_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 1

CHNG 8
P NG TN S
P TUYN TN S
DNG GIN CC-ZERO V P TUYN TN S
MCH LC
CNG HNG
H S PHM
T L HA HM S MCH
 Qui t l tng tr
 Qui t l tn s
DECIBEL

Chng ta quay li vi mch kch thch bi ngun hnh sin v dng hm s mch
kho st tnh cht ca mch khi tn s tn hiu vo thay i.
i tng ca s kho st s l cc mch lc, loi mch ch cho qua mt khong tn
s xc nh. Tnh cht ca mch lc s th hin r nt khi ta v c p tuyn tn s ca
chng.
Cc i lng lin quan n tnh cht ca mch nh h s phm, rng bng tn
cng c gii thiu y.
Cui cng chng ta s gii thiu phng php qui t l hm s mch (network
scaling) t c cc mch in vi cc phn t c gi tr thc t.

8.1 P TUYN TN S
Hm s mch ca mch c kch thch hnh sin l H(j), thng l mt s phc nn ta
c th vit:
H(j)= Re[H(j)]+jIm[H(j)]
(8.1)
Hay di dng cc
(8.2)
H(j)= |H(j)|ej()
|H(j)| l bin v () l pha ca H(j)
|H(j)| = Re[H (j)] 2 + Im[ H (j)] 2

(8.3)

Im[ H (j)]
(8.4)
Re[H (j)]
Ta gi p tuyn tn s ch cc ng biu din ca bin H(j) v gc pha
() theo tn s .
Cc ng biu din ny c gi l p tuyn bin v p tuyn pha
() = tan 1

Th d 8.1
V p tuyn tn s ca hm s mch H (j) =

V 2 (j)
ca mch (H 8.1)
I 1(j)

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_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 2

(H 8.1)

Ta c
H (j) =

H (j) =

V 2 (j)
1
=
I 1(j) 1/R + j(C 1/ L)
1

(1/R) 2 + (C 1/ L) 2

() = tan 1R(C 1/ L)

V R, L, C l cc hng s nn H(j) t tr cc i khi =o xc nh bi

1
o C 1/ o L = 0 hay o =
LC
v
|H(j)|max=|H(jo) |=R
v p tuyn tn s ta xc nhH(j) v () ng vi vi tr c bit ca
* =0 |H(j)| = 0 v () =/2
* =o |H(j)| =R v () = 0
* |H(j)| 0 v () =-/2
p tuyn v (H 8.2)

(a)

(H 8.2)

(b)

Trong th d trn, gi s i1(t)=Icost th I1(j)=I10o

p ng V2(j)=I1.H(j). Ta thy V2 c xc nh mt cch n gin l tch ca
hm mch vi mt hng s. V vy nhng thng tin m ta c c khi kho st hm s mch
cng chnh l nhng thng tin ca p ng. V l do ny v cng v hm s mch ch ty
thuc vo mch m khng ty thuc vo kch thch nn ngi ta thng dng p tuyn tn
s ca hm s mch kho st mch in.

8.2 DNG GIN CC - ZERO V P TUYN

TN S
Coi hm s mch
(s - z 1 )(s - z 2 ).....(s- z m )
H (s) = K
(s - p 1 )(s - p 2 ).....(s- p n )
K l hng s

(8.5)

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_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 3
Nu cc Cc v Zero c din t trn mt phng phc bi cc vect th cc tha s
(s-z) cng c din t bi cc vect. (H 8.3) l mt th d

(H 8.3)

z1.

Trn th, tr s c ghi bng mt chm m, vect v t z1 n s din t tha s sSut v gc pha ca tha s ny l |s-z1| v gc hp bi vect s z 1 vi trc thc.
Nh vy sut v gc pha ca H(s) xc nh bi
s - z 1 s - z 2 .....s - z m
(8.6)
H (s) = K
s - p 1 s - p 2 .....s - p n

(s ) = (K) + [ (s z 1 ) + (s z 2 ) + ......] [ (s p 1 ) + (s p 2 ) + ......]

