PAULAY & PARK SYMPOSIUM

DOES CAPACITY DESIGN DO THE JOB? AN EXAMINATION OF HIGHER MODE EFFECTS IN CANTILEVER WALLS Nigel Priestley

INTRODUCTION HIGHER MODES IN SEISMIC DESIGN

EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE PROCEDURE

MODAL RESPONSE SPECTRUM PROCEDURE

(ONLY FIRST MODE)

(ALL SIGNIFICANT MODES)

CANTILEVER WALL DESIGN FORCES

Equivalent Lateral Force Approach
PLASTIC HINGES - Flexural Strength from Design Lateral Forces OTHER REGIONS - No Hinges, No Shear Failure. Forces Amplified for: Flexural Overstrength: o Higher Mode Effects:

S R = S E
o

SR = Required Strength SE = Strength from Design Lateral Forces for Shear Forces: = 0.9 + n/10 (for n < 6) = 1.3 + n/30 (for 6 < n <15) (max = 1.8)
3

1 0.8
Dimensionless Height

1 0.8
Dimensionless height

Tension Shift Linear + Overstrength Design Forces

0.6 0.4

0.6 0.4

+ Dynamic Amplification

Design Forces

Overstrength

0.2 0 0 0.4 0.8 Dimensionless Moment 1.2

0.2 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 Dimensionless Shear Force 2.5

(a) Moment Profiles

(b) Shear Force Profiles

DYNAMIC AMPLIFICATION OF DESIGN FORCES IN CANTILEVER WALL DESIGN (ELF PROCEDURE)

4

MODAL RESPONSE SPECTRUM PROCEDURE

Elastic Forces and Displacement
Fie =

i ,m=1

2 im

, M ie =

i ,m=1

2 im

, Vie =

i ,m =1

2 im

, and ie =

i ,m=1

2 im

Design Forces and Displacement

Fie M ie Vie FiD = , M iD = , ViD = , and iD = ie q q q
Note: If seismic intensity exceeds design level, elastic forces increase in proportion, but the base moment capacity is not influenced. Hence the effective behaviour factor q increases in proportion. Design forces throughout the wall are thus unchanged.
5

DESIGN STUDIES
Six walls designed to EC8, 0.4g PGA, Subsoil Class B Displacement-based design for approximately 0.024 drift Inelastic Time-history analysis using spectrum compatible records Earthquake records scaled to 50%, 100%, 150% and 200% of design intensity Dynamic Amplification of Moment and Shear Force of interest

CEN-EC8

Seismic Coefficient (Ch(T)/g)

0.8

NZS4203
0.6

Sp.(NZS4203)
0.4

0.2

0 0 1 2 3 4

Period (seconds)

EC8 Spectrum for 0.4g & NZS4203 (elastic) for Z = 1.2

7

P P P

WALL F
m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m

WALL E
P P P m m m m
20@3m

P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P P

WALL D
P P P m m m m m m m m m m m
16@3m

P P P P P P P P P P P P P

m m m m m m m m m m m m

WALL C
P P P m
12@3m

P P P P P P P P P

m m m m m m m

WALL B WALL A
P
2@3m

P
8@3m

P P
4@3m

P P P P

m m m m

P P

m m

CANTILEVER WALLS ANALYSED

8

DETAILS FOR CANTILEVER WALL STUDY

Wall A B C D E F

b (m) 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.25 0.25 0.30

lw (m) 2.0 2.5 3.3 4.0 5.0 5.6

l 0.0046 0.0080 0.0162 0.0172 0.0161 0.0177

db (mm) 14 14 20 28 24 28

lp (m) 0.58 0.86 1.49 2.22 2.83 3.52

6.4 3.4 1.9 1.3 1.2 1.0

20.6 12.6 6.0 2.7 2.2 1.0

T eff (sec) 1.2 1.8 2.6 3.1 3.7 3.9

Vb (kN) 242 312 446 590 664 830

Mb (kNm) 1232 2917 8114 16222 24372 38739

12

Height (m)

SRSS/
2

Height (m)

SRSS/
4

DBD ELF

DBD SRSS
0

SRSS
0 0 400

ELF

800

1200

1000

2000

3000

Moment (kNm) (a) Two-storey Wall

Moment (kNm) (b) Four-Storey Wall

Wall Design Moments from Different Procedures

20 30

10

Moment (kNm) (a) Two-storey Wall

Moment (kNm) (b) Four-Storey Wall

20

30

Height (m)

