(Peripherals) 
  
     
(resources) #   $#%& '"   !
 
+, - (Modem) *# (Printer) ! (  )
 
1) *, 23 4&   *5 3 ./ (Drive CD-ROM) .#
.167 -
:   87 97#  #:  ; , <  =
.?  9)  2

& ?  :(NIC ANetwork Interface Card)  ?
. 87   ,7 -B&   <
8B (  7  B (transmission media) ?7 &
D   (radio waves) , C   (wires)-B&  (cables)
.(fiber optic) E 
= 7, 85  87 =% 
% ##  
#7 8)! = , (bandwidth) *G#%& 
 H () F
.(7, 85  / (Packets formats) &I
*67 #% *#, (Network Operating System- NOS)  J *67
9I  F (rights and permissions) #%& K, 8B
 9) 
  #

8 D7

      " # $ %& '( *)
/ &1 3 4#5 6 .,    /# '& # / 
?  ,   :&  %  (<$, >*/ * '( &#
:&B CD %>) F ?&
 G / ?% &

computing power ) & 8#? 9) NM 7 8 O7 :<L 

:(distribution
6 K &# $ (' :(central computing) JK &J"3 J
dummy) % R JF&( ( B  K&# & # (' , J5#
 #& S SR J" ,% / 3> U '( & V ( terminals
.WX&
6 # $ (' :(alternative computing) J
 J"3 J
? JZ J(&B (' J5# #  Y3 , &( B (' J#X6 J5#
\#&(   B ] / ^ J / (nodes) J 
 / 
.`%&%R CS( scanner) JZ"# JB # U ? J(F , #(
 &Sa  # $ :(computing collaborative) J &J"3 J
J (F  b\ #  % 4# ( /c ^ *`   
/ JXK5 WX 4c#5  / , J ? 
 J5# , 4?
 
.JX, J5 / J(&G
 ! 67  ?B 9) NM 7 8 D7 :L 7(
F * 8#, 7
 8F 9) 2  :(peer to peer) #7) #7 
.(*#  &  ! () # -P # 85) P# 7
Peer-to-Peer Networks #7) #7 8 A
. #7) #7 8 &&  +E% A1
.#7) #7 8 =  8
 A2
.8  O7 3 Q ,F 8F& J 67 * A3
: &E &? 9 (#  8 *&, 
. Peer-to-Peer Networks  #7) #7 8 A1
. Server Client Networks  
 / #
 8 A2

: #7) #7 8


 DE6 #S 7  Q&  F 8  #7) #7 8 #,
TU/ #U
 Q&U U 9)
  VF    8? 457 F #
 
.  )
   T/  8)! =) 8? 457 F  8)!
U U U 7 LAN )    : #7) #7 8 D! 3I
UF
   +% Server #
 9) 2 <  & K, 
 
. 7
 #
    
. Workgroup    *&   1) K) 8  O7 3
U
U7W 7 F ! 
    7S !  *F 
.!
U N U Q&. !
 <
   )? ##   # 
#5U&W   )
   2 9) 7
% #  87 X !
7
*U U#F
U7   J 8 8W &7 #7) #7 8 !
. B( =& *#%& 9) =# = F 8  O7 3 #7  
:,F  8< F &7 8  O7 3 !
. !
 <  F
  ##   A1
23U *!  457 F #  T3  5 #%&   A2
.  T3 1F #
. -# J   83       <  A3

 U U7 U%  T3 N7I #  &&X 7 F  <  A4
.=, ,& F 
:    W ! 3%  = 8  ## O7 % F 5 ? 3
.)  5 #%& ## &&X * A1
.) TF # 23   Y& A2
.&&X  ! A3
. 1)  F =/ 23 2#W *# Y& A4
. #%&  5 8W A5
.) % 7
 A6

: #7) #7 8 8

 9) 67 K)7
. ## 5)   #7) #7 8 &E 8
  A1
. J *67 9) F I . 9 C < 8 T3 A2
 
 9) 
  # #I *   ?
 9 C < A3
.17! #

 9 ) 8&
U & - *67  1  F  & / F ##I  8( A4
. 
  
