976; Fnisk II 308309; Btn-
r.k IFTJa 259.
*snubbjanan wk.vb.: ON snubba to
snub, to chide, E snub. Cf. *snuppjanan,
*snuppn. M.n+ixr+ Gm. 170, 174;
Vnirs ANEW 526.
*snukkjanan wk.vb.: Norw snukka to
sni, to snort, MLG snucken to sob. Cf.
*snujanan. Tonr-F.rk 524.
*snuppjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. snuppa
to cut o, LG snuppen to clean, G dial.
schnupfen id. Related to *snuppn? Vnirs
ANEW 526 (to *snuppn).
*snuppn sb.f.: ON snopa, snoppa muzzle,
snout, MLG snoppe snu , MHG snupfe
id. Of imitative origin. Cf. *snabbn.
Vnirs ANEW 525 (to ON sneypa to out-
rage, to dishonor).
*snutraz adj.: Goth snutrs wise, clever,
ON snotr id., OE snotor prudent, wise,
OHG snottar clever, intelligent. Derived
from *snew(w)anan. Mrvrn KZ V 368
(to Gk now mind); K.ns+rx NB II 253;
Gnirxnrnorn Got. 195; Hin+ Ablaut 120
(to Lat senti to perceive); Scn.rr AW II
940941 (to *sntjanan, cf. Lat sapins
wise ~ sapi to taste); Unrrxnrck
Altind. Wb. 333 (to Skt sndra- viscid,
compact, strong); Tonr-F.rk 524;
Scnvvzrn Festschr. Kretschmer 244251
(same as Mrvrn); Fris+ 441442; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 305, 425; Vnirs ANEW
526 (follows Scn.rr); Lrnv.xx GED 317;
527528.
*snutrn sb.f.: Goth snutrei intelligence,
wisdom, OE snytru prudence, wisdom.
Derived from *snutraz. Hor+n.tsrx
*snuttan sb.n.: Norw snott snot, OE snot
id., OFris snotte snu of a candle, snot,
MLG snotte catarrh, OHG snuz id.
(masc.). Of expressive origin. Tonr-
*snuarjanan wk.vb.: ON snura to
snu, to scent, MLG snoderen to blow
ones nose, MHG snuderen to sni, to
snort. Derived from *snujanan. Tonr-
*snujanan wk.vb.: ON snyja to sni, to
snie, OE snyian to go as a dog with
its nose to the ground (?). Of imitative
origin. Cf. *snuttan. Tonr-F.rk 525;
*snuz(n) sb.f.: Crim. Goth schuos daugh-
ter-in-law (leg. *schnos), ON snr, snor id.,
OE snoru id., OFris snore id., MLG snore
id., OHG snura id., snur id. (i-stem).
Together with Skt snu id. and Slav
*snxa id. represents a morphological
modication of *snusos id.: Arm nu, Gk
nuw id., Lat nurus id. (Atrnrcn+ KZ I
119). Tov.scnrk Taurien 63 (Crim.
Goth form *sws from *se-); Mrirrr+
MSL XIII 121; Prrrnsrx IF V 34; Krtor
ZdWf VII 169170; Tonr-F.rk 526;
Hor+n.tsrx Anz. ZDADL XXIV 33 (con-
jecture for Crim. Gothic), AEEW 305;
Mrirrr+ MSL XIII 211; W.rrr-Horv.xx
II 190; Fris+ 414; Monn ZDADL LXXVI
185 (ON < WGmc); M.vnnorrn III 535;
Pokonxv I 978; Tntn.cnr\ Rod. 131133
(on G Schnur daughter-in-law ~ string,
cord); Vnirs ANEW 528; Z.rizxi.k II
197; Fnisk II 328; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III
Srrnorr 738739.
snpjanan 359 snuz(n)
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 359
*snbn sb.m.: Norw dial. snve snu,
MLG snf, snve id. Derived from the
poorly attested *snbanan to snore >
MHG snben. Cf. *snujanan. Tonr-
F.rk 525.
*snaz sb.m.: ON snr twist, twirl, OE
snd swiftness, quickness. Derived from
*snew(w)anan. Tonr-F.rk 523; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 305; Dvno VSJa 33; Vnirs
*sntaz ~ *snt sb.m./f.: Norw snt
snout, ME snte id., MLG snt id.
Related to *snuttan. Tonr-F.rk 525;
Oxioxs 841.
*sntjanan wk.vb.: ON snta to blow the
nose, OE sntan id., MLG snuten id.,
OHG snzen id. Derived from *sntaz ~
*snt. Tonr-F.rk 525; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 305; Vnirs ANEW 527 (to MIr
snuad ow); Oxioxs 841; Hrirrnv.xxs
*skiz adj.: Goth un-and-soks indisputable,
irrefutable, OESc sker guilty, punish-
able. Derived from *skjanan. K.ns+rx
NB II 454; Lixr\is+ ANF XXV 283;
Fris+ 517; M.+zrr Festschr. Schrder 105,
*skjanan wk.vb.: Goth sokjan to seek, to
quest, ON skja to seek, to advance, to
catch, OE scan to seek, OFris ska id.,
OS skian id., OHG suohhen id. Related to
Hitt ak- to know, Gk gomai to lead,
Lat sgi to perceive, OIr saigim to seek
out. Factitive of *sakanan. Ztri+z. Gutt.
216; Tonr-F.rk 423; Mrzorn KZ LXII
259260 (rejects the Greek forms); Hor+-
464465; Fris+ 442; Pokonxv I 877878;
577; Fnisk I 621622; Oxioxs 806;
Srrnorr 384; Jts+ts Perspectives 296299
(on Hittite); G.vknrrirzr-I\.xo\ 805
(on the ritual connotations of *sg-);
Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*skniz sb.f.: Goth sokns controversy, con-
troversial question, ON skn attack,
prosecution, OE scn seeking, search.
Cf. OHG suohn examination, interroga-
tion. Derived from *skjanan. Ztri+z.
Gutt. 19; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 306; Fris+
*smiz adj.: ON smr becoming, t, OS
smi suitable, MHG seme pleasant,
charming. Related to OIr sm quiet,
peaceful, pleasant (Morrrn PBB VII 509).
K.ns+rx NB I 113; Tonr-F.rk 434; Fris+
ANEW 577; Vrxrnvrs S-20; D.nvs Vddhi
nrnorn Nom. 257; Hrirrnv.xxs 529.
*smjanan wk.vb.: ON sma to honor,
OE sman to bring to an agreement, to
settle, MHG semen to decorate. De-
rived from *smiz. Tonr-F.rk 434;
*sm(n) sb.m./f.: ON smi honor, OE
sm agreement, concord. Substantivized
*smiz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 307; Lrn-
v.xx GED 295.
*sn sb.f.: ON sn atonement, sacrice,
MLG sne, swne atonement, OHG suona
reconciliation, atonement. Related to
Lat snus healthy, fem. sna. Tonr-
F.rk 556; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 476
(unsicher); Pokonxv I 880.
*stan sb.n.: ON st soot, OE st id.,
MLG st id. Derived from *setjanan.
Similar formations with -grade are also
attested in OIr suide soot < *sd and
in Balto-Slavic: Lith pl. sodiai soot,
Slav *sadja id. (Hin+ IF XXXII 311). Cf.
further Slav *sad garden < *sdo-.
56; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 544; D.nvs
Vddhi 296298; Lrnv.xx GED 306;
*san sb.n.: Goth so satiation, satis-
faction. Close to Lith stis id. Further
related to *saaz. Tonr-F.rk 421;
Pokonxv I 876877 (postverbal to *s-
janan); Fn.rxkrr 857.
snbn 360 san
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 360
*sjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-sojan to sat-
isfy, to satiate, OE sdan to satisfy.
Derived from *san. Tonr-F.rk 421;
Pokonxv I 876.
*swelan ~ *sowel sb.n./f.: Goth sauil
sun, ON sl id. Related to Skt svar- id.,
Av hvar6 id., Gk Hom liow id., Lat sl
id., W haul id., OCorn heuul id., Bret heol
id. (< *sel-), Lith sul id., Latv saUle id.,
Slav *slnce id. (Ctn+its KZ I 31).
Pr+rnssox SVSL I 4 (relation to *sunnan);
B.n+norov.r 18471848; Prrrnsrx Kelt.
Gr. I 62, 282; Prnssox Beitrge 578579;
Tonr-F.rk 441; Sorvsrx KZ XXXVIII
529; Z.rizxi.k II 194; Fnisk I 631
206.
*spaaz sb.n.: ON spa meat stew, OE
sped phlegm, rheum. Probably from
*spa-t- related to Gk spv to pull,
sptow skin. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 309;
*span sb.m.: Icel spai spade, OE
spada id., OFris spada id., OS spado id.,
early G spade id. Etymologically close to
Hitt ipatar spit, skewer, Gk spyh
blade, paddle (K.vvrxntnrn MIO III
354355). Tonr-F.rk 507; Hor+-
Srrnorr 775.
*spaikn sb.f.: Swed dial. spaik spoke,
OE spca id. (masc.), OFris *spke id.,
OS spka id., OHG speihha id. Related
to *spkaz ~ *spk. Ztri+z. Gutt.
776.
*spaiskulran ~ *spaiskalrn
sb.n./f.: Goth spaiskuldr spittle, OS
spkaldra id., OHG speihhaltra id. Inlaut -s-
lost in WGmc as a result of deetymolo-
gization. Vocalism is not clear. An old
compound of dubious origin. Probably,
the rst element is *spaiwa-, to *spwanan,
while the second part is derived from
*skulr( j). No reliable etymology.
Gnirxnrnorn Got. 195196 (reconstructs
*spaiskjanan as a source); Scnrr+rrovi+z
ZfInd VI 96 (to Skt picch scum);
Scntrzr ASNSL CXL 179 (reconstructs
*spaiskalr); Tonr-F.rk 514; Fris+
442443; Krtor Nom. Stamm. 51
(explains -s- in Gothic as a scribal error);
Ennixon.ts Beitr. Gesch. LXXXI 116117
(the second component to *sk(w)uljanan);
(derived from *spaiw-l-(n) > *spaikl(n) >
OHG speihhila spittle).
*spalanan str.vb.: MLG spalden to split,
OHG spaltan id. Related to Skt sphaati
to burst. Further cf. *spelan, *spel.
Exrzrrix KZ LII 120 (to Latv spiltavas
cha); M.vnnorrn III 540 (against
comparison with Skt); Pokonxv I
*spaluz sb.m.: ON splr rail, bar, lattice-
work, ME spale id., MHG spale stair.
Connected with *spalanan. Tonr-F.rk
540.
*spananan str.vb.: OSwed spana to lure,
to entice, OE spanan id., OFris pres.
spona to induce, to lead, to tempt, OS
spanan to drive on, to lure, OHG spanan
to lure, to entice. Continues *sp6-n
further related to Gk spv to pull.
Prnssox SVSU X 386421; Tonr-F.rk
759761; Srrnorr 449450; Krtor-
Srrnorr 9.
*spanjanan wk.vb.: ON spengja to span-
gle, MDu spengen to keep within limits,
MHG spengen to x with a clasp.
Derived from *span(n). Vnirs ANEW
533.
*span(n) sb.f.: ON spng spangle (root
stem and i-stem), OE span clasp, fasten-
ing, MLG spange id., OHG spanga cross-
sjanan 361 span(n)
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 361
piece, bar. Somehow connected with
*spananan. Ztri+z. Gutt. 210; Tonr-
Pokonxv I 982; Vnirs ANEW 540 (to Gk
sfhkv to bind tightly < *to be like a
wasp); Z.rizxi.k II 210; Oxioxs 849;
Krtor-Srrnorr 774 (to *spannanan).
*spanin ~ *spanun sb.f.: ON
spaning temptation, OHG spanunga en-
couragement. Derived from *spananan.
Vnirs ANEW 532.
*spanjanan wk.vb.: ON spenja to attract,
OE spennan to allure, OHG spennen to
lure, to entice. Derived from *spananan.
449.
*span( j)(n) sb.m./f.: ON speni nipple,
teat, OE spanu id., MHG spen id. (<
*spaniz). Related to Lith spens id., OPrus
spenis id., OIr sine teat < *speno-
(Prnssox Beitrge 411). Tonr-F.rk 508;
Krtor-Srrnorr 774.
*spannan sb.n.: ON spann pail, spnn id.
(fem.), OE e-spann joining, fastening
together, OFris twi-spon clasp, OHG gi-
span clasp, chain. Derived from *span-
nanan. Prnssox Beitrge 413, 588 (<
*spanan, to Slav *spd pail); Tonr-
Tntn.cnr\ KSIS XXV 103 (against the
comparison with Slav *spd); Srrnorr
450.
*spannanan str.vb.: OE spannan to join,
to attach, to span, OS part. ur-spannane
to slacken, to unbend, MLG spannen to
span, OHG spannan id. Related to *spa-
nanan. Tonr-F.rk 507; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 308; Pokonxv I 982; An.r\ AION
IV 3132 (to Osset
fson ~ fsoj yoke <

*span-ti-); Srrnorr 450; Krtor-Srrnorr
774.
*spannislan ~ *spannislaz sb.n./m.:
ON spenzl, spennsl clasp, OE spennels
clasp. Derived from *spannjanan.
534.
*spannjanan wk.vb.: ON spenna to span,
MLG spennen to stretch, MHG spennen
id. Causative of *spannanan. Tonr-F.rk
*spann sb.f.: ON spnn span, OE spann
id., OFris sponne id., MLG spanne id.,
OHG spanna span, cubit. Derived from
*spannanan. Tonr-F.rk 507; Hor+-
889890; Pokonxv I 982 (to Lat sponda
frame (of a bedstead), Slav *spd
bushel); Vnirs ANEW 532, 540;
*spara-lkaz adj.: ON adv. spar-liga spar-
ingly, OHG spara-lhho poor. Derived
from *sparaz. Hrirrnv.xxs 531532.
*sparaz adj.: ON sparr sparing, OE spr
spare, frugal, MDu spaer thrifty, OHG
spar id. Identical with Skt sphir- fat, Slav
*spor plentiful. K.ns+rx NB I 50;
Mrirrr+ Etudes 404; Tonr-F.rk 510;
Lixr\is+ ANF XXV 244245; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 308, AWN 273; Lrvv IF
XXXII 159; M.vnnorrn III 541;
Hrirrnv.xxs 531532 (derived from
*sparnan).
*sparnan wk.vb.: ON spara to spare,
OE sparian id., OFris sparia to receive, to
protect, OS sparn to spare, OHG sparn
id. Derived from *sparaz. Tonr-F.rk
*sparkn sb.m.: OE spearca spark,
MLG sparke id. Related to Skt sphrjati to
break forth, Av spar6ga- sprout, Gk
sfaragomai to burst with a noise, to
crackle, Lith sprag, spragti to crack.
(to Latv sprkts hot coals under the
ashes); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 308; W.rrr-
span(n) 362 sparkn
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 362
*sparrjanan wk.vb.: ON sperra to raise
the spars in the house, MDu sperren to
bar, to block. Derived from *sparrn.
*sparrn sb.m.: ON sparri spar, gag, ME
sparre beam, OS sparro id., OHG sparro
id. Related to *speru. Fick I 149 (to
*spurnanan); Tonr-F.rk 510; Pokonxv I
990; Vnirs ANEW 532533; Krtor-
Srrnorr 774.
*sparwa-xabukaz sb.m.: ON sprr-haukr
sparrow-hawk, OE spear-hafoc id. Com-
pound of *sparwaz ~ *sparwn and
*xabukaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 55.
*sparwaz ~ *sparwn sb.m.: Goth
sparwa sparrow, ON sprr id., OE spear-
wa id., OHG sparo, spar id. Related to
other IE names of birds with minor mor-
phonological discrepancies: Toch A pr
a kind of bird, Gk sparsion: rneon
mferw strouy (Hes.), from *sparW-
tjon (Scnvir+ KZ II 318: adds OPrus
spurglis sparrow; Horrv.xx BB XXI
140), W frau crow, Bret fro id. <
*sprawo-. Fons+rv.xx KZ III 51;
Dirrrxn.cn VW II 295 (to Lith sparv
gady); Mrvrn Goth. (to Gk strouyw
sparrow); Bntov.xx IF XIII 160 (to
*spurnanan); Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 81;
308309; Fris+ 443; Pokonxv I 991 (to
Gk sprgoulow a kind of bird); Vnirs
*spex ~ *spax sb.f.: ON sp proph-
esy, OHG speha looking out. See *spex-
janan ~ *spaxjanan. Tonr-F.rk 506.
*spexjanan ~ *spaxjanan wk.vb.:
ON sp to prophesy, to foretell, MLG
speen to peer, OHG spehn to explore, to
inquire. Related to Toch AB pk- to
intend, to want, Av spasyeiti to see, Gk
skptomai id. < *spekjomai, Lat speci id.
773; Ar.vs TB 368369.
*spelan sb.n.: ON spjald square tablet,
OE speld splinter, torch. Related to
*spalanan. Tonr-F.rk 511; Hor+-
Vnirs ANEW 536; Srrnorr 448; Lrn-
*spel sb.f.: Goth spilda tablet, ON ag-
spilda slice, cut. See *spelan. Tonr-
F.rk 511; Fris+ 445; Pokonxv I
*spelk sb.f.: ON pl. spelkur splint, OE
spelc, spilc id. Cf. also Du spalk skewer.
Probably related to Lith spilgst, spi
lgti to
lose plant, pa-splg\s with weak stalks (of
corn). Ztri+z. Gutt. 167; Tonr-F.rk
536; Fn.rxkrr 870, Vnirs ANEW 536.
*spellan sb.n.: Goth spill myth, tale, ON
spjall saying, OE spell story, narrative,
OS spel id., OHG spel id. Related to Arm
aa-spel fable, Alb fjal word, speech,
tale < *speli-. Fnornrr BB XIX 241
243 (to Lat ap-pell to speak, to address);
Woor MLN XXVI 167 (to Gk cellw
faltering in speech); Tonr-F.rk 511;
Z.rizxi.k I 143; Oxioxs 852; Mrir
Germ. Rek. 109 (from Celtic: OIr scl
report, account < *sk
etlom); Lrnv.xx
AED 98.
*spelljanan wk.vb.: Goth spillon to pro-
claim the gospel, to tell, ON spjalla to
talk, OE spellian to talk, to announce,
MLG spellen to talk, MHG spellen to tell,
to talk. Derived from *spellan. Tonr-
Lrnv.xx GED 320.
*spelln sb.m.: Goth spilla promulgator,
teller, ON spjalli friend, OHG wr-spello
fortune-teller, prophet. Derived from
*spellan. Fris+ 445; Vnirs ANEW 536.
*spelan ~ *spelaz sb.n./m.: ON spjall
mischief, damage, aw, OE spild de-
struction, ruin. Related to *spalanan.
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 310; Tonr-F.rk
sparrjanan 363 spelan
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 363
Hrirrnv.xxs 535.
*speljanan wk.vb.: ON spilla to spoil, to
destroy, OE spildan to waste, to destroy,
OS spildian to kill, OHG spilden to
waste. Derived from *spelan ~ *spelaz.
310; Vnirs ANEW 535 (to *spelan ~
*spel); Oxioxs 853; Hrirrnv.xxs 535.
*spennanan str.vb.: Goth spinnan to
spin, ON spinna id., OE spinnan id., OFris
spinna id., MLG spinnen id., OHG spinnan
id. Related to Toch A pnw-, B pnn- to
stretch, to reach for < *(s)pen--, Lith
spndiu, spsti spannen and further, per-
haps, to Gk pnomai to work, Lith pin,
pnti to weave, Slav *pn, *p=ti to
stretch. Bntov.xx IF I 173 (from
*spen--); Prrrnsrx KZ XXXIX 414;
Prnssox Beitrge I 411413; Tonr-F.rk
508; Lirrx IF XIX 322323; Tn.t+v.xx
Oxioxs 853854; Srrnorr 452453;
GED 320 (reconstructs *(s)pen-d-); Krtor-
Srrnorr 780 (to Lith sprndiu, sprsti to
stretch, Slav *pr\sti to spin); Ar.vs TB
370.
*spennil(n) sb.f.: OSwed spinnil spider,
OE spinel spindle, OS spinnila id., OHG
spinnila, spinnil id. Derived from *spen-
nanan. Tonr-F.rk 508.
*speru sb.n.: ON spjr spear, OE spere id.,
OFris spere id., OS sper id., OHG sper
id. Related to Lat sparus short spear.
*speutan sb.n.: ON spjt spear, lance,
OS evur-spiot spear for hunting wild
boars, OHG spioz spear (masc.).
Related to Gk spedv to set going, to
urge on, Lith spudiu, spusti to press
(Unrrxnrck PBB XXXV 178: or from
*spreutaz spear, pole > OE spret, MDu
spriet). Tonr-F.rk 514; Pokonxv I 998;
Vnirs ANEW 536 (to *speru); Krtor-
Srrnorr 779 (< *spreutan).
*spjaz adj.: Goth comp. spediza later,
MLG spde late, OHG spti related to
evening, late. Continues *sp-t-, from IE
*sp(i)-: Hitt ipai- to eat to satiety, Skt
sphyate to grow fat, to increase, Lith
spju, spti to get full, to be fast enough,
to be able, Slav *spj, *spti to succeed,
to become ripe. The strong verb is re-
presented in OE spwan to succeed.
Scntrzr KZ XXVII 426; Tonr-F.rk
505506, 514; Prnssox Beitrge 400402;
Tn.t+v.xx BSW 274275; Fonnrn apud
Fris+ 444 (to Hitt ipant- night); Fris+
Fn.rxkrr 866; Oxioxs 852; Vnirs
ANEW 531; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 734;
Tiscnrrn HEG I 408409; Srrnorr 455;
Lrnv.xx GED 319; Ptn\rr II 429431;
M.+zrr KZ C 164165, CV 132;
775, 785.
*spxa-lkaz adj.: ON -sp-ligr pro-
phetic, OS sp-lk intelligent, wise. De-
rived from *spxaz. Hrirrnv.xxs 534.
*spxaz adj.: ON spr prophetic, OS
sph intelligent, wise, OHG sphi id.
Derived from *spexjanan ~ *spaxjanan.
Krtor 681682; Wissv.xx NP 41, 110;
M.+zrr Festschr. Schrder 103, KZ CV
114; D.nvs Vddhi 89; Hrirrnv.xxs
534535.
*spxn sb.f.: ON hug-spi prophecy,
OHG sph. wisdom Derived from
*spxaz. Hrirrnv.xxs 534.
*spnuz ~ *spnuz sb.m.: ON spnn
chip, shaving, spnn spoon, OE spn
chip, OFris spn, spn at golden breast
ornament, splinter, MLG spn, spn
splinter, OHG spn id. Probably con-
nected with Skt sphy- shoulder-blade,
Gk sfn wedge (Ktnx KZ IV 15).
Sorvsrx Beitrge 129 (to *sp- to cut);
spelan 364 spnuz
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 364
Srrnorr 773.
*spixaz sb.m.: Swed hack-spick wood-
pecker, OHG speh id. Probably related
to Lat pcus id., Skt pik- Indian cuckoo
(Fick I 148). Tonr-F.rk 513; W.rrr-
*spixtaz sb.m.: ON spettr, sptr wood-
pecker, MLG specht id., OHG speht id.
Derived from *spixaz. Ztri+z. Gutt.
210; Tonr-F.rk 513; Vnirs ANEW 534;
Krtor-Srrnorr 775.
*spikan ~ *spikaz sb.n./m.: ON spik
blubber, OE spic bacon, lard, OFris
spek id., OS spekk id., OHG spec id.
Identical with Skt nom. sg. sphik, dual
sphijau buttock, hip. Ztri+z. Gutt. 167;
II 225; Oxioxs 851; Lrnv.xx GED 319
(to *spi-, see *spjaz); Krtor-Srrnorr
775 (to Lat pinguis fat).
*spi(n)kn sb.m.: ON spiki a kind of bird,
tit, E spink id. Reminiscent of Gk spggow
nch, spza id. (Btoor BB III 108).
However, the latter is in an obvious con-
nection with spzv to twitter (of birds)
and may also be related to spignn:
mikrn. Pokonxv I 982; Vnirs ANEW
535 (to *spikan ~ *spikaz); Fnisk II 767.
*spilan ~ *splaz sb.n./m.: ON spil
tablet, narrow piece of wood, MLG sple
thin pointed stick, MHG spl tip, point.
Related to Gk splow rock, cli, Latv
sple wooden nail. Tonr-F.rk 512;
*spitan sb.n.: Norw spit iron pole, MLG
spit spear, OHG spiz id. See *spitaz.
*spitaz sb.m.: Norw spit point, nail,
MLG spit spit, OHG spiz id. Unclear.
Cf. *spkaz ~ *spk. Tonr-F.rk 513;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 311 (OE spitu spit
< *spit); Pokonxv I 981982 (to Lat
spca point, top, spna thorn); Oxioxs
855; Ltnn-M.+zrr KZ XCIX 264;
Hrirrnv.xxs 536.
*spiwn sb.f.: ON spja vomit, OE spiwe
id. (masc.), MLG spi id., OHG spwa id.
Derived from *spwanan. Hor+n.tsrx
*spk ~ *spkaz sb.m./f.: ON spk
spike, sprig, OE spc pointed piece of
land. Similar to but phonetically dier-
ent from Lat spcus pin. Hor+n.tsrx
ANEW 535 (to Lith speiglia prickles);
Krtor-Srrnorr 776.
*sprn ~ *spran sb.f./n.: ON spra
spar, OE spr spire, MLG spr tip,
point, late MHG spr stalk, stem.
Related to Skt sphy- splinter. Cf. in par-
ticular Osset
fsr ~ fser ear of corn

(An.r\ I 483). Tonr-F.rk 512; Hor+-
Krtor-Srrnorr 779.
*spwanan str.vb.: Goth speiwan to spit,
ON spja to spew, to spit up (also wk.),
OE spwan id., OFris spa id., OS pret. pl.
spiwun id., OHG spwan id. Related to Lat
spu to spit, Lith spiunu, spiuti id. and
their irregular cognates (Gk ptv id. and
the like). Tonr-F.rk 513514; Prnssox
Beitrge 270; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 276;
W.rrr KZ XXXIV 479; Hor+n.tsrx
617618; Oxioxs 852; Srrnorr 450
Srrnorr 776.
*splintaz sb.m.: Norw splint wooden nail,
wedge, MLG splinte splint. Derived
from *spltanan. Tonr-F.rk 518.
*spltanan str.vb.: OFris splta to split,
MLG splten id., MHG splzen id. Prob-
ably related to OIr sliss splinter. Tonr-
F.rk 518; Pokonxv I 1000; Oxioxs 855;
*spln sb.f.: Icel spla shuttle, MLG
spnuz 365 spln
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 365
sple id., OHG spuola id. Related to
*spaluz. Tonr-F.rk 511.
*spraljanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. sprla
to wriggle, OHG sprataln id. Of imita-
tive origin. See *spratljan. Tonr-F.rk
516; Vnirs ANEW 537 (to *spurz).
*spraijanan wk.vb.: OSwed sprda to
spread, OE sprdan id., MLG sprden id.,
OHG spreiten id. Causative of *spranan.
312; Vnirs ANEW 538; Krtor-Srrnorr
783.
*spranjanan wk.vb.: ON sprengja to
make burst, OE sprenan to scatter, to
sprinkle, OFris sprendza to sprinkle,
MLG sprengen id., OHG sprengen to
drip, to pour. Causative of *sprenanan.
Krtor-Srrnorr 783.
*sprantjanan wk.vb.: ON spretta to make
spring up, to rip up, ME sprenten to
send, to hurl, OHG sprenzen to support.
Causative of *sprentanan. Vnirs ANEW
538.
*spratljanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. spratla
to ounder, to dget, OS spartaln id.,
OHG sprazzaln id. Of imitative origin.
Tonr-F.rk 516.
*sprekanan str.vb.: OE sprecan to speak,
OFris spreka id., OS sprekan, OHG
sprehhan id. Related to W raeth funny,
odd (Fick I 149, 337) and further to Skt
sphrjati to thunder, to rumble, Gk
sfaragomai id., Lith sprag, spragti to
splatter, to bicker. Brzzrxnrnorn BB
XVII 214; Prnssox Wurzelerw. 17, Beitrge
417418; Ztri+z. Gutt. 28, 166; Tonr-
Vnirs ANEW 537 (on ON spraka to
crackle < *sprakjanan); Fnisk II 828;
Srrnorr 782.
*sprekalan sb.n.: Norw dial. sprekla spot
on the skin (fem.), MHG spreckel id.
Derived from *sprekan ~ *sprakan. Tonr-
F.rk 515 (to Slav *pr\ga buckle).
*sprekan ~ *sprakan sb.n.: ON sprek
stick, OE sprc shoot. Related to Gk
spragow asparagus, Lith sprgas knot
on a tree. Ztri+z. Gutt. 166; Tonr-
Fnisk I 175.
*sprenanan str.vb.: ON springa to burst,
to split, OE sprinan to spring, OFris
springa id., OS pret. sg. sprang id., OHG
springan to jump up. Identical with Lith
sprengi, spregti to push in, Slav *pr\gti
to spin, to stretch. Tonr-F.rk 516;
IEW 899900; Pokonxv I 992, 998;
457458 (to Gk sprxv to set in rapid
motion, to haste); V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\
*sprenaz sb.m.: ON af-springr progeny,
ospring, OE sprin source of water,
springing, rising, OFris spedel-spring ow
of spittle, OS aha-spring source, OHG
ur-spring id. Derived from *sprenanan.
Srrnorr 457.
*sprentanan str.vb.: ON spretta to spurt
out, to start, to spring, OE e-sprant to
articulate, to pronounce, MHG sprinzen
to break forth, to shine. Related to
Slav *pr\dati to spring, to throw
(Scnvir+ Voc. II 231). On the other
hand, cf. *sprenanan. Tonr-F.rk 516
517; Tn.t+v.xx KZ L 66, BSW 278;
Prnssox Beitrge 873; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
(to *sparrn); Srrnorr 458459.
*spreutanan ~ *sprtanan str.vb.: OE
-spretan to sprout, sprtan id., OFris
sprta id., OS pres. t-sprtan to pop out,
OHG spriuzen. Related to Lith sprstu,
sprsti to slip out, to ee, sprudiu,
sprusti to press, to squeeze. Prnssox
Wurzelerw. 17; Tonr-F.rk 517518;
886, 993995; Fn.rxkrr 878879, 883
spln 366 spreutanan
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 366
783.
*sprkjaz adj.: ON sprkr sprouting,
sprightly, OE e-sprce eloquent, aable,
OHG wh-sprhhi id. Derived from *spre-
kanan. Tonr-F.rk 516; Hor+n.tsrx
*spranan str.vb.: OHG sprtan to
extend. Related to OIr srdim to throw.
*sprunn ~ *sprunaz sb.m./f.: ON
sprunga crack in the skin, scratch, MLG
sprunk jump, bound, OHG sprung id.
Derived from *sprenanan. Hor+n.tsrx
*sprutn sb.m.: ON sproti sprout, twig,
OE sprota sprout, MLG sprote id., OHG
sprozzo id. Derived from *spreutanan ~
*sprtanan. Tonr-F.rk 518; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 313; Pokonxv I 994 (to W
rwst haste, Lith spriusti to squeeze in);
Srrnorr 784.
*spura-xunaz sb.m.: ON spor-hundr
bloodhound, OS spuri-hunt id., OHG
spuri-hunt id. Compound of *spuran and
*xunaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 84 (parallel
formations).
*spuran sb.n.: ON spor track, OE spor
id., MLG spor id., OHG spor id. Related
to (or derived from?) *spurnanan. Tonr-
Z.rizxi.k I 143; Srrnorr 454; B.vvrs-
*spuraz sb.m.: ON sporr sh tail,
MHG sporte id. Related to Lith spr,
sprti to be fringy, sprdu, spurdti
to ounder, to dget, to struggle,
Latv spurstu, spurt to rove. Tonr-F.rk
509; Pokonxv I 995; Dvno VSJa 33;
*sparrn).
*spurz sb.f./m.: Goth spaurds race-track,
stadium course, OE spyrd race-track,
course, OHG spurt stadium course (i-
stem). Identical with Skt spdh- battle,
Av sp6r6d- zeal derived from *sperdh-: Skt
sprdhate to rival, to contend. Gnivv
DG II 57 (to Skt sphurti to bound, to
spurn, to dart); Gnirxnrnorn Got. 196;
I 995996; Lrnv.xx GED 319;
Wurzelnomina 366378.
*spurjanan wk.vb.: ON spyrja to track, to
ask, OE spyrian to track, to inquire,
OFris spera to ask, OHG gi-spurren to
trace, to nd. Derived from *spuran.
Krtor-Srrnorr 784.
*spurnanan str.vb.: OE spornan to strike
with the foot, OFris spurna id. (may be
wk.), OS pres. bi-spurnan to trample,
OHG r-spurnan to push, to move.
Related to Lat spern to scorn and fur-
ther to Skt sphurti to bound, to spurt, to
dart, Gk sparv to pant, to struggle,
Lith spiri, sprti to defy, to aront.
Probably based on an original present in
*-n-. Tonr-F.rk 509; Rricnrr+ KZ
XXXIX 56; Prnssox Beitrge 167, 417;
858; Srrnorr 453454; Krtor-Srrnorr
782.
*spurnjanan wk.vb.: ON spyrna to
spurn, OE spyrnan to step, to trample,
OHG spurnen to trample. Derived from
*spurnanan. Tonr-F.rk 509510; Hor+-
539.
*spurnjanan wk.vb.: ON sporna to
spurn, to kick, OHG spornn to spurn.
Derived from *spurnanan. Vnirs ANEW
537.
*spurjanan wk.vb.: ON spora to spurn,
to kick, MDu sporen to follow a trace.
Derived from *spuran. M.vnnorrn III
spreutanan 367 spurjanan
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 367
Vnirs ANEW 537.
*spurn sb.m.: ON spori spur, OE spora
id., MLG spore id., OHG sporo id. Related
to *spuran. Tonr-F.rk 509; Hor+-
*sputtjanan wk.vb.: Norw spytta to spit,
sptten id., G dial. sptzen id. Derived from
*sputtn ~ *sputtan. Tonr-F.rk 513;
539; Lrnv.xx GED 320 (to *spwanan).
*sputtn ~ *sputtan sb.m./n.: ON
spotti bit, small piece, EFris spot spot,
MDu spot id. Related to *spwanan. Goes
back to part. *sp()utom, cf. Lat sptum.
II 4; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 580581;
*sptjanan); Oxioxs 857.
*spuan sb.n.: ON spott mock, sco ,
OFris spot id., OS spott id. (masc.), OHG
spot id. (masc.). Probably related to *sput-
tn ~ *sputtan. Tonr-F.rk 514; Vnirs
*spujanan wk.vb.: ON spotta to
mock, MLG spotten id., OHG spottn
id. Derived from *spuan mockery.
*sptjanan wk.vb.: ON spta to spit,
ME spten id., Du spuiten to spatter, to
splash, MHG sptzen to spit. A variant
of *sputtjanan. Tonr-F.rk 513; Vnirs
*stabaraz sb.m.: Swed dial. staver pole
in the fence. Derived from *stabiz ~
*stabaz. Structurally identical with Lith
stbaras dry branch, Slav *stobor
column-like pole. Tonr-F.rk 483;
Fn.rxkrr 890891; S+.xo LS 54.
*stabiz ~ *stabaz sb.m.: Goth stafs ele-
ment, stoixeon, ON stafr sta, post,
stave, letter, OE stf sta, stick, charac-
ter, OFris stef sta, OS staf id., OHG
stab sta, cane, prop, rod. Close to MIr
sab shaft < *st6bh, Lith stbas post.
Further connected with Skt stabhnti
to x, to support. Ktnx KZ I 139;
Knoov.xx IF LVIII 268272; Tonr-
F.rk 483; Lixrtis+ SNF IX/1 13;
Tn.t+v.xx BSW 280; Bo. RFV LXXV
S+.xo LS 54; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III
762763; Gt+rxnntxxrn ZdPh LXXXVI
325352 (to *stebn ~ *stemn); Lrnv.xx
*stabnjn sb.f.: ON stefna appointed
meeting, date, term, OE stefn, stemn turn,
time (masc.), MLG stevene arrival day.
Derived from *stabiz ~ *stabaz. Tonr-
F.rk 483.
*stabjanan wk.vb.: ON stafa to make
staves, to put letters together, OE staan
to direct, to dictate, OFris stavia to
make staves, to put letters together,
MLG staven id., OHG stabn to give an
oath at court. Derived from *stabiz ~
*stabaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 316; Vnirs
ANEW 540.
*staaz adj.: ON star restive (of a
horse). Identical with Skt sthit- stand-
ing, Gk statw, Lat status. See *staiz.
Vnirs ANEW 540; Fnisk I 739; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 540541.
*stai-fastaz adj.: ON sta-fastr stead-
fast, OE stede-fst id., Fris steed-fest, MLG
stede-vast id. Compound of *staiz and
*fastaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 61; Oxioxs
865866.
*staiaz ~ *stauaz adj.: ON stugr
steady, stable, MLG stedich id., OHG
stetg id. Derived from *staaz or *staiz.
Vnirs ANEW 559.
*staijanan ~ *staujanan
wk.vb.: OSwed staga to determine,
MLG stadigen id., G be-sttigen to con-
rm. Derived from *staiaz ~ *stauaz.
Vnirs ANEW 540.
*stai-lausaz adj.: ON sta-lauss timid,
unsteady, OE stede-les unsteady, MHG
spurjanan 368 stai-lausaz
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 368
stte-ls id. Compound of *staiz and
*lausaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 61.
*staiz sb.m.: Goth stas place, ON star
place, abode, OE stede place, position,
state, OFris sted place, town, OS stedi
id., OHG stat fem. place. Related to
*stananan. Together with Skt sthti- loca-
tion, rank, Gk stsiw station, Lat statim
standing rmly continues IE *st6tis.
Scnvrizrn KZ I 150; Hor+n.tsrx
540; Z.rizxi.k II 177; Fnisk I 739;
*sta sb.f.: ON st berth, harbor,
OFris stathe place, MLG stade oppor-
tunity, help, OHG stata possibility.
Derived from *stananan. Tonr-F.rk
Srrnorr 461.
*staan sb.n.: ON stag mast-rope, OE
st rope supporting a mast, MLG stach
mast-rope. Related to Skt stkati to
resist, to strive again. On the other hand,
cf. Hitt itagga(i)- bowstring. Tonr-
865; Ptn\rr II 451.
*sta( j)n sb.m.: ON steggi male bird,
OE staca stag. Probably related to
*staan. Pokonxv I 1014 (to Gk stxow
pillar (of brick)); Vnirs ANEW 545;
Oxioxs 861.
*staxlan sb.n.: ON stl steel (< WGmc?),
MLG stl id., OHG stahal id. Cf. also OE
stle, OS stehli < *staxljan. Identical with
Av staxra- strong, hard, further related
to Skt stkati to resist, to strive again,
Umbr stakaz stattus. Ztri+z. Gutt.
Srrnorr 786.
*staxljanan wk.vb.: ON stla to steel,
OE stlan id., MLG stlen id., MHG
stahelen id. Derived from *staxlan. Hor+-
*stai sb.f.: Goth staiga path, way, ON
steig- (in pln.), OHG steiga steep road.
Close to Gk stoxow row, line, stxow
id., Alb shteg path, way, Lith adv. staig
sudden, Latv staiga alley, Slav *stza
id. (Fn.rxkrr WuS XII 191192). For
further connections see *stanan. Tonr-
F.rk 492; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 285; Fris+
Nom. 107; Krtor-Srrnorr 791; Onrr
AED 437.
*stairaz adj.: ON adv. steigur-liga prud-
ishly, OE ster steep, upright, MLG
stger id. Derived from *stanan. Tonr-
F.rk 492; Vnirs ANEW 545; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 541.
*staina-bun sb.m.: ON stein-bogi stone
arch, OE stn-boa id. Compound of
*stainaz and *bun. C.nn Nom. comp. 55.
*staina-burz sb.f.: ON stein-borg stone
castle, OE stn-bur town built with
stone. Compound of *stainaz and *burz.
*stainaxaz ~ *stainaaz adj.: Goth
stainahs stony, OE stni id., OHG steinag
id. OHG rvn. Steinaha can hardly be
connected as it goes back to *staina-axw.
Derived from *stainaz. Fris+ 447;
Lrnv.xx GED 321.
*staina-xsan sb.n.: ON stein-hs stone
house, OFris stn-hs id., MLG stn-hs
id., MHG stein-hs id. Compound of
*stainaz and *xsan. C.nn Nom. comp. 78
*staina-ufnaz sb.m.: ON stein-ofn stone
oven, OHG stein-ovan stone pot. Com-
pound of *stainaz and *ufnaz. C.nn
*stainaz sb.m.: Goth stains stone, ON
steinn id., OE stn id., OFris stn id., OS
stn id., OHG stein id. Related to Slav
*stna (stone) wall (Mrirrr+ Etudes 446;
Scntrzr KZ XXVII 427) and, further,
stai-lausaz 369 stainaz
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 369
to IE *sti- to thicken: Skt styyate to co-
agulate, to harden. Scnn.rrn-Nrnnixo
II 50 (Slav < Gmc); Hin+ PBB XXIII
336 (same as Scnn.rrn-Nrnnixo); Tonr-
F.rk 490; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 316317,
AWN 280; Fris+ 447448; Pokonxv I
135; Oxioxs 871872; S+.xo LS 55;
*stainjanan wk.vb.: ON steina to stain,
to paint, OE stnan to stone, MLG
stnen id., OHG steinn id. Derived from
*stainaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 315; Lrn-
v.xx GED 321.
*stakaz adj.: ON stakr single, odd, MLG
stak sti, immobilized by an injury.
Related to *stakn. K.ns+rx NB II 443;
Ltnn Expr. 228; Hrirrnv.xxs 542.
*stakjaz sb.m.: ON stekkr enclosure (for
sheep), EFris stek, stekke enclosure.
Derived from *stakn. Vnirs ANEW
546.
*stakkaz ~ *stakkan sb.m./n.: ON
stakkr short blouse, OFris stack small
coat. See *stakn. Pokonxv I 1011;
Vnirs ANEW 542; Hrirrnv.xxs 542
543 (to Lith stok shortage, lack).
*stakjanan wk.vb.: ON staka to punt, to
push, MLG staken to make a palisade.
Derived from *stakn. Vnirs ANEW
542.
*stakn sb.m.: ON hvat-staki a kind of
weapon, OE staca stake, MLG stake
pole, MHG stache id. Probably related
to Lith stgaras dry stalk, Slav *stoer
stack-pole, *stog stack, rick (Ztri+z.
Gutt. 167168). Derived from *stekanan.
Fris+ 448 (on Goth staks mark, stigma
< *stakiz); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 314, AWN
SGGJa I 80; Vnirs ANEW 542; Fn.rxkrr
891892; Oxioxs 861 (to *stek(k)n);
Tntn.cnr\ III 763; Lrnv.xx GED 322
(to Lat tgnum beam); Hrirrnv.xxs 542.
*stakrjanan wk.vb.: ON stakra to push,
to stagger, E dial. stacker to reel, to
sway, LG stackern to walk ponderously.
An emphatic derivative of *stakjanan.
Vnirs ANEW 542.
*stalan sb.n.: Goth and-stald purveyance,
supply, OE e-steald settled place. Con-
tinues *stol-t-, cf. *stallaz (Lrnv.xx
Language XVIII 129). Tonr-F.rk 489;
Srrnorr 462.
*stalanan str.vb.: Goth and-staldan to
purvey, to supply, OE pret. sg. steld to
possess. See *stalan. Tonr-F.rk 489;
Pokonxv I 10191020; Srrnorr 461
*stallaz sb.m.: ON stallr shelf, pedestal,
stall, OE steall position, state, place,
OFris stall position, standpoint, MLG
stal id., OHG stal position, standing.
Related to Skt sthala- elevation, dry land,
rm earth, Gk stlow equipment, jour-
ney, armament based on *stel-: Skt
sthlati to stand, Gk stllv to set, to
put in order. Sir\rns IF IV 337338
(from *st6tl-); Tonr-F.rk 487; Hor+-
Oxioxs 862 (from *stalaz); Lrnv.xx
Srrnorr 786.
*stalln sb.m.: ON stalli altar, OE e-
stealla companion, OHG gi-stallo
helper. Derived from *stallaz. Vnirs
ANEW 542.
*stalpjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. stelpa to
check, to balk, Du stelpen to stanch, to
assuage. Related to *stulpn. Tonr-
*stam(m)az adj.: Goth stamms stammer-
ing, ON stamr id., OE stam id., OHG
stam id. A descriptive stem similar to
Latv stuomtis to stutter, to stammer.
K.ns+rx NB I 5152, II 230231;
Gnirxnrnorn Goth. 198 (to IE *st- to
stand, to put); Tonr-F.rk 483; Fris+
449; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 316; Wissv.xx
KZ LXII 141142; M.n+ixr+ Gm. 175;
stainaz 370 stam(m)az
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 370
787.
*stammnan wk.vb.: ON stamma to
stammer, OHG stammn id. Derived
from *stam(m)az. Tonr-F.rk 483.
*stammjanan wk.vb.: ON stemma to
stem, to stop, OE for-stemman to pre-
vent, to hinder, OS stemmian to lift,
OHG stemmen id. Probably derived from
*stam(m)az. Tonr-F.rk 483484; Hor+-
Srrnorr 792.
*stamnaz ~ *stamniz sb.m.: ON stafn
stem (of a ship), OE stefna prow, stern
(n-stem), OFris stevene id. (fem.), OS stamn
id., MLG stam id., OHG stam stem.
Identical with Gk stmnow (earthen) jar
based on *stma or *stamn close to
Toch A tm, B stm tree < *stam, OIr
taman tree trunk. Tonr NNEO 705
(separates *stabnaz and *stamnaz); Tonr-
Pokonxv I 1013; Vrxrnvrs T-25 (dier-
ently on OIr taman); Vnirs ANEW 540
541; Fnisk II 777; Oxioxs 867; Lrnv.xx
GED 327; Krtor-Srrnorr 786787, 794;
Ar.vs TB 708709; Btnr.k IFTJa 259
260.
*stamnjanan wk.vb.: ON stefna to stand
in a certain direction, OE stefnan to reg-
ulate, to direct, LG stevenen to steer.
Derived from *stamnaz ~ *stamniz.
545 (sees two separate words here).
*stampaz sb.m.: OS stamp pestle, mor-
tar, OHG stampf id. Identical with Lith
staMbas cabbage-stalk, stock. Denomina-
tive related to Gk stmbv to shake
about, to agitate, Lith stembst, steMbti to
stem. Tonr-F.rk 484; Tn.t+v.xx
ANEW 543; Fnisk II 788; Oxioxs 862
(nasalized cognate of *stapiz).
*stampjanan wk.vb.: ON stappa to
stamp, MLG stampen to tap, to pound,
OHG stampfn id. Derived from *stampaz.
Ktnx KZ I 139; Ztri+z. Gutt. 28; Tonr-
F.rk 484; Ponzio Gliederung 137; Vnirs
Krtor-Srrnorr 787.
*stamrjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. stamra
to stammer, OE stamerian id., OS
stamurn id. Derived from *stam(m)az.
556.
*stananan str.vb.: Goth standan to
stand, ON standa id., OE standan id.,
OFris stonda id., OS standan id., OHG
stantan id. Based on a secondarily built
nasal present. Derived from *stnan.
Tonr-F.rk 477; Bntov.xx IF XV
126128; S+tn+r\.x+ GR VII 467476,
Language IV 3 (after Hnozxv, to Hitt
itandi- to hesitate, to delay); Fris+
Krtor 743744; Jn.xxrssox IEW 854
858; Pokonxv I 10041005; K.vvrx-
ntnrn KZ LXXVII 3235 (follows
S+tn+r\.x+); Vnirs ANEW 543; Oxioxs
862863; Srrnorr 460461; Prr+rns IF
LXXXI 3335; Lrnv.xx GED 323;
Krtor-Srrnorr 787.
*stan sb.f.: ON stng pole, OS stanga
id., OHG stanga id. Derived from
*stenanan. Tonr-F.rk 482; Pokonxv I
GED 383; Ltnn Expr. 470471; B.vvrs-
*stankwaz sb.m.: ON stkkr stir, distur-
bance, OS stank scent, OHG stanc
id. Derived from *stenkwanan II. Vnirs
325.
*stankwjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-stagqjan to
strike against, ON stkkva to cause to
spring, to make start, OE stencan to scat-
ter. Causative of *stenkwanan I. Tonr-
Lrnv.xx GED 325.
*stapiz sb.m.: OE stepe, stpe step, OFris
stap id., OHG stapf id. Despite the
dierence in consonantism, related to
stam(m)az 371 stapiz
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 371
Slav *stopa sole, foot. Tonr-F.rk 482;
10111012; Oxioxs 867; Srrnorr 462;
*stapn sb.m.: ON stapi steeple-formed
single rock, OE stapa one who steps.
See *stapiz. Tonr-F.rk 482; Hor+-
*stappanan ~ *stappjanan str.vb.: OE
stppan to step, OFris stapa, steppa to
stride, to walk, OS pret. sg. stp to step.
See *stapiz. Tonr-F.rk 482; Hor+-
Srrnorr 462463.
*stapulaz sb.m.: ON stpull tower,
steeple, OE stapol post, pillar, OFris
stapul rung anvil, crown of a tooth,
MLG stapel pillar, steeple, OHG stapfal
sockle, footstand. Derived from *stapn.
Alternatively, might reect IE *steb-, an
irregular variant of a better attested
*stebh-: Skt stabhnti to x, to support,
Lith stbas post and the like. See *stabiz
~ *stabaz. Ktnx KZ I 139; Tonr-F.rk
Srrnorr 788.
*stara-blenaz adj.: OESc star-blinder
quite blind, OE str-blind id., OFris stare-
blind id., MLG star-blint id., OHGstara-blint
id. Derived from *starnan and *blenaz.
*staraz ~ *starn sb.m.: ON stari, starri
blackbird, starling, OE str starling,
MLG star id., OHG staro, star id. For
IE parallels see *sternaz. Tonr-F.rk
788.
*starnan wk.vb.: ON stara to stare, to
gaze, OE starian id., OHG starn, starn
id. Related to *starraz. Tonr-F.rk 485
*starkaz ~ *starkiz adj.: ON sterkr
strong, OE stearc sti, hard, strong,
OFris stark strong, OS stark id., OHG
starc, starah id. Cf. also Goth *starks in
prop. Starcedius. Derived from *sterkanan.
Kincnnorr KZ I 39; K.ns+rx NB II
376377; Tonr-F.rk 486487; Fris+
788.
*starraz adj.: ON starr blunt, MLG star
rigid, repelling, MHG sterre rigid, sti .
Related to Toch B cre hard, harsh, Gk
sterew sti, hard, Lith st\r, strti to
congeal, to petrify, and probably Slav
*star old. K.ns+rx NB II 258;
Bntov.xx IF XXXIII 302303 (on
gemination); Mrirrr+ Etudes 404; Tonr-
F.rk 485486; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 282;
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 747; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 547; Ar.vs TB 639640.
*starrnan ~ *starrjanan wk.vb.:
Norw dial. starra, sterra to rue, to bris-
tle, MLG starren to goggle, MHG starren
to be sti . See *starnan. Tonr-F.rk
*startjanan wk.vb.: ON sterta to crease,
to pleat, ME sterten to drive up, to start,
MHG sterzen to stalk, to grow sti .
Related to *stertaz II. Tonr-F.rk 487;
Pokonxv I 1023.
*staaz ~ *staan sb.m./n.: Goth dat.
sg. staa shore, Norw dial. stad bank,
OE st shore, OFris sted id., OS stath
id., OHG stad id. Continues IE *st6-to-,
similar to other derivatives of *st- to
stand, cf. Lat status, part. of sist id., Lith
stats standing, still, straight, sttas row.
See *staaz, *stananan, *stnan. Tonr-
*stajanan wk.vb.: ON steja to stop,
stapiz 372 stajanan
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 372
OE stan to make staid, to stay,
MLG steden to establish. Identical with
Lith statti to put (Btoor BB III 120).
Further see *stananan. Hor+n.tsrx
461.
*stan sb.m.: Goth lukarna-staa candle-
stick, ON stai stack, rick, MLG stade
place where wheat is stored. Derived
from *stnan, *stananan. Tonr-F.rk
478.
*sta(u)laz sb.m.: ON stull milking-
shed, stl stack, OE staol foundation,
OFris stathul barn, OS staal id., OHG
stadal id. Derivative in *-tlo- of IE *st-
to stand, cf. Lat ob-staculum hinderance,
obstacle, Lith stkls loom. See *stan-
anan, *stnan. Tonr-F.rk 478; Tn.t+-
ANEW 542, 559; Oxioxs 860.
*staupan ~ *staupaz sb.n./m.: ON
staup knobby lump, cup, beaker, OE
step cup, drinking vessel, MLG stp id.,
OHG stouf id. Substantivized *staupaz.
*staupaz adj.: OE step high, lofty, OFris
stp id. Connected with *stpanan. Tonr-
474.
*staupjanan wk.vb.: ON steypa to cast
down, to overthrow, OE stpan to raise,
to elevate, OFris stpa to help, to con-
tribute. Factitive of *stpanan. Tonr-
*stauraz sb.m.: ON staurr pale, stake.
Identical with Gk staurw id. Cf. also a
denominative Lat n-staur to restore
(Ctn+its Gr. Et. 212). For further con-
nections see *steur ~ *steur( j)an. Tonr-
Fnisk II 778; Lrnv.xx GED 326.
*stautanan str.vb.: Goth stautan to strike,
to hit, OFris stta to punch, to kick, OS
sttan to strike, OHG stzan id. Probably
connected with Lat stude to strive, to
study, Alb shtyj ~ sht#j to thrust <
*stdn. Tonr-F.rk 495; W.rrr-
GED 324; Onrr AED 444; Krtor-
Srrnorr 799.
*stautiz sb.m.: ON steytr capsize, OFris
stt thrust, MLG stt blow, OHG stz
id. Derived from *stautanan. Tonr-F.rk
133.
*stautjanan wk.vb.: ON stauta to beat,
to strike, OHG stzn to goad. Cf. also
ON steyta to push < *stautjanan. Derived
from *stautanan. Jn.xxrssox IEW 862
866; Vnirs ANEW 544, 547; Srrnorr
*stebnjanan wk.vb.: ON stefna to give
notice, to summon, OE stefnian to sum-
mon, to cite, MLG stevenen to summon.
Derived from *stebn ~ *stemn. Reexes
of this verb were inuenced by those of
*stamnjanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 319;
Vnirs ANEW 545.
*stebn ~ *stemn sb.f.: Goth stibna
voice, OE stefn, stemn id., OFris stifne,
stemme id., OS stemna id., OHG stimna,
stimma id. Of unknown origin. Nonrrx
Abri 140 (to Av staman- muzzle (of a
dog), Gk stma mouth, W safn jaw);
Tonr-F.rk 484 (against Nonrrx);
Pr+rnssox IF XX 368, XXIII 386
387; F.rk-Tonr ND 1197 (to *stabaz);
Scnvir+ Kritik 133 (against Nonrrx);
Gnirxnrnorn Got. 199 (to Gk stnv to
sigh, to moan); Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 78;
S+tn+r\.x+ Language IV 123 (to Hitt
itaman- ear); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 319;
Fris+ 452; Z.rizxi.k II 181; Oxioxs
868; Wrxxrnnrno Sprache XVIII 2829
(follows Nonrrx); Lrnv.xx GED 325;
*stekanan str.vb.: OFris steka to prick, to
sting, OS stekan id., OHG stehhan id. An
stajanan 373 stekanan
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 373
alternative reconstruction is *stikanan.
The latter may be related to Gk stzv
to stick, Lat nstg to sting, to prick.
797798; Srrnorr 467468; Hrirrn-
*stek(k)n sb.m.: ON stjaki punt-pole,
stake, stikki short measured poem, OE
sticca stick, OFris stekk id., OS stekko
id., OHG stehho pole. Ablaut variant of
*stakn. However, an alternative recon-
struction and etymology cannot be ex-
cluded: *stik(k)n to Gk stzv to stick,
Lat nstg to urge, to stimulate. Tonr-
II 225; Fnisk II 797798; Oxioxs 869;
(to Lith stgaras stock).
*stekjanan wk.vb.: ON stjaka to punt,
MLG steken to prick, to sting, OHG steh-
hn id. Probably related to *stek(k)n.
Vnirs ANEW 549.
*stelanan str.vb.: Goth stilan to steal,
ON stela id., OE stelan id., OFris stela id.,
OS stelan id., OHG stelan id. Probably,
related to IE *stel(H)- to stretch, hence,
to cover > to steal. Pnrrrvi+z KZ
XLII 8890 (to Lat stlli newt, stellion,
lizard with spotted back); Os+norr PBB
XIII 460461 (from *steranan inuenced
by *xelanan); Tonr-F.rk 489; Fris+
453454 (non-IE); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
10181019, 1028 (to Gk sterv to rob);
Lrnv.xx GED 326 (a pre-Gmc word);
Krtor-Srrnorr 791.
*stelkaz adj.: ON sbst. stelkr, stjalkr a kind
of bird, Tringa islandica, OE adj. stealc
steep. Related to Lith stelgi, stegti to
stare? Tonr-F.rk 489; Hor+n.tsrx
ANEW 546; Fn.rxkrr 900.
*stellin sb.f.: ON stelling mast-step,
MLG stellinge rack. Derived from *stell-
janan. Vnirs ANEW 546.
*stelljanan wk.vb.: ON stilla to moder-
ate, to still, to soothe, OE stillan to
become still, to make still, OS stillian to
calm down, OHG stillen id. Derived
from *stelljaz. Tonr-F.rk 488; Hor-
*stelljaz adj.: Burg *stiljis quiet, OE stille
still, quiet, OFris stille id., OS stilli
id., OHG stilli motionless. Probably de-
rived from *stelanan in its original mean-
ing *to stretch. Ctn+its Gr. Et. 212,
216 (to Lat stolidus slow, dull, obtuse);
Tonr-F.rk 488; Prnssox Beitrge 424;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 323 (to Skt sth-
motionless, rm); Vnirs ANEW 548;
Pokonxv I 1019; Oxioxs 869 (to *stallaz);
Konrrn 713; Rosrxonrx 7274; Hrirrn-
OIr tuilid to sleep, Lith tlti to be silent).
*steltjn ~ *staltjn sb.f.: Norw dial.
stilta stilt, crutch, ME stilte id., MLG
stelte id., OHG stelza id. Related to
*stultaz. Tonr-F.rk 489; Oxioxs 869.
*steluz ~ steln sb.m.: ON stjlr hinder
part, OE stela stalk. Cf. MLG stal, stale
chair leg. Related to Gk stlow beam,
Arm sten trunk, stalk. Tonr-F.rk 488;
787.
*stenanan str.vb.: OE wk. stnan to
groan, MLG str./wk. stenen id. Related
to Skt stnati to thunder, Gk stnv to
moan, to sigh, Lith sten, stenti to moan,
Slav *stenati id. Tonr-F.rk 481; Tn.t+-
Fn.rxkrr 901; Fnisk II 789790;
Srrnorr 469470; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\
*stenanan str.vb.: ON stinga to sting,
OE stinan to thrust, to prick, to sting,
OHG stingen eotomare. Cf. also Goth
us-staggan to pluck out (Gnirxnrnorn
Got. 233234). Identical with Lith stngiu,
stngti to exert oneself, to be able, Slav
stekanan 374 stenanan
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 374
*st\gati to og, to lash. Bntov.xx IF
XXXII 180; Ztri+z. Gutt. 101; Tonr-
Oxioxs 870; Srrnorr 470471 (to Gk
stzv to tattoo); Lrnv.xx GED 383;
Krtor-Srrnorr 787.
*stenkwanan I str.vb.: Goth stigqan to
clash, to collide, ON stkkva to leap, to
spring, OE stincan id. Etymology un-
known. Probably related to Lat stingu to
extinguish (Rozv.rovski IF IV 411).
Btoor BB III 120 (to Gk tggv to wet,
to moisten); S.nrrn KZ XXXI 282 (to
Lith stngiu, stngti to exert oneself );
Os+norr Etym. I 365 (to Skt stambha-
post); Ztri+z. Gutt. 94 (to Skt tgati to
go, to stumble, to tremble); Bntov.xx
KVG 515 (to Skt tujti to move quickly, to
urge); Gnirxnrnorn Got. 199 (follows
Rozv.rovski); Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 79
(to W sangu to trample); Tonr-F.rk 481;
IEW 862866; Pokonxv I 10321034;
Vnirs ANEW 558 (to Gk stzv to
tattoo); Fn.rxkrr 901902; Srrnorr
Srrnorr 797.
*stenkwanan II str.vb.: Norw stokka to
stink, OE stincan to smell, to stink,
WFris stjonke id., MLG stinken id., OHG
stinkan id. Historically identical with
*stenkwanan I (Woor MLN XXV 74).
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 323; Horrxrn RHA
XXI 36 (to Hitt ita(n)- to taste);
GED 325.
*sten( j)az adj.: ON stinnr, stir sti,
unbending, strong, OE st hard, sti,
OFris stth strong, MLG stde heavy,
sti. Originally, a participle of *stnan
(Hrirrnv.xxs 552). K.ns+rx NB II
328329; Tonr-F.rk 481 (to Gk sb.
stenw narrow, straight); Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 323; Pokonxv I 10211022;
Vnirs ANEW 548; Lrncnxrn 242.
*sterbanan str.vb.: OE steorfan to die,
OFris sterva id., OS sterban id., OHG
sterban id. Related to OIr ussarb death <
*ud-sterbh, Slav *strbati ~ *storbati to
stien, to die. W.r+nrn KZ XII 411
(to Lat torpe to be sti); Prnssox
Beitrge 435, 438 (to Gk strfow hide,
skin, Lat tergum back); Tonr-F.rk 487;
IEW 873878; Pokonxv I 10221027;
Vnirs ANEW 549; Oxioxs 864 (to
*steraz); Srrnorr 472473; V.svrn-
793.
*sterbn sb.m.: ON stjar epilepsy, OE
steorfa mortality, pestilence, esh of
dead animals, OS man-sterbo epidemic,
OHG sterbo pest. Derived from *ster-
banan. Tonr-F.rk 487; Hor+n.tsrx
472.
*steraz adj.: ON stirr sti, rigid. Iden-
tical with W serth id. Tonr-F.rk 487;
*sterkanan str.vb.: ON part. bl-storkinn
to coagulate, OHG ki-storchenen dabatis.
Corresponds to Slav *stergti to guard (the
latter is hardly connected with Lith srgiu,
srgti to protect, to save) and probably
Hitt itark- to ail. Cf. *sterbanan. Tonr-
551; Srrnorr 473474; Ptn\rr II 475
*sternaz sb.m.: OE stearn starling, LG
stern sea-swallow. Cf. also ON erna id.
A localism related to *staraz ~ *starn and
directly compared with Lat sturnus star-
ling < *stnos or *stornos and OPrus star-
nite (v.l. stamite) gull. Tonr-F.rk 486;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 318; Srrcn+ 49;
1036.
*sternn sb.f.: Goth stairno star, ON stjar-
na id., MLG sterne id., OHG masc. sterno
id. Cf. also, with gemination, OE steorra
star, OFris stera id., OS sterro id., OHG
sterro id. Related to Hitt ater- id., Toch
A pl. re-, B cirye stars, Skt instr. pl.
stenanan 375 sternn
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 375
stbhi star, Av acc. sg. str6m id., Arm
ast id., Gk str id., Lat stlla id. < *str-
l, W seren id., MIr ser id. (Brxrrv apud
Ktnx KZ I 540). B.n+norov.r 1598
1599; Irsrx IF XLI 179180; Tonr-F.rk
485; Knoov.xx KZ LXIII 256259;
W.rrr-Horv.xx II 587588; Hor+-
Gliederung 155; M.vnnorrn III 512;
549; Z.rizxi.k II 222; Fnisk I 170171;
Oxioxs 863864; W.+kixs Sprache XX
4150; Tiscnrrn HEG I 204206;
Ptn\rr III 338339; Lrnv.xx GED 322;
Krtor-Srrnorr 794; Ar.vs TB 640;
Btnr.k IFTJa 258.
*stern adj.: Goth fem. stairo barren,
OHG sbst. stero ram. Related to Toch B
ari calf, heifer (?), Skt star sterile cow,
Arm ster infertile, Gk stera id., Alb
shtjerr lamb, young cow, heifer. Tonr-
F.rk 486; Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 60; Fris+
622.
*stertaz I sb.m.: ON stertr tail, OE steort
id., OFris stert id., MLG stert id., OHG
sterz id. Despite the phonetical irregulari-
ties, reminds of Gk stryh: t j to
dratow, ka pidoratw (Hes.). At the
same time, cf. *steraz and *stertaz II.
Lirrx SVSU VI/1 17 (to IE *sterd-), Studien
17 (to Lat tard to tarry, to hinder);
Pokonxv I 1023 (to Gk trdulon hart-
wort, Tordylium ocinale); Vnirs ANEW
547; Fnisk II 802; Oxioxs 864; Krtor-
Srrnorr 794 (to *starraz).
*stertaz II adj.: ON upp-stertr haughty,
stately. A variant of *steraz. Tonr-
*stertljanan wk.vb.: ON stirtla to
hobble, to stagger, OE steartlian to kick
with the foot, to stumble. Related to
*stertaz II. Tonr-F.rk 487; Hor+-
*steubanan ~ *stbanan str.vb.: MLG
stven to be dispersed, OHG stioban id.
Of unknown origin. Cf. also unclear
WGmc *staumaz steam (?< *staubmaz):
OE stem, WFris steam, Du stoom. Woor
JEGP II 225226; Unrrxnrck PBB
XXVI 308309; Mtcn ZDW II 286 (to
Gk tfv to produce smoke); Tonr-F.rk
Srrnorr 789.
*steupa-barnan sb.n.: ON stjp-barn
stepchild, OE step-bearn orphan. Com-
pound of *steupaz and *barnan. C.nn
*steupa-uxtr sb.f.: ON stjp-dttir step-
daughter, OE step-dohtor id., OFris
stip-dochter id., OS stf-dohtor id., OHG
stiof-tohter id. Compound of *steupaz and
*uxtr. C.nn Nom. comp. 52.
*steupa-far sb.m.: ON stjp-fair step-
father, OE step-fder id., OFris stip-feder
id., OS stf-fader id., OHG stiof-fater id.
Compound of *steupaz and *far. C.nn
Nom. comp. 52.
*steupa-mr sb.f.: ON stjp-mir
stepmother, OE step-mdor id., OFris
stip-mder id., OS stf-mder id., OHG
stiof-muotar id. Compound of *steupaz and
*mr. C.nn Nom. comp. 52.
*steupa-snuz sb.m.: ON stjp-sonr step-
son, OE step-sunu id., OFris stip-sunu
id., OS stf-sun id., OHG stiof-sun id.
Compound of *steupaz and *snuz.
C.nn Nom. comp. 52.
*steupaz adj.: ON stjp-mir step-
mother, stjpr stepson, OE step-cild
stepchild, OFris stip-feder stepfather,
MDu stiep-kind stepchild, OHG stiof-kind
id. Used predominantly in compounds.
Related to *stubbaz ~ *stubbn (Hor+-
n.tsrx PBB LXVI 274). Tonr-F.rk
497; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 320; C.nn
Nom. comp. 52; Pokonxv I 1034; Vnirs
*steura-mannz ~ *steurja-mannz
sb.m.: ON stri-mar skipper, captain,
OE ster-mann steersman, MLG str-
mann id., MHG stiur-man id. Compound
sternn 376 steura-mannz
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 376
of *steur( j)an ~ *steur and *mannz. C.nn
*steuraz sb.m.: Goth stiur calf, young
steer, ON stjrr steer, young bull, OE
ster id., MLG str id., OHG stior id.
Identical with Av staora- cattle, MPers
str draught animal, horse (Pr+rnssox
SVSL I 4041; B.n+norov.r IF VII 57).
Unrelated to *euraz. Fons+rnv.x KZ I
495 (to IE *tauros and Skr sthr- strong);
Ktnx KZ I 515; Scntrzr KZ XXIX 271
(to Skt stvira- thick); Kock KZ XXXVI
581; B.n+norov.r 15901591; Tonr-
F.rk 479; Lovvrr KZ XLVI 5354 (on
Iranian parallels); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 483 (identical with Skt
sthvira- wide, thick); Oxioxs 866; Lrn-
*steur( j)an ~ *steur sb.n./f.: ON stri
helm, rudder, OE ster guidance, direc-
tion, rudder, helm, OFris stiure id.,
MLG stiure id., stre id., OHG stiura
steering-oar, post, support. Originally, a
substantivized adj. *steuraz preserved in
Goth adv. us-stiuriba dissolutely and re-
lated to Skt sthr-, sthvira- thick, Arm
stvar id. Bntov.xx IF VI 98; Tonr-
I 10091010; Vnirs ANEW 557; Oxioxs
794.
*steurjanan wk.vb.: Goth stiurjan to
establish, ON stra to steer, OE steran
id., OFris stiura id., MLG stren id., OHG
stiurren id. Derived from *steur( j)an ~
*steur. Tonr-F.rk 494; Hor+n.tsrx
Krtor-Srrnorr 794.
*steurn sb.f.: ON stjrn steering, OFris
stirne id. Derived from *steur ~
*steur( j)an. Oxioxs 868.
*stnan str.vb.: Norw st to stand, OFris
stn id., OS stn id., OHG stn, stn id.
Related to Toch B 3 sg. pres. ste to be,
Skt thati to stand, Av hita- id., Gk
sthmi to put, Lat sist id., st to stand,
OIr at-tu- to be, Lith stju, stti to stand
(up), Slav *stati to stand, to become.
S+nri+nrno UGG 310; Wirv.xxs ZDADL
XXXIII 424430; Bntov.xx IF XV
126128; B.n+norov.r 16001605;
449450; Krtor 743, Urgerm. 160; Hin+
Urgerm. II 162; Jn.xxrssox IEW 854
I 10041010; Pnokoscn CGG 223;
Fn.rxkrr 914; Vnirs ANEW 543; Fnisk I
739; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 748, 769;
Krtor-Srrnorr 791.
*stian sb.n.: ON stig step, OE sti-rp
stirrup, Du steg footbridge, OHG steg
id. See *sti(n). Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
*stia-raipan ~ *stia-raipaz
sb.n./m.: ON stig-reip stirrup, OE sti-
rp id., MLG stege-rp id., OHG stege-reif
id. Compound of *stian and *raipan ~
*raipaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 322; C.nn
Nom. comp. 52; Oxioxs 870.
*stiaz sb.m.: ON stigr path, footway,
MLG stech id., OHG steg footbridge, lit-
tle bridge. A variant of *staz. Tonr-
F.rk 492.
*sti(n) sb.f.: ON upp-stiga ascent, OHG
stega step, ladder. See *stai, *stanan.
Particularly close to Latv stiga path,
Slav *stza id. Related to *stanan.
*stixtiz sb.f.: ON sttt pavement, step-
ping-stones, EFris stigt stile. Derived
from *stanan. Structurally close to OIr
techt walk. Tonr-F.rk 491; Pokonxv I
*stijn sb.f.: ON sta sty, kennel, svn-st
pig-sty (neut.), OE sti sty (neut.),
OFris stei id., MLG stege enclosure,
OHG stga barn for sheep or goats.
Of uncertain origin. Tonr-F.rk 490;
steura-mannz 377 stijn
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 377
1011 (to *stainaz); Z.rizxi.k II 183;
*stikiz sb.m.: Goth stiks point, OE stice
prick, puncture, OFris stek, steke point,
OS stiki prick, stab, OHG stih prick,
sting, stitch. Connected with *stekanan
(see on the reconstruction of the root
vowel there). Ztri+z. Gutt. 168; Tonr-
453; Pokonxv I 10161017; Oxioxs 870;
795.
*stikjanan wk.vb.: ON stika to drive
piles, OE stician to stick, to pierce, to
prick. Derived from *stikiz. Tonr-F.rk
ANEW 548.
*stiklaz sb.m.: Goth stikls beaker, chal-
ice, ON stikill pointed end of the horn,
OHG stehhal goblet. Derived from *stikiz
(Fick KZ XX 360361). Unrrxnrck
PBB XXII 191 (from Slav *stklo glass
which itself, however, is from Gmc);
544, 548 (follows Fick, for the seman-
tics compares *staupaz ~ *staupan and
*staupaz); Oxioxs 869; Srrnorr 468 (to
*stanan); Lrnv.xx GED 325; Hrirrn-
*stilaz sb.m.: OS stil stalk, shaft, OHG
stil id. Identical with Lat stilus stake, pale,
a pointed instrument for freeing plants
from worms. Tonr-F.rk 490; W.rrr-
Horv.xx II 592; Pokonxv I 1015.
*stf(a)ln sb.f.: ON sta dam, MLG
stvel support, prop. Derived from *stfaz.
*stfaz adj.: Burg *stis sti , OE stf id.,
OFris stf resolute, MLG stf sti ,
MHG stf rigid. Related to Lat ob-stpus
bent aside or backwards, further cf. Lat
stp to press, stpes stem, stick, Lith
stimp, stpti to stien (Ztri+z. Gutt. 45).
322; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 593; Pokonxv
ANEW 547; Oxioxs 869; Konrrn 713;
791.
*stanan str.vb.: Goth steigan to climb,
ON stga to step (up), OE stan to go,
to ascend, OFris stga to climb, OS
stgan id., OHG stgan id. Identical with
Skt (Dhtup.) stighnoti to step, to mount,
Gk stexv id., OIr tagaim to stride,
Lith steigi, stegti to desire, Slav *stignti
to arrive. Ztri+z. Gutt. 180; Tonr-
F.rk 491; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 285286;
III 514515; Pokonxv I 10171018;
Vrxrnvrs T-5760; Fnisk II 783785;
*staz sb.m.: ON stgr path, way (rare,
also u-stem), OE st id. (fem.), OHG stg
path. Identical with W mor-dwy sea
travel. Cf., with zero vocalism, Gk
stxow row, Latv stiga path, Slav
*stza id. See *stanan. Tonr-F.rk 492;
II 204; Fnisk II 784785; Srrnorr 466;
*st sb.f.: Crim. Goth. stega twenty,
OFris stge twenty items, G Stiege
ladder, dial. steige. Derived from
*stanan (Sirns PBB XLVI 171: com-
pares directly with Gk stxow row).
Gnirxnrnorn ZdPh XXX 132133 (to
Goth -tigjus); Fris+ 451452 (from non-
Indo-European); Lrnv.xx GED 324.
*stlaz sb.m.: Norw dial. stl thin stick,
MLG stl pillar. A variant of *stilaz.
Tonr-F.rk 490.
*stmaz sb.m.: Norw stm school (of sh),
MHG stm commotion, hubbub. Iden-
tical with Skt stm- lazy, passive derived
from styyate to become hard. Tonr-
F.rk 490; Pokonxv I 10101011; Dvno
VSJa 27.
*straz adj.: EFris str sti , G stier
motionless. Related to Lith styr,
strti to stien, Lat stria frozen drop,
ice-drop. Tonr-F.rk 490; W.rrr-
stijn 378 straz
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 378
Fn.rxkrr 910.
*stirnan wk.vb.: ON stira to stare, to gog-
gle, EFris stren to become rigid, MLG
stren id., G stieren id. Derived from *straz.
*sta-xrussan sb.n.: ON st-hross
stud-horse, stallion, OE std-hors id.,
OHG stuot-ros id. Compound of *stan
and *xrussan. C.nn Nom. comp. 78 (par-
allel formations).
*sta-marxjn sb.f.: ON st-merr
brood-mare, OE std-mere id. Com-
pound of *stan and *marxjn. C.nn
*stan sb.n.: ON st stud, herd (of
horses), OE std id., OS std pen (for
horses) (fem.), OHG stuot herd (of
horses) (fem.). Together with Slav *stado
continues dialectal IE *stdhom, derived
from IE *st- to stand, see *stananan,
*stnan. Tonr-F.rk 479 (Slav < Gmc);
II 175; Oxioxs 877; S+.xo LS 54;
*stiz adj.: ON gagn-str contrary.
Close to Av stiti- standing, Lith stias
id., Latv sttis id., Slav *stat row, way,
composure. Continues *st-ti-, cf. *stnan.
186187; Pokonxv I 1006; Tn.t+v.xx
BSW 283; Fn.rxkrr 891; Vnirs ANEW
558; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 748; Lrn-
v.xx GED 324; M.+zrr Festschr. Schrder
105, KZ CV 120, 132133; Hrirrnv.xxs
556.
*stjanan wk.vb.: Goth ana-stodjan to
begin, ON sta to establish. Formally
derived from *stan or *stiz. Fris+
*stlaz sb.m.: Goth stols seat, chair,
throne, ON stll chair, stool, OE stl id.,
OFris stl id., OS stl id., OHG stuol id.
Close to Lith pa-stlas stand < *stlo-,
cf. also Slav *stol throne, table, chair.
Further to IE *st- to stand, to put, see
*stnan. Tonr-F.rk 488; Hor+n.tsrx
Srrnorr 804.
*stmn sb.m.: Goth stoma basis, sub-
stance, pstasiw, OHG gi-stuomi quiet.
Close to Skt neut. sthman- location,
Gk stmvn warp in weaving, Lat stmen
id., Lith stomu stature, Slav *stam
permanent, stubborn. Further based
on IE *st- to stand. See *stnan.
Scnnorrn ZDADL XLII 68 (from *stb-
ma-); Tn.t+v.xx BSW 282; W.rrr-
III 526; Pokonxv I 10071008;
Fn.rxkrr 912; Fnisk II 796; V.svrn-
*straz adj.: ON strr great, potent, OE
str great, strong, violent, OFris str
big, weighty, OLG stri famous. Iden-
tical with Lith stras thick, Slav *star
old (Mrirrr+ Etudes 404). Cf. *starraz.
Prnssox Beitrge 707, 711; Tn.t+v.xx
AEEW 324, AWN 284; Pokonxv I 1008;
GED 3738; S+.xo LS 55; Hrirrnv.xxs
557558.
*strjanan wk.vb.: ON stra to swell,
OHG stuorren to support. Derived from
*straz. Structurally close to Slav *stariti s\
to become old. Hrirrnv.xxs 558.
*stwjanan wk.vb.: Goth stojan to judge,
OE stwian to hold back, to restrain,
MLG stwen to heap up, OHG stouwen
to complain. Derived from *stw
(Bntov.xx Grundri II/I 202, 207).
However, can be structurally close to
Slav *staviti to put, to place, Lith stviu,
stovti to stand, to stand still (Ztn.+
BB XVIII 247). Gnirxnrnorn Got. 198;
Prnssox Beitrge 563, 713; Mikkor.
straz 379 stwjanan
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 379
Festschr. Streitberg 269270; Tonr-F.rk
Fn.rxkrr 915916; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\
Srrnorr 790.
*stw sb.f.: ON eld-st stove, OE stw
place, OFris st id. Derivationally
close to Gk sto, Aeol stva roof colon-
nade, storehouse, court < *stvWi, Lith
stov place, stand, Latv stvs height,
shape, Slav *stav stand. Further con-
nected with *st- to stand, see *stnan.
Bntov.xx Grundri I 322; Hrr+rx PBB
XXX 246 (to Gmc *auwaz custom:
OE ew); Tonr-F.rk 493; Tn.t+v.xx
ANEW 549; Fnisk II 800; Srrnorr 465;
GED 324.
*strak(k)az adj.: Norw strak tight, OE
strc strict, hard, MLG strak tight, taut,
OHG fram-strah rigid. Substantivized
in WGmc: OE strc strictness, rigor,
MLG strak penalty, OHG strach id.
Identical with Slav *strog strict. Hin+
PBB XXIII 306307 (eventually, to *ster-
to stretch); Tonr-F.rk 497; Prnssox
Beitrge 432; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 324;
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 779780; Ltnn
Expr. 230231; Hrirrnv.xxs 559.
*strakkjanan wk.vb.: Norw strekkja to
stretch, OE streccan to hold out, to
extend, OFris strekka to stretch, MLG
stricken id., OHG strecken id. Derived
from *strak(k)az. Hin+ Idg. Gr. I 332 (to
*rakjanan); Tonr-F.rk 497498.
*strambaz adj.: Norw dial. sbst. stramb
strong smell, MLG stram strong, power-
ful. Close to OPrus strambo stubble,
Lith straMpas club, truncheon (Prnssox
Beitrge 440). Tonr-F.rk 499; Pokonxv
I 10251026; Fn.rxkrr 919, IF LIX 95.
*straniz ~ *stranaz sb.f./m.: ON
strnd border, edge, coast, strand (traces
of i-stem and root stem), OE neut. strand
strand, shore, MLG strand id. Unless
a chain of internal borrowings (ON >
OE > MLG), connected with *stren.
Jrxsrx NTF X 20 (to Lat frns forehead);
325; Scnnorrn NGWG 1941 294296
(WGmc < ON); Pokonxv I 1030; Vnirs
ANEW 555 (to OIr srath bottom of the
valley); Z.rizxi.k II 210; Oxioxs 873;
Krtor-Srrnorr 800.
*strana-lkaz adj.: ON strang-ligr strong,
severe, OE stren-lc strong, rm, OHG
streng-lh id. Derived from *stranaz.
Hrirrnv.xxs 560.
*stranaz adj.: ON strangr strong, OE
stran id., OS strang id., OHG strang, strengi
id. Related to Latv strangs brave, fresh.
Further can be analyzed as a deverbative
(see *straniz). K.ns+rx NB II 377378;
Ltnn Expr. 161; Hrirrnv.xxs 560561;
*straniz sb.m.: ON strengr string, cord,
rope, OE stren id., MLG strank id.,
OHG strang id. Related to Lat string
to draw tight, to bind and, further, to
*stranaz. Ztri+z. Gutt. 180; Prnssox
552; Oxioxs 876; Hrirrnv.xxs 560;
Krtor-Srrnorr 800.
*stranjanan wk.vb.: ON strengja to
string, to fasten, OHG gi-strengen to
strengthen. Derived from *stranaz.
Hrirrnv.xxs 560.
*straumaz sb.m.: ON straumr stream,
current, OE strem id., OFris strm id.,
OS strm id., OHG stroum id. From IE
*sroumo-. Etymologically connected with
Gk =ema id., Thrac Strumn (river-
name), Alb rrym ow (of water) <
*srm, OIr sraim river, Lith sraumu
stream, brook, Latv strume river,
stream, Slav *strumy, gen. *strumene
brook. These forms are further derived
from IE *sreu- to ow. Tov.scnrk
stwjanan 380 straumaz
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Thr. II/2 99; Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 82;
Bo. RFV LXXV 147; Tonr-F.rk 502;
Krtor Nom. Stamm. 4647; Tn.t+v.xx
Dr+scnrv Thr. 483485; Pokonxv I
783784; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 71; Onrr
AED 392; Krtor-Srrnorr 803.
*straupjanan wk.vb.: Norw strypa to
pinch, to squeeze, ME stripe to strip,
MDu stroopen id., OHG stroufen to pluck,
to gather. Related to Lith strbas closely
cut. Pokonxv I 1027; Oxioxs 876.
*strawan sb.n.: Goth fem. straua funeral
feast, ON str straw, OE strew id.,
OFris str id., OS str id., OHG strou, str
id. Etymologically connected with Lat
stru to build up, OBret pret. strovis to
spread out derived from IE *sterH- id.
The original meaning (something spread
out) is revealed by the derivative *straw-
janan. Gnivv Kl. Schr. III 135 (on the
Gothic word); Nirrrnrr Star. II 136139
(Goth < Slav *strava); Krtor IF IV 309
(separates strew- in OE strew-berie
strawberry as continuing *srawa- ~ Lat
frgum strawberry plant); Tonr-F.rk
Horv.xx II 607608; Fris+ 456457;
Roo+n Strawa 3752; Pokonxv I 1031;
Krtor-Srrnorr 802.
*strawjanan wk.vb.: Goth straujan to
spread, to strew, ON str to strew (<
*strawnan, new form based on pret.),
OE strewian id., OFris strwa id., OS
prt. stridun id., OHG strewen, strouwen
id. Derived from *strawan. Tonr-F.rk
Srrnorr 802.
*stren sb.f.: ON strind earth, land.
Related to OIr trt herd, without initial
*s-. Tonr-F.rk 499; Pokonxv I 1030;
Fn.rxkrr 1118 (Lith trnta place, area
< G dial. trent area, step); Z.rizxi.k II
210.
*streukanan str.vb.: ON strjka to stroke,
to rub, to wipe. Related to Toch A
sruk- to kill, B sruk- to die, Gk
stregomai to be squeezed out in drops,
Slav *strgati to plane (Scnvir+ Voc. I
161). Ztri+z. Gutt. 28, 168; Tonr-
554; Fnisk II 807808; Srrnorr 478
479; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 779; Ar.vs
TB 722723.
*strl sb.f.: OE strl arrow, OS strla
id., OHG strl id., strla id. Identical
with Lith strl arrow (if not from
Slavic), Slav *strla arrow (Ktnx KZ I
540). Further connections are uncertain.
920921; Z.rizxi.k II 175; S+.xo LS
55; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 774; Krtor-
Srrnorr 800.
*strikjanan wk.vb.: Norw strika to stop.
Identical with Lat strig to hold up, to
halt, to stop (Prnssox Beitrge 458460).
1036; Dvno BSA 173.
*strik(w)iz sb.m.: Goth striks stroke,
hook, serif , OHG strih line, stroke, cut.
Related to *strk(w)anan. Cf. Lat striga
row of grain or hay cut down, a swath,
windrow. Tonr-F.rk 501; Fris+ 457;
10281029; Z.rizxi.k II 197; Srrnorr
Nom. 120.
*strinn sb.m.: Swed dial. strena stripe
on the skin, MDu strene strand, skein,
OHG streno id. Of unknown origin.
*stran sb.n./m.: ON str woe, grief,
strife, combat, OFris strd quarrel, ght,
OS strd id., OHG strt id. Derived from
*stranan. Prnssox Beitrge 442 (to Slav
*trizna wake, contest); Mrirrr+ Etudes
*stranan str.vb.: OSwed stra to quar-
straumaz 381 stranan
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rel, OE strdan to get by force, to pillage,
to rob, OFris strda to quarrel, MLG
striden id., OHG strtan id. Historically
identical with *stranan > OE strdan
to stride, MLG strden to set the legs
wide apart in its metaphoric meaning.
Unrrxnrck PBB XX 328329 (to Lat lra
earth thrown up between two furrows, a
ridge); Tonr-F.rk 501; Hor+n.tsrx
Srrnorr 801 (to Lith strains decorated,
furbished).
*straz adj.: ON strr strong, hard,
stubborn, OHG ein-strti tenacious,
rebellious. Derived from *stranan.
*strjanan wk.vb.: ON stra to harm,
to punish, OFris strda to quarrel, to
dispute, OS strdian id. Derived from
*straz. Tonr-F.rk 501; Hrirrnv.xxs
561.
*strk(w)anan str.vb.: ON strkva, strkja
to og, to punish (wk.), OE strcan to
make a stroke, OFris strka to strike,
MLG striken id., OHG strhhan to smear,
to whet. Connected with Lat string to
stroke, to touch, Slav *strig, *strigti to
cut (hair), to shear. Ztri+z. Gutt. 94;
Tonr-F.rk 500; Mrirrr+ MSL XIV
350; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 289; Hor+-
*strpn sb.f./m.: Norw strpa stripe,
MLG strpe id., MHG strfe id. Close to
OIr srab id. < *streib. Tonr-F.rk 501;
Pokonxv I 1029.
*strumpaz sb.m.: Norw strop measure,
EFris strump stump, MLG strump
id., MHG strumpf id. Identical with
Latv strumps short. Tonr-F.rk 504;
Pokonxv I 1027.
*strunkaz sb.m.: Icel strokkr small wood-
en vessel, MLG strunk stock of a large
plant, MHG strunc tirsus. Derived from
*strawjanan? Tonr-F.rk 503.
*strut(t)janan wk.vb.: Swed strutta to
strut, ME strut to abound, OS strotn to
be talkative, MHG strozzen to abound.
Of imitative origin. Pokonxv I 1027;
Krtor-Srrnorr 803 (to *rtanan).
*strtaz sb.m.: ON strtr a kind of hood,
ME strt swelling, MHG strz resist-
ance, quarrel. Related to *strut(t)janan.
ANEW 553 (to Lith strusts stripes of bast
in the sieve).
*stubbaz ~ *stubbn sb.m.: ON stubbr
stump, stubbi id., ME stubbe id., MLG
stubbe id. Related to Lith stburas back-
bone, spine, Latv stuburs stump. See
*stfaz. Tonr-F.rk 496; Tn.t+v.xx
*stubjuz ~ *stubjan sb.m./n.: Goth
stubjus dust, MLG stubbe id., OHG stubbi
id. Derived from *steubanan ~ *stbanan.
Tonr-F.rk 497.
*stuilaz sb.m.: ON stuill prop, stud,
MHG studel post, door-post. Cf. OS tan-
stuthili row of teeth. Derived from *stu.
*stujanan wk.vb.: ON styja to steady,
to prop, OHG gi-studen to establish.
Derived from *stu. Prnssox Wurze-
lerw. 144; Vnirs ANEW 557; Krtor-
Srrnorr 806.
*stu sb.f.: ON sto post, prop, OE stod
post. Related to Latv stte post, prop.
Or derived from *stananan with an un-
expected vocalism? Tonr-F.rk 495;
*stufn sb.f.: ON stofa sitting-room, OE
stofa bathroom (masc.), MLG stove
heated room, OHG stuba bathroom, a
heated room. Borrowed from Rom
*extfa, cf. Ital stufa bath(room), Fr tuve
id. Mrvrn-Ltnkr REW 270 (to *steu-
banan ~ *stbanan); Scntcn.nr+ ZdWf. I
stranan 382 stufn
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 382
6667 (against Mrvrn-Ltnkr); V.x Wik
IF XXIV 35; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 323;
M.n+vxo\ Slav.-germ. 122123 (from
Slav *jstba hut, room); Oxioxs 872;
Krtor-Srrnorr 804.
*stujaz adj.: ON styggr shy, MDu stugge
stubborn, sti, unfriendly. Related to
Skt stk tuft of wool, of hair, Lith stkis
stump, stkas short. K.ns+rx NB II
446; Tonr-F.rk 494495; Jn.xxrssox
IEW 862863; Pokonxv I 1032; Porovr
Language XXV 187188 (to *straz);
Hrirrnv.xxs 490 (ON < *skewwaz, adds
G scheu shy).
*stukkaz sb.m.: ON stokkr trunk, block,
log of wood, OE stocc stock, trunk, log,
OFris stokk stick, stump, OS stokk stock,
trunk, log, OHG stoc id. With an irregu-
larity in the inlaut geminate, related to
Skt stk tuft of wool, of hair. See
*stujaz. Ztri+z. Gutt. 28; Tonr-F.rk
494; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 323; M.n+ixr+
Gm. 87, 196; M.vnnorrn III 516;
Pokonxv I 1033 (to IE *steu-g-), 1035;
Oxioxs 871; Ltnn Expr. 231; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 563; Krtor-Srrnorr 797 (to Skt
tujti to strike, to hit).
*stukkjan sb.n.: ON stykki piece, OE
stycce id., OS stukki id., OHG stucki id.
Derived from *stukkaz. Tonr-F.rk 494;
Srrnorr 804.
*stukkjanan wk.vb.: ON stokka to
build, to raise, ME stocken to put to-
gether, MLG stocken id., OHG sama-
stocken id. Derived from *stukkaz. Vnirs
ANEW 550.
*stulpn sb.m.: ON stlpi post, pillar,
ME stolpe id., MLG stolpe id. Close to
Lith dial. stu
lbas id., Slav *stlb pole,

