1. SIGNALS AND SPECTRA 11 12 L6 Digital Communication Signal Processing, 3 LIL Why Digital?, 3 1.1.2. Typical Block Diagram and Transformations, 4 1.13 Basic Digital Communication Nomenclature, 1 1.14 Digital versus Analog Performance Criteria, 13 Classification of Signals, 14 1.2.1 Deterministic and Random Signals, 14 1.2.2. Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals, 14 1.2.3 Anatog and Discrete Signals, 14 1.2.4 Energy and Power Signals, 14 1.2.5 The Unit Impulse Function, 16 Spectral Density, 16 1.3.1 Energy Spectral Density, 17 1.3.2. Power Spectral Density, 17 Autocorrelation, 19 1.4.1 Autocorrelation of an Energy Signal, 19 1.4.2 Auiocorrelation of a Periodic (Power) Signal, 20 Random Signals, 20 1.5.1 Random Variables, 20 1.5.2. Random Processes, 22 Time Averaging and Ergodicity, 25 Power Spectral Density of a Random Process, 26 Noise in Communication Systems, 30 Signal Transmission through Linear Systems. 33 1.6.1 Impulse Response, 34 1.6.2. Frequency Transfer Function, 35 1.6.3 Distortionless Transmission, 36 1.6.4 Signals, Circuits, and Spectra, 42 Bandwidth of Digital Data, 45 1.7.1 Baseband versus Bandpass, 45 1.72. The Bandwidth Dilemma, 47 Conelusion, 51CHAPTER 1 Signals and Spectra Information From other source sources Message Channel symbols symbols 7 ‘Multiple ; HE} t i wot 9 os ' het a : Digital —_Digital Bit ‘Synch Channel stream | ronzaion | baseband bandpass impulse waveform waveform ceqpanke Digital ouput ae Message Channel symbols symbols tional inicration Toother Optional sink destinations EssentialThis book presents the ideas and techniques fundamental to digital communication systems. Emphasis is placed on system design goals and on the need for trade-offs among basic system parameters such as signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), probability of error, and bandwidth expenditure. We shall deal with the transmission of informa- tion (voice, video, or data) over a path (channel) that may consist of wires, wave- guides, or space Digital communication systems are becoming increasingly attractive because of the ever-growing demand for data communication and because digital transmis- sion offers data processing options and flexibilities not available with analog trans- mission. In this book, a digital system is often treated in the context of a satellite communications link. Sometimes the treatment is in the context of a mobile radio system, in which case signal transmission typically suffers from a phenomenon called fading. In general, the task of characterizing and mitigating the degradation effects of a fading channel is more challenging than performing similar tasks for a nonfading channel ‘The principal feature of a digital communication system (DCS) is that during a finite interval of time, it sends a waveform from a finite set of possible wave- forms, in contrast to an analog communication system, which sends a waveform from an infinite variety of waveform shapes with theoretically infinite resolution. Ina DCS, the objective at the receiver is nor to reproduce a transmitted waveform with precision; instead, the objective is to determine from a noise-perturbed signal which waveform from the finite set of waveforms was sent by the transmitter. An important measure of system performance in a DCS is the probability of er- ror (Pz). 2 Signals and Spectra Chap. 1