  F  8? 9 ) -B&

-U3  U 8) &7 / 7  8  O7 3 &E =! 
:   6 #%& ## #
  7 Q 17
. N5 #,5  #  8? # F & ) 
B #W ' A1
. ! / F    9) 65 ' A2

   #  #5&W  87 #I '
  ## #
Q A3
.  #%& 

. 
  
: 7 9)  #I VF ,& 73 
. 2
 8 J *67 & #   VF  
 #W  F
#%&U 
U  87 *  # 23 .7  : 8 J *67
.  9)
 87 ## T
 #I  E& *#%&  VF  
 #W  F 
N,)  # T3 87 3I F ##  %Z Q  #  #
U) J *67  -3 * '& 23 .7   !   N,) * ,F
. *
 9) #
.
 #W 8 7 #7) #7 8 VF '   
: F #7) #7 8 *#  8F& #  J 67 &7
Windows for Workgroup 3.11A1
Windows 95A2
Windows 98 A3

Windows Me A4
Windows NT 4.0 Workstation A5
Windows NT 4.0 Server A6
Windows 2000 Professional A7
Windows 2000 Server A8
#U,  8#[ 67 67  ?   F 2000
#7  NT 67 ! 
8U5 U    . ) TF 23    ! Y&   #W
#7 8 K)! F  8
 Q T#! N   NT 4.0
#7  67
: #7)
U
U  U ##U / ## #  #5&W *#%&  '&A1
.
8U? F !
 #  #5&\ #%&   #
 < ##! '& A2
. 1&57
((Remote Access Service (RAS) #!  * # *#%& '& A3
. %] *#%&

. Win 9x 67 F F /    ) 8
 F A4

F (  #% 8 T3 F

 :(client/ server) #5& /*#% 
 17" % 85 3
 -3  .*#%
  ^ #_,
P Y#I
 # #% #%
 3  #? 8#% -P 
 Y& *#,
.(

Client / Server Networks  #

 / 
 8 A03
. #
 / 
 8 8
 A1
.% 8#
 O7 D)% D A2
. #
 / 
 8 F #%& J 67 D A3
. )% 8) D A4
. #
 / 
   #7) #7  7, 8)  8FB%\ D A5
. #
 9) =, D! 7)F #
2U? .U!   
% & 9) 2 % 
  #? #

 8 #
  % O7
     17   F 3
. % 85 1 
Sever Based  #
U 9) E?    9&   #
 / 
 8
 #
 ,F 1)   +% #
 9) E?  8 T3  Network
8 F
  ## ' #7   #7) #7 8 F    
 ! <
#
U/ 
 8  2  %] #
 F I     #
 / 

E
 # ! < 8#
 T3     #7 # #
  ( 9) 2 #?
.  N5  #
  F 8#
 9) * O
  T3 F 

: #7) #7  9) F K5   #

 / 
 8 8

.## 7
# ,F 87) W `&7 A1
.D)  #,5  87  A2
. #%& D<] *# A3

U%
      ? E

 !  
 A4
.!  85
 #
  #
 F
  #  8  O7 3 F A5

 9) 
    ( & =) #  )! 9  !
.  F  F *  87 #I &   5)%
 #
U / 
 8 *#%&W =&  *  Security   ! A6
) #U +%U a& B%  #
 F    ! #) 67
  # #I F * Administrator  #  ( #7 (
N, * '&  ,F 7  #  #5&\ #%&) 873 #I
. *%  4   3  I  #

JU *U67 U U67 HJ *  ) b  8#
) O7 # -7
: *#%&
. File Servers 85) 8#
 A1
. Print Servers  8#
 A2
. Application Servers .  8, 8#
 A3
. Communication Servers 8< 8#
 A4
. Database Servers 87 #? 8#
 A5
U67 3U  #7 F& 2000
#7  F& NT
#7 (  E F
: 8#
 #
.  #%&  7W )& # 23 Mail Server # #
 A1