post (Fons+rv.xx KZ XIX 355). T.vv
UU 1881 31 (ON < Slav *stlp);
291; Srrcn+ KZ LXVIII 123; S+rxrrn-
Pr+rnsrx Slav.-germ. 279281 (Lith <
Gmc); Pokonxv I 1020; Cnrvor.xo\
551; S+.xo LS 56; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\
*stun sb.f.: ON stund period of time,
while, hour (partly *stuniz), OE stund
id., OFris stunde id., OS stunda id.,
OHG stunta id. Derived from *stnan,
*stananan. Tonr-F.rk 477; Hor+-
Mrirn ASNSL CCII 428431 (from Rom
*extunda short period of time: OSard
istunda, Catal estona, Cors stonda); Hrirrn-
v.xxs 552; Krtor-Srrnorr 805 (follows
Mrirn).
*stunjanan wk.vb.: ON stunda to pro-
ceed, to strive, OE -stundian to astound,
to grieve. Derived from *stun. Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 328.
*stunjanan wk.vb.: ON stynja to groan,
OE stunian to crash, to resound, MLG
stonen to moan. Derived from *stenanan.
Cf. also derivatives: ON stynr groan, OE
e-stun noise, stun. Tonr-F.rk 481;
*stuntaz adj.: ON stuttr short, stunted,
scant, OE stunt foolish, stupid, NFris
stnt short, MHG stunz id. Probably
derived from *stautanan. Kock ANF XI
317 (ON stuttr by analogy, instead of
*stottr); K.ns+rx NB I 1314; Tonr-F.rk
I 10331034; Vnirs ANEW 556557;
Vnirs ANEW 556557 (to Skt tudti to
push, to strike); Oxioxs 878; Ltnn Expr.
*stuntjanan wk.vb.: ON stytta to short-
en, OE styntan to make dull, to become
dull. Derived from *stuntaz. Ennisv.xx
PBB XVIII 216 (to Lat tund to beat, to
strike, also with nasalization); Tonr-F.rk
*stur sb.f.: ON stor young wood, plan-
tation, earth (grown with brushwood).
Close to Gk stryh: t j to dratow,
stufn 383 stur
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 383
ka pidoratw (Hes.) < *stordh (Lirrx
SVSU VI/1 17). See *stertaz I. Pokonxv
I 1024; Vnirs ANEW 551; Fnisk II 802.
*sturjanan wk.vb.: OE styrian to stir, to
move, OS far-sturian to subvert, OHG
ir-sturen to shake. Related to Skt turti to
hurry, to press forward, tryate to run.
Oxioxs 870.
*sturjaz ~ *sturjan sb.m./n.: ON styrr
tumult, stir, OE e-styr movement.
Derived from *sturjanan. Vnirs ANEW
558.
*sturjn sb.f./m.: ON styrja sturgeon,
OE styria id., MLG stor, store id., OHG
sturo, sturio id. Based on *sturjanan to stir,
to move (F.rk ANF XLI 134). This der-
ivation is motivated by one of the most
striking features of sturgeons behav-
iourits movements during the spawn-
ing period. Hin+ IF XXII 69 (to Slav
*osetr sturgeon, Lith erktas id.); Tonr-
F.rk 505; Scnn.rrn-Nrnnixo II
Wi+cz.k KZ CIV 106 (from *sHon-, cf.
Lat sari salmon trout, from Gaulish);
*sturkaz sb.m.: ON storkr stork, OE storc
id., MLG stork id., OHG storah id. The
original meaning must have been sti
bird, bird standing without moving.
Derived from *sterkanan. Kincnnorr KZ
I 39; Fick I 57 (to Gk trgow vulture);
Wi+cz.k KZ CIV 107 (from *sos, cf. Skt
sjay- a kind of bird, Rum barz> stork
< Dacian); Krtor-Srrnorr 799.
*sturknjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-staurknan
to wither, ON storkna to coagulate,
OHG part. er-storchenet numb. Derived
from *sturkaz (in its unattested original
meaning). See also *sterkanan. Tonr-
*sturmaz sb.m.: Burg *storms storm, ON
stormr id., OE storm id., OS storm id.,
OHG sturm id. Derived from *sturjanan.
(to Lat turma troop, squadron, crowd);
Z.rizxi.k I 136; Oxioxs 872; Wi+cz.k
KZ CIV 107 (from *smos, cf. Skt srma-
going, running, owing, Gk rm rapid
motion forward); Konrrn 713; Krtor-
Srrnorr 805806.
*sturmjanan wk.vb.: ON styrma to blow
up for a gale, to storm, OE styrman to
storm, MLG stormen id., OHG sturmen id.
Derived from *sturmaz. Tonr-F.rk 505;
558.
*sturrnan wk.vb.: Goth and-staurran to
confront, to glare at, OHG storrn to
tower. Related to *starraz. Tonr-F.rk
486; Fris+ 5051; Lrnv.xx GED 37;
*stfaz sb.m.: ON stfr stump, MLG
stve id. Related to Skt stpa- shock of
hair, Gk stpow stem, stump, block,
Latv stps fag-end (Fick I 145, III
813814; Oxioxs 877.
*stfjanan wk.vb.: ON stfa to cut o, to
chop o , MLG stven to deaden. De-
rived from *stfaz. Vnirs ANEW 557.
*stkn sb.f.: ON stka sleeve, MLG
stke tree stump, OHG sthha wide
sleeve, kerchief . Connected with *stfaz?
*stpanan str.vb.: ON stpa to stoop
(hap. leg.), MDu stupen to stick out. A
secondary strong verb related to *staupaz.
Etymologically connected with Skt tupti
to hurt, tmpati id., pra-stumpati to butt,
Gk tptv to strike, Lat stupe to stien,
Slav *tpati to stamp despite Gmc *-p-
of unknown origin. Tonr-F.rk 496;
IEW 862866; M.vnnorrn I 512513;
stur 384 stpanan
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 384
474.
*straz adj.: Norw str surly, sad, MLG
str sti, strict, OHG stri strong,
well-built. Identical with Skt sthr- big,
strong, thick, Osset stur big, Latv strs
stubborn. K.ns+rx NB II 250251;
Tonr-F.rk 493494; M.vnnorrn III
530531; Pokonxv I 1009; Dvno VSJa
26; Vnirs ANEW 556; Scnni\rn LL 355
(no expected shortening of pretonic *
in Gmc); Hrirrnv.xxs 566; Krtor-
Srrnorr 805.
*sttaz sb.m.: ON sttr bull; a stumpy
thing, MLG stt thick part of the thigh,
rump. Derived from *stautanan. Tonr-
*sufjanan wk.vb.: ON syfja to become
sleepy, EFris suen id. Derived from *swe-
fanan. Tonr-F.rk 548; Vnirs ANEW
572.
*suan sb.n.: ON su garnish, OE sufel
id., OS sval id., OHG sl id. Related
to Skt spa- broth, soup. See *spn.
*sujanan wk.vb.: ON sya to furnish
with garnish, OE syan id. Derived from
*suan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 339; Vnirs
ANEW 572.
*suan sb.n.: ON sog inlet, MHG suc
juice. Derived from *sanan. Tonr-
*suelan sb.n.: Goth sugil sun, name of s-
rune, OE siel, sel id. A variant of *swe-
lan ~ *swel (Scnvir+ KZ XXVI 9) with
a dicult inlaut. On the other hand, cf.
OE swele bright as the sun, sweel
heaven, sun, OS swigli light <
*swelaz. Sir\rns PBB VI 565566
(phonologically, Goth *sjil = sauil);
Gnirxnrnorn PBB XXI 216217 (same
as Sir\rns), Got. 182; Woor MLN XVI
306; M.ns+n.xrrn NTS I 149 (against
connection to *swelan ~ *swel ); Hor+-
n.tsrx ASNSL CXIII 4344 (to *s(w)a-
nan), AEEW 293, 334; Unrrxnrck PBB
XXX 311; Fris+ 457458; Pokonxv I
Phon. 48 (*-- < *-H-), GED 328;
Hrirrnv.xxs 575.
*su sb.f.: Norw dial. sugga sow (with
secondary gemination), OE sugu id., OS
suga id., G dial. suge id. Close to OIr socc
pig, W hwch id., Corn hoch id., Bret
houch id. < *sukku-. Further connected to
*sz. Tonr-F.rk 443; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 329; Pokonxv I 1038; Z.rizxi.k
II 210; Oxioxs 849.
*suxtiz sb.f.: Goth sauhts sickness, disease,
ON stt id., OE t-siht diarrhea, OFris
secht disease, OS suht id., OHG suht, suft
id. Derived from *seukaz. Ztri+z. Gutt.
915; Z.rizxi.k I 151; Vnirs ANEW
531; Srrnorr 399; Lrnv.xx GED 296
*sulan sb.n.: OE sol mire, miry place,
OFris sol mud, MLG sol id., OHG sol
id. Cf. also ON place name Soleyjar.
Related to Skt sr spirituous liquor, Gk
lh sediment, mud, slime, Lith sul
juice, birch juice. Tn.t+v.xx BSW
291; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 306; Fn.rxkrr
*suljanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-suljan to lay
the foundation, ON sylla to furnish with
a sill. Related to *swellj. Knr+scnvrn
KZ XXXI 417 (to Gk lh forest);
Gnirxnrnorn Got. 92 (to Lat solum
bottom, ground, base); Tonr-F.rk 446;
*sultj sb.f.: Norw dial. sylt saline swamp,
MLG sulte saline, meat jelly, OHG sulza
saltwater. Related to *saltan. Tonr-
F.rk 437.
*sumaz adj., pron.: Goth sums some, any,
ON sumr id., OE sum id., OFris sum id.,
OS sum id., OHG sum id. Related to Toch
A sam, B sm same, Skt sam- equal, like,
the same, even, Av hama- every, each,
Gk ma together. B.n+norov.r 1773
stpanan 385 sumaz
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 385
AEEW 329; Fris+ 458; M.vnnorrn III
561; Fnisk I 83; Oxioxs 845; Lrnv.xx
Btnr.k IFTJa 260261.
*sumera-aaz sb.m.: ON sumar-dagr
summer day, late ME summer-day id.,
MLG somer-dach id., MHG sumer-tac id.
Compound of *sumeraz and *aaz.
*sumera-lanaz adj.: ON sumar-langr
summer long, OE sumer-lan long as
in summer, OS sumar-lang id., MHG
sumer-lanc id. Compound of *sumeraz and
*lanaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 90 (parallel
formations).
*sumera-tiz sb.f.: ON sumar-t sum-
mer time, ME sumer-tid id., MLG somer-
tt id., MHG sumer-zt id. Compound of
*sumeraz and *tiz. C.nn Nom. comp. 79
(parallel formations)
*sumeraz sb.m.: ON sumarr summer
(also neut. sumar), OE sumer id., OFris
sumur id., OS sumar id., OHG sumar id.
Close to Arm aman summer < *s
e
m
e
rom.
Further related to Skt sm half-year,
year, season, Av ham- summer, Arm am
year, W haf summer. B.n+norov.r
Srrnorr 770.
*sumerinaz ~ *sumerunaz sb.m.:
ON sumrungr one summer old animal,
OE symerin-wyrt a kind of plant, Malva
crispa. Derived from *sumeraz. Vnirs
ANEW 561.
*sumerjanan wk.vb.: ON sumra to
come (of summer), ME someren id., MLG
someren id., MHG sumeren id. Derived
from *sumeraz. Vnirs ANEW 561.
*sumlan sb.n.: ON sum(b)l banquet, sym-
posium, OE symbel feast, banquet (<
*sumljan), OS sumbal meal. Continues
*s-lo- joint meal related to *samaz,
*samn. Tonr-F.rk 434 (from *semjan >
OHG gi-semn to banquet, to Gk cvmw
morsel, bit, cv to rub, to grind);
*sunan sb.n.: ON sund swimming,
OE sund swimming, sea, MLG sunt
strait (masc.). Continues *suman derived
from *swemmanan. Tonr-F.rk 548549;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 329330; Vnirs
809.
*sunaz adj.: OE e-sund sound, healthy,
OFris sund id., OS gi-sund id., OHG gi-
sunt id. Related to *sanz. On the other
hand, may be structurally identical with
Hitt auwant- good < *esu-t- (Srrnorr
LuR 505). Tonr-F.rk 547; (to *swen-
az); Oxioxs 848; Hrirrnv.xxs 586;
Krtor-Srrnorr 321 (to IE *shu-nt-).
*sunj sb.f.: ON syn denial, protest, OE
syn, synn misdeed, sin, OFris sinne id.,
OS sundia id., OHG sunta id. Related to
*sunjaz, *sanz. \.x Hrr+rx PBB XXX
249 (to Gk th bewilderment, infatua-
tion); Fick KZ XX 367369 (from *sun-
jaz); Scnn.rrn KZ XX 467469 (to Gk
v to hurt, to damage); Scnnorrn KZ
LVI 106116 (to *skan ); Tonr-F.rk
430; Rossrrr UU 1942/7 107; Hor+-
149; Oxioxs 828 (related to Lat sns
guilty); Srrnorr Sprache XV 1445;
809.
*sunraz adj.: Goth adv. sundro asunder,
alone, apart, ON sundr asunder, OE
sundor alone, apart, OFris prep. sunder
id., OS sundar id., OHG suntar remote,
separate. Continues a form with a com-
parative sux *-ter-, cf. Skt sanutr-
away, o, aside, Gk ter without, far
from, W hanner half (Btoor BB III 120:
reconstructs *s-ter-, to *sem- one).
Scnvir+ KZ XXV 92 (same as Btoor),
XXXII 360 (identical with Gk terow
other, dierent < *s-tero-); B.n+no-
rov.r BB XV 16; Bntov.xx Grundri
sumaz 386 sunraz
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:13 PM Page 386
II/1 324; Gnirxnrnorn Got. 202 (same
as Btoor); Mrnixorn IF XVIII 223 (to
*st- being); Tonr-F.rk 444; Hor+-
Vnirs ANEW 561; M.vnnorrn III 427;
Fnisk I 178; Cn.x+n.ixr 381382;
Srrnorr 770771.
*sunrjanan wk.vb.: Swed sndra to
sunder, OE syndrian to sunder, to sepa-
rate. Derived from *sunraz. Tonr-
F.rk 444.
*sunrjanan wk.vb.: ON sundra to
break asunder, OE sundrian to sunder, to
separate, MLG sonderen id., OHG sun-
tarn id. Derived from *sunraz. Tonr-
Srrnorr 771.
*sunj sb.f.: Goth fem. sunja truth.
Replaces the expected but unattested
*sunjaz < *st-. The latter is identical
with Skt saty- true, real, Av haiyya-
true (Krtor PBB X 144). A zero grade
form related to *sanaz. Ctn+its Gr. Et.
197198 (to Gk tew true); Bntov.xx
KVG 592 (to Lat sns guilty, criminal);
Mrirrr+ MSL XV 219220 (to Gk siow
holy); Mrnixorn IF XVIII 223224
(same as Bntov.xx); B.n+norov.r
17601761; Tonr-F.rk 430; Hrr+rx
PBB XXX 249; Fris+ 459; Fnisk Wahrheit
341; Oxioxs 846; Cn.x+n.ixr 380381
(to Gk tew true); Srrnorr Sprache
XV 1445 (interprets sunja as sb. truth,
same as Fnisk); Lrnv.xx GED 329
Srrnorr 809.
*sunnn sb.f.: Goth sunno, dat. sg. sunnin
sun, ON sunna id., OE sunne id., OS
sunno id. (masc.), sunna id., OHG sunna id.
Reects an old n-stem of the heteroclytic
stem also attested in Av gen. x
v
ng id. as
opposed to nom. x
v
ar6. In other Indo-
European languages the l-stem is domi-
nating: Skt svar- id., Gk Hom liow
id., Lat sl and the like. B.n+norov.r
KZ XXVIII 12; Scntrzr KZ XXVII
428429 (< *sul-n); Bntov.xx Grundri
II/1 303, 310 (reconstructs nom. *sunn,
gen. *sun-n-ez, with later generalization of
*-nn-); Scnrnr Gest. 4551; Scnvrx+xrn
ZdPh LXVI 1; Tonr-F.rk 444; Hor+-
n.tsrx ASNSL CXIII 4344 (from *sen-
anan), AEEW 330; Pis.xi AAL XI 782
(fem. in Goth); W.rrr-Horv.xx II
553554; Fris+ 460; M.vnnorrn III
330; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 180, 206;
Krtor-Srrnorr 771.
*sunan adv.: ON sunnan from the
South, OE san id., OS sthon id., OHG
sundana in the South. Derived from
*suniz. Tonr-F.rk 444; Hor+n.tsrx
*suniz sb.n.: ON sur South, OE adv.
s southwards, OFris sth id., sther id.,
OS adv. sth in the South, sthar-liuti
Southern people, OHG adv. sund in the
South, adj. sundar southern. Derived
from *sunnn (Bntov.xx IF XVIII 423
426). Derivationally close to Toch A
swce, B swco ray, sunbeam < *sun-t-
(Hirv.nssox apud Ar.vs TB 725).
Scnnorrn PBB XLVII 345 (to *swenaz);
Woor Language III 185 (from IE *sto-);
330; Htisv.x KZ LXXI 101 (to Gk pr
over); Pokonxv I 881; Vnirs ANEW
Krtor-Srrnorr 808.
*sunrjaz adj. comp.: ON syri more
southern, OFris sther southern. De-
rived from *suniz. Vnirs ANEW 572.
*sunrnjaz adj.: ON surnn southern,
OE serne id., OFris sthern id., OS
srni id., OHG sundrni id. Derived
from *sunrjaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
*sunur ~ *swanur sb.f.: ON sonar-
dreyri pig blood, OE sunor herd of
swine, OHG swanur herd. Derived from
*swnan, *sz. Tonr-F.rk 546; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 330; Fovkrs Language
sunraz 387 sunur
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:14 PM Page 387
XXII 347 (to Skt suvti to set in motion,
to vivify); Vnirs ANEW 530 (to *saumaz).
*sunuz sb.m.: Goth sunus son, ON sunr,
sonr id., OE sunu id., OFris sunu id., OS
sunu id., OHG sunu, sun id. Despite the
dierence in vocalism, continues (with
oxytonic shortening) IE *snus id.: Skt
sn-, Av hunu-, Lith sns, Slav *syn.
Cf. also Toch B dim. soke id.
AEEW 330; Fris+ 460461; Ponzio
shortening of * in Gmc); Fn.rxkrr
Lrnv.xx GED 330331; B.vvrsnrn-
orn Nom. 161; Krtor-Srrnorr 769;
Scnni\rn LL 354 (follows Dvno); Ar.vs
TB 702.
*supjanan wk.vb.: Goth supon to salt,
to season, OHG son to spice, to
enbalm. Derived from *supn. Fris+
*supn sb.m.: ON sopi mouthful,
OE sopa sup, draught Derived from
*spanan. Tonr-F.rk 445; Hor+n.tsrx
*suppn sb.f.: ON soppa sop, OE soppe
id., MLG soppe soup, MHG soppe
soup. Related to *supn. Tonr-F.rk
846 (to *spanan); Lrnv.xx GED 331.
*sura-fullaz adj.: ON sorg-fullr sorrow-
ful, OE sorh-full full of care, solicitous.
Compound of *sur and *fullaz. C.nn
Nom. comp. 60.
*surnan wk.vb.: Goth saurgan to be
worried, to care, ON syrgja to sorrow, to
mourn, OE sorian to care, to be anx-
ious, OFris sorgia to sorrow, to mourn,
OS sorgn id., OHG sorgn id. Derived
from *sur. Tonr-F.rk 446; Hor+-
ANEW 530, 574; Oxioxs 847; Lrnv.xx
GED 297.
*sur sb.f.: Goth saurga care, sorrow,
ON sorg sorrow, care (i-stem), OE sor
sorrow, OS sorga id., OHG sorga id.
Deverbative identical with Slav *sorg
strict, severe based on *s()ergh- attested
in Toch A srk-, B sark- sickness, Lith
serg, sigti to be ill, OIr serg illness (Fick
III 329). Kincnnorr KZ I 39; Scnvir+
Voc. II 76; Ztri+z. Gutt. 179, BB XV
104105; Tonr-F.rk 446 (to Skt srkati
to be sad); Tn.t+v.xx BSW 258; Hor+-
I 1051 (to Skt srkati to take care of );
Tntn.cnr\ III 722; H.vr IF LXXIX
154155; Lrnv.xx GED 297; Lixrrv.x
IF XCVIII 52 (< *surgh-); B.vvrsnrnorn
Nom. 110; Krtor-Srrnorr 772; Btnr.k
IFTJa 261.
*suan ~ *suan sb.n.: ON so meat
broth, OE e-sod cooking, boiling,
OFris soth broth, OS soth id., OHG sod
id. (masc.). Derived from *seuanan.
*s sb.f.: ON s clinching of a ships
boards, MHG ste seam. Derived from
*siwjanan. Structurally close to Lat part.
stus sewn. Tonr-F.rk 441; W.rrr-
ANEW 559.
*sanan str.vb.: ON sga to suck, OE
san id., OS sgan id., OHG sgan id. A
variant of *skanan. Ztri+z. Gutt. 139;
329; Jn.xxrssox IEW 773775; Po-
konxv I 912913; Vnirs ANEW 560 (to
Lat scus juice, moisture, sap, Lith sun-
ki, sukti to squeeze out); Oxioxs 882;
*sxsl(n) sb.f.: ON ssl, ssla business,
work, OE ssl torment. Related to
*seukaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 330; Lrn-
v.xx GED 297.
*skanan str.vb.: OE scan to suck,
MDu suken id. Related to Lat sg id.,
OIr sgim id. (Bntov.xx II/3 128).
sunur 388 skanan
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:14 PM Page 388
*sl ~ *sliz sb.f.: ON sl pillar, OE
sl id., OFris sle id., OS sl id., OHG sl
id. Cf. also Goth sauls id. with a short *5.
Identical with Gk lh wood (Prnssox
Beitrge 383). Further probably connected
to Lat solum oor, Gk la sole (Hes.).
Related to *swellj. Tonr-F.rk 446 (to
Gk juln wood, timber); Hor+n.tsrx
Fris+ 412413; Pokonxv I 899 (to
*selmn), 1046; Dvno VSJa 26; Vnirs
Srrnorr 706.
*spanan str.vb.: ON spa to drink, to
sup, OE span id., OFris spa id., MLG
spen id., OHG sfan id. See *sp(n). The
origin of the word is not clear. Tonr-
331 (to IE *seu- to rain, to ow); Krtor-
Srrnorr 706.
*sp(n) sb.f.: ON spa soup, MHG sf
drink. Looks similar to Skt spa- soup,
broth but the unvoiced -p- creates a
problem. Tonr-F.rk 445; M.vnnorrn
562.
*sra-aujaz adj.: ON sr-eygr blear-
eyed, OE sr-e id., OS sr-gi id., OHG
sr-ougi id. Compound of *sraz and
*aujaz. Prnssox UU 1891 9 (to ON
saurr mud, dirt and *san); Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 330; C.nn Nom. comp. 66; Vnirs
ANEW 562.
*sraz adj.: ON srr acid, sour, OE sr
sour, MLG sr id., OHG sr id. Related
to Lith sras salty, Slav *syr wet, raw.
Cf. also Illyr rvn. Syr-apus (Kn.nr Glotta
XX 188189). K.ns+rx NB II 249
250, 451; Tonr-F.rk 446; Tn.t+v.xx
BSW 293294; Bo. RFV LXXV 148;
1039; Dvno VSJa 26; Fn.rxkrr 944
Srrnorr Festschr. Matzel 124125;
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 819; Hrirrn-
*sz sb.f.: ON sr sow, OE s id., OS s
id. (i-stem), OHG s id. (i-stem). Related
to Toch B suwo id., Av h id., Gk w id.,
Alb thi (Fons+rnv.x KZ I 493). H.vrr
APS II 3142; Knr+scnvrn Glotta XIII
132138; B.n+norov.r 1817; Tonr-
Oxioxs 849; Gnirrrx+noo Wurzelnomina
373393; Krtor-Srrnorr 705706;
*swabbjanan wk.vb.: Norw svabba to
splash, E swab to swab, to mop, MLG
swabben. Related to Lat sup to throw, to
scatter, Slav *sypati to pour, to strew.
Tn.t+v.xx BSW 293; W.rrr-Horv.xx
I 356; Pokonxv I 1049; Oxioxs 891.
*swabjanan wk.vb.: ON svefja to lull to
sleep, OE swebban to send to sleep, to
lull, to kill, OS an-swebbian to fall asleep,
OHG in-swebben to lull to sleep. Causa-
tive of *swefanan. Structurally close to
Skt svpyati to make sleep, Lat spi
to make sleep. Tonr-F.rk 548; Hor+-
*swaifljanan wk.vb.: ON sveia to
swing, EFris sweifeln to sway, MHG
sweibeln id. Related to *swfanan. Vnirs
ANEW 566.
*swaijanan wk.vb.: ON sveigja to bend,
to bow, ME sweigh to sweep, to swing.
Related to Lith svaigi, svagti to waver, to
become dizzy (Woor MLN XVI 21).
*swaimaz sb.m.: ON sveimr soaring, stir,
MHG sweim soaring, rambling. Derived
from *swmanan. Tonr-F.rk 553; Vnirs
ANEW 566.
*swaimjanan wk.vb.: ON sveima to
wander, to soar, MLG sweimen to sway,
skanan 389 swaimjanan
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:14 PM Page 389
MHG sweimen to swing, to hover, to
hang. Derived from *swaimaz, *swmanan.
566567.
*swainaz sb.m.: ON sveinn boy, servant,
attendant, OE swn herd, swine-herd,
OS swn id., OHG swein servant,
shepherd. Derived from *swnan. Tonr-
F.rk 543 (from *se- (his) own, cf. Lith
svanis brother-in-law); Hor+n.tsrx
567; Z.rizxi.k I 136; Oxioxs 891.
*swaipanan str.vb.: ON sveipa to sweep,
to stroke, to wrap (relic str. forms), OE
swpan to sweep, OS pret. sg. for-suup
to drive out, OHG sweifan to wrestle.
Probably related to Av xviwra- rapid,
xawayat-atra- swinging the whip.
IEW 794797; Pokonxv I 10411042;
749.
*swaipaz I sb.m.: ON sveipr fold,
hood, OHG sweif cloak. Substantivized
*swaipaz II or direct derivative of *swai-
panan. Tonr-F.rk 555; Vnirs ANEW
253.
*swaipaz II adj.: ON au-sveipr pliable,
yielding, MHG wt-sweif wandering
around. Derived from *swaipanan.
K.ns+rx NB I 112; M.+zrr Festschr.
571.
*swaipjanan wk.vb.: ON sveipa to
sweep, to stroke, to wrap, ME swpen to
sweep, OHG gi-sweifen id. Causative of
*swaipanan. Tonr-F.rk 555.
*swaitaz sb.m./n.: ON sveiti sweat
(< *swaitjan), OE swt id., OFris swt
sweat, perspiration, OS swt id., OHG
sweiz sweat, blood of animals. Identical
with Skt svda- sweat, Av x
v
ada- id. and
further related to Arm k'irtn id., Gk Ion
dow id., Lat sdor id., Alb djers id.
< PAlb *swidertj, Latv svidri id.
Connected with *switjanan. B.n+no-
rov.r 1860; Tonr-F.rk 554; Tn.t+-
ANEW 567; Z.rizxi.k II 179; Fnisk I
749; Onrr AED 69.
*swaitjanan wk.vb.: ON sveitask to
sweat, OE swtan id., MLG swten id.,
OHG sweizen to fry, to melt. Causative-
iterative connected with *swaitaz, *swit-
janan. Derivationally close to Skt svedayati
to make sweat. Tonr-F.rk 554; Hor+-
*swaliz sb.m.: ON svelgr swirl, whirl-
pool, OE e-swele abyss, gulf (neut.).
Derived from *swelanan. Tonr-F.rk
134.
*swal()wn sb.f.: ON svala swallow,
OE swealwe id., OFris swale id., OS swala
id., OHG swalawa id. Derived from
*swelanan. S.tsstnr apud Vnirs (to Gk
lkun mythical bird, identied with
the kingsher, Alcedo ispida); Woor
MLN XXI 228 (to Latv svelpju to whis-
tle); Sorvsrx AfslPh XXIV 575576 (to
Slav *solovj nightingale); Tonr-F.rk
*swa-lkaz pron.: Goth swaleiks such,
ON slkr id., OE swelc, swilc id., OFris
sulik, selik id., OS sulik id., OHG sulih
id. Derived from *sw(t). Ztri+z. Gutt.
*swalljanan wk.vb.: ON svella to make
swell, OHG bi-swellen to block. Derived
from *swellanan. Tonr-F.rk 551; Vnirs
*swaltjanan wk.vb.: ON svelta to put to
death, OE sweltan to die. Causative of
*sweltanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 335;
Srrnorr 491.
*swampaz sb.m.: Goth swamms sponge,
swaimjanan 390 swampaz
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:14 PM Page 390
ON svppr ball, sponge (u-stem), OE
swamm mushroom, MLG swam, swamp
sponge, OHG swam, swamb fungus,
mushroom. Despite the dierence in the
inlaut consonantism, to be compared
with Gk somfw swampy, porous (Ktnx
KZ IV 17; Ctn+its Gr. Et. 380). Ltr+
KZ XXXVI 147 (to Lat fungus toadstool,
mushroom < *sg
hongo-); Krtor Glotta II

55 (same as Ltr+); Prrrnsrx MPKJ I
165167 (to Lith guMbas sponge, Slav
*gba id.); Tonr-F.rk 549; Hor+n.tsrx
*swanaz sb.m.: ON svanr swan, OE swan
id., OS swan id., OHG swan, swano id.
Identical with Skt svan- sound, Lat
sonus id. (Stor.n+i DVN 408). Further
related to Skt svnati to sound, Lat son
id. Stor.n+i DVN 408; Tonr-F.rk
Horv.xx II 559; Ponzio Gliederung 180;
*swanwaz adj.: ON svangr thin, slender,
slim, MLG swank unstable, waver-
ing, MHG swanc id. Derived from
*swenwanan. Tonr-F.rk 547; Krtor-
Srrnorr 748.
*swanwjanan wk.vb: Goth af-swaggwjan
to cause to waver, OE swenan to
cause to swing, OFris swenga to water,
MLG swengen to rock, to waver, OHG
swenken to beat, to whip. Causative of
*swenwanan. Jon.xssox Beitr. Gesch. XV
237 (to Skt vcati to move crookedly);
335; Fris+ 10; Oxioxs 894; Srrnorr 493;
*swank ~ *swankiz sb.f./m.: Norw
dial. svokk arch of the foot, OE swenc
trial aiction, MLG swanc turn, MHG
swanc swinging movement. Derived from
*swenkanan. Tonr-F.rk 546547.
*swaran ~ *swar sb.n./f.: ON svar
answer, OE and-swaru id., OFris ond-ser
id.. Derived from *swarjanan. Structurally
close to Slav *svar quarrel, ght, *svara
id. Os+norr BB XXIV 211213; Tonr-
*swarban sb.n.: ON svarf le-dust, OHG
pl. swarpun gurgitibus. Derived from
*swerbanan. Formally identical with Slav
*svorb scab, rash. Tonr-F.rk 551;
Tn.t+v.xx BSW 295; Srrnorr 495;
*swarbjanan wk.vb.: ON svarfa to
sweep, to swerve, EFris swarven to move
around, LG swarven id. Derived from
*swerbanan. Vnirs ANEW 565.
*swaruz ~ *swar sb.m./f.: ON
svrr skin, OE sweard, swear skin, hide,
OFris swarde scalp, MLG swarde id.,
MHG swart scalp, bacon crust. De-
rived from *sweranan. Tonr-F.rk 550;
1050 (to OHG str. sweran to ache, to
pain); Vnirs ANEW 572 (to Latv erve
thick skin); Oxioxs 892; Krtor-
Srrnorr 748.
*swarjanan str.vb.: Goth swaran to
swear (secondary absence of j-present),
ON sverja id., OE swerian id., OFris swera
id., OS swerian id., OHG swerren id.
Probably connected with OESc dat. sg.
sverunne arbiter < *ser-sn-, Slav *svara
quarrel. Gnirxnrnorn Got. 204 (to IE
*er- to speak); Tonr-F.rk 549; Fris+
463464; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 336, AWN
290; Krtor 695696; Kn.nr SuV 77;
480482; Brx\rxis+r IEL 434, 475;
*swarmaz sb.m.: Norw svarmr swarm,
OE swearm id., MLG swarm id., OHG
swarm id. Derived from *swarjanan?
Tonr-F.rk 549 (from *swarbmaz, cf. G
dial. swurbel id., or to Lith surm pipe,
reed-pipe < *ser- to sound); Hor+-
swampaz 391 swarmaz
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1050 (to IE *ser- to sound); Vnirs
ANEW 565; Oxioxs 892; Krtor-
Srrnorr 748.
*swarjanan wk.vb.: ON svara to
answer, OE and-swarian id., OFris
andswara to take responsibility. Derived
from *swaran ~ *swar. Hor+n.tsrx
ANEW 565; Brx\rxis+r IEL 434.
*swarn sb.m.: Goth ufar-swara perjurer,
ON mein-svari id., OE -swara oath,
OFris swara juror. Derived from *swar-
janan. Fris+ 510; Srrnorr 481; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 177178.
*swartaz adj.: Goth swarts black, ON
svartr id., OE sweart black, dark, OFris
swart black, OS swart black, dark,
OHG swarz black. Related to Lat sords
dirt, from *sordus < *sordo- dirty
(Scnvir+ KZ XIX 270). Further cf.
Balkanic rvn. Bardriow < *(s)ordo-ori-
black water (Gronoir\ Isseldov. 114).
Ctn+its KZ I 268; Nirrrnv.xx IF X
230; Prnssox Beitrge 167; Os+norr Etym.
9297 (to Lat sorbus sorb-tree < *sord-
o-); Tonr-F.rk 550; Scnvrx+xrn FB
Szrvrnrxvi Kratylos II 122; Pokonxv I
Srrnorr 748.
*swartnan wk.vb.: OHG ir-swarzn to
become black. Derived from *swartaz.
Structurally close to Lat sordre to be
dirty. W.rrr-Horv.xx II 562; Vnirs
*swaan ~ *swa sb.n./f.: ON sva
slide, a slippery place, OE swau track,
trace, sw id., OFris swethe boundary,
track, trace, MLG swad row of
mown grass, MHG masc. swade id. Of
unknown origin. Tonr-F.rk 545 (part.
of *swjanan > MLG swien to swing);
1041; Oxioxs 892.
*sweblaz ~ *sweflaz sb.m.: Goth swibls
sulfur, OE swefel id., OS sweval id.,
OHG swebal, sweval id. Derived from IE
*sep- to throw, to pour: Slav *sp,
*suti, Lith sup, spti to rock, to swing,
Lat sup. For the semantic development
cf. Slav *sra sulphur ~ Lat serum whey
< IE *ser- to ow (Tntn.cnr\ Etim.
1968 3840). Sro++v IF LI 147 (a
Mediterranean Wanderwort); Ztri+z. BB
XXV 9394; Gnirxnrnorn Got. 205
(derived from *swefanan: sulfur vapors
cause sleep); Mtcn ZDADL XLII 165
166 (reconstructs *selk
lo- > *swelblaz);

Hin+ Idg. Gr. I 309 (related to Lat
sulp(h)ur); Bntcn Glotta XXI 7275 (from
*swewlaz, follows Hin+); Tonr-F.rk
548 (reconstruct Gmc *swelplaz); Tn.t+-
v.xx BSW 293; W.rrr-Pokonxv II
Pokonxv I 909910, 1046 (same as
Hin+); Fn.rxkrr 943944; Z.rizxi.k
I 136; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 818;
Ar.vs TB 689690 (to Toch AB slp- to
be set alight).
*swebnaz sb.m.: ON svefn sleep, OE
neut. swefen id., OS sweban id. Derived
from *swefanan. Continues IE *sopnos ~
*sepnos ~ *supnos id.: Toch A p, B
pane, Skt svpna-, Av x
v
afna-, Gk pnow,
Alb gjum, Lat somnus, OIr san, Lith
spnas, Slav *sn (Btoor KZ XX
4041). Mrirrr+ Etudes 383; B.n+no-
rov.r 18631864; Tonr-F.rk 548;
Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 94; Tn.t+v.xx
W.rrr-Horv.xx II 557558; Ponzio
II 970971; Srrnorr 482; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ III 716717; B.vvrsnrnorn
Nom. 73; Onrr AED 138; Ar.vs TB 666.
*swefanan str.vb.: ON sofa to sleep, OE
swefan id. Related to Hitt up- to sleep,
Skt svpiti id., Av -ap- id., Lat sopor sleep,
Slav *spati id. See *swebnaz. B.n+no-
rov.r 18621863; Tonr-F.rk 548;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 334, AWN 271, 297;
swarmaz 392 swefanan
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IEW 800; M.vnnorrn III 561; Pokonxv
I 1048; Vnirs ANEW 528; Srrnorr
733.
*swefnjanan wk.vb.: ON sofna to fall
asleep, OE swefnian to appear in a
dream, to dream. Derived from *sweb-
naz. Structurally close to Slav *snti to
fall asleep. Vnirs ANEW 528; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ III 733.
*sweljanan wk.vb.: Goth swiglon to
play the ute, OHG swegaln id. Derived
from *swel. Fnonrr BB III 15, XIV
111; Prnssox Beitrge 355; Tonr-F.rk
554; Fris+ 467; Lrnv.xx GED 335.
*swel(n) sb.f.: OE sweel music (?),
OHG swegala, swegel pipe. An ono-
matopoeic formation. Hardly related to
Lat sbilus, slus hissing, whistling (cf.
sbul utist < Etr uplu). Tonr-F.rk
Horv.xx II 531532, 620; Pokonxv I
10401041; Lrnv.xx GED 335.
*swexr(n) sb.f.: Goth swaihro mother-in-
law, ON svra id., OE swr id., swehor id.,
OFris swir id. Cf. also *swer > OE
sweer id., MDu sweger id., OHG swigar id.
Transformation of IE *ser id.: Skt va
r-, Gk kur, Arm skesur, Alb vjehrr, Lat
socrus, W chwegr, Slav *svekry. Tonr-F.rk
544; Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 6062;
Horv.xx II 550551; Fris+ 462463;
10431044; Tntn.cnr\ Rod. 118120;
Fnisk I 478479; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III
*swexuraz sb.m.: Goth swaihra father-in-
law (n-stem), OSwed svr id., svr, OE
swehor, swor id., MDu sweer id., OHG
swehur id. Related to Skt vura- id., Gk
kurw id., Alb vjehrr id., Lat socer id.,
Lith uras id., Slav *svekr id. continuing
IE *seuros. Ztri+z. Gutt. 191; Tonr-
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 335; Scntrzr Kl.
Schr. 69, KZ XL 400401; W.rrr-
Horv.xx II 550551; Fris+ 462463;
10431044; Fn.rxkrr 977; Z.rizxi.k II
179; Fnisk I 478479; Brx\rxis+r IEL
Onrr AED 510511.
*sweknaz adj.: Goth swikns pure, inno-
cent, ON sykn innocent. Continues
*se-no-, a compound of re. *se- and a
form of *en6- to give birth as in Gk neo-
gnw newly born, Lat mali-gnus wicked,
ill-disposed, Gaul -cnos in proper names
(e.g. Truticnos), Venet volti-xnos. Btoor
KZ XX (1872) 34 (from *su- good and
*ano- as in Gk gnw pure, chaste,
holy); Brzzrxnrnorn BB IV 354 (to Gk
sigaleiw shining); K.ns+rx NB II
211212; Woor MLN XXV 75 (to
*swk(w)anan); Fnonrr KZ XXIII 311
312 (to Gk semnw holy, sbomai to
revere); Ztri+z. Gutt. 199; Ztn.+v BB
XVII 325326 (to Slav *sv fresh);
Tonr-F.rk 554; Mikkor. IF XXIII 126
(same as Ztn.+v); Fris+ 467; Hor+-
16; Mrzorn Language XIX 261262 (from
*se- and *n- to recognize, to know);
Jn.xxrssox IEW 791 (to IE *su- good);
Lrnv.xx GED 335336; M.vnnorrn
Diachronica IV 249; Ltnn Expr. 339;
Hrirrnv.xxs 582 (reconstructs *swiknaz).
*swekn sb.f.: ON sykn absolution,
OE swicn clearance from a criminal
charge. Substantivized *sweknaz. Tonr-
Hrirrnv.xxs 582.
*swelanan str.vb.: OE swelan to burn,
OHG pres. er-swilit obcaluit. Identical
with Skt svarati to shine, cf. also Lith
svl, svlti to singe, to smoulder. Tonr-
Srrnorr 480; Krtor-Srrnorr 750; Dvno
BSA 21.
swefanan 393 swelanan
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*swelanan str.vb.: ON svelgja to
swallow, OE swelan id., MLG swelgen
id., OHG r-swelgan id. Unclear.
Kincnnorr KZ I 39; Srrcn+ KZ LXVI
Srrnorr 750.
*swellan sb.n.: ON svell lump of ice,
OE e-swell swelling, tumor, MDu ge-
swelle id. Derived from *swellanan. Vnirs
ANEW 567.
*swellanan str.vb.: ON svella to swell,
OE swellan id., OFris pres. swella id., OS
swellan id., OHG swellan id. Derived from
*swelanan? Ctn+its Gr. Et. 372 (to Lat
salum open sea, high sea); Sovvrn Gr.
112 (to Gk liw enough); Poknovski
KZ XXXV 230231 (to Lat nsolsc
to become unusual); Tonr-F.rk 551;
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 704705 (to Lat
nsolns insolent); Jn.xxrssox IEW
567; Oxioxs 893; Fn.rxkrr II 758 (to
Lith slti to ow); Srrnorr 489490;
*swellj sb.f.: ON syll, svill threshold, sill,
OE syll sill, support, MLG sul, sulle id.
(masc.), OHG swelli sockle, foot-support
(neut.). Connected with *sl ~ *sliz.
(to Gk selw cross-beam, junction);
*sweltanan str.vb.: Goth swiltan to die,
ON svelta to starve, to die, OE sweltan to
die, OS sweltan id., OHG swelzan to
burn slowly, to smoulder (hap. leg.). De-
rived from *swelanan. Prrrnsrx KZ
XXXIX 429 (to Arm k'ac' hunger <
*sd-sko-); Tonr-F.rk 552; Fris+ 468;
490491; Lrnv.xx GED 336.
*swemmanan str.vb.: ON svimma, svima
to swim, OE swimman id., OFris swimma
id., MLG swmmen id., OHG swimman
id. Secondary ablaut type based on *sw-
manan. Tonr-F.rk 548549; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 337; W.rrr-Pokonxv 2
254 (to Lith smdyti to hunt); M.n+i-
xr+ Gm. 71; Jn.xxrssox IEW 801;
Pokonxv I 1046 (to OIr do-sennaim
to hunt < *-semdh ); Fn.rxkrr 788
(against W.rrr-Pokonxv); Vnirs ANEW
570; Oxioxs 893894; Srrnorr 491492;
*swenwanan str.vb.: OE swinan to
swinge, to og, to give a blow, OFris
swinga to water, MLG swingen to swing,
OHG swingan to og. Related to Skt sv-
jate to embrace, to clasp (Woor MP V
285). Rricnrr+ KZ XXXIX 78 (to Lith
skti to turn); Ztri+z. Gutt. 70; Tonr-
Pokonxv I 10471048; Oxioxs 894
(to *senkwanan); Srrnorr 493; Krtor-
Srrnorr 752.
*swenkanan str.vb.: OE swincan to
toil, to labor. Related to OIr seng slen-
der, slim < *sengo-. Tonr-F.rk 546;
Pokonxv I 1047.
*swena-lkaz adj.: ON svinn-ligr sensi-
ble, OE sw-lc great, violent. Derived
from *swenaz. Hrirrnv.xxs 577.
*swenaz adj.: Goth swins strong,
ON svinnr, svir quick, swift, OE sw
strong, OFris adv. swthe very, hard,
OS swth strong, MHG swint, swinde
id. Related to *sunaz. An alternative
explanation based on Slav *svt holy
is less probable. Gnirxnrnorn Got. 206;
Prnssox Beitrge 189, 587 (to Lith siuni,
sisti to send); Jon.xssox Festschr. Bugge
28 (to Av spent holy, Slav *svt id.);
Fnonrr BB XIV 109110 (to Lat sonticus
hazardous); Prnssox Beitrge 189 (to Skt
suvti to set in motion); Tonr-F.rk 547;
Fris+ 468469; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 330,
338; Krtor 262 (from *shu-, to *seh- to
capture), 264; Srrcn+ 128 (to Lith svekas
healthy); Hoors EG V 8283; Pokonxv
Piin.ixrx 4849; Srrnorr Sprache XXIX
swelanan 394 swenaz
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nrnorn Nom. 251 (from *s-t- whole);
Hrirrnv.xxs 577578, 586; Krtor-
Srrnorr 319.
*swenn sb.f.: Goth swinei strength,
MHG swinde id. Derived from *swenaz.
*swenjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-swinjan to
strengthen, OE swan id. Derived from
*swenaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 338;
v.xxs 577.
*swerbanan str.vb.: Goth af-swairban to
wipe away, ON sverfa to le, to whirl
around, OE sweorfan to rub, to scour, to
le, OFris pres. swerva to crawl, OS
pret. sg. swarf to wipe away, OHG swer-
ban to wipe, to make dry. Related to
Slav *svrbti to itch. Kincnnorr KZ
I 39; Prnssox UU 1891 55 (to Gk
srfow, Hes.); Mtcn ZDADL XLII 169
(to the unattested W chwerfu whirling,
turning); Ztri+z. Gutt. 57; Tonr-F.rk
568; S+.xo LS 57; Srrnorr 494495;
GED 7.
*swera-beranz adj.: ON sver-berendr
warrior, OE sweord-berende sword-bear-
ing. Compound of *sweran and *beranz,
participle of *beranan. C.nn Nom. comp.
61.
*swera-fatilaz sb.m.: ON sver-fetill
sword-strap, MHG swert-vezzel id. Com-
pound of *sweran and *fatilaz. C.nn
Nom. comp. 52.
*sweran sb.n.: ON sver sword, OE
sweord id., OFris swerd id., OS swerd
id., OHG swert id. Etymologically close
to Slav *svrdl drill < *sdh-ilo-
(Scnn.rrn-Nrnnixo I 160). Knoov.xx
KZ LIX 204 (to OHG sweran to hurt, to
pain); Lirrx PBB XV 518 (to Lat sorbus
sorb-tree); Srrnnrn WuS VI 39 (to
*swaruz ~ *swar); Pirrixo SNF XVI/2
38 (same as Lirrx); Tonr-F.rk 550 (to
Gk or sword); Knoov.xx KZ LIX 204
(to OHG sweran to ache, to pain);
W.rrr-Pokonxv I 265; Hor+n.tsrx
894; Tntn.cnr\ Rem. 155, 363, 375;
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 573574; S+.xo
LS 57; Krtor-Srrnorr 751.
*swerx( j)n sb.m.: ON svri neck, nape,
OE sweora, swira id. Related to Alb z-verk
occiput < PAlb *-swerka. Ztri+z. Gutt.
50; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 337 (to Lat srus
branch); Pokonxv I 1050 (to Skt svru-
pole); Vnirs ANEW 571 (to OE sweor
column, pillar, MHG swir riverside
post); Htrr KZ CVII/1 165171 (Alb
< Goth *swairhs); Onrr AED 526
527.
*swestr sb.f.: Goth swistar sister, ON
systir id., OE sweostor id., OFris swester id.,
OS swestar id., OHG swester id. Continues
IE *sesor- id.: Toch A ar, B er, Skt
svsar-, Arm k'oyr, Gk or: yugthr,
neciw (Hes.), Lat soror, OIr siur, Lith
sesu, Slav *sestra. Generalized Gmc *-str-
< *-sr- in oblique cases (Bntov.xx
Grundri I 776, II/1 333). Prrrnsrx Kelt.
Gr. I 73; Tonr-F.rk 544; Tn.t+v.xx
Ponzio Gliederung 79; M.vnnorrn III
157; Fnisk I 530531; Oxioxs 830;
Szrvrnrxvi Kinship 313318; Brx\rxis+r
IEL 173; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III 612;
Nom. 208; Krtor-Srrnorr 751; Ar.vs
*swezjaz sb.m.: OSwed swiri cousin,
OFris swire status of cousin, OE e-swiria
nephew, sisters son (masc. n-stem). De-
rived from *swsaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
336.
*swbaz sb.m.: ON Svfa-land land of
Swabians, OE pl. Swfe Swabians,
OHG pl. Swba id. Cf. also Lat-Germ
Subi, Suvi. Based on the possessive
*se-. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 331; Po-
konxv I 882883; Vnirs ANEW 563;
swenaz 395 swbaz
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Onrr JSL V/1 144149 (against the
connection with Slav *svoboda freedom).
*swuraz sb.m.: OFris swger brother-
in-law, MLG swger id., OHG swger,
swgur id. Vddhi of *swex(u)raz, struc-
turally identical with Skt vura- of the
father-in-law (Prnssox IF II 201).
Tonr-F.rk 544; Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 6465;
IF LXXIII 133135 (OFris swger <
OHG).
*swljanan wk.vb.: ON svla to suocate
with smoke, OE swlan to burn. De-
rived from *swelanan. Tonr-F.rk 551;
571 (to ON svalr cool, fresh); Srrnorr
488; Krtor-Srrnorr 750; Dvno BSA 21.
*swraz adj.: Goth swers valued, hon-
ored, ON svrr heavy, OE swr id.,
OFris swr id., OS swr id., OHG swr
id. Related to Lith sveri, sveti to weigh,
to balance, svars heavy, Latv svars
weight. Cf. also Lat srius grave,
earnest (Unrrxnrck PBB XXX 312).
K.ns+rx NB II 364365; Hin+ Idg. Gr. I
331 (to *g
er- heavy); Tonr-F.rk 550;

*swrnan wk.vb.: Goth sweran to
honor, OFris swria to be too heavy,
OHG ana-ir-swrn to get worse. De-
rived from *swraz. Fris+ 465466;
*swri sb.f.: Goth sweria honor,
OHG swrida load, weight. Derived
from *swraz. Fris+ 466; Lrnv.xx GED
*swrn sb.f.: Goth un-swerei dishonor,
OHG swr heaviness, load. Derived
from *swraz. Fris+ 466; Hrirrnv.xxs
579.
*swsa-lkaz adj.: ON svs-ligr lovely,
delightful, OE sws-lc kindly, pleasant,
OFris sws-lik kinsmanlike, OS sws-lk
native, OHG sws-lh own, private.
Derived from *swsaz. Hrirrnv.xxs
580.
*swsaz adj.: Goth swes ones own, ON
svss id., OE sws id., OFris sws related,
OS sws own, nice, cosy, OHG sws
private, intimate, homely. Derived from
IE *se-: Skt sv- own, Av hva- id., Gk w
id., Lat suus id., OPrus swais, Slav *svoj
and the like (Dirrrxn.cn VW II 263).
543; Unrrxnrck PBB XXVII 132 (from
*sdh-to-); Tn.t+v.xx BSW 251252;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 331332; M.vn-
ANEW 565566; Fnisk I 431; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ III 583; Brx\rxis+r IEL 269;
580.
*swiftaz adj.: MHG swifte silent. Derived
from *swbanan. Derivationally close to
Messap spta: sipa. Messpioi, Hes.
< *sipto- (Kn.nr IF XLVII 327).
Tonr-F.rk 556; Krtor 78; Pokonxv I
*swikan sb.n.: ON svik treason, fraud,
OE swic deception, illusion. Cf. also
OHG swh id. < *swkaz. Derived from
*swk(w)anan. Tonr-F.rk 553.
*swikulaz adj.: ON svikall treacherous,
OE swicol deceitful, false, OHG bi-swih-
hil insidious. Derived from *swk(w)anan.
K.ns+rx NB II 276, 284; Hor+n.tsrx
*swinjanan wk.vb.: ON svina to sub-
side, OHG swinn accere. Derived
from *swnanan. Jn.xxrssox IEW 807
*swipaz sb.m.: ON svipr swoop, sudden
loss, MHG umbe-swif turn, turning,
ambit. Derived from *swaipanan. Tonr-
*swipn sb.f.: ON svipa whip, OE swipe
id., MLG swepe id. Related to *swaipanan.
*switjanan wk.vb.: OHG swizzen to
sweat. Identical with Skt svidyate id.
swbaz 396 switjanan
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switjanan 397 sw(t)
Related to *swaitaz. Tonr-F.rk 554;
Krtor-Srrnorr 752.
*swfanan str.vb.: ON svfa to rove, to
turn, to drift, OE swfan to move, to
sweep, OFris pres. swva to be uncer-
tain, MHG pret. sg. sweif to swing. Cf.
also Goth sweiban to cease. Related to
*swaipanan, *swaijanan. Prnssox BB
XIX 263266 (to Gk sivp silence);
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 337; Tonr-F.rk
808 (to Gk sig silence); Pokonxv I
1042 (to Latv svipstis coward); Vnirs
Srrnorr 749.
*swk(w)anan str.vb.: ON svkva, svkja to
betray, OE swcan to move about, to
wander, OFris swka to remove, OS
swkan to desert, to leave in the lurch,
OHG swhhan to turn away, to decline.
Related to Lith svaigi, svagti to be
dizzy, Slav *svigati to run after, to
hurry. Tonr-F.rk 553554; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 336; Scnxrirrn KZ LXVI
253 (to Toch B waike lie); Jn.xrssox
IEW 794797 (to *swaipanan); Pokonxv I
1042; Fn.rxkrr 947; Tntn.cnr\ Slav.
jaz. V 173; Vnirs ANEW 569; Fn.rxkrr
953, 1248; Srrnorr 486487; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 56; Ar.vs TB 611612.
*swmanan str.vb.: Norw svma to move
back and forth, OHG z-gi-swman to
emerge. Probably from *swp-m-anan
related to *swaipanan. Tonr-F.rk 553;
Pokonxv I 1041.
*swimn sb.m.: ON svimi dizziness, gid-
diness, OE swma id., OFris swma id.,
MLG swm id. Derived from *swmanan.
337; Pokonxv I 1041 (W chwyf motion,
unrest); Vnirs ANEW 570.
*swna-xerjaz sb.m.: ON svn-hirir
swine-herd, OE swn-hyrde id., OS swn-
hirdi id., OHG swn-hirte id. Compound of
*swnan and *xerjaz. C.nn Nom. comp.
*swnan sb.n.: Goth swein pig, swine,
ON svn id., OE swn id., OFris swn id.,
OS swn id., OHG swn id. Identical with
Lat sunus of pig, Latv svns dirty, Slav
*svin of pig < *sno-. The latter is
derived from IE *s- pig. See *sz.
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 337338; Scntrzr
Kl. Schr. 850; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 636;
xis+r IEL 28; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ III
749.
*swnanan str.vb.: WFris swine to fade,
OHG swnan id. Of unknown origin.
GED 334 (to *swfanan).
*swbjanan wk.vb.: ON sfa to kill, to
sacrice. Identical with Skt svpyati to
make sleep. Derived from *swefanan.
M.vnnorrn III 561; Vnirs ANEW 576.
*swiz sb.m.: ON sgr tumult, confu-
sion, OE sw noise, din. Related to Gk
x noise < *sgh-, Lith svagi, svagti
to sound (Fick GGA 1894 237; Ztri+z.
Gutt. 181). Brzzrxnrnorn BB XXVII
*swjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-swogjan to
sigh, OE swan to sound, LG swgen to
sigh. Derived from *swiz. Hor+-
*swpjanan wk.vb.: ON spa to
sweep, E swoop. Related to *swabbjanan.
*sw(t) adv.: Goth swa so, thus, ON sv,
s id., OE sw, sw as, that, OFris s, s
so, thus, OS s id., OHG s id.
Continues *sd (Bntov.xx Grundri II/3
1008). Related to Gk particle (instr.) w
as, like < *s-s, OLat adv. (abl.) sud
thus. Bntov.xx Dem. 3132 (to Av
*xva
t- as, like); Tonr-F.rk 543; W.rrr-

Pokonxv II 611; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
Orel_14/310-397/bing 7/6/04 7:14 PM Page 397
*tajanan wk.vb.: ON teja to dung, to
manure, E ted to spread (hay), OHG
zetten to spread. Derived from *tan.
Krtor-Srrnorr 909.
*tan sb.f.: ON taa manured meadow,
OHG zata tousled hair. Continues
*d6-t-, participle of *d-: Skt dti to cut,
to divide, part. dit- cut out, divided,
Gk daomai to divide, datomai id.
Tonr-F.rk 150; Pokonxv I 175178
(specically to Gk datomai); Vnirs
ANEW 579; Fnisk I 341342, 351352.
*tafnan sb.n.: ON tafn sacrice. Identical
with Lat damnum harm, damage < *dap-
nom, cf. also daps meal, Arm tawn feast
< *dapni-. Prrrnsrx KZ XXXII 247
(heteroclytic stem related to *tibran);
Dr\o+o Festschr. Hirt II 546; Tonr-F.rk
155; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 323324; Pokonxv
I 176; Vnirs ANEW 579; Brx\rxis+r
IEL 61, 485.
*taaz sb.m.: Norw dial. tag, tagged tow-
ering hill top, MLG tagge edge, prong.
Close to Skt da thread on the edge
of the fabric, fringe. Tonr-F.rk 153;
Pokonxv I 191.
*talan ~ *talaz sb.n./m.: Goth tagl
hair, ON tagl horses tail, OE tl tail,
MLG tagel ropes end, OHG zagal tail.
Derived from *taaz. Derivationally
close to Ir dal hairlock < *dolo-.
Scnvrizrn KZ I 155 (to Skt dhyati to be
strong); Ztri+z. Gutt. 192; Tonr-F.rk
Oxioxs 900; Gt+rxnntxxrn BNF III
2324 (to Illyr Docleates); Lrnv.xx GED
Srrnorr 902.
*taran sb.n.: Goth tagr tear, OE teaor id.
Accentual and morphological variant of
*taxru(z). Ztri+z. Gutt. 192; Tonr-F.rk
t
sw(t) 398 taran
331; Fris+ 462; W.rrr-Horv.xx II
Krtor-Srrnorr 768 (from *sw ); Bot+-
k.x OFED s.v.
*swtn sb.f.: ON sti sweetness, OS suoti
id., OHG suoz id. Derived from *swtuz.
Hrirrnv.xxs 585.
*swtuz adj.: ON str sweet, OE swt,
swte id., OFris swte id., OS swti id.,
OHG suozi id. Zero grade in Goth sutis
gentle, yielding < *sutjaz. Related to Skt
svd- savory, sweet, Gk dw sweet,
Lat suuis id. K.ns+rx NB II 363;
Tonr-F.rk 556; Ennricn apud Fris+
(Goth suts < *su-di-, to *su- good and
*dei- to shine); S+nri+nrno IF XXVII
157158 (on short *u in Goth); Fris+
Anvkxrcn+ passim; W.rrr-Horv.xx II
611612; M.vnnorrn III 567569;
577; Fnisk I 623; Oxioxs 893; Rosrx-
onrx 7584; Srrnorr Festschr. Matzel
*swullaz sb.m.: ON sullr boil, OFris
swoll swelling. Derived from *swellanan.
Srrnorr 490.
*swultiz sb.m.: ON sultr hunger, OE
swylt death, destruction. Zero-grade de-
rivative of *sweltanan (Lorvr IF XIII 8).
336.
*s(w)umpaz sb.m.: ON soppr ball, OHG
sumpf swamp. Related to *swampaz.
Tonr-F.rk 549.
orel_f15_T_398-414 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 398
*taxjanan wk.vb.: Goth tahjan to tear,
Icel tja to card, to comb. Related to
*t. Ztri+z. Gutt. 192; Tonr-F.rk
152; Fris+ 470471; Lrnv.xx GED 338.
*taxria-xleuzaz ~ *taxrua-xleuzaz
adj.: ON trug-hlra with tearful cheeks,
OE teri-hler having the cheeks wet
with tears. Compound of *taxriaz ~
*taxruaz (see *taxr(uz)) and *xleuzaz (see
*xleuzan). C.nn Nom. comp. 67.
*taxru(z) sb.n./m.: ON tr tear, OE ter
id., OFris tr id., OHG zahar id. (i-stem).
Related to Gk dkru id., OIr dr id., W
deigr id. Ctn+its Gr. Et. 133; Tonr-F.rk
S.rin Language XV 180187; Ponzio
ANEW 582; Z.rizxi.k II 189; Fnisk I
*taiaz sb.m.: ON teigr strip of land.
Structurally similar to Skt de- place,
region. Derived from *txanan. Tonr-
F.rk 163; M.vnnorrn II 65; Pokonxv I
188; Vnirs ANEW 585; B.vvrsnrnorn
Nom. 49.
*taixw(n) sb.f.: ON t toe (root stem),
OE the, t id., OFris tne id., MLG t, tn,
twe id., OHG zha id. Probably derived
from *txanan. Ztri+z. Gutt. 70; Tonr-
211; Oxioxs 928; Krtor-Srrnorr 905;
Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*taiknan sb.n.: Goth taikn token, ON
teikn token, sign, OE tcn id., OFris tken
id., OS tkan id., OHG zeihhan id. A pho-
netically irregular derivative of *txanan
(Nonrrx Abri 165). K.ns+rx Festschr.
Kluge 6569; Tonr-F.rk 162; Fris+ 472;
B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 72, 147; Srrnorr
KZ CIV 3640; Krtor-Srrnorr 905;
Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*taiknjanan wk.vb.: Goth taiknjan to
show, to exhibit, OE tcnan to show, to
appoint, OHG zeihhanen, zeihnen to sign,
to signal. Derived from *taiknan. Fris+
*taiknjanan wk.vb.: ON teikna to mark,
to denote, to beckon, OE tcnian to make
a mark, to indicate, to mark, OFris tkna
to sign, to signal, MLG tkenen id.
Derived from *taiknan. Tonr-F.rk 162.
*taikuraz sb.m.: OE tcor husbands
brother, OFris tker id., OHG zeihhur id.
Related to Skt devr- id., Afgh lwar- id.,
Arm taigr id., Gk d`r id., Lat lvir id.,
Lith dievers id., Slav *dver id. (Ctn+its
Gr. Et. 221). Gmc reects the thematiza-
tion of the oblique cases (gen. sg. *daires)
but the inlaut -k- remains unexplained.
Lirrx Studien 36 (-k- inuenced by an
unattested form related to Lith laignas
brother-in-law); Tonr-F.rk 151; Hor-
+n.tsrx AEEW 341; W.rrr-Horv.xx I
179; Fn.rxkrr 94; Z.rizxi.k I 136;
Fnisk I 338339.
*tainaz sb.m.: Goth tains branch, twig,
ON teinn twig, sprout, OE tn id., OS tn
sta, OHG zein shaft, sta. Continues
*d6i-no- based on IE *di- to divide, cf.
Skt dti to cut, to divide, to mow, Gk
pass. daetai to be torn (Knors GRM
XXXVI 346). Fick I 459 (to Gk dnaj
reed, Latv pl. dnis reed); Gnirxnrnorn
Got. 207 (to Skt dyati to y, to soar, Gk
demai to hasten); Btoor BB XXIV 446
(follows Fick); Wirrrv.xx BB XXVIII
54 (same as Gnirxnrnorn); Tonr-F.rk
Fnisk I 341342; Oxioxs 582; Krtor-
Srrnorr 903.
*tainjn sb.f.: Goth tainjo basket, ON
teina id., OHG zeina id. Derived from
*tainaz. Tonr-F.rk 151; Scntrzr KZ
LXII 258 (same motivation as in Gk
sxoinosin fasmnow, Anth. Palatina VI
247); Krtor Nom. Stamm. 4344; Vnirs
taran 399 tainjn
orel_f15_T_398-414 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 399
Srrnorr 903.
*taisanan str.vb.: OHG zeisan to pluck.
Related to Gk daomai to divide. Cf.
*tainaz. Tonr-F.rk 164; Pokonxv I
175179; Fnisk I 341342; Srrnorr 498.
*taisjanan wk.vb.: Swed dial. teisa to
pluck, to pull to pieces, OE tsan to tear
to pieces, to pull to pieces, MLG tsen
to twitch, to scratch. Derived from
*taisanan. Tonr-F.rk 164; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 342.
*taitaz adj.: Burg *taits serene, ON teitr
glad, cheerful, OE tt- (in prop.), MDu
teet ne, OHG zeiz nice, delicate.
Related to Lith ddis big, dids sublime
(Sorvsrx IF XIV 433; Brzzrxnrnorn BB
XXVII 161). S.tsstnr MSL VI 75 (to
Lat ldus play, with Sabinian l- < d-);
(to Gk dlow visible, clear, Lith dails
pretty); Vnirs ANEW 586; Fn.rxkrr 93;
*taitjanan wk.vb.: ON teita to gladden, to
cheer, OE ttan id. Derived from *taitaz.
*taitn sb.m.: ON prop. Teiti, OHG zeizo
little boy. Derived from *taitaz. Vnirs
*takan sb.n.: ON tak hold, chattels,
seizure, Scot tack lease. Derived from
*takanan. Vnirs ANEW 580; Srrnorr
499.
*takanan str.vb.: ON taka to take, to
seize, OE tacan to take, MLG tacken id.
Despite the phonetic dierence in the
anlaut, to be compared with Toch B tek-,
tak- to touch, Gk aor. part. tetagn
seizing, Lat tang to touch. Lrvv PBB
XXXII 148 (to Lith dags thistle);
Ztri+z. Gutt. 169, KZ XXXVII 390 (to
Gk dktulow nger); Tonr-F.rk 151
152; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 341 (OE <
ON); W.rrr-Horv.xx II 647648;
111; Vnirs ANEW 580; Fnisk I 345 (fol-
lows Ztri+z.), 884; Oxioxs 900; Srr-
Mo++.tscn KZ CVI 151160.
*talan sb.n.: ON tal talk, conversation,
number, OE tl tale, number, series,
OS tal, gi-tal number, series, reckoning.
Cf. also *tal(n). Related to Gk dlow
wile, bait, cunning, Lat dolus guile,
deceit (Fick BB II 209). Tonr-F.rk
158159; Woor MLN XXVI 167 (to Skt
dlati to burst, to crack, Lat dol to
hew); Rosrxn.orx ZDADL LVII 189
190; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 366367; Hor-
+n.tsrx AEEW 341, ANW 299 (to Arm to
row); Pokonxv I 193; Vnirs ANEW 580;
Z.rizxi.k II 183; Fnisk I 407408;
*talaz adj.: Goth un-tals undisciplined,
disobedient, OE e-tal quick, ready,
active, OS gi-tal deft, adroit, OHG zal
quick, fast. Related to *talan, *tal(n).
Tonr-F.rk 158159; Fris+ 158159;
588589.
*tal ~ *talan sb.f./n.: ON talg tal-
low, MDu talch id. Probably related to
*tuluz (Hor+n.tsrx ANW 305). Tonr-
F.rk 160; Pokonxv I 196 (to MIr delt
dew); Vnirs ANEW 594; Lrncnxrn 246;
Hrirrnv.xxs 607.
*taljanan wk.vb.: ON telja to tell, to
count, OE tellan to recount, to tell,
OFris tella to tell, OS tellian id., OHG
zellen to count. Derived from *talan.
Srrnorr 902.
*talmjanan wk.vb.: ON tlma to hin-
der, MLG talmen to dawdle. Unclear.
Pokonxv I 196 (to Slav *dliti ); Vnirs
ANEW 581.
*taljanan wk.vb.: ON tala to talk, to
speak, OE talian to suppose, to consider,
to reckon, OFris talia to count, OS taln
to calculate, OHG zaln to count. De-
rived from *talan. Tonr-F.rk 159; Hor+-
tainjn 400 taljanan
orel_f15_T_398-414 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 400
*tal(n) sb.f.: ON tala number, OE talu
tale, story, account, OFris tele sum,
pledge, OS tala number, OHG zala
crowd, calculation, number. A variant
of *talan. Tonr-F.rk 158159; Hor+-
GED 341; Krtor-Srrnorr 902; Bot+k.x
OFED s.v.
*tamaz adj.: ON tamr tame, OE tam id.,
OFris tam id., OS tam id., OHG zam id.
Related to Skt dmyati to be tame, to
tame, arim-dama- bridling (an enemy),
Gk damv to tame, Lat dom id., MIr
damnaim to subdue. Further connected
with IE *dom- house. Tonr-F.rk 156;
Wissv.xx NP 4445, Postv. 4246;
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 367368; M.v-
nnorrn II 19, 35; Pokonxv I 199200;
901; Rosrxonrx 31; Scntnrn+ Erw.
Krtor-Srrnorr 902.
*tamjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-tamjan to
tame, to subdue, ON temja to tame,
OE temian id., OHG zemmen id. Derived
from *tamaz. Structurally similar to
Skt damyti to subdue, to overpower.
345; Fris+ 203; M.vnnorrn II 19; Vnirs
v.xxs 590.
*tanjanan wk.vb.: Goth tandjan to light
(a lamp), to kindle, ON tenda to kindle
(hap. leg.), OE tendan, on-tendan id. Cf.
OHG zunten to put on re < *tunjanan.
Related to *tenanan. Tonr-F.rk 154;
502; H.vr SCelt XIIXIII 12 (to W
ennyn to light); Lrnv.xx GED 341342;
Krtor-Srrnorr 916.
*tanran sb.m.: ON tandri re, OHG
zantero, zantaro hot ashes. Derived from
*tanjanan, *tenanan. Tonr-F.rk 155;
*tanjanan wk.vb.: ON tengja to fasten, to
tie together, OE tengan to press, to has-
ten, MLG tengen to begin. Derived from
*tanxuz. Fick III 152; Tonr-F.rk 152;
*tanjaz adj.: ON sam-tengr bandaged, OE
e-tene near, close, OS bi-tengi adher-
ing, OHG gi-zengi reaching. Derived
from *tanjanan. K.ns+rx NB II 375;
Pokonxv I 201; Vnirs ANEW 581; M.+zrr
*tan sb.f.: ON tng tongs (i-stem and
root stem), OE tan, tane id., OFris tange
id., OS tanga id., OHG zanga id. Related
to *tanjanan. Tonr-F.rk 152; Mikkor.
UG I 72 (to Slav *dga arc); Hor+n.tsrx
903 (to Alb dan tongs).
*tan(n) sb.m./f.: ON tangi spit of land,
pointed end by which the blade is driven
into the handle, MLG tange sandbank
between two marshes. Historically iden-
tical with *tan. Related to *tanjanan.
*tanxuz adj.: ON sbst. t path, walk, OE
th tough, tenacious, MLG t, tie id.,
OHG zh hard, rm. Probably con-
nected with Gk dasw thick, Lat dnsus
id. K.ns+rx NB II 374375; Tonr-
579; Oxioxs 933; Ltnn Expr. 170; Hri-
rrnv.xxs 591 592; Krtor-Srrnorr 902.
*tan-lausaz adj.: ON tann-lauss tooth-
less, late OE t-les id., late OHG zand-
ls id. Compound of *tanz and *lausaz.
*tanjanan wk.vb.: ON tanna to dent,
Du dial. tanden to thrust teeth into.
Derived from *tanz. Vnirs ANEW 581.
*tanz sb.f./m.: ON tnn tooth (< *tanu-),
OE t id., OFris tth id., OS tand id.
(i-stem), OHG zand, zant, zan id. (i-stem).
Related to Skt dnt- id., Gk dn, dow
id., Arm atamn id., OIr dt, Lith dants id.
Cf. also *tunuz. Tonr-F.rk 154; Hor+-
tal(n) 401 tanz
orel_f15_T_398-414 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 401
n.tsrx AEEW 351; M.vnnorrn II
1617; Pokonxv I 289; Brx\rxis+r BSL
XXXII 7476; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I
Cn.x+n.ixr 776; Oxioxs 931; Srrnorr
*tappjanan wk.vb.: ON teppa to close, to
stop, to shut in, MLG teppen to plug,
MHG zepfen to tap. Derived from *tap-
pn. Vnirs ANEW 586.
*tap(p)janan wk.vb.: ON tapa to lose,
to destroy, MLG tappen to touch
lightly. Based on *tappn. Tonr-F.rk
Hrirrnv.xxs 595.
*tappn sb.m.: ON tappi tap, OE tppa
id., MLG tappe id., OHG zapfo id.
Connected with Skt dpati to push, to
strike, Gk dfv to knead? Pr+rnssox
LU XIV/31 60 (to *teppaz); Tonr-F.rk
*taraz adj.: OHG zart delicate. Cf. MLG
tert-lik pampered. Identical with MPers dart
harassed. Derived from *teranan (Gnivv
DW 403). Fris+ 120 (against Gnivv);
*tarjanan wk.vb.: Swed dial. targa to
pull with teeth, Norw dial. terga to tease,
OE tirgan to irritate, to provoke, MLG
tergen, targen to drag, to pull, G zergen to
pull. Related to Lith drginti to move, to
shake, Slav *drgati to pull. Tonr-F.rk
210; Fn.rxkrr 96; S+.xo LS 19.
*tarn sb.f.: Gep *targa rim, edge, ON
targa target, a small round shield, OE
tare small shield, LG targe shield,
OHG zarga framing. Probably, con-
nected with *tarjanan (Woor MLN XIII
158 (to Slav *po-dorg edge);
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 343 (OE < ON);
Pokonxv I 213 (to Gk drssomai to
grasp); Cnrvo-r.xo\ SGGJa I 73; Vnirs
ANEW 582; Z.rizxi.k II 178; S+.xo LS
17 (to Lith daas garden); Konrrn 715;
Krtor-Srrnorr 903.
*tarxjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-tarhjan to dis-
tinguish, to note. Identical with Skt
daryati to cause to see. Further con-
nected with Skt perf. dadra to see, Gk
drkomai id., OIr pret. ad-con-darc id. See
*turxtaz. Mrirrr+ MSL XV 349351
(on *-x- in this position); Tonr-F.rk
157158; Fris+ 203; M.vnnorrn II 23;
GED 150.
*tar(n) ~ *taraz sb.f.m.: ON tara war,
ght, battle, OE taru tear, break, MHG
zar war, ght. Derived from *teranan.
IEW 483 (to Lith dardti to creak); Vnirs
ANEW 582.
*task(n) sb.f.: ON taska trunk, chest, pouch,
pocket, MLG tasche bag. Of unknown
origin. Tonr-F.rk 160 (to *tasjanan).
*tasjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. tasa to
ravel out, LG tasen to pluck. Of un-
known origin. Tonr-F.rk 160.
*taspjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. taspa to
drag, to trail, MHG zaspen id. An
emphatic derivative of *tasjanan. Tonr-
F.rk 160.
*tassaz adj.: Goth un-ga-tass irregular,
undisciplined, idle, MDu on-ge-thes rest-
less. The negative form *un-tassaz is
identical with Gk -dastow undivided,
further related to Gk datomai to
divide (Fick Glotta II 128). See *tan.
Scnvvzrn GG I 676; Fris+ 520; Pokonxv
I 177; Fnisk I 351352; Cn.x+n.ixr 254;
Lrnv.xx GED 377.
*taufran sb.n.: ON taufr sorcery, OE
tafor coloring pigment, OFris tver
magic, MLG tover, tober id., OHG zoubar
id. (also masc.). Derived from *tawjanan?
Reminds of *tafnan and *tibran. Lor-
vrx+n.r ANF XXXII 285 (to unattested
Slav *dpati ); Tonr-F.rk 151; Hor+-
Srrnorr 904.
*taujanan wk.vb.: ON teygja to stretch
tanz 402 taujanan
orel_f15_T_398-414 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 402
out, to draw, OE tan to tie. Causative
of *teuxanan. Tonr-F.rk 167; Hor+-
GED 346.
*tau sb.f.: ON taug string, rope, OE
te band, tie. Derived from *teuxanan.
343; Vnirs ANEW 583 (to *t); Oxioxs
Krtor-Srrnorr 817.
*taux(n) sb.f.: Icel ta she-fox, MLG t
bitch, OHG zha id. Derived from *teux-
anan. For a similar semantic development
cf. Skt lop- fox, Gk lphj id. based
on *el- to tear (into parts) (G.vknrrirzr-
I\.xo\ II 513). Tonr-F.rk 151.
*tauxmaz sb.m.: ON taumr bridle, rein,
OE tem tie, ospring, family, children,
OFris tm bridle, descendants, ospring,
MLG tm bridle, rein, OHG zoum id.
Derived from *teuxanan (Gn.ssv.xx KZ
XII 133; S.tsstnr Recueil 418). Ztri+z.
ANEW 584 (against Gn.ssv.xx); M.n-
s+n.xrrn NVA 1925/1 2223; Z.rizxi.k
I 136; Oxioxs 906; Srrnorr 504;
*tauxmjanan wk.vb.: ON teyma to lead
by the rein, MLG tmen to bridle. De-
rived from *tauxmaz. Vnirs ANEW 587.
*tawjanan wk.vb.: Goth taujan to do, to
make, Run pret. tawido to make, MLG
touwen to prepare, to make, OHG zowen
to prepare. Derived from *taw, with the
semantic evolution from a concrete to an
abstract meaning, cf. Slav *kresati to kin-
dle (light) ~ Lat cre to create (Tnt-
n.cnr\ ESSJa XII 124125). Os+norr
IF V 282283 (to Skt dr- far, distant,
Gk dhrw long); Psir.xrrn KZ XLV
281284 (derived from *tw); Lonrx+z
IF V 342343 (to Gk dolow slave);
M.ns+n.xrrn NTS III 124 (from *t-
awjanan, to *aujan); Tonr-F.rk 166;
Srrnorr 904.
*taw sb.f.: ON pl. gtvar armor, hoard,
OE pl. eatwe arms, garments, OHG gi-
zouwa tool, implement. Of unknown ori-
gin. Ztri+z. Gutt. 70; Vnirs ANEW
*teuz num.: Goth pl. -tigjus set of ten,
ON -tigr id., OE -ti id., OFris -tich id.,
OS -tig id., OHG -zug id. Continues
poorly attested IE *de-, a derivational
variant of *de, see *texun. Scntrzr
Lat. 145146 (identical with decu- in Lat
decu-ria division consisting of ten, a com-
pany of ten, tithing); Tonr-F.rk 153;
(reconstructs *de-u-); Oxioxs 952;
GD 38 (from *det-); Ross-Brnxs
*texan ~ *texn sb.n./f.: ON t disposal,
OE teohh association, company, band,
MLG teche succession, association, OHG
zehha collective contribution. Related to
IE *de- to take, to receive: Gk dokv
to seem, to think, Lat decet to be seemly,
to be appropriate. Gnirxnrnorn Got.
209 (to *tw); Unrrxnrck IF XXV 146
(ON t to OE t grant, concession);
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 349, AWN 301 (to
*txanan); W.rrr-Horv.xx I 330331;
Krtor-Srrnorr 904.
*texann ~ *texunn ~
*texunn num.: Goth taihunda tenth,
ON tundi id., OE tea id., OFris sbst.
tegotha tax, tithe, OS tegotho, tehando
tenth, OHG zehanto id. Derived from
*texun. Cf. Toch A knt, B kante tenth,
Gk dkatow id., Lith deiMtas id. Tonr-
471472; Pokonxv I 191192; Fnisk I
*texsw(n) sb.f.: Goth taihswa right hand,
taujanan 403 texsw(n)
orel_f15_T_398-414 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 403
texsw(n) 404 tenaz
right side, OLFr tesewa id., OHG zesawa
id. Substantivized *texswn ~ *texswaz.
v.xxs 594.
*texswn ~ *texswaz adj.: Goth taihswa
right, MDu tesuwe id., OHG zeso id.
Particularly close to Gk dejiw id. <
*dejiWw, Gaul Dexsiva Dea, OIr dess id. <
*deso- (Ponzio Gliederung 138). Further
related to Skt dkina-, Alb djatht (based
on *djath < PAlb *detsa), Lat dexter, Lith
dinas, Slav *desn. Ztri+z. Gutt. 192;
Bntov.xx Grundri II/1 202 (su. *-o-
under the inuence of *laios left);
346347; Fris+ 471; Srrcn+ KZ LXII
217219; Hoors EG V 8182; Pokonxv
I 189191; Fn.rxkrr 91; Fnisk I
GED 338; Hrirrnv.xxs 593594; Onrr
AED 6768.
*texun num.: Goth taihun ten, ON tu
id., OE tn id., OFris tin id., OS tehan id.,
OHG zehan id. Continues IE *de id.:
Toch A k, B ak, Skt da, Gk dka,
Arm tasn, Lat decem, OIr deich n-.
S+tn+r\.x+ MLN XL 25; Hor+n.tsrx
Oxioxs 909; Lrnv.xx GED 339; Ross-
Brnxs Numerals 590593; Krtor-Srrnorr
*telan sb.n.: ON tjald tent, hangings,
OE teld tent, MLG telt, telde id., OHG
zelt id. Related to Gk dltow writing
tablet < *plank, board (Fick I 456).
Bnr.r MSL VII 446 (from Rom *tenda
tent); Tonr-F.rk 159; Hor+n.tsrx
Pokonxv I 195 (to IE *del- to split);
I 361362; Srrnorr 501; Cn.x+n.ixr I
*telaz ~ *teln sb.m.: ON tjlgr
prong, fork, OE tela branch, bough,
MLG telge, telch narrow branch (also
neut.), OHG zelga eld (one of three)
(fem.). Probably related to Lith dagis
scythe < *delg(h)- to cut o. Tonr-
Fn.rxkrr 81; Vnirs ANEW 591; Krtor-
Srrnorr 906.
*temanan str.vb.: Goth ga-timan to
match, to t in, MDu be-temen to allow
oneself, to bet, OHG zeman to t, to
bet, to become. Identical with Toch AB
tsm- to grow, Gk dmv to build (Fick
I 66, 454) although die abweichende
Bedeutung . . . macht die ursprngliche
Identitt etwas fraglich (Fnisk I 364).
Gnirxnrnorn Got. 9394 (to IE *d(i)- to
bind); Tonr-F.rk 156; Fris+ 205;
Brx\rxis+r BSL LI 1429; Pokonxv I
GED 150151; Krtor-Srrnorr 910;
Ar.vs TB 735736.
*temran sb.n.: ON timbr timber, OE tim-
ber timber, building, OFris timber id., OS
timbar timber, building, OHG zimbar id.
From *dem-ro- further related to *temanan.
Brzzrxnrnorn BB XXVII 152; Tonr-
xis+r 242, 250; Lrnv.xx GED 345;
Krtor-Srrnorr 911.
*temrjanan ~ *temrjanan wk.vb.:
Goth timrjan to build, to construct, ON
timbra to build of timber, OE timbran,
timbrian to build, to construct, OFris tim-
bria, timmeria to build of timber, OS tim-
brn id., OHG zimbarn id. Derived from
*temran. Tonr-F.rk 156; Hor+n.tsrx
Brx\rxis+r IEL 242, 250251; Krtor-
Srrnorr 911.
*temr(j)n sb.m.: Goth timrja carpenter,
OS timbro builder, OHG zimbaro id. De-
rived from *temran (Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 863).
Fris+ 478; Oxioxs 924; Lrnv.xx GED 345.
*tenaz sb.m.: ON tindr spike, tooth, OE
tind tine, prong, tooth, MLG tind, tinde
tine, sharp projecting point, OHG zint
orel_f15_T_398-414 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 404
id. Cf. also *tenj id. > MLG tinne, OHG
zinna. Derived from *tunuz. Tonr-F.rk
Pokonxv I 289 (to OIr dind hill); Vnirs
ANEW 589; Oxioxs 925; D.nvs Vddhi
*tenanan str.vb.: OE tinne burned,
MHG 1 sg. pres. zinne to start burning.
Of unknown origin. Tntnxrvsrx Idg.
Anz. XXXIII 32 (to OIr and- to kindle);
Tonr-F.rk 154155; Vrxrnvrs Mlanges
Andler 383388; Fris+ 474; Oxioxs 925;
*teppaz sb.m.: Norw dial. tipp tip, ME tip
id., MLG tip id., MHG zipf id. Related to
*tappn. Tonr-F.rk 164.
*teranan str.vb.: Goth dis-tairan to tear
asunder, OE teran to tear, to rend, OHG
zeran to quarrel, to have a row. Related
to Toch AB tsr- to be separated, to sep-
arate, Skt dti to burst, to tear, Gk
drv to ay, Lith der, diti to tear, Slav
*der, drati id. Goth tarmjan to break
forth may be based on a derivative noun
*tar-ma- close to Gk drma skin (Gnirx-
nrnorn 207). Btoor IF V 175 (Goth
tarmjan < Arm patarem to break); Tonr-
F.rk 156; Fris+ 120, 474; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 346; Tnirn Holz 122 (to *terwn);
Fn.rxkrr 9697; Fnisk I 368370;
GED 9192, 342; Krtor-Srrnorr 908;
Ar.vs TB 736.
*tersaz sb.m.: OE teors reed, penis, MLG
ters penis, OHG zers id. May be close to
MIr dorr thorn < *dorso-. Tonr-F.rk
158 (to *ter- to split); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
346; Pokonxv I 210; Z.rizxi.k I 136.
*terwn ~ *terwan sb.f./n.: ON tjara
tar, OE tierwe id., OFris tera id., MLG
tere, ter id., G dial. Zehr id. Close to Lith
derv pine-wood, tar, Latv dava tar,
Slav *dervo tree. Further connected with
IE *deru-: Hitt taru wood, Skt dru id.,
Gk dru wood, trunk, spear. Hrn-
v.xx Lautg. 282 (connects with Goth
ethn. Tervingi); Tonr-F.rk 157; Hor+-
Krtor-Srrnorr 819.
*tetruz sb.m.: OE teter tetter, a cutaneous
disease. Related to Skt dadr- skin disease,
leprosy, Lith dedervinE tetter, Latv dedere
eczema (Bo. Aist. 143). Prnssox
Beitrge 780; Knoov.xx KZ LXV 142;
Fn.rxkrr 85; Oxioxs 913.
*teuxanan str.vb.: Goth tiuhan to lead, to
bring, ON part. toginn to draw, OE ten
id., OFris tia id., OS tiohan id., OHG zio-
han id. Etymologically related to Lat dc
to pull, to lead, W dygaf to bring, Alb
nduk to pluck out, to pull out, to tear <
PAlb *en-duka. Ztri+z. Gutt. 210; Tonr-
220; Enxot+-Mrirrr+ 186 (West Euro-
pean pastoral term); Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa
I 86, 91; Vnirs ANEW 594; Brx\rxis+r
IEL 125; Srrnorr 503505; Lrnv.xx
AED 288289.
*teuxran sb.n.: ON tjr tether, OFris
tider id., MLG tuder id., OHG ziotar id.
(masc., neut.). Derivative in *-ra- < *-tro-
of *teuxanan. Lirrx SVSU VI/1 42 (to
Skt neut. draka- rope); Tonr-F.rk 165;
Hor+n.tsrx IF XX 324, AEEW 347;
Srrnorr 840, 913.
*teuxrjanan wk.vb.: ON tjra to tether,
E tether id., MLG tdern id. Derived from
*teuxran. Vnirs ANEW 592.
*teun(n) sb.f./m.: ON tjn damage, loss,
OE tena damage, harm, hurt, OS tiono
evil. Of unknown origin. Tonr-F.rk
179 (to Skt dunti to burn); Oxioxs 907;
Vnirs ANEW 592.
*teunjanan wk.vb.: ON tna to lose, to
destroy, OE tnan to vex, to annoy, to
irritate, OFris tiona, tiuna to damage, OS
tenaz 405 teunjanan
orel_f15_T_398-414 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 405
gi-tiunian to inict injustice. Derived from
*teun(n). Tonr-F.rk 165; Hor+n.tsrx
*t sb.f.: ON tg willow twig, MHG
zch wick (masc.), zhe id. Related to
*taxjanan. Tonr-F.rk 152; Lrnv.xx
GED 338 (to IE *den- to bite).
*tuz adj.: Norw dial. taag slow and
enduring, EFris tge tough, MLG tge id.
Related to Skt jihm- crooked (with
assimilation from *dihm-), Gk doxmw id.
< *d6h-mo-. Tonr-F.rk 152 (to *tanxuz);
Pokonxv I 181.
*tkanan str.vb.: Goth tekan to touch,
OFris bi-tech to carry o. An ablaut
form of *takanan. Directly related to Toch
B tk- to touch, to feel with the hand <
*dg- (Ar.vs TB 289). Ztri+z. Gutt.
169; Tonr-F.rk 151152; Fris+ 475;
Lrnv.xx GED 342343.
*tljanan wk.vb.: ON tla to entice, to
betray, OE tlan to blame, to rebuke,
to slander. Derived from *tl. Hor+-
*tl sb.f.: ON tl bait, allurement, OE
tl evil speaking, calumny, OHG zla
plot, jeopardy. Related to *talan.
Semantically, *tl is particularly close to
Gk dlow cunning, Lat dolus fraud,
malice (Fick BB II 209). Tonr-F.rk
I 407408; Lrnv.xx GED 341.
*tmiz adj.: Goth adv. ga-temiba appro-
priately, congruently, MLG be-tame
betting, appropriate, OHG gi-zmi
suitable. Derived from *temanan. Tonr-
198; Srrnorr 501502; B.vvrsnrnorn
Nom. 261; M.+zrr Festschr. Schrder 99, KZ
*tw sb.f.: Goth tewa order, Lang zwa
(unlawful) association, OHG zouwa dye
(< *preparation). Derived from *tawjanan
(Psir.xrrn KZ XLV 281284). Fick III
153 (to Lat decet to be seemly, to be
appropriate); Gnirxnrnorn Got. 209 (to
*texan ~ *texn); Bntov.xx Grundri I 609
(to Gk depnon meal); Ztri+z. Gutt. 70;
Tonr-F.rk 153 (< *tw); Fris+ 476;
120121.
*tibran sb.n.: Goth aibr sacrice, oering
(leg. tibr, Gnivv DM 36), OE tiber, tifer id.,
OHG zebar id. Cf. also ON tfurr god (?),
oering (?) in Vl. 31 (if not from OE).
Continues IE *dip-ro- (Scnvir+ Plur.
199200) attested also in Arm tvar male
sheep (Lirrx Arm. St. 810; Sir\rns PBB
X 509). Tonr-F.rk 155 (to Gk depnon
meal); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 346; Fris+
H.vr JIES I 322 (from *di-bher- connected
with *bher- to bring); Mts+ Festschr. Hill
Srrnorr 848 (from IE *ati-bher-, to *bher-
to bear).
*tifjanan wk.vb.: ON tifa to move the
feet quickly, to trip, MHG zipfen to trip.
Of imitative origin. Sirns KZ XXXVII
308 (to Gk dfv to soften by working
with the hand); Woor MLN XXI 227 (to
Gk difv to search after); Hor+n.tsrx
PBB LXVI 272 (to OE tife bitch); Vnirs
ANEW 587 (to OHG zabaln to utter).
*tin sb.f.: Swed dial. ticka goat having a
kid, OHG ziga she-goat. Close to Lacon
dza: aj, Lkvnew, Hes. (Fick KZ XLII
148: erroneously adds Thrac -diza in
pln. < IE *dheih-). J.xzrx BuZ 2131;
Tonr-F.rk 163; Hin+ Idg. Gr. I 39 (taboo
development of *ghid-); Mrirrr+ MSL
XV 356 (contra Hin+); Dr+scnrv Thr.
Krtor-Srrnorr 909.
*tin ~ *tian sb.n./m.: ON tigi
charge, suspicion, MHG zic charge,
accusation. Derived from *txanan.
Identical with Gk dkh custom, usage.
Fnisk I 393394 (an independent forma-
tion in Gk dkh and Skt Epic di trend).
*tixtiz sb.m./f.: OE tiht charge, accusa-
tion, OFris tiht id., MLG ticht id., OHG
bi-ziht id. Identical with Skt dii- direc-
teunjanan 406 tixtiz
orel_f15_T_398-414 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 406
tion, prescription, Av -diti- intention,
purpose, intention. Further related to
*txanan. B.n+norov.r 321; Tonr-F.rk
norrn II 44; Pokonxv I 188; Lrnv.xx
*tikkjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. tikka to
tick, LG tikken id., MHG zicken to nudge,
to touch. Of imitative origin. Tonr-F.rk
162163; Pokonxv I 187188 (to *tikkn).
*tikkn sb.m./f.: ME tyke tick, MLG teke
id., OHG zehho id. Related to Arm tiz
bug, OIr dega stag-beetle. Tonr-F.rk
Krtor-Srrnorr 905.
*tilan sb.n.: Goth til opportunity, occa-
sion, OE till xed point, station, MLG
til, tel point of time, aim, OHG zil end,
limit, goal. Substantivized *tilaz. The
form of acc. is used as a preposition till.
348; Fris+ 477; Pokonxv I 3; Oxioxs
Srrnorr 910.
*tilaz adj.: Goth ga-tils appropriate, ON
tilr useful, good, OE til good, apt, excel-
lent, OFris til good. Continues *di-lo-
derived from *dei- to shine: Skt ddeti,
Gk impf. dato seemed. Cf. *tinan.
Prnssox Wurzelerw. 115 (related to *talan);
K.ns+rx NB II 264265; Prrrnsrx KZ
XXXIX 372 (follows Prnssox); Tonr-
F.rk 161; Fris+ 477 (to Lat dis day);
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 348; Wissv.xx Postv.
72; Pokonxv I 3 (to W addas suitable,
eddyl aim < *ad-ilo-); Vnirs ANEW 588;
Scntnrn+ Erw. 8485; Lrnv.xx GED
344345; H.vr IF XC 70 (same as
Pokonxv); B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 249; Hri-
*tiljanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-tilon to reach,
to attain, OE tilian to strive, to pursue,
OFris tilia to testify, to build on, OLFr
tiln to toil, to labor. Derived from *tilan.
348; Fris+ 477; Oxioxs 924; Lrnv.xx
Srrnorr 910.
*tinan sb.n.: ON tin tin, OE tin id., OFris
tin id., MLG tin id., OHG zin id. A light-
colored metal called *di-no- and derived
from *dei-: Skt ddeti to shine, to be
bright, Gk impf. dato seemed (Woor
MLN XV 329). Tonr-F.rk 164 (from
Celtic, cf. Bret sten < *stagno- id.); Hor+-
Z.rizxi.k I 144; Fnisk I 354; Oxioxs 925.
*titrjanan wk.vb.: ON titra to twinkle,
to shake, to shiver, OHG zittarn to
tremble. Of imitative origin. Tonr-
F.rk 164 (to Skt drti to run, to hasten,
Gk didrskv to run away); Vnirs
*titt(n) sb.f.: Norw dial. titta tit, OE titt
id. (masc.), MLG titte id., MHG zitze id.
A descriptive stem. Tonr-F.rk 163164.
*tiz sb.f.: ON t time, OE td id., OFris
td id., OS td id., OHG zt id.
Etymologically close to Arm ti age, Alb
dit day < *d-ti- (Prnssox KZ XXXIII
287). Cf. also Skt dti brightness, splen-
dor? Tonr-F.rk 160161; Krtor
ZdWf VIII 145146; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
*tjanan wk.vb.: ON ta to long for, to
wish, MLG tden to desire. Derived from
*tiz. Tonr-F.rk 161; Vnirs ANEW 587.
*txanan str.vb.: Goth ga-teihan to announce,
to declare, ON 1 sg. pres. t to indicate,
OE ten to accuse, OFris pres. ur-ti(g)a
to refuse, to object, OS pres. af-than to
deny, to refuse, OHG zhan to accuse.
Connected with Hitt tekkui- to show,
Skt ddei to show, diti id., Gk deknumi
id., Lat dc to say. Tonr-F.rk 163;
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 348349; Jn.x-
xrssox IEW 471472; M.vnnorrn II 43;
*tk sb.f.: ON tk bitch, MLG tke id.
Probably related to *tikkn. Tonr-F.rk 162.
tixtiz 407 tk
orel_f15_T_398-414 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 407
tma-laz 408 tra
*tma-laz adj.: ON adv. tma-liga timely,
early, OE adv. tm-lce in good time, soon.
Derived from *tmn. Oxioxs 924.
*tmjanan wk.vb.: ON tma to happen,
to befall, OE e-tmian id. Derived from
*tmn. Tonr-F.rk 161; Hor+n.tsrx
*tmn sb.m.: ON tmi time, OE tma id.,
G dial. zme opportunity. Continues
*d-men- connected with *tiz. Tonr-
*tnaz adj.: Goth sin-teins daily. Identical
with Lith dien id., Latv dena id., OPrus
acc. deinan id. < *dein. Further connected
with Slav *dn id., Alb gdhij ~ gdhj to
stay awake at night < PAlb *ka-dinja, Lat
nn-dinum market held every ninth day,
OIr tr-denus for three days. Bntov.xx
Grundri II/1 264, 298; W.rrr-Horv.xx
II 188; Fris+ 423; Pokonxv I 183187;
Lrnv.xx GED 305; Onrr AED 112.
*triz sb.m.: ON trr glory, renown, OE tr
glory, honor, OS tr id. Cf. also OFris
tre jewelry. Probably derived from IE
*dei(6)-: Skt ddeti to shine, to be bright
(see *tilaz). Tonr-F.rk 161; Hor+n.tsrx
I 186 (to Lith dyrti to look out); Vnirs
ANEW 589; V.x Wixrrkrxs I 506 (to
Toch AB tiri way, manner); Hrirrn-
*twaz sb.m.: Goth tyz name of t-rune,
ON theon. Tr, OE theon. T, Tw id.,
OHG theon. *Ziu id. Related to Skt dva-
god, Av dav demon, Lat deus god,
Lith divas id. continuing IE *deio-
(Bnrvrn IF III 301). Sir\rns PBB IX
203; Gnirxnrnorn PBB XXI 217, ANF
XV 5; B.n+norov.r 667670; Tonr-
486487; M.vnnorrn II 6364;
Z.rizxi.k I 138; Vnirs ANEW 603;
Lrnv.xx GED 352; W.+kixs Gedenkschr.
Gntert 102 (to OIr in Dagdae < Celt *dago-
dos good god); Rtrxvkv Gedenkschr.
Gntert 111 (to Slav *divo wonder, *div
negative spirit, unfavorable god); B.v-
vrsnrnorn Nom. 94.
*t prep.: OE t to, OFris t id., OS t id.,
OHG zuo id. Cf. also WGmc forms with
a dierent vocalism: OE te to, OFris te
id., OS te id., OHG zi id. Close to Lat d-
in dnec up to, Latv da id., Slav *do id.
Scnvir+ KZ XXVI 24 (Goth du to <
*t); Tonr-F.rk 164; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
343, 350; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 325326;
Srrnorr 915.
*tmaz adj.: ON tmr empty, OE tm id.,
OS tm single. Derived from *temanan.
*tmjanan wk.vb.: ON tma to empty,
OFris tma to empty, OS tmian to free.
Derived from *tmaz. Tonr-F.rk 165;
*twan sb.n.: ON t tow, OE tow-hs
spinning-house. Derived from *tawjanan.
*tw(u)lan sb.n.: ON pl. tl tools, OE tl
tool, implement, instrument. Derived
from *tawjanan or directly from *twan.
Lorvrx+n.r ANF XXXV 238 (to Skt
dmn- giver, donor), WuS X 168 (to Gk
dhmw fat); Woor MP XXIV 218 (to Gk
dmow land); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 350;
Vnirs ANEW 594 (to *temran); Oxioxs
*trab sb.f.: ON pl. trefr fringes, MHG
trbe id. Related to Gk drpv to pluck,
Skt drp- mantle, garment. Tonr-
F.rk 170; M.vnnorrn II 77; Pokonxv I
*trajanan wk.vb.: ON treja to tread,
OE treddan to tread, to trample, MLG
tredden to tread upon, OHG tretten to
stamp on. Derived from *treanan.
*tra sb.f.: ON tr pen, a piece of
orel_f15_T_398-414 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 408
fallow land, OS trada step, trace,
OHG trata way. Derived from *treanan.
*traman ~ *tramn sb.n./m.: ON pl.
tramar ends, demons, OE trem step,
MLG trame stair (of a ladder).
Structurally close to Gk drmow course,
race, running, cf. further dramen to
run, Skt drmati to run about. Hor+-
*trappjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. trappa
to stomp, MLG trappen id. Cf. also OE
treppan to tread < *trappjanan. Related to
Lith dreb, drebti to tremble. Tonr-
*traujan sb.n.: OSwed tr corn-measure,
OE tr, tr tray, trough. Derived from
*trewan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 353;
Oxioxs 938.
*trausta-lausaz adj.: ON traust-lauss
without protection, helpless, MLG trst-
ls without comfort, OHG trst-ls
id. Compound of *traustaz and *lausaz.
*trausta-lkaz adj.: ON traust-ligr reliable,
safe, OHG trst-lh solacing. Derived
from *traustaz. Hrirrnv.xxs 600.
*traustan ~ *traustaz sb.n./m.: ON
traust trust, shelter, condence, OFris
trst comfort, MLG trst id., OHG trst
id. Substantivized *traustaz. Tonr-F.rk
*traustaz adj.: ON traustr reliable, sure,
strong, MLG ge-trst condent, OHG
gi-trst id. Continues *drou-stHo- rm, cf.
Pers durut- hard, strong < *dru-stHo-
(Os+norr Etym. 122133, 145146).
Further related to *trewan (Brx\rxis+r
Word X 257259). K.ns+rx NB II 334;
Tonr-F.rk 171; Bn.txr PBB XLIII
596; Oxioxs 946; Scntnrn+ Erw. 33;
Brx\rxis+r IEL 85; Lrnv.xx GED 346
Srrnorr 838.
*traustjan sb.n.: Goth trausti pact, coven-
ant, OHG gi-trsti consolation, comfort.
Derived from *traustaz. Brx\rxis+r IEL
*traustjanan wk.vb.: ON treysta to make
trusty, to make strong, OS trstian to
console, to comfort, OHG trsten to make
condent, to console. Derived from
*traustaz. Tonr-F.rk 171; Vnirs ANEW
*treanan str.vb.: Norw treda to tread,
OE tredan id., OFris treda id., MLG treden
id., OHG tretan id. A secondary transfor-
mation of *truanan into a thematic
e-grade (Mrirrr+ BSL XX 25). Tonr-
Srrnorr 835.
*treanan str.vb.: ON irreg. trega to
grieve, OS tregan to suer. Of unknown
origin. Tonr-F.rk 169; Prnssox Beitrge
4647; Bo. II 244 (to Lith drti to
become weak); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 352;
Fn.rxkrr 97, 106 (to Lith dreti to be
unwilling); Jn.xxrssox IEW 496;
Pokonxv I 226227 (follows Bo.);
Vnirs ANEW 597; Srrnorr 506; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 601602.
*tren sb.m.: ON tregi diculty, reluc-
tance, grief , OE trea pain, grief, vexa-
tion, OS trego pain. Cf. also Goth trigo
grief, regret. Derived from *treanan.
Fris+ 480; Scnrnrn GBS 26; Cnrvo-
r.xo\ SGGJa I 77; Z.rizxi.k II 178;
Lrnv.xx GED 347.
*trempanan str.vb.: Goth ana-trimpan to
step up close to. Related to *trappjanan.
Based on the unattested str. *trep(p)anan.
Tonr-F.rk 170.
*trewan sb.n.: Goth triu stick, tree trunk,
ON tr tree, wood, OE trew id., OFris
tr id., OS trio tree, beam. A thematic
derivative of *deru- : *dr- tree, wood:
Hitt taru- wood, Skt dru piece of wood,
wood, Av duru- id., Gk dru wood,
beam, spear, W derwen oak, Lith derv
(resinous) pine-tree, Slav *dervo tree,
wood (Hin+ IF I 477478). Structurally
tra 409 trewan
orel_f15_T_398-414 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 409
trewan 410 trulljanan
similar to *knewan. Gn.ssv.x Rig. 595
(hard > tree); Os+norr Etym. 98180
(on the original meaning); B.n+norov.r
738739; Tonr-F.rk 157; Srrcn+ KZ
LXVI 5859 (follows Gn.ssv.xx); Hor+-
Fn.rxkrr 90; Z.rizxi.k I 146; Vnirs
939; Fnirrnicn Trees 140149 (against
Gn.ssv.xx); Lixrrv.x Verschrfung 16.18;
Brx\rxis+r IEL 8788; Ax++ir. Schw.
91; Lrnv.xx GED 347348.
*trewnaz adj.: Goth triweins wooden,
Norw treen hard, OE trewen of tree,
wooden. Derived from *trewan. Structur-
ally similar to Gk drinow of oak, Thrac
Zulmus-drihnw, name of Asclepios, Slav
*dervn wooden. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
353; Fris+ 481; Dr+scnrv Thr. 195196;
Fnisk I 421; Brx\rxis+r IEL 87; Lrn-
v.xx GED 347.
*trewwaz adj.: Goth triggws faithful, true,
ON tryggr id., OE trewe id., OFris triwe
id., OS triuwi id., OHG gi-triuwi. Based
on *trewan (Os+norr Etym. 98180).
K.ns+rx NB I 82; Tonr-F.rk 171; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 353; Fris+ 480; S+tn+r-
\.x+ MLN XXVIII 161; Pokonxv I
Brx\rxis+r IEL 85; Fnirrnicn Trees 142;
Lixrrv.x Verschrfung 148, 188; Lrnv.xx
Phon. 3646 (-gg- < *-H-), GED 347;
*trewwi sb.f.: ON trygg faith, trust,
OE trew truth, faith, honor, OHG
gi-triuwida trust. Derived from *trewwjanan.
v.xxs 603.
*trewwjanan wk.vb.: ON tryggja, tryggva
to make rm and trusty, OE trewan
to trust, OS part. gi-triuwid allied, in
alliance. Derived from *trewwaz. Hor+-
*treww sb.f.: Goth triggwa covenant, tes-
tament, OE trow truth, faith, OFris
triwe delity, loyalty, OS treuwa id.,
OHG triuwa id. Substantivized *trewwaz.
Pokonxv I 215216; Z.rizxi.k I 149;
*trewwn sb.m.: ON prop. Tryggvi, OHG
gi-triuwo abider. Derived from *trewwaz.
Hrirrnv.xxs 603.
*truan sb.n.: ON tro treading, tram-
pling, OE trod track. Derived from
*truanan. Tonr-F.rk 170; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 353; Srrnorr 506; Lrnv.xx GED
*truanan str.vb.: Goth trudan to tread,
to trample, ON troa id. Continues IE
*dru-t-, with *dreu- to run preserved in
Skt drvati to run, to hasten (Os+norr
Etym. I 372). S+okrs IF XII 188;
Mrirrr+ BSL XX/64 25 (from aor.-pres.
*dt); Tonr-F.rk 169170; Fris+ 481;
*truan ~ *truaz sb.n./m.: ON trog
trough, OE tro id., OFris trog id., MLG
troch id., OHG trog id. Originally, *wooden
as suggested by its etymologyfrom
*dru-k-, to IE *deru- tree. Cf. *traujan,
*trewan. Tonr-F.rk 157; Hor+n.tsrx
Srrnorr 837.
*truilaz ~ *truilan sb.m./n.: ON try-
gill little trough, OHG trugil id. Derived
from *truan ~ *truaz. Vnirs ANEW 599.
*trullan sb.n.: ON troll, trll giant, end,
demon, werewolf, MHG troll, trolle end
(masc., probably from ON). Of unknown
origin. Any connection with *trewan?
Sir\rns IF IV 339 (from *trulan, to
*truanan); Tonr-F.rk 172 (< *truzlan);
Er\is+ apud Vnirs (to EFris trul, trulle
fat person, G Troll id.); Pokonxv I 205;
Vnirs ANEW 598599; Mo+z KZ
LXXXIX 180185; Krtor-Srrnorr 837.
*trulljanan wk.vb.: ON trylla to enchant,
orel_f15_T_398-414 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 410
to turn into a troll, MHG trllen to ut-
ter. Derived from *trullan. Tonr-F.rk
172; Vnirs ANEW 599600.
*trumaz adj.: OE trum strong, rm.
Identical with Skt drum- tree, Gk Hom
pl. drum copse, thicket, Thrac pln. Din-
drmh. Further connected with *trewan
(Os+norr Etym. 109111). Tonr-F.rk
Thr. 137; M.vnnorrn II 79; Pokonxv I
216; Fnisk I 420; Hrirrnv.xxs 605.
*trumpjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. trumpa
to hit, to push, MHG trumpfen to run.
Based on *trempanan. Tonr-F.rk 170.
*trusan sb.n.: ON tros droppings, rubbish,
twigs and leaves used for fuel, OFris tros
tree stump. Derived from *trewan. Tonr-
F.rk 171 (to ON tjrn pool, small lake),
NNEO 816 (to Norw trysja to rattle);
Jon.xssox PBB XV 238 (to Latv drst
cacare); Pokonxv I 216; Vnirs ANEW
599.
*traz sb.m.: ON trr juggler, OE tr
trumpeter, actor. Identical with OIr
drth fool. Hor+n.tsrx KZ LXXII 203
(to *truanan), AEEW 354; Btoor Indf. 64
(ON < OE); Fiscnrn Lehnw. 19 (ON <
OIr); H.vvrnicn ANF XXXVIII 36 (to
Dan trygle, LG troggelen to beg); Pokonxv
*trw sb.f.: ON tr trust, belief, faith,
OE trw faith, OHG trwa belief, trust.
Related to *trewwaz. Tonr-F.rk 171;
Brx\rxis+r IEL 85; Lrnv.xx GED 346.
*trwnan wk.vb.: Goth trauan to trust
(with a dierent vocalism), ON tra to
trust, to believe, OE trwian to trust, to
conde, OS trn to trust, OHG trn
to hope. Derived from *trw. Tonr-
479; Vnirs ANEW 599; S+.xo LS 20
(directly to OPrus druwt to believe); Lrn-
*tun sb.m.: ON toddi bit, piece,
bunch, tuft, EFris todde bundle (fem.), E
tod bush, Du todde scrab, rag, OHG
zotto bush. Of unknown origin. Tonr-
F.rk 167; M.n+ixr+ Gm. 87, 197; Po-
konxv I 178 (to *a-tassaz); Vnirs ANEW
*tuan sb.n.: ON tog line, rope, OE sceaft-
to strap attached to the shaft of a mis-
sile, OHG bi-zog cover (masc.). Derived
from *teuxanan. Tonr-F.rk 166; Hor+-
Srrnorr 504; Lrnv.xx GED 346; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 57.
*tuilaz sb.m.: ON tygill string, strap,
thong, OE tyel strap, trace, MLG togel
rein, OHG zugil id. Derived from *teux-
anan. Lovrx+n.r AfslPh XXXVII 389
(to Slav *kodlo kin); Tonr-F.rk 167;
*tujanan wk.vb.: ON toga to draw, OE
toian id., OFris togia to pull strongly,
MLG togen to tow, to pull, OHG zogn
to rock. Derived from *tuan. Tonr-
*tuxtiz sb.f.: Goth us-tauhts completion,
OE tyht way, manner, motion, move
(masc.), OFris tocht upbringing, disci-
pline, OS athum-zuht breath, OHG
zuht breeding, upbringing. Derived
from *teuxanan. Tonr-F.rk 166; Hor+-
Srrnorr 915.
*tuluz adj.: Goth tulgus rm, steadfast,
OE adv. tule strongly, rmly, OS adv.
tulgo very. Etymologically identical with
Hitt daluki- long, Skt drgh- id., Av
dar6ga- id., Gk dolixw id., Slav *dlg id.
(Dirrrxn.cn apud Scnvrizrn KZ I 558).
M.vnnorrn II 47; Pokonxv I 197; Fnisk
I 406407; Szrvrnrxvi KZ XCIII
107110 (to IE *delh- to capture, to
cling: Av dar6z- to fasten, Brit *dalg- to
hold); Lrnv.xx GED 349; B.vvrs-
*tumbjanan wk.vb.: ON tumba to tum-
ble, OE tumbian to tumble, to dance,
trulljanan 411 tumbjanan
orel_f15_T_398-414 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 411
MLG dumben to behave stupidly, OHG
tumbn, tumbn id. Of imitative origin.
*tum-f(e)tiz sb.f.: ON topt, tupt, tomt place
marked out for a house, a square piece of
ground with walls but without roof .
Structurally close to Gk dpedon oor <
*d-pedo- (Btoor PBB XXI 42). Further
related to *temran and *ftz ~ *ftuz.
ANEW 595; Fnisk I 347348.
*tunran ~ *tunr sb.n./f.: ON tundr
tinder, OE tynder id., MLG tunder id.,
OHG zuntara id. Related to *tanjanan.
*tunlan sb.n.: Goth tuggl star, constella-
tion, ON tungl moon, OE tunol heav-
enly body, star, planet, constellation, OS
tungal constellation (in cmpn.), OHG
himil-zungal id. Despite the tradition of
deriving it from a dissimilated *tullan
based on *tuluz, the old explanation
from *tunn (Gnivv DM II 663) seems
preferable. Gnirxnrnorn Got. 210211
(to Lith dangs sky); Tonr-F.rk 168;
Knoov.xx KZ LXIII 258260 (to
*tanjanan); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 355;
GED 348.
*tunn sb.f.: Goth tuggo tongue, ON
tunga id., OE tune id., OFris tunge id., OS
tunga id., OHG zunga id. Related to other
highly variative Indo-European forms:
Toch A pl. kntu, B kantwo id. (< PToch
*tnkwo), Skt jihv id., Av hiz id., Arm
lezu, Lat lingua id., OIr tengae, Lith lievis
id., Slav *jzyk id. Ztri+z. Gutt. 101,
Gliederung 129; M.vnnorrn I 436437;
600; Z.rizxi.k I 156; Vrxrnvrs T-
5051; M.vnnorrn I 436437; Oxioxs
930; Wix+rn JIES X 167186; Lrnv.xx
Krtor-Srrnorr 917; Htrr Festschr.
Puhvel I 81 (*w > * dissimilated under
the inuence of *-u- in the rst syllable);
Ar.vs TB 139.
*tunskaz sb.m.: ON prn. Rata-toskr (=
*squirrel), OE tusc canine tooth, molar,
tusk, OFris tusk tooth. Derived from
*tunuz. Tonr-F.rk 154; Hor+n.tsrx
ANEW 596.
*tunuz sb.m.: Goth tunus tooth. Zero
grade of *(e)dont-, see *tanz. Close to Skt
gen. dat, Lat dns id., OIr dt id. reect-
ing the same ablaut grade. Scnvir+ KZ
XXXII 329 (on connection with *IE
*ed- to eat); Tonr-F.rk 154; W.rrr-
Gliederung 124, 155; M.vnnorrn II 16;
*tuppaz sb.m.: ON toppr tuft, lock of
hair, OE topp top, OFris topp tuft, Du
top crest, summit, OHG zopf plaited
hair. Identical with Slav *dyb standing
erect, with a lengthening according to
Winters law, cf. further *dybati to stick
up, to protrude (Brnxrkrn I 249) based
on *db < *dubo- (Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa V
198). Pr+rnssox SVSL I 70 (to OHG
zumpfo penis); Tonr-F.rk 168; Broov-
rirrr Germanica 95 (on *-pp-); Hor+-
n.tsrx AWN 306 (same as Brnxrkrn),
AEEW 351; M.n+ixr+ Gm. 188, 197;
Pokonxv I 177 (to IE *dp- to divide);
Oxioxs 931; Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa V 197
198; Krtor-Srrnorr 914; Dvno BSA
142143.
*tuppjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. tuppa to
pick, to twitch, early Du toppen id., G
zupfen id. Derived from *tuppaz. Tonr-
F.rk 168.
*turban ~ *turbaz sb.n./m.: ON torf
turf , OFris turf id., MLG turf id. Close
to Skt darbh- tuft of grass, Slav *drba
plowed eld. Tonr-F.rk 158; M.vn-
tumbjanan 412 turban
orel_f15_T_398-414 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 412
norrn II 23; Pokonxv I 212; Vnirs
ANEW 595; Z.rizxi.k I 184; Gnirrrx-
+noo Wurzelnomina 403404; Krtor-
Srrnorr 828829.
*turbjanan wk.vb.: ON tyrfa to cover with
turf , OE e-tyrfan to hit, to strike, MDu
turven, torven to extract peat. Derived
from *turban ~ *turbaz, *turb(n). Hor-
*turb(n) sb.f.: ON torfa piece of peat, OE
turf turf . See *turban ~ *turbaz. Tonr-
ANEW 595; Z.rizxi.k I 184; Oxioxs 949.
*turan sb.n.: OE tord turd, dung, MDu
tort, torde id. Probably from part. *dt-, to
Latv drst cacare (Prnssox BB XIX 283).
Tonr-F.rk 156157 Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
351; Srrcn+ KZ LXVI 203 (to Gk
dardanv to stain, Hes.); Pokonxv I
207; Oxioxs 949.
*tura-webilaz sb.m.: ON tor-yll
dung-beetle, OE tord-wifel id., ODu tort-
wevel id. A compound of *turan and *webi-
laz. C.nn Nom. comp. 52; Vnirs ANEW
595; Oxioxs 949; Z.rizxi.k I 137.
*turxtaz adj.: OE torht bright, splendid,
OS torht id., OHG zoraht id. Identical
with Skt d- seen, visible, OIr an-dracht
ugly < *d-t-. Further related to *tarx-
janan. Ztri+z. Gutt. 17; Tonr-F.rk
*turnaz adj.: OE torn grievous, distressing,
bitter, OS torn bitter, painful, MHG
zorn furious. Derived from *teranan.
Structurally close to Skt dra- torn, rent,
W darn piece, part, Slav *drn turf <
*dHn-. Tonr-F.rk 157; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 351; M.vnnorrn II 47; Lrnv.xx
GED 150; Ltnn Expr. 330; Hrirrnv.xxs
*turnjanan wk.vb.: Goth af-taurnan to
tear o, Du tornen to depart. Related to
Hitt tarna- to leave, Skt dti to burst,
to tear (Fris+ 12). Formally derived from
*turnaz. Tonr-F.rk 156; M.vnnorrn II
59; Lrnv.xx GED 8.
*tut(n) ~ *tutaz sb.f./m.: Icel tota toe
(of a boot), Norw tot mouth, OE tot
projection, MLG tote top, point. Of
unknown origin. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
*tnan ~ *tnaz sb.m./n.: ON tn
hedged plot, enclosure, OE tn enclo-
sure, court, yard, OFris tn fence, OS
tn id., OHG zn id. (< *tniz). Borrowed
from Celtic, cf. Gaul Donon, OIr dn
castle, OW din id. Tonr NNEO 816 (to
Gk dnamiw power, might); Woor MLN
XVI 18 (to *teuxanan); Tonr-F.rk 165;
Vnirs ANEW 600 (related to OIr dn);
Z.rizxi.k II 190; Oxioxs 934; M.n+v-
xo\ Jazyk 3134 (from Slav *tyn fence);
Lrncnxrn 164; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 73;
Krtor-Srrnorr 904.
*tnjan sb.n.: ON sam-tnis abutting, ad-
joining, OE e-tne court, MHG ge-ziune
fencing. Derived from *tnan ~ *tnaz.
*ttaz ~ *tt sb.m./f.: Norw dial. tt
muzzle, snout, EFris tte pipe, snout,
MLG tte blow-horn. Related to *tut(n)
~ tutaz. Tonr-F.rk 167; Oxioxs 933.
*twalifa-wentruz ~ *twalifa-wentr-
jaz adj.: Goth twalib-wintrus twelve years
old, OE twelf-wintre id., OFris twelef-wintre
id., MLG twelef-wintre id. Compound of
*twalifa and *wentruz ~ *wentrjaz (see
*wentruz). C.nn Nom. comp. 65.
*twalifa num.: Goth twalif twelve, ON
tlf id. (< *twaluf-), OE twelf id., OFris
twelef id., OS twelif id., OHG zwelif id. A
structure similar to that of *ainlifa. Structur-
ally close to Lith dvlika id. Tonr-F.rk
Ponzio Gliederung 146; Fn.rxkrr 108;
GED 350; Ross-Brnxs Numerals 596597;
Krtor-Srrnorr 920.
*twaliftn num.: ON tlfti twelfth, OE
twelfta id., OFris twilifta id., MDu twalefde
id., OHG zwelifto id. Derived from *twa-
lifa. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 356; Vnirs
Numerals 634.
turban 413 twaliftn
orel_f15_T_398-414 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 413
twaliftiz 414 tw(u)
*twaliftiz sb.f.: ON tylft body of twelve,
OFrank tualepti id. Derived from *twalifa.
Vnirs ANEW 602.
*twian sb.n.: Dan tvige branch, OE twi
branch, twig, MLG twch id., OHG zwg
id. Related to *tw(u). Close to Slav
*dvig branch (Tntn.cnr\ Etim. 46).
357; Oxioxs 951; Ross-Brnxs Numerals
*twislaz ~ *twizlaz sb.m.: Norw tvisl
unstable person, OE twisla fork (of a
river, road) (n-stem), MLG twil branch
split into a fork. Derived from *twiz.
Pokonxv I 230; Ross-Brnxs Numerals 662.
*twisljanan wk.vb.: Norw twisla to vac-
illate, OE twislian to fork, to branch,
MHG zwiselen to fork. Derived from
*twislaz ~ *twizlaz. Pokonxv I 230;
Ross-Brnxs Numerals 662.
*twistaz sb.m.: Norw tvist aw in a fab-
ric, OE twist branch, fork (?), mst-twist
rope to support a mast, OFris twist dis-
sension, OS twist id., MHG zwist id.
Structurally close to Skt dviha- staying
in two places, ambiguous. Further con-
nected with *twiz. M.vnnorrn II 86;
v.xx GED 352; Ross-Brnxs Numerals 660.
*twis-wz adv.: ON tvisvar twice, OE
twiwa id., OFris twi(r)a id., OS twio id.,
OHG zwirr id. Derived from *twiz.
Brzzrxnrnorn BB VII 77; Tonr-F.rk
173; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 357; Krtor
Nom. Stamm. 260; Lorvr KZ XLVII
99102; Lrnv.xx GED 352.
*twiz adv.: MHG zwir, zwier twice.
Continues IE *dis- twofold, twice: Skt
dvi, Av bi, Gk dw, Lat bis. See *tw(u).
B.n+no-rov.r 966; W.rrr-Horv.xx I
231232; Fnisk I 398399; Lrnv.xx
*twiznaz sb.m.: ON adj. tvinnr twofold,
double, OE twin id., MLG sbst. twern
two-cored thread, MHG zwirn id.
Derived from *twiz. Structurally close to
Lat bn two by two, pair < *disno-.
*twiznjanan wk.vb.: ON tvinna to
twine, to twist thread, MLG twernen id.,
OHG zwirnn id. Derived from *twiznaz.
*twflaz sb.m.: Goth tweis doubt, OFris
twl id., MLG twfel id., OHG zwfal id.
Etymologically identical with Gk di-plow
double, twofold, Lat duplus id., Umbr
dupla, OIr dabul id., cf. also Av bifra-
comparison continuing *di-plo- ~ *dei-
plo- (Scnvir+ KZ XVI 431; Prrrnsrx
Kelt. Gr. I 237). Gnirxnrnorn Got. 211;
Tonr-F.rk 173; Sorvsrx PBB XXVII
358360 (derivative in -l- of a form sim-
ilar to Lith dvejpas twofold); Tntnxrvsrx
ZfceltPh XIII 107; W.rrr-Horv.xx I
383384; Fris+ 485486; Pokonxv I 230,
802; Z.rizxi.k I 136; Fnisk I 121122;
*twfljanan ~ *twfljanan wk.vb.:
Goth tweijan to cause doubt, OS
twian, twn id., MHG zwveln id. De-
rived from *twaz. Fris+ 485; Lrnv.xx
GED 351.
*twxnaz adj.: Goth pl. masc. tweihnai two
each, ON tvnn double, OE twene dou-
ble, not simple, OFris twne two, two
each, double. Derived from *twxn.
Bntov.xx Grundri II/2 811, 64, 78;
356; Fris+ 486; Pokonxv I 231; Oxioxs
Numerals 643.
*twxn sb.m.: OE twe doubt, OS tweho
id., OHG zweho id. Close to Skt dvika-
consisting of two (Bntov.xx Distr.
3637). Further see *twaz. The ori-
ginal numeric meaning of *twxn is pre-
served in its derivative *twxnaz.
Lrnv.xx GED 351.
*tw(u) num: masc., fem., neut. Goth twai,
orel_f15_T_398-414 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 414
*afjanan wk.vb.: ON efja to stir, to
thicken, EFris dafen to hit, to pound,
OHG bi-debben to suppress. Close to Lith
tapaU, tapti to paint, to color, to smear,
further related to Lith tep, tpti to smear,
to anoint, Slav *tep, *tepti to hit, to
beat. Tn.t+v.xx BSW 319; Pokonxv I
1056; Fn.rxkrr 1057, 1081 Vnirs ANEW
606607.
*axnan ~ *anan wk.vb.: Goth
ahan to keep secret, to be silent, ON
egja to be silent, OS thagian id., OHG
dagn id. Identical with Lat tace id., Gk
tkv to melt (for the semantic mecha-
nism see Tntn.cnr\ PIEJa 100105).
Fick I 439; Pnrrrvi+z BB XXI 162
(adduces OIr tachtaid to suocate);
Mrirrr+ MSL XV 351352; Ztri+z.
Gutt. 210; Tonr-F.rk 177; W.rrr-
Horv.xx II 641642; Fris+ 487488;
607; Fnisk II 891; Lrnv.xx GED 353.
*axsuz sb.m.: Norw svin-toks badger,
MLG das id., OHG dahs id. Originally,
*builder connected with *exsanan
(Scnn.rrn-Nrnnixo I 180). Tonr-F.rk
178; Sovvrn IF XXXI 359360 (against
connection with *exsanan); Pokonxv I
*akan sb.n.: ON ak thatch, roof , OE
c id., MLG dack id., OHG dah id.
Connected with Gk tgow, tgh roof,
house, OIr tech house, Lat toga cover-
ing, garment, Lith stgas roof and is
eventually derived from *(s)teg- to cover.
II 654655; Pokonxv I 10131014;
*akjanan wk.vb.: ON ekja to cover, to
thatch, OE eccan to cover, OFris thekka
id., OS thekkian id., OHG decken id.
Derived from *akan roof . Tonr-F.rk
1014 (to OIr -tuigiur to cover < *toge );
Srrnorr 165.
*akj(n) sb.f.: ON ekja roof , OFris
thekke id., OHG decka id. Derived from
*akan. Tonr-F.rk 176; Pokonxv I 1014;
Vnirs ANEW 607.
*ambaz sb.n.: ON amba with full
belly, swollen. Identical with Slav *tp
blunt (Fick I 443; Lirrx IF XIX 362
365) and Toch A tampe force, ability.
ANEW 605; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 238;
Hrirrnv.xxs 611612; Ar.vs TB 254.
*ana conj., ptcl.: Goth an but, then,
ON then, OE an id., OFris than id.,
OS than id., OHG dan id. Continues
demonstrative *a- (see *at) with a par-
ticle *na. Similar to *xwana ~ *xwannai.
twos, twa two, ON tveir, tvr, tv, tvau id.,

