Flow Charts

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Introductionto Flowcharting
CSC103:IntroductiontoComputerandProgramming
START
WhatisaFlowchart?
Aflowchartisa diagramthatdepicts theflowofa program. Thefigureshownhere isaflowchartforthe paycalculating program
Displaymessage Howmany hoursdidyou work?
ReadHours
Displaymessage Howmuchdo yougetpaidper hour?
ReadPayRate
MultiplyHours byPayRate. Storeresultin GrossPay.
DisplayGross Pay
END
BasicFlowchartSymbols
Noticetherearethree typesofsymbolsinthis flowchart:
roundedrectangles parallelograms arectangle
START
Rounded Rectangle
ReadHours
Parallelogram
ReadPayRate
Eachsymbolrepresents adifferenttypeof operation.
Rectangle
Rounded Rectangle
DisplayGross Pay
END
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Terminals
representedbyrounded rectangles indicate a starting or indicateastartingor endingpoint
START
START
Terminal
ReadHours
ReadPayRate
DisplayGross Pay
END
Terminal
END
Input/OutputOperations
representedby parallelograms indicate an input or indicateaninputor outputoperation
START
ReadHours
Input/Output Operation
ReadPayRate
ReadHours
DisplayGross Pay
END
Processes
representedbyrectangles indicatesaprocesssuchas amathematical a mathematical computationorvariable assignment
Process
START
ReadHours
ReadPayRate
DisplayGross Pay
END
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SteppingThroughthe SteppingThroughthe Flowchart Flowchart

Howmany hoursdid youwork?
START
Output Operation
ReadHours
ReadPayRate
VariableContents: Hours:? PayRate:? GrossPay:?
DisplayGross Pay
END
SteppingThrough SteppingThroughthe theFlowchart Flowchart

Howmany hoursdid youwork? 40
START
Input Operation (Usertypes 40)
ReadHours
ReadPayRate
VariableContents: Hours:40 PayRate:? GrossPay:?
DisplayGross Pay
END

