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IUPhysicsP201F2009
Assignment 5a
Due at 11:00pm on Tuesday, September 30, 2008
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All Work and No Play

Description: Several conceptual and computational questions: Given force and displacement, what is the work done? Learning Goal: To be able to calculate work done by a constant force directed at different angles relative to displacement If an object undergoes displacement while being acted upon by a force (or several forces), it is said that work is being done on the object. If the object is moving in a straight line and the displacement and the force are known, the work done by the force can be calculated as ,

where .

is the work done by force

on the object that undergoes displacement

directed at angle

relative to

Note that depending on the value of

, the work done can be positive, negative, or zero.

In this problem, you will practice calculating work done on an object moving in a straight line. The first series of questions is related to the accompanying figure.

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Part A What can be said about the sign of the work done by the force ANSWER: ?

It is positive. It is negative. It is zero. There is not enough information to answer the question.

When

, the cosine of

is zero, and therefore the work done is zero.

Part B What can be said about the work done by force ANSWER: ?

It is positive. It is negative. It is zero.

When

is positive, and so the work done is positive.

Part C The work done by force ANSWER: is

positive negative zero

When

is negative, and so the work done is negative.

Part D The work done by force ANSWER: is

positive negative zero

Part E The work done by force ANSWER: is

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positive negative zero

Part F The work done by force ANSWER: is

positive negative zero

Part G The work done by force ANSWER: is

positive negative zero

In the next series of questions, you will use the formula to calculate the work done by various forces on an object that moves 160 meters to the right.

Part H Find the work done by the 18-newton force.

Use two significant figures in your answer. Express your answer in joules. ANSWER:

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Part I Find the work done by the 30-newton force.

Use two significant figures in your answer. Express your answer in joules. ANSWER: =

Part J Find the work done by the 12-newton force.

Use two significant figures in your answer. Express your answer in joules. ANSWER: =

Part K Find the work done by the 15-newton force.

Use two significant figures in your answer. Express your answer in joules. ANSWER: =

Ups and Downs

Description: Several qualitative and conceptual questions involving objects launched upward in the gravitational field of Earth in the absence of nonconservative forces. (version for algebra-based courses) Learning Goal: To apply the law of conservation of energy to an object launched upward in Earth's gravitational field. In the absence of nonconservative forces such as friction and air resistance, the total mechanical energy in a closed system is conserved. This is one particular case of the law of conservation of energy. In this problem, you will apply the law of conservation of energy to different objects launched from Earth. The energy transformations that take place involve the object's kinetic energy and its gravitational potential energy . The law of conservation of energy for such cases implies that the sum of the object's

kinetic energy and potential energy does not change with time. This idea can be expressed by the equation , where "i" denotes the "initial" moment and "f" denotes the "final" moment. Since any two moments will work, the choice of the moments to consider is, technically, up to you. That choice, though, is usually suggested by the question posed in the problem.

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First, let us consider an object launched vertically upward with an initial speed . Neglect air resistance. Part A As the projectile goes upward, what energy changes take place? ANSWER: Both kinetic and potential energy decrease. Both kinetic and potential energy increase. Kinetic energy decreases; potential energy increases. Kinetic energy increases; potential energy decreases.

Part B At the top point of the flight, what can be said about the projectile's kinetic and potential energy? ANSWER: Both kinetic and potential energy are at their maximum values. Both kinetic and potential energy are at their minimum values. Kinetic energy is at a maximum; potential energy is at a minimum. Kinetic energy is at a minimum; potential energy is at a maximum. Strictly speaking, it is not the ball that possesses potential energy; rather, it is the system "Earth-ball." Although we will often talk about "the gravitational potential energy of an elevated object," it is useful to keep in mind that the energy, in fact, is associated with the interactions between Earth and the elevated object. Part C The potential energy of the object at the moment of launch __________. ANSWER: is negative is positive is zero depends on the choice of the "zero level" of potential energy Usually, the zero level is chosen so as to make the relevant calculations simpler. In this case, it makes good sense to assume that at the ground level, but this is not by any means the only choice!