OE twen, tw, t id., OFris twn, tw id.,
OS twne, tw, tw, tw id., OHG zwne,
zw, zwei id. Dicult secondary forms in
WGmc (Hrr+rx IF XVIII 92) continuing
*twajina-. Related to Toch A wu, B wi id.,
Skt d(u)v id., Gk do id., Alb dy id., Lat
duo id., Slav *dva id. Bntov.xx Grundri
II/2 811; Tonr-F.rk 172; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 357; W.rrr-Horv.xx I 381383,
Fris+ 484485; S+tn+r\.x+ JEGP XXVII
228232; Vnirs ANEW 601; Szrvrnrxvi
Numerals 24; Fnisk I 424425; Oxioxs
951952; Lrnv.xx GED 350; Ross-
Brnxs Numerals 565571 (compounds
with *enaz in WGmc); Krtor-Srrnorr
918; Onrr AED 79; Ar.vs TB 598599.
tw(u) 415 ana
orel_f16_pp_415-431 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 415
Cf. also the univerbation with an unclear
* in Goth an-de while, OE en-de-n id.
(< *andin), OHG danta because, that.
Skt+scn Glotta I 305306 (to Lat tum
then); Bntov.xx Grundri II/2 736;
Hin+ IF VI 69 (* to -d in Lat quand
when); Tonr-F.rk 174175; D.r NTS
IX 208, 215; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 360,
362; Fris+ 489490; W.rrr-Horrv.xx
II 398 (* from IE *dh- to put);
Lrnv.xx GED 354355.
*anan adv., ptcl.: ON anan thence,
OE anan id., OS thanana id., OHG
danana id. Derived from *ana. Tonr-
*anilaz sb.m.: ON engill prince, king,
OE enel prince. Derived from *enxanan.
St++rnrix BB XVII 165 (to Gk tssv
to draw up, to form, to array); Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 362; Pokonxv I 1068 (to
OS -thengian to take out, to carry out);
*anxn sb.f.: Goth aho clay, ON
thawed ground, OE he, clay,
MLG d id., OHG dha clay vessel,
clay. Derived from *enxanan. Tonr-
488; Tnirn Lehm 1623; Pokonxv I 1068;
Lrnv.xx GED 353 (from a non-IE
source); Krtor-Srrnorr 827828.
*anjanan wk.vb.: Goth uf-anjan to
stretch out, to strive for, ON enja to
stretch, to extend, OE ennan id., OS
thennian id., OHG dennen id. Related
to Skt tanti to expand, to extend, to
spread, Gk tenv to stretch, Lat tene to
hold, Lith tnstu, tnti to swell. Tonr-
513514; M.vnnorrn I 475; Pokonxv
*ankaz sb.m.: Goth agks thanks, favor,
ON fem. kk gratitude, OE anc favor,
grace, satisfaction, thanks, OFris thank
thanks, favor, OS thank id., OHG danc
id. Connected with *ankjanan. Tonr-
*ankjanan irreg. wk.vb.: Goth agkjan to
think, to plan, ON ekkja to perceive, to
know, to comply, OE encan to think,
OFris thenza, thanka id., OS thenkian id.,
OHG denken id. Structurally and etymo-
logically close to Lat tonge to know
(V.xirk 99). Further cf. Toch B cnk- to
please. Atrnrcn+ KZ I 353; Annois rr
Jtn.ix\irrr MSL XI 330 (to OIr tongu to
swear); Woor CPh III 8586 (to Gk
tetagn grasping); Ztri+z. Gutt. 216;
68, 91; Vnirs ANEW 607; Oxioxs 917;
170171; Ar.vs TB 253.
*ankjaz adj.: ON ekkr agreeable, pleas-
ant, pliable, MDu ge-denke mindful,
OHG in-denki favorite. Derived from
*ankjanan. K.ns+rx NB II 446; Hri-
rrnv.xxs 613.
*ankjanan wk.vb.: ON akka to
thank, OE ancian id., OFris thonkia
id., OS thankn id., OHG gi-dancn id.
Derived from *ankaz. Tonr-F.rk 179;
605; Lrnv.xx GED 353; Prr+rns IF
XCIV 297.
*ar ~ *r adv.: Goth ar there, ON
ar id., OE r id., OFris thr id., OS thr
id., OHG dr id. Derived from *a- (see
*at) with a locative -r. Cf. also OS thar-
od there, OHG thar-t id. with the sec-
ond part related to Skt ut and, also,
Gk *te in Gk te as, like as, pron.
otow. Tonr-F.rk 175; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 360; Fris+ 490 (to Skt tr-hi then,
at that time); Pokonxv I 74, 1087; Fnisk
*arbnan ~ *arfnan wk.vb.: Goth
ga-arban to abstain, OS tharbn to be
ana 416 arbnan
orel_f16_pp_415-431 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 416
needy, OHG darbn to miss, to lack.
Derived from *arfa. Kincnnorr KZ I
39; Tonr-F.rk 182; Fris+ 490; Srrnorr
162163 (from *arb ).
*arb( j)a-laz adj.: ON er-ligr useful,
convenient, OE earf-lc necessary, use-
ful. Derived from *arfaz ~ *arfn.
Vnirs ANEW 609.
*arbjanan wk.vb.: ON arfa to need,
to want, OE earan to be in need,
OFris thervia to get lost, OS tharbon to
miss, to lack. Derived from *arfaz ~
*arfn. Tonr-F.rk 182; Hor+n.tsrx
*arfa str.vb.: Goth arf to need, ON arf
id., OE earf id., OFris thor, thorf, thurf id.,
OS tharf id., OHG darf id. Related to Skt
tpyati, tpti to satisfy oneself, to be
pleased, Gk trpomai to enjoy, Lith
tarpst, tapti to thrive, to prosper, OPrus
enterpo to t (Krtor KZ XXV 311312;
S.tsstnr MSL VII 8384: semantic con-
nection between taking away as in Skt
pau-tp- stealing cattle and enjoying).
Gnirxnrnorn Got. 213214; Krtor KZ
XXV 311312; Woor MLN XX 102
104; Corri+z MLN XX 105; Unrrxnrck
TNTL XXV 299300; Mrnixorn IF
XVIII 225226; Tonr-F.rk 182; Tn.t+-
v.xx BSW 314; S\rnrntr NTS II 83 (on
the semantic development in Gmc); Fris+
Jn.xxrssox IEW 444; M.vnnorrn I
*arfaz ~ *arfn adj.: Goth arfs nec-
essary, ala-arba being in want of every-
thing, ON arfr useful, ar needy,
OE earfa destitute, needing, OHG darbo
missing, lacking. Derived from *arfa.
K.ns+rx NB I 51; Tonr-F.rk 182; Hor+-
*arf sb.f.: Goth arba want, need, ON
rf need, necessity, OE earf need,
OFris therve id., OS tharf id., OHG darba
fast, lent. Identical with Lith tarp thriv-
ing, growth. Further related to *arfa.
Krtor-Srrnorr 163.
*armaz sb.m.: ON armr gut, OE earm
id., OFris therm id., MLG darm id., OHG
darm id. Identical with Gk trmow hole,
trmiw: t trma tw draw, tinw
nteron (Hes.) and further connected with
terv to rub, terv to drill, to bore.
361; Jn.xxrssox IEW 442 (to *ter- to
cross over); Pokonxv I 10711072;
*arzjanan wk.vb.: ON erra to dry, to
wipe, OE irran to dry, to wipe, MDu
dorren to make dry, OHG derren id. Caus-
ative of *ersanan. Structurally identical
with Skt taryati to cause to become dry,
Lat torre to parch, to roast. Tonr-
M.vnnorrn I 525; Pokonxv I 1078
*arz sb.f.: Norw dial. tarre malt drying
device, MLG dare dryer, OHG darra
dryer, drying device. See *ersanan.
Structurally similar to Arm t'a pole for
drying of grapes, roost, Gk tarsw
frame of wicker-work, crate, at basket,
for drying cheeses on (Lirrx Arm. St.
4546). Tonr-F.rk 183; Pokonxv I
10781079; Fnisk II 858; Krtor-
Srrnorr 163.
*at pron.: Goth ata that, ON at id.,
OE t id., OFris thet id., OS that id.,
OHG daz id. The auslaut in Goth is not
clear (a particle?), see Kirckrns HG 140.
Related to IE *tod id.: Skt tt, Av ta, Gk
acc. tn, Lat is-tud, Slav *to. Cf. the uni-
verbation of this stem with *uxwe in Goth
arbnan 417 at
orel_f16_pp_415-431 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 417
auh or, but, ON though, yet, never-
theless, OE eh yet, still, however,
nevertheless, OFris thach, thch id., OS
thh id., OHG doh id. (with a dicult aus-
laut in Goth). B.n+norov.r 613623;
490491 (Goth auh to Skt t now, but);
1087; Vnirs ANEW 606, 615; Fnisk II
907; Oxioxs 914, 919; Lrnv.xx GED
*ar(t) adv.: Goth aro-h from there,
ON ara there, OE der thither.
Suxal derivative of *a- (see *ata).
Identical with Skt ttra, tatr there, thither.
The sux is close to that of Lat intr
within. Tonr-F.rk 174; Hor+n.tsrx
Lrnv.xx GED 356.
*ausjanan wk.vb.: ON eysa to make to
spurt out, to gush forth, MHG dsen to
rage. Probably based on IE *teu(H)-: Skt
tavti to be strong, Gk sw safe and
sound, alive. On the other hand, a com-
parison with Av taoayeiti to untie, to
unbind of the same derivational struc-
ture might be not less attractive. Tonr-
ANEW 610 (to ON jstr anger, fury).
*autjanan wk.vb.: ON eyta to make
sound, OE -etan to sound. Causative
of *eutanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 365;
Vnirs ANEW 610.
*awanjanan wk.vb.: ON na to
melt, OE e-awenian to moisten.
Related to *awjanan. Tonr-F.rk 175.
*awiz sb.m.: ON eyr thaw, E thaw id.,
Du dooi id. Derived from *awjanan.
*awjanan wk.vb.: ON eyja to thaw,
MLG douwen id., OHG douwen id. A
comparison with Osset tajyn ~ tajun to
thaw, to melt, Slav *tajati id. is not pre-
cise but yet, very probable. Mrirrr+
MSL IX 154155, XXIII 5051; Tonr-
Oxioxs 914; An.r\ III 222223; Krtor-
Srrnorr 817.
*efjanan wk.vb.: ON efa to smell, to
sni, OE ean to pant, to be agitated.
Related to Skt tpati to warm, to burn,
Lat tepe to be tepid, OIr t hot, Slav
*tepl warm. Tonr-F.rk 180; Tn.t+-
v.xx BSW 319; W.rrr-Horv.xx II
667668; Pokonxv I 10691070.
*ejanan str.vb.: ON iggja to receive, to
accept, OE ican id. Related to OIr
techtaid to have, to possess, Lith tenk,
tkti to suce, to suit. Tonr-F.rk 176;
IEW 433; Pokonxv I 1058; Fn.rxkrr
510511.
*ena-eljan sb.n.: ON egn-gildi
wergild for a thane, OE een-ilde id.
Compound of *enaz and *eljan ~
*eljn. C.nn Nom. comp. 82 (parallel
formations).
*enaz sb.m.: ON egn thane, freeman,
OE een servant, OS thegan man,
OHG degan warrior, hero, servant. Close
to Gk tknon child < IE *tekno- (Ztri+z.
Gutt. 76, 140). Cf. further Skt tkman- o-
spring also derived from IE *tek- to give
birth. Ztri+z. Gutt. 76; Tonr-F.rk
607; Z.rizxi.k I 137; Fnisk II 867;
*ewanaz adj.: ON sbst. jnn servant,
attendant, OE sbst. ewen female ser-
vant. Derived from *ewaz. Structurally
close to Lith tek~nas runner, messenger.
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 363; Fn.rxkrr
*ewanjanan wk.vb.: ON jna to
serve, OFris thinia id., OS thionn id.,
OHG dionn id. Derived from *ezwanaz
with analogical changes in ON. Tonr-
F.rk 177; \.x Wik IF XXIV 37 (ON <
OS); Vnirs ANEW 614; Krtor-Srrnorr
179.
at 418 ewanjanan
orel_f16_pp_415-431 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 418
*ewanstn ~ *ewanstan sb.f./n.:
ON jnusta, jnasta service, attendance,
OE enest service (unless from OHG),
OFris thianest id., OS thionost id., OHG
dionst id. Derived from *ewanjan.
Tonr-F.rk 177.
*ewaz sb.m.: Goth ius boy, house-ser-
vant, ON -r (in prop.), serf, bonds-
man (neut.), OE ew servant, slave, OS
theo- (in cmpn.), OHG adj. teo unfree.
Identical with Skt tku- rushing, quick,
takv- quick < *tek
s derived from IE
*tek
- to run (Sorvsrx KZ XXXIV 2).

Ztri+z. Gutt. 7677 (to *enaz);
Bntov.xx IF XIX 381382 (semantic
parallel in Gk trxiw runner, servant
from trxv to run); Tonr-F.rk 177;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 362; Fris+ 497 498;
Srrnorr KZ LXXXI 125, 130; Sc.n-
riori Goten 31; Prr+rns IF LXXXI 29
30 (doubts the connection with *tek
- on
phonetic grounds); H.vr IF LXXXVIII
9394 (contra Prr+rns); Lrnv.xx GED
*ewern(n) sb.f.: ON erna servant,
maid, OS thiorna virgin, OHG diorna id.
Derived from *ewaz. Mrzorn MLN
LVII 432433; Pr+rns IF LXXXI
2930; H.vr IF LXXXVIII 9394;
Krtor-Srrnorr 183.
*ewnan wk.vb.: Goth ana-iwan to
subdue, to subjugate, ON j to enslave,
to constrain, OE ewian to serve, to
enslave. Derived from *ewaz. Hor-
+n.tsrx AEEW 363; Fris+ 45; Vnirs
*ewj sb.f.: Goth iwi maidservant,
OE owe id., OS thiwi, thiu id., OHG diu
id. Derived from *ewaz (Hin+ Urgerm. II
62: from *tek ). Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
ANEW 629; Z.rizxi.k II 181; Lrnv.xx
*exsanan str.vb.: MHG dehsan to
swingle (ax) (str. pret.). Related to Hitt
tak- to tie, to join, Toch B tks- to chop
up, to grind up, Skt tkati to fashion, to
create, to do carpentry, Av ta- to cut
(out), Lat tex to weave, Lith taaU, tati
to chop o, to do carpentry, Slav *tesati
to hew. B.n+norov.r 644645; Tonr-
F.rk 177; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 319320;
I 468; Pokonxv I 10581059; Fn.rxkrr
1065; Srrnorr 511; Ar.vs TB 286.
*exs(a)ln sb.f.: ON exla axe, MLG
desele id., OHG dehsala id. Structurally
close to Lat tlum dart, spear, javelin,
OIr tl axe < *tslo-, Slav *teslo ~ *tesla
id. Related to *exsanan. Tonr-F.rk
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ IV 51; Krtor-
Srrnorr 165.
*e(x)stilaz sb.m.: ON istill thistle, OE
istel id., EFris dssel id., OS thistil id.,
OHG distil id. (also fem. distila). Deriva-
tionally identical with Lat textilis woven.
Further related to *exsanan. Tonr-F.rk
(to IE *steig- to prick); Fn.rxkrr 1065;
*ekwi sb.f.: ON ykt density, thick-
ness, OHG dickida id. Derived from
*ekwuz. Vnirs ANEW 630; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 618.
*ekwjanan wk.vb.: ON jokkva to
make thick, to thicken, OHG dickn
id. Derived from *ekwuz. Vnirs ANEW
*ekwuz adj.: ON jokkr, ykkr thick, OE
icce id., OS thikki id., OHG dicki id.
Related to OIr tiug id. < *tegu-.
K.ns+rx NB II 411412; Ztri+z. Gutt.
r.xo\ SGGJa I 100; Vnirs ANEW 614,
263; Hrirrnv.xxs 617618, KZ XCIX
*elan sb.n.: ON el nap on woollen fab-
rics, OE el thin piece of wood, plate,
plank, OHG dil board (masc.). Struc-
ewanstn 419 elan
orel_f16_pp_415-431 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 419
turally close to Slav *tlo oor, ground.
Further cf. Skt neut. tala- plane, surface,
level, palm, Lat tells earth, OIr talam
id., OPrus talus oor. See *eljn.
183184; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 321;
Vnirs ANEW 608; Krtor-Srrnorr 179;
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ IV 65.
*eljan sb.n.: ON ili plank, OS thili
board, plank, OHG dili id. (masc.). See
*eljn. Vnirs ANEW 610; Krtor-
Srrnorr 179.
*eljjanan wk.vb.: ON ilja to cover
with planks, OE ilian to plank, OHG
gi-dilln id. Derived from *eljan, *eljn.
610.
*eljn sb.f.: ON ilja board, plank, OE
ille boarding, ooring, oor, OFris thille
plank oor, OHG dilla board, oor.
Close to Gk thla a kind of board. See
*elan. Tonr-F.rk 184; Hor+n.tsrx
*emstraz adj.: MDu demster dark,
gloomy, MLG vinster dark (with dissim-
ilation), OHG dinstar id. From *tem6sro-
close to Skt pl. tmisr dark night, Av
tyrau in the darkness, Lat pl. tenebrae
darkness (Tn.t+v.xx apud W.rrr-
Horv.xx), further connected with Skt
tmas- darkness, Lith tmsta, tmti to
become dark, Slav *tma darkness <
*tem- dark (Szrvrnrxvi IBK XV 200).
Scnvrx+xrn PBB XLV 453456;
Tn.t+v.xx BSW 322323; W.rrr-
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ IV 133134; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 618619.
*emzaz adj.: OS thimm dark, OHG sbst.
demar darkness. Close to Skt tamas-
dark-colored, Av t6maha- dark, Lith
tams darkness. Further see *emstraz
(Wrinr PBB XXX 56). B.n+norov.r
648; Tonr-F.rk 180; Scnvrx+xrn PBB
XLV 454455; Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 126127;
1064; Ltnn MSS XXXV 81; B.vvrs-
*en sb.f.: ON ind diaphragm. Iden-
tical with OIr tt chord < *tt. Sub-
stantivized feminine of the participle
*tto-, cf. Skt tat- stretched, Gk tatw
id., Lat tentus held (fast). Tonr-F.rk 180;
W.rrr-Horv.xx II 666; Pokonxv I 1065
1066; Vnirs ANEW 610; Fnisk II 864.
*ena-xsan sb.n.: ON ing-hs house
in which a meeting is held, OS thing-hs
law-court, OHG ding-hs id. Compound
of *enaz ~ *enxaz and *xsan. C.nn
Nom. comp. 79 (not Germanic as the
Thing met in the open).
*ena-mannz sb.m.: ON ing-mar
member of the assembly, OFris thing-mon
advocate, MLG dink-man id., OHG ding-
man id. Compound of *enaz ~ *enxaz
and *mannz. C.nn Nom. comp. 79 (paral-
lel formations).
*enaz ~ *enxaz sb.n.: Goth eihs
occasion, time, ON ing assembly,
thing, OE in thing, meeting, OFris
thing assembly; legal case; thing, OS thing
id., OHG ding id. Probably connected
with *enxanan (Gnirxnrnorn Got. 214).
Krtor QF XXXII 21 (to Lat tempus
time, presumably, from *tenk
o-); Os+norr
IF VIII 4041 (to Gk tpow place);
Ztri+z. Gutt. 140 (to Lith tenk, tkti to
hold out, to suce); St++rnrix BB XVII
165 (to Gk tssv to arrange); Tonr-
494; Pokonxv I 1067 (nur germanisch);
Lrnv.xx GED 360 (to IE *ten-k- to
extend, to span); Krtor-Srrnorr 181
182 (to MIr tchtae legality < *tenkto-).
*ena-staiz sb.m.: ON ing-star place
where the assembly is held, OE in-stede
id., OHG ding-stat id. (fem.). Compound
of *enaz ~ *enxaz and *staiz. C.nn
Nom. comp. 52.
*enjanan wk.vb.: ON inga to hold a
elan 420 enjanan
orel_f16_pp_415-431 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 420
meeting, OE inian to intercede, to ask
favor, to settle, to speak, OFris thingia to
convey a court examination, OS thingn
id., OHG dingn to analyze (in court), to
address. Derived from *enaz ~ *enxaz.
611.
*enxanan str.vb.: Goth eihan to suc-
ceed, to make progress, to thrive, OE
en to thrive, to ourish, to prosper, OS
thhan to prosper, OHG dhan to
become powerful, to grow. Related to
Skt tankti to cause coagulation, OIr co-
tcim to coagulate, Lith tenk, tkti to
hold out, to suce, to reach (Gnirx-
nrnorn Got. 214). Ztri+z. Gutt. 140;
Tonr-F.rk 179180, 184; Fris+ 493
Lehm 1618, 2023; Brx\rxis+r Word
XIX 253254; M.vnnorrn I 473;
Pokonxv I 1068; Fn.rxkrr 1077; Oxioxs
*enxlan sb.n.: Icel l sour milk.
Related to *anxn. Besides the dierence
in the ablaut grade, identical with Skt
neut. takr- buttermilk < *tklo-. Tonr-
*enxsl sb.f.: ON sl cart-pole, OE
sl, xl beam, pole of a wagon, pole,
MLG dsel pole (of the harness), OHG
dhsala id. Related to *unuz. Tonr-
Z.rizxi.k I 148; Krtor-Srrnorr 167.
*enxtaz adj.: ON ttr tight, heavy, OE
ht tight, rm, strong, MLG dichte
thick, MHG dchte id. Derived from
*enxanan. Identical with OIr tcht thick,
glutionous < *tenk-to-. Further cf. Av
taxma- strong, rm, Lith tnkus thick,
Slav *ta cloud. See *unuz. B.n-
AEEW 365; Krtor 141142; Tnirn Lehm
Vnirs ANEW 609; Oxioxs 923; Lrn-
*ensanan str.vb.: Goth at-insan to
draw, to pull up to, OS pres. uer-thinse
subtrahat, OHG dinsan to draw, to
drag, to pull. Belongs to IE *tens- to
extend: Skt tasayati to draw to and fro,
Lith t\si, t.sti to tug, to extend (W.rrr-
Horv.xx II 666). Scnvir+ Voc. I 71;
Prnssox Beitrge 341342; Tonr-F.rk
1069; Fn.rxkrr 10831084; Srrnorr
Srrnorr 63.
*erbaz ~ *erfaz adj.: ON jarfr
unleavened, fresh (of water), OE eorf
id., OFris therf violent, OS therbi unleav-
ened, OHG derb id. Probably related to
Lat torpe to be sti, Lith tirpst, tipti to
stien, Slav *trpti id. (Fick I 444;
Prnssox Beitrge 437438). K.ns+rx NB
I 25; Tonr-F.rk 183 (to Gk trfiw well-
fed, stout, large); Tn.t+v.xx BSW
*erxwe ~ *urxwe prep.: Goth airh
through, OE urh, erh, orh id., OFris
thruc, thriuc id., OS thurh id., OHG duruh,
thuruch id. Cf. also OHG derh perforated.
Based on IE *ter- as in Skt tir across,
over, apart, Av tar aside, over, OIr tar
across, above and the like (Tntvn KZ
XVI 198201) followed by *-xwe < *k
e.
Pokonxv I 10741076; M.vnnorrn I
503504; Oxioxs 920; Vrxrnvrs T-
2829, 125126; Lrnv.xx GED 354;
*erkjanan wk.vb.: ON jarka to quar-
rel, to wrangle, OE -ercian to despise.
Related to Skt trjati to threaten, to
scold, Gk trbow alarm, terror, tarbv
to be frightened (Ktnx KZ XIII 454).
Vnirs ANEW 612 Fnisk II 855856.
*ersanan str.vb.: Goth part. ga-aursans
enjanan 421 ersanan
orel_f16_pp_415-431 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 421
to dry up. Related to Skt tyati to be
thirsty, Gk trsomai to be dry, Lat tor-
re to dry. Tonr-F.rk 183; W.rrr-
I 525; Pokonxv I 10781079; Fnisk II
882; Srrnorr 515; Lrnv.xx GED 151, 358.
*euraz sb.m.: ON iurr partridge.
Close to Skt tittir- partridge, Gk ttraj
grouse, ttarow pheasant, Latv teteris
grouse, Slav *teterv id. (Fick I 58, 441).
Originally, of imitative origin (Prnssox
UU 1891 196). Tonr-F.rk 184; M.vn-
ANEW 610 Fnisk II 886.
*eubaz sb.m.: Goth iubs thief , ON
jfr id., OE ef id., OFris thif id., OS
thiof id., OHG diob id. Related to Lith
taupti to keep, to save, Latv taUpt
id. (Tn.t+v.xx ZdWf VII 267269).
Mrvrn NGWG 1905 185186 (to Gk
tuflw blind); Gnirxnrnorn Got. 215 (to
Gk tptv to strike); Tonr NNEO 792 (to
ON pta rowing bench); Tonr-F.rk
187; B.n+norov.r IF IX 270 (to Av t6vi
coarseness); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 363;
Fris+ 497; Pokonxv I 1085 (to Lith t~pti
to cower, to kneel down); Fn.rxkrr
1067; Z.rizxi.k I 137; Fnisk II 950; Vnirs
ANEW 613 (contra Tonr); Oxioxs 916;
Fn.rxkrr 74; Lrnv.xx GED 362 (Ger-
manic innovation); Krtor-Srrnorr 179.
*eubi sb.f.: ON f theft, OE f
id., OFris thifthe, thivethe id., OS thiubda
id., MHG dfte id. Derived from *eubaz.
629630; Oxioxs 915.
*eubjan sb.n.: Goth iubi theft, ON
stolen goods, OE fe-feoh id. Cf. also
OHG fem. diuba theft. Derived from
*eubaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 365; Fris+
Nom. 67.
*eua-kuninaz ~ *eua-kununaz
sb.m.: ON j-konungr sovereign, OE
ed-cynin id., OS thiod-kuning id.
Compound of *eu and *kuninaz ~
*kununaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 53.
*eua-lanan sb.n.: ON j-land
empire, OE ed-land region, country.
Compound of *eu and *lanan. C.nn
*euanaz sb.m.: Goth iudans king, ON
jann id., OE eden id., OS thiodan
ruler. Derived from *eu. Structurally
close to Illyr PN Teutana, Gaul Toutonos
(Kn.nr Glotta XVII 9394, IF XLVII
327). Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 363; Fris+
I 1084; Vnirs ANEW 613; Mrir IF LXII
260, 279; Brx\rxis+r IEL 75, 90,
nrnorn Nom. 82.
*eua-weaz sb.m.: ON j-vegr high-
way, OE ed-we id., MLG dt-wech
id. Compound of *eu and *weaz.
Probably, a calque of Lat via publica.
C.nn Nom. comp. 79 (internal Germanic
loans).
*euiskaz adj.: Goth adv. iudisko
like the heathen, ON erskr, verskr
German (phonetically irregular; a
loan?), OE odisc gentile, belonging to
a people, OS thiudisc pertaining to peo-
ple, MDu dutsch Dutch, OHG diutisc
German. Derived from *eu. Bn.txr
PBB XLIII 436445 (development of
meaning), XLV 145; Wrisornnrn RMP
LXXXVI 97126 (connected with
Teuton); Wrisvrirrn DWG 102103;
295; Lrnv.xx GED 362; Mts+ IF XCVII
*eujanan I wk.vb.: ON a to
explain, to interpret, to signify, OE e-
idan to translate, OFris bi-thoda to
explain, to translate, MLG dden to
interpret, MHG diuten id. Derived from
*eu. Tonr-F.rk 185; Hor+n.tsrx
*eujanan II wk.vb.: Goth iujan to
bless, to pronounce good upon, ON a
to rejoice, OE e-iedan to participate,
MLG dieden to help, OHG untar-diuten
to be subject to. Derived from *eujaz.
Lrnv.xx GED 362363.
ersanan 422 eujanan
orel_f16_pp_415-431 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 422
*eujaz adj.: ON r kind, meek, ami-
able, OE e-de good, MDu ge-diede
obliging, benevolent. Derived from
*eu ( Jon.xssox PBB XV 238).
Related to OIr tath left, with a taboo
denotation similar to that of Gk ris-
terw. Cf. also Goth iu good.
W.rrr-Horv.xx II 721; S+tn+r\.x+
JEGP XXXVI 176177; Tnirn SG I 108;
629; Scntnrn+ Erw. 56; Lrnv.xx GED
362363 (related to OE ew custom,
usage, OFris thw id., OS thau id.);
Hrirrnv.xxs 621623.
*eu sb.f.: Goth iuda people, nation,
ON j id. (partly < *iuiz), OE od
id., OFris thid id., OS thiod, thioda id.,
OHG diot id. (masc.), prop. Diota.
Identical with Hitt tuzzi- army, Thrac
prop. Tiouta, Touta, Illyr prop. Teta,
Osc touto citizenry, state, Umbr acc. tutas
id., OIr tath tribe, people, W tud
people, country, OLith taut people,
nation, Latv tuta id., OPrus tauto land.
Scnvrizrn KZ I 560; Tonr-F.rk 185;
Kn.nr Glotta XXII 123; Tn.t+v.xx
BSW 314315; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
362363; Fris+ 496; Dr+scnrv Thr. 507;
II 198; Brx\rxis+r IEL 296; Lrnv.xx
Krtor-Srrnorr 175.
*euxa-brkz sb.f.: Goth *iuh-broks
knee breeches (reconstructed from late
Lat tubrucus, Rum tureci ), OHG dioh-bruoh
knee-breeches. Compound of *euxan
and *brkz. C.nn Nom. comp. 45;
G.virrscnro RG I 374, II 258.
*euxan sb.n.: ON j thigh, OE eh id.,
OFris thich id., MLG dch id., OHG dioh
id. Derivationally close to Lith pl. tauka
fat, Latv adj. tuks fat, Slav *tuk fat,
animal fat and further related to IE
*teuH- to swell. Wrixnorr KZ I 247;
Ztri+z. Gutt. 140; Prnssox Beitrge 554;
Oxioxs 917; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ IV 116.
*euraz sb.m.: ON jrr bull. Related to
Gk tarow bull, Lat taurus id., OIr
tarb id. (with a metathesis), Lith taUras
aurochs, Slav *tur id. An IE loanword
from Sem *awru- (Scnvir+ Urheimat 6;
Lrvv Fremdw. 4; Irricn-S\i+vcn PIEJa 3)
hardly connected with *steuraz. Bnto-
v.xx IF VI 98, Grundri II/1 353 (vocal-
ism inuenced by *steuraz); Irsrx Festschr.
Streitberg 227228; Srrcn+ 35; W.rrr-
Fnisk II 860861.
*eutanan str.vb.: ON jta to howl, to
emit a whistling sound, OE etan, tan
to howl, OHG diozan to roar. Of
unknownprobably, imitativeorigin.
Brzzrxnrnorn GGA 1875 281 (to Lat tus-
sis cough); Prnssox UU 1891 90 (to
Lat tund to beat, to strike); Fnornrr BB
I 208 (same as Brzzrxnrnorn); Tonr-
F.rk 186187 (to IE *teu(6)- to swell);
IEW 427431; Pokonxv I 1097 (to Lith
ttoti to blow); Vnirs ANEW 615;
Srrnorr 516 (to Lat tumultus uproar,
bustle); Lrnv.xx GED 369 (to IE *teud-
to kick).
*iz ~ *jaz adj.: ON gr accept-
able, agreeable, OE *e-e pleasant.
Derived from *ejanan. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 359; Vnirs ANEW 631; M.+zrr
KZ CV 114.
*xtaz sb.m.: ON ttr single strand
of rope, OHG tht wick. Related to
*exsanan. Scnrr+rrovi+z BB XIX 14;
I 10581059; Vnirs ANEW 606; Krtor-
Srrnorr 187.
*naz pron.: Goth eins thine, ON n,
inn id., OE n id., OFris thn id., OS thn
id., OHG dn id. An original Germanic
formation based on *u. Tonr-F.rk
eujaz 423 naz
orel_f16_pp_415-431 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 423
*rafjjanan wk.vb.: ON refa to wran-
gle, to dispute, OE raan to urge, to
press. Identical with Slav *tropiti to make
a path, further to Toch A trap-, B trpp-
to trip, to stumble, Lith trapinti to
trample, OPruss trapt to walk, Slav
*tropa path. Woor PBB XXIV 533 (to
Lat trepit to turn); Tn.t+v.xx BSW 329;
1037 (to Lat strep to rattle, to rustle);
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ IV 105; Ar.vs TB
313314.
*raftan sb.n.: ON rapt quarrel, OE
rft quarrel, dispute. Derived from
*rafjjanan. Tonr-F.rk 191.
*rajanan wk.vb.: Goth ragjan to run,
OE ran id. Derived from *ra.
Ztri+z. Gutt. 140; Tonr-F.rk 190 (to
Slav *trk running); Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 367; Fris+ 500501; Oxioxs 919;
Lrnv.xx GED 364.
*ra sb.f.: OE r time, season. Close
to W tro turn, time < *trogho-. Further
related to Lat trah to pull < *dragh
(Tn.t+v.xx BB XXX 330). Tonr-
*raxilaz ~ *railaz sb.m.: ON rll
slave, serf , OHG dregil servant. De-
rived from *rajanan. Tonr-F.rk 190;
P.rvrn TPS 1954 21 (to Proto-Gk
*trok
e to plough); Jn.xxrssox IEW

456 (to Lat trah to draw); Vnirs ANEW
625 (< *ranxilaz); Oxioxs 919.
*rakjaz sb.m.: ON rekr strength,
courage, OE rece force, oppression.
Related to OIr tracht strength. Ztri+z.
ANEW 620.
*rammjanan wk.vb.: ON ramma to
lumber along, to walk heavily, MLG
drammen to make noise. Derived from
*remmanan. Ztri+z. KZ XXXVI 243
(to OIr tromm heavy); Tonr-F.rk 191;
Vnirs ANEW 619; Mrir IF LXIX 248;
*ramuz sb.m.: ON rmr brim, edge,
verge, MHG drm piece, splinter. De-
rived from *remmanan. Tonr-F.rk 181
(to Gk trma end, boundary, Lat termen
boundary); Jn.xxrssox IEW 442;
Vnirs ANEW 625 (to *ruman ~ *rum).
*ranwaz adj.: ON rngr narrow, close,
tight, MLG dranc narrow, MHG mir ist
drange nch I am compelled to do smth..
Derived from *renwanan ~ *renxwanan.
Close to Lith tranks uneven (of a road),
hard. K.ns+rx NB II 408409; Tonr-
F.rk 190; Fn.rxkrr 1111; Vnirs ANEW
625; Oxioxs 920; M.+zrr KZ CV
*ranwisl sb.f.: ON rngsl narrows,
straits, LG drangsal crowd, throng. De-
rived from *ranwjanan. Vnirs ANEW
625.
*ranwjanan wk.vb.: ON rngva to
press, MLG drengen id., MHG drengen id.
Causative of *renwanan ~ *renxwanan.
Lrnv.xx GED 365.
*ranw ~ *ranwan sb.f./n.: ON
prng crowd, OE ran, e-ran id.,
MLG ge-drang id., OHG gi-drang id. Sub-
stantivized *ranwaz. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 368; Oxioxs 920; B.vvrsnrnorn
Nom. 107 (reconstructs *ran ).
*ranxaz adj.: ON lk-rr leprous, OE
rh rancid, MDu dra sickening, MHG
adv. drhe odorous. Related to Lith tr\t,
trti to rot. Tonr-F.rk 190; Hor+-
Hirrr Festschr. Sundby 131144; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 624625.
*ras sb.f.: Goth rasa-balei quarrel-
someness, OE rs fringe, border. Since
the gender in OE is unknown, one can
also reconstruct *rasaz or *rasan.
Related to Skt trsati to tremble, Av fra-
t6r6saiti to be afraid, Gk trv to trem-
ble. Tonr-F.rk 191192; Fris+ 501;
naz 424 ras
orel_f16_pp_415-431 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 424
Fnisk II 929930; Cn.x+n.ixr 1131
1132; Lrnv.xx GED 364365.
*rasjanan ~ *rsjanan wk.vb.: ON
rasa to talk big, to make a bold show,
OS thrsian id., OHG drsen to neigh, to
breathe hard. See *ras. Related to Skt
trsati to tremble, to quiver, Av fra-
t6r6saiti to be afraid, Gk trv to trem-
ble, Lat terre to frighten. Tonr-F.rk
191192; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 674675;
Lrnv.xx GED 364365.
*rastuz sb.m.: ON rstr thrush. A
derivative *rustln is found in WGmc:
OE rostle throstle, OS throsla, OHG
drscala. With irregular phonetic corre-
spondences, close to Gk stroyow id., Lat
turdus id. < *tzdo-, MIr truid id., Lith
strzdas id., OPrus tresde id., Slav *drozd
id. Cf. also *rausk(n) > OE rsce id.,
OHG drsca id. Tonr-F.rk 192; Tn.t+-
v.xx BSW 327; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 368,
370; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 718; Srrcn+
229, 245; Pokonxv I 1096; Cnrvor.xo\
625; Fnisk II 811; Oxioxs 920921;
H.vr KZ XCV 81; Krtor-Srrnorr 196.
*rautiz ~ *rautaz sb.f./m.: ON raut
struggle, exertion, labor, OE rat vio-
lence, compulsion, force, MLG drt
threat, MHG drz vexation, inconven-
ience. Derived from *reutanan. Structur-
ally close to Slav *trud diculty, labor.
*rautjanan wk.vb.: ON reyta to strive,
to struggle, OE rtan to weary, to urge,
MDu droten to threaten, OHG drzen to
make unfaithful. Causative of *reutanan.
*rawan sb.n.: ON r hard struggle,
obstinacy, OS thr-werk suering, tor-
ment. Substantivized *rawaz. Tonr-F.rk
619; Z.rizxi.k I 149; Hrirrnv.xxs 625.
*rawaz adj.: ON rr stubborn, obsti-
nate. Related to Gk trv to wear
down, Lith trni, trnti to rot, Slav
*tryti to rub. K.ns+rx NB I 6465, 73;
Vnirs ANEW 619 (< *ranxaz); Fnisk II
*rawjanan wk.vb.: OESc ra to op-
pose, OE rewian to reprove, to rebuke.
Derived from *rawaz. Tonr-F.rk
*rejez num.: Goth reis three, ON rr
id., OE r id., OFris thr id., OS thra id.,
OHG dr id. Related to IE *trees id.: Lyc
tri-, Toch A tre, B trey, Skt trya, Av yry,
Arm erek', Gk trew, Lat trs, OIr tri,
Lith trs, Slav *trije. B.n+norov.r 801
Fnisk II 921922; Oxioxs 919; Lixrrv.x
Verschrfung 11.2; Lrnv.xx GED 365
*rekkaz sb.m.: ON rekkr dirt, lth,
OFris threkk id., MLG dreck id., late OHG
ms-drec mouse excrements. Related to
Gk stergnow: kprvn (Hes.), Lat stercus
dung, W troeth soapy water, urine, Lith
tr\i, tr.ti to fertilize, to manure
(Prnssox SVS X 454). Ztri+z. KZ
XXXVI 65; Sovvrn IF XI 91 (to Lat
troia sow < *troga); Tonr-F.rk 189
(reconstruct *rakjaz); W.rrr-Horv.xx
II 589; M.n+ixr+ Gm. 190; Brx\rxis+r
Origines 9; Pokonxv I 10311032;
Fnisk II 790; Krtor-Srrnorr 193.
*remmanan str.vb.: OS thrimman to
jump, to spring. Related to Toch A trm-
to be angry, Gk trmv to tremble, Alb
tremb to frighten < PAlb *trema, Lat trem
to shake, to quake, Lith tremi, treMti
to throw down (Btoor BB III 121).
Ztri+z. KZ XXXVI 243 (to OIr tromm
ras 425 remmanan
orel_f16_pp_415-431 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 425
heavy); Tonr-F.rk 191; W.rrr-
Fn.rxkrr 1117; Fnisk II 922923; Mrir
IF LXIX 248; Onrr AED 463.
*renwanan ~ *renxwanan str.vb.:
Goth reihan to press, to throng, ON
ryngva, ryngja to press, OE rinan to
press, to throng, OFris ur-thringa to
press, to drive, OS thringan to penetrate,
OHG dringan to press, to drive. Identical
with Lith trenki, trekti to push roughly,
to ing (Tn.t+v.xx BSW 328329).
Prrrnsrx IF II 290; Woor MP V 267 (to
OS thregian to threaten); Ztri+z. Gutt.
70, 140; Unrrxnrck PBB XXX 316;
369; Fris+ 501; Pokonxv I 1093;
Fn.rxkrr 1118; Vnirs ANEW 622, 624;
*repan sb.n.: ON rep shelf in a wall.
Identical with OW treb dwelling, OBret
treb id., MIr treb house, estate. Further
cf. Lat trabs beam, rafter, Osk trbm
house, building, OW treb house, Lith
trob id. Prnssox Beitrge 138; Tonr-
F.rk 190191; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 330;
W.rrr-Horv.xx II 696697; Pokonxv
Lrnv.xx GED 358.
*reska-aluz sb.m.: ON reskldr,
reskjldr, repskjldr threshold, OE ersc-
wold, rexwold id., MLG dreskele id. (fem.).
Cf. a structurally similar form in OHG
driscubli limen, threshold. Probably, a
compound of *reskanan (Mrnixorn IF
XIX 425) and *aluz (see *aln). A di-
cult word. Pr+rnssox IF XXIV 261 (to
Russ treska cod); Hrrrtis+ SEO 1237;
Tonr-F.rk 192 (reconstruct *reskwaluz
~ *reskljan); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 364;
Vnirs ANEW 621 (to *repan); Tnt-
n.cnr\ Etim. 43 (from *reskala- with a
sux *-la-); Oxioxs 919; Srrnorr 522
(reconstructs *reskulaz); Krtor-Srrnorr
837 (reconstructs *reskublan).
*reskanan str.vb.: Goth riskan to
thresh, OSwed ryskia id., OE erscan to
strike, to beat, to og, WFris terskje id.,
MLG derschen id., OHG dreskan id.
Related to Toch AB trsk- to chew, Gk
titrskv to wound, to kill, Lith trek,
trekti to crackle, to crash, Slav *trsk
crack, crash (Fick BB II 209; Scnvir+
Voc. II 73). Pnrrrvi+z KZ XLII
385386; Prnssox Beitrge 662, 776;
Ztri+z. Gutt. 91; Tonr-F.rk 192; Scnrr-
+rrovi+z KZ LVI 171; Tn.t+v.xx BSW
329; Fris+ 503 (to Gk trbv to rub);
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 364; Scnxrirrn IF
LVIII 50; Pokonxv I 1090; Fn.rxkrr
Tntn.cnr\ IV 100; Lrnv.xx GED 366
(to IE *ter- to rub); Krtor-Srrnorr 193.
*reutanan str.vb.: Goth us-riutan to
bother, to persecute, ON rjta to fail, to
come to an end, OE retan to weary,
OS part. a-throtan pertaesum, otiosum,
OHG bi-driozan to irritate, to annoy.
Related to Lat trd to push, Alb tredh
to castrate < PAlb *treuda. Tonr-F.rk
194195; Unrrxnrck PBB XXX 321;
IEW 459; Pokonxv I 1095; Vnirs ANEW
384; Krtor-Srrnorr 855; Onrr AED 463.
*reutaz sb.m.: ON rjtr defaulter, bad
debtor, knave, deance, OHG ur-drioz
annoyance, nausea. Derived from
*reutanan. Srrnorr 523.
*ranan str.vb.: ON prop. (< part.)
rainn, OE rwan to turn, to twist.
Weak verb in WGmc: OS thraian to
turn, OHG dren id. Related to Gk terv
to oppress, to weaken, Lat ter to rub,
Lith trin, trnti id., Slav *tr, *terti id.
Krtor-Srrnorr 193.
*ruz sb.m.: ON rr thread (u-stem
and root stem), OE rd id., OFris thrd
remmanan 426 ruz
orel_f16_pp_415-431 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 426
id., OS thrd id. (i-stem), OHG drt id.
Derived from *ranan. Structurally close
to Gk trhtw perforated, with a hole in
it. Tonr-F.rk 189; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
Z.rizxi.k II 211; Fnisk II 885; Oxioxs
Krtor-Srrnorr 192.
*rijn num.: Goth ridja third, ON
rii id., OE ridda, irda id., OFris thredda,
thirda id., OS thrida id., OHG dritto id.
Related to Toch A trit, B trite id., Skt
ttya- id., Av yrity, Lat tertius, Lith trias,
Slav *tretj. See *rejez. B.n+norov.r
Ponzio Gliederung 203; M.vnnorrn I 522;
Pokonxv I 10901091; Fn.rxkrr 1114
1115; Vnirs ANEW 622; Szrvrnrxvi
Num. 8196; Oxioxs 917; Prr+rns IF
LXXXVIII 202203; Lrnv.xx GED
365; Ross-Brnxs Numerals 626; Krtor-
*rixnaz adj.: ON rennr triple, OFris
thrna id., OE rinen three-fold. Derived
from *rejez. Cf. *twxnaz. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 369; Lrnv.xx GED 365; Ross-
Brnxs Numerals 643.
*rxst( j)az adj.: OE rste bold, OS
thrst, thrsti id. Identical with Lat trstis
unfriendly, strict, sullen < *trk-sti-
(Prrrnsrx IF V 56). Tonr-F.rk 193;
Lrncnxrn 6667; Hrirrnv.xxs 626627
(to *renwanan ~ *renxwanan).
*rjanan wk.vb.: Goth rojan to train,
to practice. Identical with Lith trtyti to
lack, to lose, to spoil, Slav *tratiti to
spend, cf. also Lith trtinti to irritate,
to tease. Tonr-F.rk 193; Fris+ 503;
Pokonxv I 1072; Fn.rxkrr 1129; Lrn-
v.xx GED 366 (to *ruz).
*ruxtuz sb.m.: ON rttr strength,
might, OE roht oppression, hardship.
Related to *rakjaz. Ztri+z. Gutt. 217;
370; Vnirs ANEW 623624.
*rukkjanan wk.vb.: Norw trykkja to
press, OE ryccan to press, to crush, to
oppress, OHG drucken to press, to push.
Related to *ranan? Tonr-F.rk 194;
168; S+tn+r\.x+ JEGP XXXIII 96;
*rumilaz sb.m.: ON rymill hard knot
in the esh, MLG drmel small eld.
Derived from *rumn ~ *ruman. Vnirs
ANEW 624.
*rumiz sb.m.: ON rymr noise, alarm,
OE rymm host, crowd, multitude.
Probably related to Lat turma crowd.
ANEW 624.
*rumn ~ *ruman sb.f./n.: ON
ruma land, OE tune-rum ligament of
the tung, MDu drom, drum end, OHG
drum end-piece, remnant, splinter. De-
rived from *remmanan. Nonrrx Abri
102 (to Lat termen boundary, Gk trma
end, boundary); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
370; Vnirs ANEW 624; Oxioxs 920921
(to *ramuz); Krtor-Srrnorr 839.
*rutan sb.n.: ON rot lack, want, OE -
rot disgust, OS far-throt annoyance.
Derived from *reutanan. Hor+n.tsrx
*rutn ~ *strutn sb.m./f.: ON roti
swelling, tumour, OE rotu throat,
OFris throt-bolla larynx, OS strota throat,
OHG drozza id., MHG strozze id. Derived
from *rtanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
*ranan str.vb.: ON rga to press.
Related to W trychu to cut, Lith trkstu,
trkti to tear into pieces, to burst (Prns-
sox Beitrge 173, 447448). Ztri+z.
Gutt. 140; Pokonxv I 1074; Fn.rxkrr
*rx sb.f.: ON r trough (pl. rr), OE
rh trough, pipe, chest, box (masc.,
fem., neut.), MLG dr trap, OHG
drh fetter, sling, trap. Derived from
ruz 427 rx
orel_f16_pp_415-431 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 427
*ranan. Tonr-F.rk 194; Hor+n.t-
srx AEEW 370; Vnirs ANEW 623; Krtor-
Srrnorr 839.
*rstjanan wk.vb.: ON rsta to thrust,
OHG drsten id. Related to *rtanan.
*rtanan str.vb.: ON part. rtinn
swollen, OE part. -ruten id. Identical
with Lat trd to push, Alb ndrydh to
press, to squeeze < PAlb *en-trda.
Oxioxs 920; Vnirs ANEW 624; Srrnorr
524; Lrnv.xx GED 366; Onrr AEW 288.
*rtez-fellan sb.n.: Goth ruts-ll lep-
rosy, OE rust-fell id. (with metathesis).
Compound of an s-stem *rtez (see *r-
tanan) and *fellan. Gnirxnrnorn Got.
AEEW 370; Fris+ 503504; C.nn Nom.
comp. 66; Lrnv.xx GED 366.
*riz sb.f.: ON r-hamarr master
hammer, OE r force, power,
strength. Related to *rtanan. Tonr-
Vnirs ANEW 624.
*u pron.: Goth u thou, ON id., OE
id., OFris thu id., OS thu id., OHG d
id. Corresponds to IE *tu id.: Toch A tu,
B tuwe, Skt tvm, Av tvm, Arm du, Alb ti,
Gk s, Lat t, OIr t, Lith t, Slav *ty.
I 538539; Pokonxv I 1097; Fn.rxkrr
11331134; Vnirs ANEW 625626;
Vrxrnvrs T-155157; Fnisk II 817;
456; Ar.vs TB 302; Btnr.k IFTJa 245.
*uft(n) sb.f.: ON pta thwart, rowing
bench, OE oft(e) rowers bench, MLG
ducht id., OHG dofta id. From *tup-to-
connected with Lith tupi, t~pti to squat.
197198.
*ulnan wk.vb.: Goth ulan to endure,
to bear, ON ola id., OE olian to suf-
fer, OFris tholia id., OS tholian, tholon id.,
OHG doln id. Related to Toch AB tl-
to uphold, to raise, Skt tulayati to weigh,
to compare, Lat perf. tul to bear, Lith
tyl, tlti to become silent, Slav *toliti to
make silent. Prrrnsrx KZ XXXVIII
689; Fris+ 504505; M.vnnorrn I
245.
*uliz sb.m.: ON ulr cultic speaker,
sage, OE yle orator, spokesman. De-
rived from *ulnan. Tonr-F.rk 188 (to
ON jstr anger, fury); Br.xkrxs+rix
IF XXIII 134 (to Slav *tlk sense);
Lorvrx+n.r ANF XXXV 236 (to Lat
tullius ow, shower); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
374; Jn.xxrssox IEW 450 (to Latv t4gs
clumsy); Pokonxv I 10601061; Vnirs
ANEW 626; I\.xo\ Etim. 1978 174175
(to Hitt tulia- meeting); B.vvrsnrnorn
Nom. 133.
*ullaz sb.m.: ON ollr r-tree, wooden
peg, OE oll peg in the side of a boat to
keep the oar in place, OFris tholl peg,
MLG dolle peg in the side of a boat to
keep the oar in place (fem.). Related to
Gk tlow bolt, knob, Alb tul meat,
esh, pulp, Lith tuls peg in the axle pre-
venting the wheel from falling out.
367; Jon.xxrssox IEW 428; Pokonxv I
Fnisk II 942943; Oxioxs 918; Onrr
ZfBalk XXIII 147, AED 468; Krtor-
Srrnorr 188.
*unuz adj.: ON ungr heavy. Related
to Toch AB tk- to check, to stop, Av
yang- to pull, Arm t'anjr thick (< *tghu-
or *thu-), Lith tings sluggish, lazy, Slav
*t-k heavy, *tg tough. Ztri+z.
BB XXV 89, Gutt. 181; B.n+norov.r
784785; K.ns+rx NB I 1718; Tonr-
rx 428 unuz
orel_f16_pp_415-431 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 428
F.rk 180; Lrvv IF XXXII 161;
S+.xo LS 58; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ IV
140; H.vr LP XXVIII 77; Hrirrnv.xxs
629630; Ar.vs TB 290.
*unxtuz sb.m.: Goth uhtus conscience,
ON ttr thought, mind, OE ht id.,
MHG an-dht thought. Derived from
*ankjanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 366;
*unkjanan wk.vb.: Goth ugkjan to
believe, to have an opinion (irreg.), ON
ykkja to seem, OE yncan id., OFris
thinka id., OS thunkian id., OHG dunken
id. Derived from *unkn. Atrnrcn+
Enxot+-Mrirrr+ 695; Oxioxs 917; Vnirs
Srrnorr 200.
*unkn sb.m.: ON okki thought,
consent, mood, OE f-unca oense.
Derived from *ankjanan. Derivationally
close to W tank peace < *tg (Lo+n RC
XLI 225) and Toch A tunk, B tankw love
< *tg- (Prrrnsrx REIE III 209210).
Vnirs ANEW 615; Ar.vs TB 277.
*unnjanan wk.vb.: ON ynna to make
thin, OHG dunnen id. Derived from
unnuz. Vnirs ANEW 630; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 630.
*unnu-wanan ~ *unnu-wann
sb.n./m.: ON unnvangi temple (anat.),
OE unwan(e) id., OS tinnong id., OHG
dun-wengi. Compound of *unnuz and
*wanan ~ *wann. Tonr-F.rk 178;
Hor+n.t-srx AEEW 372; C.nn Nom.
comp. 58; Jn.xxrssox IEW 438 (to
*unn forehead); Vnirs ANEW 627.
*unnuz adj.: ON unnr, ur thin, OE
ynne id., OFris thenne, OS thunni id.,
OHG dunni id. Derived from IE *tenu-
thin: Skt tan-, Lat tenuis, OIr tanae, Slav
*tn-k. See *anjanan. K.ns+rx NB
II 359360, 407; Tonr-F.rk 178; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 374; Wissv.xx NP 87;
I 474475; Pokonxv I 1069; Vnirs
ANEW 627; Oxioxs 917; Prr+rns IF XL
Nom. 263; Hrirrnv.xxs KZ XCIX
282283, 630; Krtor-Srrnorr 200.
*unraz sb.m.: ON theon. rr, OE unor
thunder, OFris thuner id., OS thunar id.,
OHG donar id. Related to Skt stnati to
thunder, Gk stnv to moan, to sigh,
Lat ton id., Slav *stenati id. Tonr-F.rk
Oxioxs 921; Szrvrnrxvi IBK XV 202
203 (to OIr torann thunder); Lrnv.xx
*unrjanan wk.vb.: Norw dial. tra to
thunder, OE unrian id., MLG donern id.,
OHG donarn id. Derived from *unraz.
Tonr-F.rk 178.
*urbaz ~ *urbn adj.: Goth ga-aurbs
self-controlling, forgoing, gkratw, ON
ur wanting, in need of . Derived from
*arfa. Fris+ 206, 491492; M.+zrr
Festschr. Schrder 98; Hrirrnv.xxs 630.
*urnan wk.vb.: ON ora to dare. A
weak verb based on the unattested
*uraz, cf. *urn > ON ori greater part,
main part. Etymologically connected
with Skt tur- strong, powerful, rich.
M.vnnorrn I 514; Pokonxv I 1083.
*urftaz adj.: Goth aurfts necessary.
Identical with Skt tpt-, participle of
tpyati to satisfy oneself, to be pleased.
Further see *arfa. Tonr-F.rk 182;
Fris+ 491492; M.vnnorrn I 524;
*urftiz sb.f.: Goth aurfts need, neces-
sity, ON yrft id., OS thurft id., OHG
durft id. Derivationally identical with Skt
tpti- satisfaction, contentment. See
*arfa. Kincnnorr KZ I 39; Tonr-F.rk
182; Fris+ 501492; M.vnnorrn I 523;
*ur(i)saz sb.m.: ON urs giant, OE yrs
id., OHG duris devil, evil spirit. Derived
unuz 429 ur(i)saz
orel_f16_pp_415-431 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 429
from *urnan. H.nrrn ASNSL XCIV
90 (to Skt tur- strong); Fockr Saeculum
II 584 (to Etr turs); Tonr-F.rk 197; Hor+-
Vnirs ANEW 627; Z.rizxi.k I 137.
*urnjaz ~ *urnjn sb.m./f.: ON yrnir
thorn, OE yrne thorn-bush. Derived
from *urnuz ~ *urnaz. Hor+n.tsrx
GED 357.
*urnnaz adj.: Goth aurneins thorny,
OE yrnen of thorns. Derived from *ur-
nuz ~ *urnaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 375;
*urnuz ~ *urnaz sb.m.: Goth aurnus
thorn-plant, ON orn thorn, OE orn
id., OFris thorn id., OS thorn id., OHG
dorn id. Etymologically identical with Skt
ta- grass, herb, blade, straw, Slav
*trn thorn (Mrirrr+ Etudes 447).
Tonr-F.rk 182; Tn.t+v.xx bBSW 324;
Oxioxs 918; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ IV
Srrnorr 190.
*urpan sb.n.: Goth aurp land, eld, lived-
on property, ON orp hamlet, village, OE
masc. orp estate, village, OFris thorp, therp
village, estate, OS thorp id., OHG dorf
id. Connected with *repan. Kincnnorr
KZ I 39; Btoor BB III 112; Mrnixorn
IF XVIII 215218 (to Slav *terbiti to
purge, to cleanse); Ztri+z. Gutt. 29;
Knr+scnvrn Glotta XXIV 910; Tonr-
Fris+ 492; Pokonxv I 1090; Scntrzr Kl.
Schr. 524; Vnirs 617618; Vnirs ANEW
*ursjanan ~ *urzjanan wk.vb.: Goth
aursjan to be thirsty, OE part. yrred
dried up. Identical with Skt tyati
id. Further connected with *ersanan and
*urzuz. Tonr-F.rk 183; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 375; Fris+ 493; M.vnnorrn I
525; Pokonxv I 10781079; Lrnv.xx
*urskaz sb.m.: ON orskr codsh,
MLG dorsch id. Derived from *urzuz.
Prrrnsrx IF V 72 (to Russ treska id.);
Krtor-Srrnorr 190 (MLG < ON).
*urstn sb.f.: Goth aurstei thirst, ON
orsti id. See *urstuz. Tonr-F.rk 183.
*urstuz ~ *urstiz sb.m.: Swed trst
thirst, OE urst id., OS thurst id., OHG
durst id. Based on the unattested *urstaz
thirsty (Hrirrnv.xxs 632). See *er-
*urstjanan wk.vb.: ON yrsta to thirst,
OE yrstan id., OS thurstian id., OHG
dursten id. Derived from *urstuz ~
*urstiz. Tonr-F.rk 183; Hor+n.tsrx
GED 358; Hrirrnv.xxs 632 (reconstructs
*urstaz thirsty).
*urznjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-aursnan
to dry up, ON orna to become dry.
Derived from *urzuz. Tonr-F.rk 183;
Fris+ 493; Pokonxv I 1078; Srrnorr 515;
*urzuz adj.: Goth aursus dry (with s <
z under the inuence of *ersanan), ON
urr dry, OE yrre id., MLG dorre arid,
dry, OHG durri dry. Identical with Skt
t- greedy, desirous, rapid, Av taru-
dry, OLat torrus dried up, OIr tur
dry. See *ersanan. B.n+norov.r 644;
W.rrr-Horv.xx II 694; M.vnnorrn I
*usjaz sb.m.: ON yss uproar, tumult,
OE ys storm. Connected with *aus-
janan. Tonr-F.rk 188; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 375 (to Skt tav strong); Vnirs
ANEW 630.
*utan sb.n.: ON ot rush, OE e-ot
howling, ot id. Derived from *eutanan.
ur(i)saz 430 utan
orel_f16_pp_415-431 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 430
*utiz sb.m.: Goth ut-haurn trumpet, ON
ytr noise, whistling sound, MHG duz
id. Derived from *eutanan. Tonr-F.rk
Lrnv.xx GED 369 (to IE *teud- to kick);
Srrnorr 516.
*bn ~ *baz sb.f./m.: ON fa
mound, OE f tuft. Related to Lat
tber hump, swelling (Prnssox Beitrge
*malaz ~ *milaz sb.m.: ON umal-
ngr thumb, OE mel thimble. Short
-u- must be secondary in ON. Derived
from *mn. Tonr-F.rk 185; Hor-
*malinaz ~ *malunaz sb.m.:
ON umlungr thumb (of a glove), Fris
tommeling thumbstall, MLG dmelink id.
Derived from *malaz ~ *milaz.
*mn sb.m.: OSwed umi thumb (with
a short *-u-), OE ma id., OFris thma
id., MLG dm, dme id., OS thmo id.,
OHG dmo id. Etymologically close to
Av tma- strong, Lat tmor swelling,
tumor, tume to be swollen, W tyfu to
grow, Lith tumti to thicken. Prnssox
Beitrge 191, 480; B.n+norov.r 638
Horv.xx II 715; Pokonxv I 1082; Dvno
VSJa 21 (pretonic shortening of * in
OSwed); Fn.rxkrr 1139; Z.rizxi.k I
Scnni\rn LL 354 (follows Dvno);
Krtor-Srrnorr 163.
*s-(x)un num.: Goth usundi thou-
sand, ON sund host, large number,
thousand, OE send thousand, OFris
thsend id., OHG dsunt id. Fem. of a root
stem. Related to Lith tktantis id., Slav
*tys=tja id. Goes back to a compound of
*ts-ti- strong hundred (Bntov.xx
Grundri II/2 48; Mrirrr+ MSL XIV
372). Hin+ IF VI 344346; Btoor PBB
XIII 327; Tonr-F.rk 186; Sonorr\skii
RFV XIII 144 (Gmc < Slav); Tn.t+v.xx
628; Oxioxs 919; S+.xo LS 59; Lrnv.xx
GED 367368; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ IV
133; Pixrxntno KZ CII 99105 (recon-
structs *tt-st- ); B.vvrsnrnorn Nom.
215 (from IE *t-s-t-); Ross-Brnxs
*waxanan str.vb.: Goth wahan to
wash, ON v id., OE wen id., OS
thwahan id., OHG dwahan id. Compared
with OPr twaxtan bathbrush < *takstom
(Scnvir+ apud Fris+). The latter, how-
ever, could be connected with IE *tak- to
tie together which leaves the Germanic
verb isolated. Fick I 64 (to Skt tate
to drip, to stream); Gnirxnrnorn Got.
219 (to Lith tvaskti to strike); Woor
JEGP II 227228 (to *teu- to swell);
506; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 373; Ktirrn
Nasalprsentia 125126 (to Skt tujti to
move quickly, to urge, to incite);
Krtor-Srrnorr 918.
*waxlan sb.n.: Goth wahl washing,
bath, ON vl a kind of soap, OE wal
washing, OHG dwahal washing, bath.
Derived from *waxanan. Tonr-F.rk
628; Z.rizxi.k II 173; Srrnorr 525;
*waniz sb.m.: ON vengr thong, latchet,
OE wan thong. Derived from *wen-
918; Srrnorr 527.
*wenanan str.vb.: Norw tvinga to force,
to constrain (str./wk.), OFris thwinga id.,
OS thwingan to oppress, OHG dwingan
to force, to constrain. Related to IE
forms with a dierent velar: Skt tvanakti
utan 431 wenanan
orel_f16_pp_415-431 7/6/04 7:15 PM Page 431
wen3anan 432 ubesw
*uba prep.: Goth uf under, ON of over,
OE ufe-weard upper, OHG oba up,
over. Continues *upo. Related to Skt pa
towards, near to, at, Av up near to,
Gk p under, OIr fo under. Cf. also
*uppa. B.n+norov.r 388389; Tonr-
11061107; Vnirs ANEW 416; Fnisk
II 971972; Lrnv.xx GED 370371;
Krtor-Srrnorr 595.
*uban adv.: ON ofan from above, down,
OE ufan from above, down, OFris uva
up, above, OS ovana id., OHG oben,
obana id. Derived from *uba. Hor+-
Krtor-Srrnorr 595.
*ubaraz ~ *ubarn adj.: Goth ufaro
over, above, ON ofarr up, above, OE
ufera upper, higher, OHG obaro id.
Comparative of *uba. Close to Skt para-
situated below, Av upara- upper.
B.n+norov.r 393; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
*ubarjanan wk.vb.: ON ofra to bran-
dish, to wave in the air, OE oferian to
exalt, MLG overen to remain, OHG
obarn to delay, to remove. Derived from
*ubaraz ~ *ubarn. Tonr-F.rk 31; Hor+-
*ubesw ~ *ubezw sb.f.: Goth ubizwa
portico, ON ups eaves, OE efes eaves,
brim, brink, OFris se gutters, MLG
u
to contract (if not an articial form
based on tankti ), Lith tvenki, tvekti to
dam. Tonr-F.rk 196; Hor+n.tsrx
Srrnorr 920s.
*weranan str.vb.: OE e-weran to stir,
to twirl, OHG gi-dweran to stir up.
Related to Skt turti to hurry, to press
forward, (Brahm.) tvrate to hurry.
Prnssox Beitrge 122; Tonr-F.rk 196
norrn I 514, 539; Pokonxv I 11001101;
*werxwaz adj.: Goth wairhs angry,
ON verr athwart, across, transverse,
OE weorh crooked, cross, OFris adv.
thweres crosswise, transverse, OS thwerh
stupid, OHG dwerah crosswise, trans-
verse. Related to Skt tark- spindle, Gk
traktow id., Lat torque to twist
(Nonrrx Abri 224; Mtcn PBB XVII
92). Gnirxnrnorn Got. 219 (derived from
*weranan); K.ns+rx NB I 56, 25; Horr-
v.xx BB XXV 106 (to Gk sarkzv to
pluck (grass), to tear (sh)); Os+norr PBB
XIII 461463 (to Gk prapw diaph-
ragm); Ztri+z. Gutt. 71; Tonr-F.rk 197;
369; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 254 (to Gk
srj meat < *tk-); Hrirrnv.xxs
*werxwn sb.f.: Goth wairhei anger, ire,
quarrel, OHG duruh dwerah sideways.
Derived from *werxwaz. Fris+ 507;
Hrirrnv.xxs 634.
*werilaz sb.m.: ON yrill whisk, OE
wirel stick for whipping milk, OHG
dwiril whisk. Derived from *weranan.
*wnanan str.vb.: OSwed thvna to dwin-
dle, OE wnan id. Of unknown origin.
orel_f17_U_432-436 7/6/04 7:16 PM Page 432
ovese id., OHG obasa portico, entrance
hall. Derived from *uba. Hin+ PBB
XXIII 326; Jon.xssox PBB XV 239;
xi.k II 228; Oxioxs 298299; Lrnv.xx
GED 370 (directly to Skt ups- lap).
*ubelan sb.n.: Goth ubil evil, OE yfel
id., OFris evel id., OS ubil id., OS uvil
id., OHG ubil id. Substantivized *ubelaz.
Hrirrnv.xxs 637.
*ubelaz adj.: Goth ubils bad, wicked, evil,
OE yfel evil, ill, bad, OFris evel id., OS
ubil bad, wicked, evil, MDu evel id.,
OHG ubil id. Structurally close to OIr
fel bad < *up-elo- (S+okrs KZ XXXVI
274275). Further derived from *uba
( Jon.xssox PBB XV 238239; Gnirx-
nrnorn Got. 220). Unrrxnrck PBB
XXX 317 (to Skt pala- stone); Tonr-
AEEW 412; Pokonxv Festschr. Streitberg
292293 (to OIr ad-bal strong); Oxioxs
332; Avin. Recht II 126; W.+kixs Verbal.
30 (to Hitt uap(p)a- bad); Lrnv.xx
GED 370; Hrirrnv.xxs 637638;
Krtor-Srrnorr 845.
*ub(e)ljan sb.n.: ON inn-yi intestines,
bowels, OE in-ylfe gut, bowel, OHG
inn-ovili id. Derived from *ubelaz.
Hrixrn+z SVSL VII 72 (from *en-nabali
inside the navel); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
188; Vnirs ANEW 287 (sux *-ublja-).
*uberi adv., prep.: Goth ufar over, ON
yr over, above, OE ofer id., OFris over
over, OS ovar id., OHG prep. ubar
id., adv. ubari, ubiri id. Continues IE
*uperi above, over: Skt upri, Av upairi,
Gk pr. Cf. also *uba. B.n+norov.r
AEEW 240; Fris+ 509; M.vnnorrn I 106;
676; Fnisk II 966967; Oxioxs 637;
*ufnaz sb.m.: ON ofn oven, OE ofen id.,
OFris oven id., MLG oven id., OHG ovan
id. A phonetic variant of *uxwnaz ~
*uwnaz, with *k
> *x(w) > *f. On the

other hand, a comparison with Hitt
appena- baking kiln, re-pit remains
attractive. Mrnixorn IF XXI 295296
(from Proto-Gk *pnw); Hor+n.tsrx
S+.xo LS 64 (directly to OPrus wumpnis
oven); Lrnv.xx GED 49; Ptn\rr III
*uftai ~ *uftt adv.: Goth ufta often,
ON opt id., OE oft id., OFris ofta id.,
OS adv. ofto id., OHG adv. ofto id. De-
rived from *uba (Woor JEGP II 214).
Unrrxnrck PBB XXVII 133 (to Skt
upt- scattered, sown); Tonr-F.rk 31;
Mrnixorn IF XVIII 210 (to Lat opus
work); Gnirxnrnorn ZdPh XXXVII 548
(same as Woor); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 240;
Fris+ 513; Vnirs ANEW 419; Oxioxs 625;
*uxwnaz ~ *uwnaz sb.m.: Goth auhns
oven, OSwed oghn id. Related to Gk
pnw id. despite phonetic diculties
(Myc i-po-no implies the original *p and
thus makes the variant *ufnaz more
archaic). Further connections are not cer-
tain (Skt ukh- vessel, boiler?, see Knr+-
scnvrn Einleitung 147). Fick III 29
(reconstructs *e k
ns for Greek); Mrirrr+

MSL IX 137 (separates forms with *-xw-
/*-w- from those with *-f-); Tonr-F.rk
29; S\rrntr Festschr. Torp 108 (sepa-
rates *uxwnaz ~ *uwnaz from *ufnaz);
Mrnixorn IF XXI 295296 (from proto-
Gk *pnw); Fris+ 6566 (a Wanderwort);
Fn.rxkrr KZ LXIII 202 (pnw <
*kWnw); M.vnnorrn I 98; Pokonxv I
88; Szrvrnrxvi PBB LXXXII 2526
(Gmc < Gk); Z.rizxi.k II 227; Fnisk I
732733; Oxioxs 637; Lrnv.xx GED 49
(follows S\rrntr).
*uxsn sb.m.: Goth auhsa ox (gen. pl.
auhsne), ON uxi, oxi id. (pl. yxn, xn), OE
oxa id., OFris oxa id., OS ohso id., OHG
ohso id. Related to Toch A ops-, B okso
cow, ox, Skt ukn- bull, Av uxan- id.,
W ych ox, MW pl. ychen (Fons+rnv.x
KZ I 496). B.n+norov.r 383; Tonr-
ubesw 433 uxsn
orel_f17_U_432-436 7/6/04 7:16 PM Page 433
uxsn 434 unurniz
F.rk 29; S+tn+r\.x+ Language VI 253;
Gtx+rn+ Festschr. Panzer 10 (from Turkic,
cf. Turk kz ox); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
ANEW 422, 680; Z.rizxi.k I 221;
Ar.vs TB 111.
*uxwe ptcl.: Goth -uh and. The same
particle also appears in other Germanic
languages in a constraint form. Related
to Skt ca id., Av a, Lat que id., Gk te
id.but phonetic details of the anlaut
are not clear (should we posit IE *e k
e?).
Lirrx ANF IV 99101 (from *-k
e); Hin+
PBB XVIII 299 (same as Lirrx);
Bntov.xx IF XXXIII 173180, Dem. 65
(to Lat -ce in ecce here, behold); B.n+no-
rov.r 563575; S+nri+nrno GE 71;
Lorvr PBB LI 266; W.rrr-Horv.xx II
401402; Fris+ 5141 M.vnnorrn I 365;
*umbi prep.: ON umb, um around, OE
ymb, ymbe about, by, OFris umbe
around, OS umbi id., OHG umbi id.
Together with Skt abh to, towards, Av
aiwi to (if not from *ebhi ~ *obhi ), Gaul
ambi- around, OIr imb- id., continues IE
*bhi. Other IE forms go back to *ambhi.
Maybe connected with *bi. B.n+no-
Pokonxv I 34; Vnirs ANEW 633; Krtor-
Srrnorr 846.
*una I prep.: ON und under, OFris und,
ont id., OS und moreover. See *unera.
Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 45 (to Skt dhi above,
over, OIr ind-); Tonr-F.rk 30; Fris+
517518; Vnirs ANEW 634.
*una II adv., conj.: Goth und unto,
until, ON und up to, OE und till,
until, OFris und id., OS und id., OHG
unt to, until. Cf. the univerbation *una
t > Goth unte until, OS unti, unt id.,
OHG unzi, unz id. where the particle *t
is related to Lat d from, OIr d id.
Zero grade of IE *anti ~ *anta, cf. Lith it
to. See also *ana. Sorvsrx KZ XXIX
333 (*una t to Gk nte until); Tonr-
F.rk 30 (to Arm 6nd under); Krtor PBB
XXXV 573574 (reconstructs *una e);
W.rrr-Horv.xx I 325326; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 243; Fris+ 517518, 524;
Pokonxv I 4950, 181182; Oxioxs 962;
*unan adv.: ON undan from under-
neath, MLG unden, undene from beneath,
down, OHG untana from beneath.
Derived from *una I. Vnirs ANEW 634.
*une conj.: OHG unti, unt and. Related
to Skt tha then, now, Toch B entwe
also. M.vnnorrn I 28 (separates Skt
a- as a pronominal element); Pokonxv I
*uner prep.: OE under between, OFris
under id., OS undar id., OHG untar id.
Related to Skt antr within, in, between,
Av antar6 between, Lat inter id., OIr ter
id. B.n+norov.r 131132; Tonr-F.rk
Pokonxv I 313; Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*uner(a) adv., prep.: Goth undar under,
ON undir id., OE under id., OFris under
id., OS undar id., OHG untar id.
Continues IE *dhero-: Skt dhara- lower,
inferior, Av adar id., Lat nferus id.
Comparative form of *una I. B.n+no-
698; Fris+ 518; M.vnnorrn I 3031;
*unurni-matiz sb.m.: Goth undaurni-
mats midday meal, OE undern-mete
breakfast. Compound of *unurniz and
*matiz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 376; Fris+
518; C.nn Nom. comp. 45; Lrnv.xx GED
*unurniz sb.m.: Goth undaurni-mats mid-
day meal, ON undorn mid-afternoon,
mid-forenoon, meal, OE undern nine in
the morning, OS undorn time before
noon, OHG untorn, untarn midday.
Derived from *uner (Os+norr Morph.
orel_f17_U_432-436 7/6/04 7:16 PM Page 434
Unt. VI 359). Structurally close to Lat
internus internal (Bntov.xx IF XXXIII
304). Mrvrn Goth. 560 (to Skt ant
within, in, between, Lat inter between);
Tonr-F.rk 3031; G.rnrrrn ZdPh
XLIII 57 (on Goth -au-); Hor+n.tsrx
Fris+ 518; Vnirs ANEW 634; Pokonxv I
313; Scnvir+ IF LXIII 294298; Lrn-
*unxtw(n) sb.f.: Goth uhtwo dawn, ON
tta last part of the night, OE masc. ht
time just before the daybreak, OS hta
dawn, OHG hta id. Continues *k
t-,
derivative of *nek
t- night. Cf. especially

