3 BASEBAND DEMODULATION/DETECTION 104 3.1 33 34 3.5 Signals and Noise, 106 3.1.1 Error-Performance Degradation in Communication Systems, 106 3.1.2 Demodulation and Detection, 107 3.1.3 A Vectorial View of Signals and Noise, 110 3.1.4 The Basic SNR Parameter for Digital Communication Systems, 117 3.1.5 Why E,/No Is a Natural Figure of Merit, 118 Detection of Binary Signals in Gaussian Noise, 119 3.2.1 Maximum Likelihood Receiver Structure, 119 3.2.2. The Matched Filter, 122 3.2.3 Correlation Realization of the Matched Filter, 124 3.2.4 Optimizing Error Performance, 127 3.2.5 Error Probability Performance of Binary Signaling, 131 Intersymbol Interference, 136 3.3.1" Pulse Shaping to Reduce ISI, 138 3.3.2 Two Types of Error-Performance Degradation, 142 3.3.3 Demodulation/Detection of Shaped Pulses, 145 Equalization, 149 3.4.1 Channel Characterization, 149 3.4.2 Eye Pattern, 151 3.4.3 Equalizer Filter Types, 152 3.4.4 Preset and Adaptive Equalization, 158 3.4.5 Filter Update Rate, 160 Conclusion, 161CHAPTER 3 Baseband Demodulation/Detection Information From other source sources Message Channel symbols symbols IChannol encode: p Freq: / L-eney 4 spread Bit pDigital Digital Channel sree vanadate ape Digital a “i response E Source: [Channa Feet Murine zoa]+<]-022+20[>-[GEx decode: Message Crannel bymbols symbols Optional Information To other P sink destinations Essential 104In the case of baseband signaling, the received waveforms are already in a pulse- like form. One might ask, why then, is a demodulator needed to recover the pulse waveforms? The answer is that the arriving baseband pulses are not in the form of ideal pulse shapes, each one occupying its own symbol interval. The filtering at the transmitter and the channel typically cause the received pulse sequence to suffer from intersymbol interference (ISI) and thus appear as an amorphous “smeared” signal, not quite ready for sampling and detection. The goal of the demodulator (receiving filter) is to recover a baseband pulse with the best possible signal-to- noise ration (SNR), free of any ISI, Equalization, covered in this chapter, is a technique used to help accomplish this goal. The equalization process is not required for every type of communication channel. However, since equalization embodies a sophisticated set of signal-processing techniques, making it possible to compensate for channel-induced interference, it is an important area for many systems, The bandpass model of the detection process, covered in Chapter 4, is virtu- ally identical to the baseband model considered in this chapter. That is because a received bandpass waveform is first transformed to a baseband waveform before the final detection step takes place. For linear systems, the mathematics of de- tection is unaffected by a shift in frequeney. In fact, we can define an equivalence theorem as follows: Performing bandpass linear signal processing followed by heterodyning the signal to baseband, yields the same results as heterodyning the bandpass signal to baseband, followed by baseband linear signal processing. The term “heterodyning” refers to a frequency conversion or mixing process that yields Chap. 3 Baseband Demodulation/Detection 105