Part D Using conservation of energy, find the maximum height Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = to which the object will rise.

and the magnitude of the acceleration of gravity .

You may remember this result from kinematics. It is comforting to know that our new approach yields the same answer.

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Part E At what height above the ground does the projectile have a speed of ?

Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: =

and the magnitude of the acceleration of gravity .

Part F What is the speed Hint F.1 of the object at the height of ?

How to approach the problem ), the

You are being asked for the speed at half of the maximum height. You know that at the initial height ( speed is . All of the energy is kinetic energy, and so the total energy is

. At the maximum height, all , half of the initial . Thus, the ). You need

of the energy is potential energy. Since the gravitational potential energy is proportional to kinetic energy must have been converted to potential energy when the projectile is at kinetic energy must be half of its original value (i.e., when

to determine the speed, as a multiple of , that corresponds to such a kinetic energy. Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = and . Use three significant figures in the numeric coefficient.

Let us now consider objects launched at an angle. For such situations, using conservation of energy leads to a quicker solution than can be produced by kinematics. Part G A ball is launched with initial speed from ground level up a frictionless slope. The slope makes an angle with

the horizontal. Using conservation of energy, find the maximum vertical height

to which the ball will climb.

Express your answer in terms of , , and . You may or may not use all of these quantities. ANSWER: =

Interestingly, the answer does not depend on . In particular, the answer here is the same as the maximum height attained by a projectile launched vertically upward, which you found earlier. (In that case, .)

Hill's Law Conceptual Question

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Description: Conceptual question on the relationship between force, velocity, and power. Imagine that you're loading a pickup truck with bags of groceries. You notice that the smaller the weight you attempt to lift, the quicker you can lift it. However, you also notice that there is a limit to how quickly you can lift even very small weights, and that above a certain weight, you can no longer lift the weight at all. The detailed relationship between the contraction velocity of a muscle (the speed with which you can lift something) and the weight you are attempting to lift, is known as Hills law. Part A Based on this description, which of the following graphs of velocity vs. force is a possible representation of Hills law?

Hint A.1 Maximum weight Hills law states that there exists a maximum force that a muscle can exert, and thus a maximum weight that a muscle can lift. Only one graph has a limit to the maximum force that can be produced. ANSWER: A B C D E

Part B The powerexerted by a muscle is the product of the force exerted and the velocity of contraction. The area of which of these shaded regions represents the power exerted while a weight is lifted at maximum speed?

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Hint B.1

How to approach the problem

In this example, power is the product of the force exerted by the muscles and the contraction velocity of the muscles. In lifting any given weight, our muscles have a single maximum contracting velocity; we assume, in this case, that the weight is lifted at this velocity. In lifting a given weight at a constant velocity, your muscles exert a constant force. Therefore, in this example, both the force and the contraction velocity are constant for a given weight. How can the product of two constant numbers be shown graphically? ANSWER: A B C D None of the above The power produced by a muscle is represented by the area of the rectangle formed by the two coordinate axes and the point on the Hills law graph representing the weight being lifted. Notice that if you lift a very large weight (near the limit of the maximum force your muscle can produce), the area of this "long and skinny" rectangle can be quite small. If you lift a very small weight, the area of this "tall and skinny" rectangle can also be quite small. However, if you lift a weight near the middle of your weightlifting range, the area of the rectangle, and hence the power produced by your muscle, is a maximum.

Work and Kinetic Energy

Description: Short conceptual problem involving two different masses pushed by forces of equal magnitudes. Students must relate force and distance to the kinetic energy, mass and speed of each object. Requires that students use proportional reasoning. This problem is based on Young/Geller Conceptual Analysis 7.2. Two blocks of ice, one four times as heavy as the other, are at rest on a frozen lake. A person pushes each block the same distance . Ignore friction and assume that an equal force is exerted on each block. Part A Which of the following statements is true about the kinetic energy of the heavier block after the push? Hint A.1 How to approach the problem The work-energy theorem states that the change in kinetic energy of an object equals the net work done on that object: . The work done on an object can also be related to the distance force : that the object moves while being acted on by a

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where

is the component of

parallel to the direction of displacement.