Skt akt- last part of the night, the dark-
ness just before dawn and probably Gk
ktw ray (Os+norr IF V 284; Scnvir+
Plur. 212214). Further related to *naxtz
(Hin+ Idg. Gr. II 17, 159). Tonr-F.rk 30;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 376; Fris+ 515; Fnisk
I 61; M.vnnorrn I 15; Pokonxv I 762
219; Fnisk I 61; Lrnv.xx GED 374375;
M.nkrv Festschr. Gimbutas 299321.
*unnanan str.wk.vb.: ON unna to love,
to grant (< *unnnan), OE unnan to
grant, OS unnan id., OHG gi-unnan id.
Present form *anna (ON ann, OE onn, on,
OHG an) is an innovation based on older
pl. *unnum < *unz-nu-m probably related
to Gk pros-hnw friendly, well-disposed
(Bntov.xx Btrg. Gesch. XXXIX 89). On
the other hand, cf. Hitt a- to be
favored, to be dear < *ans- (Ptn\rr
AEEW 376; Fris+ 53; Jn.xxrssox IEW
*unseraz pron.: Goth unsar our, ON vrr
id., OE ser id., OHG unsr id. Derived
from *uns- with a comparative sux
(Bntov.xx Grundri II/2 404), see *wez ~
*wz. Tonr-F.rk 2930; Hor+n.tsrx
*uniz ~ *unj sb.f.: ON unnr, ur
wave, OE id., OS thia id., OHG
unda id. Similar to but not phonetically
identical with Lat unda wave, Lith vandu
water. Cf. *watnan ~ *watar. Tonr-
7880; Vnirs ANEW 635; Z.rizxi.k II 214.
*upanaz ~ *upenaz adj.: ON opinn
open, OE open id., OFris epen id., OS
opan, OHG oan. Derived, with a sux
of strong past participle, from *uppa.
Vnirs ANEW 419; Oxioxs 628; Szrvr-
nrxvi Festschr. Knobloch 469472 (from
adv. *upo-n from above); Prr+rns IF XCIV
297298 (reconstructs *upnaz); Hrirrn-
*upanjanan wk.vb.: ON opna to open,
OE openian id., OFris epenia id., OS opanon
id., OHG oann id. Derived from
*upanaz ~ *upenaz. Vnirs ANEW 419;
Hrirrnv.xxs 640.
*uppa prep.: ON upp up, OE up id.,
OFris up, op id., OS p, upp id., OHG
uppa id. Cf. also Goth iup up < *eup(p)a.
A geminated form of *uba ( Jon.xssox
PBB XV 239241: from *up-n ). Cf. also,
with lengthening, OS p id., OHG f id.
Fris+ 298; M.n+ixr+ Gm. 176; Pokonxv
*uppjanan wk.vb.: ON yppa to lift, to
hold up, OE yppan to bring up, to dis-
close, MLG uppen to raise, OHG fen
to reveal. Derived from *uppa. Hor+-
*uppn adv.: ON uppi up, upon, above,
OE uppe above, up, OFris uppa up, OS
uppa id. Related to *uppa. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 377; Vnirs ANEW 635; Oxioxs 962.
*urti-araz sb.m.: Goth aurti-gards gar-
den, Sw rtagrd id., OE ort-eard
orchard. Semicalque combining Rom
*ortus garden and Gmc *araz. Tonr-
F.rk 397 (reconstructs *urtiz herb);
Fris+ 68, GGE 1213 (the rst element to
*wurtiz); C.nn Nom. comp. 70 (parallel
formations); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 242;
Con.zz. Lat. 2324; Lrnv.xx GED 51
(independent borrowings).
unurniz 435 urti-araz
orel_f17_U_432-436 7/6/04 7:16 PM Page 435
*aran sb.n.: OE der udder, OFris der
id., OS der id., OHG masc. tar id.
Related to Skt dhar udder, bosom,
breast, Gk oyar udder, Lat ber id.
*faz ~ *fn sb.m.: ON fr a kind of
owl, OE f owl, OHG vo id. Related
to Lav Upis owl, Slav *vyp bittern
(Prnssox Beitrge 495). Ztri+z. Gutt. 17;
Tonr-F.rk 32; Bo. RFV LXV 323;
urzn 436 faz

*urzn sb.m.: ON orri heathcock, moor-
fowl, Norw orre aurochs. Cf. also OHG
orre-hano pheasant. Identical with Av
aran- man, Gk rshn, rshn male,
masculine. Cf. also Skt a-bh- bull.
I 152153.
*usln ~ *uslj sb.m./f.: ON usli con-
agration, embers, OE ysel, ysle spark,
ash, ember, MLG sele hot ashes, MHG
usele id. Probably derived from IE *eus-,
cf. Lat r to burn, Gk ev to singe.
348; Vnirs ANEW 636; Fnisk I 3 Fnisk I
596597.
*ustr( j)az adj.: Swed yster very active,
OHG ustar greedy. Probably, derived
from IE *eus- to burn. Tonr-F.rk 33;
Pokonxv I 348, 11701171.
*utraz sb.m.: ON otr otter, OE oter id.,
MLG otter id., OHG ottar id. Identical
with Skt udr- aquatic animal, Av udr
id., Gk drow water snake, cf. also Lith
dra otter, Slav. *vydra id. (Fons+rnv.x
KZ I 494) with long vocalism explained
by Winters law; further connected with
IE *edr water. Mrirrr+ MSL XIV
342; B.n+norov.r 387; Tonr-F.rk 384;
AEEW 243; M.vnnorrn I 104; Pokonxv
137; Fn.rxkrr II 11571158; Fnisk II
957; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ I 367; Krtor-
Srrnorr 606; Dvno BSA 143144.
*uwwaln sb.f.: ON ugla owl, OE le id.,
MLG ule id., OHG wila id. (< *uwwiln).
Deminutive of *uwwn. Ztri+z. Gutt.
Srrnorr 237.
*uwwn sb.f.: Swiss huwe, hue owl. An
isolated archaism. Originally, of imitative
origin. Cf. *faz ~ *fn. Pokonxv I
1103.
*uz prep.: Goth uz, us out of , ON r, ur
id., OE or- id., OFris ur-, or- id., OS ur-,
or- id., OHG ur id. Probably, from *ut-s-
further related to *t (Scnvir+ Plur. 219).
Bntov.xx KVG 463, 468 (same as
Scnvir+); Unrrxnrck TNTL XXV 302
(to IE *au- away from); J.consonx KZ
XLIX 195; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 241;
Srrnorr 850.
*uza-xwassaz adj.: ON odd-hvass sharp-
pointed, OHG ort-was id. Compound of
*uzaz and *xwassaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 62.
*uzaz sb.m.: ON oddr sharp point (of a
weapon), OE ord id., OFris ord id., OS
ord sharp point, sharp edge, OHG ort id.
Identical with Alb usht ear (of grain)
< *us-to-; further cf. Lith usns thistle.
242; Pokonxv I 237, 1172; Vnirs ANEW
orel_f17_U_432-436 7/6/04 7:16 PM Page 436
*wab(a)ljanan wk.vb.: ON vaa to hover
about, G wabelen to move busily. See
*wab(a)rjanan. Vnirs ANEW 638 (to ON
vfa to swing, to vibrate); Hrirrnv.xxs 642.
*wab(a)rjanan wk.vb.: ON vafra to
hover about, Du wapperen to move back
and forth, MHG waberen to move back
and forth, to work busily. Connected
with *wabn. Jon.xssox GGA 1890 767
768 (to Lat uapor steam), BB XVIII 31;
*wabjaz ~ *wabjan sb.m.n.: ON vefr
web (in the loom), cloth, OE webb web,
woven stu, OFris webb cloth, OS webbi
id., OHG webbi id. Derived from
*webanan. Tonr-F.rk 391392; Hor+-
nrnorn Nom. 66.
w
ANEW 632; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ I 369.
*ran I sb.n.: ON r metal slag, LG r
soil containing iron. Identical with OIr
r earth, clay. Tonr-F.rk 6; Vnirs
ANEW 635.
*ran II sb.n.: ON r drizzling rain.
Related to OPrus wurs pool, pond, with
a dierent ablaut grade Lith jura marsh,
swamp. Further see *warn ~ *waraz
(Btoor KZ XX 2930). Tonr-F.rk 32;
*riaz adj.: ON rigr wet, OE ri-feera
wet-feathered. Derived from *ran II.
*ruz sb.m.: Goth uraz name of the u-
rune, ON rr aurochs, OE r a kind of
ox, bison (a-stem), MLG r aurochs,
OHG ro id. (n-stem). Connected with
*ran II (Gnirxnrnorn PBB XXI 209), cf.
the same semantic development in IE
*sen- male from *ers- rain. Fon-
s+rnv.x KZ I 499 (related to Lat rus);
Fnornrr BB II 337 (identical with Skt
usr- bull, which is, however, metaphor-
ically derived from usr- early in the
morning); Tonr-F.rk 32; Hor+n.tsrx
Krtor-Srrnorr 62 (to *sen- male).
*t adv.: Goth ut out, ON t id., OE t
id., OFris t id., OS t id., OHG z id.
Related to Skt t up, upon, from, OIr
ud-, od- out. Further connections are
dubious. Tonr-F.rk 29; Woor JEGP II
218219 (to *watnan ~ *watar); Gtx+rn+
IF XL 189 (to Gk od-amw none, no
one); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 377; Fris+
*tai adv.: Goth uta outside, ON ti id.,
OE te id., OFris te id., OS ta, te id.,
OHG ze id. Derived from *t. Tonr-
384.
*tan adv.: Goth utana outside, ON tan
from outside, OE tan id., OS tan id.,
OHG zan, zana putside. Derived from
*t. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 377; Fris+ 537;
Krtor-Srrnorr 6768.
*taraz adj.: ON tarr farther out, OE
tor beyond, outside, OFris ter id., OS
far-tar id., OHG prep. zar out, out-
side. Derived from *t. Hor+n.tsrx
Srrnorr 68.
*tjanan wk.vb.: ON ta to push out, to
launch, OE tan to put out, to expel.
Derived from *t. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
faz 437 wabjaz
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 437
*wabjanan wk.vb.: ON vefja to wrap, to
fold, OE webbian to weave, to contrive.
Derived from *webanan. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 387; Vnirs ANEW 650; Srrnorr 541.
*wabn sb.m.: ON va doubt, uncer-
tainty. Probably derived from *webanan.
Oxioxs 994.
*wabsaz ~ *wabsj sb.m./f.: OE wsp,
wps wasp, OS wepsia id., OHG wefsa,
wefs id. Close to Lat uespa id., OBret
guohi id., OPrus wobse id., Lith vaps id.,
Slav *osa id. Derived from *webanan.
59; Fn.rxkrr 11961197; Oxioxs 993;
Srrnorr 887.
*waan sb.n.: Burg *was ford, ON va
id., OE wd ford, shallow water, sea,
MLG wat place that can be used as a
ford, OHG wat ford. Related to Lat
uadum id., ud to wade. Connected with
*waanan. At the same time, may at least
partly reect *waan water identical
with Slav *voda id. (Dvno BSA 145146).
Z.rizxi.k I 144; Krtor-Srrnorr 877.
*waanan str.vb.: ON vaa to wade, OE
wadan to go, to pass, to proceed, OFris
wada to wade, MLG waden id., OHG
watan id. Related to Arm gam to come,
Lat ud to go, to walk. Ztri+z. Gutt.
*waiz ~ *wa(n) sb.m./f.: ON var
shing line, Swed dial. neut. vad drag-
net, OE wadu id., MLG wade id., OHG
wata big net. Derived from *waanan,
cf. Lith bradn drag-net, Slav *brodn
id. connected with OLith bradyti to
wander, Slav *broditi to wade. Hardly to
be directly compared with Lith deverb.
vdas drag-net with a similar semantic
motivation. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 378;
*wajan sb.n.: Goth wadi pledge, guaran-
tee, ON ve pledge, OE wedd id., OFris
wed id., OS weddi id., OHG wetti id.
Etymologically connected with Lat uas
bail, security, Lith vdas guarantee,
surety (Kirxrr WuS XVI 7678).
Further cf. *weanan (Os+rx-S.ckrx IF
XXXIII 266). Bnr.r MSL VII 441443
(from MLat uadium bail); Tonr-F.rk
Horv.xx II 735736; Fris+ 539540;
W.rrr-Horrv.xx II 735736; Pokonxv
Z.rizxi.k I 146; Fn.rxkrr 1177;
O+nnski KZ LXXXI 227; Avin. Recht II
110111; Lrnv.xx GED 152, 386; B.v-
vrsnrnorn Nom. 66; Krtor-Srrnorr 887.
*wajjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-wadjon to
betroth, to pledge, ON veja to lay a wager,
to bet, to appeal, OE weddian to engage,
to betroth, OFris weddia to pay a ne, to
bet, MLG wedden to pay a ne, to bet,
MHG wetten to pledge. Derived from
*wajan. Tonr-F.rk 386; Hor+n.tsrx
*waansn sb.m.: ON vangsni plowshare
(< *vagsni ), OHG waganso id. Derived
from *wajaz (Bntov.xx Grundri II/1
282). Tonr-F.rk 384; Pokonxv I 1180;
*wajanan wk.vb.: Goth wagjan to shake,
to move to and fro, OE wecan to wag,
to move, to shake, OS weggian to move,
OHG weggen id. Causative of *weanan.
Structurally similar to Gk xv to hold
fast, to carry, to let ride, Slav *voziti to
carry, to drive. Tonr-F.rk 383; Hor+-
I 1120; Fnisk II 455456; Srrnorr 543;
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ I 334; Lrnv.xx
GED 387.
wabjanan 438 wajanan
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 438
*wajaz sb.m.: ON veggr wedge (partly, to
*waiz), OE wec wedge, OS weggi id.,
OHG weggi id. Identical with Lith vgis
hook, wedge (Btoor BB III 121; Fick
BB XII 162). Further cf. Lat umis plow-
share, Gk fniw: nniw, ratron (Hes.),
OPrus wagnis plowshare. Brzzrx-
nrnorn-Fick BB XII 168; Mrnixorn IF
XVII 132; Tonr-F.rk 384; Tn.t+v.xx
997; S+.xo LS 60; Lixrrv.x Verschrfung
10.10; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 66.
*wanaz sb.m.: Crim. Goth waghen
wagon, ON vagn id., OE wn id., OFris
wein id., OHG wagan id. Derived from
*weanan or directly from *wan (in
which case cf. the semantics of Slav
*kolyba cradle ~ wagon, see Onrr
SSlav 1985/5 7984) and derivationally
similar to Toch A wk, B yakne way,
manner, OIr fn a kind of vehicle.
870; Ar.vs TB 481482.
*wajanan wk.vb.: ON vaga to wag, to
waddle, OE waian to move, OS wagian
id., OHG wagn id. Derived from
*weanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 382;
*wa(n) sb.f.: ON pl. vagar a kind of
bier, OHG waga movement. Derived
from *weanan. Tonr-F.rk 383; Vnirs
*wan sb.f.: ON vagga cradle (with
expressive gemination), OS waga id., OHG
waga id. Derived from *weanan. Tonr-
F.rk 383; Srrnorr 543; Krtor-Srrnorr
889.
*waxsan sb.n.: ON vax wax, OE weax
id., OFris wax id., OS wahs id., OHG
wahs id. Etymologically connected with
Lith vkas id., Slav *vosk id. (Os+norr
Etym. 1921). Further connection with
*waxsanan cannot be excluded, cf. the
designation of wax as *sila power, might
in Slavic folklore (Onrr Simp. 3844).
Lirrx SVSU VI/1 28 (further to IE *eg-
to weave); Ztri+z. Gutt. 33, 192; Tonr-
F.rk 381 (Balt, Slav < Gmc); Tn.t+-
61; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ I 357; Krtor-
Srrnorr 869.
*waxsanan str.vb.: ON vaxa to grow, to
increase, OE weaxan to grow, OFris
waxa id., OS wahsan id., OHG wahsan id.
Related to Toch B auks- to sprout, to
grow up, Skt perf. vavka to grow, Av
vax- id., Gk ajv to increase. B.n-
+norov.r 13371338; Tonr-F.rk 382;
IEW 10; M.vnnorrn I 98; Pokonxv I
8485; Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 863; Vnirs
ANEW 648; Oxioxs 995; Fnisk I 187
*waxsjanan I str.vb.: Goth wahsjan to
grow, Norw vexa id. (wk., originally str.
pres.). Derived from *waxsanan. Ztri+z.
Gutt. 160; Tonr-F.rk 382; Fris+ 541;
Vnirs ANEW 648, 658; Srrnorr 532533.
*waxsjanan II wk.vb.: ON vexa to wax,
to cover with wax, OFris wexa id., OHG
wahsen id. Derived from *waxsan. Iden-
tical with Slav *voiti to wax. Vnirs
ANEW 658.
*waxstiz sb.f.: Goth us-wahsts growth,
OHG gi-wahst id. Derived from *waxsanan.
Tonr-F.rk 382; Fris+ 541; Srrnorr 532;
*waxstuz sb.m.: Goth wahstus growth,
ON vxtr size, growth, OHG wahst
growth (fem.). Derived from *waxsanan.
*waxtuz sb.m.: ON vttr witness, OHG
gi-waht remembrance, opinion (masc.,
wajaz 439 waxtuz
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 439
fem.). The corresponding strong verb is
preserved in WGmc: MLG wagen to
mention, MHG part. gi-wagen. Related to
Toch A wak, B wek voice, Skt vc-
speech, saying, call, Av vaxa- speech,
word, Gk pow word, Lat ux voice.
W.rrr-Horv.xx II 723825; Jn.xxrs-
sox IEW 121122; M.vnnorrn III 180;
I 545; Srrnorr 531; Btnr.k IFTJa 255.
*waxtw sb.f.: Goth wahtwo watch,
guard, OS wahta id., OHG wahta id. (-
and n-stems). Related to *wakanan (see
*waknan). Tonr-F.rk 380; Srrnorr 535.
*wai interj.: Goth wai woe, ON vei id.,
OE w id., OS w id., OHG w id. There
are similar interjections in numerous IE
and non-IE languages, cf. Lat uae, MIr
fae, Lith va. Nrissrn BB XXX 303 (to
Skt uv oh alas, Av vayi and the like);
*waibjanan wk.vb.: Goth bi-waibjan to
surround, ON veifa to wave, to vibrate,
OE wfan to wrap up, to clothe, MDu
weiven to be in swinging movement,
OHG zi-weiben to scatter. Identical with
Skt vepyati to make tremble, Lith vaiptis
to grimace, to wince, further related to
Skt vpate to tremble, to be agitated, Lith
viepi, vipti to gape about (Prnssox
Beitrge 235). Tonr-F.rk 412 (to Lat
uibr to vibrate); Fris+ 9798; M.vn-
Fn.rxkrr 1182, 12421243; Vnirs ANEW
*wai-iz sb.f.: Goth wai-des evil deed,
OE we-dd id., MHG w-tt pain.
Compound of *wai and *iz. Lrn-
v.xx GED 388.
*waiaz sb.m.: OE w wall, OFris wch
id., OS wg id. A substantivized adjective
structurally close to Lith vikas strength,
life, Slav *vk age (Btoor BB III 113)
and derived from *wxanan ~ *wanan.
Cf. also *wai > ON veig strong bev-
erage, strength and *waixjn > Goth
waihjo battle. Woor MP XI 337 (*wai
to Class. Skt vc- wave); Tonr-F.rk 408;
Tn.t+v.xx BSW 339; Fris+ 542; Pokonxv
*wajjuz); V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ I 286;
Lrnv.xx GED 388; Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*waika-lkaz adj.: ON veik-ligr weakly,
OE wc-lc poor, mean. Derived from
*waikaz. Hrirrnv.xxs 644.
*waikaz adj.: ON veikr weak, weakly,
sick, OE wc yielding, pliant, weak,
poor, OS wk weak, despondent, OHG
weih soft, weak. Derived from *wkanan.
K.ns+rx NB I 6162, II 455; Tonr-F.rk
Lehm 4451; Pokonxv I 1130; Vnirs
ANEW 640, 651; Oxioxs 996; Rosrx-
onrx 8691; Srrnorr 546; B.vvrs-
*waikjanan wk.vb.: ON veikjask to grow
ill, OE wcan to weaken, OLFr ge-weiken
to soften, OHG weihhen to break, to
bend, to soften. Derived from *waikaz.
*wainaaz ~ *wainaxaz adj.: Goth
wainahs miserable, woeful, MLG wnic
id., OHG wnag id. Derived from the
unattested *wainaz probably based on
*wai. Gnirxnrnorn Got. 235 (to Latv
vana guilt); Tonr-F.rk 379; Fris+ 544;
Lrnv.xx GED 389.
*wainjanan wk.vb.: ON veina to wail,
OE wnian to deplore, to lament, OFris
wnia id., OS wnon id., OHG weinn id.
Derived from *wainaz (see *wainaaz ~
*wainaxaz). Tonr-F.rk 379; Hor+-
Lrnv.xx GED 275 (to *kwainjanan);
Krtor-Srrnorr 882.
*waipaz sb.m.: Goth waips wreath,
MHG umbe-weif cloth wrapped around
the skirt. Derived from *wpanan. Fris+
waxtuz 440 waipaz
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 440
*waipn sb.f.: ON veipa womans hood,
OE wpe cloth. Derived from *waipaz.
652.
*wais sb.f.: Norw veis stalk. Cf. also ON
vsir index, sprout. Identical with Slav
*vxa straw bundle. S+.xo LS 63;
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ I 308.
*waisn sb.f.: ON veisa pool, stagnant
pond, OE wse ooze, mud, slime, OFris
wse id. Cf. also WGmc *wis(n) > MLG
wese meadow, OHG wisa id. Related
to Skt vi- liquid, Gk w poison, Lat
urus liquid. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 384;
Oxioxs 628.
*waita pret.-pres.: Goth wait to know,
ON veit id., OFris wt id., OE wt id., OS
wt id., OHG weiz id. Continues IE perf.
*oida, of *eid-: Skt perf. vda id., Gk
aor. edon to see, perf. oda, Arm gitem
to know, Lat uide to see, OPrus waist
to know, Slav perf. *vd to know.
III 256257; Pokonxv I 11251126;
Vnirs ANEW 669; Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 219;
533535; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ I 283;
Lrnv.xx Language XIX 25, GED 379,
*waitjanan wk.vb.: ON veita to grant, to
give a grant, OFris wta to claim, to tes-
tify, OHG weizen to show, to prove.
Causative of *waita. Structurally close to
Skt vedyati to announce. Tonr-F.rk
*waii-mannz sb.m.: ON veii-mar
huntsman, MHG weide-man id. Com-
pound of *waiiz ~ *wai( j) and *mannz.
C.nn Nom. comp. 85 ( parallel formations).
*waiiz ~ *wai( j) sb.f.: Burg *wais
hunt, ON veir hunting, OE w wan-
dering, hunting, OS weia pasture,
OHG weida hunting; pasture, food.
Continues *oit- ~ *oit derived from
*ei-: Skt. vti to have in view, to
approach, Gk emai to move forward, to
hurry, Lith vej, vti to hunt, to drive
(Gnivv KZ I 82). Unrrxnrck KZ XX
560 (to OIr fad game); Mrnixorn IF
XVIII 237, 255; Tonr-F.rk 379;
I 711; C.vr.xirr BBCS XXVI 306 (to
OIr adach hunting); V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ III 294; Konrrn 714;
Krtor-Srrnorr 881 (separates OHG
weida hunting from weida pasture; the
latter to Av vstra- pasture).
*waijanan ~ *waijanan wk.vb.:
ON veia to catch, to hunt, OE wan
to hunt, MLG weiden to hunt with a fal-
con, OHG weidn to graze. Derived
from *waiiz ~ *wai( j). Hor+n.tsrx
*waiw(n) sb.n.: ON v woe, calamity,
OE we woe, misery, evil (masc.), OS w
id., OHG wwa id. Derived from *wai.
Tonr-F.rk 379; Wrisvrirrn IF XLI
1111; Vnirs ANEW 637; Z.rizxi.k II 184.
*wajjuz sb.m.: Goth baurgs-waddjus city
wall, ON veggr wall. Deverbative of IE
*ei- to turn, to bend, cf. Skt vyati to
weave, Lat ue to bind, to weave, Lith
vej, vti to wind, to turn, Slav *viti id.
Koorr PBB IX 542543 (to *waiaz);
K.trrv.xx ZdPh XXXIX 291; Tonr-
F.rk 406407; Unrrxnrck PBB XXX
324 (same as Koorr); Tn.t+v.xx BSW
346; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 382 (against
Koorr); W.rrr-Horv.xx II 786787;
Fris+ 538539; M.vnnorrn III 147;
ANEW 650; Lixrrv.x Verschrfung
118119 (same as Koorr); V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ I 322; Lrnv.xx GED 386;
*waknan wk.vb.: Goth wakan to be
awake, ON vaka id., ON vakinn awake,
waipn 441 waknan
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 441
OE wacian to watch, to wake, wacan to
be born, OFris wakia, waka to be awake,
OS wakon id., OHG wahhn id. Residual
traces of str. *wakanan are registered (cf.
for example OE pret. wc). Related to Skt
vja- strength, vigor, speed, contest, Lat
uege to be lively (Pnokoscn CGG 174).
378; Fris+ 547548; Pokonxv I 1117
1118; M.vnnorrn III 182183; Vnirs
*wakjanan wk.vb.: Goth us-wakjan to
awake, ON vekja to waken, to rouse
from sleep, OE weccan to wake, to
rouse, OS wekkian to wake, OHG
wecken id. Derived from *wakanan (see
*waknan). Structurally close to Skt vj-
yati to make re, Lat uege (W.+kixs
HSCP LXXVII 195201). Tonr-F.rk
*waknnan ~ *waknjanan wk.vb.:
Goth ga-waknan to awake, ON vakna id.,
OE wcnan to waken, to arise, to spring.
Based on the residually attested str. *wakanan
(see *waknan). Scnvrizrn KZ I 154;
378; Fris+ 547; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 741;
*wakn sb.f.: ON vaka being awake, vigil,
eve, OE wacu waking, wake, watch,
MLG wake wake, vigil, OHG naht-wahha
id. Derived from *wakanan (see *waknan).
II 181; Oxioxs 989; Srrnorr 535.
*wakraz adj.: ON vakr watchful, alert,
nimble, OE wacor watchful, vigilant,
MLG wacker watchful, lively, OHG
r-wackar awake early. Derived from
*wakanan (see *waknan). Formally similar
to Skt vjra- thunderbolt, Av vazra-
club. Fons+rnv.x KZ I 240; K.ns+rx
NB II 258; Ztri+z. Gutt. 199; B.n+no-
rov.r 1392; Tonr-F.rk 380; Krtor
Nom. Stamm. 97; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
535; Wissv.xx AWNP 67; B.vvrsnrnorn
Srrnorr 870.
*wakrjanan wk.vb.: ON vekra to freshen
up, to rouse, OFris wekkria to increase,
MDu wackeren id. A derivative of *wakraz
or, more probably, an emphatic deriva-
tive of *wakanan (see *waknan). Vnirs
ANEW 652.
*wakulaz adj.: Icel vkull watchful, OE
wacol id., OHG wahhal id. Related to
*wakanan (see *waknan). K.ns+rx NB II
286; Tonr-F.rk 380 (to Lat uigil watch-
ful); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 378; Pokonxv I
645646.
*wakwaz adj.: ON vkr moist, E dial.
wack id., MDu wac id. Related to Gk
grw id. (Os+norr IF IV 278). Fick II
266; K.ns+rx NB I 33; Tonr-F.rk 381;
*wakw sb.f.: ON vk hole, opening in
the ice, MLG wake id. Substantivized
*wakwaz. Tonr-F.rk 381; Pokonxv I
*walan ~ *wal sb.n./f.: ON val
choice, OHG wala id. Derived from
*waljanan. Tonr-F.rk 400; Vnirs
Srrnorr 871.
*wala-rauzaz ~ *wala-rauzjn
sb.m.: ON val-dreyri the blood of the
slain, OE wl-drer id. Compound of
*walaz II and *rauzaz ~ *drauzjn.
C.nn Nom. comp. 55.
*wala-fallaz sb.m.: ON val-fall the fall of
the slain, OE wl-feall id. Compound of
*walaz II and *fallan ~ *fallaz. C.nn
Nom. comp. 55.
*wala-kuzjn sb.f.: ON val-kyrja
Valkyrie, chooser of the slain, OE wl-
cyre id. Compound of *walaz II and
waknan 442 wala-kuzjn
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 442
*kuzjn (from *keusanan). Tonr-F.rk
402; C.nn Nom. comp. 55.
*walaz I adj.: ON valr round, oval.
Identical with Latv uls id., further to
Slav sbst. *val wave. Pokonxv I 1142;
Dvno VSJa 25 (pretonic shortening in
Gmc).
*walaz II sb.m.: ON valr the slain (a- or
i-stem), OE wl the slain, slaughter,
carnage (< neut.), OS wal-dd murder,
OHG wal battleeld, blood bath (masc.,
fem. *waliz, or neut.). Related to OIr fuil
blood, MIr fuili bleeding wound, W
gweli wound, Corn goly id., MBret goul-
yow id. Koorr PBB XVI 511 (to Lat
uulnus wound); Brnxrkrn IF IX 360 (to
Czech vleti to battle); Mikkor. BB XXI
223 (to Lith vEls spirit of the dead);
Krtor-Srrnorr 873.
*walan sb.n.: ON vald power, authority,
OE weald id. Derived from *walanan.
Lrnv.xx GED 392.
*walanan str.vb.: Goth waldan to rule (a
household), to govern, ON valda to
wield, to rule, to cause (str. ~ wk.), OE
wealdan to have power, to control, OFris
walda to rule, to possess, OS waldan to
wield, OHG waltan to possess, to reign.
Connected with Lith vldu, veldti to pos-
sess, valdaU, valdti to rule, Slav *voldti
to possess, to rule. Tonr-F.rk 404
(Slav < Gmc); Mrirrr+ MSL VIII 290;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 385; S+rxrrn-
Pr+rnsrx 213215 (Balto-Slavic < Gmc);
106107; Pokonxv I 11111112; Cnrvo-
r.xo\ SGGJa I 66; Fn.rxkrr 1188,
1006; S+.xo LS 6162; Srrnorr 536
537; Brx\rxis+r IEL 274; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ I 340341; Lrnv.xx GED 392;
*walaz adj.: ON valdr causing some-
thing, OE weald powerful, mighty,
MHG ge-walt enormous. Derived from
*walanan. K.ns+rx NB I 74; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 647648.
*waliaz ~ *waluaz adj.: ON vldugr
mighty, powerful, OFris weldich id., OS
gi-weldig id., OHG gi-waltg id. Derived
from *walanan. Vnirs ANEW 673.
*waliz adj.: ON au-veldr easy to cope
with, OE earfo-wielde dicult to rule,
OFris un-welde involuntary. Derived
from *walanan. K.ns+rx NB I 112;
*waljan sb.n.: ON veldi power, OE e-
wild id., MLG ge-welde id. Derived from
*walan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 393; Vnirs
ANEW 653.
*waln sb.m.: ON ein-valdi monarch,
OS ala-waldo sovereign king, MHG al-
walte id. Derived from *walanan. Tonr-
*walaz adj.: Icel volgr lukewarm, OE
weal nauseous. Unclear. Cf. *welkaz.
K.ns+rx NB II 293; Ztri+z. Gutt. 142;
385; Pokonxv I 11431145 (to *elk-/
*elg- wet); Hrirrnv.xxs 649 (to ON
ylr warmth, ylja to warm).
*waljanan ~ *waljanan wk.vb.:
Goth us-walugjan to make swirl around,
OHG walagn to roll about. Distantly
related to Skt vlati to turn, Arm gelum
to turn, Gk elv id. S+nri+nrno Bibel
I 343 (Goth -u- explained by svara-
bhakti); H.vrr Neophilologus X 72 (Goth
based on *walugs derived from *waluz);
Fris+ 536; Srrcn+ KZ LIX 221 (Goth
-ugj-an close to Gk -ussv < *-uk);
Pokonxv I 1144; Fnisk I 457458; Lrn-
v.xx GED 384.
*walxaz I sb.m.: ON valr hawk, OE
wealh-hafoc gerfalcon, OHG walh-habuh
falcon. Plausibly, identical with *walxaz
II, lit. foreign bird, Welsh bird (Fiscnrn
Lehnw. 13). Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 386;
Pokonxv KZ XLVI 151 (to *el- to
tear); Vnirs ANEW 642.
*walxaz II sb.m.: Burg adj. *walhs Celtic,
wala-kuzjn 443 walxaz
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 443
foreign, ON pl. valir (Celtic) inhabit-
ants of Northern France, OE wealh for-
eigner, slave, Celt (esp. of Britain), MLG
wale Welsh, OHG pl. Walaha Roman,
Rutulian. Borrowed from Celt-Lat
Volcae, name of a Celtic people (S+nri+-
nrno UGG 136). As to *walxa-xnutz (>
ON val-hnot walnut, OE wealh-hnutu id.,
MLG wal-nut id.), it is a calque of Rom
*nux gallica id. > Fr noix gauge (Wrisornnrn
IF LXII 3361). Ztri+z. Gutt. 142;
Oxioxs 990, 999; Brx\rxis+r 293; Konrrn
714; Krtor-Srrnorr 873, 884885.
*walxiskaz adj.: ON valskr foreign, of
Northern France, OE wlisc foreign,
Welsh, MLG welsch Romance, OHG
walahisc Welsh, Romance. Derived from
*walxaz II. Tonr-F.rk 403; Hor+n.tsrx
*waljanan wk.vb.: Goth waljan to
choose, ON velja id., OHG wellen id.
Derived from *wel(j)anan. Tonr-F.rk 400;
*walkan sb.n.: ON valk tossing to and
fro, OE e-wealc rolling, motion, attack,
MDu walc felted wad. Close to Lat
ualgus bow-legged, Latv valgs cord.
Derived from *walkanan. Tonr-F.rk
*walkanan str.vb.: OE wealcan to roll, to
toss, MDu walken to roll, OHG part.
gi-walchenemo concreto. Related to Skt
vlgati to leap, to bound, to wave, Lat
ualgus having the calves of the legs
bent outwards, bow-legged (Fick I 541),
Latv valgs cord. Prnssox Wurzelerw.
131, Beitrge 85, 543; Tonr-F.rk 402;
164 (against the comparison with Skt);
*walkjanan wk.vb.: ON valka to roll,
OE wealcian to roll up, to mue up.
Derived from *walkanan. Tonr-F.rk
xrssox IEW 160164; Vnirs ANEW 641;
*walljn ~ *walljaz sb.f./m.: ON vella
boiling heat, ebullition, OE will spring,
well, fountain, OFris walla boiling,
MDu welle id. Derived from *wellanan II.
*walljanan wk.vb.: ON vella to boil, to
well over, OE willan to boil, MLG wellen
id., MHG wellen id. Derived from *wellanan
II. Tonr-F.rk 401; Vnirs ANEW 653;
*walmiz sb.m.: ODan valm, volm boiling,
OE wilm fount, stream, boiling water,
MHG walm seething. Derived from
*wellanan II. Close to Skt rm- wave, Av
var6mi- id. < *Hmi-. Tonr-F.rk 401;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 393394.
*wal(n) sb.f.: ON vala knuckle-bone,
OE walu ridge, bank (?), LG wle weal.
Related to Gk elv, Hom elv to
squeeze, Lith valti to cleanse, Slav
*val wave. For the semantic develop-
ment cf. Latv valnis edge, brim, rim.
Further see *wellanan I. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 392; Pokonxv I 1138; Fnisk I
457; Oxioxs 989.
*waltaz adj.: ON valtr reeling, easily
upset, OE seonu-wealt circular, round.
Derived from *weltanan ~ *waltanan.
K.ns+rx I 75; Tonr-F.rk 403; Wissv.xx
NP 25; Vnirs ANEW 642; Hrirrnv.xxs
*waltjanan wk.vb.: Goth waltjan to beat
into, to roll, ON velta to roll, OE wl-
tan, wiltan id., OHG welzen id. Causative
of *weltanan ~ *waltanan. Tonr-F.rk
GED 392393.
*walt sb.f.: ON vlt roller, OE wealte id.,
MLG wolte id., OHG walza sling, trap.
Substantivized *waltaz. Hor+n.tsrx
Krtor-Srrnorr 874.
walxaz 444 walt
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 444
*wal( j) sb.f.: ME welde, wolde weld,
Reseda luteola, MDu wolde id. Derived
from *waluz. Tonr-F.rk 403 (to Lat
ltum weld < *lto-); Oxioxs 998.
*waluz sb.m.: ON vllr eld, OE weald
high land covered with wood, OFris
wald forest, OS wald id., OHG wald id.
Related to Gk lsiow shaggy, woolly,
OIr folt hair, OPrus wolti ear of grain,
Lith vltis ear of oats, Slav *volt ear of
grain (Sorvsrx KZ XLII 214). Fick II
263; Lrvv KZ XL 422 (to Lat saltus pass,
mountain forest < *(s)altus); Tonr-F.rk
403 (to Lat uallis valley); Tn.t+v.xx
BSW 341; Hor+n.tsrx KZ XLVI 178
(follows Lrvv), AEEW 385; Pokonxv I
88; Oxioxs 1011; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ I
344; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 156 (to *wel-
jaz); Krtor-Srrnorr 872.
*waluz sb.m.: Goth walus sta, ON vlr
round stick, sta, OE wyrt-walu root,
OFris walu-bera pilgrim. Identical with
Lith ap-vals round. Related to *wellanan
I. Cf. other words for stick, sta con-
nected with IE *el- to turn: Lat uallus
pole, stake, OPrus walis pull rod.
GED 393; Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*walwjanan wk.vb.: Goth af-walwjan to
roll away, OE wilwan to roll. Derived
from *waluz. Tonr-F.rk 401; Hor+-
*wamb sb.f.: Goth wamba belly, womb,
ON vmb id., OE wamb id., OFris wamme
id., MLG wamme id., OHG wambo id.
(masc.). A descriptive stem similar to Lith
bmba navel, Latv bamba ball, Slav
*bba grain, swelling. Ktnx KZ I 138;
Prrrnsrx BB XX 238 (to Skt gabh-
vulva); Unrrxnrck PBB XXII 192
(follows Prrrnsrx); Woor MLN XV 99
(to Skt vap omentum, skin investing
the intestines); Tonr-F.rk 392 (to Bret
gwamm woman); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
382; Fris+ 549; Scnvrx+xrn IF LXI
Lrnv.xx GED 393; Wixrrkrxs KZ
XCVI 9394 (to Gk nmfh pregnant
woman); Tntn.cnr\ ESSJa II 229
230; Hrirrnv.xxs 612 (phonetically
inuenced by *ambaz); Krtor-Srrnorr
874.
*wamma-lausaz adj.: ON vamm-lauss
spotless, OS wam-ls free from blame.
Compound of *wamman and *lausaz.
*wamman sb.n.: Goth wamm stain, aw,
ON vamm blemish, OE wamm spot,
mark, stain, OFris wam id., OS wam mis-
take, ailment. Substantivized *wammaz.
382; Fris+ 549550; M.n+ixr+ Gm. 197;
*wammaz adj.: Goth ga-wamms unclean,
stained, OE wamm foul, evil, wicked,
OS wam bad, evil, nefarious. Derived
from *on-mo- related to *mo- in Skt
vma- left and vm- lovely, dear.
Unrrxnrck PBB XXX 324 (<*om-o- or
*om-no-, to *em(H)- to vomit: Skt
vmiti, Gk mv, Lat uom); Tonr-F.rk
382; Wrisvrirrn IF XLI 46 (supports
Unrrxnrck); Pokonxv I 1146 (sceptical
of Unrrxnrcks etymology); Vnirs ANEW
642643; Scntnrn+ Erw. 75; Lrnv.xx
*wammjanan wk.vb.: Goth ana-wammjan
to stain, OE wemman to spot, to mar, to
spoil, OFris wemma to damage, OHG
bi-wemmen to dishonor. Derived from
*wammaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 389;
v.xxs 652.
*wana-xailaz adj.: ON van-heill disabled,
ill, OE wan-hl weak, sick, maimed,
OHG wana-heil disabled, weak. Com-
pound of *wanaz I and *xailaz. C.nn
Nom. comp. 66.
*wan(a)kaz sb.m.: ON vakr, vkr a kind of
wal( j) 445 wan(a)kaz
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 445
hawk. Identical with Lith vnagas hawk
(Lirrx MASO I 5567). Fn.rxkrr 1194;
Vnirs ANEW 640.
*wanan sb.n.: Goth wan want, lack, OE
wan id. Substantivized neut. of *wanaz I.
Fris+ 550; Hrirrnv.xxs 653.
*wanaz I adj.: Goth wans lacking, want-
ing, ON vanr id., OE wan wanting,
absent, OFris won-gare decient clothing,
OS wan decient, absent, OHG wan
id. Related to Skt n- defective, want-
ing, Av un id., Lat unus empty, vain
(Prrrnsrx CDL 34). B.n+norov.r
1407; K.ns+rx NB II 233234; Tonr-
F.rk 378; Exrzrrix KZ LII 119120 (to
Lith vns-kariai unhatched eggs); Fris+
Oxioxs 991; Horrv.xx MSS XX 3435
(< *6nos); Scntnrn+ Erw. 30; Lrnv.xx
*wanaz II adj.: ON vanr accustomed.
Related to Toch A wai, wna pleasure,
Skt vanti to demand, to like, Lat uenus
love and other continuants of IE *en-
to wish, to love, cf. *wunnan. K.ns+rx
NB I 6970; Tonr-F.rk 387; Pokonxv I
996; Hrirrnv.xxs 654 (derived from
*wanjaz).
*wanaz adj.: ON vandr dicult, OS
wand uctuating, variable. Derived from
*wenanan. K.ns+rx NB II 338339;
Tonr-F.rk 390; Wissv.xx NP 16; Vnirs
ANEW 643; Mrir Wortbild. 229; Srrnorr
555; M.+zrr KZ CV 104; Hrirrnv.xxs
654655.
*wanilaz sb.m.: East Gmc Wandali
Vandals (Saxo), ON pln. Vendill, OE pl.
Wendelas Vandals. Cf. also OHG wentil-
so sea. Derived from *wanaz. Enr-
v.xx SVSU I/1 79 (to *wanuz); H.rr
CM IV 6278 (to *wenanan); Hor+-
654 (to *wan- water).
*wanjanan wk.vb.: Goth wandjan to
turn, ON venda id., OE wendan id., OFris
wenda id., OS wendian to direct, OHG
wenten to turn. Causative of *wenanan.
*wanjanan wk.vb.: ON vanda to
object, to be fastidious, OE wandian to
turn aside, MDu wanden to turn into,
OHG part. wantnti mutual. Derived
from *wanaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 383;
Vnirs ANEW 643.
*wanulaz sb.m.: ON vndull wisp of
hay, OFris wandel exchange, OHG
wandel change of mind. Derived from
*wanaz. ON could be etymologically
separate from WGmc and related to
*wanuz. Tonr-F.rk 390; Srrnorr 555.
*wanuz sb.m.: Goth wandus rod, ON
vndr wand, switch, roller. Derived from
*wenanan. Scnrr+rrovi+z BB XXIX
43 (to Arm vandak network); Unrrxnrck
PBB XXII 192 (to Skt aor. vdhm to
slay, to kill); Tonr-F.rk 390; Fris+ 550;
Exrzrrix KZ LII 110111 (to Lith vnta
bunch of green birch twigs); Fn.rxkrr
1196, 12231224; Vnirs ANEW 674;
*wanuz ~ *wan sb.m./f.: Norw vond
a kind of shrew, OE wand mole.
Probably related to Gk onyow root of a
hair, young hair < *i-ondho- and espe-
cially close to MIr nd hair (on the head)
< *endhu- (Lirrx IF XIX 345347).
Tonr-F.rk 390 (to *wenanan); Pokonxv
I 1148; Fnisk I 729730.
*wannan wk.vb.: Goth *wanan to de-
crease (based on wanains lack, de-
ciency), OE wanian to make less, OFris
wonia id., OS wanon id., OHG part. gi-
want reduced, decreased. Derived from
*wanaz I. Tonr-F.rk 378; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 383; Fris+ 550; Hrirrnv.xxs 653.
*wanaz sb.m.: Goth waggs paradise, ON
vangr garden, a green home-eld, OE
wan eld, plain, land, earth, OS wang
garden, a green home-eld, OHG holz-
wang wooded eld. Together with Alb
wan(a)kaz 446 wanaz
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 446
vang fallow continues IE *onk- (Lrn-
v.xx GED 387). See *wanxaz. Ztri+z.
1149 (to *e-n-g- ~ *e-n-gh- to be bent);
S+.xo LS 60; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 50.
*wann sb.m.n.: ON vangi cheek, OE
wane id., OS wanga id., OHG wanga id.
Etymologically identical with *wanaz.
Scnrr+rrovi+z BB XXIX 41 (to Arm
gang skull, head, Gk mfhn neck);
*wanxaz adj.: Goth un-wahs blameless,
OE wh bent, crooked, twisted. Related
to Skt vcati to move crookedly, Lat con-
uexus curved. Tonr-F.rk 389; Wris-
vrirrn IF XLI 339341 (to *waiw(n));
637 (against Wrisvrirrn); Lrnv.xx GED
*wanistuz sb.f./m.: Icel vinstr fourth
stomach of ruminants, OHG wanast,
wenist abdomen, belly. Identical with Skt
vanih- rectum ( Jon.xssox IF XIV
324: from *oned-sthu-). Tonr-F.rk 389;
Lirrx KZ LXI 20 (to Gk nustron
fourth stomach of ruminants); Pokonxv
I 1105; Krtor-Srrnorr 875.
*wanjaz sb.m.: Dan dial. vann swelling,
OE wenn wen, MLG wene id. Connected
with *wunaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 389;
Pokonxv I 1109.
*wanjanan wk.vb.: ON venja to accus-
tom, OE wenian id., OS gi-wennian to get
used, OHG gi-wennen id. Derived from
*wanaz II. Tonr-F.rk 387; Roo+n
UU 1924/8 93106; Vnirs ANEW 654;
Srrnorr 323.
*wankjanan wk.vb.: ON vakka to stray,
to hover about, OS wankon to sway,
OHG wancn id. Derived from *wenk-
janan. Tn.t+v.xx BSW 350351;
Krtor-Srrnorr 874.
*wanjanan wk.vb.: ON vanask to wane,
to fail, OE wanian to lessen, to diminish,
OHG wann to spoil, to take away.
Derived from *wanaz I. Cf. also ON vansa
to do too little < *wan(e)sjanan. Hor+-
*wann sb.m.: ON vani shortage, lack,
OE wana want, lack. Related to *wanaz
I. Tonr-F.rk 378; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
*wann ~ *wunn sb.m.: ON vani cus-
tom, OE e-wuna id., OS gi-wono id. Cf.
also OHG fem. gi-wona id. Derived from
*wanaz II. Tonr-F.rk 387.
*wantuz sb.m.: ON vttr glove, LG want
id. (fem.). Unclear. Tonr-F.rk 391 (to
*wenanan); Vnirs ANEW 676; Krtor-
Srrnorr 875.
*wappjanan wk.vb.: ON vappa to wad-
dle, LG wappen to move up and down,
ME wappen to develop. Of imitative
origin. M.n+ixr+ Gm. 170; Vnirs ANEW
644.
*wap(p)ulaz sb.m.: OSwed vappel
amount of slime, OE wapol foam,
OFris wapul- pool, puddle. Derived from
*wappjanan. Bot+k.x OFED s.v.
*wara-lkaz adj.: ON var-ligr safe, requir-
ing wariness, OE wr-lc cautious, pru-
dent, OHG gi-wara-lh attentive, careful.
Derived from *waraz. Hrirrnv.xxs 658.
*waraz adj.: Goth wars wary, on guard,
ON varr aware, OE wr aware, pre-
pared, OS war aware, careful, OHG gi-
war aware. Corresponds to Gk *Worow in
pourow warder, Hom orow watcher,
warder, OIr coair, coir equitable, appro-
priate < *kom-ari-. Further connected
with Lat uereor to respect, Latv vru, vrt
to watch. K.ns+rx NB I 51; Tonr-
380; Wissv.xx Postv. 4445; W.rrr-
wanaz 447 waraz
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 447
Srrnorr 321.
*wara-xsan sb.n.: ON var-hs watch-
house, MLG warde-hs id., OHG wart-hs
id. Compound of *waraz II and *xsan.
*wara-mannz sb.m.: ON var-mar
watchman, warder, OE weard-mann id.,
MLG wart-man id., OHG wart-man id.
Compound of *waraz II and *mannz.
*waraz I adj.: ON -varr dear (to the
gods), OE adv. for-weard onwards, con-
tinually, OFris bek-ward back, rear, OS
adv. for-ward forward, onwards, OHG
ab-wart absent. Derived from *weranan.
Structurally identical with Slav *vort
turn. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 386; Krtor
Hrirrnv.xxs 658659.
*waraz II sb.m.: Goth daura-wards door-
keeper, ON vrr warden, warder (u-
stem), OE weard guard, warder, OS ward
id., OHG wart id. Participle *or-t-
derived from an unattested verb, cf.
*waraz. Tonr-F.rk 393; Hor+n.tsrx
*warjanan wk.vb.: Goth fra-wardjan to
corrupt, to destroy, OE wirdan to injure,
to hurt, to annoy, OS a-werdian to spoil,
to destroy, OHG r-werten id. Derived
from *weranan. Cf. similar causatives in
Skt vartyati to set in motion, Slav *vor-
titi to return. Tonr-F.rk 398; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 394; Fris+ 166; M.vn-
norrn III 154155; Fn.rxkrr 1204;
*war(n) sb.f.: Goth daura-warda female
doorkeeper, ON vara beacon, pile of
stones used as a road sign, OE weard ward,
guard, watch, OS warda guard, post,
OHG warta watch, guard. Related to
*waraz II. Tonr-F.rk 393; Hor+n.tsrx
*warjanan wk.vb.: ON vara to war-
rant, to guard, OE weardian to guard,
to keep, to defend, OFris wardia to wait,
to observe, OS wardn to protect, to
beware, OHG wartn to wait, to stay
awake, to peer. Derived from *waraz II
or *war(n). Tonr-F.rk 393; Hor+-
*wara-trewan sb.n.: ON varg-tr gal-
lows, OE wear-trew id., OS warag-tro
id. Compound of *waraz and *trewan.
C.nn Nom. comp. 53; G.vknrrirzr-
I\.xo\ II 487.
*waraz sb.m.: Goth launa-wargs unthank-
ful, ON vargr wolf, outlaw, OE wear
villain, felon, criminal, OS warg crimi-
nal, OHG warg evil-doer. Identical with
Lith vagas need, Latv vargs miserable,
OPrus wargs wicked, Slav *vorg enemy
(K.trrv.xx PBB XVIII 175; Mikrosicn
395). Further related to *weranan
(Scnn.rrn-Nrnnixo II 490491). The
original meaning was strangler, cf. simi-
lar development of words for wolf
(I\.xo\ SBJa Karp. 181213); cf. also
Phryg davo- wolf < IE *dhau- to
squeeze, to strangle (Knr+scnvrn Einlei-
tung 211). Mikkor. WuS II 218 (same
as K.trrv.xx); Ztri+z. Gutt. 16; Tonr-
1154; Fn.rxkrr 11981199; Z.rizxi.k I
137; Vnirs ANEW 645646; Brx\rxis+r
135; M.n+vxo\ Jazyk 3435 (from Slav
*vorg enemy); V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ I
352; Lrnv.xx GED 153, 229 (to Lith
veri, veti to tie up); B.vvrsnrnorn
Nom. 50; Onrr Phrygian 2930.
*wari sb.f.: Goth wargia judgment,
condemnation, OE wirg, wiru con-
demnation, curse. Derived from *waraz
(Avin. Recht II 134). Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
394; Fris+ 551; Brx\rxis+r IEL 135;
Lrnv.xx GED 394.
*warjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-wargjan to
outlaw, to condemn, OE wiran to
curse, to do evil, OS gi-waragean to pun-
ish (as a criminal). Derived from *waraz.
Structurally close to Slav *voriti to prac-
tise witchcraft. Tonr-F.rk 397; Hor+-
waraz 448 warjanan
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 448
n.tsrx AEEW 394; Fris+ 210; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ I 353; Brx\rxis+r IEL 135;
Lrnv.xx GED 153.
*warn sb.f.: Goth warei slyness, wariness,
panourga, OHG gi-wer circumspec-
tion, attentiveness. Derived from *waraz.
*warja-m sb.f.: OE masc. wermd
wormwood (bitter plant Artemisia
Absinthium), OS wermda id., OHG wer-
muota, werimuota id. Derived from *war-
janan and *m (see *maz). Hor+-
*warjan sb.n.: ON ver shing-place, OE
wer dam, weir (masc.), OS werr dam for
shing, OHG wer dam, weir. Derived
from *warjanan. Tonr-F.rk 395; Hor+-
Lrnv.xx GED 394.
*warja-nalan sb.m.: ON var-nagli bung
for the hole in the boats bottom, MHG
wer-nagel dagger handle. Compound of
*warjan and *nalaz. Vnirs ANEW 646.
*warjanan wk.vb.: Goth warjan to forbid,
to hinder, ON verja to defend, OE
werian to hinder, to check, to restrain,
OFris wera to hinder, to forbid, OS wer-
ian id., OHG werien, werren id. Related to
Skt vti to cover, to surround, Lat
aperi to uncover, Lith veri, vrti to
open, to string, to thread, Slav *vr,
*verti to lock, to stick. Prnssox Beitrge
552; Ponzio Gliederung 155; M.vnnorrn
III 245246; Pokonxv I 1160; Fn.rxkrr
998; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ I 293; Lrnv.xx
*warjaz sb.m.: Burg *warja dweller
(n-stem), ON pl. skip-verjar crew, OE
pl. burh-ware inhabitants of a city. For
HG cf. ethnonyms Angri-varii, Boju-varii.
Derived from *warjanan. Tonr-F.rk
ANEW 655; Konrrn 714.
*warmaz adj.: ON varmr warm, OE
wearm id., OFris warm id., OS warm id.,
OHG warm id. Derivative of *er-: Hitt
war- to burn, Arm vaem to burn, Lith
vrdu, vrti to boil, to cook, Slav *vrti to
boil (Fick BB II 203). K.ns+rx NB II
361; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 387; Brx-
\rxis+r BSL XXXIII 136137; Pokonxv
Oxioxs 992993; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ I
362; Scntnrn+ Erw. 75; Gronoir\ LuE
200; Lrnv.xx GED 394 (against the con-
nection with IE *g
herm- warm); B.vvrs-

*warmjanan wk.vb.: Goth warmjan to
warm, ON verma id., OE wirman id., OS
warmian id., OHG ir-warmen id. Derived
from *warmaz. Ztri+z. Gutt. 33; Hor+-
*warnaz ~ *warn sb.m./f.: Burg warns
defence, ON vrn defense, OE wearn
hindrance, obstacle, OHG furi-warna
preparation. Related to *warjanan. Hor+-
Konrrn 714.
*warnjanan wk.vb.: ON varna to warn
o, to abstain, OE warenian, warnian to
take head, to beware, OFris warna to
refuse, to deny, MLG warnen to make
attentive, OHG warnn to equip, to
instruct. Derived from *warn. Tonr-
*war sb.f.: ON vr place of landing, OE
waru embankment, MLG ware dam.
Identical with Lith vras pole (in a
fence), pa-var net rope, Slav *vor, *vora
fence (Hor+n.tsrx ZfslavPh XXII 147).
353; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 384; Fn.rxkrr
11971198; Vnirs ANEW 674 (to Av vr
castle, Slav *za-vor bolt).
*warjanan wk.vb.: ON vara to beware,
to warn, OE warian to beware, to
guard, OFris waria to protect, OS waron
warjanan 449 warjanan
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 449
to protect, to mark, to note, OHG bi-
warn to protect. Derived from *war(n).
*war(n) sb.f.: ON vara ware, article of
merchandise, masc. vari wariness, cau-
tion, OE waru watchful care, care,
observance, OFris ware care, attention;
keeping, possession, OS wara care,
attention, OHG wara attention, product,
article. Derived from *waraz. Similar to
Gk *Wor on which rv to see is
based. The reconstruction of a separate
*waz(n) article of merchandise with
further links to Hitt waia- to buy can
hardly be accepted. Prnssox UU
1891 61; W.rs+rix ZdPh XXVIII 529
(to Skt r sheep, Lat ueruex wether);
Fnisk II 409410; Oxioxs 992; Lrn-
*warn ~ *waraz sb.m.: ON vari liquid,
water, OE wr sea. Related to Toch A
wr, B war water, Skt vri water, rain,
Av vr- rain, W gwer tallow. Cf. also
*raz. B.n+norov.r 1410; Tonr-F.rk
sox IEW 138 (to *warzuz); M.vnnorrn
646; Dvno VSJa 923, BSA 33 (identical
with Indo-Iranian *vr-, with shortening
in an oxytonic stem); Ar.vs TB 577
578; Btnr.k IFTJa 256 (derives Toch
from *odr).
*warpan sb.n.: ON varp casting, cast (of a
net), OE wearp warp, OS warp id.,
OHG warf id. Derived from *werpanan.
Z.rizxi.k I 144; Tntn.cnr\ Slav. jaz. V
171, Rem. 111 (against direct comparison
with Slav *vorba reel); S+.xo LS 64;
*warpilaz ~ *wurpilaz sb.m.: ON ver-
pill die; barrel, cask, OE wyrpel strap on
the falcons leg, MLG worpel die, OHG
wurl id. Derived from *werpanan. Tonr-
*wart(n) sb.f.: ON varta wart, OE weart,
wearte id., OFris warte id., OS warta nip-
ple, OHG warza, werza wart, nipple.
Related to Latv ap-virde abscess, boil,
Slav *verd wound, harm (Scnvir+ Vok.
II 74). Woor JEGP XIII 507 (to Lat
uarix dilated vein, uerrca height, wart);
Tntn.cnr\ I 295; Krtor-Srrnorr 876.
*warzuz sb.f.: ON vrr lip. Identical with
OPrus warsus id. Further related to *wer
(Woor MLN XXIX 71). Tonr-F.rk
SGGJa I 73; S+.xo LS 61; Vnirs ANEW
*wasn sb.m.: Swed vase straw bundle,
ME wase bundle, MLG wase id. Derived
from *wasjanan ~ *wazjanan. Cf. also ON
neut. ver case < *wazan. Tonr-F.rk 404.
*wasjanan ~ *wazjanan wk.vb.: Goth
wasjan to clothe, ON verja id., OE werian
id., OHG werien id. Related to IE *es-
to clothe: Hitt a- to clothe, e- to
be dressed, Toch AB ws- to be dressed
in, to wear, Skt vste to wear, caus.
vsyati, Av vast id., Arm zgenum to get
dressed, Gk Att nnumi id. B.n+no-
Ponzio Gliederung 155; M.vnnorrn III
655656; Fnisk I 521522; Oxioxs 996;
Lrnv.xx GED 395; Ar.vs TB 597;
Btnr.k IFTJa 256.
*waskanan str.vb.: OE wscan to wash,
WFris waskje id., OS pret. sg. wsk id.,
OHG wascan id. ON vaska id. < *wask-
janan might indicate the Proto-Gmc status
of this verb, unless ON is from WGmc.
Derived from *watnan ~ *watar. Tonr-
Knoov.xx NDJb LXXXI 1321;
warjanan 450 waskanan
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 450
539; D.nvs Vddhi 1324 (from *m6d-
sko-, to IE *me6- to wash); Krtor-
Srrnorr 876.
*wastj sb.f.: Goth wasti dress, clothing.
Identical with Gk gesta: ndusiw (Hes.)
and further Lat uestis clothes, clothing.
Cf. *westr. Derived from *wasjanan ~
*wazjanan. Tonr-F.rk 404; W.rrr-
Horv.xx II 775776; Fnisk I 521522.
*watnan ~ *watar sb.n.: Goth wato
water (reects *watn and *watnan), ON
vatn id., OE wter id., OFris weter, water
id., OS watar id., OHG wazzar id. An
original r/n-heteroclysis. Related to Hitt
adar id., Skt loc. udn(i) id., Arm get
river, Gk dvr water, Phryg bdu id.,
Alb uj id., Umbr u t u r, OIr uisce id.,
Lith vandu id., and probably Slav *voda
id. (but see *waan). Ktnx KZ I 373;
Scnvir+ Plur. 109, 202203; Tonr-F.rk
AEEW 381382; Fris+ 553554; Brx\r-
xis+r Origines 20; Dr+scnrv Thr. 46;
Ponzio Gliederung 144; M.vnnorrn I
103104; Pokonxv I 7880; Cnrvo-
Z.rizxi.k II 222; Fn.rxkrr 11941195;
Fnisk II 957959; Oxioxs 994; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ I 330; Lrnv.xx GED 395
*wailan ~ *wailaz sb.n./m.: ON vl
artice, craft, dece, machine, OFris
wedel frond, OS wethil fan, OHG wadil,
wadal, wedil id. Derived from *wjanan I
(Sir\rns PBB XVI 244). Btoor KZ XX
3031 (to Lat adl to fawn upon);
Pokonxv I 83; Vnirs ANEW 653; Krtor-
Srrnorr 878.
*wawn sb.m.: ON vvi muscle, OS
watho calf , OHG wado, wad id. Re-
lated to Lat utrax with crooked feet,
club-footed (Lirrx KZ XLI 396). Tonr-
F.rk 385 (to Umbr vatuva part of a sacri-
cial animal (?)); Pokonxv I 1113;
*wazj(n) sb.f.: ON verja outer garment,
OHG gi-wera clothing. Derived from
*wasjanan ~ *wazjanan. Vnirs ANEW 655.
*webanan str.vb.: ON vefa to weave, OE
wefan id., MLG weven id., OHG weban id.
From IE *ebh-: Toch A wp-, B wp- id.,
Skt ubhnti to lace up, to cover, Gk f
web, Alb vej to weave < PAlb *webnja.
388; Jn.xxrssox IEW 130131; Ponzio
Gliederung 178, 186; M.vnnorrn I 107;
137; Fnisk II 977; Oxioxs 996997;
Srrnorr 540541; Krtor-Srrnorr 877;
*webilaz sb.m.: ON tord-yll dung-beetle,
OE wifel beetle, OS gold-wivil glow-
worm, OHG wibil beetle, chafer.
Derived from *webanan. Cf. probably a
similar derivative in Lith vbalas beetle
(Bntov.xx IF XIII 158), Slav *veblica >
Russ dial. veblica worm (Ztn.+v AfslavPh
XVI 416). Tonr-F.rk 391 (to ON vfa
to soar); Tn.t+v.xx BSW 336; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 395; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa
I 74; Fn.rxkrr 1176; Z.rizxi.k I 137;
Oxioxs 998; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ I 282;
Krtor-Srrnorr 889.
*wean sb.n.: ON -vi-gjarn wicked, evil,
OE in-wid fraud, guile, deceit, OS in-wid
id., OHG in-wit treachery. Derived from
*weanan, cf. Goth in-widan to deny
(guilt) (S+tn+r\.x+ JEGP XXXIII 89).
OE in-widda guileful, deceitful is derived
from this word and is hardly related to
*wenaz II (despite Lrnv.xx GED 207).
Hor+n.tsrx AWN 144 (from Lat inuidia
envy); Fris+ 295; Vnirs ANEW 287.
*weanan str.vb.: Goth ga-widan to bind,
OHG wetan id. Related to Hitt weda-,
wete- to build, OIr air-com-fed- to dam-
age (Pr+rnssox IF XXIII 387; Fris+
211212). Tonr-F.rk 386; Fris+ 211
212; L.orncn.x+z KZ XXXV 273 (to
Gk ymo: desmo. plkamoi); M.vnnorrn
III 222; Pokonxv I 11161117; Srr-
Srrnorr 890.
*wera-aaz sb.m.: ON ver-dagr ne
day, OE weder-d id., MLG weder-dage
id., MHG weter-tac id. Compound of
waskanan 451 wera-daaz
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 451
*weran and *aaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 53.
*wera-laikaz sb.m.: ON ver-leikr
weather condition, Norw dial. ve-leik
ash of lightning, MDu weder-lijc id.,
MHG weter-leich id. Derived from
*weran. C.nn Nom. comp. 56.
*weran sb.n.: ON ver wind, weather,
OE weder id., OFris weder id., OS wedar
id., OHG wetar weather, air. Identical
with Slav *vedro good weather (Scnvir+
Plur. 202). Bntov.xx IF XVIII 435 (to
Slav *vedro or *vtr wind); Tonr-F.rk
82, 84; Vnirs ANEW 649 (alternatively,
to Slav *vtr wind); Z.rizxi.k I 150;
S+.xo LS 61; Krtor-Srrnorr 887.
*werjanan wk.vb.: ON vira to be
such and such (of weather), OE wederian
to be (good or bad) weather, MHG
witeren id. Derived from *weran. Hin+
Ablaut 133 (to Skt api-vatti to under-
stand); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 393; Vnirs
*weftaz ~ *weftiz sb.m.: ON veptr
woof , OE fem. wift implement used in
weaving, MHG wift thin thread.
Derived from *webanan. Tonr-F.rk
998; Srrnorr 541.
*wea-faranz adj.: ON veg-farandi way-
faring, OE we-farende id. Compound of
*weaz and *faranz, participle of *faranan.
C.nn Nom. comp. 61; Oxioxs 995.
*wea-lausaz adj.: ON vega-lauss out of
the way, OE we-les without a road,
impassable, OHG wega-ls id. Com-
pound of *weaz and *lausaz. C.nn Nom.
comp. 61.
*weanan str.vb.: Goth ga-wigan to move,
to shake, ON vega to move, to carry,
to lift, to weigh, OE wean to move, to
bear, to carry, OFris pres. wega to
weigh, to bring, OS wegan to weigh,
OHG wegan to move, to weigh.
Connected with Skt vhati to drive, to
ride, Av 3 pl. vaz6nti id., Gk Pamph
Wextv, xesfin: rmasin Hes., Alb vjedh
to steal, Lat ueh to bear, to carry,
Lith ve, vti to carry (in a vehicle),
Slav *vez, *vezti to carry, to drive.
212; Hor+n.tsrx 388; W.rrr-Horv.xx
II 742743; Ponzio Gliederung 195;
III 177178; Pokonxv I 11181120;
I 604; Oxioxs 998; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ I
154, 387; Krtor-Srrnorr 870; Onrr
AED 510.
*wea-nestan sb.n.: ON veg-nest provi-
sions for a journey, OE we-nest id.,
OHG wega-nest id. Compound of *weaz
and *nestan. C.nn Nom. comp. 53.
*weaz sb.m.: Goth wigs way, ON vegr
way, road (also an u-stem), OE we
way, OFris wei id., OS weg id., OHG
weg id. Derived from *weanan. Tonr-
F.rk 382; Mrirrr+ Mlanges Andler
Srrnorr 878.
*wejan sb.n.: ON vigg horse, OE wic
steed, OFris widze id., OS wigg id.
Identical with Skt neut. vahy- stretcher,
sofa. Derived from *weanan (K.nrr IF
XIV 170). Tonr-F.rk 383; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 392; Ponzio PBB LVIII
1120; Vnirs ANEW 661; B.vvrsnrnorn
Nom. 66.
*wextiz I sb.f.: Goth waihts thing (traces
of a root stem in pl.), ON vttr being,
OE wiht creature, being, thing, OS wiht
tutelary spirit, being, demon, thing
(masc.), OHG wiht being, thing (also
neut.). Identical with Slav *vekt thing.
Pntsik KZ XXXV 597 (to IE *ek
- to
speak); Woor MLN XXIII 148 (to Lith
veiks rapid); Hin+ PBB XXIII 337
(Slav < Gmc); Lorvrx+n.r ANF XXXV
229 (to IE *e- to wish); Tonr-F.rk
381382; Hor+n.tsrx PBB XLVI 146
wera-daaz 452 wextiz
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 452
(to Lat uege to be lively), AEW 395396;
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ I 308; S+.xo LS 63;
Nom. 143 (combines *wextiz I and II);
Krtor-Srrnorr 888.
*wextiz II sb.f.: ON vtt weight, OE wiht
id., OFris wicht id., MDu wicht, wichte
id. Derived from *weanan. Close to Lat
masc. uectis lever. Tonr-F.rk 382
383; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 741; Cnrvo-
Srrnorr 322.
*wela-iz sb.f.: Goth waila-des good
deed, OE wel-dd id., OHG wola-tt id.
Compound of *wel(n) ~ *wal(n) and
*iz. Fris+ 543; Lrnv.xx GED 136.
*welan sb.n.: ON vil self-will, OE will
will, OS will id. Related to *wel( j)anan.
663; Oxioxs 1006.
*weliaz sb.m.: OE weli willow. Cf. also
OS wilgia id. < *wel(i)jn. Close to Gk
lkh id., further to lij twisted, curved
< *elik-. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 389;
107; Fnisk I 494496; Oxioxs 1007.
*wel( j)anan str.vb.: Goth wiljan to will,
ON vilja id. (irreg.), OE pres. wile id.,
OFris pres. wel, weli id., OS pres. wili id.,
OHG pres. wili id. All paradigms are
irregular. Originally, belonged to mi-con-
jugation. Related to Skt vti to choose,
to select, to prefer, Av var- to choose, to
select, Lat uol to want, Lith vlmi, vlti
id., Slav *velti to order. Hrr+rx PBB
XXXV 297299; Ztri+z. Gutt. 33;
W.rrr-Horv.xx II 828830; Pnokoscn
CGG 224225; Mrzorn KZ LXXV
Kn.tsr HG 251; Oxioxs 10061007;
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ I 288; Srrnorr 551;
*weljn sb.m.: Goth wilja will, ON vili
id., OE willa id., OFris willa id., OS willio
id., OHG willo desire, wish. Derived
from *wel( j)anan. S+rix+n.r KZ I 570;
Monn ZDADL LXXVI 153 (ON <
WGmc); Tonr-F.rk 400; Hor+n.tsrx
Krtor-Srrnorr 891.
*welkaz adj.: MLG welk abby, arid,
OHG welc, welh wet, soft. Identical with
Latv velgs wetness, further cf. Lith vlgau,
vlgyti to moisten, Slav *volga liquid.
11451146; Fn.rxkrr 1251; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ I 340.
*wellanan I str.vb.: OSwed vlla to roll,
OHG wellan id. Related to Skt vlate to
turn, to move, Gk elv to shut in, to
hinder, to press, Lith veli, vlti to roll,
Slav *valiti to make fall. Prnssox
Beitrge 539, 543544; Tn.t+v.xx BSW
Fn.rxkrr 1221; Fnisk I 456457;
*wellanan II str.vb.: ON vella to boil,
OE weallan to well, to bubble forth,
OFris bi-wellen to stain, OS bi-wellan id.,
OHG bi-wellan to stain, to disgrace.
Probably, historically identical with
*wellanan I. Tonr-F.rk 401; Hor+-
160164; Pokonxv I 11401144; Vnirs
538539, 553; Krtor-Srrnorr 873 (to
Lith vilns wave).
*welln sb.m./f.: ON vella seething, a
seething mass, OE wiella well, spring,
fountain, OFris walla seething, spring,
MLG welle id., OHG wella wave, stream.
Derived from *wellanan II. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 393; Oxioxs 999; S+.xo LS
6364 (to Lith vilns wave, Slav *vlna
id.); Lrnv.xx GED 411 (to *wellanan I).
*wel(n) ~ *wal(n) adv.: Goth waila
wextiz 453 wel(n)
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 453
well, ON vel, val id., OE wel id., OFris
wel id., OS wela, wala id., OHG wola,
wela, wala id. Derived from *wel( j)anan.
Cf. comp. *welizn ~ *walizn > Goth
walisa beloved, genuine, ON comp.
vildri, vildari more pleasant, better, OHG
adv. *waliro in a more excellent way.
K.ns+rx NB II 183184 (comp. < *elto-);
Bntov.xx IF XV 99100 (to Skt vl
limit, boundary, end); Prnssox Beitrge
514516 (to Skt vti to have in view, to
approach); Lorvr PBB LI 254256;
S+nri+nrno GE 69; Tonr-F.rk 399400;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 388; Fris+ 543, 548;
Pokonxv I 1137; Vnirs ANEW 652,
663; Oxioxs 999; Lrnv.xx GED 389,
392; B.vvrsnrnorn Btrg. Gesch. CII 14
(Goth -s- < -z- according to Tntnxrv-
srxs rule); Hrirrnv.xxs 650, 667;
Krtor-Srrnorr 896.
*weltanan ~ *waltanan str.vb.: ON
velta to roll, OHG walzan id. Related to
*wellanan I. Tonr-F.rk 403 (to OIr
llim ecto ? < *eld-); Jn.xxrssox
IEW 160164; Pokonxv I 11401144;
Srrnorr 874 (to Skt vlate to turn, to
move, Slav *valiti to make fall).
*welja-br(n) sb.f.: ON villi-br
venison, MLG neut. wilt-brt id., MHG
neut. wilt-brt id. Compound of *weljaz
and *br(n). C.nn Nom. comp. 87 (par-
allel formations); Krtor-Srrnorr 890.
*welja-euzan sb.n.: ON villi-dr wild
animal, OE wild-dor id., late OHG wild-
tior id. Compound of *weljaz and
*euzan. C.nn Nom. comp. 87 (parallel
formations).
*weljaz adj.: Goth wileis wild, ON villr
wild, bewildered, OE wilde wild, OFris
wilde id., OS wildi id., OHG wildi wild,
savage. Related to W gwyllt untamed,
Corn gwyls id. < *el-ti- or *el-to-.
Btoor KZ XX (1872) 27 (to OBakt va-
reta mad); Ztri+z. Gutt. 17; Tonr-F.rk
403404; Lirrx BB XXI 106107 (to
Russ vilat to wag); Ennricn apud Fris+
(to Gk ylgv to enchant, to bewitch,
Lith velgi, vegti to look); F.v JEGP
XVII 423 (to *waluz); Fris+ 564;
11391140; Tnirn Venus 4850; Vnirs
ANEW 664 (against F.v); Oxioxs 1006;
*welwanan str.vb.: Goth wilwan to rob.
Identical with Lat uell to pluck, to pull.
744745 (Lat uell < *els or *eld);
Pokonxv I 1145.
*wempilaz sb.m.: ON vimpill a kind of
hood, veil, OE wimpel article of womans
dresss, OFris wimpel veil, OS wimpal id.,
OHG wimpal id. Of unknown origin.
*wenanan str.vb.: Goth us-windan to
twine, to plait, ON vinda to wring, to
twist, OE windan to twist, to roll, OFris
winda id., OS windan id., OHG wintan id.
Related to Toch AB wnt- to cover, to
envelop, Umbr imper. aha-uendu aver-
tito. Tonr-F.rk 390; Os+norr ZdPh
XXIV 215 (to IE *i-); Nrnnixo IF IV
401 (to Slav *v\zati to tie); Fris+ 98;
IEW 134137; Pokonxv I 11161117;
Sor+. Arm. 142143; Vnirs ANEW
665; Oxioxs 1008; Srrnorr 554556;
Ar.vs TB 592.
*wenaz I sb.m.: Goth winds wind, ON
vindr id. (partly from *weniz), OE wind
id., OFris wind id., OS wind id., OHG
wint id. Corresponds to Hitt uant- id.,
Toch A want, B yente id., Lat uentus id., W
gwynt id. Derived from *wjanan. Tonr-
Pokonxv I 82 (reconstructs * in *ntos
based on part. *e-nt- blowing); Ponzio
Gliederung 187, 197; Jn.xxrssox IEW
107108; K.vvrxntnrn KZ LXXVII
Tiscnrrn HEG I 328331; Lrnv.xx
GED 404; Ptn\rr III 428429; B.vvrs-
892; Ar.vs TB 505.
wel(n) 454 wenaz
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 454
*wenaz II adj.: Goth in-winds unjust,
wicked, wrong, ON vindr awry. Derived
from *wenanan. K.ns+rx NB I 27;
Mrnixorn IF XVIII 295 (on the prex
in- in Goth); Tonr-F.rk 390; Wris-
vrirrn IF XLI 350351; Hor+n.tsrx
Srrnorr 555; Lrnv.xx GED 207; Ltnn
Expr. 607; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 241;
Hrirrnv.xxs 669.
*weninaz sb.m.: ON pl. vindingar wind-
ings, Langob wintingas id., OS winding
band, OHG winting id. Derived from
*wenanan. Vnirs ANEW 665.
*wenn sb.f.: ON vinda bank of yarn,
MLG winde winding device, OHG winta
id. Derived from *wenanan. Vries ANEW
664.
*weneaz sb.m.: ON vindr Slav, Western
Slav, OE pl. Winedas id., OHG pl.
Winida id. Cf. also Lat Vened, Veneth.
Any connection with *weniz? Scnn.rrn-
Nrnnixo II 415 (to Slav *v\tii, the name
of an East Slavic tribe); Hor+n.tsrx
1000.
*wenistraz adj.: ON vinstri left (<
*wenistrn), OE winestra id., OFris winister
id., OS winistar id., OHG winistar id.
Derived from *weniz as a taboo motivated
name of the friendly left side (Hoors EG
V 88). For the sux cf. Gk rsterow
left, Lat sinister id. Tonr-F.rk 387;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 398; Htisv.x KZ
LXXI 105 (to Icel vinstur, Gk nustron
fourth stomach of ruminating animals);
*weniz sb.m.: ON vinr friend, OE wine
id., OFris wine id., OS wini id., OHG wini
id. Related to Toch A wai, wna pleas-
ure, Skt vanti to demand, to like, Lat
uenus love and other continuants of IE
*en- to wish, to love, cf. *wunnan. Par-
ticularly close to OIr ne family, kin <
*en (Zivvrn KZ XXIV 212). Tonr-
norrn III 141142; Pokonxv I 1146
Nom. 136; Ar.vs TB 601602.
*wenj sb.f.: Goth winja pasture, ON vin
meadow, pasture, MLG winne pasture,
OHG winne id. Derivationally identical
with OIr ne kinship, family. Related
to *weniz (Lirrx BSB 27; Tnirn Venus
117118). Tonr-F.rk 387; Fris+
664; Z.rizxi.k I 149; Lrnv.xx GED
*wenkjanan wk.vb.: OHG winken to
move sidewards, to stagger, to wink.
Close to Skt vgati to walk, Lith vngiu,
vngti to avoid. Tonr-F.rk 389; M.vn-
Fn.rxkrr 1223, 12561257.
*wennanan str.vb.: Goth winnan to
suer, ON vinna to labor, to work, to
win, OE winnan to labor, to toil, OFris
winna to gain, OS winnan to work, to
battle, OHG winnan to suer, to work.
Related to Hitt en- futuere, Skt vanti
to demand, to strive for, to obtain, Lat
uenus love. See *weniz. Nonrrixo SNF
XX/6 21 (from *en-); Tonr-F.rk 388;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 398; Mrnixorn IF
XVI 180181; W.rrr-Horv.xx II
132133; M.vnnorrn III 141142;
Pokonxv I 404; Tnirn Venus passim;
Vnirs ANEW 666; Oxioxs 1007; Srr-
Krtor-Srrnorr 322.
*wenn(n) sb.f.: Goth winno suering,
winna passion, suering, ON vinna work,
labor, OE md-e-winna care, anxiety
(masc.), OHG winna quarrel. Derived
from *wennanan. Tonr-F.rk 388; Fris+
Lrnv.xx GED 404.
*wentruz sb.m.: Goth wintrus winter,
ON vetr id. (pl. from a root stem), OE
winter winter, year, OFris winter winter,
OS wintar id. (< *wentraz), OHG wintar id.
(< *wentraz). Unclear. Btoor KZ XIX
(1870) 434 (to IE *heim- winter); Lirrx
PBB XV 522 (to *watnan ~ *watar; win-
ter as a wet season); Unrrxnrck PBB
wenaz 455 wentruz
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 455
XXX 326 (to OIr nd white); Pr+rnssox
SVSL I 14; Woor Language VIII 214 (to
*wenaz I); Tonr-F.rk 384; Hor+n.tsrx
Kn.tsr HG 161 (same as Unrrxnrck);
Oxioxs 1008; M.+ni.ssrx NTS XXII
9198 (to Slav *v\dnti to wane);
*wenjanan ~ *wenjanan wk.vb.:
Goth dis-winjan to crush, OE windwian
to winnow, OHG wintn id. Related to
*wenaz I. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 397;
*weraz adj.: Goth ana-wairs future,
ON ofan-verr upper, uppermost, OFris
adv. ta-werdes outwards, OS adv. for-
werd forwards, henceforth, OHG ab-
wert absent. Derived from *weranan.
Tonr-F.rk 398; Fris+ 4546, 181; Vnirs
GED 152153; Hrirrnv.xxs 672673;
*weresln sb.m./f.: ON au-visli dam-
age, hurt, injury, OE f-werdelsa famage,
detriment, loss (with metathesis), OHG
wertisala corruption. See *warjanan.
F.rk ANF V 120; Vnirs ANEW 21.
*werjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-ga-wairjan
to reconcile, OHG ant-wirten to
address. Derived from *weraz. Fris+
*weruz ~ *weriz sb.m.: Goth wairdus
host, OFris hs-werda master of the
house (n-stem), OS werd id. (a-stem),
OHG wirt id. Probably derived from
*warjanan. Gnirxnrnorn Got. 236 (to
Lith veri, vrti to open); Mrssixo
Neophilologus II 280282 (to *weraz);
Scnn.rrn Idg. (from *er-tu- protection);
Tonr-F.rk 394; Fris+ 544545 (to IE
*er- to be attentive); Ponzio Gliederung
133; Pokonxv I 1161, 11651166 (to
*er- to be friendly); Z.rizxi.k II 204;
Srrnorr 475 (to OIr ferthigis steward);
*weranan str.vb.: MHG er-wergen to
strangle. Identical with Alb z-vjerdh to
wean, Lith veri, veti to squeeze,
to bind, Slav *vrz, *verzti to bind.
11201121; Fn.rxkrr 12301231;
*werilaz ~ *wurilaz sb.m.: ON virgill
halter, OS wurgil cord, rope. Derived
from *weranan (Prnssox Beitrge 506).
Ptn\rr III 401 (to Hitt urkil- severe sex-
ual oence < *hanging matter); Krtor-
Srrnorr 899.
*weril sb.f.: Goth wairilo lip, OE weler
id. (with metathesis). Derived from *wer.
Woor MLN XXIX 71 (to Lat uarus
facial eczema); Lrvv IF XXXII 165 (to
Slav *vys-ok high); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
389; Fris+ 545; Lrnv.xx GED 390.
*werka-aaz sb.m.: ON verk-dagr work-
day, OE weorc-d id., MLG werk-dag id.,
MHG werk-tac id. Compound of *werkan
and *aaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 79 (paral-
lel formations).
*werka-xsan sb.n.: ON verk-hs work-
shop, ocina, OE weorc-hs workshop,
MDu werc-huus id., OHG werc-hs id.
Compound of *werkan and *xsan. C.nn
*werka-mannz sb.m.: ON verk-mar
workman, laborer, OE weorc-mann id.,
MLG werk-man id., MHG werc-man id.
Compound of *werkan and *mannz.
C.nn Nom. comp. 79 (parallel formations);
Oxioxs 1012.
*werkan sb.n.: ON verk work, OE weorc
id., OFris werk id., OS werk id., OHG
werah, werc id. Etymologically related to
Gk rgon id. and Av var6za- id. continu-
ing IE *er- to work. B.n+norov.r
AEEW 390; Mr.rrxo\ 667 (to Slav
*vrg, *vergti to throw); Ktnvovicz
Apophonie 151 (Vddhi formation);
Oxioxs 1012; Ax++ir. Schw. 157; B.vvrs-
wentruz 456 werkan
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 456
*werkjan sb.n.: ON virki work, OS gi-wirki
id. Derived from *werkan. Vnirs ANEW 667.
*werkjanan wk.vb.: ON virkja to pain,
OE wyrcan to work, to labor. Derived
from *werkan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 394;
Vnirs ANEW 667.
*werkjanan wk.vb.: ON verka to work,
OFris werkia id., MLG werken id., OHG
wercn to build, to work. Derived from
*werkan. Vnirs ANEW 656.
*werkn sb.m.: ON verki doer, oender,
MHG ge-werke comrade. Derived from
*werkan. Vnirs ANEW 656.
*wer sb.f.: OFris were lip. Related to Lat
uarus pimple, Lith vras pustule on pigs
(Brzzrxnrnorn-Fick BB VI 240; Woor
MLN XXIX 71), Toch B weru blister.
Cf. *warzuz. Tonr-F.rk 399; Tn.t+-
v.xx BSW 360; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 734;
Fris+ 545 (contra Woor); Pokonxv I
11511152; Fn.rxkrr 12581259; Vnirs
ANEW 676 (to *warjanan); Lrnv.xx GED
390; Ar.vs TB 609.
*werpanan str.vb.: Goth wairpan to cast,
to throw, ON verpa id., OE weorpan id.,
OFris werpa id., OS werpan id., OHG wer-
fan id. Related to Lith vrbu, virbti to
shiver, to move. Dirrrxn.cn VW I 201
(to Lith verpi, vepti to spin); Ztri+z.
Gutt. 30; Po+rnxi. RFV IV 164 (to Slav
*vorp raid); Prnssox Beitrge 502503;
Krtor PBB IX 193 (to Skt vkti to
turn, to twist); Mrvrn KZ VI 176 (to Gk
=ptv to throw); Ztri+z. Gutt. 30;
AEEW 390; Krtor 855, PBB IX
Pokonxv I 1153 (to IE *er- to turn);
*werpaz ~ *werpan sb.m./n.: ON lit-
verpr one quickly changing color, OE e-
weorp throwing, tossing, OFris werp
throw, MDu werp id., OHG gi-werf
contribution. Derived from *werpanan.
657; Srrnorr 558.
*wersiz comp. adv.: Goth wairs worse,
ON verr id., OE wirs id., OS wirs id.,
MHG wirs id. Close to OIr ferr better,
further to Skt vryas- higher, Lith virs
top, peak, Slav *vrx top. Comp.
*wersizn ~ *werzizn > Goth wairsiza
worse, ON verri id., OE wirsa id., OFris
wirra id., OS wirsa id., OHG wirsiro id.
Superl. *wersistaz ~ *wersistn (ON verstr
worst, OE wirrest id., OFris wersta id.,
OS wirsista id., OHG wirsisto id.) is struc-
turally identical with Skt vritha- the
highest. Gnivv DG III 658 (to Slav
*gorj worse); Dirrrxn.cn VW I 191
(same as Gnivv); Os+norr Morph. Unt. VI
289291 (to *wersan confusion); Tonr-
F.rk 398399 (to OS werran to entangle,
OHG werran to confuse < *werzanan);
Unrrxnrck PBB XXX 323; Tonr-F.rk
399; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 362; Hor+n.t-
srx AEEW 394; Fris+ 546; S+tn-
+r\.x+ AJPhil LVI 141; M.vnnorrn
III 160161; Pokonxv I 11511152;
Oxioxs 1013; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ I
*wertiz sb.n.: ON virtr sweet-wort, new
beer, OHG wirz wort. An ablaut vari-
ant of *wurtiz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 412;
Vnirs ANEW 668.
*wera-lkaz adj.: ON ver-ligr valuable,
OE weor-lc id., OHG werd-lh dignied.
Derived from *weraz. Hrirrnv.xxs 674.
*weran sb.n.: Goth wair price (neut. or
masc.), ON ver worth, price, OE weor
worth, value, OFris werth id., OS werth
payment, money, OHG werd worth.
Substantivized *weraz. Hor+n.tsrx
*weranan str.vb.: Goth wairan to
become, ON vera id., OE weoran id.,
OFris wertha id., OS weran id., OHG
werdan id. Related to Toch A wart- to
throw, Skt vrtate to turn, to roll, Av
var6t- to turn, Lat uert id., OIr ad-ferta
aversatur, Lith veri, vesti to turn, to
werkan 457 weranan
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 457
spin, Slav *vrtj, *vrtti id. B.n+no-
rov.r 1368; Tonr-F.rk 397398;
III 154155; Pokonxv I 11561157;
Krtor-Srrnorr 885.
*weraz adj.: Goth wairs worth, qua-
lied, ON verr worth, OE weor id.,
OFris werth id., OS werth id., OHG werd
worth, dignied. Derived from *weranan
( Jn.xxrssox IEW 145). Structurally
close to W gwerth price. B.n+norov.r
176 (to Av a-var6t thing of value);
(from Celtic); K.ns+rx NB I 325;
Bntov.xx IF XIII 88 (to *weraz);
(from Celt *wertas > W gwerth price);
Tonr-F.rk 394; Fris+ 547; Wissv.xx
Postv. 77; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 390;
*weri sb.f.: Goth wairida worthiness,
OHG wirdida dignity. Derived from
*werjanan. Fris+ 547; Lrnv.xx GED
*werjanan wk.vb.: ON vira to estimate,
to rate, to tax, OHG wirden to revere, to
praise. Derived from *weran. Tonr-
F.rk 394; Vnirs ANEW 667; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 675.
*werjanan wk.vb.: Goth wairon to
estimate, to price, OE weorian to set a
value, to honor, OS gi-werthon to fulll,
OHG werdn to value, to revere. De-
rived from *weran, *weraz. Tonr-F.rk
Hrirrnv.xxs 675.
*wesalaz adj.: ON vesall bereft, poor, des-
titute, MHG wesel weak. Related to
Latv v\s\ls healthy, whole, unharmed,
Slav *vesel merry. For the semantic
development (suggesting taboo in Gmc)
cf. *apraz. Tonr-F.rk 379, 413 (to
*wsanan); Wrisvrirrn IF XLI 332333;
1123; Jn.xxrssox IEW 111; Kn.nr
IF LVII 113 (adds Illyr prop. Veselia
Felicetas); Mrzorn KZ LXXXIII 124149,
LXXXV 296 (a compound with the sec-
ond element close to MHG sal, *saljanan);
Vnirs ANEW 657; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ I
*wesanan I str.vb.: Goth wisan to be, to
exist, to remain, ON vesa, vera to be, to
exist, OE wesan id., OFris wesa id., OS
wesan id., OHG wesan id. Related to Hitt
e- to live, to be alive, Toch B ws- to
dwell, to abide, Skt vsati to dwell, to
live, to stay, Av van
haiti to pause, Arm