K l s thc nn
(K) = 0 khi K>0 v
= 180o khi K<0
(8.7)
Cc tha s trong (8.6) v (8.7) c xc nh bng cch o trn th cc di ca
cc vect tng ng v cc gc hp bi cc vect ny vi trc thc.
Th d 8.2
Tnh

H (s) =

25(s+ 10)

khi s=j10
s + 20s2 + 200s+ 500
25(s+ 10)
H (s) =
(s + 3,52)(s+ 8,24- j8,61)(s+ 8,24+ j8,61)
3

Gin Cc-Zero v cc vect xc nh H(j10) cho trn (H 8.4). Cc tr ghi km trn

th c c bng cch dng thc o.

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_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 4

(H 8.4)

T cc gi tr trn th ta tnh c
25.14,1
H (j10) =
= 0,196
10,6.20,2.8,36
(10)=45o-(70,6 o +66,1 o +9,6 o)=-101,3 o
H(j10)=0,196-101,3 o
Th d 8.3
V p tuyn tn s mch (H 8.5)

(H 8.5)

(H 8.6)

Hm s truyn ca mch
1
1
V (s)
H (s) = o =
Vi (s) RC s p 1
Vi p1=-1/RC
Gin Cc-Zero v (H 8.6)
v p tuyn, thay s=j vo hm s mch. Trn th s nm trn trc o cch gc
O on bng . Khi thay i t 0, im s di chuyn trn trc o t gc O ra v cng.
s-p1=1/RC0 o
|H(j)|=1 v ()=0 o
o
o
* =1/RC=C s-p1= 2 /RC45 |H(j)|=1/ 2 v ()=-45
o
*
s-p190
|H(j)|0 v ()-90 o
p tuyn tn s v (H 8.7)
Ti

* =0,

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_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 5

(H 8.7)

Th d 8.4
Xc nh hm s truyn Vo(s)/Vi(s) ca mch (H 8.8). V p tuyn tn s trong 2 trng hp
* =o
* <<o
Trong =R/2L & o2=1/LC

(H 8.8)

Ta c
Vi (s)
1
R + sL + 1/sC sC
V i (s)
= 2
s LC + sRC + 1
V (s)
1/LC
H (s) = o = 2
V i (s) s + sR/L + 1/LC
Vo (s) =

0
H (s) = 2
2
s + 2s + 0
=o
2
H (s) =
(s + ) 2
H(s) c mt cc kp ti s=-. Gin Cc-Zero gm 2 vect trng nhau (H8.9a). Cc
p tuyn tn s v (H 8.9b) v (H 8.9c)
|H(j)| = 1 v ()=0 o
* =0, |s-p1|=|s-p2| =
* = |s-p1|=|s-p2| = 2
|H(j)| = 1/2 v ()=-90 o
* |s-p1|=|s-p2|
|H(j)| 0 v ()-180 o
2

(a)

(b)

(c)

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_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 6
(H 8.9)
<< o

Khi <o , H(s) c Cc ti s=-jd vi d = o 2 . Do , nu <<o, cc

Cc rt gn trc o. Gin cc - zero v li (H 8.10)
Cho thay i t 0 , ta xt cc gi tr c bit ca :
2

* =0 hai vect c cng di nhng gc hp vi trc thc i nhau nn

|H(j)|=1 v ()=0 o
* tng t 0 s=j di chuyn trn trc o t gc O ra xa
+ ( s-p1) v ( s-p2) u tng theo chiu dng nn () c gi tr m.
+ |H(j)| tng, lc u chm sau nhanh hn (v |s-p1| lun lun gim, nhng lc u chm lc
sau nhanh hn, cn |s-p2| lun lun tng, nhng mc tng lun nh hn mc gim ca
|s-p1|)
* =o, im s i din vi p1, |s-p1| ngn nht, |H(j)| t tr cc i
s-p1=0 o v s-p2=2o90 o nn
2
2
o
o

H (j) max =
=
= o
s p 1 s p 2 .2 o 2
v

()=-90 o

* o (=o ) im s vn cn gn p1, |s-p1| thay

i nhanh trong khi |s-p2| gn nh khng i
s-p1= 2 45 o v s-p2= 2o90 o
2
H (j) max
o
o
=
=
H (j) =
2.2 o 2 2
2
o
o
o
o
()=45 -90 =-45 & -135

(H 8 10)