9I   45 E&   #V *, 23 Fax Server 4F #
 A2
. 
8#U% #
U  17 #  Communication Server 8< #
 A3
U67 #%&U) '&U 23  Directory Services Server  #
UF #%&U 8)) ,F ) Domain   9& ,7  %#
  9) 7 9) 6F  7
%  ) 8)! #V (
#7 E
#U EU&  8U7 KF#U *U *, W 8#
  %] O7 -7
#%&U 9U  8  /  #
 I 7    7W
. #!  *
. Internet Intranet 877 / 877 #
 A4
#%&U U * File and Print Server   85) #
 A5
.  #  #5&W  *
 9) )  ) 85) 9
 #%&) '& 23  Application Servers .  8, #
 A6
9  #   *
  ?B7 #
 9) # . J E

9U) *) .E7 ,F 
% !& *7   -) *
 9) )  7
%
. . -)
1U7VF   ? #
  F  # # J *67   #
 !
*#U U& 17VF  #
 3 8#?  #5&W 9) #? J *67 F * I
JU *U67 9 D  8 J *67 .7  #! 4 8? 9. #E5
 Microsoft LAN Manager .U7 1U) (  1) ,& 8(

J 67     )  F ! %
[ '&  23
.  9 * 7W 8#?  D   b MS-DOS , UNIX ,OS/2
9U) U( ) J *67 8 J *67 .# * (# J 67 F
: F 23  F& NT
#7 J *67 -3

(Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP  U)( ##U! ! A1

*,  T3 F  #
 F Processor .!  ( # *# 17 7! 3
F 8!  2&  . 8, 8  *67  Q

. #

 F
 Digital Alpha AXPRISC MIPS , U7I ) ##U! 8U7 *U# A2
.( PowerPC
. Directory Services Architecture  # 8#% ) A3
. ( 8 ) 2& EB ( 1 exabyte 16 9  85) * *# A4
.EB 16 9  =) +,) E
 * *# A5
. Q5 1F   Y& A6
. Win9x  NT Workstation
#7 
 J *67   T3 F 
-U3  U
 /#
 8  #7) #7 8   8
  Q  
 U)% U 1U) K)U 3U #U U UF U! U7 .#
.Network Combination
: 8
 *#, )% 
. 87) 
 #I  * A1
.  # 2
 Q? A2
 #%&
 (  N#  9) 6F Q 8!  85) 9  A3
. 7
. 
 9) Processing Activity ! 87 Q
 A4

#U7 8 * *, Q& 7  #

 9) E?  &  T3 F
:  8< ( F 8  O7 3 *#%&    #7 #7)
. ?  10 #%& ## A1
.   - O 9) #%& ! A2
.   9) 65) &  -7 A3
 *U BU% *#U   %  ( =) 8  O7 3  
.  S B%W
U U5)F   #7) #7 8   #
 / 
 8 8 !
9U) 2U  =U  #  #I  <E&  23 #
F  (
3  %

 9) 2  = 17   # .!  (  2? .!
.1  9) 1 *, +? #  *%

=) +? 

geographical ) FJ O:
 9) NM 7 8 D7 :((
:(distribution
& F #  :(Local Area Network- LAN) ) 
B )  Y:#!  P#7 (B( # 7  &# F) ## FJ
.#
U!
U < U
   )? ##   87 8 6 # F
= DU! 'U -  O7 3  
 !   H! Q )
7,   */   ) K7   Area Network (LAN) Local
<I #%&U  (  ## Q !  D ) 8) '& 
U%# U  #! F LAN 8F  ## & 

! 8
 7

U 7? F 8 T3 *#,  , # 7 %# =     =
U #  #5& 23 *#%& !  #  87 #  &
. % T
 9) # # T3 
T3U   O7  ( 7  < E&  # O7 # *#%& LAN 8
 Twisted pair cable U5) U#
 -B& A1 :)  Y#I  E&
Shielded or ) U? U, UJ U/  UJ UI -BU&  T3U 
. (Unshielded
. (Coaxial cable (coax 2 -)& A2
. Fiber Optic Cable  D  -B& A3
. Wireless transmission media )&<  & A4
) 8 +% 3 