SRSS/ DBD

Height (m)

15

SSRS/
20

10

10 5

DBD SRSS ELF

SRSS

ELF

0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000

0 0 4000 8000 12000 16000

Moment (kNm) (c) Eight-Storey Wall

60 40

Moment (kNm) (f ) Twelve-Storey Wall

Wall Design Moments from Different Procedures

11
SRSS/

(c) Eight-Storey Wall

60 40

(f) Twelve-Storey Wall

Height (m)

30

20

Height (m)

SRSS/

40

SRSS/

20

10

DBD SRSS ELF SRSS

0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 0 10000 20000

DBD ELF

30000

40000

Moment (kNm) (e) Sixteen-Storey Wall

Moment (kNm) (f ) Twenty-Storey Wall

Wall Design Moments from Different Procedures

12

12

Height (m)

Height (m)

SRSS/

SRSS

ELF

DBD

SRSS

ELF

DBD

SRSS/

0 0 50 100 150 200

0 0 100 200 300 400

Shear Force (kN) (a) Two-Storey Wall

Shear Force (kN) (b) Four-Storey Wall

20

Wall Design Shears from Different Procedures 30

13

m)

15

m)

(a) Two-Storey Wall

(b) Four-Storey Wall

20

30

Height (m)

15

Height (m)
ELF DBD SRSS/

20

10

10 5

SRSS

ELF

SRSS

DBD

SRSS/

0 0 200 400 600 800

0 0 400 800 1200

Shear Force (kN) (c) Eight -Storey Wall

60 40

Shear Force (kN) (d) Twelve-Storey Wall

Wall Design Shears from Different Procedures

14

40

60 40 40

Height (m)

30

20

Height (m)
ELF DBD

20

10

SRSS

SRSS/
0

ELF SRSS

DBD

SRSS/

0 0 400 800 1200 1600

400

800

1200

1600

2000

Shear Force (kN) (e) Sixteen-Storey Wall

Shear Force (kN) (f ) Twenty-Storey Wall

Wall Design Shears from Different Procedures

15

RESULTS OF TIME-HISTORY ANALYSES

16

12

Height (m)

Height (m)

Cap.Des IR= 0.5 1.0 1.5

2

SRSS/ IR=
4

2.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

SRSS/

Cap.Des

0 0 400 800 1200

0 0 1000 2000 3000

Moment (kNm) (a) Two-Storey Wall

Moment (kNm) (b) Four-Storey Wall

Capacity Design Moments and Time-History Results for 20 Different Seismic Intensity Ratios (IR=1=Design Intensity) 30 17

20

30

Height (m)

Height(m)

15

IR=
10

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

20

SRSS/ Cap.Des

IR=0.5 Cap.Des
10

1.0

1.5

2.0

SRSS/
0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 0 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000

Moment (kNm) (c) Eight-Storey Wall

60

Moment (kNm) (d) Twelve-Storey Wall

Capacity Design Moments and Time History Results for Different Seismic Intensity Rations (IR=1=Design Intensity)
40

(m)

30

(m)

40

18

60 40 40

Height (m)

30

IR=0.5
20

1.0

1.5

Height (m)

2.0

IR=0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Cap.Des

20

Cap.Des

10

SRSS/
0 0 10000 20000 30000 0 0 10000

SRSS/

20000

30000

40000

Moment (kNm) (e) Sixteen-Storey Wall

Moment (kNm) (f ) Twenty-Storey Wall

Capacity Design Moments and Time History Results for Different Seismic Intensity Ratios (IR=1=Design Intensity)
19

12

IR=
4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Height (m)

SRSS/ Cap.Des

Height (m)

IR=

0.5 1.0 1.5

2.0

SRSS/ Cap.Des
0 0 100 200 300 400 500 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000

Shear Force (kN) (a) Two-Storey Wall

Shear Force (kN) (b) Four-Storey Wall

Capacity Design Shears and Time History Results for 20 30 Different Seismic Intensity Ratios (IR=1=Design1.5 2.0 IR= 0.5 1.0 Intensity)
20

m)

m)

15

20

30

IR= 0.5 1.0 1.5

2.0

Height (m)

Height (m)
Cap.Des IR= 0.5 SRSS/ 1.0 1.5 2.0

15

20

10

10

SRSS/ Cap.Des
0

0 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Shear Force (kN) (c) Eight-Storey Wall

