2 FORMATTING AND BASEBAND MODULATION 55 21 2.2 2.3 24 2.5 2.6 28 29 Baseband Systems, 56 Formatting Textual Data (Character Coding), 58 Messages, Characters, and Symbols, 61 23.1 Example of Messages, Characters, and Symbols, 61 Formatting Analog Information, 62 2.41 The Sampling Theorem, 63 24.2 Aliasing, 69 2.43 Why Oversample? 72 2.4.4 Signal Interface for a Digital System, 75 Sources of Corruption, 76 25.1 Sampling and Quantizing Effects, 76 252 Channel Effects, 77 25.3. Signal-to-Noise Ratio for Quantized Pulses, 78 Pulse Code Modulation, 79 Uniform and Nonuniform Quantization, 81 27.1 Statistics of Speech Amplitudes, 8! 2.7.2. Nonuniform Quantization, 83 2.7.3 Companding Characteristics, 84 Baseband Modulation, 85 281 Waveform Representation of Binary Digits, 85 28.2 PCM Waveform Types, 85 283 Spectral Auribuies of PCM Waveforms, 89 2.8.4 Bits per PCM Word and Bits per Symbol, 90 2.85 M-ary Pulse Modulation Waveforms, 91 Correlative Coding, 94 2.9.1 Duobinary Signaling, 94 2.9.2. Duobinary Decoding, 95 29.3 Precoding, 96 2.9.4 Duobinary Equivalent Transfer Function, 97 2.9.5 Comparison of Binary with Duobinary Signaling, 98 2.9.6 Polybinary Signaling, 99 Conclusion, 100CHAPTER 2 Formatting and Baseband Modulation Information From other source sources Message Channel, symbols symbols 7 roe. eproatd ores] |r sl) h La c ht) h Digital _ Digital channel stream baseband bandpass impulse" Digit waveform waveform conponse output my 2T) v(t) Y 7 Troe R wee A Tiascoied | 8 Kiosproadf 22°94 |v Channel symbols Message symbols EZ Optional Information To other sink destinations [= Essential 55The goal of the first essential signal processing step, formatting, is to insure that the message (or source signal) is compatible with digital processing. Transmit format- ting is a transformation from source information to digital symbols. (It is the re- verse transformation in the receive chain.) When data compression in addition to formatting is employed, the process is termed source coding. Some authors consider formatting a special case of source coding. We treat formatting (and base- band modulation) in this chapter, and treat source coding as a special case of the efficient description of source information in Chapter 13. In Figure 2,1, the highlighted block labeled “formatting” contains a list of topics that deal with transforming information to digital messages. The digital mes- sages are considered to be in the logical format of binary ones and zeros until they are transformed by the next essential step, called pulse modulation, into baseband (pulse) waveforms. Such waveforms can then be transmitted over a cable. In Figure 2.1, the highlighted block labeled “baseband signaling” contains a list of pulse mod- ulating waveforms that are described in this chapter. The term baseband refers to a signal whose spectrum extends from (or near) de up to some finite value, usually less than a few megahertz, In Chapter 3, the subject of baseband signaling is contin- ued with emphasis on demodulation and detection. 2.1 BASEBAND SYSTEMS In Figure 1.2 we presented a block diagram of a typical digital communication sys- tem. A version of this functional diagram, focusing primarily on the formatting and transmission of baseband signals, is shown in Figure 2.2. Data already in a digital 56 Formatting and Baseband Modulation Chap. 2