:(Metropolitan Area Network-MAN) ( ) 7# 

  #,F )  &   & 9I  T3 ## #
)  ) 9) 6F 7 4#   ) 7# 
. ## 8<  8& 83 d%  % #%& b  &57

Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN)  # K7 8

8 7, 9) *,    8 D7 F %] O7 !  
& E D #! F *#%&  ,EF 8& !   LAN
) 100 9 20  a !& & J #    

,7 9)  T3 # :(Network-WAN Wide Area) !& 
#: !G "  Q *! 9I ##  #?  ##! ?  #,F #  FJ
.Z 9 !& 8  F ) # <( 877W

8U) U 8U *#  LAN 8  * 8 6 # F
U 3  # # Y& 9)  !& 8& 9)  O
  
U U5)% N7 F ) 8  *, 8  ## O7   #<
U OU7 3 9) K)   5)% # F ) 8  *,    #
 QU& KU7 8U  (Wide Area Networks (WAN *U& 8
9U U 8 F   #%& ## #
 7, T3 *#%&
.+%  D<]

: EF 9I WAN 8 *&,7

. Enterprise Network A1
. Global Network A2
#U &&X   ! O5  ) 8   *,   O7
) 8  9) 7( O7 ! 7  # #  # # Y& 9)
. 5)% 8&&X #! !

:(media Communication)     ! " : 

(networks wired)  "

:% &'  " ()* 

.(coaxial)  ,-. " .1

.(pairs twisted) /0 ,-. " .2

.(fiber optics) /1 . " .3

(networks wireless)   "

 
:  ' 
. -   " / 2/3  1
.4 5 6 '' 7'% ' 8  "9  ' 2
": 4; '' '' % 7< 6 '
'3 =6 > 3
. -

.4 % 6 !  " ? "@ 8  "9  ' 4

:  A ":  '   " ' ; "3 ,-? ;
.8  3  5 6 ,-?
"  "' )5 ,-? B; A C
' * ,-D 4? 8 
=1:  ':C@ ) ' 3F  4; C &'5  8  E
.= 70  '3   ;  C%   A  '3 
4; , ; 3  Wireless LAN -   " "%'
: 4; 23 ,) 4; 8  A &3? G
. - "@   "= 4; =-  "6 1
.   '9  H; I A ? 4;   JK3< 2
:*; 4: &: : 8: " ()*  '9  86 3
.
C   ,) 0L % ' = 4;  '3 
= N6
'3 ;    C " - " M  
7): O'  4; N=
'  M - ,) N =  M   7% 
.  M6P
A       " 8Q.;   1 4 E6  'R
:  &9:C@?  63  & " ()*  ? 8Q% 4K;
:C S:6 ":   )* A  O3% &9C@%  ,-.
.Hybrid @* "
: 
C  !'% - "  N6

;: ,-:? ():* ;  4;  " RL " ; 1
. 8 7? 86  <
9:C@     "  6 3   4; &'  2
. 
.   4;  '3  J = 4;   @' ; 3
:  " 4; &'K - " 
. '9   ? 4; "5 ; 1
.= 70  '3  "5 ; 2
.,-. C 8 4 9   ? 4; " ! 3
-:3<   "6  M     ' -   6
.
'3  < 6 4; 0  '
: N: :  R6  7 - " 4; 9C@ 
.4 Transceiver =
:  &9:C@% 5   "< =  )B Transceiver
=
.M 6 
:< - &9C@D E  Transceiver B; @C " 4;  %
.     &9C@? N