60 40

Shear Force (kN) (d) Twelve-Storey Wall

Capacity Design Shears and Time History Results for Different Seismic Intensity Ratios (IR=1=Design Intensity)
(m)
40

(m)

30

21

60 40 40

Height (m)

20

Height (m)
IR= Cap.Des 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

30

20

10

SRSS/
0 0 1000 2000 3000

Cap.Des IR= 0.5 SRSS/

0 1000 2000 3000 4000

1.0 1.5

2.0

Shear Force (kN) (e) Sixteen-Storey Wall

Shear Force (kN) (f) Twenty-Storey Wall

Capacity Design Shears and Time-History Results for Different Seismic Intensity Ratios (IR=1=Design Intensity)
22

CONCLUSIONS FROM TIME-HISTORY ANALYSES

Results are Intensity-Dependent (i.e. DuctilityDependent)
Modal

Response Spectra and ELF Approaches Underestimate Moments above Base, and Shear Forces over full height. Results suggest that a simple modification to the modal superposition approach could predict moments and shear forces Shape of Shear Force Profile Similar to SSRS/ for low Intensity Ratios (i.e. for low ductilities).
23

MODIFIED MODAL SUPERPOSITION (MMS) Extension to Method suggested by Eibl and Keintzel,1988 SHEAR FORCE PROFILES

Vi = (V + V
2 1i

2 2 Ei

+V

2 3 Ei

+ ...)

0 .5

V1i = Inelastic first-mode shear force at level i (from DBD forces) or elastic shear force, if lower V2Ei (etc) = elastic 2nd (etc) mode shear force at level i THUS FORCE REDUCTION FOR DUCTILITY IS ONLY APPLIED TO FIRST MODE

24

MODIFIED MODAL SUPERPOSITION (MMS)

MOMENT PROFILES

M i = 1.1 ( M + M
2 1i

2 2 Ei

+M

2 3 Ei

+ ...)

0.5

M1i = Inelastic first-mode moment at level i from DBD M2Ei (etc) = elastic 2nd (etc) mode moment at level i NOTE: EQN APPLIES ONLY OVER TOP HALF OF WALL. LINEAR PROFILE FROM MIDHEIGHT TO WALL BASE MOMENT

25

12

20 4 8

Height (m)

Height (m)

Height (m)

15

MMS

THA

MMS

THA

10

MMS

THA

0 0

0 0

Moment (kNm) (a) Two-Storey Wall, IR=0.5

400

800

1200

1600

Moment (kNm) (e) Four-Storey Wall, IR=0.5

1000

2000

3000

Moment (kNm) (i) Eight-Storey Wall, IR=0.5

2000

4000

6000

8000 10000

12

20 4 8

Height (m)

Height (m)

Height (m)

15

MMS
10

THA

MMS

THA

MMS

THA

0 0

0 0

Moment (kNm) (b) Two-Storey Wall, IR=1.0

400

800

1200

1600

Moment (kNm) (f) Four-Storey Wall, IR=1.0

1000

2000

3000

Moment (kNm) (j) Eight-Storey Wall, IR=1.0

2000

4000

6000

8000 10000

12

Height (m)

Height (m)

Height (m)

MMS Moment Envelopes Compared with Time History Results for Different Seismic Intensities (IR=1=Design)26
4 8 15 10

20

MMS

THA

(b) Two-Storey Wall, IR=1.0

6 12

(f) Four-Storey Wall, IR=1.0

(j) Eight-Storey Wall, IR=1.0

20 4 8

Height (m)

Height (m)

Height (m)

15

10

MMS

THA

MMS MMS THA

THA

0 0

0 0

Moment (kNm) (c) Two-Storey Wall, IR=1.5

400

800

1200

1600

Moment (kNm) (g) Four-Storey Wall, IR=1.5

1000

2000

3000

Moment (kNm) (k) Eight-Storey Wall, IR=1.5

2000

4000

6000

8000 10000

12

20 8

Height (m)

Height (m)

Height (m)
MMS THA

15

10

MMS
0 0

THA
0 0 0

THA

MMS

Moment (kNm) (d) Two-Storey Wall, IR=2.0

400

800

1200

1600

Moment (kNm) (h) Four-Storey Wall, IR=2.0

1000

2000

3000

Moment (kNm) (l)Eight-Storey Wall, IR=2.0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