Howmuch doyouget paidper hour?
START
ReadHours
Output Operation
ReadPayRate
VariableContents: Hours:40 PayRate:? GrossPay:?
DisplayGross Pay
END
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Howmuch doyouget paidper hour?20
START
ReadHours
Input Operation (Usertypes 20)
ReadPayRate
VariableContents: Hours:40 PayRate:20 GrossPay:?
DisplayGross Pay
END
10
SteppingThroughthe Flowchart
Howmuch doyouget paidper hour?
START
ReadHours
ReadPayRate
VariableContents: Hours:40 PayRate:20 GrossPay:800
Process:The productof40 times20is storedin GrossPay
DisplayGross Pay
END
11
SteppingThroughthe Flowchart
Yourgross payis800
START
ReadHours
ReadPayRate
VariableContents: Hours:40 PayRate:20 GrossPay:800
Output Operation
DisplayGross Pay
END
12
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FourFlowchartStructures
Sequence Decision Repetition Case
13
SequenceStructure
aseriesofactionsareperformedinsequence Thepaycalculatingexamplewasasequence flowchart.
14
DecisionStructure
Oneoftwopossibleactionsistaken,dependingona condition.
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DecisionStructure
Anewsymbol,thediamond,indicatesayes/noquestion.If theanswertothequestionisyes,theflowfollowsonepath.If theanswerisno,theflowfollowsanotherpath
NO
YES
16
DecisionStructure
Intheflowchartsegmentbelow,thequestionisx<y?is asked.Iftheanswerisno,thenprocessAisperformed.Ifthe answerisyes,thenprocessBisperformed.
NO x<y?
YES
ProcessA
ProcessB
17
DecisionStructure
Theflowchartsegmentbelowshowshowadecision structureisexpressedinCasanif/elsestatement.
Flowchart
CCode
NO x<y?
YES
if (x < y) a = x * 2; else
Calculateaas xplusy.
Calculateaas xtimes2.
a = x + y;
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DecisionStructure
Theflowchartsegmentbelowshowsadecisionstructurewith onlyoneactiontoperform.Itisexpressedasanifstatement inCcode.
Flowchart CCode
NO x<y?
YES
if (x < y) a = x * 2;
Calculateaas xtimes2.
19
RepetitionStructure
Arepetitionstructurerepresentspartoftheprogramthat repeats.Thistypeofstructureiscommonlyknownasaloop.
20
RepetitionStructure
Noticetheuseofthediamondsymbol.Alooptestsa condition,andiftheconditionexists,itperformsanaction. Thenitteststheconditionagain.Iftheconditionstillexists, theactionisrepeated.Thiscontinuesuntiltheconditionno longerexists.
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RepetitionStructure
Intheflowchartsegment,thequestionisx<y?isasked.If theanswerisyes,thenProcessAisperformed.Thequestion isx<y?isaskedagain.ProcessAisrepeatedaslongasxis lessthany.Whenxisnolongerlessthany,therepetition stopsandthestructureisexited.
YES x<y? ProcessA
22
RepetitionStructure
Theflowchartsegmentbelowshowsarepetitionstructure expressedinCasawhileloop.
Flowchart
CCode
while (x < y)
YES x<y? Add1tox
x = x+1;
23
ControllingaRepetitionStructure
Theactionperformedbyarepetitionstructuremust eventuallycausethelooptoterminate.Otherwise,aninfinite loopiscreated. Inthisflowchartsegment,xisneverchanged.Oncetheloop starts,itwillneverend. QUESTION:Howcanthis flowchartbemodifiedso itisnolongeraninfinite YES loop? x<y? Displayx
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ControllingaRepetitionStructure
ANSWER:Byaddinganactionwithintherepetitionthat changesthevalueofx.
YES x<y? Displayx Add1tox
25
APreTestRepetitionStructure
Thistypeofstructureisknownasapretestrepetition structure.TheconditionistestedBEFORE anyactionsare performed.
26
APreTestRepetitionStructure
Inapretestrepetitionstructure,iftheconditiondoesnot exist,theloopwillneverbegin.
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APostTestRepetitionStructure
Thisflowchartsegmentshowsaposttest repetitionstructure. TheconditionistestedAFTER theactions areperformed. Aposttestrepetitionstructurealways performsitsactionsatleastonce.
Displayx
Add1tox
YES x<y?
28
APostTestRepetitionStructure
Theflowchartsegmentbelowshowsaposttestrepetition structureexpressedinCasadowhileloop.
Displayx
CCode Flowchart do {
Add1tox
YES x<y?
printf(%d, x); x = x +1; } while (x < y);
29
CaseStructure
Oneofseveralpossibleactionsistaken,depending onthecontentsofavariable.
30
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CaseStructure
Thestructurebelowindicatesactionstoperform dependingonthevalueinyears_employed.
CASE years_employed
1
bonus=100
2
bonus=200
3
bonus=400
Other
bonus=800
31
CaseStructure
Ifyears_employed=2, bonusissetto200 Ifyears_employed=1, bonusissetto100 bonus is set to 100
Ifyears_employed=3, bonusissetto400 Ifyears_employedis anyothervalue,bonus any other value bonus issetto800
CASE years_employed l d
1
bonus=100
2
bonus=200
3
bonus=400
Other
bonus=800
32
Connectors
Sometimesaflowchartwillnotfitononepage. Aconnector(representedbyasmallcircle)allows youtoconnecttwoflowchartsegments.
33
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Connectors
TheAconnector indicatesthatthesecond flowchartsegmentbegins wherethefirstsegment ends.
START
END A
34
Modules
Aprogrammodule(suchasafunctioninC)is representedbyaspecialsymbol.
35
Modules
Thepositionofthemodule symbolindicatesthepointthe moduleisexecuted. Aseparateflowchartcanbe constructedforthemodule.
START
ReadInput.
Callcalc_pay function.
Displayresults.
END
36
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CombiningStructures
Structuresarecommonlycombinedtocreatemorecomplex algorithms. Theflowchartsegmentbelowcombinesadecisionstructure withasequencestructure.
37
CombiningStructures
Thisflowchartsegment showstwodecision structurescombined.
NO
x>min?
YES
Displayxisoutside thelimits.
NO
x<max?
YES
Displayxisoutside thelimits.
Displayxis withinlimits.
38
Review
Whatdoeachofthefollowingsymbols represent?
(Answeronnextslide) CSC103:IntroductiontoComputerandProgramming
39
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Answer
Whatdoeachofthefollowingsymbols represent?
Terminal Input/Output Operation Decision
Connector
Process
Module
40
Review
Namethefourflowchartstructures.
41
Answer
Sequence Decision Repetition p Case
42
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Review
Whattypeofstructureisthis?
43
Answer
Repetition
44
Review
45
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Answer
Sequence
46
Review
47
Answer
Case
48
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Review
49
Answer
Decision
50
SwitchonaLamp
51
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Drawaflowcharttofind thesumoffirst50natural numbers.
52
Drawaflowchartto findthelargestofthree numbersA,B,andC.
53
Drawaflowchartfor computingfactorialN (N!)
54
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Flowchartsandsubprocesses
Thesubprocess isusefulbecause:
Itprovidesameansofsimplifyingprogramsbymaking commonprocessesavailabletoawidenumberof programs. Itdividescomplexprogramsintomodules Itmakesformorereliableprogramssinceonceitisshown thataprocessworksthenitcanbemadeasubprocess and neednotbetestedagain.
55
Example
56
Usingnestedloopsinflowcharts
57
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Flow Charts