gom to be, Gk aor. -esa to remain,
MIr faid to remain, to stay (Mrvrn KZ
XXII 530532). The paradigm of this
word is suppletive and highly regular.
Present is based on IE *es- to be: 1 sg.
*esmi (Goth im, ON em, OE eom); 3 pl.
*seni (Goth sind, OE sind, OFris sind, OS
sind, OHG sint) identical with Hitt aanzi,
Skt snti, Av h6nti, Gk Dor nt, Lat sunt,
Slav *st. Bntov.xx KVG 495; Ztri+z.
Gutt. 34; B.n+norov.r 1394; Tonr-F.rk
391; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 628629; J-
n.xxrssox IEW 165166; M.vnnorrn
III 171172; Pokonxv I 11701171;
Vnirs ANEW 657; Fnisk I 25, 463464;
Srrnorr 561562; Lrnv.xx GED 304,
405406; Ptn\rr III 420429; Krtor-
Srrnorr 886887; Ar.vs TB 597598;
Btnr.k IFTJa 256.
*wesanan II str.vb.: Goth wisan to feast,
OHG r-wesen to spend. Related to Hitt
eia- to graze, Av vstr6m meadow,
grass, Lat uscor to live on, OIr feis id.
Woor Postcons. 54 (together with Lat
uscor < *ghs-); B.n+norov.r 1414;
Tonr-F.rk 405; W.rrr-Horv.xx II 769;
Fris+ 568; Pokonxv I 1171; Rosrx Fest-
schrift Collinder 378387 (identical with
*wesanan to be); Srrnorr 562563; Lrn-
v.xx GED 406.
*weslan sb.n.: ON vesl a kind of cloak.
weranan 458 weslan
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 458
Related to *wasjanan ~ *wazjanan.
Structurally close to Toch A wsl gar-
ment. Tonr-F.rk 404; Pokonxv I
1172; Vnirs ANEW 657 (< *was(t)ilan);
Lrnv.xx GED 395.
*wesn ~ *wezn sb.f./m.: ON vera
dwelling, OE e-wesa support. Derived
from *wesanan I. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
*westan sb.n.: OE adv. west West, west-
wards, OFris west West, MLG west id.,
OHG adv. nord-west in the north-west.
Continues *es-to- close in derivation and
original meaning to Skt vstu- spending
the night, MW gwest place of rest, fur-
ther to *es- (see *wesanan I). Bntov.xx
IF XIII 157160 (identies *es- of *wes-
tan and of *esperos); Knr+scnvrn Glotta
XXVII 232 (connected with wisi- in
Uisigothae); Tonr-F.rk 405; Tn.t+v.xx
BSW 348; Scnnorrn GRM XVII
421427 (to Gk sterow); Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 391; Pokonxv I 73 (to Skt av
downwards), 11731174; Vnirs ANEW
*westan adv.: ON vestan from the West,
OE westan id., OS westan, westana id.,
OHG sbst. westan West. Derived from
*westan. For the formation, cf. Lith ka-
nas cloudy vs. vkaras evening. Tonr-
Fn.rxkrr 1159, 1186; Vnirs ANEW 658;
Krtor-Srrnorr 887.
*westiz I sb.f.: Goth wists essence,
nature, ON vist abode, dwelling, domi-
cile, OE t-wist substance, existence,
OHG wist substance. Identical with OIr
feiss staying, resting < *esti-. Derived
from *wesanan I. Tonr-F.rk 405; Fris+
*westiz II sb.f.: ON vist food, provisions,
OE wist id., OS wist id., OHG wist id.
Derived from *wesanan II. Cf. in par-
ticular OIr feis food < *es-t-.
669 (to Lat uscor to eat); Srrnorr 562;
Lrnv.xx GED 406.
*westr sb.f.: MHG wester baptismal
dress. Identical with Skt neut. vstra-
garment, Gk gstra (sc. Wstra): ndusiw,
stol, mtia (Hes.). Further connected
with *wasjanan ~ *wazjanan. Fnisk I 521.
*westraz adj.: Burg sbst. *wistr West,
ON adv. vestr westwards, OS adv. westar
id., OFris adv. wester id., OHG westar
western. Derived from *westan. Tonr-
F.rk 405; Konrrn 715.
*westrnjaz adj.: ON vestrnn western, OE
westerne id., OS westrni id., OHG westrni
id. Derived from *westraz. Hor+n.tsrx
*wes(u)ln sb.f.: ON hreysi-visla weasel,
OE wesle id., MLG wesele id., OHG wisula,
wisala id. Somehow may be connected
with a dicult Gk alourow id. < *a-
Wisel- (Scnn.rrn KZ X 462) or, more
probably, to *wesalaz (for the semantic de-
velopment cf. Slav *laska caress, weasel).
Rirorrn WuS IV 420 (to Lat usi seeing,
vision); Wirrrv.xx BB XXVII 207 (to
Slav *vesel merry); Stor.n+i Germanica
112 (derived from OHG uuiessa polecat);
390; M.cnrk ZfslPh XXIII 121 (to a
mistakenly reconstructed Slav *vlaska
Mustela vulgaris); Pokonxv I 1141;
*wetw pron.: Goth wit we (two), ON vit
id., OE wit id., OS wit id. Identical with
Lith vdu id. < *e-d (Gnivv DGn 343).
Cf. further Skt gen.-dat.-acc. vm both of
us, Av acc. v we two, Slav *v id.
Mrirrr+ MSL XII 226228, XIII 208
209; S+nri+nrno GE 60; B.n+noro-
v.r 13101312; Tonr-F.rk 406; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 400; Pnokoscn CGG 284;
Fris+ 569; M.vnnorrn III 188; Pokonxv
*weruz ~ *weraz sb.m.: Goth wirus
lamb, ON ver wether (traces of u-
stem), OE weer id., NFris wether id., OS
wethar id., OHG widar id. Like many other
words for (young) small cattle (Skt vats-
calf , Alb vi id. < PAlb *wetua, Lat uitu-
weslan 459 weruz
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 459
lus id.), derived from *et- year: Hitt
itt-, Gk tow, Alb vit, vjet ( Jon.xssox
UU 1927/1 85). Tonr-F.rk 385;
Fnisk I 583584; Oxioxs 1000; H.vr IF
LXVI 52; Lrnv.xx GED 408; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 162; Onrr AED 506507,
*wez ~ *wz pron.: Goth weis we, ON
vr id., OE w id., OFris w id., OS w id.,
OHG wir id. Final *-z is secondary (due
to the analogy with pl. forms). Related to
Hitt id., Toch A was, B wes id., Skt
vaym id., Av vam id. Acc. Goth uns, ON
oss, OE s, OFris s, OS s, OHG uns-ih
goes back to *uns- < IE *s-, related to
Toch A n, B i we, Skt acc.-gen.-dat.
na id., Av n, n id., Alb ne, na id., Lat
ns id., OIr ni id., Slav *ny id. B.n-
+norov.r 13357; Tonr-F.rk 406; Jrxsrx
IF XLVIII 122; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 385;
Vnirs ANEW 654; Oxioxs 995; Scnvir+
Pron. 167176 (forms with short vowels
inuenced by dual); Lrnv.xx GED 378,
400; Onrr AED 289; Krtor-Srrnorr
*wiz sb.f.: ON v cloth, piece of stu
(- and i-stem), OE wd, wde article of
dress, OFris wd garment, OS wd id.,
OHG wt id. Derived from *weanan.
378; Pokonxv I 7576 (to Lith udiau,
usti to weave); Vnirs ANEW 637;
*wjanan wk.vb.: ON va to clothe,
OE wdian id., OS wdian id., OHG
wten id. Derived from *wiz. Tonr-
Vnirs ANEW 671.
*waz ~ *wiz sb.m.: Goth wegs
storm, wave (dat. pl. wegim is from an
i-stem), ON vgr sea, wave, OE w
movement, wave, water (< *waz and
*wiz), OFris wg wave, OS wg id.,
OHG wg stream, sea. Derived from
*weanan (Wissv.xx NP 1, 14). Cf. Skt
vh- driving, current. Mrirrr+ Festschr.
Andler 251 (originally athematic); Tonr-
Srrnorr 896.
*wiz adj.: ON vgr balancing (of scales),
lenient, MLG wger bent, favorable
(< comp.), OHG un-wgi unimportant.
Derived from *weanan. K.ns+rx NB I
100; Tonr-F.rk 383; Pokonxv I 1118
M.+zrr Festschr. Schrder 102, 117, KZ
*wiz ~ *w sb.f.: ON vg scales, bal-
ance (i- and root stems), OE w, we
weight, balance, OS wga lanx, OHG
wga balance. Derived from *weanan or
substantivized *wiz. Tonr-F.rk 383;
*wjanan wk.vb.: ON vgja to give way,
to yield, OS wian to move. Derived
from *weanan. Vnirs ANEW 671.
*wjan sb.n.: ON vgi weight, moment,
OE e-we weight, measure, OHG gi-
wgi weight. Derived from *weanan.
Derivationally close to Slav *va tower
< *house on wheels (Po+rnxi. RFV III
177; Mrnixorn ZG LIV 392). Hor+-
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ I 285.
*wjanan I str.vb.: Goth waian to blow,
OE pres. wwe id., OFris waja id., MDu
waien id. Related to Skt vti id., Av viti
id., Gk hmi id., Slav *vjati id. B.n-
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 385; Krtor 845,
Festschr. Vitor 106108; M.vnnorrn
III 186; Pokonxv I 83; Fnisk I 2627;
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ I 310; Srrnorr
Srrnorr 879.
weruz 460 wjanan
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 460
*wjanan II wk.vb.: OSwed via to blow,
OHG wen id. Derived from *wjanan I.
Srrnorr 539.
*wni sb.f.: ON vnd expectance,
OFris wnthe hope, OHG wnida opin-
ion. Derived from *wnjanan. Vnirs
ANEW 671.
*wniz I sb.f.: Goth wens expectation,
hope, ON vn id., OE wn supposition,
opinion, OFris wn idea, opinion, OS
wn expectation, hope (masc.), OHG
wn guess, delusion, hope (masc.). Long
grade of a root otherwise attested in
*weniz. Related to Skt vanti to demand,
to strive for, to like, Lat uenus love, OIr
ne kinship, kin, family. Derivationally
close to Toch A wai, B wna pleasure.
Mrirrr+ MSL IX 55 (to Lat unor to
hunt); Tonr-F.rk 387; W.rrr-Horv.xx
II 752753; Fris+ 561; Hor+n.tsrx
Ar.vs TB 601602.
*wniz II adj.: ON vnn promising, like-
ly, OE e-wne perhaps, OS ana-wni
suspicious, OHG ana-wni id. Exocen-
tric derivative of *wniz I. K.ns+rx NB
AEEW 404; Vnirs ANEW 671; M.+zrr
KZ CV 111; Lrovr-Srnixorn I 238;
Hrirrnv.xxs 670.
*wnjanan wk.vb.: Goth wenjan to hope,
ON vna id., OE wnan to think, to sup-
pose, OFris wna id., OS wnian to
fancy, to imagine, OHG wnen to sup-
pose. Derived from *wniz I. Tonr-
671; Oxioxs 998.
*wpna-lausaz adj.: ON vpn-lauss
weaponless, OE wpen-les unarmed,
MLG wpen-ls weaponless. Compound
of *wpnan and *lausaz. C.nn Nom. comp.
*wpnan sb.n.: Goth wepn weapon, ON
vpn id., OE wpen id., OFris wpin id.,
OS wpan id., OHG wfan id. Related to
Toch B yepe weapon, knife < *b-en-
(V.x Wixrrkrxs SL XXV 125128).
Ztri+z. Gutt. 19; Tonr-F.rk 391; Knoo-
v.xx KZ LXV 143144 (to Skt aor. vd-
hm to slay, to kill); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
380; Fris+ 561; Vnirs ANEW 644; Z.riz-
*wra-anjn sb.m.: ON vringi Var-
angian, Scandinavian, OE wer-ena
stranger who seeks protection, Langob
ware-gang id. Compound of *wraz and
*anjn. S+rxrrn-Pr+rnsrx APS VI 26
(originally, member of a trade compan-
ionship); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 381; C.nn
Nom. comp. 53; Vnirs ANEW 671672.
*wran sb.n.: ON vr spring. Related to
Skt vasant- id., Av van
ri id., Gk ar id.,
Lat ur id., Lith vsara summer, Slav
*vesna spring and inuenced phonetically
by *jran (Ponzio Gliederung 110111).
Htrr JIES XVIII 420 (adds Toch A wsr
heap of grain, B ysre grain).
*wraz adj.: Burg *wers true, OFris wr
id., OS wr id., OHG wr id. Related to
Lat urus id., OIr fr id., W gwr id. See
*wr. Prrrnsrx Kelt. Gr. I 50; Tonr-
F.rk 395; Wissv.xx NP 117 (from Italic
or Celt); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 381;
1166; Srrnorr IF LXXVIII 146162;
Lrnv.xx GED 350; Konrrn 714; Hri-
*wrjaz adj.: ON vrr comfortable, tran-
quil, OHG wri true. Derived from
*wraz. Tonr-F.rk 395; Vnirs ANEW
672; Sr\irr. Rornotrz Festschr. Adrados
455458.
*wr sb.f.: ON pl. vrar pledge, plight,
OE wr covenant, agreement, pledge,
MLG wre truth, OHG wra union,
agreement. Identical with Slav *vra
belief, faith and maybe Gk Hom acc. sg.
ra kindness. Cf. *wraz. Hin+ PBB
XXIII 337 (Slav < Gmc); Mrirrr+ Etudes
AEEW 381; Wissv.xx Postv. 115121
wjanan 461 wr
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 461
(isolates *wr from *wraz); Fris+ 484;
Pokonxv I 1165; Dvno VSJa 26; Vnirs
Cn.x+n.ixr 415; Oxioxs 992; Lrnv.xx
*wsan sb.n.: Icel vs aura refrigerans,
Du waas haze, mist. Close to Skt vsa-
perfume, fragrance, Lith vs coolness
(Prnssox Beitrge 1112). Further con-
nected with *wjanan I. Hor+n.tsrx IF
LXII 152; M.vnnorrn III 197198
(against comparison with Skt); Pokonxv
I 83; Fn.rxkrr 1232.
*wtaz adj.: ON vtr wet, OE wt id.,
OFris wt id. A vddhi form related to
*watnan ~ *watar. Identical with Hier.
Luw wida- watery (W.+kixs FuW 373
374). K.ns+rx NB I 31; Tonr-F.rk
D.nvs Vddhi 1324, 450; B.vvrsnrnorn
*wtjanan wk.vb.: ON vta to wet, to
make wet, OE wtan to moisten, to wet,
OFris wta id. Derived from *wtaz.
*wtjn sb.f.: ON vta wetness, sleet,
rain, OE wte wet, moisture. Derived
from *wtaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 381;
Vnirs ANEW 672.
*wtn sb.m.: ON vta-drfa fall of sleet,
OE wta wet, moisture. Substantivized
*wtaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 381; Hri-
rrnv.xxs 677.
*wiuwn sb.f.: Goth widuwo widow,
OE widuwe id., OFris widwe id., OS widowa
id., OHG wituwa id. Etymologically
connected with Skt vidhv id., Av vidav
id., Lat uidua id., OIr fedb id., OPrus
widdew id., Slav *vdova id. B.n+no-
rov.r 1443; Tonr-F.rk 411; Tn.t+v.xx
Z.rizxi.k I 156; Oxioxs 1006; V.svrn-
Tntn.cnr\ I 281282; Szrvrnrxvi
Kinship 85; Lixrrv.x Verschrfung 1.4;
179; Brrkrs KZ CV 181182; Krtor-
Srrnorr 895.
*wiuz sb.m.: ON vir tree, forest, wood,
OE widu, wudu wood, OS wido-hoppa
hoopoe, OHG witu wood. Etymologic-
ally identical with OIr d tree, wood,
W gwydd. Cf. also Hom Idh < *id
(Gixrix apud Tntn.cnr\ VJa XXXIII/2
26). Tonr-F.rk 411; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
393; Dr+scnrv Thr. 214; Pokonxv I 1177;
Oxioxs 1012; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 155.
*wixslan ~ *wixslaz sb.n./m.: ON
vxl across, OS wehsal change, ex-
change, OHG wehsal id. Related to Lat
acc. uicem id. Ztri+z. Gutt. 210; Tonr-
F.rk 407 (to *wkanan); W.rrr-Horv.xx
*wixsljanan wk.vb.: ON vxla to cross,
to put across, OE wxlan to change,
OFris wixlia id., OS wehsln id., OHG
wehsaln id. Derived from *wixslan ~
*wixslaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 402; Vnirs
ANEW 670.
*wikn sb.f.: Goth wiko sequence, tjiw,
ON vika week, nautical mile, OE wicu
week, OFris wike id., OS wika id., OHG
wehha id. Derived from *wkanan (Gnirx-
nrnorn Got. 241). Krtor DS 187 (the
meaning week developed under the inu-
ence of Lat uicem exchange); Tonr-F.rk
407; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 392; Fris+ 563
(against Gnirxnrnorn); Pokonxv I 1131
(to Lat uicem exchange); Vnirs ANEW
662; Z.rizxi.k I 156; Oxioxs 997; Lrn-
*wippjanan wk.vb.: Icel vippa to see-
saw, ME wippen to tremble, MLG
wippen to rock, to swing, OHG wipfn
to wander. Of imitative origin. Vnirs
ANEW 667.
*wira-aliz sb.f.: ON ver-ld world, OE
weor-old id., OFris warld id., OLFrank
wer-old id., OHG wer-alt id. Compound
of *wiraz and *aliz. Tonr-F.rk 20;
Krtor-Srrnorr 885.
wr 462 wira-aliz
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 462
*wira-eu sb.f.: ON ver-j mankind,
men, OE wer-ed nation, people.
Compound of *wiraz and *eu. C.nn
Nom. comp. 53.
*wira-wulfaz sb.m.: ON varg-lfr were-
wolf , Norw var-ulf id., OE were-wulf id.,
MLG wer-wulf id., MHG wer-wolf id.
Compound of *wiraz and *wulfaz with
various taboo modications in individual
languages (e.g. with *wiraz replaced by
*waraz in ON). On the other hand, cf.
an alternative reconstruction *wazi-wulfaz
with the rst component related to *was-
janan ~ *wazjanan. The Gmc word for
werewolf will be then semantically identi-
cal with Slav *vlko-dlak werewolf , with
*dlak to *dlaka animal hair, fur. Vnirs
ANEW 646; Oxioxs 1000; Axikix BS
231233.
*wiraz sb.m.: Goth wair man, ON verr
id., OE wer id., OFris wer- id., OS wer id.,
OHG wer id. Belongs to IE *iros man:
Lat uir, OIr fer, W gwr. Other forms
reect *ros like Skt vr- id., Av vra- id.,
Umbr ueiro id., Lith vras id. B.n+no-
rov.r 1453; Hin+ Idg. Gr. II 187 (*-i- :
*-- originally in compounds); Tonr-F.rk
412; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 360; Hor+n.t-
srx AEEW 391; W.rrr-Horv.xx II
796797; Fris+ 544; Ponzio Gliederung
I 11771178; Dvno VSJa 24 (pretonic
shortening of * in Gmc, Celt and Lat);
Scntrzr Kl. Schr. 398 (long *-- from IE
*ees strength); Lrnv.xx GED 389390;
B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 74; Scnni\rn LL
354 (follows Dvno); Krtor-Srrnorr 885.
*wisk sb.f.: ON visk wisp, OE wisc id.,
MLG masc. wisch id., OHG masc. wisc
id. Identical with Lat uirga branch, twig
< *izg. Koorr IF IV 317; Woor CPh
VII 334 (to Lat uscus mistletoe); Tonr-
Krtor-Srrnorr 894.
*wisnjan wk.vb.: ON visna to wither,
OE wisnian, weosnian to wizen, to dry up,
OHG wesann to wither. Derived from
*wsanan. Tonr-F.rk 413; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 399; Oxioxs 1010 (to Lat uisc
to shrink up, to shrivel); Srrnorr 548;
Krtor-Srrnorr 862.
*wissaz adj.: Goth un-wiss uncertain,
ON viss certain, OE e-wis id., OFris
wiss id., OS wiss id., OHG gi-wis denite,
certain. Derived from *waita. Continues
*id-to- as in Skt vitt- known, Gk is-
tow unknown, OIr ro
.
fess it is known,
Slav *vst known (with secondary
vocalism). K.ns+rx NB II 309; Tonr-
F.rk 410; Fris+ 171, 364; Hor+n.tsrx
Tntn.cnr\ I 304; Srrnorr 534; Lrn-
v.xx GED 130131; B.vvrsnrnorn
Srrnorr 322323.
*wissn sb.f.: Goth mi-wissei awareness,
consciousness, OHG gi-wiss attempt,
proof . Derived from *wissaz. Fris+ 364;
Hrirrnv.xxs 681.
*wisunaz sb.m.: OE wesend id., MDu
wesent id., OHG wisant, wisunt id. ON
vsundr bison-ox is a LG loanword.
Related to *waisn due to the specic
smell of the male animal. Cn.nrrx+irn
MO VI 128129 (to OPrus wis-sambrs
aurochs); Scnn.rrn-Nrnnixo II 60
(same as Cn.nrrx+irn); Tonr-F.rk 413
(to *wes(u)ln and further to Lat urus
stench); Bo. IORJaS XVII/1 4546;
Pr+rnssox Heter. 3940; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 391; Pr+rnssox KZ XLVII 131
(to Skt vin horn); Pokonxv I 1134;
*wita-lausaz adj.: ON vit-lauss witless,
OE wit-les id., Fris wit-ls id., MLG wit-
ls id. Compound of *witan and *lausaz.
C.nn Nom. comp. 61.
*witan sb.n.: ON vit consciousness, sense,
intelligence, OHG gi-wiz knowledge.
Derived from *waita. Srrnorr 534.
*witnan wk.vb.: Goth witan to keep
watch over, OHG gi-wizzn to be-
come reasonable. Derived from *waita.
wira-eu 463 witnan
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 463
Structurally close to Lat uide to see,
Slav *vidti id. Tonr-F.rk 409410;
Lrnv.xx GED 407.
*witiaz ~ *wituaz adj.: ON vitugr
clever, OE witi having knowledge,
sagacious, wise, MLG wittich clever,
OHG sbst. wzago prophet. Derived
from *witan. Tonr-F.rk 410; Hor+-
*witjan sb.n.: Goth un-witi foolishness,
ignorance, OE witt right mind, wits,
OFris wit joke, comprehension, OS gi-
wit understanding, OHG wizzi id. Cf.
ON adj. r-viti out of ones senses.
Derived from *waita. Close to Skt vidy
knowledge. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 401;
Fris+ 526; M.vnnorrn III 256; Pokonxv
I 11251127; Vnirs ANEW 669; Srrnorr
534; Lrnv.xx GED 379, 407; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 65.
*witn sb.m.: Goth un-wita ignorant, fool,
ON viti signal, beacon, OE wita wise
man, OFris wita witness, OS mn-gi-
wito false witness. Derived from *witan.
Nom. 173.
*witaz adj.: Goth sbst. wito law, Run
sbst. vitada-halaiban, OE witod appointed,
ordained, OFris sbst. witat wafer, OS sbst.
witut law, OHG sbst. wizzd id. Parti-
ciple of unattested wk.vb. *witjanan. De-
rived from *waita. Woor MLN XXI 41
(to Skt neut. vidtha- distribution); Tonr-
F.rk 410; Fris+ 570; Lrnv.xx GED 407.
*witriz adj.: ON vitr wise, OE witer
knowing, wise. Close to Gk driw skill-
ful, clever. Further related to *waita.
*witulaz adj.: ON mann-vitull simple,
dull-witted, OE fore-witol foreknowing.
Derived from *witan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
*wii-bainan sb.n.: ON vi-beina collar-
bone, OE wio-bn id., OFris widu-bn id.,
MLG wede-bn id. Compound of *wiiz
and *bainan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 393;
C.nn Nom. comp. 53; Vnirs ANEW 659.
*wiiz sb.f.: Goth kuna-wida fetter, cord,
ON vi withy, MLG wede fetter, OHG
wid thin branch, fetter. Related to Av
vati- willow, Gk ta id., Lith vyts wil-
low branch, Slav *vit id. and other
derivatives of *ei- to braid. B.n+no-
rov.r 1314; Tonr-F.rk 406; Tn.t+-
v.xx BSW 347; Fris+ 315316; Pokonxv
I 1122; Vnirs ANEW 659; Fn.rxkrr
1268; Fnisk I 743744.
*wijn sb.f.: ON vija withy, OE wie
thong, cord, OFris withe band, fetter,
MDu wide id., OHG witta head-band.
See *wiiz. Tonr-F.rk 406; Hor+n.tsrx
*wira-weraz adj.: Goth wira-wairs
opposite, OE wier-weard contrary,
adverse, hostile, OHG widar-wert adverse,
hostile. Derived from *wira(n) and *wer-
az. Fris+ 571; Lrnv.xx GED 34, 408.
*wira(n) prep.: Goth wira against,
opposite, ON vir id., OE wier id.,
OFris wither id., OS withar id., OHG
widar id. Comparative in *-ter- based on
IE *i-, cf. Skt vitarm farther, Av vtara-
further one, later one. B.n+norov.r
AEEW 401; Fris+ 570571; M.vnnorrn
Krtor-Srrnorr 888.
*wban sb.n.: Burg *wif wife, woman,
ON vf woman, OE wf id., OFris wf
id., OS wf id., OHG wb id. Of uncer-
tain origin. Tonr-F.rk 412 (to *waib-
janan); T.\rnxirn-Vrnrrckrx RBPH
XXXII/1 9799 (to *webanan); Brzzrx-
nrnorn KZ XLI 282 (from *ei-po-, cf.
Skt vi-pti lord of the house, n-pa-
prince, king); Pnix+z IF L 132135;
145; Oxioxs 1006; Konrrn 714; Krtor-
witnan 464 wban
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 464
Srrnorr 879880 (to Lith vakas child);
Ar.vs TB 238 (to Toch A kip, B kwpe
shame, with the semantic development
shame > pudenda > woman).
*wbjanan ~ *waibjanan wk.vb.:
ON koma a vfandi to arrive as by
chance, OHG weibn to waver. Con-
nected with *waibjanan. Vnirs ANEW
*wa-famjaz adj.: ON v-famr wide-
fathoming, OE wd-fme broad-bosomed.
Compound of *waz and *famjaz (see
*famaz). C.nn Nom. comp. 67.
*waz adj.: Burg *wids wide, ON vr
id., OE wd id., OFris wd id., OS wd id.,
OHG wt id. Probably related to *wiuz.
The semantic relation of the latter to
Lith vids middle is similar to that of
Lith mdis wood to Skt mdhya- middle.
K.ns+rx NB II 304; Pnrrrvi+z KZ
XLVIII 153154 (to Skt part. vt- ver-
folgen); Tonr-F.rk 412; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 393; Tnirn Lehm 50; Pokonxv I 295;
nrnorn Nom. 252; Konrrn 714; Hrirrn-
*wi sb.f.: ON vdd width, EFris
wdte id., MLG wdde id. Derived from
*wjanan. Vnirs ANEW 659.
*wjanan wk.vb.: ON va to widen,
OHG wten id. Derived from *waz.
*wt adv.: ON va widely, OE wde
id., OS wdo id., OHG wto id. Derived
from *waz. Vnirs ANEW 659.
*wa-xaruz adj.: ON vg-harr hardy
in war, OE w-heard stout in ght,
hardy. Compound of *wan and *xaruz.
C.nn Nom. comp. 61.
*wa-lkaz adj.: ON vg-ligr martial,
doughty, OS un-wg-lk non-militant,
OHG wg-lh militant. Derived from
*waz. Hrirrnv.xxs 663.
*wa-mannz sb.m.: ON vg-mar war-
rior, champion, OE w-mann man of
war, soldier, OS wg-man warrior,
champion, OHG wg-man id. Compound
of *wan and *mannz. C.nn Nom. comp.
*wan sb.n.: ON vg ght, battle, OE w
id. Derived from *wxanan ~ *wanan.
Structurally close to OIr fch quarrel.
Srrnorr 544545; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom.
*wa-sak sb.f.: ON vg-sk prosecution
for manslaughter, OS wg-saka ght.
Compound of *wan and *sak. C.nn
*waz adj.: Burg sbst. *wigs ghter, ON
vgr in ghting state, serviceable, OE
or-we defenseless, MHG wge milit-
ant. Derived from *wxanan ~ *wanan.
662; Srrnorr 545; M.+zrr KZ CV 96;
Konrrn 714; Hrirrnv.xxs 662663 (OE
derived from *wan).
*wisln sb.f.: ON vgsla consecration,
ordination, MLG wgelse id. Derived from
*wjanan ~ *wxjanan. Vnirs ANEW 662.
*wjanan ~ *wxjanan wk.vb.: ON
vgja to consecrate, OFris wga id., OS
whian id., OHG when id. Derived from
*wxaz. Vnirs ANEW 661; Lrnv.xx
*wxan sb.n.: ON v temple, OE wh
idol (masc.), OS wh shrine, OHG wh
id. Substantivized *wxaz. Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 398; Vnirs ANEW 648; Brx\r-
xis+r IEL 450; Lrnv.xx GED 398; Hri-
rrnv.xxs 663.
*wxanan ~ *wanan str.vb.: Goth wei-
han to dispute, to ght, ON vega to ght,
to fence, OE wan to ght, OHG ubar-
wehan to overcome. Forms with *-e- are
secondary (F.rk-Tonr ND 1362).
Connected with Gk p-eiktow uncon-
querable, OIr chim to ght, Lat uinc
to conquer, Lith veiki, vekti to carry
out, to do (Fnornrr BB XXI 207).
113114; Ponzio Gliederung 195; Po-
konxv I 11281129; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa
wban 465 wxanan
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 465
ANEW 650; Fnisk I 536; Srrnorr
*wxaz adj.: Goth weihs holy, OE w-
bedd altar, OS wh-dag holiday, OHG
wh holy. Derived from *wxanan ~
*wanan (for the development of mean-
ing cf. Lith vikas life force from the
same IE *eik-). K.ns+rx NB I 2829;
Bn.txr PBB XLIII 398404; Scntrzr
Kl. Schr. 573574; Fris+ 557558;
W.rrr-Horrv.xx II 782, 791792;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 398; B.r+kr HG
5557 (to Skt vinkti to sift, to separate,
Lat uictima sacricial animal); Tnirn
Lehm 4849; Ponzio Gliederung 167;
Kn.tsr SUR 6667 (to Lat uinci to
bind, to tie up); Brx\rxis+r 450452;
Sc.nriori Goten 219221; L.cv JIES
VII 287296; Lrnv.xx GED 398399;
*wxnan wk.vb.: Goth weihan to conse-
crate, to dedicate, OE ful-wian to bap-
tize. Derived from *wxaz. Tonr-F.rk
409; Fris+ 557; Lrnv.xx GED 398;
Hrirrnv.xxs 663.
*wxi sb.f.: Goth weihia holiness,
OFris wtha relic, OS whitha sanctity,
sacrament, OHG whida id. Derived
from *wxaz or *wjanan ~ *wxjanan.
Fris+ 557; Brx\rxis+r IEL 450; Lrnv.xx
*wxn sb.m.: Goth weiha priest, ON
theon. Vi Odins brother. Derived from
*wxaz. Fris+ 556557; Brx\rxis+r IEL
*wxsan sb.n.: Goth weihs village. Based
on an s-stem found in Toch B ke place,
location < *eikos- and Lat ulla house
< *eis-l (if not with *-sl- sux). Fur-
ther related to Skt v- settlement, tribe,
race, Av acc. vs- house, court, Gk okow
house, Slav *vs village. Ztri+z. Gutt.
192; B.n+norov.r 1455 1457; Tonr-
Fris+ 558; M.vnnorrn III 205206; Po-
konxv I 1131; Vnirs ANEW 649; Fnisk II
360361; Oxioxs 1005; V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\
I 305; Brx\rxis+r IEL 252, 450452;
Lrnv.xx GED 399; Ar.vs TB 63.
*wkanan str.vb.: ON vkva, vkja to turn,
to move, OE wcan to yield, OFris wka
to turn, to move, OS pret. sg. wc id.,
OHG whhan to cede, to weaken.
Related to Skt vijte to heave, to speed,
to ee, Lith svegiu, svegti to throw.
Vnirs ANEW 663; Fn.rxkrr 953; Srr-
Krtor-Srrnorr 880.
*wk sb.f.: ON vk bay, a small creek
(traces of a cons. stem), OE wc bay,
MLG wk id. Derived from *wkanan.
*wlan sb.n.: OE vl wile, device. Close to
MIr fell deception, Lith vlius fooling,
cunning, deceit, further related to Lith
vili, vlti to deceive. Tonr-F.rk 413;
Pokonxv I 1140; Fn.rxkrr 1251, 1254
1255; Vnirs ANEW 663 (to Skt vyati to
vanish, to become exhausted).
*wna-baliz sb.m.: ON vn-belgr wine-
skin, OE wn-bel id. Compound of
*wnan and *baliz. C.nn Nom. comp. 82
*wna-bazjan sb.n.: Goth weina-basi
grape, ON vn-ber id., OE wn-beri()e id.
(fem.), OS wn-beri id., OHG wn-beri id.
Compound of *wnan and *bazjan. Fris+
559; C.nn Nom. comp. 69 (parallel forma-
tions); Lrnv.xx GED 400.
*wna-buriln sb.m.: ON vn-byrli cup-
bearer, OE wn-byrele vintner. Com-
pound of *wnan and *buriln. C.nn Nom.
*wna-runkanaz ~ *wna-runke-
naz adj.: ON vn-drukkinn drunken with
wine, OE wn-druncen id., OHG wn-
truncan id. Compound of *wnan and
*runkanaz ~ *runkenaz. C.nn Nom. comp.
wxanan 466 wna-runkanaz
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 466
*wna-fatan sb.n.: ON vn-fat wine-vat,
OE wn-ft id., MLG wn-fat id., OHG
wn-faz id. Compound of *wnan and
*fatan I. C.nn Nom. comp. 80 (parallel
formations).
*wna-araz ~ *wna-arn sb.m.:
Goth weina-gards vineyard, ON vn-garr
id., ON wn-eard id., OS wn-gardo id.,
OHG wn-garto id. Compound of *wnan
and *araz, arn. Fris+ 559; C.nn
Nom. comp. 69 (parallel formations);
S+rxrrn-Pr+rnsrx Germ.-slav. 365367
(on Slav *vino-gord id. < Gmc); Lrnv.xx
*wna-xsan sb.n.: ON vn-hs tavern,
wine-house, OE wn-hs id., MLG wn-
hs id., OHG wn-hs id. Compound of
*wnan and *xsan. C.nn Nom. comp. 80
*wnan sb.n.: Goth wein wine, ON vn id.,
OE wn id., OFris wn id., OS wn id.,
OHG wn id. An old borrowing from Lat
unum (S+tn+r\.x+ Language X 68).
Ktnx KZ I 191; Jrrrixrk ZDADL LXVI
558; Vnirs ANEW 664 (ON < OE or
MLG); Z.rizxi.k I 145; Oxioxs 1008;
Mrnrixorx Urh. Idg. 412; Lrnv.xx GED
*wna-trewan sb.n.: Goth weina-triu
vine, ON vn-tr id., OE wn-trew id.
Compound of *wnan and *trewan. Fris+
559; C.nn Nom. comp. 82 (parallel forma-
tions); Lrnv.xx GED 399.
*wpanan str.vb.: Goth weipan to crown,
to encircle, OHG part. bi-wifen un-
happy. Related to Latv vibt to wince,
to grimace, Lat uibr to move trem-
blingly (Tn.t+v.xx ZdWf VII 268269).
780781; Fris+ 559; Pokonxv I 1131
1132; Fn.rxkrr 12361237; Srrnorr
Srrnorr 890.
*wraz sb.m.: ON vrr wire, Swed dial. vir
wire, OE wr id., MLG wre id. Related
to OIr far crooked, Lith vairs diverse,
various (Os+norr Morph. Unt. IV 164).
Nonrrx Abri 31; Bn.+r ZdWf X 678
(from Celt); Tonr-F.rk 406; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 398399; W.rrr-Horrv.x II 799
(Lat pl. uiriae armlets, bracelets < Celt);
Pokonxv I 1122 (to IE *ei- to wind);
Oxioxs 1008.
*wsa-maz sb.m.: ON vs-dmr knowl-
edge, intelligence, OE ws-dm wisdom,
experience, OFris ws-dm id., OS ws-dm
id., OHG ws-tuom id. Derived from *wsaz.
C.nn Nom. comp. 58; Oxioxs 1009;
*wsa-lkaz adj.: ON vs-ligr certain, OE
ws-lc wise, discreet, OS ws-lk wise,
intelligent, OHG ws-lh id. Derived
from *wsaz. Hrirrnv.xxs 665.
*wsanan str.vb.: ON part. visinn wilted,
withered, OHG part. wesan weak, tired.
Distantly related to Lat uisc to wilt, W
gwyw faded, Lith vstu, vsti to wither.
*wsaz adj.: Goth un-weis ignorant, ON
vss certain, wise, OE ws wise, discreet,
judicious, OFris ws wise, intelligent,
OS ws learned, clever, wise, OHG ws
wise, clever. Continues *eid-s-o- derived
from the s-stem of IE *eid- to know, cf.
Skt jt-vedas- having whatever is born
or created as his property; knowing [or
known by] all created beings. Derived
from *waita. K.ns+rx NB II 342;
Os+norr Morph. Unt. IV 77 (< *eid-to-,
as in Lat usus, part. of uide to see);
Tonr-F.rk 410; Mrirrr+ WuS XII 19;
Tnirn ZDK XLVI 625635; Pokonxv I
1127; Fn.rxkrr 12121213 (from *eid-s-);
664665; Krtor-Srrnorr 883 (OHG
wsi wise, understanding < *eid-to-
similar to Slav *v knowing < *oid-
to-).
*wsn sb.f.: Goth hindar-weisei deceitful-
wna-fatan 467 wsn
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 467
ness, guile, ON vsi knowledge, science,
OHG ws wisdom. Derived from *wsaz.
Fris+ 257; Vnirs ANEW 668; Hrirrn-
v.xxs 665.
*wsjanan wk.vb.: Goth fulla-weisjan to
make informed, to instruct thoroughly,
OFris wsa to show, OS wsian id., OHG
wsen to call, to make known. Derived
from *wsaz. Tonr-F.rk 410; Fris+
GED 153.
*wsn I sb.m.: ON vsi guide, leader,
captain, OE wsa leader, director, cap-
tain, OS balu-wso devil, OHG wso
leader. See *wsjanan. Hor+n.tsrx
Srrnorr 883.
*wsn II sb.f.: ON vsa strophe, OE wse
way, manner, OS wsa id., OHG wsa
id. Cf. also WGmc *ws > OE ws man-
ner, way, OFris ws id. Probably, from
*eid-s- or *eid-t- further related to
*waita. Hrixrn+z SVSL VII 141161 (to
*wsjanan); Tonr-F.rk 410; Hor+n.tsrx
*wsjanan I wk.vb.: Goth ga-weison to
visit, OS wsn id., OHG wsn id. De-
rived from *wsaz. Lorvr KZ XXXIX
307 (from Lat us to visit); Bntov.xx
Grundri II/3 55 (-s- from desiderative IE
*-s-); Gtx+rn+ IF XXX 136; Tonr-F.rk
410411; Fris+ 210; Pokonxv I 1125;
*wsjanan II wk.vb.: ON vsa to show,
to direct, OE wsian to show the way, to
guide, to direct. Derived from *wsaz. His-
torically identical with *wsjanan I. Tonr-
*wsn sb.f.: OESc rt-visa justice, OHG
wsa wisdom. Derived from *wsaz.
Hrirrnv.xxs 665.
*wtajanan wk.vb.: ON vitka to be-
witch, OE wteian to prophesy, OFris
wtgia id., OHG wzagn id. Derived from
*wtan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 400;
*wtan sb.m.: ON vitki wizard, OE
wtea wizard, prophet, OHG wzago
prophet. Substantivized adj. *wtaaz >
OHG wzag id. Derived from *waita.
*wtan sb.n.: Goth id-weit reproach, dis-
grace, OE ed-wt reproach, disgrace,
OHG ita-wz disgrace. Derived from
*wtanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 88; Fris+
*wtanan str.vb.: Goth fra-weitan to
avenge, OSwed vta to accuse, to blame,
OE wtan to charge, to blame, OFris
wta to guard, OS pres. wtan to re-
proach, OHG wzan to punish, to
rebuke. Derived from *waita. Tonr-
Oxioxs 418, 952; Srrnorr 550551;
*wtjan sb.n.: ON vti ne, sconce, OE
wte punishment, OFris wte id., OS wti
id., OHG wzi id. Derived from *wtanan.
670; Lrnv.xx GED 127; Srrnorr 550,
Sprache XIX 170171 (reconstructs *eH-
to pursue, to approach).
*wjaz ~ *wj sb.m./f.: ON vir wil-
low, MLG wde id., OHG wda id. Cf.
also OE masc. wi id. Related to vari-
ous semantically similar derivatives of IE
*ei- to turn, to weave: Lat utis vine,
OIr fith bra, Lith vyts willow rod.
Further connected with Gk ta willow.
Cf. also *wiiz which may be the imme-
diate source of derivation. Tonr-F.rk
Z.rizxi.k II 176; Fnisk I 743; Krtor-
Srrnorr 880881.
*wwn sb.m.: ON lang-v a kind of bird,
MLG wie, wige harrier, OHG wo id.
Unclear. Nrt Tierb. 168170 (to IE
*i- two because of the forked tail);
Krtor-Srrnorr 881 (to Lat avis bird or
to Skt yen- eagle, Gk ktnow kite).
wsn 468 wwn
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 468
*wlaitjanan wk.vb.: Goth wlaiton to
look around, ON leita to look for, OE
wltian to gaze, to look. Derived from
*wltanan. Tonr-F.rk 420; Hor+n.tsrx
*wlispaz adj.: Norw dial. leisp lisping,
OE wlisp id., MDu lisp id., OHG lisp
id. Of imitative origin. Tonr-F.rk 420;
Srrnorr 521.
*wlitiz sb.m.: Goth wlits face, appear-
ance, ON litr color (u-stem), OE wlite
aspect, countenance, OFris wlite face,
apearance, OS wliti image, appearance.
Derived from *wltanan. Scnvrizrn KZ
1136 (to Lat uultus appearance, expres-
sion); Vnirs ANEW 359; Z.rizxi.k II
205; H.vr IF LXXXVII 7981 (to OIr
li seer); Lrnv.xx GED 408; Krtor-
Srrnorr 45.
*wlit( j)an sb.n.: Goth anda-wleizn face
(with unclear auslaut), ON -lit appear-
ance, view, OE wlita face (masc.), OHG
ant-lizzi id. Derived from *wltanan or
directly from *wlitiz. Gnirxnrnorn Goten
Srrnorr 45.
*wltanan str.vb.: ON lta to see, OE
wltan to look, to gaze. Of unknown ori-
gin. The unusual anlaut is an obstacle to
a reasonable etymology. Ztri+z. Gutt.
ANEW 358; Srrnorr 563564 (to Lat
uultus face, W gweled to see < *el-);
H.vr IF LXXXVII 7981 (contamina-
tion of *el- to see and *eid- id.);
*wanaz sb.m.: ON theon. inn Odin,
the highest god of the Germanic pan-
theon, OE Wden id., OS Wden id.,
OHG Wuotan id. Derived from *waz.
416; Oxioxs 997; Brx\rxis+r 92, 247;
*waz adj.: Goth wos possessed, ON
r mad, frantic, furious, OE wd mad.
Related to Lat uts seer, prophet, OIr
fith id. Tonr-F.rk 414; M.ns+n.xrrn
NTS VII 337338; Fris+ 572573; Hor+-
II 737738; Tnirvr Festschr. Weller
SGGJa I 103; Brtv PBB LXXXII
Wissv.xx AWNP 67; Lrnv.xx GED 409;
Hrirrnv.xxs 685686.
*waz ~ *w sb.m./f.: ON r
mind, wit, soul, sense, OE ellen-wd
zeal, MDu woet madness, OHG wuot
thrill, violent agitation. Substantivized
*waz. Cf. also a structurally similar W
gwawd poem. Tonr-F.rk 414; Hor+-
*wn sb.f.: ON i rage, fury, OHG
wuot madness. Derived from *waz.
*wjanan wk.vb.: ON a to rage, OE
wdan to be mad, to be furious, OS wdi-
an to rage, OHG wuoten to be insane,
to rage. Derived from *waz. Hor+-
Hrirrnv.xxs 686.
*wkraz ~ *wkran sb.m./n.: Goth
wokrs interest, tkow, ON okr usury, OE
fem. wcor increase, fruit, ospring,
OFris wker interest, MLG woker id.,
OHG wuohhar yield, gain. A long-grade
form morphologically similar to Skt ugr-
powerful, mighty, Av ugr id. Further
see *aukanan. B.n+norov.r 380; Tonr-
Krtor-Srrnorr 898.
*wmaz sb.m.: ON mr sound, voice,
OE wm sound, noise. Continues *wp-
m-az derived from *wpjanan (Rozv.-
wlaitjanan 469 wmaz
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 469
rovski Qu. Gr. I 422). Unrrxnrck PBB
XXII 193, XXVII 135; Tonr-F.rk 414.
*wmjanan wk.vb.: Norw ma to squeak,
to whisper, OE wman to sound.
Derived from *wmaz. Tonr-F.rk 414.
*wpan ~ *wpaz sb.n./m.: ON p cry-
ing, shouting, OE wp cry, wailing, OS
wp crying, shouting, OHG wuof id.
Back formation of *wpjanan I (Wissv.xx
Postv. 4647). Tonr-F.rk 414; Hor+-
*wpjanan I str.vb.: OE wpan to weep,
OFris wpa to shout, OS wpian to
bewail, OHG wuofan to weep. See
*wpjanan II. Scnvrizrn KZ I 154 (to
Skt hvyati to invoke, to call); Scnvir+
KZ I 283286; Prnssox Beitrge 494
495; Fnorrr BB XVII 319 (to Lat ugi
to cry, to squall); Pr+rnssox PBB
XXXVIII 322; Tonr-F.rk 414; Hor+-
263; S+.xo LS 60; Srrnorr 564565;
Lrnv.xx GED 409.
*wpjanan II wk.vb.: Goth wopjan to
call, ON pa to cry, to shout, OHG
wuofen to weep. Derived from *wpjanan
I. Structurally identical with Slav *vabiti to
call, to summon (Rozv.rovski Qu. Gr.
I 422). Ztri+z. Gutt. 46; Unrrxnrck
PBB XXII 193, XXVII 135; Tonr-F.rk
572; Ponzio Gliederung 144; Jn.xxrssox
IEW 104; Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 83; Vnirs
*wraaz ~ *wriaz adj.: OE wri
weary, tired, OS wrag, wrig id., OHG
wuorag intoxicated. Derived from *wriz
> Burg *woris tired, intoxicated related
to Gk vrow, row sleep (Brxrrv Wurzel-
Lex. I 298). Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 404;
Pokonxv I 72; Fnisk I 205; Konrrn 715.
*wsaz ~ *wsan sb.m./n.: Norw s
steam, smoke, OE ws moisture, juice
MLG ws must, broth. Cf. WGmc
masc. *wasan > MLG wase wet ground.
Related to Gk arn: loutra,
prxoun (Hes.). Tonr-F.rk 404 (to Latv
vaa oor wetness); Pokonxv I 1171
1172; Fnisk I 433.
*wstaz adj.: OE wste waste, desert,
empty, OFris wst devastated, OS wsti
desert, barren, OHG wuosti empty,
lonely, forlorn, desert. Identical with Lat
ustus desert, barren, OIr fs forlorn,
uninhabited, desert, empty. Tonr-F.rk
Cnrvor.xo\ SGGJa I 103; Hrirrnv.xxs
*wjaz adj.: Goth woeis pleasant, sweet,
charming, ON comp. dri higher, OE
we sweet, gentle, mild, OS comp.
wthiera more pleasant, OHG wuodi id.
Derived from *waz. Gnirxnrnorn
Got. 244 (from *ee-t-, cf. Goth prop.
Eutha-ricus); Tonr-F.rk 414; Pr+rnssox
PBB XXXVIII 323324 (to Skt vm-
dear, fair, noble); Woor Postcons. 62,
109 (to ftion: prosfilw Hes.); Fris+
572; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 404; Fovkrs
Goth. 5455 (to Skt svd- savory, sweet);
M.+zrr KZ CV 132; Hrirrnv.xxs 689.
*wraixaz adj.: Swed dial. vr averse,
sulky, glum, ME wrh twisted, stubborn.
Identical with Gk =okow bent, crooked,
Lith rias lame. Tonr-F.rk 418; Tn.t+-
v.xx BSW 236; Pokonxv I 11581159;
Fn.rxkrr 690, 730731; Fnisk II 656;
Irricn-S\i+vcn IA 69; Htrr 116 (to Alb
rreth hoop, rim (of a wheel)).
*wraikwaz adj.: Goth wraiqs crooked,
curved, OFris wrk id. Identical with Gk
=aibw bent (Atrnrcn+ KZ XII 400).
F.v KZ XLV 113 (to Gk =za root);
Hrirrnv.xxs 689690.
*wrain( j)n sb.m.: ON reini stallion, OS
wrnio id., OHG reino, wreinno id. Of
unknown origin. Cf. OE wrne lascivous
that indicates the original adjectival
meaning. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 406
wmaz 470 wrain( j)n
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 470
407; Srrcn+ 81 (close to Skt van- man,
male (of animals) but without -s-);
*wraistjanan wk.vb.: ON reista to turn,
to twist, OE wrstan to wrest, to twist.
Derived from *wristiz. Tonr-F.rk 419;
*wraitjanan wk.vb.: ON reita to scratch,
OHG reizen to irritate. Derived from
*wrtanan. Tonr-F.rk 418; Srrnorr 567.
*wraituz sb.m.: ON reitr furrow, OHG
reiz line. Derived from *wrtanan. Tonr-
*wraiaz adj.: ON reir angry, OE
wr id., OS wrth id., OHG reid frizzy,
curly. Derived from *wranan. Tonr-
*wraijanan wk.vb.: ON reia to anger,
OS wrthian to become angry, OHG
reiden to make curly. Derived from
*wraiaz. K.ns+rx NB I 5960; Tonr-
Piin.ixrx 5556; Hrirrnv.xxs 692.
*wraij sb.f.: ON reii wrath, OE wr,
wru id., MLG wrde id. Derived from
*wraiaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 407;
Vnirs ANEW 437.
*wrakaz sb.m.: Goth wraks pursuer, OE
wrc what is driven (gender unknown).
Derived from *wrekanan. Tonr-F.rk
*wrakjanan wk.vb.: Goth wrakjan to per-
secute, OE wreccan to raise. Derived from
*wrekanan. Tonr-F.rk 416; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 407; Feist 573; Vries ANEW 440
*wrakj sb.f.: Goth wrakja pursuit, OFris
wretse id., OHG recke-gerna vindictive.
Derived from *wrak. Fris+ 573; Srr-
norr 569; B.vvrsnrnorn Nom. 114.
*wrak sb.f.: Goth wraka pursuit, OE
wracu pain, suering, misery. Derived
from *wrekanan. Fris+ 573; Srrnorr
*wranaz ~ *wrankaz adj.: Gep *wranks
twisted, ON rangr crooked, wrong, OE
sbst. wran wrong, MLG wrank sour,
sharp, bitter. Derived from *wrenanan.
*wran sb.f.: ON rng timber(s), OE
wran(a) hold of a ship, MLG wrange
wale. Derived from *wrenanan. Cf.
also ON r corner, nook < *wranx.
Mikkor. IF XXIII 120121 (to Slav
*rka hand, arm); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
*wraskwaz adj.: ON rskr valiant, bold,
brave, MLG rasch strong, powerful,
OHG adv. rasco energetically, lively. De-
rived from *wreskwanan. K.ns+rx NB II
296; Tonr-F.rk 341, 417; Scnvrx+xrn
PBB XLVIII 8485; Wissv.xx NP
133; Krtor 582 (to *xraaz); Vnirs
ANEW 458; Oxioxs 740; Piin.ixrx 53;
Hrirrnv.xxs 693694.
*wraskwn sb.f.: ON rskvi eciency,
OHG resk liveliness, fervor. Derived
from *wraskwaz. Hrirrnv.xxs 693.
*wratjanan wk.vb.: Goth wraton to tra-
vel, ON rata to wander about. Unclear.
Scnrr+rrovi+z BB XXIX 44 (to Arm
gat' to travel); Woor MLN XVI 308;
Tonr-F.rk 416 (to Skt vd- crowd,
swarm); Fris+ 573574; Pokonxv I 1153
(to IE *er- to turn); Vnirs ANEW 434
(to Gk =adinw slender, taper); Lrnv.xx
GED 410.
*wrejanan wk.vb.: ON riga to move,
OE wriian to turn. Related to Gk
=ssv to strike, to trample. Pokonxv
I 1181; Fnisk II 643644; Krtor-
Srrnorr 898.
*wrextjanan wk.vb.: ON rtta to raise, to
set up, MLG wrechten to drive. Derived
from *wrekanan. Vnirs ANEW 442.
*wrekanan str.vb.: Goth wrikan to perse-
cute, ON reka to drive, to chase, OE
wrecan to drive, to press, OFris wreka to
pursue, to follow, OS wrekan to repay, to
punish, OHG rehhan to pursue, to pun-
ish. Related to Skt vrjati to stride, to go,
to walk, Lith veri, vrti to bind, to
wrain( j)n 471 wrekanan
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 471
squeeze, Slav *vrz, *verzti to bind.
Tn.t+v.xx BSW 342; Fris+ 574; Hor-
+n.tsrx AEEW 407; W.rrr-Horv.xx
II 839840; Jn.xxrssox IEW 172173;
1181; Fn.rxkrr 12301231; Mrzorn KZ
LXXVI 179; Vnirs ANEW 440;
Fn.rxkrr 1225; Oxioxs 1014; Srrnorr
Srrnorr 662; Ar.vs TB 609610 (to
Toch B werke chase, hunt, hunting).
*wrekaz adj.: Burg sbst. *wriks persecu-
tor, ON aptr-reka driven back (by stress
of weather), OHG wreh banished.
Derived from *wrekanan. Konrrn 715;
Hrirrnv.xxs 694.
*wrempanan str.vb.: MLG wrimpen to
grimace, to wince. Identical with Gk
=mbv to turn in circles (Prnssox Beit-
rge I 498). Tonr-F.rk 417; Pokonxv I
1153; Fnisk II 648649.
*wrenanan str.vb.: OE wrinan to
wring, to twist, WFris wringe to wring,
MLG wringen id., OHG ringan to ght.
Identical with Lith rengi, regti to pre-
pare, to set up (Lo++xrn KZ XI 200).
Atrnrcn+ KZ XII 400; Ztri+z. Gutt.
AEEW 408; Pokonxv I 1155 (from
*reng
h-); Fn.rxkrr 719720; Oxioxs

Krtor-Srrnorr 688.
*wreskwanan str.vb.: Goth ga-wrisqan to
bear fruit, ON part. roskinn to grow.
Unclear. Unrrxnrck PBB XXX 283 (to
Skt vk- tree); Dirrrxn.cn VW I 241
(to W gwrysg(en) branch); Scnrr+rrovi+z
KZ LVIII 132 (to Av var6da- shrub);
Srrnorr 571.
*wrkiz adj.: ON rkr reprehensible,
banished, OFris in-wrsze driven in,
penetrating. Derived from *wrekanan.
Wissv.xx NP 113; Srrnorr 569; M.+zrr
Festschr. Schrder 100101, 117, KZ CV
*wrkjanan wk.vb.: ON rkja to refuse,
to reject. Derived from *wrekanan. Struc-
turally close to Skt pra-vrjayati to banish.
Vnirs ANEW 456; Pokonxv I 1181.
*wrk sb.f.: ON klauf-rk driving of cat-
tle, OE wrc vengeance, OFris wrke id.,
OS wrka id., OHG rhha id. Cf. also
Goth wrekei persecution. Derived from
*wrekanan. Tonr-F.rk 416; Hor+n.tsrx
AEEW 406; Vnirs ANEW 432, 456;
*wruz sb.m.: Goth wrius herd (leg.
*wreus), ODan vrath herd of twelve pigs,
OE wr, wrd bandage, band, ock.
Close to Skt vrta- troop, swarm, ock.
106; Vnirs ANEW 431; Brx\rxis+r IEL
*wrisjn sb.m.: ON risi giant, OHG riso
id. Cf. a derivative in OS wrisi-lk enor-
mous. Probably related to Gk =on peak,
headland < *riso- (Brzzrxnrnorn apud
W.rrr-Pokonxv I 267; Lirrx Festschr.
Kuhn 144145: to Thrac bra wall, town
< *rio-) unless the latter is from *so-
and connected with Slav *vrx top.
Dr+scnrv Thr. 86; Vnirs ANEW 447 (to
Slav *vrx top); Pokonxv I 1152; Fnisk
II 658.
*wristiz sb.f.: ON rist wrist, ankle, OE
wrist wrist, OFris wirst id., MLG wrist
id., OHG masc., neut. rist id. Derived
from *wranan ( Jon.xssox IF XIX
117). Probably connected with Lith reas
id. (Prnssox Beitrge 343). Tonr-F.rk
Pokonxv I 1159 (reconstructs *wrixs-t-);
566 (< *wrixstiz, to OHG part. gi-rigan
woven); S+.xo LS 45; Hrirrnv.xxs
*writan sb.n.: ON rit writing, OE writ
writing, writ. Derived from *wrtanan.
wrekanan 472 writan
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 472
*wriilaz ~ *wriulaz sb.m.: ON riull
tuft, MLG wrdel stick holding a bundle
together, OHG ridil hairband. Cf. also
OE under-wrdel belt. Derived from
*wranan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 406;
Vnirs ANEW 444.
*writiz sb.m.: Goth writs serif , OHG riz
stroke, character. Derived from *wrtanan.
Tonr-F.rk 418; Fris+ 574; Srrnorr 567.
*wrtanan str.vb.: ON rta to scratch, to
write, OE wrtan to cut (a gure), to draw,
to write, OFris part. -writen to write, OS
wrtan to tear, to write, OHG rzan to
tear, to scratch. Of uncertain origin.
Sovvrn HL 231 (to Lat rma cleft,
crack); Tonr-F.rk 343, 418; Scnnorrn
ZDADL LXI 5758; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
11631164 (d-present compared with
*er- to tear, to scratch); Vnirs ANEW
448; Oxioxs 1015; Srrnorr 566567;
Lrnv.xx GED 410411 (to IE *er- to
tear, to scratch); Krtor-Srrnorr 677.
*wrt(n) sb.f.: ON rt shield decorated
with carvings, OE wter-write water-
clock, OHG rza compass. Derived
from *wrtanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
*wranan str.vb.: ON ra to wind, OE
wran to twist, OHG rdan to turn.
Related to Lith riei, risti to unbend
(Lirrx Anl. 46). Woor MP IV 495;
11591160; Fn.rxkrr 729730; Vnirs
567568.
*wriz ~ *wraz sb.m.: Goth wrohs
complaint, accusation, ON rg quarrel,
calumny (neut.), OFris ruogie accusation,
charge, MLG wroge id., OHG ruog quar-
rel. Derived from *wrejanan. Lrvv
PBB XXXII 142 (to Slav *rkti to speak);
\ox S.nrrn KZ XXXI 283 (to Lith riej,
reti to scold loudly); Tonr-F.rk 419;
Fris+ 575; Jn.xxrssox IEW 172 (to Av
urvxra- heat); Pokonxv I 11621163;
Krtor-Srrnorr 695.
*wrjanan ~ wrxjanan wk.vb.: Goth
fra-wrohjan to suspect, to accuse, ON
rgja to accuse, OE wran to accuse, to
denounce, OFris wrgia to accuse, OS
wrgian id., OHG ruogen id. Derived from
*wriz ~ *wraz. Ztri+z. Gutt. 143;
Lrvv PBB XXXII 142 (to Lith rki, rEkti
to shout, to roar, Slav *rek, *rekti to
say); Tonr-F.rk 419; Hor+n.tsrx
*wrtanan str.vb.: OE wrtan to turn up
with the snout, to root up, OHG wk.
ruozen to plow. Probably related to Lat
rd to gnaw (Scntrzr KZ LV 112).
A possible connection with *wrtiz has to
be considered. Lirrx KZ LVI 218
220; Tonr-F.rk 419 (to Slav *verd
harm); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 409; W.rrr-
*wrtiz sb.f.: ON rt root. Related to Lat
rdx id., Gk =dij id., W gwridd id.
Further see *wurtiz. Tonr-F.rk 397;
637638; Oxioxs 773; Gnirrrx+noo
Wurzelnomina 458460.
*wrt sb.f.: ON rt rolling up, OE wrt
snout, trunk, LG wrte id. Related to
*wrtanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 409;
Oxioxs 773 (to Lat rd to gnaw).
*wrtjanan wk.vb.: ON rta to dig,
OFris wrta id. Derived from *wrtanan.
Tonr-F.rk 419; Oxioxs 773; Vnirs
*wulfaz sb.m.: Goth wulfs wolf , ON ulfr
id., OE wulf id., OFris wolf id., OS wulf
id., OHG wolf id. Assimilated to *wulfaz
from *wulxwaz, cf. *femfe. Related to
Toch B walkwe id., Skt vka- id., Av v6hrka-
id., Gk lkow id., Alb ujk id., Lat lupus id.
(borrowed from Sabinian or assimilated
like in Gmc), Lith vikas id., Slav *vlk
id. (Fons+rnv.x KZ I 494). Ztri+z.
Gutt. 16; B.n+norov.r 14181419;
writan 473 wulfaz
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 473
Horv.xx I 836837; Fris+ 576; M.vn-
norrn III 240241; Pokonxv I 1178
II 143144; Oxioxs 1011; I\.xo\ BLS
152152 (parallelism between ON prn.
Ulf-bjrn, OHG prn. Wulf-bero and Slav
*vlko-dlak werewolf ); V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\
I 338; Lrnv.xx GED 411412; Onrr
AED 484; Krtor-Srrnorr 896.
*wulwiz sb.f.: ON ylgr she-wolf . Cf. also
OHG wulpa id. (with *-b-). Feminine form
of *wulfaz. Close to Skt vk female wolf .
Ztri+z. Gutt. 16; S+nri+nrno UGG 111
112, 125 (ON -g- < *w before -j- in gen.
*k
s); Tonr-F.rk 415; M.vnnorrn III

240, Festschr. Leroy 131; Pokonxv I
11781179; Lrnv.xx GED 411412;
*wulk(a)nan sb.n.: OE wolcen cloud, OFris
wolken cloud, OS wolkan id., OHG wolcan
id. Related to *welkaz and further to OIr
folc stream, Lith vlgau, vlgyti to moisten,
Latv vags damp, moist, Slav *vlgk
wet, *volga wetness, liquid. Structurally
identical with Maced hydronym Olganow <
*gano- (Tov.scnrk Thr. II/2 94) and
Latv velgans, valgans wet. Ztri+z. Gutt.
402403; Tn.t+v.xx BSW 337, 358;
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 405; Dr+scnrv Thr.
337, 340; Krtor-Srrnorr 896897 (to
Slav *ob-volk cloud).
*wull sb.f.: Goth wulla wool, ON ull id.,
OE wull id., OFris wolle id., MLG wulle
id., OHG wolla id. Related to Hitt
ulana/i- id., Skt r id., Av var6n, Gk
lnow id., Lat lna id., W gwlan id., Lith
vlna id., Slav *vlna id. B.n+norov.r
13721373; Tonr-F.rk 401; Tn.t+v.xx
576577; M.n+ixr+ Gm. 71; M.vn-
148; Fnisk II 117118; Oxioxs 1012;
V.svrn-Tntn.cnr\ I 339340; Tiscnrrn
HEG I 278279; Lrnv.xx GED 412;
Lixrrv.x KZ CIII 2224; B.vvrsnrnorn
*wuluz sb.m.: Goth wulus splendor, ON
theonym Ullr. Identical with Lat uultus,
uoltus facial expression, appearance
(Scnvrizrn KZ I 154). On the other hand,
cf. *weljaz. Tonr-F.rk 401; Knr+scnvrn
Glotta XXX 144 (to Illyr Voltu- in prop.);
Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 410 (on OE wuldor
glory); W.rrr-Horv.xx II 831; Fris+
SGGJa I 91; Vnirs ANEW 633; Lrnv.xx
*wunaz adj.: Goth wunds wounded, OE
wund id., OS wund id., OHG wunt id.
Participle *t- of an unattested verb
*wenanan. Probably related to W ym-wan
to battle, Corn ym-wanas percussit. Cf.
also Arm vandem to destroy. Connected
with *wanjanan. Tonr-F.rk 388389;
Pokonxv I 1108; Lrncnxrn 259;
116 (from IE *g
hto-); Hrirrnv.xxs
*wuniz ~ *wun sb.f.: ON und
wound, OE wund id., OFris wunde id.,
OS wunda id., OHG wunta id. Substan-
tivized *wunaz. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
*wunjanan wk.vb.: Goth ga-wundon to
wound, ON unda id., OE wundian id.,
OFris wundia id., OHG wuntn id.
Derived from *wuniz ~ *wun. Fris+
*wunra-sewniz sb.f.: ON pl. undr-sjnir
wonderful sight, OE wundor-son id., OHG
wuntar-siun id. Compound of *wunran
and *sewniz. C.nn Nom. comp. 53.
*wunran sb.n.: ON undr wonder, OE
wundor id., OFris wonder id., OS wundar
id., OHG wuntar id. Continues IE *ro-,
a suxal derivative of IE *en- to wish,
to love. See *wunnan. Lorvrx+n.r
wulfaz 474 wunran
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 474
ANF XXXV 239 (to *wuniz ~ *wun );
1011; Krtor-Srrnorr 898 (to *wenanan).
*wunnan wk.vb.: Goth part. un-wunands
worried, upset, ON una to be satised,
OE wunian to remain, to dwell, OFris
wonia, wunia to live to stay, OS wunn,
wonn to stay, to be accustomed, OHG
wonn id. Related to Toch A wai, B wn
contentment, Skt vanti to demand, to
strive for, to like, Av vanaiti to conquer,
Lat uenus love. B.n+norov.r 1350
1351; Tonr-F.rk 388; Fris+ 526527;
Horv.xx II 752; M.vnnorrn III 141;
*wunj sb.f.: OE wynn delight, pleasure,
OS wunnia joy, OHG wunna id. Con-
nected with *wunnan. Derivationally
close to Lat uenia complaisance, indul-
gence, kindness (Szrvrnrxvi IBK XV
200202). Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 411;
W.rrr-Horv.xx II 747; Krtor-Srrnorr
897 (to *wenj ).
*wunskjanan wk.vb.: ON skja to wish,
OE wscan id., MLG wnschen id., OHG
wunsken id. Derived from *wunsk ~ *wun-
skaz. Tonr-F.rk 388; Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
*wunsk ~ *wunskaz sb.f./m.: ON sk
wish, MLG wunsch wish, OHG wunsc
id. Derivationally similar to Skt vch
wish, vchati to desire, to wish with a
dierent ablaut grade. Further connected
with *wunnan. Tonr-F.rk 388; Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 411; M.vnnorrn III 182
Srrnorr 898.
*wuran sb.n.: Goth waurd word, ON
or id., OE word id., OFris word id., OS
word id., OHG wort id. Identical with
OPrus wrds id. < *dho- (Fn.rxkrr BS
43, 107). Etymologically close to Lat uer-
bum id., Lith vadas name. Scnvrizrn
KZ I 154 (related to Skt gti to call,
to invoke and Gk glssa tongue);
40 Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 405; W.rrr-
Gliederung 208; Tnirn Lehm 76; Pokonxv
Z.rizxi.k I 145; Oxioxs 1012; Prr+rns
IF XCIV 294; Lrnv.xx Language XVIII
127, GED 396; Krtor-Srrnorr 897.
*wura-wsaz adj.: ON or-vss wise in
words, OE word-ws id., OS word-ws id.,
MHG word-ws id. Compound of *wuran
and *wsaz. C.nn Nom. comp. 61.
*wuriaz adj.: ON origr wordy, OE
wordi id. Derived from *wuran. Lrn-
v.xx GED 396.
*wuriz sb.f.: ON Urr fate, one of three
Norns, OE wyrd fate, fortune, chance,
OS wurd fate, OHG wurt id. Derived
from *weranan. Bnixorrn ZdPh LXVII
nrnorn Nom. 131.
*wurn sb.f.: Goth lu-waurdei verbos-
ity, ON sann-yri truth. Derived from
*wuran. Fris+ 554; Vnirs ANEW 679.
*wurjan sb.n.: Goth ga-waurdi con-
versation, ON -yri speech (in cmpn.),
OE e-wyrde speech, OFris ond-warde
answer, OS and-wurdi id., OHG ant-wurti
id. Derived from *wuran. Derivationally
close to Lat pro-uerbium proverb. Hor+-
n.tsrx AEEW 411; Fris+ 554; Cnrvo-
*wurjanan wk.vb.: Goth and-waurdjan to
answer, ON yra to talk, to speak, OE
and-wyrdan to answer, OFris and-werda
id., OS and-wurdian id., OHG ant-wurten
to arrange, to assign. Derived from
*wuran. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 411;
*wurjanan wk.vb.: ON ora to speak,
OE wordian id., MHG worten id. Derived
wunran 475 wurjanan
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 475
from *wuran. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 405;
Vnirs ANEW 420.
*wurfan ~ *wurfaz sb.n./m.: ON orf
scythe handle, OHG worb id. Related to
Gk =apw rod, =pv to bend, Lith ver-
pi, vepti to spin (Fick II 247). Prnssox
Wurzelerw. 53; Scnn.rrn KZ XXX 481;
ANEW 420; Fnisk II 642643 (Gk =apw
is based on =apzv to strike (with a rod
or a hand)).
*wurjanan wk.vb.: Swed dial. yrga to
lace up, OE wyran to strangle, to throt-
tle, OFris wergia to kill, OHG wurgen to
strangle. Related to Lat urge to press <
*ge, Lith veri to bind, Slav *vrz,
*verzti id. (Prnssox Beitrge 506). W.rrr-
11541155.
*wurxstwan sb.n.: Goth waurstw work,
activity, nrgeia, rgon. Derived from
*wurkjanan. Identical with Av vartva-
faciendus. B.n+norov.r 1380; Tntn.-
cnr\ Etim. 1965 11.
*wurxtaz adj.: Goth fra-waurhts sinful,
OS far-warht id., MHG ver-worht id.
Participle of *wurkjanan. Tonr-F.rk 396;
*wurxtiz sb.f.: Goth fra-waurhts sin, ON
pl. fyr-urtir pretext, excuse, OE e-wyrht
deed, work, OS far-wurht id., MHG
wurht cause. Derived from *wurkjanan.
Cf. *wurxtaz. Tonr-F.rk 396; Wrssrx
ANF XLIV 106; Fris+ 166167; Vnirs
ANEW 139; Lrnv.xx GED 127; B.vvrs-
nrnorn Nom. 141.
*wurkjan sb.n.: Goth ga-waurki under-
taking, business, ON yrki work, OE
e-wyrce id., MHG ge-wrke id. Derived
from *wurkjanan. Hor+n.tsrx AEEW
411; Fris+ 555; Vnirs ANEW 679.
*wurkjanan wk.vb.: Goth waurkjan to
work, to do, to make, ON yrkja to work,
OE wyrcan id., OFris werka id., OS workian
id., OHG wurken id. Derived from
*werkan. Ztri+z. Gutt. 200; Tonr-F.rk
555; Vnirs ANEW 139, 679; Lrnv.xx
*wurma-araz ~ *wurmi-araz
sb.m.: ON orm-garr pit of serpents, OE
wyrm-eard enclosure full of snakes, MHG
wurm-garte pit of serpents. Compound of
*wurmaz ~ *wurmiz and *araz. C.nn
*wurmaz ~ wurmiz sb.m.: Goth waurms
snake, ON ormr serpent, OE wyrm id.,
OFris worm id., OS wurm id., OHG wurm
id. Related to Gk =omow: sklhj n
jloiw (Hes.), Lat uermis worm, Lith
vamas midge (Scnvrizrn KZ I 154:
mistakenly adds reexes of *k
mi-;
Ztn.+ IF VI 156), Alb rrime rainworm
< *m. A rhyme formation parallel to
*k
mi- (W.+kixs apud M.vnnorrn