 :- ": 4:; " 5 4;
'3 % "= T-0 ,*
:  
%    single-frequency radio '' '% ' "@ 1
Narrow-Band High- S:6 =:1 '': : :' ":@
.Frequency Radio
.spread-spectrum radio 7< 6 ' "@ 2
.infrared !  " ? "@ 3
4:; M: :*   M    " 4; 7' <  
 : '':
'3 M5 B
=   9C@; A )< "
 : 4   9C@ '' N S; ('' 61 =  9C@
=
."< = 
% :* :)< ":  :'   "  ' -3<
": 4;    / H  " B
= ' "
. )<
': '':
'3 M   CI   '' 7'% Transceiver  
.6=;
:  single-frequency radio '': 7':% :' I% N6
Radio Frequency :' "'' O'  4  '' 7%
'3
:6  4 O'    "
'3
   A(RF) Range

:C? ,) A (GHz(10^9 Hz 9*@@ H= 4  ' "''

." % 5 "' ;

'3   A ''<  8 C 7' < I% B;
 
&9:C@%
'3 C? '= 0%  & " 6P R6  I%
.&3   7'%  &    U  'C@ 
: 7'L 'R 7'? '' &9C@? V ''<
. K9 "5 1
.< &= 1
'35 2
.JK3 " 5 "' 3
: ; A :  &< &R  ''  ' "< 4; * ' 
.1% * E%   &< &R  '' NK
''
'3    0 3 7'? '' ") ' &9C@% % T 
 CB; )C  A  * "'  4 &' CB; &'' &R  JK3
 :K0
:@? -:3 :  N6   &  6P N6
.   
6/: : *Q  K R% '' 7'% ' &9C@% 
 
"  0% &< &R 9@   1K3 0% "''    -
.'
4; "@ 1  '' '% ' " 4; " =  >
. 0 4; "@ 10  0

 :3  46P C 3' 1 '' 7'% ' "5 
:0 C:  &9:C@% "@ N 3' 7)  JK3  '' O' 4;
." 8F 8% E; &9C@%
)5 C: 4; Q  % I? ()* 4; C H@  "< J5
.< '' 
spread-spectrum

'': '': % 7< 6 ' "  %

":6 ':R  A - " 4;  '3 0? =  4C; radio
N:  0   8 -3 4 ? W@ R  & % = ()*
.7' <  H@ " 
:=  &< =  "'' &' 7< 6 ' "
'3
.'' 7'% < =    
: * 7< 6 ' " 4;  '3 % = ,*
.Direct Sequence Modulation   N 1
.Frequency Hopping '' "9K= 2
.O3? =   '3 0%   N = 
"'': : : @  &K  C B   N =
=
H 4 &9  "  " ;1B 1%
=  "R HK 4; '
():* =: :C 23  Q =  &9C@? 1 O &'/; 7% C
.chips
 &9  " ()*  S6 A "

":  7 4 "'' = =< M 23  9C@ 

.  Q "< '  " ()* N @
=; 
:= ":< B; Frequency Hopping '' "9K= = 4;  %
:  9:C@ : S
*K ,*   A 3F  ''  
"'': : "9K=
I 4;  U) 
'3  =  9C@
.O3%  &9KR   K 4  9 "K  K3 
"9:K= 4:; :   93 4; 23 M@)  X % N  N
.=     9C@ C '3 4 ''
N: := 4:; :C % '' "9K= = 4; T S6  
R 
'3Y   S6 4; "''  ? @ ,)   
: : @
'3: 4   N = H '' "9K= =
.C H   "''
&9:C@D :=; ,:)  : :K ' 7< 6 I% 
. '3 
  0 4; "@ 6  2  
I )* 4; " =  >
: : :  : ''  % S6  % R6
'3 N
.0 % "
: :1 " 4; Y 1K3 R6
'3< I  

I % I-; 46P C 3'   % A* 1  CB;
A O3? I?  3' )* '1  0%  7< 6 '
7% B; 4  K3 "''  C0
 "< . ,) E1  

 : &<  0L   *Q ' "'' ()* '% N
 'R 3'
:= ': &':9 N M% I- N K3 "''  9  4

'3: ' &'9 I 3' ' ''9 K3  "''  "
. "R 4; 3' 1  "''
():* : H:@ :   7< 6 ' "5 J
:K3  "'': :  H@  % 3   M; "<
. 6 %  "  SK    < 4; '3 
": 1 : 4*  " = !1 - " J
'3
.!  " ?
.1% '@ K CK  '@  " ; 4*  9 " 2
Light Emitting Diode (LED) !1: T ''
'3 " 
. Injection Laser Diode (ILD) 9 )R '' %
  