Part A.2

Find the work done on each block

What can be said about the net work done on the heavier block? ANSWER: It is greater than the work done on the lighter block. It is equal to the work done on the lighter block. It is less than the work done on the lighter block. ANSWER:

It is smaller than the kinetic energy of the lighter block. It is equal to the kinetic energy of the lighter block. It is larger than the kinetic energy of the lighter block. It cannot be determined without knowing the force and the mass of each block.

The work-energy theorem states that the change in kinetic energy of an object equals the net work done on that object. The only force doing work on the blocks is the force from the person, which is the same in both cases. Since the initial kinetic energy of each block is zero, both blocks have the same final kinetic energy. Part B Compared to the speed of the heavier block, how fast does the light block travel? Hint B.1 How to approach the problem

In Part A, you determined that the kinetic energy of the heavier block was the same as that of the lighter block. Relate this to the speed of the blocks. Part B.2 Proportional reasoning

Proportional reasoning becomes easier with practice. First relate the kinetic energies of the blocks to each other. To accomplish this, let the subscript refer to the heavier block and the subscript to the lighter block. Now

can be written as .

The problem states that the heavier block is four time as massive as the lighter block. This can be represented by the expression . Substituting this expression into the expression for kinetic energy yields

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How many times larger than

is

ANSWER:

Now use this information to relate ANSWER:

to

one quarter as fast half as fast the same speed twice as fast four times as fast

Since the kinetic energy of the lighter block is equal to the kinetic energy of the heavier block, the lighter block must be moving faster than the heavier block. Part C Now assume that both blocks have the same speed after being pushed with the same force about the distances the two blocks are pushed? Hint C.1 How to approach the problem The work-energy theorem states that the change in kinetic energy of an object equals the net work done on that object: . The work done on an object can also be related to the distance force : that the object moves while being acted on by a . What can be said

, where is the component of parallel to the direction of displacement.

Part C.2

Relate the kinetic energies of the blocks refer to the heavier block and the subscript to the lighter block. What is the ratio

Let the subscript

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Hint C.2.a The kinetic energies To relate the kinetic energies of the blocks to each other, recall that

and . ANSWER:

Part C.3 Compare the amount of work done on each block In the previous hint, you found that work done on the lighter block, ? . What is the ratio of the work done on the heavy block to the

ANSWER:

= Now relate the amount of work done on each block to the distance each block must be pushed. Keep in mind that the force acting on each block is the same. ANSWER: The heavy block must be pushed 16 times farther than the light block. The heavy block must be pushed 4 times farther than the light block. The heavy block must be pushed 2 times farther than the light block. The heavyt block must be pushed the same distance as the light block. The heavy block must be pushed half as far as the light block. Because the heavier block has four times the mass of the lighter block, when the two blocks travel with the same speed, the heavier block will have four times as much kinetic energy. The work-energy theorem implies that four times more work must be done on the heavier block than on the lighter block. Since the same force is applied to both blocks, the heavier block must be pushed through four times the distance as the lighter block.

Projectile Motion and Conservation of Energy Ranking Task

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Description: Conceptual question on projectile motion using conservation of energy. (ranking task) Part A Six baseball throws are shown below. In each case the baseball is thrown at the same initial speed and from the same height above the ground. Assume that the effects of air resistance are negligible. Rank these throws according to the speed of the baseball the instant before it hits the ground. Hint A.1 How to approach the problem Although this situation can be investigated using the concepts of projectile motion, the conservation of mechanical energy is a better approach. Consider the initial total energy (kinetic plus gravitational potential). By conservation of energy, the final total energy must be equal to the initial total energy. You can use the final energy to determine the final speed when it reaches the ground. Note that the launch angle does not affect the initial kinetic or initial gravitational potential energy of the ball. Rank from largest to smallest. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them. ANSWER:

View This answer is best understood in terms of conservation of energy. The initial energy of the ball is independent of the direction in which it is thrown. The initial and final potential energies of the ball are the same regardless of the trajectory. Therefore, the final kinetic energy, and therefore the final speed, of the ball must be the same no matter in what direction it is thrown.

Summary

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