MMS Moment Envelopes Compared with Time History Results for Different Seismic Intensities (IR=1=Design) 27

60

30

40 40

Height (m)

Height (m)

20

MM S THA
20

THA
10

MMS

Height (m)

30

20

10

MM S THA

0 0

0 0

Moment (kNm) (m) Twelve-Storey Wall, IR=0.5

4000

8000

12000 16000 20000

Moment (kNm) (q) Sixteen-Storey Wall, IR=0.5

10000

20000

30000

Moment (kNm) (u) Twenty-Storey Wall, IR=0.5

10000

20000

30000

40000

60

30

40

Height (m)

Height (m)

30

20

THA
20

MMS

THA
10

MMS

Height (m)

40

THA

MMS

20

10

0 0

0 0

Moment (kNm) (n) Twelve-Storey Wall, IR=1.0

4000

8000

12000 16000 20000

Moment (kNm) (r) Sixteen-Storey Wall, IR=1.0

10000

20000

30000

Moment (kNm) (v) Twenty-Storey Wall, IR=1.0

10000

20000

30000

40000

60

ight (m)

ight (m)

20

ight (m)

MMS Moment Envelopes Compared with Time History Results for Different Seismic Intensities (IR=1=Design) 28
30 40 30 40

THA

MMS

THA

MMS

THA

MMS

(n) Twelve-Storey Wall, IR=1.0

(r) Sixteen-Storey Wall, IR=1.0

60

(v) Twenty-Storey Wall, IR=1.0

30

40 40

Height (m)

Height (m)

20

Height (m)

30

THA

MMS

20

THA

MMS

THA
20

MMS

10 10

0 0

0 0

Moment (kNm) (o) Twelve-Storey Wall, IR=1.5

4000

8000 12000 16000 20000

Moment (kNm) (s) Sixteen-Storey Wall, IR=1.5

10000

20000

30000

Moment (kNm) (w) Twenty-Storey Wall, IR=1.5

10000

20000

30000

40000

60

30

40 40

Height (m)

Height (m)

20

THA

MMS

Height (m)

30

THA

MMS

20

THA

MMS

20

10 10

0 0

0 0

Moment (kNm) (p) Twelve-Storey Wall, IR=2.0

4000

8000 12000 16000 20000

Moment (kNm) (t) Sixteen-Storey Wall, IR=2.0

10000

20000

30000

Moment (kNm) (x) Twenty-Storey Wall, IR=2.0

10000

20000

30000

40000

MMS Moment Envelopes Compared with Time History 29 Results for Different Seismic Intensity Ratios (IR=1=Design)

12 20

Height (m)

Height (m)

Height (m)

MMS

THA

MMS THA MMS THA

15

10

0 0

0 0

Shear Force (kN) (a) Two-Storey Wall, IR=0.5

100

200

300

400

500

Shear Force (kN) (e) Four-Storey Wall, IR=0.5

200

400

600

800

1000

Shear Force (kN) (i) Eight-Storey Wall, IR=0.5

400

800

1200

1600

2000

12 20

Height (m)

Height (m)

MMS

THA

MMS

THA

Height (m)

MMS
15

THA

10

0 0

Shear Force (kN) (b) Two-Storey Wall, IR=1.0

6

100

200

300

400

500

Shear Force (kN) (f ) Four-Storey Wall, IR=1.0

200

400

600

800

1000

Shear Force (kN) (j) Eight-Storey Wall, IR=1.0

400

800

1200

1600

2000

12 20

eight (m)

eight (m)

MMS

THA

MMS

THA

eight (m)

MMS Shear Profiles Compared with Time History Results for Different Seismic Intensity Ratios (IR=1= Design) 30
4 8 15

MMS

THA

10

(b) Two-Storey Wall, IR=1.0

6 12

(f) Four-Storey Wall, IR=1.0

(j) Eight-Storey Wall, IR=1.0

20 4 8

Height (m)

Height (m)

MMS

THA

MMS

THA

Height (m)

15

MMS

THA

10

0 0

0 0

Shear Force (kN) (c) Two-Storey Wall, IR=1.5

100

200

300

400

500

Shear Force (kN) (g) Four-Storey Wall, IR=1.5

200

400

600

800

1000

Shear Force (kN) (k) Eight-Storey Wall, IR=1.5

400

800

1200

1600

2000

12 20

Height (m)