EWAiA I 394). Ztri+z. Gutt. 18; Tonr-
191; Fnisk II 662; Oxioxs 10121013;
Onrr IF XCIII 116, AED 386.
*wurtiz sb.f.: Goth waurts root, ON urt
plant, OE wyrt plant, herb, root, OS
wurt id., OHG wurz herb, plant, root.
Related to Gk =dij branch, Alb rrnj
~ rranj root < PAlb *wradnj, Lat rdx
id., W gwraidd id. (zero grade). B.rrv
MSL XII 328329; Tonr-F.rk 397;
1167; Fnisk II 655656; Vnirs ANEW
*wuriz sb.f.: ON ur heap of rocks at the
foot of a mountain, OE wor enclosed
place, enclosed homestead, court, hall,
street, OS wurth trampled oor. Related
to *warjanan. Structurally close to Toch A
wrt, B wartto forest, OIr fert burial
mound. Tonr-F.rk 395; Hor+n.tsrx
394; Ar.vs TB 580.
wurjanan 476 wuriz
orel_f18_W_437-476 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 476
INDICES*
GERMANIC LANGUAGES
Gothic
* Do not include forms from references.
aba 1
abrs 1
af 1
afaikan 6
afar 2
afara 2
afdauis 70
afetja 88
afgus 145
afhlaan 175
afhrisjan 187
afapjan 198
aet 244
aifnan 245
ainnan 246
afmauidai 274
afskiuban 339
afslaupjan 349
afswaggwjan 391
afswairban 395
afta 2
aftana 2
aftaro 2
aftaurnan 413
aftra 3
aftuma 3
aftumists 3
afwalwjan 445
agan 3
aggwia 19
aggwus 19
agis 3
aglaitei 3
agljan 4
aglus 4
aha 29
ahana 3
ahs 4
ahtau 5
ahtuda 5
aa 5
aibr 406
aigin 6
aih 6
aihtron 6
aihts 6
aiatundi 83
ainaha 8
ainakls 8
ainfals 8
ainlif 8
ains 9
air 9
airinon 9
airis 9
aira 86
airakunds 85, 223
airus 9
airzeis 86
airzia 86
airzjan 86
aiei 10
ais 10
aiau 86
aiw 10
aiws 10
aiz 11
aizasmia 354
ajukdus 11
ak 11
akran 12
akrs 12
alabrunsts 58
Alafonsus 119
alamans 1213
alan 12
aldomo 13
alds 13
aleina 14
alhs 14
alja 15
aljaleiko 15
aljan 15
aljis 15
allawerei 16
alls 16
allwaldands 16
alt 13
aleis 16
ams 17
an 17
ana 17
477
orel_index_f1_477-523/dinn 7/6/04 7:18 PM Page 477
anabiudan 43
anabusns 65
analaugns 238
anaminds 268
anananjan 281
ananiujan 284
anapraggan 293
anasiuns 322
anastodjan 379
anatrimpan 409
anaiwan 419
anawairs 456
anawammjan 445
and 18
andabeit 46
andahafts 149
andahait 153
andanem 286
andanems 286
andanumts 289
andasets 328
andawleizn 469
andbahti 18
andbahts 18
andeis 18
andilaus 18
andizuh 18
andstald 370
andstaldan 370
andstaurran 384
andwaurdjan 475
ans 20
anses 21
ansts 21
anar 21
apel 21
aqizi 12
ara 25
arbais 22
arbi 22
arbinumja 289
arbja 22
arazna 23
arjan 23
armahairtei 24
armahairtia 24
armahairts 24
arman 24
arms 24
asans 31
asiluqairnus 228
asilus 25
asneis 26
asts 26
at 26
atani 28
478 INDICES
atbairan 41
atisk 26
atochta 27
atta 27
atinsan 421
an 28
aan 28
audags 28
audahafts 28
augadauro 28
augjan 28
augo 29
auhns 433
auhsa 433
auk 29
aukan 29
aurtigards 435
auso 30
aueis 30
-avia
awei 31
awiliu 243
awistr 31
awo 31
azgo 26
ba 51
baar 36
badi 32
bagms 32
baidjan 32
bairan 41
bairgan 42
bairhtei 42
bairhtjan 42
bairhts 42
baitrs 33
balgs 33
balsagga 20
baljan 34
balwawesei 34
bandi 35
bandwa 35
bandwjan 35
banja 35
bansts 35
barizeins 37
barms 37
barn 37
barnisks 37
bars 36
batista 38
batiza 38
bauan 52
baur 64
baurgs 63
baurgswaddjus 441
baurei 64
baus 40
beidan 46
beitan 46
bi 44
bida 45
bidjan 45
bigairdan 147
bigitan 133
bihaitja 153
bilaibjan 232
bindan 41
biniuhsjan 284
biraubon 298
bisauljan 320
biugan 43
bius 43
biwaibjan 440
blandan 47
blaujan 48
bleiei 49
bleijan 49
bleis 49
bliggwan 48
blinds 48
bloma 50
blotan 51
blo 50
bloarinnands 50
bnauan 285
boga 61
boka 51
bota 52
botjan 52
bra 57
braidei 53
brais 53
breen 57
briggan 55
brikan 55
brinnan 56
brinno 56
broe 54
broar 57
brorulubo 249
brukjan 60
bruks 60
brunjo 58
brunna 58
brusts 59
brufas 88
brus 59
bugjan 61
criten 222
GERMANIC LANGUAGES 479
daddjan 67
dags 66
daigs 66
Danus 68
daubia 69
daufs 69
daug 69
dauhtar 78
dauhts 78
dauns 69
daupjan 69
daur 79
daurawarda 448
daurawards 79, 448
daujan 69
daus 69
dauus 70
dishniupan 180
disskreitan 344
distairan 405
diswinjan 456
diupei 71
diupia 71
diups 71
dius 71
diwan 72
domjan 73
doms 73
dragan 74
dragk 74
dragkjan 74
draibjan 74
drauhtinon 77
drauhtiwito 77
dreiban 76
drigkan 75
driugan 75
driusan 76
drobjan 77
drugkanei 77
drunjus 77
drus 77
duginnan 132
dulgs 78
duls 79
dumbs 79
dwalia 81
dwals 81
ei 203
eisarn 204
Ermeniricus 85
faginon 89
fagrs 89
fahan 92
faihu 97
faihufrikei 113
faihufriks 97, 113
faihugairns 97, 132
faihugeiro 132
fairguni 99
fairus 100
fairina 100
fairinon 100
fairneis 101
fairns 100
fairra 99
fairzna 101
falan 91
-fals 90
fana 92
fani 92
faran 93
farjan 93
fastan 94
fastubni 95
faa 95
fauho 117
faur 119
faura 119
fauragaggi 126
fauragaggja 126
faurdammjan 68
faurhtei 120
faurhtjan
faurhts 120
faurmuljan 278
fauris 121
fenea
fera 102
fers 100
fetjan 103
dur 96
durdogs 73
dwor 96
ggraguls 98
ggrs 99
jan 103
jands 103
jawa 103
lhan 97
lleins 97
lu 98
lufaihs 89
luwaurdei 475
mf 98
mfta 98
nan 99
skon 103
sks 103
ahta 104
auts 106
480 INDICES
odus 107
okan 108
fodjan 109
fodr 109
fon 119
fotubaurd 63, 110
fotus 110
fraatjan 27
fragildan 130
fragjan 110
frahinan 169
fraihnan 113
fraisan 111
fraiw 111
fralets 245
fraliusan 243
fralusnan 251
fralusts 251
framaeis 111
framajan 111
framgahts 126
fraslindan 349
frasts 111
frai 112
frajan 112
frauja 112
frawardjan 448
frawaurhts 476
frawaurhts 476
fraweitan 468
frawrohjan 473
Fredumirus 115
freidjan 115
freis 114
fri( j)awa 113
friawamilds 266
frijon 114
frijonds 114
frius 116
frodei 115
fros 115
fruma 116
frumei 116
frumists 116
fugls 116
fula 118
fullaweis 118
fullaweisjan 468
fulljan 118
fullnan 118
fullo 118
fulls 118
fuls 121
gaaggwjan 20
gaaiginon 6
gabairan 41
gabatnan 39
gabaur 62
gabaurs 63
gabei 121
gabigs 121
gablindjan 48
gabrannjan 54
gabruka 58
gadaban 66
gadailjan 67
gadars 68
gadaubjan 69
gades 72
gadiliggs 121
gadofs 73
gadrausjan 75
gafah 92
gafahrjan 89
gafaurs 120
gafrion 115
gagawairjan 456
gageigan 134
gaggan 125
gahaftnan 149
gahailnan 152
gahardjan 162
gahlaiba 174
gahugds 190
gahweitjan 202
gaotjan 199
gaidw 122
gailjan 123
gairda 132
gairnei 132
gairnjan 132
Gaiswalds 123
gaits 123
gajuka 207
gakroton 222
gakunnan 224
gakunai 223
gakusts 226
galaubjan 238
galaufs 237
galeika 248
galeiki 248
galeikon 248
galeiks 247
galeian 248
galga 124
galukan 252
gamainei 255
gamainja 255
gamainjan 255
gamains 255
gamais 254
gamalteins 258
gamalwjan 258
gaman 259
gamaurgjan 276
gamini 268
gamot 274
gamotjan 274
gamunds 275
ganagljan 279
ganah 279
ganaitjan 280
gangjan 126
ganisan 284
ganists 284
ganohjan 289
ganohs 289
gansjan 129
gaqiss 229
gaqiujan 230
gaqums 230
garaideins 295
garaihtei 301
garaihtjan 301
garais 295
garajan 298
garazna 300
garda 127
gards 126
garedan 303
garius 302
garuni 310
garuns 308
gasahts 312
gasateins 319
gasibjon 321
gasina 325
gasinja 325
gaskafts 331
gaskapjan 334
gaskeirjan 342
gaskohi 342
gasmeitan 355
gasmion 355
gasojan 361
gastagqjan 371
gastaurknan 384
gasts 127
gasuljan 385
gaswikunjan 224
gaswinjan 395
gaswogjan 397
gatamjan 401
gatarhjan 402
gateihan 407
gatilon 407
gatils 407
gatiman 404
gatwo 128
gaarban 416
gaaurbs 429
gaaursans 421
gaaursnan 430
galaihan 104
gaumjan 128
gaurs 129
Gauts 129
gawadjon 438
gawaknan 442
gawamms 445
gawargjan 448
gawaurdi 475
gawaurki 476
gaweison 468
gawi 128
gawidan 451
gawigan 452
gawrisqan 472
gawundon 474
gazds 129
geen 133
giba 130
giban 130
gibla 130
gild 130
gilstr 131
Gislamundus 135
gistradagis 132
giutan 133
glaggwaba 136
godei 138
goljan 138
gos 138
graba 139
graban 139
gramjan 140
gras 140
gredags 142
gredus 142
greipan 143
gretan 142
grets 142
grindafrajis 141
gris 142
groba 143
grunduwaddjus 144
gudafaurhts 144
gudalaus 145
gudaskaunei 337
gudhus 144, 196
gudja 145
guleins 146
gul 145
guma 146
gund 146
482 INDICES
Gutiuda 147
gu 145
gublostreis 50
haban 147
haf 147
hafa 147
hafjan 149
haftjan 149
hafts 149
hahan 160
haidus 151
haifsts 151
haihs 151
hailags 151
hailjan 152
hails 151
haimoli 152, 291
haims 152
hairda 170
hairdeis 169
hairto 170
hairus 171
hais 154
haitan 153
haii 154
hains 154
hakuls 154
halba 155
halbs 154
haldan 155
halja 156
hallus 156
hals 156
halts 157
hamfs 158
hana 161
handugei 159
handugs 159
handus 159
handuwaurhts 159
hansa 161
hardus 162
harjis 163
hatan 165
hatis 165
hatjan 165
haubi 165
hauhei 166
hauhhairts 165
hauhia 166
hauhjan 166
hauhs 166
haunia 166
haunjan 166
hauns 166
haurds 194
hauri 195
haurn 195
haurnjan 195
hausjan 167
hawi 167
hazjan 167
hebba 147
heito 173
heiwafrauja 173
her 172
hejo 196
hidre 172
hilms 168
hilpan 168
himinakunds 169
himins 169
hindana 172
hindar 173
hindarweisei 467
hiufan 171
hiwi 171
hlahjan 173
hlaifs 173
hlaiw 174
hlauts 175
hleibjan 177
hleira 177
hlifan 175
hliuma 176
hliu 176
hlutrei 179
hlutrs 178
hnaiwjan 179
hnaiws 179
hnasqus 179
hneiwan 180
hnuo 181
hoha 182
holon 182
hors 182
hrainei 183
hrainjahairts 183
hrainjan 183
hrains 183
hraiwa
hraiwadubo 80, 183
hramjan 184
hropjan 188
hrops 188
hrot 188
hroeigs 189
hrugga 189
huggrjan 193
hugjan 190
hugs 190
huhrus 194
hulistr 191
huljan 191
huls 192
hundafas 193
hunds 193
hunsl 194
huns 194
hups 194
hus 196
huzd 196
a 199
adre 197
airban 200
airnei 200
aiteis 197
aiwa 199
an 198
ar 198
arbon 198
arjis 198
as 199
assei 198
a 199
aar 199
ao 199
e 201
eila 201
eilaairbs 200
eilan 201
eits 201
ileiks 201
opan 202
ota 202
otjan 202
iba 82
ibai 82
ibnaleiks 82
ibns 82
idweit 468
iel 151
igqar 84
igqara 208
ik 83
im 458
in 84
inn 83
inna 83
innana 84
insailjan 312
inu 87
inwidan 451
inwinds 455
is 203
ist 86
ita 203
itan 86
i 82
iup 435
ja 204
jabai 204
jah 204
jaind 205
jains 204
jer 206
jiukan 206
jiuleis 205
ju 207
juggs 207
juk 207
jukuzi 207
junda 207
jus 208
kalbo 209
kalds 209
kann 210
kannjan 210
kara 210
karon 211
kas 212
katils 211
kaupon 211
kaurn 225
kaurus 225
kausjan 211
keinan 214
kilei 212
kinnus 212
kiusan 213
kniu 218
knos 218
Kreks 221
kriustan 221
kukjan 222
kunawida 223, 464
kuni 224
kuni 224
kuns 224
kustus 226
laggamodei 235
laggei 236
laggs 235
lagjan 231
laian 244
laiba 232
laikan 232
laiks 233
lais 233
484 INDICES
laisjan 233
laistjan 233
laists 233
lamb 234
land 235
lasiws 237
latei 237
latjan 237
lats 237
laon 237
laugnjan 238
lauhatjan 250
laun 239
launawargs 448
laus 239
lausawaurdei 239
lausawaurds 239
lausjan 239
leihts 240
leian 247
leik 247
leikan 248
lein 248
leitils 248
leiu 249
lekeis 244
lekinon 244
letan 244
lew 245
lewjan 245
liban 245
ligan 240
ligrs 240
lisan 241
listeigs 246
lists 246
lita 246
lius 246
liubaleiks 241
liudan 242
liufs 241
liuga 242
liugan 242
liuha 242
liuhtjan 243
liutei 243
liuts 243
liuon 243
lofa 249
lubains 249
lubjaleis 249
luftus 249
lukarnastaa 373
luns 251
luston 251
lustus 251
lustusama 251, 317
mag 252
magas 253
magus 253
mahteigs 254
mahts 254
maidjan 254
maihstus 271
mail 254
mais 257
maists 256
maitan 256
maims 256
maiza 257
malan 257
malma 258
malo 258
man 259
managei 259
managfals 259
manags 259
manamaurrja 277
manases 327
manauli 260
manleika 260
manna 260
mannisks 260
manwus 260
marei 261
marisaiws 261
marka 262
marzjan 262
matibalgs 263
matjan 263
mats 263
maa 264
mal 263
maljan 263
maudjan 264
maurgins 276
maurnan 277
maurr 277
maurrjan 277
mawi 254
mawilo 254
megs 269
meina 83
meins 273
meki 269
mel 269270
meljan 270
mena 270
menos 270
meria 270
merjan 270
midjis 264
midjungards 264
miduma 265
mik 83
mikilei 265
mikiljan 265
mikils 265
mildia 266
mili 266
miluks 267
mimz 267
mins 271
mis 83
missades 272
missaleiks 272
mitan 268
miton 268
mi 268
miwissei 463
mizdo 272
modags 273
mota 274
mos 273
mukamodei 278
mulda 275
munan 276
Mundila 275
mundon 275
mundrei 276
muns 276
muns 276
nadrs 279
nahts 279
namnjan 280
namo 280
naqas 280
nasjan 281
nasjands 281
nati 281
natjan 282
naudibandi 282
nauh 289
naus 283
naujan 283
naus 282
ne 285
ne 286
neundja 286
nei 289
nei 289
nela 287
ni 283
niba 283
nidwa 287
niman 284
nian 287
nijis 287
niujis 284
niun 285
niunda 285
niutan 285
nu 289
og 290
ogjan 290
paida 291
peikabagms 292
penus 99
puggs 293
qainon 226
qairrus 229
qens 230
qiman 227
qinein 228
qino 228
qistjan 229
qian 229
qius 230
qius 230
qums 231
ragin 294
raginon 294
raidjan 295
raihts 300
rasta 298
rajo 298
raupjan 299
raus 299
raus 299
razda 299
razn 300
reikeis 305
reiki 305
reiks 305
reiran 296
rign 300
rignjan 300
rikan 301
rimis 302
rinnan 302
rinno 302
riqis 301
riurjan 303
riurs 303
rodjan 306
rum 309
Ruma 309
rums 309
runa 310
runs 308
sa 310
saggqjan 318
486 INDICES
saggqs 318
saggws 318
sai 312
saian 327
saihs 322
saihsta 322
saian 323
sainjan 313
sair 313
saiwala 314
saiws 314
sakan 314
sakjo 315
sakkus 315
salbon 315
saliwa 315
saljan 316
salt 316
saltan 316
sama 317
samakuns 317
samaleiks 317
samana 317
sama 317
samjan 317
sandjan 318
satjan 319
sas 310
sauhts 385
sauil 361
sauls 389
saurga 388
saurgan 388
saus 319
schediit 341
schediit 6
schieten 339
schuos 359
seins 330
selei 327
sels 327
si 329
sibja 320
sibun 321
sidon 321
sidus 321
siggwan 324
sigis 322
sigqan 325
sik 323, 333
silba 323
sildaleiks 323
silubr 328
silubreins 329
simle 324
sind 458
sineigs 324
sinteins 408
sins 325
sis 321, 326
sitan 325
sitls 326
siujan 329
siukan 326
siukei 326
siuks 326
siuns 322
skaban 330
skadus 331
skaidan 331
skal 332
skalja 332
skalks 332
skaman 333
skanda 334
skatts 336
skais 336
skajan 336
skauls 336
skaudaraip 296, 336
skauns 336
skaut(s) 337
skeima 341
skeinan 341
skeirs 341
skewjan 340
skildus 337
skilliggs 338
skip 340
skohs 342
skohsl 342
skuft 345
skuggwa 347
skula 345
skura 347
slahan 348
slahs 348
slaihts 350
slawan 352
sleideis 351
sleis 351
slepan 350
sleps 350
sliupan 350
smakka 352
smals 353
snaiws 355
sneian 358
sniumjan 357
sniwan 358
snorjo 359
snutrei 359
snutrs 359
so 310
sokjan 360
sokns 360
so 360
spaiskuldr 361
sparwa 363
spaurds 367
speiwan 365
spilda 363
spill 363
spilla 363
spillon 363
spinnan 364
stafs 368
staiga 369
stainahs 369
stains 369
stairno 375
stairo 376
stamms 370
standan 371
Starcedius 372
stas 369
stautan 373
steigan 378
stibna 373
stigqan 375
stikls 378
stiks 378
stilan 374
stiur 377
stiurjan 377
stojan 379
stols 379
stoma 379
straua 381
straujan 381
striks 381
stubjus 382
sugil 385
sums 385
sunja 387
sunno 387
sunus 388
supon 388
sutis 398
swa 397
swaihra 393
swaihro 393
swalaus 238
swaleiks 390
swamms 390
swaran 391
swarts 392
sweiban 397
swein 397
sweran 396
sweria 396
swers 396
swes 396
swibls 392
swiglon 393
swikns 393
swiltan 394
swinei 395
swins 394
swistar 395
tagl 398
tagr 398
tahjan 399
taihswa 403404
taihun 404
taihunda 403
taikn 399
taiknjan 399
tainjo 399
tains 399
tandjan 401
tarmjan 405
taujan 403
tekan 406
tewa 406
til 407
timrja 404
timrjan 404
tiuhan 405
trauan 411
trausti 409
triggwa 410
triggws 410
trigo 409
triu 409
triweins 410
trudan 410
tuggl 412
tuggo 412
tulgus 411
tunus 412
twa 415
twai 414
twalibwintrus 413
twalif 413
tweijan 414
tweis 414
twos 415
tyz 408
agkjan 416
agks 416
ahan 415
aho 416
airh 421
an 415
anaseis 330
488 INDICES
ande 416
ar 416
arba 417
arf 417
arfs 417
ata 417
aroh 418
auh 418
aurfts 429
aurneins 430
aurnus 430
aurp 430
aursjan 430
aurstei 430
aursus 430
eihan 421
eihs 420
eins 423
iubi 422
iubs 422
iuda 423
iudans 422
ius 419
iu 423
iujan 422
iwi 419
laqus 105
liuhan 107
ragjan 424
rasabalei 34, 424
reihan 426
reis 425
ridja 427
riskan 426
rojan 427
rutsll 97, 428
u 428
ugkjan 429
uhtus 429
ulan 428
usundi 431
uthaurn 431
wahan 431
wahl 431
wairhei 432
wairhs 432
ubil 433
ubils 433
ubizwa 432
uf 432
ufar 433
ufarfullei 118
ufarhafnan 149
ufaro 432
ufarskadwjan 331
ufarswara 392
ufblesan 49
ufhlohjan 178
ufrakjan 296
ufta 433
ufanjan 416
-uh 434
uhtwo 435
unagei 3
unairkns 84
unaiwisks 6
unandsoks 360
und 434
undar 434
undaurnimats 434
ungakusans 225
ungatass 402
unhrainia 183
unhula 192
unhulo 192
unkuns 224
unles 244
unmanariggws 302
unnuts 290
unqes 229
uns 460
unsar 435
unsibjis 320
unswerei 396
untals 400
unte 434
untilamalsks 258
unwahs 447
unweis 467
unwiss 463
unwita 464
unwiti 464
unwunands 475
uraz 437
urraisjan 296
urrannjan 297
urreisan 306
urrists 304
usalans 16
usbaugjan 39
usbraidjan 53
usaugjan 105
usfratwjan 112
usgaisjan 123
ushlaupan 175
ushulon 192
uslaubjan 238
uslauseins 239
usluk 250
usmet 271
usskarjan 335
usskaus 337
usstaggan 374
ustauhts 411
usriutan 426
uswahsts 439
uswakjan 442
uswalugjan 443
uswindan 454
ut 437
uta 437
utal 290
utana 437
uz 436
uzanan 17
uzeta 88
wadi 438
waggs 446
waghen 439
wagjan 438
wahsjan 439
wahstus 439
wahtwo 440
wai 440
waian 460
waides 440
waihjo 440
waihts 452
waila 453
wailades 453
wailamerei 270
wailamereis 270
wainahs 440
waips 440
wair 463
wairdus 456
wairilo 456
wairpan 457
wairs 457
wairsiza 457
wair 457
wairan 457
wairida 458
wairon 458
wairs 458
wait 441
wakan 441
waldan 443
walisa 454
waljan 444
waltjan 444
walus 445
wamba 445
wamm 445
wan 446
wandjan 446
wandus 446
wans 446
warei 449
wargia 448
warjan 449
warmjan 449
wars 447
wasjan 450
wasti 451
wato 451
waurd 475
waurkjan 476
waurms 476
waurstw 476
waurts 476
wegs 460
weiha 466
weihan 465466
weihia 466
weihs 466
wein 467
weinabasi 40, 466
weinagards 467
weinatriu 467
weipan 467
weis 460
wenjan 461
wens 461
wepn 461
widuwo 462
wigs 452
wiko 462
wilja 453
wiljahalei 157
wiljan 453
wileis 454
wilwan 454
490 INDICES
winds 454
winja 455
winnan 455
winno 455
wintrus 455
winiskauro 346
wisan 458
wists 459
wit 459
witan 463
wira 464
wirawairs 464
wirus 459
wlaiton 469
wlits 469
wokrs 469
wopjan 470
woeis 470
wos 469
wraiqs 470
wraka 471
wrakja 471
wrakjan 471
wraks 471
wraton 471
wrekei 472
wrikan 471
writs 473
wrius 472
wrohs 473
wulfs 473
wulla 474
wulus 474
wunds 474
Burgundian
*agja 3
*aikins 7
*aiks 7
*alfs 13
*args 23
*asks 26
*aals 27
*aalings 27
*aud(s) 28
*badus 32
*bairs 33
*banki 36
*bardo 36
*bausiz 40
*berils 42
*bers 43
*bla 46
*blauts 48
*brim 57
*buda 61
*dards 68
*dragils 74
*erps 85
*falus 91
*fastis 94
*frodjan 115
*ful 117
*gails 122
*girs 132
*giba 133
*glads 135
*grimms 141
*groins 143
*guns 146
*haus 165
*hilps 168
*hramns 182
*huli 192
*klaini 214
*konis 219
*lais 233
*laugs 238
*leuds 242
*lif 247
*magin 253
*marh 261
*oil 290
*rams 297
*rands 297
*res 303
*rinks 302
*ripa 306
*saims 313
*sans 319
*seudan 326
*skafts 331
*skaii 332
*stiljis 374
*stis 378
*storms 384
*taits 400
*wais 441
*walhs 443
*warja 449
*warns 449
*was 438
*wers 461
*wif 464
*wids 465
Old Norse *
56, 17
beri 43
byrgja 63
aal 27
af 1
afar 2
a 1
a 2
aa 2
ai 1
afsifja 321
afspringr 366
gtr 134
girni 132
agn 4
i 31
aka 11
kafr 208
akaR, Run 11
akarn 12
akr 12
akrkarl 12
akrmar 12
akrverk 12
l 20
ala 12
alda 14
aldinn 16
aldr 14
aldrlag 14
alfr 13
alhvtr 12
lit 469
alka 15
ll 20, 87
allbjartr 16
allkaldr 16
allr 16
almanna 12
almttigr 12
almbogi 23
almr 83
alr 87
alj 12
alvaldr 13
alvitr 13, 15
ambtt 18
amma 17
mr 87
munr 275
n 87
and 18
* Including Runic forms.
anda 18
andi 18
angi 19
angr 19
ann 435
annarr 21
apaldr 21
apalgrr 21
api 21
apr 17
aptan 2
aptann 2
aptr 3
aptrreka 472
r 9, 206
arr 23, 25
ar 22, 25
arfr 22
argr 23
ari 25
aringreypr 140
arinn 31
arjosteR, Run 23
rmnar 206
armbaugr 23
armligr 24
armr 24
rna 9
rr 9
ars 25
rsli 327
arta 25
rtal 206
rvakr 9
aska 26
askr 26
ss 2021
st 21
at 26
t 88
atall 27
tta 5
ttandi 5
tte 5
atti 27
autt 28
aufengr 30
aufyndr 28
auigr 28
auinn 28
aur 28, 30
ausveipr 390
auveldr 443
auga 29
auja, Run 29
auk 29
auka 29
492 INDICES
auki 29
aumr 29
aurr 29
ausa 30
austan 30
austr 30
austrnn 30
austskota 347
auviri 2
auvisli 456
varr 448
ax 4
10
gir 87
ja 5
r 9, 31
s 21
sta 21
tr 88
vi 10
ba 39
baast 39
bahs 39
bir 52
bamr 32
bastofa 39
bga 44
bgr 44
bak 33
baka 33
bakki 36
bkn 39
bl
ballr 34
bana 36
band 35
bani 36
bann 36
banna 36
bra 44
bar 63
bara 36
barmr 37
barn 37
barnlauss 37
barr 36, 38
bss 35
bast 38
bati 38
batna 39
baugr 39
bauka 39
baun 39
bauta 40
bki 51
brr 44
beja 32
ber 32
beia 32
bein 32
beit 32
beita 33
beiti 33
Beitr 33
bekkr 33, 36
bekkili 36
belgja 34
belgr 33
bella 34
ben 35
bend 35
benda 35
bendi 35
bendill 35
benja 36
benzl 35
ber 40
bera 40, 41
bergja 37
berill 42
berja 37
bernskr 37
berr 40
betr 38
betri 38
beygja 39
beytill 40
beztr 38
bi 45
bia 45
ba 46
biill 45
bija 45
bifast 45
bikkja 41
bil 45
bldr 46
binda 41
bingr 41
birkinn 42
birna 43
birta 42
birti 42
bit 45
bita 45
bta 46
biti 45
bitr 45
bitull 46
bjlki 34
bjalla 41
bjarg 42
bjarga 42
bjartligr 42
bjartr 42
bja 43
bjr 43
bjrr 40, 44
bjrsalr 44
bjrg 42
bjrk 43
bjrn 43
bjgr 44
bla 46
blara 46
blfr 89
blaka 47
blakkr 47
bland 47
blanda 47
blr 49
blsa 49
blstr 49
blaur 48
blautr 48
bleikja 47
bleikr 47
blekkja 48
bleya 48
bleyi 48
blr 49
blik 49
blika 49
blkja 49
blinda 48
blindi 48
blindr 48
bljgr 48
bl 50
blga 50
bligr 50
blraur 50
blstorkinn 375
blmask 50
blmi 50
blt 50
blta 51
blths 50
bla 50
bl 49
blys 48
Boddi 61
bo 60
boa 61
boi 61
b 51
bogi 61
bgr 51
bk 52
bka 51
bokki 61
bklist 51
bkstafr 51
bl 64
bola 62
bla 65
bolginn 41
boli 62
bolli 62
bolr 62
blstr 62
boltr 62
bora 64
bor 63
bori 63
borg 63
borga 63
borr 62
bt 52, 61
btalauss 52
botn 61
bn 52
br 53
bta 52
b 32
bl 34
bllr 34
blvss 34
brgr 37
brkr 37
brr 38
br 57
br 57
brfengr 92
brr 57
brag 53
brak 53
braka 54
brandr 54
brandrei 54
branga 54
brasta 54
brattr 54
brau 54
bra 57
brega 55
breia 53
breir 53
breizl 53
brek 55
breki 55
brenna 54
bresta 56
brestr 56
breyskr 54
breyta 54
494 INDICES
brig 55
brim 57
brimi 56
brimlei 57
bringa 56
brinna 56
brj 55
brjsk 56
brjst 56
brjstbjrg 56
brjta 56
broddr 59
bro 59
brir 57
brurbani 58
brk 57
brot 59
br 58
brgumi 59
brlaup 59
brr 59
brugginn 56
brum 58
brn 60
bruni 58
brnn 60
brunnr 58
brydda 59
bryggja 58
brynja 58
bryti 59
brytja 59
b 65
ba 52
b 65
bugr 61
bi 65
bukkr 61
bkr 64
bland 65
bunga 62
bunki 62
br 65
burr 64
burst 64
btr 64
by 46
bygg 44
byggja 53, 61
bygill 61
bylgja 62
bylja 62
br 65
byra 63
byringr 63
byrgi 63
byrgja 63
byrja 64
byrli 64
byrr 64
bsn 65
d 70
d 72
dafna 66
daga 66
daglangr 66
dagr 66
dagverk 66
dalr 67
dammr 67
Danmrk 68
dapr 68
darr 68
darrar 68
dasi 69
dauadagr 70
daur 6970
daufr 69
daunn 69
deigja 67
deigr 6667
deila 67
deild 67
deill 67
dengja 68
detta 71
deya 69
deyfa 69
deyf 69
deypa 69
digr 72
dki 72
dimma 70
dimmr 70
ds 72
djarfr 71
djpligr 71
djpr 71
dgr 73
dolg 78
dmhs 73
dmr 73
dmstll 73
dttir 78
dl 73
dma 73
dgg 70
dggva 70
dkk 68
dkkr 68
draf 73
drai 73
drag 73
draga 74
drk 76
dramb 74
drangr 74
drttr 74
draugr 74
draumr 75
dregg 74
dregill 74
dreifa 74
drekka 75
drekkja 74
drep 75
drepa 75
dreyma 75
dreypa 75
dreyra 75
dreyri 75
drif 76
drfa 76
drfr 76
drift 76
drta 76
drjgr 76
drjpa 76
dropi 77
drr 77
drtt 77
drttinn 77
drukkinn 77
drukna 77
drpa 78
drgja 75
drykkr 77
dfa 80
dul 81
dumbr 79
dupt 78
durasto 79
dsa 81
dust 79
dvala 81
dvelja 81
dvergr 81
dvna 81
dvl 81
dfa 80
dyg 78
dylma 81
dyngja 79
dynja 79
dynr 79
dpt 71
dr 71
dr 71
drligr 71
drr 71
dytta 80
dyttr 79
ea 86
ef 82
efja 1
efna 1
efni 1
efsa 1
eft 2
egg 3, 11
eggja 3
eggsteinn 3
eia 10
eir 10
eistafr 10
eiga 6
eigin 6
eiginn 6
eigna 6
eik 7
eikinn 7
eimr 7
eimyrja 7
einarr 22
einborinn 8
eindagi 8
eineygr 7
einfaldr 8
einfttr 8
einfyndr 118
einharr 8
einhendr 8
einhleypr 8
einigr 8
einir 205
einka 8
einkunn 223
einn 9
einnttr 9
einrr 9
einstapi 9
einvaldi 9, 443
einvgi 9
eir 11
eisa 6
eiskra 10
eitr 10
ek 83
ekki 84
Ekkill 8
eldask 14
eldr 7
eldst 380
elgr 14
elja 15
ella 15
496 INDICES
ellepti 8
elli 14
ellifu 8
elliga 15
elna 15
em 458
embtti 18
en 18
enda 18
endalauss 18
endir 18
endlangr 236
endr 18
eng 19
enni 18
enskr 19
eptir 2
r 206
erfa 22
er 22
era 22
eri 22
ervrr 22
ergi 23
ergjask 23
erja 23
erma 24
ern 24
erta 25
es 86, 203
esja 26
eski 26
eta 86
etall 86
etja 27
ey 4
eya 30
eygr 28
eygja 28
eygr 28
eykr 205
eyland 4
eyra 30
f 92
fair 88
fama 95
famr 95
fga 102
fagna 89
fagr 89
falda 91
-faldr 90
flki 91
fall 91
falla 91
falr 9091
fang 92
fani 92
far 93
fr 96, 102
fara 93
farald 92
fari 94
frligr 102
farmr 93
farri 94
fasta 9495
fasthaldr 94
fastligr 94
fastna 95
fastr 94
fat 95
fata 95
fattr 92
fax 89
fr 89
fra 102
fta 103
f 97
fema 95
ffrekr 97
feginn 88
fgjarn 97
fegra 89
fegr 89
fegri 89
fhs 97
feig 89
feigr 89
feikn 90
feima 90
feita 90
feiti 90
feitr 90
fela 97
feldr 91
fella 91
fen 92
fengr 92
fer 93
ferja 93
ferskeyttr 96
ferskr 115
festa 95
fet 101
feta 101
fetill 95
ra 102
ri 102
ffrildi 98
mm 98
mr 103
mt 98
mti 98
ngr 99
ngrgull 98
nna 99
Finnr 103
rinverk 100
rn 100
rna 100
rra 99
fsa 104
ska 103
skr 103
t 101, 103
tja 102
fj 103
fjarhamr 102
fjall 9798
fjndi 103
fjarri 99
fjri 96
fjr 102
fjlauigr 98
fjr 100
fjr 101
fjrr 119
fjrgja 100
fjrgyn 99
fjrr 100
fjrsjkr 100
fjtra 102
fjturr 102
104
ara 105
ag 104
aga 104
agspilda 363
aki 105
akka 105
r 104
aska 105
atr 105
tta 104
aumr 106
einn 104
eiri 104
ekka 106
ekkr 106
esk 104
et 105
etja 105
tta 106
ey 106
eygja 105
eygr 105
eyta 106
k 107
ikki 107
jt 107
jta 107
jtr 107
jga 106
105, 108
107
og 108
ogall 108
i 108
ki 108
kinn 108
okkr 108
r 108
ot 109
ota 109
oti 109
tti 108
a 107
r 107
kra 105
109
uga 106, 108
ugr 108
yra 108
ygi 108
fnsa 109
fa 117
fr 109
fold 117
foldvegr 117
foli 118
flk 117
flkdrtt 117
flkland 117
flkvg 118
for 119120
fora 121
foringi 126
fornmar 120
forr 119
fors 120
forsm 354
fstr 110
fstrbrir 110
fstrfair 110
fstrland 110
fstrlaun 110
fstrmir 110
fstrsystir 110
ftbor 110
ftr 110
ftspor 110
ftverkr 110
fox 117
fa 109
fra 110
frr 110
498 INDICES
fttr 110
fzla 109
flr 91
flski 92
fr 94
fsull 94
fr 111
frakka 111
frakkr 111
frligr 112
framferi 93
framr 111
frr 112
frau 112
fraukr 116
fr 111
frgr 113
frndhollr 114
frndi 114
fregna 113
frekr 113
frelsi 114
fremja 111
frer 116
frest 113
freta 101
fretr 101
frtt 113
freyja 112
fr 114
fra 114
fria 115
fra 115
friill 114
frila 114
frilauss 115
frir 115
frr 115
frjls 114
frjlsgja 114
frjr 111
frjsa 113
frr 115
froskr 116
frost 116
fra 115
fri 115
frkn 115
frumburr 116
fryg 116
fuogi 116
fugl 116
fi 121
finn 121
full 118
fll 121
fullna 118
fullr 118
fullvss 118
fundr 118
funi 119
fura 120
furkr 111
fss 119
fyl 117
fylg 117
fylgja 117
fylki 118
fylla 118
fyndr 118
fyr 119
frr 121
fyrstr 120
fsa 119
g 129
gaddr 129
gfa 133
ga 130
gaga 122
gagl 122
gagnstr 379
gala 123
galdr 124
glgatr 124
glgi 124
gall 124
galli 124
galmr 124
gamall 125
gaman 125
gammi 125
gamna 125
gan 125
gana 126
ganga 125126
gangr 125
gapa 126
garr 126
garn 127
garnvinda 127
gs 126
gshaukr 126
gat 128
gata 128
gtt 126
gau 128
gaukr 128
gaum 128
gaupa 129
gaupn 129
gauta 129
gfr 133
gta 134
gefa 130
gegn 122
gegna 122
geiga 122
geigr 122
geiri 123
geirlaukr 123
geirr 123
geisl 123
geispa 123
geit 123
gelda 124
geldingr 124
geldr 124
gengi 126
gengilbeina 125
gengr 125
ger 127
geri 127
gerr 132
gerstr 127
gestgja 127
gestr 127
geta 133
geyja 128
geyma 128
geymd 128
geysa 129
gil 134
gildi 131
gildr 131
gilja 131
gma 134
gin 134
gna 134
gipt 130
gipta 130
girnask 132
gsl 135
gsla 135
gjafstll 130
gjald 130
gjalda 130
gjalfr 131
gjalla 131
gjallr 131
gjalp 131
gjarn 132
gjr 133
gjsa 133
gjta 133
gjf 130
gjfull 130
gjr 132
glaa 135
glaligr 135
glar 135
glaumr 135
glsa 136
glea 136
gleipa 135
gler 135
glit 136
glitra 136
glj 136
gla 137
gl 137
gl 137
gla 137
glggr 136
glpna 137
gl 136
gnadd 137
gnaga 137
gneggja 138
gneisti 138
gnesta 138
gnit 138
gngligr 289
gngr 289
gntt 289
gngja 289
gntra 138
go 145
goahs 144
goi 145
gr 138
glf 145
gollroinn 145
gmr 139
gor 146
grva 127
Goti 147
ga 138
gla 139
gfugr 121
gltr 125
gngull 126
grn 127
grr 127
grvi 127
grr 142
grugr 142
grafa 139
gramr 139
grandi 140
granni 300
grannr 140
grpa 142
grr 142
gras 140
grasgrnn 140
grta 142
grtr 142
500 INDICES
grell 139
grefr 139
greir 295
greip 139
gremi 140
gremja 140
grenja 140
grey 141
greypa 141
gr 143
grma 143
grimd 141
grimmask 141
grimmligr 141
grimmr 141
grna 143
grind 141
grip 142
grpa 143
gripr 142
grjn 141
grjt 141
gra 143
gri 143
grf 143
grmr 143
grna 143
grnn 143
grta 144
grf 139
grn 140
grptr 139
grfa 144
grua 144
grunnfastr 144
grunnlauss 144
grunnr 144
grunr 144
Grtingr 142
gulauss 145
guse 321
guvefr 145
gull 145
gullband 145
gullbjartr 145
gullinn 146
gullsmir 146
gumi 146
gumpr 146
gunnbor 146
gunnfani 146
gunnhvatr 146
gunnr 146
gustr 133
gylla 146
gyltr 145
gymbr 134
gyra 147
gyrill 147
h 172
hbjarg 165
haddr 167
hana 148
haf 147
hafa 147
hafna 149
hafr 148
hfr 172
haga 150
hagi 150
hagl 150
hagr 149
haki 154
hald 155
halda 155
hlfa 155
hlfbrunnin 154
hlfdaur 154
hlfr 154
hali 156
hligr 165
hll 172
halla 157
hallri 156
hallr 156
hlmr 156
hls 156
hlsa 157
hlsbeina 156
hlsfang 156
hlsmen 156
hamalkyrni 157, 225
hamarr 158
hamla 157158
hmt 160
hampr 159
hamr 158
handbani 159
handha 147
handlami 159
handlauss 159
handmegin 159
handsax 159
handverk 159
hanga 160
hani 161
hann 205
hapt 149
haptr 149
hr 160, 166, 172
hara 162
hargreipr 139
harligr 162
harr 162
harrr 162, 304
harma 163
harmr 163
harpa 163
hrr 153
hsin 160
hasl 164
hss 153
hstar 166
hata 165
hatr 165
httr 150
haufu 165
haugr 165
haukr 148
haukstaldr 150
haull 166
hauss 167
haust 161
haustmnur 161
h 166
hfr 172
hlbtr 46
hll 160
hra 172
hinn 148
hra 172
hef 148
hell 149
hefja 149
heggr 150
hegna 150
hegri 183
heiindmr 153
heiinn 154
heir 150151, 154
heilagr 151
heili 151
heilindi 151
heill 151
heilla 152
heilsa 152
heima 152
heiman 152
heimfr 152
heimild 152
heimr 152
heimskr 152
heimta 152
heit 153
heita 153
heitr 153
hel 156
hla 168
heldr 155
helft 155
helga 151
hella 157
helsi 157
heltask 157
helti 157
helvti 156
hemingr 158
hemja 158
henda 159
hengja 160
henta 161
hepta 149
hepti 149
hera 162
herfer 162
herflk 162
herhorn 162
heri 164
herja 163
Herjann
hermar 162
hermd 163
hernumi 289
herp 163
herr 163
herskip 162
herskjldr 162
hervpn 163
hervegr 162
hespa 164
hestr 160
hey 167
heyja 167
heyra 167
hildr 168
hilla 168
himinljmi 169
himintungl 169
hind 169
hindra 173
hinka 169
hinna 169
hirir 169
hirsi 170
hita 173
hitt 172
hjlmr 168
hjlpa 168
hjlplauss 168
hjalt 168
hjarn 171
hjarni 170
hjarnskl 170
hjarri 171
hjarsi 170
hjarta 170
hjl 199
502 INDICES
hjlp 168
hjrr 171
hjrtr 171
hjfra 171
hla 173
hlaa 175
hlaiwa, Run 174
hlakka 174
hlamma 174
hlna 176
hland 174
hltr 173
hlaunn 175
hlaup 175
hlaupa 175
hlautr 175
hlja 173
hl 177
hlr 176
hleifr 173
hlekkjask 175
hlekkr 174
hlemmr 174
hler 178
hli 176177
hlf 177
hlfa 177
hlj 176
hljmr 176
hljta 176
hla 177
hlust 178
hluta 178
hluti 178
hlutr 178
hla 177178
hlja 177
hlynr 178
hlr 176
hnakki 179
hnappr 179
hnau 179
hneigja 179
hneita 179
hneppa 179
hnga 180
hnpa 180
hnippa 180
hnta 180
hnjsa 180
hnot 181
hnggr 179
hnggva 180
hnri 181
hnr 181
hnykill 181
hnykkja 181
hnykkr 181
hodd 196
hof 190
hf 181
hfr 181
hofstar 190
hl 182
hol 191
hola 191192
hold 191
hlkr 191
hollr 192
hlmr 191
holr 191
holt 192
hp 182
hoppa 194
hr 182
hra 182
hrkona 182
horn 195
hornbogi 195
hornskr 195
hornungr 195
horr 195
hrr 182
horskligr 195
horskr 195
hosa 195
hsta 202
hsti 202
hstr 290
hfa 181
hla 182
hta 202
h 165
hfn 147
hfu 148
hfubaugr 148
hfulauss 148
hfuvrr 148
hfugr 147
hgg 167
hggva 167
hkull 154
hlr 155
hll 156
hm 158
hnd 159
hndla 159
hnk 161
hrgr 164
hrpuslagr 163
hrpustrengr 163
hss 164
httr 165
hrar 185
hrafn 182
hrki 187
hrammr 184
hrapa 184
hrr 185
hrata 184
hrau 185
hraukr 185
hraumi 185
hraustr 185
hr 183
hrkja 187
hrll 183
hreifa 183
hreinn 183
hreinn 183
hreinsa 183
hrekja 184
hremma 184
hreppa 184
hreysivisla 459
hr 188
hrfa 187
hriingr 185
hrm 187
hrmkaldr 187
hrinda 185
hringdri 76
hringja 186
hringr 185
hrip 186
hrs 187
hrsla 187
hrista 187
hrjta 186
hrjfr 186
hrr 188
hrugr 189
hrf 188
hrogn 189
hroki 189
hrkr 188
hrp 188
hross 189
hrt 188
hrpa 188
hrra 189
hrnn 185
hrr 190
hrr 190
hrufa 189
hryggja 186
hryggligr 186
hryggr 187, 189
h 196
hfa 196
huga 191
hugfellr 91
hugi 191
hugkmr 230
hugleysi 239
hugr 190
hugspi 364
hugski 326
hka 196
hulda 191
humall 192
humarr 192
hunang 193
hunangstr 193
hundr 193
hundra 193
hungr 194
hungra 193
hnn 196
huppr 193
hur 194
hs 196
hsa 197
hskytja 226
hsl 194
hslauss 196
hvaarr 199
hvlf 197
hvlfa 198
hvalskr 197
hvalr 197
hvap 198
hvar 198
hvarf 198
hvarfa 198
hvass 198
hvat 199
hvta 201
hvatr 199
hvatstaki 370
hvsa 201
hv 201
hveiti 197
hveitikorn 197
hveitimjl 197
hvelfa 198
hvellr 200
hvelpr 200
hverfa 198, 200
hverfr 200
hverfull 200
hverna 200
hverr 198200
hvetja 199
hv 201
hva 201
hvia 201
hvika 200
504 INDICES
hvla 201
hvna 201
hvirll 200
hvti 202
hvtill 202
hvtingr 202
hvtr 201
hyggja 190
hylda 191
hylja 191
hylla 192
hylli 192
hylma 191
hrligr 171
hyrna 195
hyrr 195
hski 173
84
ibai 82
i 203
iurmltr 203
gull 203
korni 7
il 83
inn 83
innan 84
innanverr 84
inni 83
innri 83
innyi 433
sarn 204
skaldr 204
ss 204
str 84
it 208
tr 204
vigjarn 451
j 204205
jaarr 82
jafn 82
jafna 82
jafngligr 138
jaki 206
jara 85
jarborg 85
jarfall 85
jarfastr 85
jarhs 85
jarvegr 86
jarknasteinn 84
jarl 85
jrn 204
jrnnagli 204
jrnsmir 204
jarpr 85
jta 206
jtta 205
jladagr 205
jlmnur 205
jr 83
jrei 83
jfurr 82
jkull 206
jr 86
jr 86
jrmungandr 85
jrmungrund 85
jstr 206
jtunn 86
jgr 87
kai 208
kaka 208
kala 208
kalda 209
kaldr 209
kl 209
klfr 209
kall 209
kalla 209
kambr 209
kampr 209
kani 210
kann 210
kanna 210
karl 210
karlflk 210
karskr 211
kartr 221
kati 211
kaun 211
kaup 211
kaupa 211
kaupmar 211
kaupskip 211
kaupstar 211
kefsir 208
keipr 208
kelpa 212
kemba 209
kenna 210
kenning 210
keppr 214
ker 212
ketill 211
ki 214
kfa 214
kimbill 212
kind 212
kinn 212
kinnbein 212
kinnbjrg 212
kippa 214
kirnuaskr 213
kitla 214
kjalki 212
kjappi 213
kjarni 213
kjarr 213
kjll 213
kjsa 213
kjlr 212
kl 215
kli 215
kla 214
klakkr 215
klapp 215
klappa 215
klaufrk 472
kl 216
kleima 214
klembra 215
klengjask 215
kleppr 216
klif 216
klifa 216
klfa 216
klifra 216
kljfa 216
klof 216
klo 217
klkkr 216
klkkva 216
klmbr 215
klpp 215
klungr 217
klunna 217
kltr 217
klyf 216
kn 218
knakkr 217
knappr 217
knr 218
knauss 218
kn 218
knell 217
knfr 218
knoka 218
knosa 219
knrr 217
knll 219
knja 219
knylla 219
knytja 219
koddi 222
ko 222
kokkr 223
kol 223
kolfr 223
kollr 223
koma 227
kona 228
konr 224
konungdmr 224
konungr 224
konungrki 224
kpa 219
koppr 224
kr 226
korn 225
kornhs 225
kornvist 225
koss 225
kosta 226
kostr 226
kot 226
kla 219
knn 219
kr 210
krabbi 220
kraa 220
kraki 220
krangr 220
krappr 221
kraptr 220
krs 221
krauna 221
krefja 220
kremja 220
kreppa 220
kringla 221
krjpa 221
kroppinn 221
kroppr 222
krubba 222
kryppill 222
krytja 222
kfr 226
kla 226
kuldi 223
kumbl 223
kunnr 224
kurfr 225
kussa 225
kussi 225
kva 227
kvaka 227
kvn 230
kvmr 229
kvea 229
kveja 226
kvefja 226
kveina 226
kveisa 227
kveld 227
kvelja 227
506 INDICES
kvennmar 228
kverk 228
kvern 228
kvernsteinn 228
kveykva 230
kvir 227, 230
kvika 230
kvikf 230
kvikr 230
kvisa 230
kvl 227
kvstr 227
kylr 223
kmiligr 231
kyn 224
kynborinn 224
kynda 224
kyndi 224
kynna 224
kynni 224
kr 219
kyrkja 228
kyrr 229
kyrtill 225
kyssa 225
l 244
laa 237
lag 231
lg 244
laga 231
lgr 244
lakan 234
lakr 234
lamb 234
lami 234
ln 232
land 235
landamri 255
landbi 235
landi 235
landkaup 235
landsir 235
landskapr 235
landskyld 235
langa 236
lang 11
langr 235
langlfr 235
langr 235
langrkr 235
langv 468
lasmeyrr 236
lss 235
lt 244
lata 237
lta 244
lati 237
latr 237
laur 239
lauf 237
laug 238
laukr 239
laun 238
laupr 239
lausorr 239
lauss 239
lausung 239
lausyri 239
laut 239
lax 232
lg 244
lgr
lkna 244
lr 231
lvirki 234
l 243
la 247
ler 241
lerhosa 241
leggja 231
legr 240
lei 232
leia 232
leia 234
leiindr 233
leir 233
leifa 232
leigt 244
leika 232
leikr 233
leir 234
leistr 233
leita 469
leka 240
lekr 240
lemd 234
lemja 234
lend 235
lenda 235
lengd 236
lengja 236
leppr 236
lesa 241
leti 237
letja 237
ltta 241
lttligr 240
lttr 240
leyfa 238
leygr 238
leysa 239
li 245
l 249
la 248
lilauss 246
lir 246
liugr 246
lf 247
lifa 245
lauss 247
ligr 247
lifna 245
lifr 245
liggja 240
lk 247
lka 248
lkami 247
lki 248
lkja 248
lkmar 247
lkna 248
lkr 247
lim 246
lm 248
limheill 246
ln 248
lna 248
lind 240
lindi 240
linnormr 241
linnr 241
linr 246
list 246
lista 248
listugr 246
lta 469
ltill 248
litr 469
litverpr 457
lj 243
lja 243
ljsngr 243
ljmi 242
ljss 242
ljtr 243
ljfr 241
ljga 242
l 238
loi 252
loinn 242
lof 249
lofa 249
lofgjarn 249
l 249
lg 249
log 250
logi 250
lok 250
loka 250
lokka 250
lokkr 250
lopt 249
los 251
losa 251
losna 251
l 237
lgkni 219
lgr 231
ln 236
lskr 237
lstr 232
lka 252
ls 252
lta 252
lr 242
lyf 249
lygi 250
lypta 249
lsa 242
lyst 251
lti 243
m 252
makr 264
mar 260
mara 252
magi 253
magna 253
magr 253
mgr 269
maki 257
makki 260
makligr 257
makr 257
ml 263, 269270
mala 257
mla 264
malmr 258
mlnytr 290
malr 257
malt 258
man 259
mnar 270
manga 259
mangr 259
mni 270
manna 260
mannbaldr 33
mannfr 260
mannkyn 260
mannlauss 260
mannlkan 260
mannli 260
mannsemi 317
mannvitull 464
mr 256
mara 262
508 INDICES
margfalda 91
margfaldligr 90
mark 262
marka 262
markland 262
marr 261
marsvn 261
mt 271
matlauss 263
matr 263
mttigr 254
mttlauss 254
mttr 254
maurr 264
mg 269
mkir 269
mla 263, 270
mlir 270
mr 254
mra 270
mr 270
mrr 270
mtr 271
me 268
meg 253
megin 253
meginn 253
meginverk 253
megra 253
megri 253
meia 254
meir 254
mein 255
meina 255
meineir 254
meinfullr 255
meinligr 255
meinn 255
meinsvari 255, 392
meir 257
meiri 257
meisingr 256
meiss 255
meita 256
Meiti 256
meitill 256
mek 83
ml 268
meldr 257
melta 258
men 260
mengi 259
mennskr 260
mr 83
mergr 264
merja 262
merki 262
merkja 262
merr 261
mestr 256
meta 268
metja 263
meyla 254
migarr 264
mija 264
mila 265
mir 264
mga 272
mikill 265
mikilligr 265
mikla 265
mildi 266
mildr 266
milska 266
milti 267
mn 83
mnn 273
minna 268
minni 268
minnr 271
mislkr 272
missa 272
missari 272
mistilteinn 271
mistr 271
mjaltr 267
mjlk 267
mjlka 267
mjr 256
mjm 265
mjr 265
mjrann 265
mjk 265
mjl 267
Mjllnir 266
mjtur 268
ma 273
merni 273
mir 273
mr 273274
mse 273
mugr 273
mold 275
moldvegr 275
mna 274
mr 278
mor 277
morverk 277
morgingjf 276
morginn 276
mosi 277
mt 274
motti 278
ma 274
mi 274
mrr 274
mta 274
mgr 253
mlr 258
mlva 258
mn 260
mndull 259
mrr 261
mrk 262
mrr 261
mskvi 262
msurr 263
mula 275
mgi 278
mli 278
mund 275
munda 275
Mundill 275
mundr 275
munnharpa 163
munni 276
munnr 276
munr 276
murra 277
ms 278
m 278
mla 278
mylda 275
mylja 275
myln 266
mynd 275
myra 277
mrisnpa 358
myrkr 268
n 286
n 287
nar 279
nara 286
nafarr 279
nai 279
nafn 280
nafni 280
nafnliga 280
nfrndi 286
nagl 279
nl 287
nligr 286
nm 286
nmgr 286
nnd 286
nr 283
ntt 279
nttfugl 279
nau 282
nauga 282
nauigr 282
nausyn 282
naut 282
nautr 282
nautreki 301
nvist 286
nfr 286
nma 287
nmr 286
n 283
nean 287
neri 289
nef 279
nefa 283
ne 283
nefna 280
nefnd 280
negla 279
neinn 283
nema 284
nenna 281
nes 281
nest 284
nesta 284
net 281
netja 282
neya 283
neyta 282
n 289
n 289
na 289
nir 287, 289
nira 289
niri 289
nipt 283
nisti 284
nu 285
nund 285
nundi 285
njl 283
njta 285
nr 289
noran 289
norr 289
Noregr 289
nt 289290
nfr 289
ng 289
nf 279
nkkvi 280
nkkvir 280
Nrva 281
ns 281
n 289
na 285
njung 285
nykr 287
510 INDICES
nr 284
nra 285
nsa 284
nyt 290
nytja 290
ntr 290
nytsamr 290
oddhvass 436
oddr 436
al 290
altorfa 291
li 27
r 469
of 432
ofan 432
ofanverr 456
ofarr 432
ofn 433
fra 110
ofra 432
hf 181
ok 207
oka 207
oki 207
okr 469
mr 469
p 470
opinn 435
opinskr 337
opna 435
opt 433
r 436
or 475
ora 475
origr 475
orvss 475
orf 476
rlausn 239
ormgarr 476
ormr 476
orri 436
sk 475
spligr 364
oss 460
ss 290
otr 436
tta 435
a 469
i 469
li 291
fa 290
fr 290
gja 290
kkr 84
pa 470
rr 25
x 12
lask 27
lingr 27
fugr 2
gn 3
gr 4
kkla 20
l 16
lbekkr 17
ld 13
lhs 17
llungis 16
ln 14
lnbogi 14
lpt 13
lr 17
lunn 16
lvrr 16
nd 18, 21
ngr 19
ngull 19
nn 31
r 23
r 23
rn 24
rr 25
rskreir 343
sp 26
xl 5
xull 5
pll 291
penningr 291
pinni 291
ppa 292
plagg 292
plgr 292
poki 293
posi 293
pottr 293
prjnn 293
pungr 293
pss 294
pyttr 293
r 294295, 471
rbukkr 295
r 304
ra 303
rbani 303
rgja 303
rlauss 303
rsnotr 304
rf 304
rafr 294
rak 296
raka 297
rakki 297
rakkr 297
rakr 296
rmerki 295
rammr 297
rangr 471
rann 300
raptr 294
rs 304
rsa 304
rata 471
raubrnn 298
raui 299
raur 299
rauf 298
raufa 298
raun 299
ri 304
rkja 472
rkr 472
rell 294
refsa 294
regn 300
regna 294, 300
regnbogi 300
regnskr 300
rei 295
reia 295, 471
reii 471
reir 471
reifa 295
rein 296
reini 470
reip 296
reipa 296
reisa 296
reista 471
reita 296, 471
reitr 471
reka 301, 471
rekja 296
rekkja 297
rekkr 302
renna 297
repta 308
rtta 301, 471
rtti 301
rtting 301
rttligr 300
rttr 300301
reyfa 298
reykja 299
reykr 299
reyrr 299
reyta 299
ra 305, 473
rii 304
riull 473
rif 300, 304
rfa 305
rfr 305
riga 471
rkdmr 305
rki 305
rkja 305
rkr 305
rim 302
rm 305
rimi 302
rinna 302
rpr 306
ript 304
rsa 306
risi 472
rist 472
rista 304
rsta 306
rit 472
rt 473
rta 473
rja 302
rjr 302303
rjmi 303
rjta 303
rjfa 303
rjka 303
r 307
ra 306
roa 307, 309
ra 306
roi 307
rr 307
rora 307
rg 473
rokkr 308
rr 307
roskinn 472
rskvi 471
rt 473
rta 473
rotinn 303
ra 306
rri 307
rgja 473
rkja 307
rkr 307
rdd 299
r 294
rkkr 301
rnd 297
rng 471
rskr 297, 471
512 INDICES
rst 298
ru 307
rugla 308
rugr 308
rm 309
Rmaborg 309
rumpr 308
rmr 309
rn 310
rnastafr 310
rni 310
runnr 308
ruppa 309
ry 307
ryja 307
rja 309
rykkja 308
rykkr 308
rma 309
rni 310
rra 303
rrr 303
rta 310
s 310, 327
s 327
sar 310
stmi 327
sa 319
saga 311
saka 315
saki 315
sakni 315
sala 316
sld 327
salr 315
salt 316
salta 316
saltfat 316
saltr 316
saltsteinn 316
salvrr 315
saman 317
sami 317
samkund 230
samkvr 229
samkynja 317
samlkr 317
samna 317
samnar 317
samning 317
samr 317
smr 327
samtengr 401
samtnis 413
samvist 317
sandkorn 318
sandr 318
sanna 318
sanngetall 133
sannligr 319
sannr 318319
sannsgull 311
sannyri 475
sr 312313
srligr 313
srr 313
st 328
sta 328
sttr 312
saur 319
saumr 320
saup 320
sax 312
sla 327
sld 327
sll 327
slligr 327
sr 314
sra 313
sti 328
stt 328
seja 311
sef 328
se 311
seggr 312
segi 311
segja 311
segl 322
seir 312313
seigr 312
seil 313
seimr 313
seina 313
seinn 313
sekkr 315
selja 315316
selr 323
semja 317
senda 318
senna 318
sr 326
sera 325
serkr 319
sess 325
set 325
seti 326
setja 319
setr 326
stt 322
stti 322
sex 322
seyma 320
seyrask 320
sa 329330
sa 313, 329
sia 321
silauss 321
sir 321
sr 329330
sisamr 321
siugr 321
sif 320
sig 328
sga 329
sigr 322
sigla 322
sigr 322
sigra 322
sgrnn 324
sik 323
sk 330
skr 330
silfr 328
silfrsmir 329
sili 328
sma 330
simul 324
sin 329
sindr 324
sngjarn 330
sinn 325, 330
sinna 325
sinni 325
sitja 325
sj 323
sjaldan 323
sjaldsnn 323
sjlfr 323
sjau 321
sjaund 321
sjaundi 321
sjborg 314
sjdr 314
sja 326
sjr 326
sjskr 314
Sjland 314
sjli 321
sjmar 314
sjn 322
sjvegr 314
sjkdmr 326
sjkr 326
skaa 336
skai 336
skafa 330331
ska 331
skagi 331
skaka 332
skakkr 334
skal 332
skl 339
sklgi 332
sklkr 332333
sklm 333
skamma 333
skammlaus 333
skammr 333
skap 334
skapa 334
skapt 331
skar 335
skarfr 334
skarn 335
skarpr 335
skart 335
skattr 336
skauf 336
skaut 337
skauti 337
skva 340
skeja 336
skegg 331
skeggx 37
skei 332
skeia 332
skeifr 331
skeina 331
skekkja 334
skel 332
skelfa 332
skelskr 332
skelgjask 338
skelkja 333
skelkr 338
skella 332333
skellr 333
skemma 333
skemmd 333
skepja 334
skeppa 334
skepta 331
skepti 331
sker 335
skera 338
skera 335
skeyta 337
sk 341
sk 341
skfa 341
skilda 337
skilja 338
skillingr 338
skima 340
skmi 341
skin 340
skna 341
514 INDICES
skinn 338
skip 340
skipa 341
skipfer 340
skipmar 340
skipstjri 341
skipta 340
skra 342
skrr 341
skta 342
sktr 342
skjaldborg 337
skjlf 337
skjlfa 337
skjlgr 338
skjalla 338
skjallr 338
skjl 339
skjmi 339
skjr 172, 339
skjta 339
skjtr 339
skjldr 337
skf 342
skokkr 345
skola 348
skolpr 345
skop 346
skopa 346
skoppa 346
skopt 345
skr 342
skora 346
skorpinn 335
skorta 346
skortr 346
skot 346
skota 347
skozkr 347
skra 342
skkull 332
skm 333
skr 335
skr 344
skrafa 342
skrma 344
skrapa 344
skrati 344
skrkja 344
skrei 343
skreiask 343
skreppa 344
skra 344
skriall 344
skrir 344
skript 344
skr 345
skra 345
ska 342
skfa 347
skuggi 347
skunda 345
skr 347
skurr 346
skta 347
skutill 346
skutr 347
skvakka 348
sk 341
skyggva 347
skla 339
skyld 345
skylda 345
skyldr 345
skynda 345
skyrta 346
skyti 347
skytja 347
sl 348
slag 348
slaga 348
slagr 348
slakr 349
sltta 348
slttr 348
slr 349
slei 350
sleggja 348
sleipr 349
sleita 349
sltta 351
slttr 350
slr 351
slkr 351, 390
slm 351
slit 351
slita 351
slta 351
sljva 349
slora 352
slok 352
slokinn 349
sloppr 352
slota 352
sla 352
slkkva 349
slngva 349
sl 351
slyngva 350
smali 353
smalr 353
smr 354
smeittr 352
smeygja 353
sm 355
smibelgr 354
smi 355
smija 355
smir 354
smjr 353
smjga 354
smokkr 355
smuga 355
smyrill 354
smyrsl 354
smyrva 354
snkr 356
snapa 356
snara 356
snarpr 356
snarr 356
snata 357
snaur 357
snhvtr 355
snr 76, 355
snei 355
sneia 355
sneiingr 355
sneis 356
sneisa 356
snekkja 356
snellask 356
snepill 358
snerpa 356
sneya 357
sni 358
sna 358
sniill 358
snigill 357
snilli 357
snimma 357
snjallr 357
snjva 356
snoinn 358
snggr 357
snopa 359
snotr 359
snfr 358
snri 359
snr 359
snubba 359
snr 360
snura 359
snyja 359
snr 358
snta 360
so 388
soll 5
sofa 392
sofna 393
sog 385
skn 360
sl 361
Soleyjar 385
smi 360
sn 360
sonardreyri 387
spa 397
sopi 388
soppa 388
soppr 398
sorg 388
sorgfullr 388
st 360
stt 385
sfa 397
sgr 397
skja 360
sma 360
smr 360
sti 398
str 398
sulbogi 311
sull 311
sg 311
sgn 311
sk 315
skk 318, 325
skkva 318, 325
slr 316
sngr 318
srvi 319
sp 363
spa 361
spaning 362
spann 362
spnn 364
spr 364
spara 362
sparr 362
sparri 363
spengja 361
speni 362
spenja 362
spenna 362
spenzl 362
sperra 363
spettr 365
spik 365
spk 365
spiki 365
spil 365
spilla 364
spinna 364
spra 365
spjald 363
spjall 363
spjalla 363
516 INDICES
spjalli 363
spjt 364
spjr 364
spor 367
spora 367
sporr 367
sporhundr 367
spori 368
sporna 367
spott 368
spotta 368
spotti 368
spng 361
spnn 362
sprr 363
sprrhaukr 363
sprkr 367
sprek 366
sprengja 366
spretta 366
springa 366
sproti 367
sprunga 367
spja 365
spyrja 367
spyrna 367
spta 368
stafastr 368
stafesti 95
stai 373
stalausa 239
stalauss 368
star 368369
stafa 368
stafn 371
stafr 368
stafrf 306
stag 369
staka 370
stakkr 370
stakr 370
stakra 370
stl 369
stalli 370
stallr 370
stamma 371
stamr 370
standa 371
stapi 372
stappa 371
stara 372
stari 372
starr 372
staup 373
staurr 373
stauta 373
stla 369
steja 372
stefna 368, 371, 373
steggi 369
steina 370
steinbogi 369
steinborg 369
steindelfr 70
steinhs 369
steinn 369
steinofn 369
stekkr 370
stela 374
stelkr 374
stelling 374
stemma 371
sterkr 372
sterta 372
stertr 376
sttt 377
steypa 373
steyta 373
steytr 373
sta 377
sta 378
stig 377
stga 378
stigr 377
stgr 378
stigreip 377
stika 378
stikill 378
stilla 374
stinga 374
stinnr 375
stirr 375
stira 379
stirtla 376
stjaka 374
stjaki 374
stjar 375
stjarna 375
stjrn 377
stjrr 377
stjlr 374
stjpbarn 376
stjpdttir 376
stjpfair 376
stjpmir 376
stjpsonr 376
st 379, 382
sthross 379
stmerr 379
stofa 382
stokka 383
stokkr 383
stll 379
stor 383
storkna 384
storkr 384
stormr 384
strr 379
sta 379
stra 379
st 369
stugr 368
stull 373
stkkr 371
stkkva 371, 375
stng 371
stpull 372
str 381
strangligr 380
strangr 380
straumr 380
strengja 380
strengr 380
str 381
stra 382
strr 382
strind 381
strjka 381
strnd 380
strtr 382
strkva 382
stubbr 382
stuill 382
stfr 384
stka 384
stund 383
stunda 383
stpa 384
sttr 385
stuttr 383
styja 382
stfa 384
styggr 383
stykki 383
stynja 383
stynr 383
stra 377
stri 377
strimar 376
styrja 384
styrma 384
styrr 384
stytta 383
s 310
s 388
sur 387
surnn 387
su 385
sga 388
sl 389
sullr 398
sultr 398
sum(b)l 386
sumardagr 386
sumarlangr 386
sumarr 386
sumart 386
sumr 385
sumra 386
sumrungr 386
sund 386
sundr 386
sundra 387
sunna 387
sunnan 387
sunr 388
spa 389
sreygr 389
srr 389
sv 397
sva 392
Svfaland 395
svala 390
svangr 391
svanr 391
svar 391
svara 392
svarf 391
svarfa 391
svrr 396
svartr 392
svsligr 396
svss 396
svla 396
svra 393
svefja 389
svefn 392
sveia 389
sveigja 389
sveima 389
sveimr 389
sveinn 390
sveipa 390
sveipr 390
sveitask 390
sveiti 390
svelgja 394
svelgr 390
svell 394
svella 390, 394
svelta 390, 394
sver 395
sverberendr 395
sverfetill 395
sverfa 395
sverja 391
svfa 397
svik 396
518 INDICES
svikall 396
svkva 397
svimi 397
svimma 394
svn 397
svina 396
svnhirir 397
svinnligr 394
svinnr 394
svipa 396
svipr 396
svri 395
svppr 391
svrr 391
syri 387
syfja 385
sya 385
sja 329
sykn 393
syll 394
sylla 385
syn 386
syngva 324
sni 323
snn 322
sr 389
syrgja 388
ssl 326, 388
systir 395
t 399
taa 398
tafn 398
tg 406
tagl 398
tak 400
taka 400
tal 400
tl 406
tala 400401
talg 400
tlma 400
tamr 401
tandri 401
tangi 401
tanna 401
tannlauss 401
tapa 402
tappi 402
tr 399
tara 402
targa 402
trughlra 399
taska 402
taufr 402
taug 403
taumr 403
tla 406
t 403
teja 398
teigr 399
teikn 399
teikna 399
teina 399
teinn 399
teita 400
Teiti 400
teitr 400
telja 400
temja 401
tenda 401
tengja 401
teppa 402
teygja 402
teyma 403
t 407
ta 407
tifa 406
tfurr 406
tigi 406
-tigr 403
tk 407
tilr 407
tma 408
timbr 404
timbra 404
tmi 408
tin 407
tindr 404
trr 408
titra 407
tu 404
tundi 403
tjald 404
tjlgr 404
tjara 405
tjr 405
tjra 405
tjn 405
t 408
toddi 411
tog 411
toga 411
toginn 405
tlf 413
tlfti 413
tmr 408
toppr 412
topt 412
tordyll 451
toryll 413
torf 412
torfa 413
torfri 110
tma 408
tng 401
tnn 401
trani 220
traust 409
traustlauss 409
traustligr 409
traustr 409
tr 409
treja 408
tregi 409
treysta 409
tro 410
troa 410
trog 410
troll 410
trollkyndr 223
tros 411
tr 408
tr 411
tra 411
trr 411
trygg 410
tryggja 410
tryggr 410
Tryggvi 410
trygill 410
trylla 410
tumba 411
tn 413
tundr 412
tunga 412
tungl 412
tv 415
tvau 415
tvr 415
tveir 415
tvnn 414
tvinna 414
tvisvar 414
tyggja 213
tygill 411
tylft 414
tna 405
tyrfa 413
415416
ara 418
ak 415
akka 416
amba 415
na 418
anan 416
ar 416
arf 417
arfa 417
arfr 417
armr 417
at 417
ttr 423
gr 423
efa 418
efja 415
egja 415
egn 418
egngildi 418
ekja 415
ekkja 416
ekkr 416
el 419
engill 416
enja 416
erligr 417
erna 375, 419
erra 417
ttr 421
exla 419
eyja 418
eyr 418
eysa 418
eyta 418
iurr 422
iggja 418
ili 420
ilja 420
n 423
ind 420
ing 420
inga 420
inghs 420
inglogi 250
ingmar 420
ingstar 420
sl 421
istill 419
j 419
jarfr 421
jarka 421
j 423
j 423
jann 422
jkonungr 422
jland 422
jvegr 422
jfr 422
jokkr 419
jokkva 419
jna 418
jnusta 419
jrr 423
jta 423
418
okki 429
520 INDICES
ola 428
ollr 428
pta 428
ora 429
ori 429
orn 430
orna 430
orp 430
orskr 430
orsti 430
ot 430
ttr 429
rf 417
r 425
rr 426
ramma 424
rapt 424
rr 425
rasa 425
raut 425
rll 424
refa 424
rekkr 425
rekr 424
rennr 427
rep 426
reskldr 426
reyta 425
rii 427
rifgja 130
rr 425
rjta 426
rjtr 426
r 427
rngsl 424
rot 427
roti 427
rttr 427
rmr 424
rng 424
rngr 424
rngva 424
rstr 425
rhamarr 428
rga 427
ruma 427
rtinn 428
rymill 427
rymr 427
ryngva 426
rsta 428
428
fa 431
ulr 428
umalngr 431
umlungr 431
ungr 428
unnr 429
unnvangi 429
ur 429
urr 430
urs 429
sund 431
v 431
vl 431
vengr 431
verkyrfa 225
verr 432
a 422
erskr 422
r 423
f 422
422
ykkja 429
ykt 419
ynna 429
yrft 429
yrill 432
yrnir 430
yrsta 430
yss 430
ytr 431
fr 436
ugla 436
ug 190
kr 224
ulfr 473
ull 474
Ullr 474
umb 434
una 475
und 434, 474
unda 474
undan 434
undir 434
undorn 434
undr 474
ungi 208
ungligr 207
ungr 207
unna 435
unnr 435
upp 435
upphaf 147
uppi 435
uppstertr 376
uppstiga 377
ups 432
r 437
ur 476
Urr 475
rigr 437
rr 437
urt 476
usli 436
t 437
tan 437
tarr 437
ti 437
uxi 433
v 441
va 438
v 460
vaa 438
var 438
vfallr 91
va 438
vaa 437
vafra 437
vg 460
vaga 439
vagga 439
vagn 439
vgr 460
vaka 441442
vakinn 441
vakka 447
vakna 442
vakr 442, 445
vkr 445
val 442
vala 444
vald 443
valda 443
valdr 443
valdreyri 442
valfall 442
valhnot 444
valir 444
valk 444
valka 444
valkyrja 442
valr 443
valskr 444
valtr 444
vamm 445
vammlauss 445
vn 461
vanask 447
vanda 446
vandr 446
vangi 447
vangr 446
vangsni 438
vanheill 445
vani 447
vanr 446
vanrtti 301
vansa 447
vpn 461
vpnlauss 461
vappa 447
vr 461
vara 449450
vara 448
varhs 448
varmar 448
vargr 448
vargtr 448
varglfr 463
vari 450
varligr 447
varmr 449
varna 449
varnagli 449
varp 450
varr 447
vrr 435
varta 450
vaska 450
vtadrfa 462
vatn 451
vtr 462
vttr 439
vax 439
vaxa 439
va 460
vgi 460
vgja 460
vgr 460
vna 461
vnd 461
vnn 461
vringi 461
vrr 461
vta 462
vtt 453
vttr 452
v 466
ve 438
veja 438
ver 452, 459
verdagr 451
verleikr 452
vefa 451
vefja 438
vefr 437
vega 452, 465
vegalauss 452
vegfarandi 452
veggr 439, 441
vegnest 452
522 INDICES
vegr 452
vegsama 317
vei 440
veia 441
veiimar 441
veir 441
veifa 440
veig 440
veikjask 440
veikligr 440
veikr 440
veina 440
veipa 441
veisa 441
veit 441
veita 441
vekja 442
vekra 442
vel 454
vl 451
veldi 443
velja 444
vella 444, 453
velta 444, 454
venda 446
venja 447
veptr 452
ver 449
vr 460
vera 459
ver 457
vera 457
verglasi 135
verligr 457
verr 458
verja 449451
verk 456
verka 457
verkdagr 456
verkhs 456
verki 457
verkmar 456
verma 449
verld 462
verpa 457
verpill 450
verr 457, 463
verri 457
verstr 457
verj 463
vesa 458
vesall 458
vesl 458
vestan 459
vestrnn 459
vetr 455
vexa 439
vdd 465
vi 464
va 465
vibeina 464
vfamr 465
vir 468
vija 464
vir 462, 464
vr 465
vira 452
vf 464
vfandi 465
vg 465
vigg 452
vgharr 465
vgja 465
vgligr 465
vgmar 465
vgr 465
vgsla 465
vgsk 465
vk 466
vika 462
vkva 466
vil 453
vili 453
vilja 453
villibr 454
villidr 454
villr 454
vimpill 454
vin 455
vn 467
vnbelgr 466
vnber 466
vnbyrli 466
vinda 454455
vindr 454455
vndrukkinn 466
vindslot 352
vnfat 467
vngarr 467
vnhs 467
vinna 455
vinr 455
vinstri 455
vntr 467
vira 458
virgill 456
virki 457
virkja 457
vrr 467
virtr 457
vsa 468
vsdmr 467
vsi 468
visinn 467
vsir 441
visk 463
vsligr 467
visna 463
viss 463
vss 467
vist 459
vsundr 463
vit 459, 463
viti 464
vti 468
vitka 468
vitki 468
vitlauss 463
vitr 464
vitugr 464
vxl 462
vxla 462
vvi 451
vk 442
vkr 442
vldugr 443
vllr 445
vlr 445
vlt 444
vmb 445
vndr 446
vndull 446
vr 449
vrr 448
vrn 449
vrr 450
vttr 447
vxtr 439
yr 433
ykkar 84, 208
ylgr 474
lir 205
miss 272
ynglingr 207
yppa 435
r 203
yra 475
yri 475
yrki 476
yrkja 476
skja 475
ta 437
524 INDICES
Icelandic
banga 35
bulla 62
dulinn 81
gill 135
gloppa 137
hljur 176
hneikja 179
hnissa 180
hnokki 181
hslaukr 196
hvella 200
hvolfr 198
l 232
leja 231
lepja 236
maka 257
maltr 258
mjaurt 265
moltinn 267
pota 293
prik 293
prika 293
sangr 318
skolpa 348
skrkja 344
skrlta 344
skrr 347
snorkinn 357
spai 361
spla 365
strokkr 382
tja 399
ta 403
tota 413
l 421
vs 462
vinstr 447
vippa 462
vkull 442
volgr 443
Norwegian
aul 29
baus 40
beitel 33
blakra 47
bradd 55
brake 54
bringe 55
brusk 59
budda 61
bsa 65
busk 64
digen 72
dott 80
drynja 77
dryn 77
ade 105
fnas 109
fyr 96
frakkr 111
gamp 125
gr 135
glan 135
glma 136
glm 137
glora 137
gluma 137
glyra 137
gnadra 137
gnarra 138
grymta 140
hegn 150
hendig 159
labb 231
lygn 250
melde 266
ns 289
orre 436
s 470
ma 470
plug 292
orel_index_f2_524-570 7/6/04 7:19 PM Page 524
rams 184
rand 297
rind 302
rsa 310
rust 195
skadd 331
skank 334
skarra 336
skere 335
skramp 344
skravla 342
skrella 344
skrkka 344
skvelpa 348
slidra 350
slump 352
sl 352
slka 352
smaul 278
smeita 352
smele 353
smolt 353
snerpa 357
snpa 358
snr 359
snott 359
snukka 359
snt 360
syra 320
spit 365
splint 365
spytta 368
st 377
stm 378
stokka 375
strpa 382
strak 380
strekkja 380
strika 381
strop 382
strypa 381
str 385
svabba 389
svarmr 391
svma 397
svintoks 415
syl 329
tot 413
treda 409
treen 410
trykkja 427
tvinga 431
tvisl 414
tvist 414
varulf 463
veis 441
vexa 439
vond 446
Old Swedish
ljes 15
bagn 32
Biari 43
b 52
brdhin 56
bunka 62
dggia 67
da 72
diunga 70
nlker 8
fste 95
ft 89
na 103
fux 117
gadder 121
gjalla 131
glda 136
Gotar 147
Gutar 147
hlith 155
hela 152
hinna 169
hundari 193
hv 199
hvr 199
jmliker 82
koadel 2
krootas 222
krsta 221
lkir 244
lpi 241
liuske 243
l 250
lrikia 234
molda 275
mor 277
mt 274
mugga 275
niupa 180
oghn 433
padda 291
prang 293
rita 306
skiuva 339
skrva 344
skrunken 344
smlta 353
sno 358
526 INDICES
spana 361
spinnil 364
sprda 366
staga 368
stra 381
svr 393
tr 409
ryskia 426
umi 431
thvna 432
vlla 453
valmoghe 269
vappel 447
via 461
vta 468
Swedish
ba 395
ag 3
armbge 23
bark 37
brnad 58
brind 55
brsa 60
dill 70
dodra 78
gl 131
glimma 136
gnida 138
griopa 140
hackspick 365
harv 162
hasselnt 164
hwte 202
jordbr 85
jordnt 85
knagg 217
kolk 223
kulk 223
lefverrt 245
loppa 251
mes 256
mjldagg 266
modd 278
myra 268
ndtharf 282
rtagrd 435
pamp 291
pipa 292
raka 296
regnorm 300
skofvel 347
skolla 345
skorf 346
skratta 344
skrubba 345
skuldra 345
smacka 353
smaka 353
sndra 387
strutta 382
trst 430
vase 450
yrga 476
yster 436
blaa 47
blstr 50
dokke 78
harm 163
kvade 227
mir 262
ms 274
sxte 322
slum 352
valm 444
volm 444
vrath 472
Danish
r 4
bille 46
fald 91
gjlle 131
kaa 211
quista 229
skrub 344
slaa 348
slaatorn 348
smelt 353
tvige 414
vann 447
Old Frisian
a 4, 10, 17
5
br 44
acht 20
achta 5
achtunda 5
af 1
aga 6
gbr 57
ge 29
k 29
ka 29
ald 13
alevna 13
alknia 248
alle 16
alond 4
n 9
and 18
andlofta 8
andlova 8
andswara 392
andwerda 475
appel 21
r 4
arb(i)d 22
re 30
armboga 23
skia 9
ter 10
aththa 27
axa 12
axe 5
axle 5
bg 39
bga 44
bken 39
balka 34
balumon 34
bm 39
ban(n) 36
band 35
banna 36
barg 37
baria 40
barna 54
basafang 92
bsafeng 40
bt 32
bata 38
be 44
b 46
be(i)th 39
Old Danish
bed 32
bedda 32
bede 45
bedrt 76
bedselma 324
beia 39
bek 33
bekward 448
bl 65
bn 32
bend 35
benethe 35
benk 36
ber 36
bera 41, 43, 64
berch 42
berd 36, 63
berde 64
berft 40
bern 37
bernls 37
bersta 56
bet 38
bta 52
betere 38
bthe 52
betst 38
beva 45
bida 43
bir 44
bda 46
bidda 45
bidia 45
bidriga 75
bifella 97
bifesta 95
biginna 132
bigrip 142
bihella 191
bihf 181
bihvia 181
bijta 133
bileka 240
bilva 247
binda 41
biseppen 330
bta 46
bitech 406
bithoda 422
bitze 33
biwellen 453
biwolven 200
blt 48
blu 49
bled 46
blda 50
528 INDICES
blenda 47
blesza 47
bl 49
blen 50
blka 49
blind 48
blinda 48
blindia 48
bld 50
bldich 50
bldrennand 50
bldrisne 50
blia 50
blma 50
bod 60
boda 61
bodel 64
bodem 61
bodia 61
bg 51
boga 61
bk 52
bkia 52
bona 36
bonia 36
bord 63
borgia 63
bsem 52
bste 35
bte 52
btls 52
brd 54
brdgenza 126
brand 54
brd 53
brda 57
brde 53
bregge 58
breid 59
breida 55
breidgoma 59
breidgomo 146
brein 53
breka 55
breud 53
briast 56
bringa 55
brk 57
brlop 59
brther 57
brouwa 56
browen 56
brka 60
brn 60
brust 59
buckia 61
bk 64
burch 63
burna 56, 58
buwa 52
bwa 53
calf 209
Crcland 221
dch 69
dd 69
df 69
damm 67
damma 68
dth 70
dw 70
dawa 70
dde 72
deeg 66
dei 66
deiwerch 66
del 67
dl 67
dla 67
dele 67
delga 78
delva 70
dma 73
demeth 271
dpa 69
derve 71
dir 71
diunk 68
diure 71
dochter 78
dol 81
dolg 78
dm 73
dracht 77
draga 74
drm 75
drentza 74
dripa 76
drinka 75
drva 76
drohten 77
dugethe 78
dumb 79
dne 80
dung 79
dr 68
dure 79
ds 81
dst 79
dve 80
dwa 73
dwalia 81
dwelia 81
ebba 1
edila 27
eft 2
efta 2
efter 2
egg 3
eggia 3
gin 6
ei 31
eide 3
ein 6
k 7
ekker 12
l 87
elde 14
ellemachtich 254
elles 15
elmechtich 12
enda 18
endia 18
enfald 8
engelsk 19
nich 8
ench 289
enst 21
epen 435
epenia 435
er 203
r 9
era 23
erch 23
re 11
erfnoma 289
erm 24
ern 31
erthe 86
erthfall 85
erthfest 85
erva 22
erve 22
ervia 22
esn 327
et 26
t 88
eta 86
th 10
thel 290
ethele 27
etheling 27
thma 87
etta 27
evel 433
vend 2
evenia 82
zen 7
f 92
fch 89
fal 91
-fald 90
falla 91
fmne 90
fana 92
fara 93
farderva 71
fatia 95
fax 89
fecht 89
feder 88
federia 88
fla 109
feld 97
fell 97
fella 91, 118
felo 98
fenne 92
fensze 92
fr 99
fra 110
ferch 100
fre 110
feria 93
ferost 120
ferwe 93
fest 94
fst 118
feste 95
festia 94
festna 95
fet 95
fethere 102
fethm 95
97
faern 300
al 199
fand 103
rda 96
ff 98
nda 99
nger 99
ra 99
rne 100
sk 103
skia 103
teria 102
uchta 96
r 121
wer 96
gia 105
sk 104
530 INDICES
ax 104
echt 108
ett 105
a 107
iga 106
ita 107
d 107
fdia 109
fga 109
fol 118
fola 118
folgia 117
folk 117
folwch 118
fora 119
forda 119
forma 116
formest 116
forsmia 354
forst 116
forth 121
ft 110
fr 112
frse 111
fr 112
frema 111
fremethe 111
frethia 115
fretho 115
frethols 115
fr 114
friaia 114
frhelse 114
frind 114
frist 113
frd 115
fugel 116
fl 121
fulla 118
furch 120
fynd 118
g 128
gd 122
gadia 122
gk 128
galga 124
game 125
gme 128
gn 133
gang 125
gra 123
garda 127
garsfelle 91
gat 128
gja 122
gelva 238
gelk 248
gendze 125
gr 123
gerdel 147
gers 140
gta 134
g 206
gled 135
gld 137
gles 135
gla 136
gliand 137
glda 136
glisa 136
glren 137
glpa 137
gnarren 138
god 145
gd 138
gold 145
gs 126
grt 141
gr 142
grd 143
greft 139
grne 143
grt 141
grta 144
grva 139
grim 141
grip 142
grpa 143
grs 143
gristel 144
grund 144
gulden 146
gunga 125
hch 166
had 165
hagia 150
halda 155
half 154
halia 156
hals 156
halsfang 156
halve 155
hm 152
hamer 158
hana 161
hna 166
hand 159
handelia 159
handls 159
hangia 160
hanxt 160
hp 166
hs 153
hasa 164
hst 151
hat 165
hatia 165
hved 165
hvedls 148
havek 148
hwa 167
hebba 147
-hd 151
hda 196
hde 167, 196
hef 147
hefta 149
hei 190
hia 166
heil 150
hl 151
hela 168
hla 152, 160
helde 192
helfte 155
hli 151
hlich 151
hligia 151
helle 156
helm 168
helpa 168
helpe 168
helpels 168
hemma 158
hemminge 158
hna 166
henda 159
hnde 166
henne 161
hr 153, 172
hra 167
herda 162
herde 162
here 163
hereberge 42
hereferd 162
herewei 162
herfst 161
herm 163
herne 195
hert 171
herte 170
herth 170
ht 153
hta 153
hthin 154
heva 149
hezil 154
hindera 173
hinderia 173
hingia 160
hirifolk 162
hit 172
hlakkia 174
hlpa 175
hlda 178
hldere 174
hlf 173
hlem 174
hl 177
hlid 177
hlda 177
hlot 178
hld 178
hnga 180
hd 165
hf 181
hof 190
hk 154
hol 191
hold 192
holda 192
holt 192
homelia 157
hp 182
hr 182
horn 195
horning 195
hors 189
hotha 196
hxene 160
hredda 183
hreg 189
hreil 183
hreka 184
hrne 183
hrra 189
hrrf 183
hrid 186
hrif 185
hring 185
hriouwa 186
hrs 187
hrve 187
hrf 188
hrpa 188
hrta 186
hu 160
hugia 190191
hund 193
hundred 193
hunger 194
hungera 193
hunig 193
hs 196
hsls 196
532 INDICES
hslse 239
hswerda 456
hve 196
hw 199
hwarf 198
hweder 199
hwenne 198
hwr 198
hwerva 200
hwet 199
hwte 197
hwla 201
hwle 201
hwt 201
iat 208
del 203
iechta 205
ielne 14
ien 122
iertel 206
ieva 130
ik 83
ili 15, 83
in 8384
inna 84
inra 83
inwrsze 472
re 86
is 86
s 204
sern 204
itsil 206
j 205
jder 87
jecht 205
jef 204
jeft 130
jeld 130
jelda 130
jelde 131
jen 204
jr 206
jernwine 127
jsel 135
jst 123
jest 127
jeve 130
jve 133
jogethe 207
jung 207
jungeling 207
kald 209
kan 210
kp 211
kapia 211
kpmon 211
kla 219
kella 209
kenep 209
kenna 210
kra 211
kerf 225
kerva 213
kessa 225
kest 226
ktha 224
kisa 213
kin 212
kining 224
kinn 224
kly 215
klne 214
kleppa 217
klva 216
klova 217
knapp 217
knecht 217
kn 218
knf 218
kole 223
kolk 223
korbirta 226
korbita 45
korn 225
koss 225
kreft 220
krenza 220
kronk 220
krpa 221
k 219
kuma 227
kth 224
ld 238
lf 237
lagia 231
lamb 234
lan 236
ln 239
land 235
lappa 236
lre 233
ls 239
lsta 233
laster 232
lathia 237
lva 232
lch 244
lda 232
lde 232
ledza 231
lf 243
lge 244
legor 240
leina 238
leine 250
leither 241
leken 234
lema 234
lemethe 234
ln 232
lena 177
lenden 235
lentze 236
lra 233
lerna 247
lsa 239
lesa 241
lst 244
lt 245
lta 244
lth 233
lethich 246
letta 237
letza 244
lva 232
li 247
la 247
liacht 242
lif 241
liga 242
lit 243
libba 245
lchte 240
lid 245
lidza 240
lf 247
ls 247
lk 247
lkia 248
lkoma 247
lne 248
lippa 241
list 246
lith 246
lth 249
ltha 248
liude 242
livere 245
lch 249
lof 249
loga 238, 250
lok 250
lokk 250
lom 234
londkp 235
long 235
lotha 252
lovia 249
lka 252
lungen 251
lust 251
macht 254
maga 253
makia 257
malt 258
mana 260
manich 259
manichfald 259
mann 260
mr 257
mar 261
mra 257
mst 256
mch 269
mede 265
mde 272
megith 253
mei 252
ml 270
mlia 263, 270
melka 267
melok 267
mn 255
mna 255
mne 255
mnth 255
menie 259
merg 264
merke 262
merkia 262
merrie 261
merth 261
meta 268
mta 274
mete 263
mi 83
midde 264
middel 264
milde 266
min 271
mn 83, 273
minnia 268
misdde 272
mislk 272
missa 272
mith 268
md 273
mdar 273
molde 275
mna 270
mnath 270
monia 259
monslachta 348
534 INDICES
mr 274
morn 276
morth 277
morthia 277
morthra 277
ms 274
mt 274
mther 274
mla 278
mund 275276
mundele 275
ms 278
mtha 276
nacht 279
naked 280
nama 280
namelik 280
namna 280
nt 282
nthe 287
navla 279
nd 282
nda 283
ndbende 282
ndle 287
ndskne 282
ndthreft 282
ni 286
neil 279
nema 284
nn 283
nera 281
net 281
nta 282
nette 282, 290
neva 283
nevil 283
ni 283
n 284
nita 285
nift 283
nigun 285
nigunda 285
nth 289
nither 289
nithera 289
nithria 289
noch 289
ngelik 289
nmia 289
nose 281
n 289
ofta 433
omma 17
onbl 49
ondser 391
ondwarde 475
ne 87
onkel 20
ord 436
se 433
ther 21
oven 433
over 433
ovirbulgen 41
oxa 433
pl 292
pand 291
panna 291
path 291
penning 291
pett 294
ppe 292
plicht 292
plch 292
pl 292
pot 293
qud 229
querka 228
quern 228
quetha 229
quik 230
quika 230
quinka 228
rd 299
rdrond 297
raeferd 23
rf 298
rfrd 295
rn 299
rp 296
rta 187
rvia 298
rd 295, 304
rda 303, 306
rde 304
rdieva 303
rdjeva 130
rdls 303
rein 300
reinboga 300
reise 296
rk 299
rka 295, 299
reka 301
rekon 301
rma 309
rene 308
reppa 184
reth 298
rethe 298
rethia 298
rtza 296
rika 303
rib 300
rda 305
rk 305
rke 305
rkedm 305
rinna 302
rsa 306
riucht 301
riuchta 301
riuchtelik 300
rva 305
rd 306
rder 307
rofe 189
rogga 308
rokk 308
rothe 307
rothia 309
rm 309
rumfara 94
ruogie 473
s 397
sadel 311
salt 316
sm 320
samenia 317
samin 317
samnath 317
sand 318
sanga 318
sannia 318
sanza 318
sth 320
sax 312
scf 336
schedda 345
schep 334
scilling 338
scipmann 340
scot 346
scrift 344
s 314
se 329
sburch 314
secht 385
sd 327
sedza 311
sege 311
seil 322
seka 314
ska 360
seke 315
sl 313
sla 312
sland 314
sle 314, 389
self 323
sella 316
selover 328
selvirn 329
senda 318
sr 313
sra 313
srlik 313
ste 328
seten 319
setta 319
sex 322
sexta 322
s 322
sia 323
sa 329330
sik 326
sitha 326
sib 320
sibbe 320
side 321
sde 329
sielden 323
sigun 321
sigunda 321
silrp 328
sm 330
sn 330
sind 458
sine 329
sinka 325
sinna 325
sinne 386
sitta 325
siune 322
siunga 324
skaft 331
skalk 332
skamia 333
skande 334
skt 337
skatha 336
skathia 336
skawia 337
skel 332
skeld 337
skelde 345
skne 336
sknia 332
skenka 334
skp 340
skeppa 334
536 INDICES
skera 338
skerd 335, 346
skere 335
skre 340
skern 335
skerp 335
sket 336
skete 347
sktha 331
skthe 332
sketta 347
skiata 339
skd 341
skifta 340
skilla 338
skna 341
skip 340
skipia 341
skre 341
skve 341
skch 342
skome 333
skrd 344
skrva 344
skl 347
skulder 345
skr 347
skre 347
skva 347
sl 348
slagia 348
slei 348
slp 350
slpa 349350
slm 351
slpa 351
slit 351
slta 351
sliucht 350
slta 350
smaka 352
smakia 353
smel 353
smere 353
smta 355
smith 354
smithe 355
snabba 355
sn 355
snde 355
snell 357
sns 356
sniewyt 355
sntha 358
snore 359
snotte 359
sol 385
song 318
sorgia 388
soth 388
spada 361
spn 364
sparia 362
spedelspring 366
spek 365
spera 367
spere 364
spa 365
spinna 364
splta 365
sponne 362
spot 368
spreka 366
sprendza 366
springa 366
sprta 366
spurna 367
stack 370
stall 370
stn 377
stap 371
stp 373
stapa 372
stapul 372
stareblind 372
stark 372
stathe 369
stathul 373
stavia 368
sted 369, 372
stef 368
stei 377
stek 378
steka 373
stekk 374
stela 374
stn 369
stnhs 369
stpa 373
stera 375
stert 376
sterva 375
stt 373
stta 373
stevene 371
stipdochter 376
stipfeder 376
stipmder 376
stipsunu 376
stirne 377
stf 378
stifne 373
stga 378
stge 378
stille 374
stth 375
stiura 377
stiure 377
st 380
stokk 383
stl 379
stonda 371
str 379
strm 380
str 381
strekka 380
strwa 381
strd 381
strda 382
strka 382
strotbolla 62
strumphelte 157
stunde 383
sulik 390
sum 385
sumur 386
sund 386
sunu 388
spa 389
sth 387
sther 387
sthern 387
swger 396
swale 390
swara 392
swarde 391
swart 392
swenga 391
swr 396
swera 391
swerd 395
swria 396
sws 396
swslik 396
swester 395
swt 390
swte 398
swethe 392
swir 393
swka 397
swma 397
swimma 394
swn 397
swinga 394
swire 395
swoll 398
tker 399
talia 400
tam 401
tm 403
tne 399
tange 401
tr 399
tver 402
te 408
tken 399
tkna 399
tele 401
tella 400
tma 408
tera 405
thach 418
than 415
thank 416
thekka 415
thekke 415
thenne 429
thenza 416
thr 416
therf 421
therm 417
therve 417
thervia 417
thet 310, 417
thich 423
thid 423
thif 422
thianest 419
thinia 418
thille 420
thn 423
thing 420
thingia 421
thingmon 420
thinka 429
thifthe 422
tholia 428
tholl 428
thonkia 416
thor 417
thorn 430
thorp 430
thr 425
thrd 426
thredda 427
threkk 425
thrna 427
throtbolla 427
thruc 421
thu 428
thma 431
thuner 429
thsend 431
thweres 432
thwinga 431
tia 405
tider 405
538 INDICES
tin 404
-tich 403
td 407
tiht 406
til 407
tilia 407
timber 404
timbria 404
tin 407
tiona 405
tre 408
tiuna 405
t 408
tocht 411
togia 411
topp 412
tth 401
trst 409
tr 409
treda 409
triwe 410
trog 410
tros 411
tn 413
tunge 412
turf 412
tusk 412
tw 415
twelef 413
twelefwintre 413
twn 415
twi(r)a 414
twl 414
twilifta 413
twne 414
twispon 362
twist 414
der 436
umbe 434
und 434
under 434
unegert 147
untfruchta 120
unwelde 443
up 435
uppa 435
ur 436
urdrift 76
urkin 108
ur-heria 163
urlisa 243
urskelda 345
urthringa 426
s 460
t 437
te 437
ter 437
uva 432
wch 440
wada 438
waja 460
wakia 442
wald 445
walda 443
walla 444, 453
walubera 445
wam 445
wamme 445
wna 461
wandel 446
wapul 447
wardia 448
ware 450
waria 449
warld 462
warm 449
warna 449
warte 450
wse 441
wax 439
waxa 439
webb 437
wed 438
wd 460
weddia 438
wedel 451
weder 452
wg 460
wei 452
wein 439
wekkria 442
wel 454
weldich 443
wemma 445
wn 461
wenda 446
wnia 440
wnthe 461
wpa 470
wpin 461
wr 461
wer 463
wera 449
were 457
wergia 476
werk 456
werka 476
werkia 457
werp 457
werpa 457
wersta 457
werth 457, 458
wertha 457
wesa 458
west 459
wt 441, 462
wta 441, 462
weter 451
wexa 439
w 460
wicht 453
wd 465
widubn 464
widwe 462
widze 452
wf 464
wga 465
wka 466
wike 462
wilde 454
willa 453
wimpel 454
wn 467
wind 454
winda 454
wine 455
winister 455
winna 455
winter 455
wirra 457
wirst 472
ws 467468
wsa 468
wsdm 467
wiss 463
wit 464
wita 464
wta 468
wte 468
wtgia 468
wtha 466
withe 464
wither 464
withersaka 315
wixlia 462
wlite 469
wker 469
wolf 473
wolken 474
wolle 474
wonder 474
wongare 446
wonia 446, 475
word 475
worm 476
wst 470
wrk 470
wreka 471
wrke 472
wretse 471
writen 473
wrgia 473
wrta 473
540 INDICES
wunde 474
wundia 474
zerl 210
zvia 214
Frisian dialects
arf 25
arve 25
balge 33
barwe 38
bergje 42
berm 37
bur 64
bsen 65
dafen 66, 415
dssel 419
driech 76
dwelm 81
eandje 4
eitel 10
t 103
ake 105
glopp 137
glor 137
glm 137
glmen 137
glpe 137
gnatern 138
grme 143
grum 143
grt 144
gulf 145
gumi 128
hall 156
hegge 150
hel 191
knjen 219
kkken 222
lsk 234
lk 247
lask 237
loaitsje 249
marig 261
ml 258
meau 256
mieu 256
mt 274
murt 277
nau 179
nesk 179
pol 293
rafel 294
reaf 294
remmen 184
rfen 187
rim 302
rip 306
ripe 306
riuwe 305
schakel 332
schalk 333
schalm 333
schjen 340
schl 339
seal 315
skite 342
skonk 345
skrieme 344
skrobb 344
sleau 349
slinke 350
slpe 350
smelte 353
snpen 358
spot 368
steam 376
steedfest 368
stek 370
stekke 370
stigt 377
str 378
stren 379
stjonke 375
stnt 383
strump 382
suen 385
swarven 391
sweifeln 389
swine 397
tge 406
terskje 426
todde 411
tommeling 431
tte 413
waei 197
waskje 450
wether 459
witls 463
wdte 465
wringe 472
Old English
10
abelan 34
ac 11
c 7
acan 11
cwern 7
d 6
adela 2
diefan 69
dimmad 70
10
etan 418
ercian 421
exe 4
ruten 428
stf 10
swara 392
arran 99
afol 2
freman 111
e 6
en 6
alc 3
nian 6
h 6
l 7
alan 12
alor 17
alynnan 251
m 7
ambeht 18
ambiht 18
ambyr 64
n 9
nboren 8
and 18
anda 18
ndaa 8
andbita 46
andefn 1
andfene 92
andiet 133
andlan 236
andsaca 315
andste 328
andswarian 392
andswaru 391
andwyrdan 475
nee 7
nfeald 8
nfte 8
ana 19
anel 19
nena 126
anseta 326
nhende 8
nhlepe 8
nrd 9
nstapa 9
nwealda 9
nw 9
apa 21
r 9, 11
ran 295
rencan 297
snian 313
ascian 9
scielfan 332
scilian 332
slwian 349
spretan 366
ast 26
stundian 383
atol 27
cen 7
cer 12
cerceorl 12
cerman 12
cern 12
cerweorc 12
cs 12
dre 87
ele 27
elin 27
elkund 223
elo 27
m 87
rot 427
f 1
funca 429
fen 2
ft 2
ftan 2
ftemest 3
fter 2
fterenel 125
fwerdelsa 456
11
87
ht 6
l 87
lan 7
led 7
lf 13
llyfta 8
lwiht 15
myrie 7
ni 8
nlc 8
ppel 21
r 9
rest 9
rist 304
rn 300
rnan 297
sc 26
sce 26
smou 355
sp 26
t 26
t 88
te 10
trpe 139
tor 10
twist 459
w 10
wan 6
wisc 6
bacan 33
baian 39
b 44
balca 34
bn 32
bana 36
banca 36
bannan 36
br 33
bt 32
bc 33
bdan 32
b 39
bhs 39
bl 44
br 38
br 40
brnan 54
bst 38
btan 33
be 44
542 INDICES
becen 39
beadu 32
be 39
behifa 130
beald 34
bealdor 33
bealu 34
bem 39
ben 40
beard 36
bear 37
bearm 37
bearn 37
bearnles 37
bears 38
bearu 38
bearwe 38
betan 40
bece 33
bce 51
bd 45
bedd 32
bedht 126
bedr 75
been 52
beinnan 132
behfe 172
behan 181
behwylfan 198
beldo 34
bel 33
belan 41
belfan 247
bellan 41
belle 41
belone 41
bemyldan 275
ben 35
bn 52
benc 36
bencel 36
bend 35
bendan 35
bennian 36
be 44, 46
bed 43
bedan 43
beoan 45
beofor 40
ber 44
beorc 43
beoror 43
beor 42
beoran 42
beorht 42
beorhtlc 42
beorn 43
beornan 56
bersele 44
bow 44
bera 43
beran 41
bere 36
beran 37
berian 37
berie 40
berst 56
berstan 56
berfan 298
besnyian 357
bet 38
btan 52
betre 38
betst 38
bicce 41
bd 45
bdan 46
biddan 45
betel 40
ban 39
biitan 133
bilewit 45
bill 46
bindan 41
bionot 41
birce 42
bircen 42
birhtu 42
bita 45
btan 46
btel 46
biter 45
bitol 46
blc 47
blanc 47
blandan 47
blt 47
blwan 48
blcan 47
bld 46
bldre 46
ble 50
blh()wen 49
blst 49
ble 48
blet 48
bldan 50
bldsian 78
blencan 48
blendan 47
blcan 49
blician 49
ble 49
blind 48
blo 50
bld 50
bldi 50
bldred 50
bldyrnende 50
blt 51
bltan 51
blwan 50
blysa 48
Boba 51
bc 52
bcian 51
bcstf 51
bod 60
boda 61
bodan 61
bodian 61
bo 51
boa 61
bian 51
bold 64
bolla 62
bolster 62
bolt 62
br 62
bord 63
borda 63
bordaca 63
borian 63
brian 64
bsi 35
bsum 52
bt 52
brd 53
brand 54
brandrd 54
brant 54
brc 53
brdan 53, 5657
brde 53, 57
brdo 53
brd 53
bren 53
bred 54
brec 55
brecan 55
bredan 55
bremman 55
breord 55
brost 56
brostbeor 56
bretan 56
brewan 56
brid 55
brimld 57
brindl 56
brinan 55
brc 55, 57
bro 59
bror 57
brorbana 58
bron(e) 58
brord 59
br 60
brcan 60
brn 60
brna 58
brce 60
bryc 58
brd 59
brduma 59
bryne 58
bryrdan 59
brytan 54
brytta 59
bryttian 59
b 65
ban 52
bucc 61
bucca 61
ban 43
bula 62
br 65
bur 63
burna 58
ban 53
bycan 61
be 61
byht 61
bl 65
byldan 34
bylan 62
byrdan 63
byre 64
byrele 64
byrene 43
byran 63
brian 64
byrne 58
byrst 64
bsen 65
cf 208
calan 208
calu 209
camb 209
can 210
canne 210
carian 211
carl 210
ceald 209
cealdian 209
cealf 209
cep 211
544 INDICES
cepman 211
cepscip 211
clan 219
cemban 209
cne 219
cenep 209
cennan 210
ce 211
cel 213
ceole 212
ceorfan 213
ceorlfolc 210
cesan 213
cewan 213
cpan 219
ciern 213
cild 212
cle 223
cin 212
cnan 214
cinbn 212
cinber 212
cipp 214
cirm 210
citelian 214
clam 214
clatrun 215
clawan 215
clfre 215
cl 215
clne 214
clenan 215
clefan 216
cleowe 216
clewea 215
cla 216
clif 216
clfan 216
clian 216
clifrian 216
climban 215
clinan 216
clott 217
clufu 216
clt 217
clynian 217
clyppan 217
cnapa 217
cnwan 218
cnpp 217
cnedan 218
cne 218
cnf 218
cniht 217
cnotta 219
cnucian 218
cnuwian 219
cnyllan 219
cnyssan 219
cnyttan 219
codd 222
cfa 222
cl 219, 223
colc 223
colt 223
cop 224
coran 225
corn 225
cornhrycce 189
cornhs 225
cos 225
costian 226
cot 226
craan 220
crammian 220
cran 220
cranoc 221
crft 220
crt 221
cras 221
crepan 221
crimman 221
crinan 221
cr 220
crop 222
cruma 222
cryb 222
crypel 222
c 219
c 224
cuman 227
cumbol 223
cunnian 224
cwnian 226
cweddian 226
cwean 229
cwelan 227
cwellan 227
cwme 230
cwn 230
cwne 228
cweorn 228
cweornstn 228
cwic 230
cwice 230
cwide 227
cwidu 227
cwi 230
cwildtd 227
cwincan 228
cwis 229
can 224
cu 223
cyn 224
cynd 224
cyneboren 224
cynehelm 224
cynewie 223
cynin 224
cynindm 224
cyninrce 224
cpan 211
cyrf 225
cyrtel 225
cyssan 225
cyst 226
cyte 226
cytel 211
daian 66
daro 68
dd 72
d 66
de 67
dlan 66
dweorc 66
dl 67
dl 67
dlan 67
ded 69
da 70
ded 70
def 69
deh 69
deall 79
dear 68
delfan 70
delu 70
dman 73
Denamearc 68
dencan 68
denn 70
dep 71
deplc 71
der 71
deorc 71
dere 71
deorf 71
deorfan 71
dile 70
dim 70
docce 78
dhtor 78
dol 81
dol 78
dm 73
dmhs 73
dn 73
dr 79
dosen 80
dott 80
dox 80
draan 74
drn 76
drfan 74
dre 74
drem 75
drfan 77
drencan 74
dro 76
drean 75
drepan 7576
drer 75
dresan 76
drepen 75
drif 76
drfan 76
drincan 75
drince 75
drf 77
dropa 77
druncen 77
druncnian 77
drupian 78
dryht 77
dryhten 77
drync 77
dryre 77
dfan 80
dfedoppa 80
duu 78
dumb 79
dn 80
dun 79
drustod 79
druweard 79
dust 79
dwala 81
dwalian 81
dwellan 81
dweor 81
dwild 81
dwnan 81
dwolema 81
dfan 80
dynce 79
dyne 79
dynian 79
dynt 79
dyrst 79
dyttan 80
an 415
anan 416
anc 416
ancian 416
c 415
der 418
546 INDICES
r 416
t 417
eh 418
earf 417
earfa 417
earan 417
earc 417
earm 417
eccan 415
ean 418
een 418
eenilde 418
el 419
encan 416
enden 416
enel 416
ennan 416
od 423
edcynin 422
eden 422
odisc 422
edland 422
edwe 422
ef 422
eh 423
en 421
eorf 421
ot 430
etan 423
ew 419
owe 419
ewian 419
erscan 426
erscwold 426
icce 419
ican 418
f 422
fefeoh 422
ht 421
ilian 420
ille 420
n 423
in 420
inian 421
instede 420
irran 417
sl 421
istel 419
oft(e) 428
he 416
ht 429
olian 428
oll 428
orn 430
raan 424
r 424
ran 424
rwan 426
rd 426
rft 424
ran 424
rs 424
rsce 425
rat 425
rewian 425
rece 424
retan 426
r 425
ridda 427
rinen 427
rinan 426
rste 427
rtan 425
rh 424
roht 427
rostle 425
rotu 427
rh 427
rustfell 428
ryccan 427
r 428
rymm 427
428
f 431
ma 431
unor 429
unrian 429
unwan(e) 429
urh 421
urst 430
send 431
wan 431
wal 431
wen 431
weorh 432
wnan 432
wirel 432
yle 428
mel 431
yncan 429
ynne 429
yrne 430
yrnen 430
yrre 430
yrred 430
yrs 429
yrstan 430
ys 430
e 5
ec 29
eca 29
ed 28
eden 28
edi 28
adocce 5
efynde 28, 118
eete 28
eafora 2
edru 28
ee 29
eahta 5
eal(l)hwt 12
ealce 16
ealceald 16
eald 13
ealddm 13
ealdor 14
ealdord 14
ealdorl 14
ealh 14
eall 16
eallbeorht 16
eallmihti 12
ealluna 16
ealmihti 13
ealu 16
ealubenc 17
ealuhs 17
ealwealda 13
enian 4
ear 4, 29
eard 23
ere 30
earfe 25
earfo 22
earfoian 22
earfowielde 443
ear 23
earh 23
earm 24
earmba 23
earmheort 24
earmlc 24
earn 24
earnep 129
earnet 133
earnian 31
ears 25
earte 25
ease 30
est 30
estan 30
ester 30
estern 30
ewan 28
eax 5
eaxel 5
ebba 1
ce 11
ec 3
ecan 3
edcerr 82
edwt 468
ea 86
elturf 291
efen 82
efes 432
efesian 1
efnan 1
efnlc 82
eee 3
eenu 3
eesa 3
elan 4
land 4
ele 4
ellen 15
ellenwd 469
elles 15
elm 83
eln 14
elnboa 14
elnian 15
nd 18
ende 18
endeles 18
endian 18
endleofan 8
ened 21
ene 19
Enle 19
enlisc 19
eodor 82
eofor 82
eh 203
eoh 83
eolh 14
eom 458
eorcnanstn 84
eorburh 85
eorbyr 63
eorcund 85
eore 86
eorfst 85
eorhnutu 85
eorhs 85
eorwe 86
ered 83
eorl 85
eormencyn 85
eormenrund 85
eorp 85
eorre 86
eosul 25
eten 86
ewd(e) 31
ewu 31
548 INDICES
erfe 22
erian 23
esne 26
st 21
etan 86
etol 86
ettan 27
westre 31
fcen 90
fcenstf 90
fh 89
falod 91
fm 90
fana 92
fan 92
faran 93
faru 94
fcne 90
fder 88
fdera 88
fm 95
fmian 95
f 89
fe 89
fen 88
fenian 89
fmne 90
fr 102
fr 93
fran 102
freld 92
frlc 102
fsl 94
fst 94
fstan 95
fstian 94
fstlc 94
fstnian 95
ft 95
ftan 103
feald 90
fealdan 91
fealh 91
feallan 91
fealu 91
fearh 93
fearm 93
fearn 94
fearr 94
fewa 96
feax 89
fdan 109
fdesl 109
fa 99
feer 102
feerfte 96
feerhama 102
fan 109
feht 89
fela 98
flan 109
feld 97
fell 97
fellen 97
felt 97
fen 92
fen 92
fenhp 182
foa 103
feoh 97
feoheorn 97
feohhs 97
feohtan 96
fel 103
folan 97
fend 103
fera 96
feorh 100
feorhifa 100
feorhrd 100
feorhsec 100
feorr 99
feortin 101
fewer 96
fewerscte 96
fran 110
fere 110
ferian 93
fersc 115
fted 110
fetel 95
fetian 95
fetor 102
ere 102
ersn 101
ff 98
feald 98
lm 97
nc 103
ndan 99
ner 99
nn 103
n 103
ren 100
renian 100
renweorc 100
ren 99
sc 103
scian 103
tt 101
h 104
n 104
axe 105
c 104
sc 104
e 105
eax 104
dan 107
ean 106
ee 106
eohta 106
en 107
et 107
etan 107
et 105
icce 107
ite 106
int 107
c 108
ocan 108
occ 108
d 107
h 108
ohtenfte 106
r 108
ot 109
ota 109
otian 109
wan 108
uol 108, 116
ye 108
yht 108
fns 109
fnsan 109
fola 118
folc 117
folcdryht 117
folcland 117
folde 117
foldwe 117
folian 117
folo 117
folm 118
fn 92
fr 119
ford 119
fordemman 68
fordwilman 81
for 121
forian 121
fre 119
forewitol 464
foran 122
forht 120
forhylman 191
forlesan 243
formyrrian 277
forn 119
forstemman 371
fster 110
fsterbror 110
fsterfder 110
fsterland 110
fsterlen 110
fstermdor 110
fstersweostor 110
ft 110
ftspor 110
fox 117
fram 111
framian 111
franca 111
frc 111
fre 112
frec 113
freca 113
frcne 116
frenan 113
freht 113
freme 111
fre 114
freo 113
frean 114
frelsefa 114
frend 114
frendlau 237
fresan 113
frdhenest 115
fri 115
friian 115
friles 115
frols 114
frd 115
froa 116
frost 116
frox 116
frum 116
fuol 116
fl 121
full 118
fullian 118
fulwian 466
furh 120
furhwudu 120
fs 119
fyld 91
fyllan 91, 118
fyllu 118
fr 121
fyrest 120
fyrhtan 120
fyrhtu 120
fyrmest 116
fyrn 101
fyrnmann 120
fyrst 113
550 INDICES
fsan 119
fst 118
d 122
l 122
alan 124
lscipe 122
amen 125
amnian 125
amol 125
n 133
an 125
anan 125
nian 126
r 123
ra 123
t 123
delin 122
rsrne 140
st 123
st 127
ten 123
- 128
206
ec 128
e 128
ealdor 124
eala 124
ealtrow 124
ealla 124
ealtbor 125
eap 129
er 206
eard 126
earn 127
earnwinde 127
earu 127
earwe 127
eat 128
eelian 28
ebann 36
ebte 33
ebedda 32
eberan 41
ebirhtan 42
eblond 47
ebroc 58
ebrot 59
ebyrd 63
eclofa 217
ecor 226
ecwme 229
edafen 66
edafenian 66
edfe 73
edr 73
edrep 75
edrf 76
edwolen 81
eancmetian 268
eawenian 418
eiedan 422
eidan 422
eot 430
eweran 432
efara 94
efen 96
efeterian 102
eerian 102
eo 108
efre 113
efylce 118
eldan 137
en 122
erind 141
erip 142
ehew 167
ehendan 159
ehlencan 175
ehror 190
ehyd 190
elc 248
elca 248
elfan 238
eloccian 250
elonda 235
emaca 257
emd 254
emded 254
emlan 270
emne 255
emenifealdan 91
emet 268
emierce 262
emimor 271
emun 275
emynd 275
n 122
enan 286
enman 287
eneah 279
enet 282
enan 126
ene 125126
en 289
enyht 289
e 207
eoc 207
eocian 207
ecor 206
eu 207
ehheld 205
ehhol 205
eoht 206
olmna 205
eolu 131
emor 206
eon 204
eond 205
eon 207
eonlin 207
eorn 132
etan 133
erd 304
erdan 295
eriere 303
erna 310
esllc 327
este 328
esceaft 331
esceap 334
esc 342
escyrded 335
es 325
esleccan 349
esnid 358
esod 388
esian 319
espann 362
esprant 366
esprce 367
esteald 370
estealla 370
estun 383
estyr 384
esund 386
eswele 390
eswell 394
eswiria 395
etal 400
etene 401
etmian 408
etne 413
etyrfan 413
ewe 460
ewealc 444
ewne 461
eweorp 457
ewesa 459
ewild 443
ewis 463
ewuna 447
ewyrce 476
ewyrde 475
ewyrht 476
ede 423
iccan 207
icel 206
ie 121
ienan 122
ielde 124
iellan 131
ielp 131
ielpan 131
iernan 132
ierwan 127
if 204
ifan 130
ifol 130
fre 134
ifstl 130
ift 130
ifu 130
ild 130
ilda 131
ildan 130
in 134
nan 134
sel 135
slian 135
ist 206
it 208
uli 205
ladian 135
ld 135
ldlc 135
lm 135
ls 135
lem 135
law 136
ld 137
lida 136
ldan 136
lisian 136
lw 136
lf 137
lm 137
lwan 137
naan 137
nst 138
nt 138
ndan 138
d 138
od 145
odfyrht 144
dlc 138
odweb 145
ian 128
old 145
oldbeorht 145
oldhroden 145
oldsmi 146
ma 139
or 146
orst 147
552 INDICES
s 126
shafoc 126
otan 147
rafan 139
ram 139
rnian 140
ranu 140
rp 139
rpian 142
rd 142
rdi 142
rf 139
rfe 139
rft 139
r 142
rs 140
rtan 142
ret 141
remettan 140
remian 140
rne 143
rennian 140
ret 141
rtan 144
ren 141
rhund 141
rim 141
rma 143
rimlc 141
rindan 141
rpan 143
ripe 142
rsan 143
ristbitian 45
ristel 144
rost 144
rwan 143
rund 144
rundles 144
rt 144
146
bord 146
fana 146
hwt 146
uma 146
und 146
cer 207
yldan 146
ylden 146
man 128
me 128
ypiend 134
yrdan 147
yrdel 147
habban 147
haca 154
hacele 154
hacod 154
hd 151
hdor 151
hafoc 148
haa 150
haosteald 150
hl 151
hlian 151
hli 151
hlstn 172
hlwende 151
hm 152
ham 158
hamelian 157
hmettan 152
hmfaru 152
hamor 158
hana 161
hand 159
handbana 159
handle 159
handlian 159
handmen 159
handseax 159
handweorc 159
handworht 159
hanian 160
hr 153
hara 164
hs 153
hasu 164
ht 153
htan 153
hatian 165
hatol 164
hwian 337
hen 154
hendm 153
hfen 147
hfer 148
hft 149
hftan 149
hftnian 149
h(e)l 150
horn 149
htesse 150
hl 151
hlan 152
hle() 155
hlsian 152
hlu 151
hman 152
hn 161
hnep 159
hpse 164
hr 172
hre 172
hrfest 161
hrfestmna 161
hrn 185
hsel 164
hselhnutu 164
hst 151
hst(e) 151
htan 153
htt 165
h 172
heauder 165
heaf 147
hefod 148, 165
hefodbe 148
hefodbeor 42
hefodles 148
hefodweard 148
heh 166
hahbeor 165
hehheort 165
hehsele 166
hehstede 166
hela 166
heald 155
healdan 155
healf 154155
healfded 154
helic 166
heall 156
healm 156
heals 156
healsfan 156
han 166
hap 166
heard 162
hearde 162
heardheort 162
heardlc 162
heardrd 162
hear 164
hearm 163
hearma 163
hearmian 163
hearpe 163
hearpestren 163
hearpslee 163
hewan 167
hebban 149
heden 148
hefe 148
he 148
he 167
hee 150
hla 160
helan 168
hlan 182
hell 156
hellerne 155
hellewte 156
helm 168
helma 168
help 168
helpan 168
hemman 158
hemmin 158
henest 160
hentan 161
heofoncund 169
heofonlema 169
heofontunol 169
heolstor 191
hopa 171
heordan 167
heor 170
heorot 171
heorra 171
heorte 170
heoru 171
here 163
herefolc 162
heremann 162
herewd 162
herewpen 163
herewe 162
herewp 163
herian 163
herian 167
hete 165
hettan 165
hider 172
hean 167
hierde 169
hiere 172
hho 166
hild 168
hildlata 237
hilt 168
hincian 169
hind 169
hindan 172
hinder 173
hindrian 173
hion 169
hit 172
hitt 173
hwisc 173
hladan 175
hlf 173
hland 174
hlw 174
hld 173
hlder 174
hlne 174
554 INDICES
hleahtor 173
hlepan 175
hlec 240
hlehhan 173
hlenca 174
hleor 176
hler 176
hletan 176
hlow 177
hlid 177
hl 177
hlimman 175
hlinian 177
hlw 177
hlot 178
hlwan 177
hld 178
hlutor 178
hldan 178
hlyn 178
hlyst 178
hlyt 178
hlwan 177
hnh 179
hncan 179
hnan 138
hnan 179
hnpp 179
hnppan 179
hnew 179
hnesce 179
hnan 180
hnipian 180
hntan 180
hnitu 180
hnocc 181
hnora 181
hnutu 181
hc 154
hd 165
hf 181
hof 190
hofer 190
hoa 191
hoian 191
hh 160
hhsinu 160
hl 182
hol 191
holc 191
hold 191192
hlian 182
holm 191
holt 192
hn 160
hoppian 194
hr 182
hrcwene 182
hord 196
hre 182
horn 195
hornboa 195
hornsc 195
hornunsunu 195
hors 189
horsc 195
hose 195
hrca 187
hrra 183
hramma 184
hrn 183
hratian 184
hrw 183
hrcan 187
hr 185
hrfn 182
hrel 183
hrec 185
hrem 185
hrew 185
hreddan 183
hr 188
hri 189
hremman 184
hred 186
href 186
hrel 183
hresan 186
hrewan 186
hrowe 187
hrowlc 186
hreppan 184
hrran 189
hridder 187
hr 188
hrif 185
hrm 187
hrmceald 187
hrin 185
hrinan 186
hrine 186
hrs 187
hrisel 187
hrissian 187
hrc 188
hrf 188
hrp 188
hrpan 188
hrr 189
hre 190
hrm 190
hrtan 186
hryc 189
he 194
hfe 196
hulc 191
hund 193
hundred 193
hunor 194
huni 193
huniswte 193
hs 196
hsel 194
hsian 197
hw 199
hwder 197
hwer 199
hw 197
hwl 197
hwnne 198
hwr 198
hws 198
hwt 199
hwte 197
hwtecorn 197
hwtemelu 197
hwealf 197198
hwearf 198
hwearan 198
hwelan 200
hwelp 200
hweou 201
hwel 199
hweorf 200
hweorfan 200
hwer 200
hwsan 201
hwettan 199
hwl 201
hwirfan 198
hwt 201
hwtan 202
hwtel 202
hwpan 202
hwsan 202
hwsta 202
hwstan 202
hwurful 200
hw 201
hycan 190
hd 196
hdan 196
hye 190
hyeanc 190
hyern 190
hyldan 157, 191
hyldu 192
hyll 191
hymele 192
hnan 166
hn 166
hynran 193
hype 194
hran 167
hyrd 194
hyrdan 162
hre 171
hyrne 195
hyrst 195
ic 83
del 203
ides 72
an 30
e 30
ee 30
ierfa 22
4
iil 203
ildan 14
ildu 14
ile 83
ilfetu 13
in 84
inca 84
incer 84, 208
inn 83
innan 84
innanweard 84
inne 83
innera 83
inwid 451
inwidda 451
inylfe 433
ir 23
ren 204
irfan 22
irfenuma 289
irfeweard 22
irman 24
irnan 302
s 204
is 86
sceald 204
sensmi 204
sern 204
w 203
lc 233
lcan 232
lcnian 244
ld 232
l 233
laian 237
lwende 233
lf 232
lau 231
556 INDICES
lahslit 351
lamb 234
land 235
landsidu 235
lane 236
lan 235
lanian 236
lanlfe 235
lr 233
lwerce 234
lccan 234
lce 244
ldan 232
l 244
lfan 232
ln 232
lppa 236
lran 233
ls 244
lst 233
lst 244
lstan 233
lt 237
ltan 244
lwan 245
led 238
leor 239
lef 237238
la 238
lah 238
leahter 232
lan 232, 239
lepp 239
les 239
lessaol 311
lesun 239
leax 232
lecan 231
leer 241
leerhose 241
lf 243
leer 240
lemian 234
lenan 236
len 236
lenu 236
led 242
ledan 242
le 243
leian 243
lesan 243
lef 241
lec 241
lean 242
leht 240, 242
lema 242
len 247
leornian 247
lew 231
lesan 241
lettan 237
lc 247
liccian 245
lican 240
lchama 247
lcian 248
lcmann 247
lid 245
li 246
l 241, 249
lan 248
lf 247
lfan 238
lfd 247
lifer 245
lian 245
les 247
lc 247
l 238
lnan 238
lhtan 241
lhtan 243
lim 246
lm 248
limhl 246
limpan 240
ln 248
lind(e) 240
lne 248
linnan 246
lippa 241
lsan 239
list 246
lste 248
listhendi 159
lxan 242
loc 250
locc 250
lcian 249
loa 252
lof 249
lofeorn 249
loan 249
l 249
lh 236
loppe 251
los 251
losian 251
lox 250
lcan 252
lundlaa 251
lunen 251
ls 252
lust 251
lustsumlc 251
ltan 252
lybb 249
lyft 249
lyen 250
lystan 251
lysu 237
lyt 251
lytel 248
m 257
macian 257
maa 264
mum 256
maa 253
mau 253
mh 254
ml 254
man 259
mn 255
mn 255
mnfull 255
manian 259
manian 259
mani 259
manifeald 259
mann 260
manncynn 260
mannfaru 260
mannian 260
mannles 260
mannlca 260
mnswara 255
mra 257
mse 256
mst 256
mwan 269
mxwyrt 256
mc 257
mdere 252
m 271
mel 263
mlan 263
m 252
m 269
m 253
m 269
men 253
menian 253
menweorc 253
mer 253
ml 269270
mle 270
mlsceafa 258
mnan 255
mran 270
mru 270
mre 262
mre 255, 270
mst 263
mte 271
mw 256
m 83
meaht 254
meahti 254
meahtles 254
mealmstn 258
mealt 258
mearc 262
mearcian 262
mearcland 262
mear 261
mearh 261, 264
mearu 262
mec 83
mce 269
medema 265
medurn 265
medume 265
meduwyrt 265
me 274
melcan 266
meld 258
melde 266
meltan 267
melu 267
mene 260
meniu 259
mennisc 260
meodu 265
meolc 267
meolcian 267
meord 272
mes 269
mewle 254
mere 261
merece 262
mereswn 261
merien 276
mersc 261
metan 268
mtan 274
mete 263
metebl 263
meteles 263
metian 263
metod 268
micel 265
micellc 265
miclian 265
mid 268
558 INDICES
midd 264
middaneard 264
midde 264
middel 264
midl 268
midlian 265
man 273
mierran 262
man 272
milde 266
mildaw 266
milisc 266
miltan 258
min 271
mn 83, 273
mirce 268
miran 276
misbyrd 272
miscian 272
misdd 272
mislc 272
missan 272
missere 272
mist 271
mistel 271
misteltn 271
mite 273
md 273
mdewinna 455
mdi 273
mdor 273
mdsefa 273
moe 278
molda 275
molde 275
moldwe 275
mna 270
mna 270
monu 260
mr 274
mor 277
moror 277
morweorc 277
more 276
moren 276
morenifu 276
ms 274
mos 277
mt 274
m 276
ma 276
ma 278
mund 275
murnan 277
ms 278
myce 275
mycern 127
myne 276
myr(i)e 276
myrra 277
naca 280
nacod 280
nafela 279
nafu 279
nafur 279
nama 280
nn 283
nasu 281
nata 281
ndl 287
ndre 286
nl 279
nss 281
ntan 280
ne 283
n 283
nediness 282
neh 286
nehfrend 286
nehm 286
nehwest 286
nearu 281
net 282
nebb 279
nan 281
nefa 283
nemnan 280
neoan 287
neoera 289
nes(i)an 284
netan 285
nerian 281
neriend 281
nesan 284
nest 284, 287
nestan 284
netele 281
nett 281
nette 282
nicor 287
nd 282
ndearf 282
ni 289
n 289
nier 289
niere 289
nierian 289
nedan 283
nift 283
nioa 285
nion 285
niht 279
niman 284
nwe 284
noran 289
norwe 289
nose 289
n 289
nytt 290
nyttian 290
er 21
ian 18
ofdle 67
ofen 433
fer 290
ofer 433
oferte 88
oferblice 49
oferapian 126
oferitol 133
oferian 432
oft 433
hsta 290
ht 20
kian 29
on 17
onbidian 45
onbyran 63
oncnwe 218
onan 290
onhaian 150
onn 435
onse 312
open 435
openian 435
r 290
or 436
ord 436
orete 134
orteard 435
orwe 465
s 21
sle 17
st 26
oter 436
oxa 433
pd 291
pl 292
panne 291
p 291
penin 291
pc 292
pinn 291
ppe 292
plen 292
pliht 292
pl 292
pl 292
posa 293
potian 293
pott 293
pren 293
prician 293
pricu 293
pun 293
pytt 294
r 295
raca 296
racca 297
racente 296
racu 296
rd 295
ranc 297
rand 297
rp 296
rrian 296
rcan 295
rcc 297
rd 304
rdan 303
rdbana 303
rde 295, 304
rden 295
rdifa 303
rdles 303
rdsnotor 304
rfter 294
rpan 296
rpsan 294
rran 296
rsan 304
rw 295
red 299
raan 298
rc 299
rcan 299, 307
reccan 296
recen 301
ren 300
renboa 300
renian 294
renscr 300
renweard 294
renwyrm 300
recan 303
red 302
redan 302
rema 303
retan 303
repan 305
rest 298
ribb 300
rce 305
rcedm 305
560 INDICES
rdan 305
r 306
rfe 305
rift 304
riht 300301
rihtan 301
rihtun 301
rm 305
rima 302
rinc 302
rind 302
rpan 299
rpe 306
rsan 306
rocc 308
rd 306
rer 307
rofen 303
rmi 304
rt 307
rw 307
rwan 306
rudu 307
rh 309
rm 309
rn 310
rnstf 310
rust 309
ryddan 307
rye 308
rhe 309
rman 309
ryne 308
rne 310
rysc 309
s 312
sacan 314
sacian 315
sacu 315
sda 312
sadol 311
sadolboa 311
sau 311
sl 313
sala 316
salu 316
samen 317
samnian 317
samod 317
samwist 317
smwyrcan 328
sand 318
sandcorn 318
san 318
spe 313
sr 313
srbt 313
srlc 313
swan 327
swel 314
s 314
sbur 314
scc 315
sd 310
sd 327
sdor 314
sdtma 327
ssc 314
sen 311
slan 312, 327
sland 314
sl 315
sl 327
smann 314
sne 313
sp 319
st 328
ste 328
swe 314
scnan 332
sceacan 332
sceacel 332
sceaca 331
scedan 331
sceadd 331
sceadu 331
sceadwian 331
sce 332
sceaa 336
sceaian 336
scef 336
scafa 331
sceafan 330
scet 331
sceaft 331
sceaftto 411
sceaa 331
sceal 332
scealc 332
sceala 332
scealu 333
sceam 333
scem 339
sceamian 333
sceamles 333
sceamu 333
sceanca 334
scep 340
scear 335
scer 340
sceard 335
scearn 335
scearp 335
scearu 335
scet 337
sceta 337
sceatt 336
scewian 337
scean 336
scelfan 337
scellan 333
scelle 333
scencan 334
sce 341
scefan 339
sceolh 338
sceorfan 339
scet 339
scetan 339
sceran 338
scd 341
sciftan 340
scild 337
scildan 337, 345
scildbur 337
scildhrea 185
scilfe 337
scilsc 332
scilian 338
scill 332, 338
scillan 338
scillin 338
scma 341
scimian 340
scimrian 340
scnan 341
scne 336
scinu 340
scip 340
sciprd 340
scipmann 340
scippan 334
scipstera 341
scr 341
scran 342
scirian 335
sctan 342
sco 347
scan 342
sch 342
schwan 342
scop 346
scorf 346
scorian 346
scort 346
scoru 346
scot 346
scotian 347
scrd 343
scrallettan 344
scrapian 344
scrf 334
scrad(e) 344
screpan 344
scran 344
scrie 344
scrfan 344
scrift 344
scrincan 344
scrd 345
scrybb 344
scrdan 345
scfan 347
sculdor 345
scr 347
scwa 347
scyld 345
scyldfrecu 113
scyldhete 153
scyndan 345
scyrte 346
scyte 347
scytel 347
scytta 347
se 310
se 320
sealf 315
sealan 315
sealh 315
sealma 324
sealt 316
sealtan 316
sealtft 316
sealtstn 316
sem 320
ser 320
serian 320
searo 319
sew 320
seax 312
scan 360
sec 312
secan 311
secrf 307
sdan 361
seddan 311
san 318
sefa 311
sfte 318
sel 322
selian 322
seht 312
seldan 323
seldlc 323
seldsne 323
sele 315
seleist 315
562 INDICES
seleweard 315
self 323
selfta 88
sellan 316
sman 360
sencan 318
sendan 318
senan 318
soc 326
sed 326
soan 326
seofoa 321
seofon 321
seolfor 328
seolforsmi 329
seolfren 329
seolh 323
sen 323, 330
seonu 329
seonuwealt 444
seoran 325
sewan 329
serc 319
sess 325
set 325
seten 319
setl 326
settan 319
sibb 320
sibbian 321
sc 330
sd 329
sde 329
sidian 321
sidu 321
s 325, 330
sian 325
sife 328
san 329
sie 322
sie 322, 328
siel 385
siorian 322
sma 330
simble 324
sn 322, 330
sinc 325
sincan 325
sind 458
sinder 324
sinan 324
sinrne 324
sittan 325
six 322
sixta 322
slh 348
slhorn 348
slpan 350
slw 349
sl 348
slc 349
sld 348
slp 350
slen 348
slec 348
slee 348
sldan 351
slidrian 350
sle 351
sliht 348
slm 351
slincan 350
slinan 350
slpan 349
slipor 351
sltan 351
slw 351
sloca 352
slop 352
sluma 352
slpan 350
smacian 353
smcc 352
sml 353
smte 352
smean 353
smah 353
smelt 353
smecan 354
smeortan 353
smeoru 353
smerian 353
smicer 354
smi 354
smibel 354
smie 355
smiian 355
smirels 354
smirwan 354
smtan 355
smittian 354
smocc 355
smolt 353
sman 354
snaca 356
snacc 356
snw 355
snwhwt 355
snd 355
sndan 355
sndin 355
sns 356
snsan 356
snear 356
snearu 356
sneel 357
snell 357
snewan 358
snr 359
sncan 358
snan 358
snwan 358
snd 358
snoru 359
snot 359
snotor 359
snd 360
snyian 359
sntan 360
snytru 359
scn 360
s 318319
scwde 229
slc 319
sword 319
sol 385
sm 360
sopa 388
soppe 388
sor 388
sorian 388
sorhfull 388
st 360
spca 361
spada 361
spanan 361
span 361
spann 362
spannan 362
spanu 362
sparian 362
spr 362
spearca 362
spearhafoc 363
spearwa 363
sped 361
spelc 363
speld 363
spell 363
spellian 363
spennan 362
spennels 362
spere 364
spic 365
spc 365
spild 363
spildan 364
spinel 364
spinnan 364
spr 365
spwan 365
spiwe 365
spn 364
spor 367
spora 368
spornan 367
spwan 364
sprc 366
sprdan 366
sprecan 366
sprenan 366
spret 364
sprin 366
sprinan 366
sprota 367
spyrd 367
spyrian 367
spyrnan 367
staca 370
staca 369
staol 373
staan 368
stam 370
stamerian 371
stn 369
stnboa 369
stnbur 369
standan 371
stni 369
stapa 372
stapol 372
starian 372
st 372
stan 373
stf 368
st 369
ster 369
stnan 370
stppan 372
str 372
strblind 372
steall 370
stem 376
step 373
stearc 372
stearn 375
steartlian 376
stede 369
stedefst 368
stedeles 368
stefn 368, 373
stefna 371
stefnan 371
stefnian 373
stela 374
stelan 374
stencan 371
stepbearn 376
564 INDICES
stepcild 376
stepdohtor 376
stepfder 376
stepmdor 376
stepsunu 376
ster 377
steorfa 375
steorfan 375
stermann 376
steorra 375
steort 376
stepe 371
sticca 374
stice 378
stician 378
st 375
steran 377
stf 378
sti 377
st 378
stan 378
stirp 377
stlan 369
stle 369
stillan 374
stille 374
stincan 375
stinan 374
stpan 373
stocc 383
std 379
stod 382
stdhors 379
stdmere 379
stofa 382
stl 379
str 379
storc 384
storm 384
stw 380
stwian 379
strand 380
stran 380
strc 380
strl 381
strem 380
strew 381
strewian 381
streccan 380
stren 380
strenlc 380
strcan 382
strdan 382
stund 383
stunian 383
stunt 383
stycce 383
styntan 383
styria 384
styrian 384
styrman 384
s 389
scan 388
san 387
serne 387
sufel 385
san 388
suu 385
sum 385
sumer 386
sumerlan 386
sund 386
sundor 386
sundrian 387
sunne 387
sunor 387
sunu 388
span 389
sr 389
sreede 28
sre 29, 389
ssl 326, 388
sw 397
swau 392
swamm 391
swn 390
swan 391
swpan 390
swt 390
swlan 396
swr 396
sws 396
swslc 396
swtan 390
swealwe 390
sweard 391
swearm 391
sweart 392
swebban 389
swefan 392
swefel 392
swefen 392
swefnian 393
sw 397
swan 397
sweel 393
sweer 393
swele 385
swehor 393
swelan 393
swelc 390
swelan 394
swellan 394
sweltan 390, 394
swenc 391
swenan 391
sweora 395
sweord 395
sweordberende 395
sweorfan 395
sweostor 395
swr 393
swerian 391
swic 396
swcan 397
swicn 393
swicol 396
sw 394
swan 395
swlc 394
swfan 397
swma 397
swimman 394
swn 397
swincan 394
swinan 394
swnhyrde 397
swipe 396
swt 398
swylt 398
syan 385
sl 389
syll 394
symbel 386
symerinwyrt 386
syn 386
syndrian 387
tacan 400
tcn 399
tcnian 399
tcor 399
the 399
talian 400
talu 401
tam 401
tn 399
tan 401
tare 402
taru 402
tt 400
tcnan 399
tl 398
tl 400
tl 406
tlan 406
tppa 402
tsan 400
ttan 400
te 408
tafor 402
te 403
teaor 398
tem 403
ter 399
terihler 399
teld 404
tela 404
tellan 400
temian 401
tendan 401
tenan 401
tea 403
teohh 403
ten 405, 407
tena 405
teors 405
teran 405
teter 405
tiber 406
td 407
tierwe 405
-ti 403
tan 403
tiht 406
til 407
tilian 407
till 407
tma 408
timber 404
timbran 404
tn 404
tin 407
tnan 405
tind 404
tinne 405
tr 408
tiran 402
titt 407
t 408
t 401
tles 401
toian 411
th 401
thldan 177
tl 408
tm 408
topp 412
tordwifel 413
torht 413
torn 413
tot 413
totrida 304
towhs 408
tredan 409
treddan 408
trea 409
trem 409
566 INDICES
trew 409410
trewan 410
trew 410
trewe 410
trewen 410
trewloa 250
treppan 409
tr 409
trod 410
tro 410
tr 411
trum 411
trw 411
trwian 411
t 415
tumbian 411
tn 413
tune 412
tune-rum 427
tunol 412
turf 413
tusc 412
tw 415
twen 415
twelf 413
twelfta 413
twelfwintre 413
twe 414
twene 414
twi 414
twin 414
twisla 414
twislian 414
twist 414
twiwa 414
tyel 411
tyht 411
tynder 412
der 436
f 436
ufan 432
ufera 432
ufeweard 432
hthlem 174
le 436
unc 224
und 434
under 434
undern 434
undernmete 434
underwrdel 473
unecoren 225
unelef 237
unilde 131
unhrlc 171
unholda 192
unld 244
unlne 238
unnan 435
unsl 327
unsle 327
up 435
uppe 435
r 437
rifeera 437
s 460
ser 435
t 437
tan 437
te 437
tor 437
tsiht 385
w 440
wc 440
wacian 442
wclc 440
wacol 442
wacor 442
wacu 442
wadan 438
wadu 438
w 441
w 440
waian 439
walu 444
wamb 445
wamm 445
wan 446
wana 447
wand 446
wandian 446
wan 446
wane 447
wanhl 445
wnian 440
wanian 446447
wpe 441
wapol 447
warenian 449
warian 449
waru 449450
wse 441
wt 441
wcan 440
wcnan 442
wd 438
wd 460
wdian 460
wan 441
wfan 440
w 460
wn 439
wl 443
wlcyre 442
wldrer 442
wlfeall 442
wltan 444
wpen 461
wpenles 461
wr 447, 450
wr 461
wrlc 447
wscan 450
wsp 438
wstmbre 44
wt 462
wta 462
wtan 462
wte 462
wter 451
wterelt 244
wterwrite 473
w 460
we 441
wedd 440
wealcan 444
wealcian 444
weald 443, 445
wealdan 443
weal 443
wealh 444
wealhhafoc 443
wealhhnutu 444
weallan 453
wealte 444
weard 448
weardian 448
weardmann 448
wear 448
weartrew 448
wearm 449
wearn 449
wearp 450
weart 450
weax 439
weaxan 439
webb 437
webbian 438
weccan 442
wec 439
wecan 438
wdan 469
wedd 438
weddian 438
weder 452
wederd 451
wederian 452
we 470
weer 459
wefan 451
we 452
wean 452
wefarende 452
weles 452
wenest 452
wel 454
weldd 453
weler 456
weli 453
wman 470
wemman 445
wn 461
wnan 461
wendan 446
wenian 447
wenn 447
weorc 456
weorcd 456
weorchs 456
weorcmann 456
weor 457458
weoran 457
weorian 458
weorlc 457
weorold 462
weorpan 457
wpan 470
wer 449, 463
wered 463
werewulf 463
werena 461
werian 449450
wri 470
wesan 458
wesend 463
wesle 459
westan 459
wste 470
westerne 459
wc 466
wcan 466
wic 452
wicu 462
wd 465
wde 465
wdfme 465
wdanol 126
wdscriol 344
widu 462
widuwe 462
wie 464
wier 464
wierbreca 55
wierweard 464
wiobn 464
wiella 453
568 INDICES
wf 464
wifel 451
w 465
wan 465
wbedd 466
wheard 465
wmann 465
wh 466
wiht 452453
wilddor 454
wilde 454
wlisc 444
will 444, 453
willa 453
willan 444
wilm 444
wilwan 445
wimpel 454
wn 467
wnbel 466
wnberi()e 466
wnbyrele 466
wind 454
windan 454
wndruncen 466
windwian 456
wine 455
winestra 455
wnft 467
wnhs 467
winnan 455
winter 455
wntrew 467
wr 467
wirdan 448
wiran 448
wir 448
wirman 449
wirrest 457
wirs 457
wirsa 457
ws 467468
wsa 468
wisc 463
wsdm 467
wse 468
wsian 468
wslc 467
wisnian 463
wist 459
wit 459
wita 464
wtan 468
wte 468
wtea 468
wteian 468
witer 464
witi 464
witles 463
witod 464
witt 464
wxlan 462
wltian 469
wlisp 469
wltan 469
wlite 469
wd 469
Wden 469
wh 447
wolcen 474
wm 469
wp 470
word 475
wordian 475
wordi 475
wordws 475
wor 476
ws 470
wracu 471
wr 471
wran(a) 471
wrc 471
wrc 472
wr 471472
wrne 470
wrstan 471
wrecan 471
wreccan 471
wran 473
wran 473
wriian 471
wrinan 472
wrist 472
writ 472
wrtan 473
wrt 473
wrtan 473
wulf 473
wull 474
wund 474
wundian 474
wundor 474
wundorson 474
wunian 475
wynn 475
wyrcan 457, 476
wyrd 475
wyran 476
wyrm 476
wyrmeard 476
wyrpel 450
wyrt 476
wyrtwalu 445
wscan 475
435
yfel 433
ymb 434
yppan 435
ysel 436
tan 437
Middle English
bre 44
bendel 35
blwe 48
brim 5657
budde 61
busch 64
busche 64
cake 208
cleat 215
cnak 217
cob 222
cwd 229
depthe 71
dinen 70
doder 78
drift 76
driten 76
droppe 77
ake 105
glenten 136
gloume 137
helpless 168
herne 170
hoors 153
houseleek 196
knagge 217
knarre 217
lske 243
love 249
male 257
mawen 257
mne 274
mt 274
muteren 278
bang 35
bar 37
bloat 47
brake 54
cag 208
calf 209
clammer 215
dab 66
edge 108
eet 107
fud 116
gnarr 138
gnatter 138
hull 191
hump 193
leer 236
mood 273
mother 278
mud 278
note 290
oam 7
quack 227
rot 309
saw 311
sleet 349
snub 359
spink 365
squack 348
stacker 370
swab 389
swoop 397
ted 398
tether 405
thaw 418
tod 411
wack 442
whiting 202
nre 285
nippen 180
padde 291
pocce 293
prange 293
rapen 184
rash 297
reken 301
rowe 189
rowne 189
ryppen 309
scthen 332
schfe 341
schrken 344
schrillen 344
shreame 344
shrimp 344
sloppe 352
slghe 352
snpe 358
snwen 356
snte 360
someren 386
570 INDICES
sparre 363
sprenten 366
spten 368
sterten 372
stilte 374
stocken 383
stolpe 383
stripe 381
strut 382
strt 382
stubbe 382
sumertid 386
sweigh 389
swpen 390
tim 158
tip 405
tyke 407
wappen 447
wase 450
welde 445
whte 202
wippen 462
wrh 470
English
Old Saxon
abal 2
band 2
abuh 2
adali 27
-dmian 73
um 87
af 1
afheldian 157
afsean 311
aftan 2
aftar 2
agana 3
aha 5
ahar 4
ahaspring 366
hldian 178
ahorn 5
ahsla 5
ahto 5
ak 11
akkar 12
akus 12
al 16
l 87
alah 14
alahwt 1213
alamahtg 12
alathioda 12
alawaldand 16
alawaldo 13, 443
ald 13
aldar 14
aldarlagu 14
althian 234
lsian 239
alu 16
alund 16
alung 16
ambaht 18
ambsan 65
an 17
anafang 92
anawni 461
and 18
ando 18
andsaco 315
andwurdi 475
andwurdian 475
angar 19
no 87
anst 21
answebbian 389
antkennian 210
antlang 236
anud 21
apo 21
appul 21
apuldra 21
aran-mba 31
arbelgid 34
arbth 22
arbthi 22
arm 24
armlk 24
arn 24
aro 25
ars 25
aru 25
arut 25
s 21
ask 26
ast 26
at 26
t 88
athrotan 426
athumzuht 411
avaro 2
awerdian 448
badu 32
bg 44
bak 33
bald 34
balu 34
baluwso 468
ban(n) 36
banei 35
bank 36
bannan 36
bano 36
bar 40
bra 38
barm 37
barn 37
baron 40
barug 37
bath 39
be 44
bed 32
beda 45
bdian 32
beginnan 132
beki 33
beldian 34
belgan 41
bn 32
bendi 35
beniwunda 35
beran 41
berg 42
orel_index_f3_571-628final 7/6/04 7:19 PM Page 571
572 INDICES
bergan 42
berht 42
berhtlk 42
beri 40
berka 43
bero 43
brswn 33
bet 38
betaro 38
bthia 52
bew 44
ba 46
bibn 45
bdan 46
biddian 45
bidelban 70
bidbian 69
biddian 69
bidn 45
bidriogan 75
bidwellian 81
bifelhan 97
bigetan 133
bihldan 177
bihullean 191
bihwelbian 198
biklban 216
bilemid 234
bilban 247
bill 46
bilkan 252
bindan 41
binet 41
bini 46
biod 43
biodan 43
biril 42, 64
birka 42
bisenkian 318
btan 46
bitengi 401
bittar 45
biwellan 453
blad 46
bldara 46
blo 49
blk 47
blek 49
bl 4950
blkan 49
blind 48
blindi 48
blthi 49
bld 50
bldag 50
bljan 50
blmo 50
blth 48
blth 48
bodal 64
bodo 61
bodom 61
bggebo 39, 130
bgian 39
bk 52
bka 51
bkan 39
bkia 51
bkstaf 51
bollo 62
bm 39
bna 40
bord 63
borda 63
born 64
bsom 52
bta 52
btian 52
Bvo 51
brdo 57
brakn 54
brand 54
branderda 54, 295
brd 53
brdian 53
brekan 55
bressemo 53
brestan 56
bringan 55
brinnan 56
brd 54
brthar 57
brd 59
brdigomo 59
brdloht 59
brugdun 55
bruggia 58
brkan 60
brunnia 58
brunno 58
brnrd 60
b 65
ban 5253
buggian 61
bla 65
bland 65
br 65
burdian 63
burg 63
bursta 64
dd 72
dag 66
dagwerk 66
dal 67
danna 68
dar 68
dl 67
dlian 67
derbi 71
dilli 70
diop 71
diupi 71
diuri 71
diuritha 71
diurlk 71
dan 73
dd 69
dg 69
dohtar 78
dokka 78
dol 81
dm 73
dpian 69
dor 79
dosan 80
dth 70
dragan 74
drn 76
drban 76
drinkan 75
driopan 76
driosan 76
drbi 77
drbian 77
drohtn 77
drm 75
dropo 77
drr 75
druhtfolk 77
dba 80
dumb 79
dung 79
dunian 79
dwalm 81
d 6
ed 82
edor 82
dstaf 10
ef 82, 204
efni 82
eft 2
gan 6
eggia 3
egisa 3
egitha 3
egithassa 4
ehuskalk 83
ei 11
k 7
ld 7
eld 14
elina 14
elira 15
ellean 15
elleban 8
ellifto 8
n 9
ndago 8
endi 18
endils 18
endion 18
nfald 8
engi 19
engitha 19
nhard 8
nig 8
nlpe 8
o 10
r 9, 11
erbi 22
erbiward 22
erian 23
erida 23
rist 9
erit 25
eriwit 10
erl 85
ertha 86
erthhs 85
es 203
scon 9
esil 25
etan 86
th 10
ethili 27
ettho 86
ttor 10
evurspiot 364
ewi 31
f 96
fadar 88
fagan 88
fagann 89
fhan 92
fahs 89
fal 91
-fald 90
faled 91
fallan 91
falu 91
fano 92
faran 93
fardwolon 81
farcan 108
farliosan 243
574 INDICES
farlust 251
farm 93
farman 259
farskundian 345
farsturian 384
farthrot 427
fartar 437
farwarht 476
farwurht 476
fast 94
fasta 95
fastnn 95
fastunnia 95
fat 95
feara 102
fedarhamo 102
fgi 89
fh 89
fehtan 96
fehu 97
fehugiri 132
fkan 90
fkni 90
feld 97
fell 97
fellian 91
fmea 90
feni 92
ferah 100
ferian 93
fernun gre 100
ferr 99
fersna 101
festian 94
ff 98
faldra 98
lu 98
ndan 99
ngar 99
fond 103
oro 96
rihos 100
rina 100
rinwerc 100
rrian 99
rst 113
sk 103
skn 103
ttea 101
ur 121
war 96
aka 105
ehtan 106
sk 104
et 105
iohan 107
iotan 107
d 107
kan 108
otn 109
ugi 108
uht 108
fdian 109
fgian 109
fohs 117
folda 117
folgon 117
folk 117
folo 118
fora 119
-ford 119
forht 120
forhtian 120
frian 110
formo 116
forth 121
ft 110
fr 112
fram 111
fremithi 111
fremmian 111
frsa 111
frthi 111
frithn 115
frithu 115
frithusam 317
friund 114
friuthil 114
frd 115
frho 112
frkni 116
frost 116
fra 112113
frum 116
fugal 116
fugalklovo 217
ful 118
fullian 118
fullon 118
furi 119
furia 120
furist 120
fs 119
fst 118
gabala 121
gaduling 122
galgo 124
galla 124
galm 125
galpn 125
gaman 125
gn 133
gang 125
gangan 125
gard 126, 129
gardo 127
garu 127
garwian 127
gast 127
gat 128
geba 130
geban 130
gebreuuan 56
geder 87
gegin 122
gehan 205
gl 122
geld 130
geldan 130
gelp 131
gelu 131
gent 282
gr 123
gern 132
gersta 132
gst 123
gt 123
g 206
giarmod 24
gibeddio 32
giberan 41
gibilla 130
giblthid 48
gibod 60
gibrennian 54
giburd 63
giburian 64
gidrg 74
giervan 22
gifagiritha 89
giflian 109
gifri 110
gifrgi 113
gigengi 126
gihnian 166
gihugd 190
gihungrian 193
gihwervian 198
gikunnon 224
gilk 248
gilbian 238
gimako 257
gimalan 257
gimarkn 262
gimd 254
gimni 255
gimerki 262
gimet 268
gnan 134
ginesan 284
ginist 284
ging 289
giotan 133
girdi 304
girnian 132
girni 310
gsal 135
giscaft 331
gisellian 316
gisd 325
gisidn 321
gisthi 325
gisiuni 323
giskerpian 335
gisund 386
git 208
gital 400
gitiunian 406
gitriuwid 410
giwaragean 448
giweldig 443
giwennian 447
giwerthon 458
giwirki 457
giwit 464
giwono 447
glas 135
glasa 135
glau 136
gldan 136
glmo 136
gltan 136
glian 137
-g 128
gd 138
god 145
godforoht 144
gd 138
godkund 223
gdlk 138
godowebbi 145
gold 145
goldwivil 451
gma 128
gmian 128
-gt 129
grdag 142
graf 139
gram 139
gras 140
gravan 139
gremi 140
grim 141
grma 143
grimman 141
griot 141
grpan 143
576 INDICES
grs 143
grni 143
grt 141
grtian 144
grund 144
gdfano 146
guldn 146
gumo 146
gund 146
gthea 146
hf 158
haft 149
hagal 150
hagin 150
hago 150
hagustald 150
hhan 160
hako 154
hakth 154
halba 155
haldan 155
half 154
halla 156
haln 156
hals 156
hamar 158
hamustra 158
hand 159
handbano 159
handlon 159
handmagan 159
handwerk 159
hangon 160
hano 161
hanup 159
hr 172
hard 162
harm 163
harmo 163
harpa 163
hathu 165
haton 165
hatulo 164
havuk 148
he 172
hebantungal 169
hebbian 147, 149
hebig 148
hd 151
hdar 151
heftian 149
heil 151
hl 151
hlag 151
hlagn 151
helan 168
hli 151
hlian 152
helihelm 168
helith 155
hellia 156
helliwti 156
helpa 168
helpan 168
helsian 157
helta 168
hm 152
hme 152
hr 153
herdian 162
herevart 162
heri 163
heriberga 42
herin 163
herth 170
heru 171
ht 153
htha 154
hthin 154
heti 165
htian 153
hildi 168
hindan 172
hindi 169
hindiro 173
hiopo 171
hirdi 169
hirot 171
hwa 173
hwiski 173
hlamn 174
hlanka 174
hleo 177
hleor 176
hlid 177
hlinn 177
hliotan 176
hlt 175
hld 178
hlust 178
hluttar 178
hnapp 179
hngian 138
hngan 180
hntan 180
hba 181
hbid 165
hbidband 35
hbidml 270
hd 165
hf 181
hof 190
hofstedi 190
hh 166
hh 166
hi 167
hol 191
hold 192
holm 191
holt 192
hn 182
honig 193
hnitha 166
hp 166
hord 196
hrhs 182
hrian 167
horn 195
horsk 195
hosa 195
hrao 185
hrni 183
hrnian 183
hrnkorni 225
hru 183
hreuwan 186
hrdra 187
hring 185
hringa 186
hriod 186
hrpo 187
hrisian 187
hriuwi 187
hr 188
hrpan 188
hrr 189
hrrian 189
hros 189
hruggi 189
hrtho 190
hd 196
huggean 191
huggian 190
hugi 190
huldi 192
hund 193
hundrod 193
hungar 194
hurth 194
hs 196
hva 196
hwal 197
hwan 198
hwr 198
hwarbn 198
hwarf 198
hwat 199
hw 199
hwelp 200
hwerban 200
hwessi 198
hwethar 199
hwti 197
hw 201
hwla 201
hwt 201
hwolvo 198
ic 83
ichilla 206
dal 203
idis 72
igil 203
h 203
in 84
n 83
inca 84
inna 84
innan 84
inwid 451
irminman 85
irri 86
irrian 86
s 204
is 86
sarn 204
sarnsmith 204
it 203
jr 206
ju 207
juguth 207
juk 207
jukkian 207
jung 207
jungling 207
kald 209
kalf 209
kamb 209
kanna 210
karm 210
karn 211
kembian 209
kmo 214
knan 214
kind 212
kiol 213
kiosan 213
kip 214
kitiln 214
kl 215
klni 215
klibon 216
klif 216
knecht 217
knevil 217
578 INDICES
knio 218
k 219
kp 211
kpian 211
kpstedi 211
korn 225
kornhs 225
koston 226
kraft 220
krano 220
kian 224
kuman 227
kumbal 223
kuning 224
kuningdm 224
kuningrki 224
kunni 224
kus 225
kussian 225
kust 226
kth 224
lagustrm 231
lahan 232
lahs 232
lakan 234
lki 244
lknn 244
lam 234
lamb 234
land 235
landsidu 235
landskuld 235
lang 235
langn 236
lappo 236
lri 236
lastar 232
lat 237
ltan 244
lathian 237
lba 232
ldian 232
lf 243
legar 240
leggian 231
lhan 232
lmo 233
lra 233
lrian 233
lesan 241
lstian 233
lth 233
lettian 237
lvian 232
lwerka 234
libbian 245
lf 247
ls 247
liggian 240
lhan 247
lhtlk 240
lk 247
lkhamo 247
likkn 246
lkon 248
ln 248
lindia 240
lnn 247
liodan 242
liof 241
liok 241
liogan 242
liohtian 243
liomo 242
list 246
lth 249
lthan 248
lthi 241
liud 242
lobon 249
lf 237
lof 249
lgnian 238
lohs 250
lk 239
lokk 250
lkon 249
ln 239
ls 239
lsian 251
lswaurd 239
lotho 252
lubbi 249
luft 249
lugina 250
lungannia 251
lungar 251
lust 251
lustian 251
lustsam 251
luttil 248
luva 249
mag 252
mg 269
magath 253
magu 253
mahal 263
mahalian 263
mho 269
maht 254
mahtig 254
mki 269
makn 257
maldar 257
maldia 258
mln 270
malsk 258
malt 258
man 260
manag 259
managfald 259
mangn 259
mankunni 260
mannisc 260
mno 270
mann 259
manslahta 348
mansterbo 375
mnuth 270
marg 264
mri 270
mrian 270
mritha 270
marka 262
maska 262
masur 263
mat 263
matho 264
m 257
mda 272
mdom 256
megin 253
melm 267
melo 267
mn 255
mnth 255
mnful 255
mngiwito 464
mnhwt 199
meni 260
mnian 255
menigi 259
merca 262
mer 262
meria 261
meridior 71
meriswn 261
mro 257
merrian 262
mersc 261
msa 256
mst 256
metilsi 263
metod 268
m 83
mid 268
middi 264
middia 264
middil 264
middilgard 264
midgarni 127
mik 83
mikil 265
mikilan 265
mikil 265
mildi 266
milidou 266
miluk 267
mn 83, 273
mindil 268
minnian 268
mirki 268
misdd 272
mislk 272
mist 271
mthan 273
md 273
mdag 273
mdar 273
mder 274
mdsebo 273
mr 274
mordwerk 277
morgan 276
morha 276
mornian 277
morth 277
mt 274
mthi 274
mtian 274
muggia 275
mund 275
ms 278
mth 276
naba 279
nabugr 279
ndla 287
ndra 286
nagal 279
nh 286
naht 279
nahthraban 182
nako 280
namo 280
naru 281
ntha 287
nthian 281
neba 283
nebal 283
nebo 283
nec 283
neglian 279
nemnian 280
nn 283
nerian 281
580 INDICES
neriand 281
netti 281
ni 283
nigun 285
nigundo 285
niman 284
nth 289
nithana 287
nithar 289
nitharn 289
nithiri 289
niusian 284
niuwi 284
niwian 284
nd 282
ndian 283
ndthurft 282
noh 289
nu 289
nutti 290
bian 290
d 28
dag 28
dan 28
ar 21
arlk 21
ofar-drepan 75
ofskerran 339
ga 29
gan 28
ohso 433
k 29
opan 435
opanon 435
ra 30
ord 436
ordrenkian 74
stana 30
strni 30
thi 30
thil 290
ovana 432
ovar 433
pl 292
panna 291
pant 291
pda 291
penning 291
pinn 291
plegan 292
qun 230
queddian 226
quelan 227
quellan 227
quellian 227
quena 228
querna 228
quethan 229
quidi 227
quik 230
quirnstn 228
rd 304
rdan 303
rdgebo 303
raka 296
rand 297
rasta 298
rath 298
rein 298
regan 300
reganwurm 300
regera 183
rho 295
reht 301
reka 301
rekkian 296
rennian 297
respian 294
rethia 298
ribbi 300
rihti 301
rihtian 301
rki 305
rkidm 305
rinda 302
rink 302
rinnan 302
riomo 303
rpi 306
rsan 306
rth 306
rbon 298
rd 299
rda 306
rf 298
roggo 308
rok 308
rk 299
rkian 307
rost 309
rm 309
rmian 309
rna 310
rwi 309
sad 310
sd 327
sahs 312
Sahso 312
saka 315
sakan 314
sakk 315
salba 315
salbn 315
sla 327
salt 316
saltfat 316
sama 317
samad 317
saman 317
samanunga 317
samnn 317
smo 328
smquik 328
sand 318
sang 318
saro 319
scal 332
scathn 336
scmo 341
scni 336
scrkon 344
sculthtio 153
sebo 311
segal 322
seggian 311
sehan 323
sehs 322
sehsto 322
sl 313
seldlk 323
self 323
seli 315
selitha 315
selmo 324
sm 313
sendian 318
so 314
sola 314
sr 313
srian 313
sethal 326
settian 319
sibbia 320
sibbio 321
sibondo 321
sibun 321
s 325, 330
sn 325
sidu 321
sigi 322
silubrin 329
siluvar 328
simla 324
smo 330
sn 330
sinc 325
sincan 325
sind 458
sinder 324
sinewa 329
singan 324
siok 326
sittian 325
siu 329
siun 322
siuwian 329
skaft 331
skla 339
skalk 332
skama 333
skap 334
skp 340
skapo 334
skra 340
skard 335
skarp 335
skatho 336
skatt 336
skawn 337
skdan 331
skf 331
skenkian 334
skeppian 334
skerian 335
skth 332
skilling 338
sknan 341
skio 341
skiotan 339
skip 340
skr 341
skva 341
skf 336
skh 342
skokka 346
skolo 345
skn 337
skotn 347
skrban 344
skrdan 344
skuddian 345
skuld 345
skundian 345
skr 347
slahan 348
slak 349
slp 350
slpan 350
sleckian 349
slegi 348
slegibrwa 57
slu 349
582 INDICES
slido 350
sliht 350
sltan 351
slthi 351
slpian 349
slund 352
smal 353
smwort 354
smeltan 353
smero 353
smith 354
snegil 357
snell 357
sno 355
sneppa 358
snan 358
sniumi 357
s 397
sgian 320
skian 360
smi 360
sorga 388
sorgn 388
sth 318319
soth 388
sthlk 319
sthword 319
sou 320
spado 361
sph 364
splk 364
spanan 361
sparn 362
sparro 363
spartaln 366
spka 361
spkaldra 361
spekk 365
spel 363
spelta 97
sper 364
spildian 364
spinnila 364
spott 368
sprekan 366
spurihelti 157
spurihunt 367
staal 373
staf 368
stamn 371
stamp 371
stamurn 371
stn 377
standan 371
stanga 371
stank 371
stark 372
stath 372
stedi 369
stfdohtor 376
stader 376
stfmder 376
stfsun 376
stehli 369
stekan 373
stekko 374
stelan 374
stemmian 371
stemna 373
stn 369
sterban 375
sterro 375
stgan 378
stiki 378
stil 378
stilli 374
stillian 374
std 379
stokk 383
stl 379
storm 384
sttan 373
strla 381
strang 380
strd 381
strdian 382
str 381
strm 380
strota 427
strotn 382
stukki 383
stunda 383
s 389
srni 387
suga 385
sgan 388
suht 385
sl 389
sulik 390
sum 385
sumar 386
sumarlang 386
sumbal 386
sundar 386
sundargift 130
sundia 386
sunno 387
sunu 388
suoti 398
srgi 389
sthon 387
sval 385
swala 390
swan 391
swr 396
swart 392
sws 396
sweban 392
swellan 394
sweltan 394
swn 390
swerd 395
swerian 391
swslk 396
swestar 395
swt 390
sweval 392
swibogo 61
swigli 385
swkan 397
swn 397
swnhirdi 397
swth 394
swti 398
tal 400
tala 401
taln 400
tam 401
tand 401
tanga 401
tanstuthili 382
te 408
tegotho 403
tehan 404
tkan 399
tellian 400
tn 399
thagian 415
than 415
thanana 416
thank 416
thankn 416
thr 416
tharbn 416
tharbon 417
tharf 417
tharod 416
that 310, 417
thistil 419
thegan 418
thekkian 415
thenkian 416
thennian 416
theo 419
therbi 421
thhan 421
thikki 419
thili 420
thimm 420
thn 423
thing 420
thinghs 420
thingn 421
thiod 423
thiodan 422
thiodkuning 422
thiof 422
thionn 418
thionost 419
thiorna 419
thiubda 422
thiudisc 422
thiwi 419
thh 418
tholian 428
thorn 430
thorp 430
thrd 427
thrsian 425
thrwerk 425
thra 425
thrida 427
thrimman 425
thringan 426
thrst 427
throsla 425
thu 428
thmo 431
thunar 429
thunkian 429
thunni 429
thurft 429
thurh 421
thurst 430
thurstian 430
thwahan 431
thwerh 432
thwingan 431
td 407
-tig 403
timbar 404
timbro 404
timbrn 404
tinnong 429
tiohan 405
tiono 405
tr 408
t 408
tm 408
tmian 408
torht 413
torn 413
trada 409
tregan 409
trego 409
treulogo 250
treuwa 410
584 INDICES
trio 409
triuwi 410
trstian 409
trn 411
tn 413
tunga 412
tungal 412
tw 415
tw 415
tweho 414
twelif 413
twne 415
twian 414
twio 414
twist 414
tw 415
ubil 433
der 436
hta 435
umbi 434
und 434
undar 434
undbtian 33
undorn 434
ungimak 257
unhiuri 171
unhiurlk 171
unholdo 192
unnan 435
unrm 305
unti 434
unwglk 465
p 435
uppa 435
ur 436
urspannane 362
s 460
t 437
ta 437
tan 437
utbislotenun 350
thia 435
uvil 433
wd 460
wdian 460
wg 460
waga 439
wga 460
waganlsa 233
wagian 439
wahs 439
wahsan 439
wahta 440
wakon 442
wald 445
waldd 443
waldan 443
wam 445
wamls 445
wan 446
wn 461
wand 446
wang 446
wanga 447
wnian 461
wankon 447
wanon 446
wpan 461
war 447
wr 461
wara 450
waragtro 448
ward 448
warda 448
wardn 448
warg 448
warm 449
warmian 449
waron 449
warp 450
warta 450
watar 451
watho 451
w 440441
webbi 437
wedar 452
weddi 438
wg 440
weg 452
wegan 452
weggi 439
weggian 438
wehsal 462
wehsln 462
weia 441
wk 440
wekkian 442
wela 454
wendian 446
wnon 440
wepsia 438
wer 463
werd 456
weran 457
werian 449
werk 456
wermda 449
werpan 457
werr 449
werth 457458
wesan 458
westan 459
westrni 459
wt 441
wethar 459
wethil 451
w 460
wd 465
widerlga 244
wdo 465
widohoppa 462
widowa 462
wf 464
wigg 452
wgman 465
wgsaka 465
wh 466
whdag 466
whian 465
whitha 466
wika 462
wildi 454
wilgia 453
will 453
willio 453
wimpal 454
wn 467
wnberi 466
wind 454
windan 454
winding 455
windska 347
wngardo 467
wini 455
winilioth 243
winistar 455
winnan 455
wintar 455
wirs 457
wirsa 457
wirsista 457
ws 467
wsa 468
wsdm 467
wsian 468
wslk 467
wsn 468
wiss 463
wist 459
wit 459
withar 464
wti 468
wliti 469
Wden 469
wdian 469
wolkan 474
wp 470
wpian 470
wrag 470
word 475
wordws 475
workian 476
wsti 470
wrka 472
wrekan 471
wrnio 470
wrth 471
wrthian 471
wrisilk 472
wrtan 473
wrgian 473
wulf 473
wund 474
wunda 474
wundar 474
wunnia 475
wunn 475
wurd 475
wurgil 456
wurm 476
wurt 476
wurth 476
Middle Low German
achtende 5
ackerman 12
ackerwerk 12
adel(e) 2
dere 87
ag 3
alf 13
alman 12
alwr 16
angel 19
angest 19
annme 286
arch 23
are 25
armbg 23
arnen 31
asche 26
asse 5
backen 33
badestove 39
balch 33
balke 34
bre 44
bast 38
bate 38
586 INDICES
beduven 80
behf 181
behven 181
beitel 33
belle 41
bende 35
bendel 35
bendsel 35
br 44
betame 406
bte 33
bever 40
bl 46
billen 41
binge 41
blanc 47
blasen 49
blecken 47
bleie 50
blken 47
blenden 47
blinken 47
blden 50
bloot 48
bltrisene 50
blouwen 48
btel 40
bch 39, 51
bde 52, 65
boden 61
bogel 61
boken 39
bken 52
bole 62
bolte 62
bor 62
bordinc 63
borels 64
borgen 63
brgen 63
borke 37
borst 59
bse 40
bve 51
braden 57
bragen 53
brak 53
brake 54
brank 54
brde 53
brek 55
brink 56
brk 55, 57
brsch 54
brouwen 56
brsche 56
brsen 60
bucht 61
buck 61
bucken 61
bk 64
bulge 62
bunge 62
bunken 62
busch 64
cove 222
d 416
dack 415
dagen 66
dam 67
damp 68
dapper 68
dare 417
darm 417
das 415
dch 6667, 423
delf 70
delle 67
dpede 71
derschen 426
desele 419
dtwech 422
dver 286
dichte 421
dieden 422
dinkman 420
dsel 421
df 69
doget 78
dolk 78
dolle 428
donern 429
dorre 430
dorsch 430
dosen 81
douwen 418
dracht 74
draf 73
drammen 424
dranc 424
dreck 425
drengen 424
dreskele 426
drift 76
drve 76
drmel 427
drpen 75
drt 425
dr 427
drunk 77
drunken 77
drusen 77
ducht 428
dden 422
dm 431
dumben 412
dmelink 431
dust 79
dwal 81
dwerch 81
eckeren 12
edelinc 27
egelen 4
genen 6
eggen 3
eggestn 3
eilant 4
einge 7
eisch 6
ken 7
keren 7
ele 83
ellenboge 14
elve 13
mere 7
engelsch 19
enkel 8, 20
entvrmeden 111
erdfal 85
erdfast 85
erve 22
erwete 25
esch 26
se 6
espe 26
etten 27
ever 82
falke 91
farn 94
fle 103
lt 97
nne 103
as 104
t 107
ten 106
fder 109
fster 110
gaddere 121
gaden 122
galle 124
gange 125
gapen 126
garn 127
garnwinde 127
garst 127
gedrach 73
gedrang 424
geisel 123
gel 131
gelike 248
gelit 246
gellen 131
gelt 124
gelte 145
gelve 131
genanne 280
gerade 298
gre 123
gesniumen 358
gest 206
getrst 409
gve 133
gevel 130
gewelde 443
giften 130
gilde 131
glar 135
glren 136
glat 135
glede 136
glisen 136
gld 137
glpen 137
gnagen 137
gniden 138
gk 128
goltsmit 146
gor 146
gs 126
graft 139
grn 141
grnen 143
gristel 144
grde 143
grpen 141
gruntlos 144
gruntvast 144
grt 144
haf 147
hagedorn 149
hl 172
halm 156
halsbn 156
ham 158
ham(m)e 158
hamel 157
hank 161
hantel 159
harsch 164
hase 164
haselnote 164
haspe 164
588 INDICES
havene 147
hechte 149
hegenen 150
hehfte 181
heidendom 153
heist 151
helfte 155
helm 168
henne 161
herde 162
herewde 162
herschilt 162
herte 170
herwech 162
hsch 153
hilde 168
hinderen 173
hinken 169
hk 154
homele 192
hre 182
hren 182
horninc 195
horst 195
hste 202
hover 190
hvetls 148
hden 196
hken 196
hulk 191
hulse 191
hup 194
huppen 194
hslk 196
ne 6
inster 84
skolt 204
jene 205
k 211
kane 210
kar 212
karsch 211
kl 208
kele 212
kelp 212
kenninge 210
kp 208
kerle 210
kerne 213
ketel 211
keuwen 213
kl 214
kimme 212
kimmel 212
kinnebn 212
kip 214
kippen 214
kiven 214
klampe 215
klave 214
klver 215
klei 215
klimmen 215
klt 217
knacken 217
knagge 217
knap 217
knapp 217
knf 218
knpen 218
knoke 218
knotte 219
knuppe 218
koder 222
kl 219
kol 223
kolk 223
kolsen 209
kolve 223
kne 219
kop 224
kpman 211
kpschip 211
kot 226
krabbeln 220
krammen 220
kranek 221
krangh 220
krank 220
krap 221
kratsen 222
krepen 221
krimpen 221
kringel 221
krink 221
krch 220
kroden 222
krome 222
krop 222
kroppel 222
krouwel 222
krbbe 222
klde 223
kle 226
kren 226
lak 234
lantkp 235
lasch 237
l 243
lch 244
ledder 174
leder 241
ledich 246
lgede 244
lemede 234
lengde 236
lenge 236
lenken 175
lsche 243
lste 233
lever 245
leverwort 245
lk 247
lm 248
lindeworm 241
line 248
lint 240
liste 248
lt 177
lo 238
ld 238
lge 238
lp 175, 239
ls 235
lot 178
loten 178
luchten 249
lken 252
ls 252
madre 252
mage 253
mager 253
ml 270
male 257
mall 258
man 260
manls 260
mare 262
mark 262
marschalk 261
mast 263
mechte 253
mede 265
medewurt 265
ml 254
melde 266
melk 267
melken 267
melten 258
mn 255
mersch 261
mesche 256
mse 255
mve 256
middelen 265
mgen 272
mre 268
mischen 272
misse 272
missen 272
mist 271
mte 273
mien 274
mne 274
morden 277
more 277
morgengave 276
mos 277
motte 278
mde 276
ml 278
mullen 275
murren 277
nacke 179
naket 280
nmge 286
narwe 281
nat 281
navel 279
nebbe 279
necker 287
neden 180
neien 286
nemede 280
nre 285
nes 281
nsen 180
nest 287
nte 180
neten 179
nten 280
nettele 281
netten 282
nichte 283
ndbende 282
ndech 282
noetschyn 282
nmen 289
norden 289
not 181
nouwe 179
nuck 181
nutsam 290
ke 29
ken 29
orte 88
se 21
sele 436
sen 30
st 26
590 INDICES
otter 436
oven 433
ver 290
overen 432
ovese 433
padde 291
pat 291
ppe 292
pipen 292
plagge 292
plet 292
plicht 292
plg 292
plugge 292
pl 292
pors 293
pot 293
prange 293
prn 293
punge 293
putte 294
quaken 227
qut 229
quere 229
querke 228
querken 228
quse 227
quest 227
quicken 230
quist 229
quisten 229
r 294
raem 184
rafter 294
raken 297
ram 184
rame 297
ramese 184
ramp 184
rank 297
rapp 184
rren 296
rs 304
rasch 297, 471
rsen 304
rat 185, 294
rte 187
rave 183
rwe 307
rbok 295
recke 297
rde 295
re 304
regenboge 300
reiger 183
reiken 295
reken 301
rn 296
rp 296
rpen 296
reppen 184
rten 303
rtin 299
richt 301
rige 295
rigen 305
ringe 302
rs 188
risten 187, 304
rten 306
rve 305
rocken 308
rode 307
roden 309
rder 307
rf 188
rogen 189
rk 188
rke 307
roke 308
roken 299
rm 303
rpen 299
roppen 309
rr 299
rten 299
rove 189
rve 306
rwe 307
rch 309
rucken 308
rusch 309
rse 310
sadel 311
sadelboge 311
sage 311
sagen 311
sap 319
st 327
schade 331
schal(l) 333
schalc 333
schale 333
schamels 333
schamen 333
schande 334
schar 335
schare 335, 339
scharf 334
slen 312
sman 314
sengen 318
spe 313
sete 326
setel 326
seve 328
svisch 314
sibbe 320
sik 323
sk 330
st 329
skn 337
skeren 338
slach 348
slage 348
slagge 348
slank 349
sl 348
sldorn 348
slengen 349
slt 349
slete 351
sl 351
slden 351
slk 351
sliken 351
slim 351
slm 351
slingen 350
slinken 350
slpen 351
slipper 351
sloke 352
slmen 352
slot 352
sl 352
slken 352
slump 352
slpen 350
smacken 353
smak 353
smalt 353
smede 355
smeden 355
smeren 354
smde 355
smiten 355
smitten 354
smuck 355
snabbe 355
snake 356
snar 356
snare 356
snateren 357
sneppel 358
snse 356
scharn 335
scharren 336
schart 335
schle 338
schelen 338
schelle 332
schellen 332
schellvisch 332
schemede 333
schmeren 340
schene 340
scher 335
schiften 340
schilt 337
schipman 340
schippen 341
schipvart 340
scht 342
schiten 342
schode 336
schten 337
schien 342
scholen 348
scholpe 345
schpe 342
schore 346
schorf 346
schorte 346
scht 337
schote 337
schte 347
schve 342
schr 344
schramme 344
schrken 344
schricken 344
schrimpen 344
schrobben 345
schrt 344
schl 339, 347
schulden 345
schulder 345
schulle 345
schm 345
schuren 346
schutte 347
schtte 347
schuven 339, 347
schwe 347
seden 326
sge 312
segede 322
segelen 322
skedm 326
sel 323
selden 323
sele 328
592 INDICES
snwt 355
snigge 357
snde 357
snoderen 359
snk 358
snoppe 359
snr 359
snore 359
snotte 359
snouw 357
snucken 359
snf 360
snt 360
snuten 360
sd 320
smen 320
sren 320
sol 385
solt 316
solten 316
sm 320
somerdach 386
someren 386
somertt 386
sonderen 387
sne 360
soppe 388
sr 320
st 360
spde 364
spalden 361
spn 364
spange 361
spanne 362
spannen 362
sparke 362
specht 365
speen 363
spellen 363
spennen 362
spi 365
sple 365
spinnen 364
spr 365
spit 365
splinte 365
splten 365
sple 366
spor 367
spore 368
spotten 368
sprden 366
sprengen 366
sprote 367
sprunk 367
stach 369
stade 369, 373
stadigen 368
stak 370
stake 370
staken 370
stal 370, 374
stl 369
stam 371
stampen 371
stapel 372
star 372
starblint 372
starren 372
staven 368
stech 377
steden 373
stedevast 368
stedich 368
stege 377
stger 369
stegerp 377
steken 374
stlen 369
stellinge 374
stelte 374
stnen 370
stnhs 369
str 377
sterne 375
stert 376
stevene 368
stevenen 373
stde 375
stf 378
stl 378
stinken 375
stren 379
stiure 377
stvel 378
stolpe 383
stonen 383
stp 373
stor 384
stork 384
stormen 384
stt 373
stove 382
stwen 379
strak 380
stram 380
strand 380
strank 380
stricken 380
striden 382
strden 382
striken 382
strpe 382
strump 382
strunk 382
stubbe 382
stke 384
str 385
stren 377
strmann 376
stt 385
stve 384
stven 376, 384
suke 326
sul 394
sulte 385
sunt 386
spen 389
sr 389
swele 329
swabben 389
swad 392
swger 396
swam 391
swank 391
swarde 391
swarm 391
sweimen 389
swelgen 394
swengen 391
swepe 396
swten 390
swm 397
swingen 394
swmmen 394
t 401
tacken 400
tagel 398
tagge 398
talmen 400
tange 401
tappe 402
tappen 402
tasche 402
t 399
teche 403
tge 406
teke 407
tkenen 399
telge 404
telt 404
tengen 401
teppen 402
tere 405
tergen 402
ters 405
tertlik 402
tsen 400
ticht 406
tden 407
ten 72
tke 407
til 407
tin 407
tind 404
tinne 405
tip 405
titte 407
t 403
togel 411
togen 411
tm 403
tmen 403
tnen 28
tote 413
touwen 403
tover 402
trame 409
trappen 409
tredden 408
treden 409
troch 410
trst 409
trstls 409
tuder 405
tdern 405
tunder 412
turf 412
tte 413
twelefwintre 413
twernen 414
twch 414
twfel 414
twil 414
ule 436
unden 434
uppen 435
r 437
varre 94
vasel 94
vedemen 95
veet 90
vhs 97
vere 93
verten 101
vinster 420
vist 101
vlak 105
vlge 106
vlegen 106
vleke 106
vln 104
vlicke 107
vlins 107
vlintstn 107
594 INDICES
vlo 105
vloch 108
vlocke 108
vlote 109
vlundere 108
vted 110
vohe 117
volden 91
volkwch 118
vorderven 71
vore 120
vorget 133
vorgetel 133
vorsch 116
vort 101
vtspor 110
vrak 111
vredels 115
vr 114
vridel 114
vrisch 115
vl 121
vunke 119
vunt 118
wacker 442
wade 438
waden 438
wagen 440
wake 442
wale 444
walnut 444
walvisch 197
wamme 445
wpenls 461
wardehs 448
ware 449
wre 461
warnen 449
wartman 448
wase 450, 470
wat 438
wedden 438
wede 464
wedebn 464
wederdage 451
wger 460
weiden 441
wl 199
welk 453
welle 453
wellen 444
welsch 444
wene 447
wnic 440
werkdag 456
werken 457
werkman 456
werwulf 463
wese 441
wesele 459
west 459
wetten 199
weven 451
wdde 465
wde 468
wie 468
wgelse 465
wk 466
wlen 201
winde 455
wnfat 467
wnhs 467
winne 455
wippen 462
wre 467
wtink 202
witls 463
wittich 464
woker 469
wolte 444
worpel 450
ws 470
wrange 471
wrank 471
wrechten 471
wrde 471
wrdel 473
wrimpen 472
wringen 472
wrist 472
wroge 473
wulle 474
wunsch 475
wnschen 475
Low German
banes 35
bank 36
brsch 59
budde 61
dalgen 67
diopitha 71
dle 73
dott 80
drangsal 424
drnen 77
eorid 83
ag 104
fstarmuoder 110
gemikilon 265
glm 137
gnarren 138
gnatte 138
gnetern 138
grand 140
grann 140
halsmeni 156
hummer 192
humpe 193
irhen 166
sjack 206
kat 211
klateren 215
klimp 216
klinker 216
klunder 217
knacke 217
leen 174
lne 178
ltt 251
min 271
mt 273
mlen 278
nippen 180
nckel 181
nucken 181
pse 294
schake 339
schakel 332
schanke 334
scheften 331
schrkel 343
schulpen 348
schunk 346
slagn 348
slidderen 350
snuppen 359
stri 379
stackern 370
stern 375
stevenen 371
swarven 391
swgen 397
targe 402
tasen 402
tikken 407
r 437
wle 444
want 447
wappen 447
wrte 473
Middle Dutch
amme 17
amper 17
ankel 20
ast 26
atel 27
baert 36
bequame 229
bte 45
betemen 404
blaken 47
blanden 47
boge 61
bolster 62
bryen 57
bul 62
bullen 62
bsen 65
canefbeen 209
cavele 208
clingen 216
cloot 215
cnateren 217
cnosen 219
coon 211
crat 221
cronen 221
dabben 66
daes 69
deger 72
demster 420
dorren 417
dra 424
drten 76
drom 427
596 INDICES
droten 425
dutsch 422
duun 80
dwale 81
dwellen 81
dwnen 81
ebbe 1
ederkauwen 203
elle 15
els 15
eng 19
enn 18
erdbere 85
erdnote 85
esch 26
evel 433
fniesen 109
gamel 125
gate 128
gedenke 416
gediede 423
gelande 235
gelten 124
gemeinen 255
genge 125
geswelle 394
gevedere 102
gherde 132
giel 134
gift 130
giselen 135
goudbant 145
grapen 142
grasgroene 140
grau 142
grepe 139
grisen 143
groom 143
gurdel 147
hael 156
haessene 160
haghetisse 150
hasel 164
hees 153
hegge 150
hemmen 158
henxt 160
herman 162
hersene 170
het 172
hde 167
hiel 160
hille 192
hode 196
hoesten 202
hogede 166
honichsoet 193
hune 196
husen 197
ingroene 143
innewert 84
jaertal 206
kalu 209
kerven 213
klak 215
kleem 214
lade 175
lec 240
lippe 241
lisp 469
littel 248
margen 276
melken 266
mre 255
moude 275
namelke 280
nesch 179
nocke 181
nodigen 282
nose 281
noten 282
oncont 224
ongethes 402
onghehiere 171
ontset 328
openbaer 44
poke 293
queke 230
rdloos 303
rehtlk 300
remmen 184
rieken 303
rive 187
riven 187
roge 189
rooc 185
rot 309
ruc 308
ruten 310
ruum 309
salu 316
schemen 340
schoppen 346
schorten 346
schotsch 347
schrapen 344
schraven 342
schrepen 344
schrift 344
schrinken 344
schte 348
scop 346
seltsiene 323
set 325
sien 330
silversmit 329
sindegrn 324
spen 330
slabben 348
sleep 349
slooye 352
smerten 353
snare 356
sneeuwen 356
snellen 356
soop 320
spaer 362
spengen 361
sperren 363
sporen 367
spot 368
spriet 364
stiepkind 376
strene 381
stroopen 381
stugge 383
stupen 384
suken 388
sweer 393
sweger 393
talch 400
teet 400
tesuwe 404
tort 413
turven 413
twalefde 413
unmildi 266
vademen 95
vee 89
vergoeden 138
vergouden 146
vermenen 255
verwe 93
vetel 95
veteren 102
vinke 103
vitten 102
viveltere 98
vlacken 105
vlecken 106
vloeden 107
vloer 108
vlot 109
voetsel 109
vrec 113
vrien 114
vriesen 113
vroede 115
wac 442
wackeren 442
waien 460
walc 444
walken 444
wanden 446
wederlijc 452
weiven 440
welle 444
werchuus 456
werp 457
wesent 463
wey 197
wicht 453
wicken 200
wide 464
woet 469
wolde 445
Dutch
baden 39
bonk 62
dodder 78
dooi 418
dori 79
dromen 75
festi 95
gijl 134
glimmen 136
glop 137
598 INDICES
haaf 172
hoep 182
holster 191
knar 217
kossem 225
kuis 225
laan 236
maal 270
machteloos 254
mistel 271
modder 278
moet 274
mot 278
muik 278
prangen 293
rafel 294
rijm 187
schalm 333
schooien 340
slegge 348
slodderen 352
slooien 352
smelt 353
smieken 354
snappen 356
snoepen 358
spalk 363
spuiten 368
steg 377
stelpen 370
stoom 376
todde 411
top 412
toppen 412
tornen 413
tortwevel 413
vacht 89
voos 96
waas 462
wapperen 437
zeeland 314
Old High German
aba 1
abarmeizan 256
abalgi 244
band 2
ablz 245
Abo 1
abskelli 338
abuh 2
abwart 448
abwert 456
ackar 12
ackarman 12
ackus 12
adal 27
dra 87
ao 21
aftan 2
after 2
agana 3
gal 133
gez 133
aha 5
ahil 5
ahorn 5
ahsa 5
ahsla 5
hta 20
ahto 5
ahtodo 5
al 16
l 87
alamahtg 12
Alaman 12
alawri 13, 16
alb 13
alles 15
alt 13
altar 14
alttuom 13
alunt 16
ambaht 18
ameiza 256
amma 17
amsla 17
an 435
ana 17, 20
anagengi 126
anairswrn 396
anakund 224
anaseigi 312
anatrift 76
anawni 461
ander 21
angar 19
Angil 19
ango 19
angul 19
angust 19
anka 20
ankala 20
anko 20
ano 20
ansi 21
anst 21
ant 18
antfang 92
antfengi 92
anthluogi 178
antli 469
anto 18
antwirten 456
antwurten 475
antwurti 475
nu 87
anut 21
anutrehho 301
apful 21
araweiz 10
arawiz 25
arbeit 22
arbeitn 22
arbeitsam 317
arg 23
arg 23
arm 24
armboug 23
armn 24
armherz 24
armherz 24
armherzida 24
armilh 24
arn 24, 31
arnn 31
aro 25
ars 25
art 23
aruz 25
asc 26
asca 26
asni 26
aspa 26
ast 26
tar 87
atto 27
tum 87
auhhan 29
avalnti 2
avur 2
az 26
z 88
azklban 216
bachn 33
backan 33
bad 39
badahs 39
badastuba 39
badn 39
ben 44
bg 44
bgan 44
bgn 44
bah 33
bahho 33
bal 34
balco 34
bald 34
bald 34
balg 33
balo 34
ban 36
banc 36
bannan 36
bannn 36
bant 35
bar 38, 40
bra 38
barm 37
barn 37
bars 38
bart 36
barta 37
barug 37
bast 38
batu 32
baz 38
bde 52
bein 32
beinreft 304
biro 38
bisto 38
beiten 32
beiza 33
beizen 33
belgan 41
belihha 34
bentil 35
br 33
beraht 42
beraht 42
beran 41
berg 42
bergan 42
beri 40
bero 43
berren 37
600 INDICES
beta 45
betti 32
bettight 126
b 44
ba 46
bibar 40
bibn 45
biblhhan 49
bidebben 415
bidriozan 426
biet 43
bigatn 122
bigan 133
biginnan 132
bigoumida 128
bihagon 150
bhal 46
bihamaln 158
bihniutit 180
bikranken 220
bil 45
bilban 247
bilhhan 252
bini 46
bintan 41
binuz 41
bo 45
biogan 43
bn 45
bior 44
biotan 43
biqumi 229
birca 42
bireiten 295
biril 42, 64
birin 43
birkn 42
biruohhen 307
biscrtan 344
bisengen 318
biskzan 342
bisliozan 350
bisltan 351
bismhn 354
bismzan 355
biswellen 390
biswihhil 396
btan 46
bitelpan 70
bitil 45
bittar 45
bitten 45
biwarn 450
biwelben 198
biwellan 453
biwemmen 445
biwifen 467
bzan 46
biziht 406
bizog 411
blen 49
blaha 47
blanc 47
blantan 47
blo 49
blas 48
blsan 49
blst 49
blat 46
bltara 46
blecken 47
bleh 49
bleih 47
bleihha 47
bleihhen 47
blenten 47
bldn 49
bldi 49
blint 48
blint 48
blo 50
bliuwan 48
blden 48
bldi 48
bld 48
bluoen 50
bluomo 50
bluomn 50
bluostar 50
bluot 50
bluotag 50
bluotagn 50
bluotenti 50
bluozan 51
bluozhz 50
boc 61
bodam 61
bogo 61
bolla 62
boln 62
bolstar 62
bolz 62
bna 40
bora 64
borgn 63
born 64
bort 63
borto 63
bsi 40
bot 60
boto 61
boug 39
bougen 39
bouhhan 39
boum 39
boumgart 126
brahsmo 53
brant 54
brantereita 54
brart 55
brastn 54
brtan 57
brto 57
brwa 57
brehhan 55
breit 53
breiten 53
breit 53
brennefriscing 54
brennen 54
brestan 56
bresto 56
brettan 55
bringan 55
brinna 56
brinnan 56
brocko 58
brod 59
brom 58
bronado 58
brort 59
brt 54
brugga 58
brhhan 60
brhhi 60
brn 60
brunna 58
brunno 58
brunst 58
bruodar 57
bruoh 55
bruohhh 160
brust 59
brt 59
brtigomo 59
ben 53
bh 64
bulla 65
bulln 62
bungo 62
buog 51
buoh 52
buohha 51
buohstab 51
buosum 52
buoza 52
buozen 52
br 65
burd 64
burg 63
burst 64
busc 64
chmo 214
dagn 415
dah 415
dha 416
dahs 415
dampf 68
dan 415
danana 416
danc 416
dancbri 44
danta 416
dr 416
darba 417
darbn 417
darbo 417
darf 417
darm 417
darra 417
daz 310, 417
decka 415
decken 415
degan 418
dehsala 419
Denemarca 68
denken 416
dennen 416
derb 421
derh 421
derren 417
dicki 419
dickida 419
dickn 419
dhan 421
dhsala 421
dil 419
dili 420
dilla 420
dn 423
ding 420
dinghs 420
dingman 420
dingn 421
dingstat 420
dinsan 421
dinstar 420
diob 422
dioh 423
diohbruoh 423
dionn 418
dionst 419
602 INDICES
diorna 419
diot 423
diozan 423
distil 419
diu 419
diutisc 422
dofta 428
doh 418
doln 428
donar 429
donarn 429
dorf 430
dorn 430
douwen 418
dren 426
drsen 425
drt 427
dregil 424
dreskan 426
dr 425
dringan 426
driscubli 426
dritto 427
drizo 76
dra 427
drsca 425
drscala 425
drzen 425
drucken 427
drh 427
drum 427
drsten 428
d 428
dmo 431
dna 80
dunken 429
dunnen 429
dunni 429
dunst 79
dunwengi 429
durft 429
duris 429
durri 430
durst 430
dursten 430
duruh 421
dsunt 431
dwahal 431
dwahan 431
dwerah 432
dwingan 431
dwiril 432
an 86
eban 82
ebanlh 82
ebanmn 268
ebann 1, 82
ebur 82
edili 27
ediling 27
edo 86
en 27
eg 3
egida 3
egidehsa 4
egilen 4
egiso 3
ehir 4
ht 6
ei 11
eid 10
eigan 6
eigenn 6
eih 7
eihhn 7
eihhurno 7
eimuria 7
ein 9
einboran 8
einfalt 8
einfaltlh 90
einharti 8
einhenti 8
einlif 8
einlifto 8
einougi 7
einrti 9, 304
einstrti 382
einwgi 9
isca 26
eiscn 9
eit 6
eitar 10
eiz 10
elaho 14
elbiz 13
elina 14
elinbogo 14
elira 15
ella 15
ellen 15
ellinn 15
elm 83
elt 14
enr 83
engen 20
engi 19
engida 19
enkil 20
entn 18
er 203
r 9, 11
ra 11
erbi 22
erbo 22
ercan 84
erda 86
erdberi 85
erdburg 85
erdbwo 65
erdfal 85
erdhs 85
erdnuz 85
erin 31
eringrioz 133
erl 85
ero 86
erpf 85
erren 23
erstorchenet 384
rwackar 9, 442
esil 25
essa 26
etar 82
wida 11
fadam 95
fadamn 95
fagar 89
fhan 92
fahs 89
fal 91
falawisca 92
falco 91
fald 91
faldan 91
fallan 91
falo 91
-falt 90
fano 92
far 93
fr 102
faran 93
farawa 93
farlos 251
farm 93
farn 94
faro 9394
farro 94
fasal 94
fasta 95
fastn 94
fastlh 94
fasto 94
fater 88
fatureo 88
faz 95
fara 102
farn 102
federa 102
feginn 89
fh 89
fhen 90
fehtan 96
feigi 89
feihhan 90
fil 95
feizen 90
fel 97
felahan 97
fellen 91
felln 97
fendo 99
fenni 92
fera 102
ferah 100
fereheih 100
ferren 93
ferro 99
fersana 101
ferzan 101
festen 95
fest 95
festinn 95
fa 101
fant 103
fn 103
ffaltra 98
hu 97
lu 98
lual 86
lz 97
mf 98
nc 103
ndan 99
ngar 99
fn 102
or 96
ordo 96
orsczi 96
rgiften 130
rina 100
rinn 100
rliosan 243
rmann 259
rmeinen 255
rmonen 276
rni 101
rden 30
rren 99
rsinnan 325
rspurnan 367
rswelgan 394
rwerten 448
rwesen 458
rz 101
sc 103
604 INDICES
ur 121
ada 105
ah 105
ahs 104
asca 105
ec 106
edirn 105
hen 104
ehta 106
ehtan 106
i 105
eisc 104
ewen 106
ins 107
ioga 106
iogan 106
iohan 107
iozan 107
ocko 108
h 105
zzen 106
ug 108
uoh 108
uot 107
uz 109
f 96
fogal 116
fogalrarta 299
foha 117
fol 118
folc 117
folcurni 225
folgn 117
folgida 117
folkwg 118
folla 118
folln 118
folma 118
folo 118
fora 119
foraha 120
forahta 120
forhana 119
forsca 120
frad 112
fram 111
framrucken 308
framstrah 380
frawalh 112
freh 113
frehh 113
freidi 111
freisa 111
fremiden 111
fremidi 111
fremmen 111
fr 114
fridu 115
friduman 115
frhals 114
frhals 114
friosan 113
frisc 115
frten 115
friudil 114
friunt 114
friunthold 114
fr 112
fror 116
frosc 116
frost 116
frouwa 112
fruohhan 116
fruot 115
fruoten 115
fruot 115
fuhs 117
fl 121
fuli 117
fullen 118
full 118
funco 119
funs 119
fuogen 109
fuolen 109
fuoren 110
fuotar 109
fuotareid 10
fuoten 109
fuoz 110
fuozgengil 125
fuozspor 110
furh 120
furi 119
furisto 120
furiwarna 449
furt 119
fst 118
ga 128
gabala 121
gaganen 122
galan 124
galgo 124
galla 124
galm 125
galt 124
galtar 124
galza 145
gaman 125
gang 125
gangan 125
gans 126
ganz 126
garawen 127
garaw 127
garawida 127
garn 127
garnwinta 127
garo 127
gart 129
garto 127
garni 310
gast 127
gataro 121
gatiling 122
gatwaln 81
geba 130
geban 130
gebig 121
gegin 122
geil 122
geisila 123
geist 123
geiz 123
geizn 123
gellan 131
gelo 131
gelpf 131
gelstar 131
gelt 130
geltan 130
gengi 125
gr 123
ger 132
gern 132
gern 132
gro 123
gersta 132
gescin 340
gestre 132
gibarn 40
gibelgen 34
giberaht 42
giberan 41
gibil 130
gibilla 130
gibiz 45
gibor 62
giburt 63
gidancn 416
gidilln 420
gidrang 424
gidweran 432
gin 134
gifagan 88
gifang 92
gifederi 102
gifh 89
gifehan 96
giferti 93
giskn 103
gieckn 106
gift 130
gifuori 110
gigleit 135
gihelden 157
gihemmen 158
gihhen 166
gihugt 190
gijzen 206
gil 134
gilang 236
gilangn 236
gilanto 235
gilwen 245
gileibo 174
gilepphen 236
gilh 248
gilhhinn 248
gilimpfan 240
giln 131
giloub 237
gilouben 238
gimah 257
gimahala 264
gimahlh 257
gimarki 262
gimeinen 255
gimeini 255
gimein 255
gimeino 255
gimeit 254
gimunt 275
ginda 287
ginah 279
ginanno 280
ginanto 134
ginesan 284
gingn 134
ginist 284
ginz 282
ginuht 289
ginuog 289
ginuogen 289
ginuogi 289
ginuogida 289
giozan 133
gr 135
girti 304
girehtsamn 317
gireihhen 295
gireiti 295
girennen 297
gir 132
girhhen 305
girno 310
gisal 135
606 INDICES
gisarawi 319
giszi 328
giscaft 331
giscuohi 342
gisind 325
gisindi 325
gisiuni 323
giskan 334
giskehan 337
giskellen 333
gisliz 351
gismdi 355
gispan 362
gispurren 367
gistallo 370
gistrengen 380
gistuden 382
gistuomi 379
gisunt 386
gisweifen 390
gt 134
gitouben 69
gitriuwi 410
gitriuwida 410
gitriuwo 410
gitrog 74
gitrst 409
gitrsti 409
giunnan 435
giwgi 460
giwahst 439
giwaht 439
giwalchenemo 444
giwaltg 443
giwant 446
giwar 447
giwaralh 447
giwennen 447
giwera 451
giwerf 457
giwer 449
giwn 463
giwis 463
giwiss 463
giwiz 463
gizmi 406
gizengi 401
gizouwa 403
glan 135
glas 135
glat 135
gleimo 135
glm 136
gltan 136
glz 136
glzan 136
gluoen 137
gluot 137
gnagan 137
gneista 138
gntan 138
gold 145
goldbant 145
goldsmid 146
gommankund 223
gomo 146
gor 146
gotawebbi 145
gotforht 120
goufana 129
gouh 128
gouma 129
goumen 128
gouwi 128
-gz 129
grab 139
graban 139
grana 140
gro 142
gras 140
grtag 142
grebil 139
greifa 139
gremi 139
gremn 140
gremmen 140
grennan 140
grennn 140
grfan 143
grim 141
grimmen 141
grimmida 141
grmo 143
grnan 143
grinnen 140
grint 141
grioz 141
griozan 142
grs 143
Griuzing 142
grz 141
grubiln 144
grunt 144
gruoba 143
gruonen 143
gruoni 143
gruozen 144
grustila 144
guldn 146
gundfano 146
gunt 146
guot 138
guot 138
guotlh 138
harto 162
harug 164
hasal 164
hasalnuz 164
hasan 164
haso 164
haz 165
h 172
heen 149
heften 149
hefti 149
hegga 150
hehara 172
hehhit 154
hei 154
heida 154
heidan 154
heidantuom 153
heil 151
heila 151
heilag 151
heilant 151
heilen 152
heilida 152
heilgn 151
heilisn 152
heim 152
heima 152
heimina 152
heimisc 152
heimdilis 152
heis 153
heisar 153
heisti 151
heit 151
heitar 151
heiz 153
heizen 153
helan 168
helfa 168
helfan 168
helid 155
hella 156
hellirna 155
helm 168
helza 168
hemera 169
hengist 160
henna 161
hr 153
herberga 42
herbist 161
herbistmnd 161
herd 170
heri 163
herifart 162
herihorn 162
gurt 146
gurten 147
gurtil 147
hal 165
habn 147
habuh 148
hacka 154
haft 149
hag 150
hagal 150
hagan 149150
hagandorn 149
hagustalt 150
hh 160
hhan 160
hahhul 154
hhsina 160
halb 154155
halba 155
halbbrunnan 154
halbtt 154
haldn 157
hli 172
halla 156
halm 156
haln 156
hals 157
halsbein 156
halsn 157
haltan 155
hamal 157
hamar 158
hamf 158
hamila 158
hamo 158
hamustra 158
hanaf 159
hangn 160
hano 161
hant 159
hantag 159
hantag 159
hantaln 159
hantbreita 53
hantilla 159
hantlam 159
hantwerc 159
hn 165
hr 172
harm 163
harmn 163
harmida 163
harmo 163
harpfa 163
hart 162
hartlh 162
608 INDICES
heri-hunda 194
heriman 162
herin 163
heriskif 162
herten 162
herza 170
herzbld 49
hewi 167
ha 173
hilt(i)a 168
himilzungal 169, 412
hincan 169
hinta 169
hintana 172
hintar 173
hintarn 173
hirni 170
hirniscala 170
hirsi 170
hirti 169
hiruz 171
hiufo 171
hiuri 171
hwisci 173
hladan 175
hlahtar 173
hlanca 174
hlina 177
hlinn 177
hliodarsz 176
hliozan 176
hliumunt 176
hloc 173
hloufan 175
hluoen 177
hltar 178
hlutar 179
hlten 178
hluz 178
hneigen 179
hniuwan 180, 285
hodo 196
hof 190
hh 166
hh 166
hhida 166
hhlh 166
hol 191
hla 166
holco 191
hold 192
holdo 192
hol 191
holn 192
holz 192
holzwang 446
honag 193
hnen 166
hni 166
hnida 166
hren 167
horn 195
hornung 195
horsc 195
horsclhho 195
hort 196
hosa 195
houbit 165
houf 166
houg 165
houwan 167
hraban 182
hrad 185
href 185
hregil 183
hreinida 183
hro 183
hrfo 187
hring 185
hriot 186
hrs 188
hriusu 186
hroc 308
hrogo 189
hros 189
hruggi 189
hruoh 188
hruoren 189
hba 196
huf 194
huggen 190191
hugu 190
hulden 192
huld 192
hulla 191
hullen 191
hulsa 191
hungar 194
hungaren 193
hunt 193
huntari 193
huoba 181
huof 181
huon 182
huor 182
huorn 182
huosto 202
huostn 202
huot 165
hurd 194
hurnen 195
hurst 195
hs 196
hsbrehho 55
hslouh 196
hssza 328
ht 196
hwal 197
hwanne 198
hwar 198
hwas 198
hwaz 199
hwen 199
hwein 201
hweizi 197
hwel 200
hwer 199200
hwla 201
hwio 199
hwz 201
ibu 82, 204
igil 203
go 203
ih 83
ihha 83
in 8384
in rihti 301
indenki 416
ineihhan 6
inkennen 210
inna 84
innan 84
innaro 83
innovili 433
insniu 327
insebben 311
insnerahan 357
inswebben 389
inwart 84
inwit 451
io 10
ir 206
irerben 22
irgeiln 123
irhelzen 157
irhenken 160
irlenken 175
irlsen 239
irlouben 238
irminsl 85
irqueban 226
irren 86
irretten 183
irri 86
irrida 86
irskeinen 332
irsliofan 350
irsrn 320
irsturen 384
irswarzn 392
irwarmen 449
s 204
sarn 204
sarnnagal 204
sarnsmid 204
ist 86
tal 203
itawz 468
itis 72
itlnn 82
iz 203
jr 206
jrmnd 206
jehan 205
jenr 205
jesan 206
jiht 205
joh 207
johhalmo 168
j 207
jucken 207
jugund 207
jung 207
junglh 207
jungo 208
k 212
kalb 209
kalba 209
kalln 209
kalo 209
kalt 209
kaltn 209
kamb 209
kann 210
kanna 210
kar 212
karl 210
karn 211
kil 211
kelh 212
kemben 209
kembil 212
kep 121
kepic 121
kerno 213
kerran 213
ki 214
kiln 214
kl 214
knan 214
kind 212
kinnibein 212
kiol 213
kiosan 213
kipfa 214
610 INDICES
kistorchenen 375
kiturst 79
kiuwan 213
klwen 215
klwido 215
kleb 216
klebn 216
kleim 214
kleini 215
klenan 216
klo 215
klimban 215
klioban 216
klobo 217
klz 215
klubba 216
klunga 217
knapo 217
knebil 217
kneht 217
knetan 218
knio 218
knobel 219
knopf 218
knt 218
knussen 219
kol 223
kolbo 223
kopf 224
korn 225
kornhs 225
kornwist 225
kostn 226
kouf 211
koufen 211
koufman 211
koufskif 211
kracko 220
kraft 220
kranc 220
krano 220
kranuh 221
krn 222
kratto 221
krimman 221
krimpfan 221
krnen 221
kropf 222
kumbalboro 223
kumft 231
kunawid 223
kund 224
kunden 224
kuning 224
kuningrhhi 224
kunnn 224
kunni 224
kuo 219
kuolen 219
kuoli 219
kuoni 219
kuon 219
kus 225
kussen 225
kust 226
ladn 237
laan 236
lga 244
lah 232
lahan 232
lahhan 234
lhhi 244
lhhin 244
lhhinn 244
lahs 232
l 237
lam 234
lamb 234
lang 235
langlb 235
langlh 235
langmuot 235
lant 235
lantbwo 235
lantscaf 235
lappo 231
lastar 232
laz 237
lzan 244
lazn 237
lebara 245
lebn 245
lecken 240
leckn 246
ledar 241
ledarhosa 241
len 237
leur 241
lehel 149
legar 240
leggen 231
lhan 232
leib 173
leiba 232
leiben 232
leid 233
leiden 234
leih 233
leim 233
leist 233
leisten 233
leita 232
leitara 174
leiten 232
lemmen 234
len 246
lengen 236
leng 236
lenten 235
lent 235
lra 233
lren 233
lrihha 234
lesan 241
letto 231
lb 247
lba 177
lban 177
lben 177
lblh 247
lid 246
ld 249
ldan 248
lidels 246
liduscart 335
liggen 240
lh 247
lhan 247
lhhamo 247
lhhen 248
lhhn 248
lhhn 248
lhten 241
lhti 240
lhtlh 240
lm 248
lna 248
lnbruoh 57
lindi 241
lindwurm 241
lingan 240
linta 240
liob 241
liod 243
liogan 242
liohhan 252
liohsan 242
lioht 242
liohtsam 317
liotan 242
lirnn 247
lisp 469
list 246
lsta 248
lta 177
liublh 241
liudn 243
liuhten 243
liut 242
liz 246
lob 249
lobagern 249
lobn 249
loc 250
lockn 250
lodo 252
lh 238
loh 250
lohen 250
ln 239
ls 239
ls 239
loub 237
louf 175
loug 238
louga 238
lougan 238
lougnen 238
louh 239
luba 249
lubbi 249
lucka 250
luft 249
lug 250
lugina 250
luhs 250
li 251
lil 248
lunda 251
lunga 251
lungar 251
lungun 251
luog 249
luogn 249
ls 252
lust 251
lustn 251
lustsam 251
lt 178
mado 264
mag 252
mg 269
magad 253
magar 253
magaren 253
magar 253
mago 253, 269
maguzogo 253
mah 257
mahal 263
mahalen 263
mahhn 257
maht 254
mahtig 254
ml 270
malaha 257
612 INDICES
malan 257
mln 270
maltar 257
malz 258
man 260
manag 259
managfalt 259
managfaltn 91
manag 259
manalhho 260
mankunni 260
mno 270
mnd 270
mara 262
marahscalc 261
marahstal 261
marc 262
marca 262
marcn 262
marg 264
mar 262
mr 270
mrida 270
maro 262
masar 263
masca 262
mast 263
matra 252
maz 263
mz 271
man 268
megin 253
meil 254
mein 255
meineid 255
meinen 255
meinfol 255
meinlh 255
meisa 255256
meist 256
meizan 256
meizil 256
melc 267
melcan 266
melda 258, 266
melm 267
melo 267
menni 260
mennisc 260
mr 257
merc 262
mren 270
meri 261
meriha 261
meriswn 261
merken 262
mro 257
merren 262
metamo 265
metu 265
metuwurz 265
mez 268
mdan 273
mieta 272
mih 83
mihhil 265
mihhil 265
mihhillh 265
mihhiln 265
militou 266
milsca 266
milti 266
milt 266
miltida 266
miluh 267
milzi 267
min 271
mn 83, 273
mindil 268
mios 269
mir 83
misken 272
mislh 272
missen 272
missi 272
missitt 272
mist 271
mistil 271
mit 268
mitiganga 126
mitti 264
mittigarni 127
mittiltag 265
mza 273
molta 275
moraha 277
mord 277
morgan 276
morgangeba 276
mornn 277
mos 277
mugga 275
mla 278
mullen 275
multen 275
mund 276
munt 275
muntar 276
muntr 276
muodar 274
muodn 274
muodi 274
muod 274
muoen 274
muor 274
muos 274
muot 273
muoter 273
muotig 273
muoz 274
murden 277
murdiren 277
murdreo 277
murgfri 276
muruwi 277
ms 278
msdrec 425
mutiln 275
mwerfo 278
na 282
naba 279
nabalo 279
nac 179
nackot 280
ndala 287
nagal 279
nh 286
nhen 286
nhgengo 126
nahho 280
nhlhho 286
naht 279
nahtfogal 279
nahtwahha 442
nien 286
namalhho 280
nmi 286
namo 280
napf 179
narwa 281
nasa 281
ntara 286
naz 281
nebul 283
nen 282
negilen 279
ni 282
neihhen 179
nila 281
nein 283
neizen 179, 280
neman 284
nemnen 280
nemnida 280
nenden 281
nerien 281
nest 287
nevo 283
ni 283
nibu 283
nd 289
nidana 287
nidar 289
nidari 289
nidaro 289
nden 289
nift 283
ngan 180
nihhus 287
nioro 285
niosan 180
niozan 285
niun 285
niunto 285
niusen 284
niuwen 284
niuwi 284
niuwn 285
niuwunga 285
niz 180
noh 289
nord 289
nordana 289
nt 282
ntdurft 282
nten 283
ntnumeo 289
nz 282
nu 289
ni 290
nisam 290
numft 289
nuoen 181
nn 290
nuz 181, 290
oba 432
obaro 432
obarn 432
obasa 433
oben 432
di 30
oan 435
oann 435
oh 11
ohso 433
ra 30
orrehano 436
ort 436
ortwas 436
stana 30
tag 28
ottar 436
ouga 29
ougatora 28
ougen 28
ougenen 28
614 INDICES
ouh 29
ouhhn 29
ouwa 4
ouwi 31
ouwiti 31
ovan 433
pfad 291
pfl 292
pfanna 291
pfant 291
pfeit 291
pfenning 291
pffa 292
pn 291
pegan 292
piht 292
pihta 292
puog 292
pfoso 293
pfa 294
pfuol 292
purren 64
qut 229
quec 230
quecka 230
quedan 229
quelan 227
quellan 227
quellen 227
queman 227
quena 228
quenaman 228
querca 228
quetten 226
quicken 230
quiltiwerc 227
quirn 228
quirnstein 228
quist 229
quiti 227, 230
rabo 183
rad 298
raha 294
rahha 296
rhha 472
rahhinza 296
ram 184
rm 304
rama 297
rant 297
rsen 304
rasta 298
rt 304
rtan 303
rtgebo 303
rvo 304
rwa 307
rza 187
reckegerna 471
recken 296
reda 298
redan 186
redn 298
ref 186
refsen 294
regan 300
reganbogo 300
reganwurm 300
Reginfrid 294
rhboc 295
rehhan 471
rho 295
reht 301
reht 301
rehtlh 300
rehtunga 301
reid 471
reiden 471
reif 296
reigaro 183
rein 296
reinen 183
reinherzi 183
reini 183
rein 183
reinisn 183
reino 470
reisa 296
reita 295
reiz 471
reizen 296, 471
rren 296
resk 471
ribbi 300
rdan 473
ridil 473
rf 306
riga 295
rhhi 305
rihten 301
rhtuom 305
rinc 302
ringa 186
ringan 472
ringi 302
rinna 302
rinnan 302
rinta 302
riob 186
riohhan 303
riomo 303
riozan 303
rsan 306
riso 472
rtan 305
rtera 187
riuten 302
riuwan 186
riz 473
rza 473
rzan 306, 473
roc 308
rod 307
rodn 309
roen 308
roggo 308
ropfn 309
rr 299
rost 309
rt 299
rtbrnpfelln 298
rotn 307
rto 299
roub 298
roubn 298
roufen 298
rouh 299
rouhhen 299
roum 303
rz 299
ruc 308
rdo 190
ruf 189
rh 309
rh 309
rm 309
rmen 309
rmi 309
Rmliuti 309
run 308
rna 310
runs 308
rnstab 310
ruoba 306307
ruodar 307
ruof 188
ruofan 188
ruofen 188
ruog 473
ruogen 473
ruoh 307
ruota 306
ruowa 307
rsa 310
rzan 186
rzen 310
sac 315
saf 319
saga 311
sagn 311
sahha 315
sahhan 314
sahs 312
Sahso 312
sal 315
salaha 315
salba 315
salbn 315
sale 316
slida 327
salo 316
salz 316
salzan 316
salzfaz 316
salzn 316
salzstein 316
samalh 317
saman 317
samann 317
samant 317
samanunga 317
samawist 317
samfti 318
smiheil 328
samo 317
smo 328
sandn 319
sang 318
sant 318
saro 319
sat 310
satul 311
satulbogo 311
scaba 331
scado 336
scadn 336
scf 340
scao 334
scaft 331
scaften 331
scal 332333
scala 333
scla 339
scalc 332
scam 333
scama 333
scamals 333
scamn 333
scanc 334
scanta 334
scara 335
scra 340
scarbo 334
scaro 335
scato 331
616 INDICES
scaz 336
scazpfung 293
scefti 331
sceidan 331
scerran 339
schhe 339
scif 340
sciart 340
scifman 340
sciltburg 337
scmo 341
scina 340
scioz 339
scra 342
sct 341
scollo 345
scni 337
scn 337
scn 347
scopf 346
scora 346
scorf 346
scoub 336
scouwn 337
scoz 346
scraz 344
screiten 343
scrift 344
scrit 344
scrt 344
scrtan 344
scuft 345
sculd 345
sculdn 345
scult 345
scultra 345
scm 345
scunten 345
scuoba 342
scuoh 342
scuohen 342
scr 347
scurz 346
scutten 345
scvala 347
scwo 347
scuz 347
s 312, 314
sal 326
secka 315
sedal 326
sen 319
segal 322
sehan 323
sehs 322
sehsto 322
seid 312
seifa 313
seih 330
seil 313
seim 313
selah 323
selb 323
selbselbo 323
selida 315
sellen 316
seltan 323
seltsni 323
senawa 329
senken 318
senten 318
sola 314
solant 314
sr 313
sren 313
srhalz 157
srlh 313
sertan 325
sez 325
sib 328
sibba 320
sibbi 320
sibbn 321
sibun 321
sibunto 321
sd 330
sen 325
sgan 329
siginmo 289
sigu 322
sih 323
sha 330
shan 330
silabar 328
silabarsmid 329
silbern 329
silo 328
sn 330
sinawerbal 200
sinawerf 200
sind 325
sindn 325
singan 324
singruoni 324
sinkan 325
sint 458
sintar 324
siodan 326
sioh 326
siohtuom 326
sta 329
sitg 321
sitn 321
situ 321
situls 321
situsam 321
siu 329
siuhh 326
siuwen 329
skaban 330
skadal 336
skarpf 335
skeida 332
skelah 338
skellan 338
skemmen 333
skenken 334
skepfen 334
skeran 338
skerien 335
skerten 335
skba 341
skilihen 338
skilling 338
skilt 337
sknan 341
skioban 339
skiozan 339
skri 341
skiteri 340
skokka 346
skolo 345
skrban 344
sko 347
slachta 348
slf 350
slfan 350
slag 348
slagn 348
slah 349
slahan 348
slangen 349
slear 351
slha 349
sleht 350
sleif 349
slo 349
slwn 349
slfan 351
slhhan 351
slihten 351
slm 351
slimb 351
slingan 350
slintan 349
slo 352
slito 350
slzan 351
sloufen 349
sloz 352
slunt 352
smac 353
smh 354
smal 353
smalast 327
smalz 353
smeckar 354
smelzan 353
smer 353
smerzan 353
smid 354
smda 355
smidn 355
smiern 353
smirwen 354
smitta 355
smoccho 355
snagga 356
snahhan 356
snaraha 356
snazo 357
sneggo 357
snegil 357
sneiten 355
snel 357
snell 357
sno 355
snepfa 358
snerfan 357
sndan 358
sniumen 358
sniumi 357
sniwit 358
snottar 359
snuor 359
snura 359
snuz 359
snzen 360
s 397
sod 388
son 388
sol 385
sorga 388
sorgn 388
sou 320
souf 320
sougen 320
soum 320
sphi 364
sph 364
spaltan 361
spn 364
spanan 361
spanga 361
spanna 362
spannan 362
spanunga 362
spar 362
618 INDICES
sparalhho 362
sparn 362
sparo 363
sparro 363
spti 364
spec 365
speh 365
speha 363
spehn 363
speht 365
speihha 361
speihhaltra 361
spel 363
spelza 97
spennen 362
sper 364
spilden 364
spinnan 364
spinnila 364
spioz 364
spwa 365
spwan 365
spiz 365
spor 367
spornn 367
sporo 368
spot 368
spottn 368
spraln 366
sprataln 366
sprehhan 366
spreiten 366
sprengen 366
sprenzen 366
springan 366
sprtan 367
spriuzen 366
spro 367
sprung 367
spuola 366
spurihunt 367
spurnen 367
spurt 367
stab 368
stabn 368
stad 372
stadal 373
stahal 369
stal 370
stam 370371
stammn 371
stampf 371
stampfn 371
stn 377
stanc 371
stanga 371
stantan 371
stapf 371
stapfal 372
starablint 372
starc 372
starn 372
staro 372
stat 369
stata 369
steg 377
stega 377
stegereif 377
stehhal 378
stehhan 373
stehho 374
stehhn 374
steiga 369
stein 369
steinag 369
steinbzil 40
steinmeizo 256
steinn 370
steinovan 369
stelan 374
stelza 374
stemmen 371
sterban 375
sterbo 375
sterno 375
stero 376
sterro 375
sterz 376
stetg 368
stg 378
stga 377
stgan 378
stih 378
stil 378
stillen 374
stilli 374
stimna 373
stingen 374
stinkan 375
stioban 376
stioater 376
stiofkind 376
stiofmuotar 376
stiofsun 376
stioftohter 376
stior 377
stiura 377
stiurren 377
stoc 383
storah 384
storrn 384
stouf 373
stouwen 379
stz 373
stzan 373
stzn 373
strach 380
strl 381
strang 380
strecken 380
strenglh 380
streno 381
strewen 381
strih 381
strhhan 382
strt 381
strtan 382
strou 381
stroufen 381
stroum 380
stuba 382
stubbi 382
stucki 383
sthha 384
stunta 383
stuol 379
stuolso 326
stuorren 379
stuot 379
stuotros 379
stri 385
sturm 384
sturmen 384
sturo 384
s 389
sfan 389
sl 385
sgan 388
suht 385
sl 389
sulih 390
sulza 385
sum 385
sumar 386
sumpf 398
sundana 387
sundstrni 30
sundrni 387
sunna 387
sunta 386
suntar 386
suntarn 387
sunu 388
suohhen 360
suohn 360
suona 360
suozi 398
suoz 398
sr 389
srougi 29, 389
swger 396
swalawa 390
swam 391
swan 391
swanur 387
swr 396
swr 396
swrida 396
swarm 391
swarz 392
sws 396
swslh 396
swebal 392
swegala 393
swegaln 393
swehur 393
sweif 390
sweifan 390
swein 390
sweiz 390
sweizen 390
swellan 394
swelli 394
swelzan 394
swenken 391
swerban 395
swerren 391
swert 395
swester 395
swen 396
swigar 393
swh 396
swhhan 397
swimman 394
swn 397
swnan 397
swingan 394
swnhirte 397
swinn 396
ten 72
tag 66
tagawerk 66
tagn 66
tha 72
tht 423
tal 67
tanna 68
tapfar 68
tar 68
tart 68
tt 72
teig 66
teil 67
teilen 67
teilida 67
tenar 70
tenni 70
620 INDICES
thanatrib 76
thart 416
tila 70
tilli 70
tiof 71
tior 71
tiuf 71
tiuri 71
tiurida 71
tiurlh 71
tocka 78
td 70
tohter 78
tol 81
tolg 78
tor 79
torwarto 79
tt 69
totoro 78
tou 70
toub 69
toufen 69
toug 69
traga 74
tragan 74
tranc 74
trata 409
trean 75
tregil 74
tren 76
tretan 409
tretten 408
trban 76
trincan 75
triofan 76
triogan 75
triuwa 410
trog 410
tropfo 77
trr 75
trren 75
trst 409
trsten 409
trstlh 409
trstls 409
troufen 75
troum 75
troumen 75
trn 411
trugil 410
truht 77
truhtn 77
trunc 77
truncan 77
trunkann 77
truoben 77
truobi 77
trt 78
trwa 411
tba 80
tugund 78
tuld 79
tumb 79
tumbn 412
tunga 79
tuola 73
tuom 73
tuomen 73
tuomstuol 73
tuon 73
turi 79
tusin 80
twl 81
twalm 81
twelan 81
twellen 81
twerg 81
ubargrif 142
ubargulden 146
ubarlit 177
ubarmagann 253
ubarwehan 465
ubil 433
f 435
fen 435
hta 435
umbi 434
unbiruoh 307
unda 435
ungifuora 110
ungihab 147
unhiurlh 171
unholda 192
unkund 224
unmzi 271
unsr 435
unsih 460
unt 434
untana 434
untar 434
untardiuten 422
untarn 434
unterburgen 63
unti 434
untorn 434
unwgi 460
unzi 434
uoben 290
uodil 290
uohald 157
uppa 435
ur 436
urdrioz 426
urhab 147
urla 231
ro 437
urrist 304
urspring 366
ustar 436
vo 436
wila 436
z 437
zan 437
ze 437
zgiswman 397
uztribo 76
war 451
wadil 451
wado 451
wen 461
wfan 461
wg 460
waga 439
wga 460
wagan 439
waganleisa 233
waganso 438
wagn 439
wahhal 442
wahhn 442
wahs 439
wahsan 439
wahsen 439
whsprhhi 367
wahst 439
wahta 440
wal 443
wala 442
walagn 443
walahisc 444
walbo 198
wald 445
walsc 197
walhhabuh 443
waltan 443
walza 444
walzan 454
wambo 445
wan 446
wn 461
wanaheil 445
wanast 447
wancn 447
wandel 446
wnen 461
wanga 447
wnida 461
wann 447
wantnti 446
wr 461
wara 450
wra 461
warba 198
warbn 198
warf 450
warg 448
wri 461
warm 449
warnn 449
wrspello 363
wart 448
warta 448
wartn 448
warths 448
wartman 448
warza 450
wascan 450
wass 198
wat 438
wt 460
wata 438
watan 438
wten 460
wzan 201
w 440
weban 451
webbi 437
wecken 442
wedar 199
wefsa 438
weg 452
wegals 452
wegan 452
weganest 284, 452
weggen 438
weggi 439
wehha 462
wehsal 462
wehsaln 462
weibn 465
weida 441
weidn 441
weih 440
weihhen 440
weinn 440
weiz 441
weizen 441
welc 453
welf 200
wella 453
wellan 453
wellen 444
welzen 444
wnag 440
wenten 446
wentilso 446
622 INDICES
wer 449, 463
werah 456
weralt 462
weraltoum 106
werban 200
werben 198
werchs 456
wercn 457
werd 457458
werdan 457
werdlh 457
werdn 458
werfan 457
werien 449450
wermuota 449
wertisala 456
wesan 458, 467
wesann 463
westar 459
westrni 459
wetan 451
wetar 452
wetti 438
wwa 441
wb 464
wibil 451
wid 464
wda 468
widar 459, 464
widarbellan 41
widaruohhan 108
widarsahho 315
widarwert 464
wglh 465
wgman 465
wh 466
when 465
whhan 466
whida 466
wi 464
wildi 454
wildtior 454
wln 201
willo 453
wimpal 454
wn 467
wnberi 466
wnfaz 467
wngarto 467
wnhs 467
wini 455
winistar 455
winken 455
winna 455
winnan 455
winne 455
wint 454
winta 455
wintan 454
wintar 455
winting 455
wintn 456
wntruncan 466
wintruncan 77
wo 468
wipfn 462
wir 460
wirbil 200
wirden 458
wirdida 458
wirsiro 457
wirsisto 457
wirt 456
wirz 457
ws 467
wisa 441
wsa 468
wisant 463
wsen 468
ws 468
wslh 467
wso 468
wsn 468
wist 459
wstuom 467
wisula 459
wt 465
wten 465
wto 465
witta 464
witu 462
wituwa 462
wzag 468
wzago 468
wzagn 468
wzan 468
wzen 202
wz 202
wzi 468
wola 454
wolatt 453
wolcan 474
wolf 473
wolla 474
wonn 475
worb 476
wort 475
wreh 472
wulpa 474
wunna 475
wunsc 475
wunsken 475
wunt 474
wunta 474
wuntar 474
wuntarsiun 474
wuntn 474
wuodi 470
wuof 470
wuofan 470
wuofen 470
wuohhar 469
wuorag 470
wuosti 470
wuot 469
Wuotan 469
wuoten 469
wuot 469
wurl 450
wurgen 476
wurken 476
wurm 476
wurt 475
wurz 476
zagal 398
zh 401
zahar 399
zal 400
zala 401
zla 406
zaln 400
zam 401
zand 401
zandls 401
zanga 401
zantero 401
zapfo 402
zarga 402
zart 402
zata 398
zebar 406
zha 399
zehan 404
zehanto 403
zehha 403
zehho 407
zeihhan 399
zeihhanen 399
zeihhur 399
zein 399
zeina 399
zeisan 400
zeiz 400
zeizo 400
zelga 404
zellen 400
zelt 404
zeman 404
zemmen 401
zeran 405
zers 405
zesawa 404
zeso 404
zetten 398
zi 408
ziga 406
zhan 407
zil 407
zimbar 404
zimbaro 404
zimbarn 404
zin 407
zinna 405
zint 404
ziohan 405
ziotar 405
zisamanegiwalbn 198
zt 407
zittarn 407
zi-weiben 440
zogn 411
zha 403
zopf 412
zoraht 413
zotto 411
zoubar 402
zoum 403
zouwa 406
zowen 403
-zug 403
zugil 411
zuht 411
zn 413
zunga 412
zuntara 412
zunten 401
zuo 408
zweho 414
zwei 415
zwelif 413
zwelifto 413
zwne 415
zwfal 414
zwg 414
zwirnn 414
zwirr 414
zw 415
624 INDICES
Middle High German
abe 2
alwalte 13, 443
alwaltende 16
andht 429
anke 20
ansboum 20
antsze 328
apfalter 21
balden 34
bane 36
bar 3637
behac 150
behuof 181
beizel 33
bellen 41
bende 35
benden 35
benuomen 289
beschelken 333
beschnotten 358
bicken 41
biel 46
bil 46
bilwiz 45
bismien 354
bljen 49
bliuc 48
blz 48
bluost 50
bole 62
boten 61
bzen 40
brach 53
brjen 57
braken 54
brant 54
brehen 55
briezen 56
brimmen 55
briuwen 56
brsen 60
brtlouft 59
buchen 39
bcken 61
bulge 62
bllen 62
buobe 51
buode 52, 65
butze 64
dehsan 419
dfte 422
dimpfen 68
diuten 422
dchte 421
den 72
dsen 418
drm 424
drengen 424
drz 425
duht 78
duz 431
ecke 3
eckestein 3
einnehte 9
eitstap 10
elten 14
end 18
endels 18
ensten 21
erleswen 237
erwergen 456
far 94
fren 102
fram 111
gbe 133
gbe 133
gaen 126
ggen 122
galle 124
gampf 125
gn 133
garst 127
gastgebe 127
gebeize 33
gebette 32
gel 131
geleichen 232
gelpfen 131
gengen 126
genou 179
gerat 298
geschaf 334
gest 206
getelle 79
gevere 120
gewalt 443
gewerke 457
gewrke 476
geziune 413
giergen 23
giwagen 440
glan 135
glast 135
glau 136
glfen 136
glmen 136
glitzern 136
glren 137
gotevorhtec 144
grpen 142
grasegrene 140
grien 141
grif 142
grit 142
grt 143
grob 144
geten 138
guome 139
hab 147
habene 147
haft 149
hahse 150
hamal 157
hamel 158
hamme 158
handels 159
hatele 148
hebec 148
hebede 148
heimen 152
heinen 150
hel 155156
helfels 168
hellewze 156
helse 157
herschilt 162
herwec 162
heswe 164
hetzen 165
honecseze 193
hornboge 195
houbetls 148
hover 190
hchen 196
hundert 193
hupfen 194
hsen 197
hsls 196
ingrene 143
skalt 204
jn 206
jnen 126
jiuch 206
jouchen 206
jungeling 207
karsch 211
kennunge 210
kerben 213
kben 214
kchen 214
kirre 229
kiver 212
klammer 215
klapf 215
kleint 28
klemberen 215
klotz 217
knoche 218
knochen 218
knotze 219
knllen 219
kntzen 219
knz 219
kobe 222
krinc 221
kroten 222
krouwel 222
kle 226
kunde 223
knten 224
kuose 225
kren 226
lade 175
lge 244
lre 236
lancrche 235
lantschult 235
lantsite 235
leise 233
lemede 234
lenken 175
lbels 247
lidec 246
lint 241
lohe 250
lt 238
lte 238
loube 238
lften 249
machtls 254
ml 270
malzen 258
mannen 260
mart 261
mt 271
mwen 257
meidem 256
meisch 256
menz 259
misse 272
mitte 264
mitteln 265
moder 278
626 INDICES
mhen 278
multe 275
mndel 275
muoz 274
muoze 274
negen 138
nesten 284
ntec 282
ntegen 282
ost 30
sen 30
pock 292
puoc 292
pfnsen 109
phifen 292
phrengen 293
quast 227
raen 184
rampf 184
rtls 303
reben 300
rechen 301
regen 300
rf 306
rhan 305
rzen 299
rot 307
ruch 308
rugelen 308
rump 308
rzen 186
sagen 311
scharren 336
schart 335
scharz 335
schelch 338
scher 335
scherpfen 335
scherzen 335
schilten 337
schimmen 340
schlchen 352
schopf 346
schozwort 346
schte 336
schz 337
schraen 344
schramme 344
schreit 343
schreiten 343
schrimpf 344
schrimpfen 344
schlen 339
schuofe 342
schuor 342
schr 347
scint 338
scze 337
seilen 312
seine 313
selken 324
senen 329
seten 311
sigelen 322
siule 329
sfen 330
slampen 349
slanc 349
sleize 349
slch 351
slotern 352
slz 349
slumen 352
slr 352
smalnz 353
smeizen 352
smelha 353
smelhe 353
smirle 354
smiugen 354
smollen 355
smougen 353
snal 356
snappen 356
sneise 356
sneisen 356
snellen 356
snwz 355
snittel 358
snde 357
snouwen 357
snuderen 359
snupfe 359
soppe 388
st 320
spellen 363
spen 362
spengen 361
spennen 362
spl 365
spr 365
splzen 365
sporte 367
spreckel 366
sprinzen 366
sptzen 368
stache 370
stahelen 369
starren 372
sttels 369
steinhs 369
sterre 372
sterzen 372
stiurman 376
stf 378
stm 378
strfe 382
stroe 427
stroen 382
strumpf 382
strunc 382
strz 382
studel 382
stunz 383
suc 385
seme 360
semen 360
sumeren 386
sumerlanc 386
sumertac 386
sumerzt 386
sf 389
ste 388
swade 392
swanc 391
swart 391
sweibeln 389
sweim 389
sweimen 390
swertveel 395
swifte 396
swinde 395
swint 394
tagelanc 66
tam 67
tappe 66
teic 67
teile 67
telken 78
telle 67
tengen 68
touwen 70
ttbant 69
trbe 408
trenken 74
trbe 76
troll 410
trllen 411
trumpfen 411
tfede 71
tuft 78
tunc 79
trre 80
umbeswif 396
umbeweif 440
unsivel 321
uober 290
uover 290
usele 436
vade 96
vrlic 102
veiz 90
veize 90
verderben 71
vere 93
vergseln 135
verlust 251
verne 100
vert 101
vertemmen 68
verwepfen 198
verworht 476
vle 103
vsen 104
vist 101
vladern 105
vleten 107
vluor 108
vort 121
vridels 115
vriden 115
vrien 114
vunt 118
vut 116
waberen 437
walm 444
waltschreckel 343
weideman 441
wellen 444
wercman 456
werktac 456
wernagel 449
werwolf 463
wesel 458
wester 459
wtt 440
weterleich 452
wetertac 451
wetten 438
wift 452
wge 465
wirs 457
witeren 452
wtsweif 390
628 INDICES
wordws 475
worten 475
wurht 476
wurmgarte 476
zar 402
zaspen 402
zch 406
zepfen 402
zic 406
zicken 407
zipf 405
zipfen 406
zitze 407
zorn 413
zwir 414
zwirn 414
zwiselen 414
zwist 414
zwveln 414
German
Banse 35
beedern 102
besttigen 368
Blei(h)e 50
blutrot 50
Bucht 61
Bgel 61
bunken 62
erdfest 85
Finne 103
Gellinghanf 124
gelzen 124
gnttern 137
kerne 213
kippen 214
Kleck 215
Knack 217
knacken 217
knattern 217
Koder 222
Krpel 222
lehne 174
listig 246
murren 277
quaken 227
Sandkorn 318
Schellsch 332
schimmern 340
schlittern 350
Seemann 314
spade 361
Stiege 378
stier 378
stieren 379
tappen 66
wabelen 437
wgen 191
zergen 402
zupfen 412
Langobardian
gsil 135
lagi 231
waregang 461
wintingas 455
zwa 406
OTHER INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES
Hittite
kattu- 165
kir- 170
kuen- 146
kunk- 190
kuttar 222
kuwatta(n) 199
la-a-man 280
lei- 241
lip- 245
lukkat- 242
luttai 239
mald- 258
maliddu- 49
malla- 257
mekki- 265
miliddu- 49
milit 266
muti- 273
neku-mant- 280
nekuz 279
nepi 283
nea- 284
nea- 285
nu 289
paur 121
pa-izi 83
parina 101
pata- 110
pattar 102, 109
pedan 101
ak- 314, 360
akkar 335
akuwi- 323
up- 392
tak- 419
tangarant- 194
tarna- 413
taru 405, 409
tekkui- 407
tuzzi- 423
adar 451
war- 449
waia- 450
a- 450
an(a)a 17
anda 83
anna- 20
ark- 23
arman- 24
arnu- 302
a- 435
auwant- 386
di- 73
dalugai- 236
daluki- 411
dankui- 68
e-id-mi 86
eka- 206
zi 86
gagastia- 164
genu- 218
ai- 10
ai- 31
appena- 433
ara(n)- 25
aa- 26
ater- 26
ater- 375
atug(a)i- 27
enk- 279
ua- 31
uant- 454
e- 458
ulana/i- 474
iia- 313
ikalla- 338
ipai- 364
ipatar 361
itagga(i)- 369
itark- 375
i--ga-an 207
ka- 172
kaka- 154
kalam(m)a- 156
kale- 156
kanka- 160
karia- 229
karp- 161
kai- 164
629
630 INDICES
weda- 451
en- 455
460
eia- 458
itt- 460
Lycian
aik-, B 6
ak, A 29
akntsa, B 224
akwam-pere, B 94
amk-pnte, B 99
ansk-, B 17
ant-api, B 52
as-, AB 31
atas, A 28
ate, B 28
auk-, B 29
auks-, B 439
aulo, B 29
aume, B 29
(
u
)w, AB 31
k-, B 11
k, B 4
knats, A 224
l, B 13
mpi, A 52
m-, AB 17
ntse, B 17
rwar, A 25
rwer, B 25
tl, A 27
we, A 31
cnk-, B 416
ckcar, A 78
ek, B 29
entwe, B 434
es, A 17
ke, B 466
kl(t)s-, B 155
klywe, B 176
kam, A 209
km-, B 227
knt, A 193
kante, B 193
kantwo, B 412
kanwe, A 218
kar(y)-, A 132
krpye, B 335
krya, B 170
kat, A 165
kau-, B 167
kauc, B 166
kk-, AB 214
ky-, B 134
keme, B 209
keni, B 218
ker(y)-, B 132
kercc, B 126127
ker, B 200
ke
u
, B 219
klup-, B 217
klyau-, B 178
klyomo, B 176
klyo-, A 178
klyu, A 176
kn-, A 210, 218
kuk, A 179
ko-, A 167
koc, A 166
kokale, B 199
kosi, B 202
krmp-, B 221
kri, A 170
ku-, AB 133, 193
kukl, A 199
kul, B 200
kum-, A 227
kur-, A 229
kurp-, B 200
kus-, B 133
kutk-, AB 133
kwr-, B 229
lk-, AB 249
laks, B 232
lm-, AB 240
lank
u
tse, B 240
laswi, B 237
laute, B 239
Tocharian
Sbrow 328
sta 193
tri- 425
OTHER INDO
-
EUROPEAN LANGUAGES 631
lek, AB 247
lesto, B 287
lip-, AB 245
lip-, B 247
lit-, A 248
lot, A 239
lup-, AB 350
lyk-, B 240
maiwe, B 256
malyw-, A 257258
ma, A 270
mrs-, AB 262
msk-, B 272
munt, A 264
mcar, A 273
mcer, B 273
mk, A 265
mka, B 265
mlk-, AB 266
mely-, B 257258
mee, B 270
mio, B 272
mit, B 265
moliye, B 263
nas-, A 284
nsk-, B 137
nes-, B 284
nitt-, B 138
no, B 289
nu, A 289
nusk-, B 219
akte, B 145
em, A 280
emek, B 286
i, B 460
kt, A 145
om, B 280
u, A 284
unte, B 285
uwe, B 284
ytse, B 289
-ok, A 29
okt, A 5
okso, B 433
okt-, B 5
ops-, A 433
orkm, A 301
orkmo, B 301
paiyye, B 101, 110
pk-, AB 363
pako, B 117
pl-, AB 41
plt, A 46
p, A 98
pnn-, B 364
pnw-, A 364
pr-, AB 41
prk-, AB 113
parno, A 43
prs-, AB 94, 120
prsk-, AB 120
prwn-, A 60
prwne, B 60
pts, A 101
pats, A 88
patsa, B 101
pcar, A 88
pcer, B 88
pl-, AB 41
pnto, B 40
ptro-, B 109
peke, A 89
pe, A 110
perne, B 43
pilta, B 46
plewe, B 106
plu-, A 106
poke, A 51
poko, B 51
por, A 121
porsno, B 101
prk-, AB 293
pracar, A 57
praski, A 120
pratim, A 115
prati, B 115
prk-, B 55
procer, B 57
prosko, B 120
proskye, B 120
pwar, B 121
rk-, AB 301
rake, A 294
ratre, B 307
reki, B 294
rtr, A 307
ru-, AB 309
ruw-, AB 309
sam, A 385
srk-, A 388
sark-, B 388
sle, A 316
slyiye, B 316
sm, B 385
sik-, B 312
skk, B 342
skiyo, B 341
632 INDICES
smi-, AB 353
soke, B 388
spin-, A 103
sruk-, AB 381
stm, B 371
suwo, B 389
swce, A 387
swco, B 387
k, A 322
lyp, A 315
alype, B 315
ptnt, A 321
ar, A 395
er, B 395
im, B 330
kas, B 322
kaste, B 323
kt, A 323
mare, B 353
or, B 359
p, A 392
pane, B 392
pt, A 321
pr, A 363
tm, A 371
ukt, B 321
uktante, B 321
k, A 404
ak, B 404
, A 228
ana, B 228
anwem, A 212
ari, B 376
aumo, B 146
cirye, B 375
cre, B 372
icatstse, B 355
knt, A 403
kante, B 403
oliye, B 223
pl, A 130
re-, A 375
trt, A 96
tarte, B 96
tk-, AB 428
tk-, B 406
tl-, AB 428
tampe, A 415
tankw, B 429
tapre, B 68
trkr, A 71
tarkr, B 71
t-, AB 73
tks-, B 419
tek-, B 400
tkcer, B 78
tpr, A 68
trm-, A 425
trap-, A 424
trpp-, B 424
trsk-, AB 426
tre, A 425
trey, B 425
trit, A 427
trite, B 427
tu, A 428
tunk, A 429
tuwe, B 428
twe, A 70
twere, B 80
tweye, B 70
tsaik-, B 72
tsm-, AB 404
tsr-, AB 405
tsek-, A 72
-uk, B 29
wak, A 440
walkwe, B 473
wai, A 446
want, A 454
wnt-, AB 454
wp-, A 451
wr, A 450
war, B 450
wart-, A 457
wrt, A 476
wartto, B 476
was, A 460
ws-, AB 450, 458
wp-, B 451
wek, B 440
weru, B 457
wes, B 460
wi, B 415
wn, B 475
wna, B 461
wsl, A 459
wu, A 415
y-, AB 83
yakne, B 439
yrk, A 84
yarke, B 84
yrm, B 305
ys-, AB 206
yat-, A 204
OTHER INDO
-
yente, B 454
yepe, B 461
yuk, A 83
yuk-, AB 206
Sanskrit
abh 434
dhara- 434
agh- 4
ahm 83
hi- 4
jati 11
jta- 224
jra- 12
ka- 5
ki 29
akt- 435
aml- 17
mhas- 19
amh- 19
sa- 17
ankti 20
cati 19
niti 17
antr 434
ntara- 21
nti 18
antya- 18
nu- 87
ga- 20
ghri- 279
akur- 20
pa 1
para- 2
apataram 2
pka- 2
pna- 1
rbha- 22
rcati 84
ardyati 25
artra- 307
armaka- 24
ra- 24
ary- 23
sti 86
su- 21
ani- 3
amar- 158
anti 5
va- 83
atu 5
ti 28, 82
tti 86
tha 434
vati 2930
vi- 31
yas- 11
yt 83
dy- 88
pas- 290
s- 290
sa- 26, 31
ayati 5
t 18
t- 21
tmn- 87
yu- 10
bbhasti 40, 52
babhr- 40, 60
badhnti 41
bah- 41, 62
bandh- 35
bh- 51
bibhti 45
bdhati 43
budhn- 61
buli- 65
bhti 38
bhman- 39
bhadr- 38
bhankti 35
bhnati 36, 51
bhrati 41
bhrman- 37
bhvati 44, 52
bhyate 45
bhla- 44
bhintti 46
bhog- 39
bhrjate 42
bhrate 55
bhrtar- 57
bhr- 60
bh- 64
bht- 64
bhujti 43, 61
bhurti 57
bhrj- 43
ca 434
cakr- 199
car- 200
catr-aga- 96
634 INDICES
caturth- 96
catvra- 96
chy 341
chidr- 340
chintti 342
citr- 151
ddhti 73
dadr- 405
dkina- 404
damyti 401
dnt- 401
darbh- 412
daryati 402
da 404
da 398
dmyati 401
dru 405, 409
dti 398399
degdhi 72
deha- 66
dpati 402
de- 399
dva- 408
devr- 399
ddei 407
dii- 406
ddeti 407
drgh- 236, 411
dra- 413
dti 407
ddhat- 78
drmati 409
drvati 410
drp- 408
drum- 411
dti 405, 413
d- 413
dudhra- 78
duhitr- 78
d(u)v 415
dvika- 414
dviha- 414
dhman- 67
dh- 80
dhnu- 70
dhyati 67, 72, 76
dhrati 77
dh- 79
dh- 68
dhnti 69
dhvnati 79
dha- 6
ka- 9
ati 9
ti 83
galati 227
gmati 227
grbha- 200, 209
gti- 231
gu- 219
gti 214
ghor- 129
girti 228
gn 228
gola- 226
gh- 126
gul 223
gur- 225
hams- 126
hnti 132, 146
hnu- 212
hri- 124
hryati 132, 142
hvate 128, 318
him- 134, 139
hys 132
tara- 203
it- 203
rm- 24
e 6
jhti 122, 133
jlpati 131
jmbha- 209
jna- 224
jgh 126
jrant- 210
jrate 213
jrati 211
jsate 228
jtu 227
jnti 210
jni- 230
jnu 218
jt- 223
jt-vedas- 467
jihm- 406
jihv 412
jv- 230
jt- 224
jat- 218
joyate 211
juhti 133
ji- 226
jute 213
jr- 225
OTHER INDO
-
kad 199
kka- 150
kakbh- 196
klpate 154
kalya- 155
kanna- 169
kakla- 160
kpth- 148
kart- 170
kati 339
katar- 199
kya- 197
kkati 194
kcan- 193
ksate 202
kekara- 151
keta- 150
ket- 151
khjati 332
koca- 166
ka- 167
ktti 194
kp 185
ka- 195
km- 327
kmba- 193
kpa- 196
krdati 184, 335
kvthati 199
lav- 243
lelyati 296
limpti 245, 247
linti 246
ln- 246
lobha- 238
lok- 238
lop- 403
ltam 239
lbhyati 238
lumpti 250251
lunti 243, 251
lunti 243
lucati 308309
ln- 251
mdati 263
mdhu- 265
mdhya- 264, 465
madhyam- 265
magh- 252
mahnt- 265
majjn- 264
malv- 258
mnu- 260
mnyate 259
mny 260
mat- 275
mmsm 267
ms- 270
mtr- 273
mti- 271
mdas- 263
megh- 271
mhati 272
mthati 272273
meth- 254
mimikati 272
minti 271, 273
mdnti 258, 267
md- 258
mti 257
myati 262
mt- 277
mrdhn- 275
m- 278
nma 280
n 283
nbhas- 283
nad 281
nda- 282
nagn- 280
nk 279
npt 283
napt- 283
naraka- 289
nas- 281
nsate 284
nati 279
nu- 289
nva- 284285
nvate 285
navat- 285
nvya- 284
n 285
ntha- 287
nthate 287
nnekti 287
net 289
ni-dgh- 66
nndati 280
nitarm 289
ntya- 287
n- 287
n 289
paa- 91
pad- 110
padm 101
padya- 102
padyate 101
pca 98
pnth- 99
636 INDICES
pakt- 98
pr 99
prdate 101
Parjnya- 100
par- 94
prati 120
part 101
pa- 97
pau-tp- 417
patar- 102
pti- 88
pryati 110
pyati 109
pri- 101
pas- 89
pimati 103
pik- 365
pparti 93
pitar- 88
pitvya- 88
pvan- 90
pyati 103
plvate 106
plvyati 106
pli- 105
pluta- 109
pra-vrjayati 472
prya 104
prta- 111
priy- 114
priyatva- 113
priyyte 114
prt- 115
pruv 113
pcchti 113
pcch 120
pni- 93, 119
pan 94
pth- 117
pth- 98, 292
pccha- 117
pur 119
pura-sthtr- 113
pur- 98
pr- 118
pti- 116
pyati 121
phna- 90
ragh- 240
rjas 301
rkati 14
rmate 302
rmbate 240
rmhate 240
rpas- 294
rtha- 298
rvati 309
rdhnti 303
rm- 304
rhi 246
rjate 232
rekh 295
rkas- 232
rikhti 295, 305
rikti 247
rt- 306
rcate 242
roc- 238
rda- 299
rdhati 242
rditi 303
rujti 252
rpyati 298, 303
jyati 301
jati 297
ti 85, 302
a-bh- 436
t- 23
s 310
sabh 320
scate 323
shas- 322
shate 322
skh 312
sam- 317, 385
saman 317
sam-ar- 85
sm 386
sam-yj- 207
sna- 324
sanak- 324
snti 458
sanutr- 386
sapt- 321
sapttha- 321
saptat- 321
sarp- 315
saty- 387
sava- 320
sdyati 319
sm 328
stu- 312
sicti 330
sdati 325
smn- 330
svyati 329
skunti 347
smt 317
OTHER INDO
-
smyate 353
snyati 358
snu 359
sprdhate 367
sphyate 102, 364
sphrjati 362, 366
sphaati 361
sphir- 362
sphurti 367
sphy- 103, 364365
spdh- 367
srdhati 351
sjti 324
stabhnti 368, 372
stkati 369
stnati 374, 429
star 376
stm- 378
stbhi 376
stk 383
stpa- 384
styyate 370
sthala- 370
sthlati 370
sthman- 379
sthit- 368
sthti- 369
sthr- 377, 385
sunti 320
sr 320, 385
svar- 361, 387
sn- 388
spa- 385, 389
svadh 321
svjate 394
svan- 391
svnati 391
svpiti 392
svpna- 392
svarati 393
svsar- 395
svd- 398
svpyati 389, 397
svda- 390
svedayati 390
svidyate 396
syman- 320
syti 313, 330
aknti 149150
al- 156
am 158
kate 160
akh 179
ak- 160
aph- 181
rman- 168
a- 164
at- 193
at-pati- 193
ka- 172
va- 173
ira- 150, 168, 172
r- 170
r- 183
rathyati 183
rvas- 176
rit- 177
romata- 176
roi- 175
rotra- 176
rut- 178
rut- 178
ga- 195
vn- 193
vsiti 201
var- 393
vura- 393
vura- 396
vet- 201
ym- 214
ah- 323
at- 322
322
tkman- 418
tkati 419
tku- 419
tmas- 420
tamas- 420
tamsayati 421
tankti 421
tanti 416
tpati 418
trjati 421
tark- 432
taryati 417
tt 418
tat- 420
ttra 418
tavti 418
thati 377
tittir- 422
trsati 424425
ta- 430
tpt- 429
tpti- 429
tpyati 417
t- 430
tyati 422, 430
ttya- 427
638 INDICES
tulayati 428
tupti 384
tur- 429
turti 384, 432
tvm 428
tvanakti 431
ubhu 52
ubhnti 451
udr- 436
ugr- 469
ukn- 433
ukh- 433
pa 432
para- 432
upri 433
u 30
t 437
ut 416
dhar 436
n- 446
rm- 444
r 474
vc- 440
vja- 442
vri 450
vti 453
vhati 452
vjra- 442
vlate 453
vlati 443
vlgati 444
vcati 447
vanih- 447
vanti 446, 455, 461, 475
vgati 455
vpati 94
vritha- 457
vryas- 457
vrtate 457
vartyati 448
vasant- 461
vsati 458
vste 450
vstu- 459
vats- 459460
vaym 460
vyati 441
v 199
vh- 460
vjyati 442
vchati 475
vch 475
vsa- 462
vti 460
vedyati 441
vpate 440
vepyati 440
vidhv 462
vidy 464
vijte 466
v- 466
vi- 441
vitarm 464
vitt- 463
vr- 463
vrta- 472
vrjati 471
vk 474
vka- 473
vti 449
y- 203
ymati 206
ysyati 206
ytate 204
ycati 205
yna- 206
ygya- 205
yug- 207
yuva- 207
yuvat- 207
yym 208
Avestan
ag 4
adar 434
aiti 83
as- 6
asma- 7
a- 9
av 9
axa- 204
airy 23
aiti 28, 82
aiwi 434
aiwi-gaiti- 231
aiwi-gnixta 137
ana 17
antar6 434
antara- 21
OTHER INDO
-
anu 87
anu-maiti- 275
ahu- 21
ap 1
apar 2
ar6m 24
aran- 436
aa- 23
ai 29
ata 5
asti 86
aurva- 25
avaiti 29
ayah- 11
ayar6 9
az6m 83
azaiti 11
-diti- 407
h- 290
pah- 290
y 10
banda- 35
bandayeiti 41
baod6nt- 43
bar6nu- 53
bar6zah- 42
bavaiti 44, 52
bawra- 40
b 51, 82
bzu- 51
b6r6z- 63
bifra- 414
bi 414
brtar- 57
brzaiti 42
buna- 61
a 434
axr 199
iyr 151
dadaiti 73
dav 408
dar6ga- 236, 411
dari- 68
duru- 68, 409
draoga- 74
dug6dar- 78
6r6naoiti 85, 302
frat6r6saiti 424425
fravi- 112
friya- 115
fry 114
gar6va- 200, 209
g6n 228
g6r6da- 126
gu 219
had- 325
hatu- 312
haiyya- 387
ham- 386
hama- 317, 385
hana- 324
hant- 325
hapta 321
har6zaiti 324
-haurv 319
haxay- 312
hazah- 322
h 310
h6nti 458
hinaiti 330
hinu- 329
hita- 377
hiz 412
hu-badra 38
hunu- 388
hur 320
h 389
hvar6 361
ti- 6
amaiti 227
ni- 230
ainti 146
araiti 228
ka-m6r6da- 275
kamna- 333
kaofa- 166
kata- 196, 226
katr 199
k6r6sa- 195
k6r6ti- 225
k 199
mad6ma- 265
madaite 263
madu- 265
maga- 271
mazaiti 272
magava- 253
maidya- 264
mainyete 259
manu- 260
640 INDICES
maoir- 264, 268
mar6za- 262
maz9nt- 266
mazga- 264
mh- 270
mtar- 273
m6r6ta- 277
m6r6zu- 276
mida- 272
mimara- 271
myra 278
na- 283
nabah- 283
nad- 280
napt- 283
napt- 283
nh- 281
nman- 280
ni-diti- 72
ni-wyeiti 45
n 460
ni 289
n 289
pad- 110
pad6m 101
pas- 89
paiti- 88
pana 98
par- 93
par6na- 94
par 99, 119
pasu- 97
pauru- 98
pna- 101
p6r6n 118
p6r6yu- 98, 292
p6r6saite 113
p6r6tu- 119
piti- 116
ray- 248
rax6nah- 232
ragu- 240
raod- 303
raodaiti 242
raoxna- 242
raya- 298
rata- 301
ravah- 309
rdaiti 303
safa- 181
sak- 149150
sat6m 193
sdra- 165
snaa- 355, 358
snaeati 356
snvar6 359
spata- 201
spanah- 194
spar6ga- 362
spasyeiti 363
sp 193
sp6nta- 194
sp6r6d- 367
sraoman 176
sraoni- 175
sraoyra- 176
sraoa- 176, 178
sraota- 176
sravah- 176
sr- 183
sruta- 178
yta- 201
staora- 377
staxra- 369
stiti- 379
ta 418
taoayeiti 418
tar 421
taru- 430
ta- 419
tyrau 420
taxma- 421
t6maha- 420
tiry 88
tma- 431
tvm 428
yang- 428
yry 425
yrity 427
udr 436
ugr 469
un 446
upairi 433
upara- 432
up 432
u- 30
uxan- 433
uz-daza- 66
vam 460
vati- 464
vanaiti 475
vahaiti 458
vari 461
var- 453
OTHER INDO
-
var6mi- 444
var6n 474
var6t- 457
var6za- 456
vartva- 476
vast 450
vax- 439
vaxa- 440
vazra- 442
v 199
viti 460
vr- 450
vstr6m 458
v6hrka- 473
vidav 462
vra- 463
vtara- 464
xrma- 190
xva 322
xvati- 322
xviwra- 390
x
v
ada- 390
x
v
afna- 392
x
v
ap- 392
yah- 206
yaozaiti 206
yr- 206
y 198, 203
y 208
y6m 208
zaa- 123
zafar- 212
zairi- 124
zana- 224
zanva 212
zao- 213
zara- 132
zaziti 133
z 126
zra- 124
Old Persian
apataram
va- 230
payim 291
xya 11
Afghan
lwar- 364
fsr ~ fser 365

