PHILOSOPHY OF RUDOLF CARNAP" PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEMS 1m this part Tall report more sptematicaly on my philwopicel acvtes om the Vienna period wo the prent tine In each se ton, 2 certain problem of tomplex of problens will be dealt with Although she over ie roughly determine by the tine a hich the problem became prominent im my thinking the cnseratons, di font and poblisons on which I shall report ie each of the sc ‘one oten continued thongh many yeas, so that certain secon vl overlap chronological 5. Preudo Probes in Philosophy During the tine while 1 vat writing the Lagicher Aufbau, 1 a sive sone and more ata neu atte Wi epee be nogage forme ted by the variour plilowphica school, eg. the phenon calisieTangunge sboat wwe data and the relic language about Pereptble things and chen fo the soealed extral World. This fevtral atte at not mean, however, that 1 regarded the ile (ene between the various language forms 2s unimportant. On the ‘ontary, i scemed to me one of the most Important take of phil ‘phe to investigate the various posnble Tanpuage form and die caver their caracterie properties” While working on probleme of {his hind, T gradually resied tha wich an ioveogatons i ie wo {go beyond commonsense feneaiir and to ai at more ena Te fle, must be appli to arliialy conswucted. symbole languages “The invenignon. of versions of the ordinary word language, cor responding 10 variou plemphical points of view, may certainly bev sefuly but only as. preprtion Tor the more era work viii ianguage sptans Only ater 2 through investigation at the variour language forms far Been caved ough, can well founded chole of ome of these languages be made, be ie a» he total Janguage of science or at partial Tanguage for spelc porpores, “This entra asinte with respect to diferent language. forms ted me later to atop the principle of tolerance in Logical Syntax. [Even in the preVienta period, mare of the controversy ft ions! merpiysn appened to me wee and wei When co paved tht Kind of sygimentation with investigations and dncantone in epi scence or in the loge analy of language, 1 vas olen nuk by the vaguenen of the concept ted and by the Inconlsive ature of the arguments I wor deprened by disputations in which the fpponents talked at coms parpover thee seesed arly any chance of ‘taal understanding, Tee sane of agreement, beavse there war not tena common evteron for deciding the controversy. 1 develope this ‘eps sutadetowand setphysie under the Inflence of sae ne Diyscly inclined scenes Ike Kitch, Hert, and Mach, and of Plowphers the Aventis, Res, and Witgensen. 1 abo saw dat {he meapisical argumentation often slated loge. Frege ha peintat ‘tam example of cha viltion i te ontlogal pron forthe =i hc of Gad found eter examples in certain Kinds of lage conan, Sivong them thowe which 1 Labelled “mixing of ypheres” (She weer. Imengung') in the Logic Aa that i he neglect of istintons In the lag ies of rarous Binds of concep "The moat decive evelopment in my view of metaphysics oe cured later, in the Vienna period, chiely under the influence of ‘Wikgensin, Tame to hold the view tht many ther of atonal Inet ate not only en, Bue even eveld of cogalive con ent They re pleudosntence that iso ay, they em to make wer ‘Sons besa they have the grammmutialform 9f declarative sentences, Sint the words occuring in them have many strong an emotionally Toate sociation, wile in fact they donot make any assetons, do not expren any propoition and are therefore neither tru= nor Tae ven the apparent quetions 9 which thee sentences allegedly {te sither an alimatve or # nepve answer, eg, the queen" the external world real?” are not genuine questions but. peudo ‘quan ‘The ew that thee sentences and uations are 20 -ogn {Ne teas tured on Wittgentein's principle of erably This prnch: ple saps fin, chat the meaning of sentence i ven by the conions ‘ti verfeson and, cond, that s sentence i meaning i and only ‘eden principe veriable, tari sere ae posible, not neresarily esi, ctvumatancer which, Hf they did wecer, would deitely tas Tid the uh ofthe sentence, This principle of yerifability wae Inter replace by the more ber! principle of cones. nlortonaey, following Witgensrin, we formulated oar view in the Vienna Gtele Sn the oversimplified vesion of saying that crtaia Imexaphyekal