180 o

* rt ln ()
|s-p1|=|s-p2| ( s-p1) = ( s-p2) +90 o
|H(j)| 0 v () -

p tuyn tn s v (H 8.11)

(H 8.11)

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_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 7

8.3 MCH LC
p tuyn ca mch lc di thng
Xt mch th d 8.1, |H(j)| c tr cc i ti =o.
Di tn s qua mch lc xc nh bi c1 c2
Trong c1 v c2 l cc tn s ct, xc nh ti im m bin tn hiu ra bng 1/ 2 ln
bin ra cc i (hay |H(j)|=( 1/ 2 )|H(j)|max).
Bng thng hay rng bng tn c nh ngha:
BW=c2-c1
Mch trong th d 8.4 cng l mch lc di thng, c
Tn s gia o =

1
,
LC

Tn s ct l o ,
rng bng tn BW=2 (H 8.12).

(H 8.12)

(H 8.13)

Mch ca th d 8.3, l mch lc h thng (low pass filter),

Tn s ct
c=1/RC
v bng thng BW=1/RC - 0 = 1/RC.
(H 8.14) v (H 8.15) l p tuyn ca mch lc thng thng v mch lc di loi

(H 8.14)

(H 8.15)

8.4 CNG HNG

Mt mch in kch thch bi tn hiu hnh sin trng thi cng hng khi bin ca
hm s mch t gi tr cc i hoc cc tiu.
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_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 8
Mch th d 8.1, |H(j)| c tr cc i ti =o.
1
o =
l tn s cng hng ca mch.
LC
Ti tn s ny tng tr ca mch Z(s)=R, cng t tr cc i.
* i vi mch RLC mc song song (xem th d 8.1), cc Cc ca hm s mch xc nh bi

P1,2= - jd
Trong =
o =

1
v d = o 2 2
2RC

1
l tn s cng hng
LC

Ta thy o chnh l bn knh vng trn

qu tch ca Cc khi thay i
* Khi R kh ln (hay rt nh) , tn s
cng hng rt gn vi tn s t nhin.
p tuyn bin c nh nhn
(|H(j)|max=R)
* Khi R , tn s cng hng trng vi
tn s t nhin. nh ca p tuyn c
bin
* i vi mch RLC mc ni tip, kch

(H 8.16)

thch bi ngun hiu th V(s), p ng l

dng in I(s), Hm s mch chnh l tng dn
I (j)
1
H (j) = Y(j) =
=
V (j) R + j( L + 1/ C)
Cng hng xy ra khi = o =

1
tng ng vi tr cc i ca |Y(j)| l 1/R
LC

Khi c cng hng xy ra , tc dng ca cc phn t L v C trit tiu vi nhau v mch tng
ng vi mt in tr thun.

8.5 H S PHM
Tng qut, hm s mch ca mt mch lc di thng bc 2 c dng:

H (s) =

Ks
s + as + b
2

(8.10)

K, a> 0 & b> 0 l cc hng s thc.

kho st bin ca H(s), thay s =j
K
K
H (j) =
=
(b - 2 ) 2 + a22
a2 + [(b - 2 ) / ]2
K

ti tn s cng hng o= b
a
Tn s ct xc nh bi:
K
H
K
K
hay
H (j c ) = max =
=
2
2
2
2
a 2
a 2
a + [(b - c ) / c ]
H (j) max =

(8.11)

iu ny t c khi
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_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 9
b c
2
= a hay c ac b = 0
c
Phng trnh c 4 nghim, ta ly 2 nghim dng
2

a + a2 + 4b
a + a2 + 4b
v c2 =
2
2
rng bng tn
BW=c2-c1=a
Thay cc gi tr va xc nh c vo (8.10)
c1 =

H (s) =

(8.12)

Ks
2
s + BWs + o
2

y l dng tng qut ca hm s mch ca mch lc di thng bc 2 c tn s gia

o v bng thng BW
Ngoi ra t (8.11), (8.12) ta c:
o2=c2.c1
Mt mch lc di thng thng cng l mch cng hng m tnh cht ca n c
xc nh bi mt i lng gi l h s phm Q, c nh ngha nh sau:
Q=

o
BW

(8.13)