@? % '@ S3 N6  !  " ? "5
.& I%.&'' &!1< "1 )5 1 C%

CR6  3 CB; '@  !  " ? "5 " )5
" 4; &'
'3 CB; ''  C0  *'  I  A H  N
.&P  
100 : : !:  ": ? M;   7) 7'' O'  >
.9* 300  9*@@
B;      5 " ; !  " ? N6 I
,:)  R% !  " ? < &9C@% N6 4 K 
.0
E  = 4; '3  '   !  " ? &9C@% K ' 
. /1 ?
: * = !  " ?
'3 < "
'3

.Point to Point 6=  6= 1

.Broadcast 4)5 %  5 2
.Reflective H < 3
 :  9:C@ : : E   63 6=  6= = 86
A :3G  C  M@ R'  C
 )C 3G  *'% L = 
.& I%. < K; 9C@   63 ;
 )B;

8: : @ I .9K
 9C@ * = ()*  0 
.  M; I? ()* 8 B; &9C@D SR'
 :0 4; " N1  = ()*
'3 " =  >
.'   O'  0 4; "@ 16   'R
>:1  :;0 : !  " ? "5 4; * '= ' 
 A ? S6 4; "=  3  I  '    00  ?

: E M%   * O R   S'%   ? "  

.C H@ % ? J 8
 S6     *
 ? B;   < =  %
Scatter

&0  !  " ? " %   < "
.& I%.Networks Infrared

&9   ? )*  ' "R 4; 9C@  0% N < N6 '
H@  &< J< E  M% T O3%   8   
.C

 4:C; =: := 4; C R% = ()* 4; " =  % '@
B; =  4;  A=  4; &'9   0 4; "@ 1 9@
   !1  0. 1% 4*  A  0%  C%  % *''5
:CR6 ": )5 := ()* M6P 7) O'  9@   A @  
. ?  " N1 K1

=  X '  & C; Reflective H *  T0   %

':@ :6= ():* 4:;   6=  < 9C@ 
= M;  A
.& I%.86  9C@  &< % &'B
= Transceiver

:(Topology) C  ! "  : 3

.(Star topology)  @ * ") 

6= ("  "6   &9C@% 0 )  ()C Z  &9C@? 
.(Switch) Z[ % (Hub)  9 Q  6= ()*  A&' 9

.
 Star    
 

Star 8 * A1

. *  (  83 8) D A2

.7 K5 Hub O7 a A3
U
U U Star  7 O7  * 83 ) 8 *,
 U 9&U U   Hub 1) K) 2

   ) -B&S
 Central Point U
 ,7 9& 7  Concentrator  QP
.  67. Wiring Center
U
 ,7 9 87 &I F =/ 23 #   ,7 8W
 
! Hub F  *67   9) 
 ? 9 17 Hub 
-)&U QU,7   
 D? 3I  . %Z   -B&  -)&

  ? 7 1)& Q,7  D? 23  <I (S )F Q 1) 23
D?&F !  Q D? I  .  2 #  B%  ! 9,&
. !   
- '& 17 b 5)% *   I (  Star 7 * !
.-3  2S  (S  # 8B J  BI  7 
 
C& -7    F % !5 ! *  O7 3 5) 
. T#,! #  15 ,F -3  !5 T!&  #? Q  ( -B& 9
H! Q # *  )    8 *  ( *  T3
: #  
. Star BusA1
.Star Ring A2
. Star U7  Bus ?7  Q   Star Bus     O7
.  67

