Current d <<

Radiation

No Radiation

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Constant Phase Surfaces

Radiating Source

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Current Source

Observation Point

|rr
J (r') dV' r'

'|

Origin

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Az

Ar ( r, , ) A

dl

I0

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+Q R r E R P E+

dl

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1.5 |E| 1 theta 0.5

0.5

1.5

2 1.5

0.5

0.5

1.5

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Direction of Wave

H Antenna

H
Direction of wave

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 Antenna

r Power Flow

0 0 Hertz Dipole R rad

Black Box

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F(theta,phi) = sin(theta)

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.4

0.5 0 0 0.5 0.5 0.5

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Maximum Radiation

Vertical Plane (a)

Horizontal Plane (b)

Null Max Max

Null EPlane Radiation pattern HPlane radiation Pattern

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R1 dz H z + _ H
x

To far away point

R
y

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Antenna H H

Current distribution Im

H H Transmission line H

(a)

(b)

(c)

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0.4

0.2

0.2

0.4

0.5 0 0 0.5 0.5 0.5

H= lambda / 4

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0.5

0.5

1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

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0.5

0.5

0.5 0 0 0.5 0.5 0.5

H= ( 3 /4 ) * lambda

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0.5

0.5

1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

H = lambda

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2 1.5

0.5

0.5

1.5

2.5

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Equivalent rectangular box

Actual Beam

HP HP

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E H B
Wave Travelling inwards

Hertz Dipole Voc l R A

E H
y

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Z = R+jX

Transmitting Antenna

Equivalent Terminal Impedance

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Z=R+jX ZL Voc ZL

Receiving Antenna

Equivalent Voltage Source

V1

Transmitting Antenna 1

Radiation

Receiving Antenna 2

Load

r (a)

I1 V1 Z1 Z mutual (b) Voc

Z2 Z* 2

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Monopole

Monopole

H Ground

Image

Sources

H Ideal Ground H Q Q I I Images

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3/4

No Radiation below ground surface

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Im

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