Mt mch c h s Q nh th rng bng tn ln v ngc li. Bng thng nh

ng ngha vi chn lc tt, vy h s phm Q xc nh chn lc ca mch.
Q cng ln chn lc cng tt, s cng hng cng nhn.
Dng h s phm Q ta vit li biu thc hm s mch

H (s) =

Ks

2
s2 + o s + o
Q

(8.14)

v
o

1
2
+ o + ( o )2 = o + o 1 + ( ) 2
2Q
2Q
2Q
2Q
Nu Q ln (Q>>5) 1/2Q<<1, h thc (8.15) tr thnh
c1 , c2 =

c1 , c 2 =

BW
o
+ o = o m
2Q
2

(8.15)

(8.16)

Hay
BW
BW
v c2 = o +
2
2
c2 v c1 cch u o. p tuyn bin gn i xng.
c1 = o

Th d 8.5 Cho mch lc di thng c:

2s
H (s) = 2
. Xc nh o , c1, c2 v BW
s + 0,2s+ 1
o2=1 o=1 rad/s

a + a2 + 4b 0,2 + 0,04+ 4
c1 =
=
= 0,905 rad/s
2
2
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_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 10

a + a2 + 4b 0,2 + 0,04+ 4
c2 =
=
= 1,105 rad/s
2
2
Bng thng
BW=c2- c1=0,2 rad/s
h s phm

1
Q= o =
=5
BW 0,2
Nu xem Q=5 l ln, ta dng (8.16) xc nh c2 v c1
BW
0,2
c1 = o
= 1
= 0,9 rad/s
2
2
BW
0,2
c2 = o +
= 1+
= 1,1 rad/s
2
2
So vi cc kt qu trn, sai bit khong 0,5%.

8.6 T L HA HM S MCH (Scaling

network function)

Trong cc bi ton trc y ta lun lun gp cc R, L v C vi nhng gi tr tht l l

tng nh R = 1, 2, 3 . . .,L = 1H, 2H, 3H . . .,C =1F, 2F, 3F . . .v cc tn s th khong
1vi rad/s. Mch in vi cc tr nh th qu l khng thc t cht no, vy c nhng
mch vi cc phn t gn vi tht, chng ta phi chuyn i cc gi tr ny bng cch qui t l
cho mch.
C 2 cch qui t l: qui t l tng tr v qui t l tn s

8.6.1 Qui t l tng tr

Z' (s) = R'+ sL'+

Tng tr ca mch
Qui t l vi h s Ki

1
sC'

Z(s)=KiZ(s)

Z(s) = K i ( R'+sL'+

1
)
sC'

1
sC'/K i
Cc phn t R, L, C ca mch sau khi qui t l tha h thc
1
Z(s) = R + sL +
sC
Ta thy ngay
R=KiR L=KiL
C=C/Ki
Nh vy, qui t l tng tr ca mch vi h s Ki ta nhn R v L vi Ki v chia C
cho Ki
i vi ngun ph thuc, s qui t l ty vo n v ca h s ca ngun, nu h s
ca ngun c n v tng tr, ta nhn cho Ki , nu l tng dn, ta chia cho Ki.
Z(s) = K i R'+ sK i L' +

8.6.2 Qui t l tn s
Khi qui t l tn s cho mt mch, gi tr ca hm s mch phi khng i
Gi s hm s mch l H(S) vi S=j
Sau khi qui t l, mch lm vic vi tn s =Kf.
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_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 11
Kf l h s qui t l tn s.
H(S)= H(s) vi S=s/ Kf
Gi R, L, C l cc gi tr trc khi qui t l
Gi R, L, C l cc gi tr sau khi qui t l.
hm s mch khng i, cc tng tr ZR, ZL, ZC phi khng i sau khi qui t l,
ngha l ta phi c:
S
L'
sL=SL hay L= L ' =
s
Kf
R=R
1
1
S
C'
V
hay C= C' =
=
s
Kf
sC SC'
Tm li, qui t l tn s cho mch, ta chia L v C cho Kf v gi nguyn R.
Th d 8.6
Xc nh hm s mch H (s) =

Vo (s)
ca mch (H 8.17)
Vi (s)

(H 8.17)

a. Qui t l tng tr ca mch vi h s Ki=500, cc phn t trong mch c tr nh th no ?