luton 16
m-brzyn 42
cw 213
djn 67
k
w
6rt 225
stur 385
tajun 418
tajyn 418
(v)urs 189
xumllg 192
xuyun ~ xuin 329
yex 204
Ossetic
Scythian
Aloy-agow 16
642 INDICES
atow 310
Aggeloi 19
ge 11
gklh 20
gkulow 1920
gklow 19
gnvtow 224
gw 11
grw 12
gxi 19
gv 11
gkn 19
dastow 402
dn 84
ajv 439
yeow 145
y-rv 71
za 26
hmi 460
aglvc 7
Aidhw 156
adomai 11
alourow 459
ayow 6
ama 313
istow 463
asxow 6
,thw 29
an 11
kaina 3
karna 5
kw 3
kltow 177
km 5
ktw 435
ljv 14
litanv 233, 351
lk 14
lkh 14
ll 15
llomai 323
llow 15
lw 316
lfw 13
lphj 403
ma 385
mayow 318
momai 318
mart 23
mv 269
mlgv 266
mhtow 271
mm 17
mnw 4
mfhn 20
mfv 52
n 17
na 17
naltow 13
napelsaw 2
naurow 29
nemow 17
neu 87
nyrnh 76
nnw 20
nta 18
ntai 17, 19
nt 18
ntow 18
jnh 12
jvn 5
piow 1
plow 91
p 1
p 2
pvtrv 2
rarskv 305
rsterow 455
risterw 423
rotron 23, 25
rv 23
rshn 436
rvg 307
skhyw 336
spragow 366
sparv 367
str 376
talw 27
ter 386
traktow 432
tta 27
a 29
age 29
alw 29
aow 320
asiow 30
av 30
fnow 1
xnh 4
xomai 3
banv 227
bath 291
bptv 226
brayron 228
barw 225
bsiw 231
bdv 101
bow 230
bibrskv 228
Greek
OTHER INDO
-
bow 219
brkana 277
braxw 276
brxv 300
brotw 277
bzon 294
bunv 294
gaulw 213
gnow 224
gnuw 212
granow 220
grron 213
grvn 210
gstra 459
gesta 451
geomai 213
gignskv 218
gltton 216
gloiw 215
glfv 216
gnhtw 223
gnj 218
gnvtw 218, 224
gmfow 209
gnu 218
grfv 213
graw 228
grzv 222
gr!ma 222
gun 228
gph 222
g-row 226
d`r 399
daomai 398, 400
dkru 399
damv 401
dpedon 412
dasw 401
datomai 402
deknumi 407
dka 404
dkatow 403
dltow 404
delfw 209
dmv 404
dejiw 404
drkomai 402
drma 405
drv 405
dfv 402
dkh 406
dyrambow 20
diplow 414
dw 414
dokv 403
dolixw 236, 411
dlow 400, 406
dru 405, 409
doxmw 406
drpv 408
drmow 409
drinow 410
do 415
dsximow 134
ar 461
arn 470
gxesmvrow 270
dra 326
dv 86
yow 322
zomai 325
ebv 330
elv 443444, 453
emi 83
ktow 323
okur 393
okurw 393
lafrw 251
laxw 240
olen 316
olkh 453
n 84
natow 285
ndon 83
negken 279
npv 311
neroi 289
nh 83
nna 285
nnumi 450
now 324
ntera 84
nt 458
ntw 84
j 322
jaustr 30
or 395
peiktow 465
pourow 447
pomai 323
pow 440
opt 321
r` 86
rgon 456
rebow 301
rekv 295
rptomai 294, 307
rv 310
rekv 305
repv 305
ruyrw 307
644 INDICES
rxomai 300
rdiw 25
rv 304, 307
ti 82
tow 460
ev 436
xv 322
ymnow 68
yenv 132, 146
ylgv 78
ynar 70
yew 72
yiggnv 72
ylow 67
yolv 81
yrasw 68, 80
yrama 75
yrav 76
yrmbow 74
yugthr 78
ynv 79
yuoskow 337
yr` 80
yussaneiw 78
yv 69
yvmw 73
zenamen 228
zegow 206
zv 206
zugn 207
gomai 314, 360
dw 398
liow 361, 387
riow 9
-W 199
ikanw 161
merow 206
mi 328
na 21
peirow 290
ra 461
Hra 319
remow 302
tor 87
te 416
x 397
w 30
329
dow 390
driw 464
emai 441
kv 312
mw 330
mbhriw 19
jai 330
onyow 446
w 441
pnw 433
ppow 83
sthmi 377
ta 464, 468
kainw 169
klamow 156
kalw 155
kmarow 192
kamp 158
kprow 148
kptv 149
karda 170
karpw 161162
kentv 169
kraw 170
keyv 196
kefal 130
kdow 165
khkv 160
klh 166
kpow 181
kldow 192
klzv 174
klow 176
klptv 175
klnh 177
kl,nv 177
klzv 178
klutw 178
knptv 179
knv 181
knhkw 193
knmh 158
knzv 180
knsa 180
knza 180
knv 180
kov 167, 337
koranow 163
klpow 198
konw 138
krsh 170
korudw 171
kradv 184, 335
krmbow 184
kraw 185
krevn 183
krnh 185
kr 132
kroiw 183
krmuon 184
krov 186
OTHER INDO
-
kr!mw 190
krzv 187
kbow 194
kklow 199
kmbh 193
kph 196
ktow 196
k!fw 196
kvn 193
kmh 152
kph 181
lganon 234
lzomai 234
laen 244
lkkow 231
lsiow 445
lepv 247
lexv 246
leimn 233, 351
ljomai 240
leukzv 250
leukw 242
lgv 234
lhden 244
lhh 239
lnow 474
ligw 233
lzei 246
lnamai 246
liparw 245
lobw 236
loutrn 239
lov 238239
lgj 250
lgow 250, 252
lzv 352
lkow 473
ltron 251
lv 243, 251
madv 263
mayen 276
mazw 263
makravn 235
makroyuma 235
makrw 253
mlgow 257
manynv 275
mrh 275
mssv 257
meglo 265
mgaw 266
mdomai 268
myu 265
megnumi 272
mevn 271
mldomai 267
mldv 258
mli 266
mmona 259
msow 264
met 268
mkvn 269
mlon 270, 353
mw 270
mtiw 271
mthr 273
mtra 274
mxow 252
minyv 271, 273
misyw 272
moixw 254
mdow 278
myow 264
mua 278
m!komai 278
mllon 278
mw 278
nrkh 356
naw 289
nev 285
neow 284
nefei 358
nmv 284
neognw 393
nomai 284
now 284
nrye(n) 289
nrterow 290
neron 359
nev 285
neflh 283
nfow 283
nv 286
nyv 358
nssa 21
nzv 287
nu 289
numfta 261
nj 279
nuw 359
jnh 337
310
dssomai 27
dn 401
zow 26
odaj 10
odv 10
okow 466
oktrw 7
646 INDICES
oow 9
w 31
otow 10
kt 5
librn 351
lisynv 351
malw 324
mxlh 271
mgniow 317
mse 317
mw 317
mfalw 279
mf 318
neidow 280
noma 280
nomanv 280
nuj 279
ja 26
rv 450
rgv 301
rektw 301
rmenow 85
rniw 2425
rnumai 302
rnumi 24, 85
robow 25
rrow 25
rssv 308
rfanw 22
rfnw 85
rxomai 23
w 198, 396
sse 29
oyar 436
Onnoi 196
fiw 4
frw 60
xv 438
palmh 118
pantokrtvr 16
pr 119
par 119
patomai 110
patr 88
patrikw 88
parow 96
paxw 41, 62
pdon 101
pza 102
pziw 101
peyomai 46
pekv 103
pera 102
pkow 89
pkv 96
pleia 80
plma 97
plth 91
pnomai 119, 364
pnte 98
pow 94
perv 93
prdomai 101
peripefleusmnow 48
prusi 101
petnnumi 96
peyomai 43
pgnumi 92, 109
pnow 92
ppoka 201
pxuw 51
pdaj 103
pvn 90
plgow 105
plzv 105, 108
plj 104
plth 117
platw 98, 292
plevn 104
plekt 104
plkv 106
plv 106
plnyow 107
ploon 106
plma 106
plvtw 107
plv 108
pnv 109
pkow 89
pntow 99
pse 199
psiw 88
poev 197
poiklow 89
poimn 90
poliw 91
pol 98
porknw 93, 119
porf-rv 57
pow 110
prson 293
prka 119
prmow 111, 116
proshnw 435
ptriw 94
ptrnh 101
ptern 102
ptv 365
puymn 61
p-yomai 121
pon 121
pr 121
OTHER INDO
-
pvlv 61
plow 118
=dij 473, 476
=aibw 470
=apw 476
=puw 306
=ssv 471
=mbv 472
=ema 380
=on 472
=okow 470
=omow 476
sbnnumi 228
slma 324
skzv 334
skarv 344
skllv 338
skalmw 333
skptv 330
skfh 334
skerv 338
skptomai 363
skptron 331
ski 341
skidarn 340
skinyw 334
sk,pvn 341
skopow 341
skoliw 338
sktow 331
skzomai 345
sklon 347
skrow 346
sktow 336
skr 335
smv 354
smv 355
smkrw 354
smxv 354
somfw 391
spyh 361
sparsion 363
spv 361
spedv 364
spggow 103, 365
splow 365
stmnow 371
stsiw 369
statw 368
staurw 373
stexv 378
stera 376
stllv 370
stlow 374
stmbv 371
stnv 374, 429
stergnow 425
sterew 372
stmvn 379
stzv 374
stxow 378
sto 380
stoxow 369
stlow 370
stryh 376, 383
stregomai 381
stroyow 425
stpow 384
s 428
sfaragomai 362, 366
sfn 364
sxzv 342
sw 418
trbow 421
tarsw 417
tatw 420
tarow 423
te 434
tgow 415
tknon 418
trpomai 417
trsomai 422
tssarew 96
ttartow 96
ttraj 422
tenv 416
terv 426
texv 69
tkv 415
thla 420
tyhmi 73
titrskv 426
trmow 417
toxow 66
trew 425
trmv 425
trfv 73, 77
trv 424425
trhtw 427
trofalw 73
trv 425
tlow 428
tptv 384
tuflw 69, 80
grw 442
drow 436
dvr 451
lh 385, 389
la 389
mn 320
mmew 208
648 INDICES
pr 433
p 432
pnow 392
w 389
f 451
fanv 38
flagj 34
fallw 34, 44
falw 48
fbomai 41
fretron 43
frv 41
fedomai 46
f 51
fhgw 52
fhm 36, 51
flow 45
Fnnoi 103
flgv 47
flidv 47
floidv 47
flmow 327
formw 37
fr`r 58
frn 144
frthr 57
frimv 57
frnow 60
fma 39
fv 44, 52
fgv 33
fvn 52
xanv 126
xaon 123
xarv 142
xandnv 133
xnow 125
xow 128
xriw 132
xartw 142
xatv 122
xeiropoihtw 159
xel-nh 131
xv 133
xyamalw 125
xyw 132
xn 126
xin 139
xlv 136
xlid 136
xlow 136137
xlow 124
xranv 144
xremetzv 140
xrma 143
xr,v 143
xrmow 139
xrow 344
cxv 52
lnh 14
mw 17
n 11
r` 206
Phrygian
ad 26
bdu 451
dow 70, 72
davo 448
duma 73
eti 82
ian 438
kklhn 199
kuryaneyon 163
meka 266
Jeunh 337
oito 10
onoman 280
proitavos 111
yos 203
ztna 128
Armenian
acem 11
aiun 26
ail 15
aitnum 10
OTHER INDO
-
alik' 91
a 316
abiwr 58
am 386
aman 386
amis 270
ancanaut' 224
anic 180
anjn 19
anjuk 19
anun 280
araur 23
ard 23
arn 85
art 12
aaspel 363
ast 376
atamn 401
ateam 27
ban 36, 52
barjr 42, 63
bark 37
bek 35
berem 41
bok' 40
cer 210
cunr 218
c'iw 347
c'urt 347
darbin 66
danam 74
dez 66
dik' 72
du 428
dustr 78
ebayr 57
eam 86
erek' 301, 425
es 83
et 326
gam 438
gelum 443
get 451
gitem 441
gom 458
hac'i 26
han 20
hanum 119
harc' 120
harc'anem 113
hast 94
hav 31
hayc'em 9
hayr 88
heru 101
het 101
hin 324
hing 98
hingerord 99
hu 121
hun 99
hur 121
il 87
inn 285
jak 124
jeun 131
jiwn 139
ju 11
keem 227
kin 228
kov 219
kunk 221
k'irtn 390
k'oyr 395
lezu 412
lizanem 246
lu 105, 178
luc 207
lucanem 252
mal 270
malem 257
malt'em 258
mard 277
mec 266
m 264
mg 271
mer 266
mic 355
mis 267
mizem 272
mukn 278
neard 359
nist 287
nu 359
nurb 289
o 25
ost 26
pelem 292
650 INDICES
p'lanim 91
p'orj 102
san 171
sirt 170
skesur 393
snerb 356
sten 374
ster 376
stvar 377
el 338
taigr 399
tasn 404
tawn 398
ti 407
tiz 407
tvar 406
t'anjr 428
t'a 417
ul 118
unkn 30
ur 198
us 17
utem 86
ut' 5
vandem 474
vaem 449
vec' 322
zgenum 450
Thracian
Abrozelmiw 1
blinyow 62
Boulogashw 123
Boureilaw 64
bra 472
brza 308
brtow 59
diza 406
brow 82
zalmw 168
Zulmusdrihnw 410
nba 355
Rskow 297
sklmh 333
Strumn 380
Tiouta 423
Macedonian
brotew 60
liza 15
gabaln 130
klintroxon 178
Olganow 474
Albanian
ah 26
bar 36
bardh 42
Dacian
disema 327328
diessathel 327328
lj 239
koikolda 151
pridhla 114
pridila 114
sikoupnoj 181
OTHER INDO
-
barr 37
baruk 37
berr 38
bie 37
bri 55
br 55
buj 52
bj 53
bung 62
buzm 170
c( j)ap 340
al 338
dash 71
der 80
det 71
dit 407
djal 70
djatht 404
dje 132
djers 390
dra 74
dr 74
drang 74
dredh 74
drith 132, 147
dua 213
due 213
dy 415
dhamb 209
dhmb 209
emn 280
emr 280
sht 86
er 94
fjal 363
gardh 126
gdhend 71
gdhij 408
gdhj 408
grua 228
grue 228
gjalp 315
gjasht 322
gjeth 227
gjum 392
hal 332333
hije 341
hir 342
h( j)edh 339
kap 149
katr 96
koll 202
kref 139
kreh 139
krip 186
krodh 188
krua 185
krue 185
kryp 186
kur 198
kush 198
lab 236
land 240
leht 240
lej 242
lnd 240
lidh 247
lodh 244
llan 14
llr 14
madh 266
mat 276
mz 259
mz 259
mi 278
m 278
miell 267
mish 267
miz 278
mjalt 266
mjegull 271
mjel 266
mot 271
motr 273
muaj 270
muej 270
nand 285
nat 280
nd 83
ndrydh 428
nduk 405
ne 460
nnt 285
njof 210
njoh 210
pa 1
pal 91
652 INDICES
pel 118
pes 98
ps 98
pjerdh 101
plaf 104
plesht 105
push 117
rjep 294
rjep 307
rranj 476
rrnj 476
rrime 476
rrjedh 300
rrym 380
sivjet 172
sy 29
shoh 323
shqerr 338
shtat 321
shteg 369
shtjerr 376
shtyj 373
shtyj 373
ti 428
tredh 426
tremb 425
tul 428
thni 138, 180
thri 138, 180
thi 389
uj 451
ujk 473
usht 436
vang 447
vej 451
vesh 30
vi 459
vit 460
vjedh 452
vjehrr 393
zi 229
zorr 127
zverk 395
zvjerdh 456
Illyrian
Syrapus 389 Teutana 422
Teta 423
Messapic
ana 20
brndon 55
brntion 55
brunda 55
brion 65
Menzana 259
spta 396
Venetic
ahsu 21
sselboi sselboi 323
veina 330
voltixnos 393
Latin
ab 1
acer 4
acernus 5
acis 3
aculeus 5
acus 4
OTHER INDO
-
ad 26
adfer 41
aemulus 82
aes 11
aesculus 7
aeuus 11
age 11
ager 12
agit 11
agna 3
agnus 4
ag 11
la 5
albus 13
alcs 14
alius 15
alnus 15
al 12
altus 13
amrus 17
ambactus 18
amb 52
anas 21
ancrae 19
angiportus 19
Anglii 19
angor 19
angulus 20
angustus 19
animus 17
anna 20
annus 28
nsa 20
nser 126
antae 18
aper 82
aperi 449
aqua 5
ra 31
artrum 23, 25
arcus 23
ardea 25
armus 24
ar 23
artus 23
ascia 12
asellus 25
asinus 25
atta 27
auge 29
auris 30
aurra 30
auster 30
auus 31
axis 5
badius 291
barba 36
biber 44
biennium 28
bmus 134
bn 414
bis 414
bs 220
brevis 276
bubulcus 292
buttis 293
caecus 151
caenum 197
cale 156
cal 156
campus 158
canis 193
canna 210
cannabis 159
can 161
cnus 164
caper 148
capi 149
capti 149
captus 149
caput 148
carp 161162
carr 339
crus 182
catillus 211
catulus 148149
caue 167, 337
caup 211
caupnri 211
caurus 347
cel 168
centum 193
centuria 193
cerebrum 170
ctr 172
cuis 173
clam 175
clm 178
clep 175
cling 175
cln 177
cluus 174
clnis 175
clu 178
collis 156, 192
collus 157
columen 191
comestor 158
commnis 255
cnue 180
654 INDICES
coniux 207
conuexus 447
cor 170
corbis 163
corn 195
corpus 185
corulus 164
coxa 150
crtis 194
cre 403
crbrum 187
crnis 188
cruor 185
crusta 190
crux 189
cd 167
culmus 156
cnctor 160
cpa 196
cr 198
cutis 196
damnum 398
d 434
decem 404
decet 403
dfend 146
dns 412
dnsus 401
deus 408
dc 407
d 408
dolus 400, 406
dom 401
dnec 408
dc 405
duo 415
duplus 414
ed 86
eg 83
e 83
equus 83
err 86
eruum 25
est 86
et 82
explr 108
faber 66
faci 73
fgus 52
fall 81
far 36
fr 36
farna 37
faue 129
fel 124
Fenn 103
friae 69
fer 41
fsiae 69
ber 40
bra 40
fd 46
flius 70
nd 46
ng 72
f 44
agr 47
agrum 47
vus 49
e 49
4950
follis 34
foris 80
forus 37
fragor 54
fragr 37
frang 55
frter 57
frxinus 43
frem 55
frend 141
fretum 57
frns 54
fcus 46
f 44
fulica 34
full 62
fund 133
fundus 61
fuscinula 5
fuscus 80
gabalus 121
galba 212
gel 208
gena 212
genius 224
gns 212
gen 218
genus 224
gibbus 208
glaber 135
glsum 135
glci 173
glb 216
gnuus 218
Graecus 221
grmen 140
grnum 225
gremium 221
grmus 222
OTHER INDO
-
gurgit 228
gustre 226
gustus 226
Gutones 147
guttur 222
habe 130
haednus 123
haedus 123
hasta 129
hauri 30
heluus 124, 131
heri 132
hesternus 133
hiems 139
hi 134
holcas 191
hom 146
hordeum 132, 147
horior 132
hostis 127
humilis 125
humulus 192
Hunn 196
iinium 94
gntus 224
in 84
inclutus 178
nferus 434
inguen 84
nseque 311
nstaur 373
nstg 374
inter 434
internus 435
intr 418
intus 84
is 203
istud 418
iterum 203
igis 11
iug 207
iugum 207
iniperus 205
iuuencus 207
iuuenta 207
labium 241
lacus 231
lamb 236
lna 474
langue 234, 349
lascuus 237
lau 238, 240
laus 243
lentus 241
leuis 240
lvir 399
liber 237, 249
lber 112
lig 247
lmus 233, 351
lnea 248
ling 246
lingua 412
linqu 247
lnum 248
lra 233
lue 349
longaevus 235
longus 235
lubet 238, 249
lcus 238
ld 246
lumbus 235
lmen 242
lna 242
lu 251
lupus 473
lx 238
macer 253
made 263
magnus 266
malignus 393
mlus 263
malus 353
mang 259
manus 260, 275
marce 261
mare 261
marg 262
mter 273
meditor 268
medius 264
medulla 265
mei 272
mel 266
memin 259
memor 271
mentum 276
merula 17, 354
minor 273
minu 271
misce 272
misericordia 24
misericors 24
mollis 258
mol 257
mone 259
monle 260
mortrium 277
mortuus 277
656 INDICES
mtus 273
moue 273
mcus 278
mulge 266
mnus 255
mrus 255
ms 278
muscus 277
mt 272273
nsum 281
natrix 279
nuis 289
n 285
nebula 283
ne 286, 358
neps 283
neptis 283
neruus 359
n 289
ndor 180
ndus 287
nix 355
ndus 282, 289
nn 283
Northwegia 289
ns 460
nouus 284
nouem 285
nox 280
ndus 280
numerus 307
nu 285
nurus 359
nux 181
obscrus 347
obstaculum 373
obstpus 378
oct 5
di 27
d 27
ollus 13
opus 290
orbus 22
orior 85, 302
s 290
tium 30
ovis 31
pgnus 154
palma 118
plus 292
pandus 92
pang 92, 109
pannus 92
ppili 98
psc 110
pate 96
pater 88
ptruus 88
paucus 96
paullus 96
pect 96
pec 97
peda 101
pdis 101
pd 101
pellnus 97
pellis 97
pend 191
pnis 94
penus 99
perna 101
ps 110
pcus 365
pirum 40
piscis 103
piscor 103
place 104
plaga 105
plang 105, 108
plnus 108
plect 106
plic 106
pls 104
pluteus 108
pns 99
por 119
porca 120
porcus 93
porrum 293
portus 119
posc 113
potis 88
praecell 155
prehend 133
prmus 116
proprius 114
prouerbium 475
pruna 113
ps 121
pte 116, 121
qurtus 96
quattuor 96
que 434
quercus 100, 120
queror 201
qu 201
quis 201
qunque 98
quod 199
qur 198
OTHER INDO
-
rdx 473
rapi 294, 307
rpum 306
rati 298
ratum 193
rvus 142
recns 169
recprocus 119
rctus 301
reg 301
renoure 285
rp 300
rig 300
rpa 306
rd 473
rogus 296
Rma 310
rota 298
ruber 308
rubre 307
rud 303
rfus 299
rump 303
runc 308309
ru 309
rs 309
saccus 315
saeta 312
saeuus 313314
sgi 314, 360
sl 316
sali 323
salitus 323
salix 315
sall 316
snus 360
sapa 319
sapi 311
sarica 319
satis 310
saxum 312
scab 334
scpus 331
scelus 338
scind 342
scpi 341
scortum 335
scrb 344
scrpus 345
sctum 336
sec 311
sede 325
sella 326
smen 328
smi 328
senex 324
senti 325
sequor 323
srius 396
ser 327
serum 392
seru 319
sessus 325
stius 329330
sex 322
sextus 323
siat 330
sbilus 393
sile 328
similis 324
simplus 91
sinister 455
sinistus 324
sin 329
sist 377
socer 393
socius 312
socrus 393
sl 361, 387
solum 389
somnus 392
son 391
sns 319
sonus 391
spi 389
sopor 392
sordre 392
sords 392
soror 395
sparus 364
speci 363
spern 367
spcus 365
spma 90
spu 365
sptum 368
stmen 379
statim 369
status 368, 372
stlla 376
stercus 425
stilus 378
stingu 375
stp 378
stria 378
striga 381
strig 381
string 380, 382
stru 381
stude 373
stupe 384
sturnus 375
suuis 398
658 INDICES
sdor 390
su 70
sg 388
sunus 397
sunt 458
su 329
sup 389
stus 388
suus 396
tace 415
tang 400
taurus 423
tells 420
tlum 419
tene 416
tentus 420
tepe 418
ter 426
terre 425
tertius 427
tex 419
textilis 419
toga 415
tonge 416
ton 429
torpe 421
torque 432
torre 417, 422
torrus 430
ttus 13
trabs 426
tractus 74
trah 424
trs 425
trstis 427
trd 426, 428
t 428
tber 431
tubrucus 423
tmor 431
turdus 425
turma 427
ud 438
uadum 438
uae 440
ualgus 444
uallus 445
unus 446
uarus 457
uas 438
ustus 470
uts 469
utrax 451
ber 28
ber 436
-ue 199
uege 442
ueh 452
uell 454
uenia 475
ueni 227
uentus 454
uenus 446, 455, 461, 475
ur 461
uerbum 475
uereor 447
uermis 476
uert 457
urus 461
uscor 458
uespa 438
uestis 451
uibr 467
uide 441, 464
uidua 462
ue 441
uisc 467
ulla 466
uinc 465
unum 467
uir 253, 463
uirga 463
urus 441
us 253
utis 468
uuerra 7
uuus 230
ulmus 83
ulna 14
umbilcus 279
umerus 17
uncus 19
unda 435
unguen 20
unguis 279
ungu 20
nicus 8
nus 9
uol 453
umis 439
uor 228
ux 440
urge 476
r 436
uultus 474
OTHER INDO
-
Other Italic Languages
aasa, Osc 31
adeis, Osc 165
aisos, Marruc 11
akene, Osc 28
anter, Osc 21
a, Umbr 26
az, Osc 26
dupla, Umbr 414
esono-, Umbr 11
far, Umbr 36
far, Osc 36
fesnafe, Umbr 69
furfant, Umbr 63
ftr, Osc 78
kletram, Umbr 177
mais, Osc 257
nertru, Umbr 289
perne, Umbr 100
pir, Umbr 121
promom, Umbr 111
ptrspd, Osc 199
stakaz, Umbr 369
touto, Osc 423
trbm, Osc 426
tutas, Umbr 423
u t u r, Umbr 451
ueiro, Umbr 463
umen, Umbr 20
Italian
donna 261
donnola 261
mariscalco 261
stufa 382
zappo 213
Spanish
aliso 15
ganso 126
Rumanian
tureci 423 ap 213, 340
Gaulish
alios 15
ambi 434
anam 92
avallo 21
belnion 41
brca 57
brva 58
cnos 393
Dexsiva Dea 404
Donon 413
eti 82
geistlus 135
isarnodori 204
lautro 239
marta 261
660 INDICES
medio 264
nemhton 284
Orbius 23
rda 295
sedlon 326
Toutonos 422
tri 220
Old Welsh
agit 11
bronn 58
coit 154
coll 164
din 413
dub 80
gint 212
ocet 3
peterin 102
rit 119
treb 426
Middle and Modern Welsh
addiad 204
afr 1
amaeth 18
athraw 14
ballu 227
bar 38
bedd 32
bedw 227
bela 41
bera 42
berth 42
blawd 50
blawr 49
blith 267
blydd 258
both 227
brefu 55
brwynen 58
bwch 61
bwlch 292
byd 230
bydaf 46
cae 150
caeth 149
caseg 160
ceinach 164
celli 192
chwegr 393
clun 175
clyd 156
clywed 178
coel 151
coll 168
cryd 188
cwd 196
darn 413
deigr 399
derwen 409
dol 67
dor 80
dwnn 80
dygaf 405
ebil 5
echel 5
elin 14
erw 86
etem 95
raeth 366
frau 363
galw 209
garan 220
garm 210
glan 135
gogof 194
gro 141
gwr 461
gwawd 469
gwayw 123
gweli 443
gwer 450
OTHER INDO
-
gwerth 458
gwest 459
gwlan 474
gwr 463
gwraidd 476
gwridd 473
gwst 133
gwydd 462
gwyllt 454
gwynt 454
gwystl 135
gwyw 467
had 327
haf 386
haiarn 204
hanner 386
haul 361
hebrwng 55
hebu 311
hidl 327
hoed 313
hud 313
hut 313
hwch 385
hynt 325
iaith 205
iau 207
iawn 82
ieuanc 207
kelyn 178
llaid 231
llawr 108
lledr 241
lleithen 267
machteith 253
mant 276
march 261
megin 253
mellen 266
merw 277
mordwy 378
mwy 257
mwyalch 17, 354
mwyth 278
neidr 279
neithiwyr 132
nos 280
nwyd 289
ol 117
pair 200
pan 198
pas 202
perth 120
pinc 103
prys 195
rhid 306
rhif 305
rhin 310
rhiw 306
rhuch(en) 308
rhwydd 295
rhwydd-hau 305
rhych 120
rhydd 114
sedd 325
seren 376
serth 375
tank 429
tro 424
troeth 425
trychu 427
tud 423
tyfu 431
udd 28
wy 11
ych 433
ychen 434
ymwan 474
ysgogi 332
ysgryd 344
ywen 203
Breton
a olguo 117
ahel 5
azr 279
bed 230
bz 32
bouch 61
broennenn 58
bronn 58
662 INDICES
carrec 164
coet 154
een 82
er 25
eru 86
fro 363
garan 220
garm 210
goa 123
goestl 135
guohi 438
gwiber 7
gwiniz 197
had 327
hent 325
heol 361
heulia 117
houarn 204
houch 385
ilin 14
ivin 203
koll 168
lagad 249
lezr 241
mao 253
ol 117
ozach 28
rin 310
rn 296
skant 338
treb 426
Old Cornish
bal 34
blodon 50
brunnen 58
caid 149
cassec 160
cuit 154
elin 14
guistel 135
heuul 361
hiuin 203
hoern 204
mahtheid 253
bar 38
bedh 32
boch 61
celli 192
erw 86
garan 220
garm 210
gew 123
goly 443
gwyls 454
has 327
hoch 385
maw 253
nader 279
ol 117
pr 200
ymwanas 474
Cornish
OTHER INDO
-
Old Irish
290
ad 26
adgathar 3
adbond 43
adferta 457
ed 6
aicher 4
aile 15
ainmm n 280
aircomfed 451
aiss 5
aith 28
alim 12
altae 16
altram 14
altru 14
andracht 413
anim 17
arathar 25
arsaid 113
asag 213
atbaill 227
athir 88
attu 377
u 30
bgaid 44
ball 34
barr 38
bech 46
ben 228
berid 41
bu 230
bith 230
-bu 44
blr 49
b 220
bodb 32
borb 37
both 65
brth(a)ir 57
breth 63
br 42, 63
brissim 56
br 60
bruinne 58
bruth 59
buide 291
caech 151
camm 158
can 198
canim 161
caraim 182
cass 167
cath 165
celid 168
ct 193
cethir 96
clen 174
cl 176
clas 176
cluas 178
cnim 158
coair 447
cic 98
cicer 99
cim 152
coire 200
coll 164, 168
coss 150
cotcim 421
crathar 187
cride 170
crith 188
cr 188
c 193
can 147
car 166
cucht 150
cl 347
dall 81
dega 407
deich n 404
deil 70
dem 70
dr 399
derg 71
dess 404
dt 401, 412
d 434
dabul 414
dinged 79
dnim 72
dliged 78
dligim 78
doformaig 252
domain 71
drab 73
drth 78, 411
dub 80
dn 413
ech 83
ed 101
im 103
o 203
664 INDICES
err 25
ter 434
fith 469
fs 470
fedb 462
feis 458459
feiss 459
fith 468
fel 433
fn 439
fer 463
ferr 457
fert 476
far 467
fch 465
chim 465
d 462
ne 455, 461
fr 461
fo 432
folc 474
folt 445
forim 297
fuil 443
gabul 121
ga 123
gaibid 130
gaim 139
gairm 210
giss 126
gelid 212
gell 135
gall 135
gin 212
glan 135
glas 135
gl 136
glenaid 216
gnth 224
gnobh 219
gonim 146
grn 225
gal 223
gur 146
guss 226
guth 145
arn 204
asc 103
iath 103
imb 20, 434
imbliu 279
immrdaim 303
in 84
inathar 87
ingen 279
inglennat 136
ingnad 224
is 86
ith 86
laigiu 241
lm 118
ln 118
land 235
lr 108
legaim 240
leigim 247
lethar 241
l 349
liaig 244
ligim 246
lim 244
liuss 233
l 108
lathar 239
loch 231
locht 232
luaidid 107
lath 107
luib 237, 249
mael 254
maidim 263
maige 266
mr 270
marc 261
matan 263
mthir 273
maug 253
mdal 268
meirb 262, 277
melim 257
menb 271
menic(c) 259
mescaim 272
m 270
mid 265
mide 264
midiur 268
mil 266
ml 270
mocht 278
min 255
moirb 264, 268
mong 260
mrecht 276
mruig 262
muintorc 260
muir 261
OTHER INDO
-
nathir 279
nau 289
necht 283
nit 284
nem 283
nemed 284
ni 283, 460
n 285, 289
nigid 287
nocht 280
no n 285
noridiu 306
nu 289
ne 284
ac 207
ocht n 5
en 9
eth 10
i 31
oll 13
nnurid 101
orb(b)e 22
raid 306
recht 301
rdid 305
rid 295
rad 295
riathor 306
rg 305
rigim 295, 301
rm 305
re 309
roen 296
roth 298
rad 299
rucht 308
rn 310
saer 311
saeth 313
saidid 325
sidim 319
saigid 314
saigim 360
saillim 316
sith 310
sm 360
samain 317
samlith 324
samud 317
scl 342
scaraim 338
scth 331
scathaim 336
scerdid 346
scert 335
scam 341
scath 341
scuchid 337
s 322
seche 311
secht n 321
selaim 316
sen 324
seng 394
sol 322
serg 388
sessed 323
st 325
s 329
sin 329
sine 362
sr 329
siur 395
sligim 351
slm 351
sliss 365
sluas 178
sluccim 352
smiur 353
snaighim 356
snim 356
snthe 358
socc 385
-som 317
srdim 367
srab 382
sraim 380
san 392
sgim 388
suide 360
tl 419
talam 420
taman 371
tar 421
tarb 423
t 418
tech 415
techt 377
tcht 421
techtaid 418
tengae 412
tt 420
tagaim 378
tiug 419
toess 318
tracht 424
trdenus 408
trt 381
tri 425
t 428
666 INDICES
tath 423
tur 430
an 4
ubull 21
ud 437
uile 16
uilenn 14
uisce 451
r 437
ussarb 375
Middle Irish
abor 1
el 7
aig 206
ailcheng 339
in 205
airim 23
arco 113
s 110
beithe 227
benn 291
bil 45
blth 50
bligim 266
bocc 61
borr 38
brc 57
brad 60
bas 293
buinne 35
cail 156
caill 192
caiss 165
cassacht 202
ceallach 168
cerb 335
cern 200
car 153
clath 177
clithar 174, 177
clocc 173
cnim 181
cn 181
coire 171
colinn 191
coll 156157
comm 193
corrn 162
cressaim 187
cr 185
crim 184
crothaim 185
cr 185
crach 185
cuire 163
daig 66
damnaim 401
dellrad 79
donn 80
dorr 405
igid 6
en 92
erc 93
fae 440
fell 466
nd 446
faid 458
fuili 443
gass 129
gat 129
gne 218
goirt 127
gaire 211
gus 133
ieith 205
laigim 240
laith 231
lem 83
laide 238
lug 250
mlicht 267
muad 278
net 287
orc 93
radaim 305
rge 305
rigin 301
sab 368
sail 315
scingim 334
screm 344
scrissid 344
OTHER INDO
-
seg 322
ser 376
sith 330
slacc 348
sned 180
tescaid 311
treb 426
truid 425
Irish
bolg 33
crach 189
dal 398
dbocc 43, 61
snigid 355, 358
Lithuanian
ab 52
ikus 10
ia 6
akEios 3
aks 29
aldij 14
akas 14
aksnis 15
als 16
ans 83
at 18
ntis 21
atras 21
apikratai 185
plamas 234
apvals 445
ardti 25
ari 23
ars 23
s 20
as 5
ans 3
atuon 5
tsail 313
atsains 313
ugu 29
aUlas 29
auls 29
auss 30
aur 30
avs 31
b 51
ba 82
baidti 32
bal 292
blas 44
bltas 34
bmba 291, 445
bandti 35
bras 37
bart 63
bar 37
barzd 36
bsas 40
basas 33
bbras 40
bldiu 62
begti 35
brnas 37
brnikas 37
bras 43
bezd 101
bEgu 41
bEras 43
blstu 41
brginti 42
bt 46
blkas 47
blandti 47
blands 48
blendi 47
blkti 49
blvas 50
bradn 438
bradyti 438
brauki 60
briaun 60, 293
briuti 56
bredis 55
brti 55
bruvs 60
bruzdklis 59
budEti 43
bgti 43
bkl 64
buls 65
bo 62
668 INDICES
btas 65
bti 44, 53
b~vis 65
dagis 404
dab 66
dgas 66
dailti 67
dangnti 68
dants 401
daUg 69
debess 283
dedervinE 405
dengi 79
drgiu 71
der 405
derv 405, 409
dinas 404
deiMtas 403
dEti 73
dEtis 72
devitas 285
devyn 285
ddis 400
dien 408
divas 408
dievers 399
deti 72
drbu 71
drginti 402
dragas 74
drAss 68
draUgas 75
dreb 409
drimb 76
dubs 71
duktE 78
dlti 81
dumpi 68
drys 80
dvlti 81
dvlika 413
da 88
dia 88
eim 83
mi 86
ngti 84
erlis 25
sti 86
e 83
eers 4
gadas 126
gag 122
gails 122
garns 220
gaubi 129
gaudi 129
gadas 134
geibst 214
geidi 134
gl 227
gmb 212
geri 228
g=st 228
gnti 294
grna 228
gvas 230
gl\t 216
glima 214
glEbiu 214215
gleMti 216
glnda 138
glits 216
glods 135
gluds 217
gnbti 218
gomurs 139
grauds 141
grauzds 144
grEbiu 139
grEbti 142
grndiu 141
gremas 143
gr\i 221
griebi 143
griej 143
grind 141
grsti 142
grblas 144
grbti 221
grubs 144
grdiu 142, 222
grumb 144
grumios 221
grodas 141
gdas 147
guldti 223
gudas 138
g~rinti 226
gurkls 228
grti 229
guMbas 146
esm 7
ekau 9
iev 203
it 434
iri 306
sEkti 311
jaU 207
jura 437
OTHER INDO
-
js 203, 205
jdu 208
jngas 207
js 208
kabas 163
kaMpas 158
kimas 152
kaipst 151
kaist 154
kaUkas 165166
klnas 156
kaUpas 166
kambls 158
kank 160, 194
krias 163
kari 339
krtu 195
karts 162
ks 199
kas 167
katrs 199
kaubrE 171
kuju 167
kuas 167
ka 199
kedius 170
klmas 168
kng 339
kenklE 160
kekras 194
kerm 184
ketur 96
ketvitas 96
knka 160
kliv 176
kliudaU 176
klti 175
knabti 179
kneibi 180
kniubtis 180
knbti 180
ksiu 202
kosuls 202
kt 190
kraipaU 183
kraUjas 185
krmas 344
krang 184
kratas 185
kruju 186
kraups 186
krei 185186
kregEti 187
krpas 186
kreiuti 186
krevas 183
kru 186
kla 166
kmst 118
knas 196
kopa 181
kupr 190
ku 198
kuri 195
kuts 196
kvpas 198
ligyti 233
lkt 232
laUkas 238
lmyti 234
lakas 236
lis 232
luiu 252
lvyti 239
lEkti 231
lngstu 240
legvas 241
lenki 236
lent 240
letas 241
lid 238
liudis 242
lebas 243
liek 247
liei 246
lievis 412
lgus 247
lyts 249
limp 245, 247
ls 233
lzdas 287
lpa 249
lgnas 250, 252
lgti 242, 250
loba 237
losas 236
lpti 251
lup 250
lis 250
magEti 252
mkas 253
mald 258
mal 257
mandrs 276
mrgas 268
mark 261
mart 261
maudi 264
muju 273
manas 255
maas 256
670 INDICES
mzgas 262
mesti 258
mdis 264465
meds 265
melmu 267
mliu 266
men 259
merki 261
mrkiu 276
mEnuo 270
m= 272
miti 272
mitas 254
migl 271
mltai 275
mints 275
miti 262
mt 273
mki 278
musE 278
navas 281
ngas 279
nakts 280
naUjas 284
nars 281
naud 282
navas 284
n 283
nbesis 286
ngandas 126
ngi 283
neptE 283
nepuotis 283
ne 279
ne 289
nedti 280
nsis 281
nv 283
n~ 289
nu 286
nugas 280
obuols 21
otrs 87
pavas 91
paas 93
pgrindas 144
plas 91
prama 297
psaka 311
pastlas 379
plitas 177
pts 88
pakas 90
pantas 224
paints 224
pd 101
pEdas 95, 103
pkus 97
pnas 99
penk 98
prdiu 101
perknas 99100
per 113
pe 96
piemn 90
piemu 90
piei 103
plnas 118
pnti 119
pin 364
prmas 116
plkiu 292
plstu 107
platas 108
plats 292
pluju 106
plukas 108
plauki 106
plnas 107
ply 107
plti 107
plkias 105
plti 108
prankti 286
prant 115
prati 111
praang 126
prtas 115
polu 91, 109
puti 109
pv 121
raids 295
rias 470
riytis 295
rkas 294
raUdas 299
rambs 308
rangs 302
rank 159
rtas 298
raud 299, 303
ruju 309
raumu 303
raupi 298
riti 295
riu 295
remi 297
rengi 472
renk 159
rEpiu 294, 307
OTHER INDO
-
reMti 302
riu 301
rti 297
riei 473
ried 305
rikti 295
reas 472
rip 304
rdyti 303, 306
rp 306
rov 307
rugs 308
r~kti 303
ruMbas 308
rump 303
runk 309
rstas 309
rzginti 309
sal 315
salds 316
saUsas 320
slti 323
sant 319
spnas 392
sugoti 326
sul 361
sakas 312
satas 312
sek 311, 323
semi 318
snas 324
septitas 321
septyn 321
srgiu 375
serg 388
sesu 395
sEdu 325
sEju 327
sEkla 327
sEmenys 328
-si 329
siaui 326
sidbras 328
sekiu 312
siti 330
sykis 330
sigti 326
siuv 329
skr 347
sk=st 334
skaidrs 151
skaitti 332
skal 333
skaluju 348
skalbi 348
skamb 334
skapiu 330
skar 335
skesas 171
skeli 332, 338
skrdiu 346
skiaurE 346
skybas 331
skibti 340
skediu 342
skltis 337
skiri 338
skrti 338
skremb 344
skrent 344
skriedi 344
skumb 339
skund 345
slbnas 350
slamb 349
slenk 350
slEgiu 349
slstu 351
smgens 264
smagi 353
smags 353
smugiu 354
smrdiu 353
smulks 353
smunk 354
snaigti 356
snk 357
snpas 355
snigas 355
snigas driMba 76
sngti 358
stis 360
sots 310
spr 367
spudiu 364
span 90
spens 362
spndiu 364
spEju 364
spErus 102
spEti 102
spiunu 365
spilgst 363
spiri 367
sprstu 366
spragEti 362
sprag 362, 366
sprusti 366
sprengi 366
sprgas 366
sraumu 380
st=r 372
stbaras 368
672 INDICES
stbas 368, 372
stias 379
stgaras 370
stkls 373
stambas 371
statti 373
stats 372
steigi 378
stelgi 374
stembst 371
stngiu 374
sten 374
stimp 378
strti 378
stgas 415
stju 377
stomu 379
stras 379
stov 380
stovEti 379
stviu 379
strl 381
strzdas 425
straMpas 380
strbas 381
stburas 382
stkis 383
styr 378
sul 320, 385
sns 388
sras 389
svagi 397
svaigi 389, 397
sveri 396
svegiu 466
svl 393
arm 163
armu 163
uju 340
Ekas 172
El 172
Emas 214
eknas 171
elbtis 168
elmu 324
elpi 168
ers 172
eElis 168
e 322
tas 323
uras 393
iaurs 347
yl 156
iMtas 193
irds 170
s 172
lains 174
lkas 348
lam 175
launs 175
levas 174
lien 177
lumb 175
loju 178
ku 160
u 193
vetas 194
viei 201
taUras 423
tams 420
tnkus 421
tapaU 415
tarp 417
tarpst 417
taaU 419
taupti 422
taut 423
tek~nas 418
tmsta 420
tenk 418, 421
tep 415
t=si 421
tyl 428
tings 428
tnstu 416
tirpst 421
tranks 424
trapinEti 424
treMti 425
trias 427
tremi 425
trenki 426
tr=i 425
trek 426
tr=t 424
trediu 76
trin 426
trs 425
trob 426
trtinti 427
trtyti 427
trkstu 427
trni 425
t 428
tktantis 431
tuls 428
tumEti 431
tuomEl 270
tupi 428
tvenki 432
OTHER INDO
-
dra 436
kanas 459
ungurs 19
usns 436
vadas 475
vagas 448
vamas 476
vbalas 451
vdas 438
vgis 439
vaiptis 440
vairs 467
valti 444
vltis 445
vnagas 446
vandu 435, 451
vaps 438
vras 449
vsara 461
vkas 439
va 440
vesti 457
vdu 459
veiki 465
vekti 465
vesti 13
vej 441
vldu 443
veli 453
vlmi 453
vngiu 455
veri 457
vrdu 449
veri 449
verpi 476
veri 456, 471, 476
vs 462
vvers 7
ve 452
vikas 473
vids 465
vikas 440, 466
venas 205
vienulika 8
viepi 440
vlgau 453, 474
vili 466
vlius 466
vlna 474
vras 457
vras 463
vrbu 457
virs 457
vsas 13
vstu 467
vyts 464, 468
bas 208
gas 208
aizd 123
al 124
alg 124
lias 124
aMbas 209
arn 127
avEti 128
Ess 126
bi 219
etas 145
evas 131
elpoti 131
egti 125
iuna 211
diu 214
iem 139
inti 210, 218
iju 134
rnis 225
mu 146
niung 219
Latvian
apse 26
apvirde 450
asars 4
asns 3
ass 5
trs 87
Aure 29
austr 30
aUgt 29
bala 292
bamba 445
baMba 291
bargs 37
b=rns 37
bezs 41, 62
blju 49
blaks 47
bldu 47
brudin 54
bruds 54
da 408
dava 405
674 INDICES
dedere 405
dena 408
drst 413
gads 125
gails 122
gauri 211
gbstu 208
glama 135, 214
glendt 136
glst 216
gnda 138
grauds 141
grubulis 144
gubt 224
gods 138
govs 220
gut 229
stri 84
ju 207
kans 156
klst 155
kmpju 149
krs 182
kuns 166
klUt 176
knidt 181
knudt 180
kdt 201
knis 196
lasis 232
luska 243
lekt 231
lgt 247
lubs 237
lupa 251
m?rks 261
milna 266
mitt 273
naba 279
nkt 286
nda 282
nve 283
plss 91
pasainis 329
pda 95, 103
p\rns 100
plakt 104
plauts 108
plstu 107
pluts 109
prast 115
prts 115
pult 91, 109
rads 300
raids 295
raks 294
ripa 304
sams 156
saUle 361
sars 172
seja 341
sejs 341
srns 171
sidrabs 328
set 313
siva 173
sievs 313314
skarbs 335
skrabt 344
skraustt 221
slains 174
slps 351
slubt 175
smadzenes 264
smaugs 353
smaule 278
smite 353
snte 358
sngt 358
snegs 355
sple 365
spurstu 367
sttis 379
stps 384
strs 385
staiga 369
stvs 380
stiga 377378
strangs 380
strume 380
strumps 382
stuburs 382
stuomtis 370
stte 382
sula 320
svns 397
svars 396
svidri 390
sga 330
kEps 331
\rpt 339
\ibt 340
OTHER INDO
-
bs 331
\idrs 340
tuta 423
taUpt 422
teteris 422
uls 443
valgans 474
vags 444, 474
valnis 444
vargs 448
velgans 474
velgs 453
vepris 82, 94
vrt 448
vru 447
v\s\ls 458
vibt 467
zarna 127
ziju 214
zlts 145
zet 125
zobs 209
Old Prussian
abse 26
ains 9
aketes 3
alu 16
anctan 20
ane 20
angurgis 19
ansis 20
antars 21
assanis 31
auklipts 175
aulut 245
au-pallai 91, 109
auskindlai 334
awis 31
ayculo 203
balsinis 33
bebrus 40
berse 43
bitwei 45
billit 41
brti 57
braydis 55
broakay 57
buttan 65
corto 194
craysi 188
cucan 193
doacke 72
dragios 74
emnes 280
en 84
enterpo 417
et 82
gallan 227
gegalis 122
genno 228
girnoywis 228
gudde 147
instran 84
irmo 24
kaubri 171
kails 151
kalmus 168
kan 198
kargis 163
kexti 167
knaistis 138
krt 186
lasasso 232
lauxnos 242
layso 234
lindan 235
mary 261
mealde 266
menins 270
mensa 267
menso 268
moasis 256
musgeno 264
nabis 279
newnts 285
nowis 283
nozy 281
pannean 92
panno 119
pecku 97
perbandan 35
Percunis 99
pintis 99
676 INDICES
pirmas 116
pivamaltan 275
rpaiti 300
salme 156
sasins 164
schumeno 320
semen 328
sirablan 328
skellnts 332
spenis 362
spurglis 363
starnite 375
strambo 380
subs 320
sulo 320
swais 396
talus 420
tauto 423
trapt 424
tresde 425
wrds 475
wagnis 439
waist 441
walis 445
wargs 448
warsus 450
widdew 462
wobse 438
wolti 445
wurs 437
Slavic
*ablko 21
*agn\ 4
*agniti s\ 4
*ajce 11
*az 83
*baj 51
*balka 292
*bebr 40
*bedro 32
*belati 41
*beln 41
*bergti 42
*berg 42
*berza 43
*bditi 32
*bgti 41
*bl 44
*bs 33
*bidlo 46
*bilo 45
*bld 47
*blj 49
*bl\d 47
*bl\sti 48
*blud 43
*blditi 47
*blstati 49
*bo 51
*body 32
*bojati s\ 45
*bok 33
*bol 34
*bolzina 33
*borda 36
*boriti 37
*borno 37
*borv 38
*bos 40
*bba 445
*bratr 57
*brust 56
*broditi 438
*brodn 438
*brujati 56
*brusiti 60
*brst 59
*brzda 59
*bry 60
*brv 58
*buna 40
*bura 64
*bgati 43
*br 64
*bz 52
*bystr 65
*byti 44, 53
*byto 65
*bela 46
*brdo 63
*cap 213
*cap 340
*cliti 152
*cl 151
*emer 169
*erma 184
*ervik 185
*erz 171
OTHER INDO
-
*etvrt 96
*etyri 96
*i 201
*il 201
*ub 336, 346
*uj 337
*rta 170
*daviti 70, 72
*der 405
*dervn 410
*dervo 405, 409
*desn 404
*dev\t 285
*dev\t 285
*dliti 67
*dl 67
*dti 73
*dver 399
*da 66
*da 67
*do 408
*doba 66
*dobiti 66
*dobr 68
*dob 66
*dojiti 72
*doj 67
*dol 67
*dga 68
*diti 68
*drebiti 75
*dr\gati 75
*drob 73
*drozd 425
*drg 74
*droda 74
*drug 75
*drusati 76
*dub 69
*dug 69
*dux 71
*dvig 414
*dvr 80
*dkti 78
*dlg 78, 411
*dva 415
*dyb 412
*dyx 81
*dlbti 70
*dlb 70
*dn 408
*drba 412
*drgati 402
*drn 413
*drz 68
*drzk 80
*elxa 15
*esen 31
*est 86
*da 88
*dja 88
*dm 86
*dro 10, 82
*\ga 84
*\tro 84
*gaditi 138
*gajati 214
*galiti 139
*gasiti 228
*gatati 229
*gladk 135
*glaz 215
*gln 215
*glv 215
*gl\dti 136
*glibati 216
*globa 214
*globiti 215
*gluda 215
*glum 135
*glup 137
*glgati 223
*glyb 137
*glj 215
*gnet 218
*gn\do 287
*gnida 138
*goditi 138
*godovabj 145
*gogol 122
*golditi 124
*gold 124
*golgol 209
*golb 80
*gols 209
*gol 209
*gomon 125
*gord 126
*gost 127
*govti 129
*gov\do 220
*gba 146
*gs 126
*graniti 143
*gran 143
*greb()lo 139
*greb 139, 142
*gr\da 141
*grobja 139
*grob 139
678 INDICES
*gromiti 140
*grom 139
*grono 140
*grozd 140
*grb 144
*grd 140
*grub 221
*gruda 141
*grua 40
*gub 129
*guriti s\ 226
*gvozd 227
*gbnti 129, 224
*gnati 132
*grdlo 228
*gydk 229
*xata 196
*xoldti 209
*xolk 332
*xolp 332
*xolst 332
*xomstor 158
*xrustti 221
*xvorst 195
*xmel 192
*i bo 204
*iskati 9
*iti 83
*iva 203
*jaro 206
*j\zyk 412
*ju 207
*j 203
*jgla 203
*jgo 207
*jlm 83
*jm\ 280
*jnog 8
*jn 205
*jskra 10
*kaliti 354
*kal- 354
*kana 182
*kal 202
*kavka 212
*klad 175
*klekot 173
*klen 178
*kl\knti 175
*kobz 148
*kolda 192
*kolti 155
*kolyba 439
*komol 157
*koml 158
*kopyl 217
*korb 164
*kortk 162
*kosa 167
*kotor 199
*kotn 148
*kp 158
*krada 188
*krasiti 189
*kras 189
*kresati 403
*krpk 184
*kr\g 185
*kriv 183
*krud 186
*kroma 344
*kromiti 184
*krom 184
*krotiti 183
*krt 185
*krupa 186
*kruiti 186
*kry 185
*kryti 186
*kub 196
*kuiti 166
*kuj 167
*kuka 165166
*kupa 167
*kuriti 195
*kydati 201
*kyla 166
*lag 249
*lapa 249
*laska 237, 459
*ls 244
*lviti 245
*lxa 233
*l\da 240
*l\do 235
*l\dvje 235
*l\g 240
*lib 243
*ligati 247
*linati 246
*litva 249
*lubiti 238
*lub 241
*lud 242
*li 246
*loky 231
*lomiti 234
OTHER INDO
-
*lom 234
*lono 236
*lo 236
*lotiti 237
*lov 239
*liti 236
*lkati 236
*lk 236
*lt 240
*loiti 231
*lub 237
*lu 238
*luna 242
*lupiti 251
*luska 243
*lgati 242, 250
*lyko 38
*lgk 241
*lpti 245
*lpn 245
*lya 352
*majati 274
*mak 269
*mal 353
*mati 273
*ma 257
*medja 264
*med 265
*melj 257
*melvo 267
*melzti 266
*melztva 267
*merg 268
*ml 270
*mna 255
*mniti 255
*ms\c 270
*msiti 272
*mx 255
*m\ga 256
*m\so 268
*mit 273
*miati 272
*modliti 258
*modr 252
*mog 252
*mogti 252
*mogt 254
*molditi 258
*mold 258
*mol 251, 256, 258
*mora 262
*more 261
*morky 261
*morvja 268
*morv 264
*mozgar 262
*mozg 264
*mdr 276
*m 260
*muditi 264
*muxa 278
*mldni 266
*mnog 259
*mrky 277
*mx 277
*myati 278
*mysl 264
*my 278
*mgla 271
*mlz 266
*mnti 255
*mniti 255
*mnj 259
*mnj 271
*mrn 276
*mrknti 276
*mrtv 277
*mrva 277
*mzda 272
*na 286
*nag 280
*nav 283
*ne 283
*ne bo 283
*nebo 283
*nesti 279
*n 286
*ni 289
*nuxati 284
*noga 279
*nokt 280
*nos 281
*noviti 284
*nov 284
*nuditi 282
*n 289
*ny 460
*oba 52
*obs\gati 325
*obsga 318
*odr 82
*oko 29
*olbd 13
*oldja 14
*ols 14
*ol 16
*on 83
*opak 2
680 INDICES
*orbiti 22
*orb 22
*orj 23
*ormn 85
*orm\ 24
*orl 25, 85
*osa 26, 438
*osera 4
*ost 4
*os 5
*ot 28
*ovca 31
*ozd 26
*gl 20
*gr 19
*s 17
*ty 21
*zost 19
*zk 19
*pad 101
*pa-m\t 275
*paport 94
*pariti 110
*pasm\ 95
*pergyna 100
*pna 90
*pti 318
*p\st 119
*p\t 98
*plavati 108
*plet 106
*plosk 105
*plov 106
*pluj 106
*polv 91
*pol 91
*polt 91
*ponorv 281
*porg 100
*porm 93
*pors\ 93
*porx 120
*pt 99
*pragnti 113
*prav 112
*pr\dati 366
*pr\gti 366
*prijatel 114
*prijati 114
*prok 119
*prositi 111, 113
*prost 112
*pux 117
*plniti 118
*pln 118
*plzti 117
*pn 119, 364
*prdti 101
*pr 93
*psati 103
*pzdti 101
*raditi 303, 306
*rad 307
*rebro 300
*rekti 294
*rn 296
*rpa 306
*rpj 304
*ridati 305
*rod 300
*rog 195
*roniti 297
*rb 308
*ruda 299
*rudti 307
*rud 299
*rupa 298
*rdja 307
*rdr 308
*rv 309
*r 308
*rydati 303
*rys 250
*saditi 319
*sadja 360
*sad 360
*sedlo 326
*sedm 321
*sedlo 311
*selitva 315
*selm\ 324
*selo 316
*sern 171
*sestra 395
*sj 327
*skti 311
*sm\ 328
*smja 152
*sra 392
*sr 153, 312
*sver 347
*s\d 325
*s\dra 324
*s\gti 325
*sijati 341
*silo 313
*skala 333
*skoiti 337
*skoliti 338
*skopiti 330
OTHER INDO
-
*skora 335
*skreb 344
*skubti 339
*slab 350
*slovo 176
*slud 349
*slux 176
*slzk 351
*smaga 354
*smagati 353
*smd 355
*smjati s= 353
*smuga 354
*smykati 354
*smrdti 353
*snaditi 357
*sng 355
*sniti 356
*snov 358
*snxa 359
*sob 320
*soldk 316
*solma 156
*solv 316
*sol 316
*sorg 388
*sorm 163
*siti 318
*sd 340
*sk 160
*st 458
*spj 364
*spti 102
*spor 362
*ir 342
*it 341
*ur 339
*rb 335
*est 323
*est 322
*iti 329
*stado 379
*stam 379
*stariti s\ 379
*star 372
*star 379
*stati 377
*stat 379
*staviti 379
*stav 380
*stenati 374, 429
*stergti 375
*stna 369
*st\gati 375
*stignti 378
*stobor 368
*stol 379
*stopa 372
*stoer 370
*strla 381
*strig 382
*strog 380
*strumy 380
*strgati 381
*stlb 383
*strbati 375
*stza 369, 377378
*suj 340
*suiti 320
*sux 320
*svara 391
*svar 391
*svekr 393
*svekry 393
*svt 201
*sv\t 194, 394
*svigati 397
*svin 397
*svoj 396
*svorb 391
*svrbti 395
*svrdl 395
*slnce 361
*snti 393
*sn 392
*spati 392
*sto 193
*syj 319
*syn 388
*sypati 389
*syr 389
*s 172
*sc 330
*srdce 170
*srebro 328
*tajati 418
*tepl 418
*tep 415
*terti 426
*tesati 419
*teslo 419
*teterv 422
*t\k 428
*to 418
*toliti 428
*ta 421
*tp 415
*tratiti 427
*tretj 427
*trsk 426
*trije 425
*tropa 424
*tropiti 424
682 INDICES
*trud 425
*tryti 425
*tuk 423
*tur 423
*tlo 420
*tpati 384
*ty 428
*tys\tja 431
*tlo 420
*tma 420
*trn 430
*tr 426
*trpti 421
*uj 31
*ul( j) 29
*uxo 30
*vabiti 470
*valiti 453
*val 444
*veblica 451
*vedro 452
*vekt 452
*velti 453
*vepr 82, 94
*verd 450
*vesel 458
*vesna 461
*vez 452
*v 459
*vxa 441
*vjati 460
*vk 440
*vra 461
*vst 463
*vverica 7
*va 460
*vidti 464
*viti 441
*vit 464
*voda 451
*voldti 443
*volga 453
*volt 445
*von 17
*vorg 448
*vortiti 448
*vort 448
*vor 449
*voriti 448
*vosk 439
*voiti 439
*voziti 438
*vn 84
*vtor 21
*vyp 436
*vdova 462
*vlgk 474
*vlkodlak 463
*vlk 473
*vlna 474
*vrti 449
*vr 449
*vrtj 458
*vrx 457, 472
*vrz 456, 472, 476
*vs 13, 466
*zj 134
*zl 122
*zima 139
*znati 210, 218
*zobati 219
*zolto 145
*zol 208
*zov 128
*zb 209
*zl 124
*zrti 211
*zrno 225
*al 227
*elb 145
*eld 130
*ena 228
*est 229
*ivot 230
*iv 230
*una 211
*uriti 129
*uti 213
*dati 134
*rny 228
*r 228
683
aludi, Grg 16
ludi, Grg 16
lunnas, Finn 251
siika, Finn 330
uplu, Etr 393
NON
-
INDO
-
EUROPEAN LANGUAGES