thee ae "seaingles”. This formulation awed nach linneresary opposition, een among sme of the pilomphrs who Inuialy apron with wk Ony ater ai we ace that i ie impotent to slsinguch the varioae meaning components, and therfore sid in a ‘more precie ay that such thes lack cognlive of theoretical pening “They often have other meaning components, eg. emotive oF motiveneh which song not. cg shec “The genta view that many sentences of trations meas te eudosentencer nas eld by mot tember ofthe Vienna Ctl a by {ey plulwopher in other empiri grou such ay Mechel foup in Belin In the dnc ofthe Veana Gite I maintained ‘rom the begining the view tats characterization a pecdosenenes ‘aut alo be applied to the thes of alin concen he realy of {he exteroal wor, and to the enmtenhes, ty he a Helios ‘opie, andthe it 7 presented and rue ts ew lathe sue 0h Seheinprobleme [18862}.By contra, Selick had upto thi tne Feysrdd himvlf ava realit. He and Reltentac, Tie Ruse, Eo sein and any ofthe lending went, Bleed that else ws the Indspeneble bas of sciences Y mainte that whet was neal for scece was merely the neceptnce otal language, but tht he {het of thereto the etemal wold was an en ad the ‘tem of acne. Under the lnfuence of our duton, Sick sb done rain Reichenbach gave a reinrprcaton of the reais these 4 he frm of an empire semen actg tha the cua sce of the word i such that inductive inferences ean be cally nde Later Fig fered a similar reinterpretation, 1 agree of court, tat ‘uch versions ofthe thes are unobjecsomable. Bat Tubal. beter the Ibe “ths of reals” for thee propel semen Werf sdeay in agroauent with what Been understood by this ne his tory ve, may have song. paycholigial 6. The Foundations of Mathematics ‘The conception of the nature of mathematis which we develope the dacsins of the Vienna Cite came che rom the folowing sours. 1 ad eae from Frege that all nathemadeal concepts er be define on the bas of the concept of logic ad thatthe Urerens of mathematics can be dafoced from the penspls of loge Th the ‘Gus of mathematics are analyte inthe general tye of uth based ‘on lagi alone. The mathematician tant Hale, ave of the lenng smeniber of the Cirle, had acepa the same eonceuion ue the se ‘uence of Whitehead and Rusells work Princpir Mathematics hermore Slick, in his hook Allgemeine Erkenniistere (118) had lard aod emphatol che view that logial deduction cannot lead 0 few Knowledge but only to an explication ot tnsformaton of the nowiedge contained inthe premises Wittgenstein formulated the veg Inthe more radial frm that all logic tehs ate tatoos, tat Sa that they hold necesarly In every pole cnn, therefor donot sade any ete, an do not aay aaything shout the fas of the wel genta demonstrated this thal for molelar seen, Te wt va) al fr ce wih nial aah. 1 at fee wher he tog thatthe nga ccs wih ‘Se oie ly evan oes or ef de the ches of teen ey among the atl, Bo 0 the nner of oe Cee do em te 8 fame i treme beeen sone Fe a hgh ee, ning athena {Str were thecocpon thw led seme of mathe ile are anaptic in the specie sense that they hold im all posible Sermo ae my none hat atin hs conception trom x poi of iw was shen he heme pose rte fis ine 1 ine te os tet a empeonwiamfacryapaation ot te mane Ia anteater ape only ee he thc pn ra nent cri acing 0 eerie stl eg by ob Stn Mb ha the theorems offre ‘ati a sas ac aan emp ate as koee owttnel eet sew wich, ating eros ei satslctory: Among sit vas pecially Hahn vio TS ASNET eae or anos tan i pubon, this po fin advance in the development of emp = : peat and in gent detail he diate invol sn ht court of mathemati the asf Wed owe 2hy itty comeing he ions of mater on oh ihe dato Toi one But the ply Iga arc of some ate ssa in the oem of Prinpin Mathemte teed froblenaeaely tat of hemo freuen i slo of che. We wee gratifitofean from she ‘ose te foundations of hematin matey FB. Ramsey Ht escalated theory of types wed inthe Prine umeces star inl em 9p et ee herd he ‘hin cy ae gee wi Wt rpc we ahr msn rain tat iter ayo erring hem a na hy ae erst na the tbe Sr princples af mathematics 1 at icine towards analyte ‘Stat ring me Vive i oe aie ect on vo the conicton thst the ett claty on these quetons. Cater 1 ame sn he ‘Sm ie va H we cp tha ome of cs eh “Bt Patheove found seve poste nerpetton forthe sim ‘Ti deren trom Resets fterpetation, of such = ind that