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Flow Charts

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9/7/2011

Displaymessage Howmany hoursdidyou work?

Displaymessage Howmuchdo yougetpaidper hour?

MultiplyHours byPayRate. Storeresultin GrossPay.

Displaymessage Howmuchdo yougetpaidper hour?

Eachsymbolrepresents adifferenttypeof operation.

MultiplyHours byPayRate. Storeresultin GrossPay.

Displaymessage Howmuchdo yougetpaidper hour?

MultiplyHours byPayRate. Storeresultin GrossPay.

Displaymessage Howmuchdo yougetpaidper hour?

MultiplyHours byPayRate. Storeresultin GrossPay.

Displaymessage Howmuchdo yougetpaidper hour?

MultiplyHours byPayRate. Storeresultin GrossPay.

SteppingThroughthe SteppingThroughthe Flowchart Flowchart

Displaymessage Howmuchdo yougetpaidper hour?

MultiplyHours byPayRate. Storeresultin GrossPay.

VariableContents: Hours:? PayRate:? GrossPay:?

SteppingThrough SteppingThroughthe theFlowchart Flowchart

Input Operation (Usertypes 40)

Displaymessage Howmuchdo yougetpaidper hour?

VariableContents: Hours:40 PayRate:? GrossPay:?

MultiplyHours byPayRate. Storeresultin GrossPay.

SteppingThrough SteppingThroughthe theFlowchart Flowchart

Displaymessage Howmuchdo yougetpaidper hour?

VariableContents: Hours:40 PayRate:? GrossPay:?

MultiplyHours byPayRate. Storeresultin GrossPay.

SteppingThrough SteppingThroughthe theFlowchart Flowchart

Displaymessage Howmuchdo yougetpaidper hour?

Input Operation (Usertypes 20)

VariableContents: Hours:40 PayRate:20 GrossPay:?

MultiplyHours byPayRate. Storeresultin GrossPay.

Displaymessage Howmuchdo yougetpaidper hour?

VariableContents: Hours:40 PayRate:20 GrossPay:800

Process:The productof40 times20is storedin GrossPay

MultiplyHours byPayRate. Storeresultin GrossPay.

Displaymessage Howmuchdo yougetpaidper hour?

VariableContents: Hours:40 PayRate:20 GrossPay:800

MultiplyHours byPayRate. Storeresultin GrossPay.

YES x<y? ProcessA

YES x<y? Add1tox

YES x<y? Displayx Add1tox

YES x<y? Displayx Add1tox

YES x<y? Displayx Add1tox

printf(%d, x); x = x +1; } while (x < y);

Ifyears_employed=2, bonusissetto200 Ifyears_employed=1, bonusissetto100 bonus is set to 100

Ifyears_employed=3, bonusissetto400 Ifyears_employedis anyothervalue,bonus any other value bonus issetto800

TheAconnector indicatesthatthesecond flowchartsegmentbegins wherethefirstsegment ends.

Thepositionofthemodule symbolindicatesthepointthe moduleisexecuted. Aseparateflowchartcanbe constructedforthemodule.

YES x<y? Displayx Add1tox

Drawaflowcharttofind thesumoffirst50natural numbers.

Drawaflowchartto findthelargestofthree numbersA,B,andC.

Drawaflowchartfor computingfactorialN (N!)

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