N
U *#%& H!  ! Q ) 7 * # #7 - O7 3 F

U !  17 #7 7  . Linear Bus Segments % ?7 -B& 

 . # !  9,& 
   T/ 9) (X   F #
3I  U B%  ! 1I )
  Q& )F 8! # ! I
.Q,7& W 3 VF 8!  TJ  Q 3 
. Q *#%& Ring ,) *  8 #  Star Ring 7( O7

U UW QU,  8U7  F N%  D Q& #? Q O7 ,F
.  8
  +E% Hubs 8!  4 . )) &
 
: Hubs 8!) && O7 bB( -7
. Active Hub 7 Q A1
.Passive Hub % Q A2
. Hybrid Hub  Q A3
*U6!   7 8! =)/ !  Active Hub 7 Q 9) 67 K)7
9) 87 8I &I  # #I 9) #, #  7 8! T3
#U 8! Y#. Repeater 8W   !  , 457 
T3U 9&   W 
 Q& (( 7  ) 357 12 9 8 
U67 . Multiport Repeater  3UF7 ##U! W  7 8!
. 
Passive U)% 8U! . !  E ? 9 C 7 8!
U!   -B&  Q
 8 ) (   8!  Y% O7  Hub

9U CU <   B%   8W #  , *, <   ,7
.E ?
7 8! 1) K) 3  # Q  ( =  Q&  
.-B&   5)% O7 Q ,F  Hybrid Hubs

U   Q  ( *#%&  Star  -#  *  B( H57
C
U O7   Q
    1#%& 23 -)&  3VF  
U 23U -)&U VF  (Shielded Twisted Pair (STP  9J D)
Fiber U DU  Coaxial 2 O7   #? H! Q 8!

. Optic
 Y%  * F F / 8#?  8
 F 8!  3  =
: 8
 *#, F  Hub Q # 9) #! <
U ! #  &  7 J   Q& 8! - '& A1
3F7  eF 357 1)  1)!F -)   ) ##  F \F  
.Q
.-B&   5)% O7 Q KF 7 3F7 *#%& Q& A2
.)     7 
 ? 9) -#& A3
 ) ##  9)  
 Q& 8! O7  ##! -7 A4
. ) =&

   87 *
 3 Q& +% )%# .! #  8! =)/ A5
. 9) 1B%
)U U 3U 1  )& 87 *
 F  D Q& A6
. )  , # #!  *
 9   #I . J
f

.  ) &

  F Q& A7
U U W 
 1F '& ! 
## Q& 7 H! A8
.  T3   #


.(Ring topology) ,) ) 83 


     ,)  9) ) T3 F ,7 & 
.  % 
  Q 1 

Ring
   
 

. Ring % =   "
  >
-)&  E#  ,)  F
   * ,) O7  8 * F
 F 6  D? 87 #

 U 9)
  B%    # T F ,) # 9) 8W ,7
1UB%  
   b W  # !  9)   *,
U    9  9) &I #! *( , !7V *, W
U! U 1U5? 
U  # F VF  F
  9)  W 
. !    D? 9 2#X&
Token *U& U) KU) U,) 8 9) 87 &I F #%& 7,

U U TU * Token 9& 87   W   Passing
.  9) %] 9 
 I *)& 9 67W 1) VF  87 &I  9) 
 # #7
 *)& #7  9) 17 &I 9) #? 17 T% Free Token 
*U, -3U F W  17 I D  17VF  W  17 &I # 23
U U7 ## 17 2 87 T3 &I  ## 7 7 F V
UW T3 ,7.,)  Token W T3 & *( 87 1I & 23
U7! QU 7W 177 KF 23
 # 9 %] 9 
 
U  U U/ 
  W VF 6) T3 9  W %# 5
9  9) &I #! *( ) # 87 `&7 *, W T3 ,&
87   & ) D   #! -3  W T3 & 23 ) 