A Handbook of Germanic Etymology (Vladimir Orel, 2003)

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A HANDBOOK OF

hi-, cf. Skt hi- snake, Gk fiw id.,

hsko- (Fick I 345346), cf.

o-); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW

(h)ri- and Lith

en- (Szrvrnrxvi Scripta 872874).

hen- to strike); Tonr-

hisr (despite Nonrrx Abri 228).

hr- > *brjanan > *bjanan).

hedh-); Ztri+z. Gutt.

o- for Gmc and Lat);

orel_f4_66-81 7/6/04 6:58 PM Page 66

o-); Rricnrr+ KZ XLVI

orel_f5(E)_82-87 7/6/04 6:59 PM Page 87

erp-: Skt kp- shape,

et-, cf. Skt catr-aga- four-mem-

etr id.: Toch

rs (Mrirrr+ MSL IX 151, BSL

res); Prrrnsrx KZ XXXII

-sti- (S.tsstnr MSL

-t-. Cf. *ferxwuz. Lorvr PBB LX

329 (on the late nature of the Skt form);

her- to burn), 199;

ti-hestro- (Fick II 195). Cf. also

olso- (F.rk ANF XLI

h- (Os+norr PBB VIII 274;

sto-, Slav *xvorst

oino- (Ztri+z. Gutt. 53).

u-so- (Mrirrr+ Idg. Jb. I

om); 79; Scntrzr Lat. 5

o-te similar to Hitt

lo- id.: Toch A kukl,

elbh-: Skt grbha- womb, Av

elb-. Stor.n+i ANT 1718;

olpi-); Hor+n.tsrx AEEW 181; M.v-

ern and further

eH- to rest, to be quiet.

sl), MIr cassacht id., Lith kosuls id.,

*iiz sb.f.: ON i deed, doing. Deriva-

el- wheel); F.v JEGP XVII 424425

er- to swallow); Vnirs ANEW 329.

6ru- (Fris+ 310). The

es-n-. Further cf.

er-ero- driven by a goad);

et-ti-, a derivative in *-ti- of

et- > Skt gdati to say,

e6- to live. For the

ios id.: Skt jv-, OPers va-,

ti- (Mrirrr+ MSL XIX

h-to- attested also in Alb leht id.

-); Tonr-F.rk 368; Hor+n.tsrx

-, see *lxwanan. Os+norr Morph.

hemb-); Vnirs ANEW 154;

nt- id., Gk mgaw great,

edho-. Further connected with Hitt

to-, Lith nugas id., Slav *nag id.

-? Lirrx SVS VI/1 34 (to Skt

hro-. Related to Gk pl.

orel_f13_O,P,R,-290-309 7/6/04 7:09 PM Page 290

6tos); L.xzsvrrn+ Festschr. Knobloch

os: Skt rjas dust, mist, darkness,

-: Gk npv to tell, Lat nseque

- to jump); Jn.xxrssox IEW

lbti to do laundry. Tonr-F.rk 477;

hr- > brjanan > bjanan).

> x(w) > f. On the