MMS

Height (m)

THA

MMS

THA

Height (m)

15

MMS THA

10

0 0

0 0

Shear Force (kN) (d) Two-Storey Wall, IR=2.0

100

200

300

400

500

Shear Force (kN) (h) Four-Storey Wall, IR=2.0

200

400

600

800

1000

Shear Force (kN) (l) Eight-Storey Wall, IR=2.0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

MMS Shear Envelopes Compared with Time History Results for Different Seismic Intensity Ratios (IR=1= Design) 31

60

30

40

MMS THA

MMS THA

MMS THA

Height (m)

Height (m)

30

20

20

Height (m)

40

20

10 10

0 0

0 0

Shear Force (kN) (m) Twelve-Storey Wall, IR=0.5

500

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Shear Force (kN) (q) Sixteen-Storey Wall, IR=0.5

1000

2000

3000

4000

Shear Force (kN) (u) Twenty-Storey Wall, IR=0.5

1000

2000

3000

4000

60

30

40

MMS THA

Height (m)

Height (m)

20

20

THA MMS
10

Height (m)
20

30

40

10

THA MMS

0 0

0 0

Shear Force (kN) (n) Twelve-Storey Wall, IR=1.0

500

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Shear Force (kN) (r) Sixteen-Storey Wall, IR=1.0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Shear Force (kN) (v) Twenty-Storey Wall, IR=1.0

1000

2000

3000

4000

60

t (m)

t (m)

20

t (m)

MMS Shear Envelopes Compared with Time History Results for Different Seismic Intensity Ratios (IR=1= Design) 32
30 40 30 40

60

30

40

Height (m)

Height (m)

20

THA
10

MMS

20

THA
10

MMS

Height (m)

30

40

20

THA

MMS

0 0

0 0

Shear Force (kN) (o) Twelve-Storey Wall, IR=1.5

500

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Shear Force (kN) (s) Sixteen-Storey Wall, IR=1.5

1000

2000

3000

4000

Shear Force (kN) (w) Twenty-Storey Wall,IR=1.5

1000

2000

3000

4000

60 30 40

Height (m)

Height (m)

20

THA

MMS

THA
20

MMS

Height (m)

30

40

10 10

20

THA

MMS

0 0

0 0

Shear Force (kN) (p) Twelve-Storey Wall, IR=2.0

500

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

Shear Force (kN) (t) Sixteen-Storey Wall, IR=2.0

1000

2000

3000

4000

Shear Force (kN) (x) Twenty-Storey Wall, IR=2.0

1000

2000

3000

4000

MMS Shear Profiles Compared with Time History Results for Different Seismic Intensity Ratios (IR=1= Design) 33

CONSEQUENCES FOR CAPACITY DESIGN

Results show dynamic amplification increases as intensity ratio (i.e. ductility) increases. Equations can be re-written as

Vi = (V + (V + V + ...))
2 1 2 2 2 2 3

0 .5

2 M i = 1.1* (M 12 + 2 ( M 2 + M 32 + ...)) 0.5

where V1 V2 M1 M2

are calculated from the inelastic

spectra in accordance with normal design to NZS4203 Dynamic amplification should thus be dependent on Period T (not number of storeys), and ductility . Note: Relationship should be linear with
34

5
T = 3.9 sec

Dynamic Amplif ication Factor, v

T = 2.7 sec T = 1.9 sec

BASE SHEAR AMPLIFICATION

Equation
T = 1.0 sec

THA
T = 0.5 sec

1
(10)

0 0 2 4 6 Displacement Ductility Factor 8

v = 1 + B(T ) where 0.067 B(T ) = 0.067 + 0.4(T 0.5) 1.15 With flexural overstrength : o v = 1 + o B( T ) 35 VR = vV E where

Suggested Design Moment Profile Bilinear, with moment at midheight = 0.75 x Base Moment

0.8

Dimensionless Height

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Dimensionless Moment

36

CONCLUSIONS
Current Dynamic Amplification for Moments and Shears in

Cantilever Walls is inadequate. Dynamic Amplification Depends on Period and Ductility Two methods (MMS and simple equation) were Developed to Estimate Dynamic Amplification Design to the Z = 1.2 regions in NZ is Equivalent to a PGA of 0.27g in European Design Design to Maximum Permitted Ductility in NZS 4203 will Result in Drift Levels that Exceed 0.02 for all but very low Buildings
37