U 9)   9) Y%  W ,7 3  '  B& * #?
3U *U,  #U!  UW T3 & 23 )   9  9
 

*U, 1U7VF 'U  8)& #? 7  W T3 8  #S 
##  ,7  9) ,) Token Free  I 7 <# & 
V
D U  W T3 3%S 17VF  87 &I #  3VF   9
U 9 W T3& 17VF &W 87 2 1#  * I   17 I
. 3 
UWF !& E&  ! Token Passing VF 87 &W )&
VF ,E5 & T3 =&   N  & , & %] 9
  ,7
9U,    9)
    ## # F 9 
   N#
N7( ) D,I =   #7 17  Bus 8 F 1)   ( )
.  )

.(Bus topology) 63 * ") 

1   # !?   ) T3 A,7 &  A 2,5 #! 
.) 7
  Q 
 U) 8 F  (    &  ! Bus O7   *
9&U) #U -)U& U 9) D F 8  3  * *,
Linear

*&V   O7 3 9     F '    ( Segment

. Bus

:  (B( 9) 8 *  O7 3 F #!

.( Signal) W &I A1
.( Signal Bounce ) W ## A2
.( The Terminator ) D?P  7P A3
8U U 9U Signals  8I  9)  9) 87 &
QU 1U77 KUF 23U  ?  8)! ? *    )
.  9) )& )  W %# 5 7!
8? 457 F 87 &V  2
 *? 3I  Bus O7   * F
T# U67   9) = 3  Collision  *# 1) K)  b#&F
U U)   9)
  ## #
)    9) 87 &I F
.  S #
  17 & 7  #  T67 ) 23 8?

:  Bus  N# 9) (X  !

Hardware )U )U 
 87 #,  87W 1
.( Capabilities
. ) 
 ## A2
.  9) )J . 7 A3
.  )
   F& A4
. 7( F 8 &,  9) 87 ,7 & 5

*U 3I   17 9 -)& #  ,7 7VF  9) 87 I & #7
Q7U&  -)&U U 9) 3  E # 9,& 7VF W T3 !, *
.  67.  9) I &I  Y%  8
23U
U U( =) 77 9  #! W T3 D,I = 3
8U7 U U *#%&  ##W  !7 W D,W . 87 1I 8)&
   -)& D  D  #7 1!  * Terminator 9& 
.  67 .   
2 U U/5 1)!  -)& 9)  I 2 + Terminator *,
   3  ## 8I 2 ,&W #!& '   8I
: 7 =& !   D?   .  ?7 9) 87 &I 
.-)& Q?  F A1
3U 2#X I 
   2  1F # F -)& 57  F A2
.  #  #5&W 
  Q D? 9
. Network being down 1) K) !   D?
U7)  Bus OU7   )
  ## #
  Q& 7# 3I
D  ## -)& )  -)&  7) -3 !5  1I  -)& ## #
:  87 # 9 C7& -3 ! .  Q&

. Barrel Connector  & ) A1

. Repeater  8I  A2
:  ,-?  6R 
= Barrel Connector % &  )
.& I%. 6% ,

'R  K1 E   &< B; &  "-   '' " '3 )5
 ' 6 ,
'3 1;?  )C A 86     C R -
.  &R ,-%
 ''@  CB
=
0 C=  &< WB Repeater % &< 
=

'3: % &:  
'3  0 1;% &<   A  R

:= M:? - % 1 % ' 6% ; K &Y E  M? 6 ,
. & I%. C= %
M:K  8: T: : C 4; Q  % Bus   " N 
. N , R !0%    =5  61 , . 1K3

.(Mesh topology) 6[ * ") 

&'=[ "\ )B; A  4; O3? ']=[  C; &'=  6  C ()* ^
" 5  % A(full mesh) _ 6[  C B; A  4; O3? '=[ N @
partial ) /9@ 6[ )/'  C B; C @ H ']=[  J ` &'=[
.(mesh

.(topology Extended Star) ^[  @ *

/   8

 K  ),& 7 8)   ) T3 
J  7 )) !$&_ <I ) T3 8& . 
 
.%  8 N7 #7 #E5
.(Hierarchical topology) @ *


  #_,
P I <I !d& 7 ) 7P F ) T3 1
 F  O
 # *,  3F ) F 87 & ) #
.7 )
*****************************