b. t c tn s ct l 20.000 rad/s, phi qui t l tn s vi h s l bao nhiu ?
H (s) =

Vo (s)
2
= 2
Vi (s) s + 2s + 2

Thay s=j
2

H (j) =

(2 - ) + 42
2 2

H (j) =

1 + 4 / 4
|H(j)| gim khi tng, y l mch lc h thng
Tn s ct xc nh bi
H (jc ) =

c4=4

H (j) max
2

1
2

hay

1
1 + c / 4
4

1
2

c = 2 rad/s

2
2 2

() = tan 1

=0
|H(j)| =1 v ()=0 o
=C =
|H(j)| =1/ 2 v ()=-90 o
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_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 12

p tuyn

|H(j)|0 v ()-180 o

(H 8.18)

a. Vi Ki=500 cc phn t thay i nh sau:

R=2 tr thnh 2x500 = 1000
C=1/2 F 1/2x1/500 = 1/1000 F
C=1/4 F 1/4x1/500 = 1/2000 F
Mch OP-AMP c li khng i , t s Vo/Vi cng khng i
b. c C =20.000 rad/s
Kf=20.000/ 2 =10.000 2
Cc t trong mch
C=1/2 F 1/2x1/10.000 2 = 35 F
C=1/4 F 1/4x1/10.000 2 = 17,5 F
Th d 8.7
Tr li th d 8.1
Cho R=1, L=2H v C=1/2 F
p tuyn (H 8.2) c cc tr c th o =1 rad/s
|H(j)|max =R=1
Gi s ta phi qui t l tng tr v tn s sao
cho o =106 rad/s vi t c tr 1nF. Xc nh R
v L.
Ta c Kf=106
1/2
1
C = 10 9 =
=
K i K f 2.106 K i
Suy ra Ki=500
Cc tr R v L

(H 8.19)

R=1 1x500=500
2K i 2x500
=
= 10 3 H=1mH
6
Kf
10
Mch qui t l (H 8.19) v p tuyn (H 8.20)

L=2H

(H 8.20)

8.7 DECIBEL
Thnh gic ca con ngi nhy cm theo m thanh c tnh phi tuyn: nhy t l vi
logarit ca bin .
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_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 13
so snh m thanh ngi ta dng logarit ca hm s mch (tc li ca mch)
thay v dng hm s mch v n v c tnh bng Decibel (dB)
dB=20log10|H(j)|
n v c bit n u tin l Bel, nh ngha bi Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922).
Bel c nh ngha nh l mt n v cng sut
P
Bel = log 10 2
P1
V Bel l n v qu ln nn ngi ta dng dB (1dB=1/10Bel)
P
dB = 10log 10 2
P1
Nu P2 v P1 l cng sut trung bnh trn cng tng tr th:

dB = 10log10

P2
V
V
= 10log10 ( 2 ) 2 = 20log10 ( 2 )
P1
V1
V1

Ngoi ra , trong k thut ngi cn dng mt i lng l suy gim (attenuator)

hay hao ht (loss) xc nh bi
V
V
() = 20log 10 2 = 20log 10 1
V2
V1
Mt tn hiu c tn s 1 vi (1) cng nh th qua mch t b suy gim.
Th d 8.8
Mch lc h thng c hm s mch cho bi
V (s)
1
H (s) = o = 2
Vi (s) s + 2s + 1
Xc nh bin , tn s ct, suy gim v v ()
Ta c
1
|H(j)|max= 1
H (j) =
1 + 4
c = 1 rad/s

() = 20log 10

1
= 20log(1 + 4 )1/2
H ( j)

(H 8.21)

(H 8.21) l gin ().

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_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 14

BI TP
--o0o-8.1 Chng t mch in c hm s mch di y l mch lc thng thng.
2s2
H (s) = 2
s + s + 0,5
Tm |H(j)|MAX v c
8.2 Chng t mch in c hm s mch di y l mch lc di loi. Tm |H(j)|MIN v o,
c1, c2
3(s2 + 25)
H (s) = 2
s + s + 25

V o (s)
V i (s)
8.4 Mch RLC ni tip vi R=1, L=1/2 H v C=0,02 F (H P8.4).
Xc nh H(s)=Vo(s)/Vi(s). V p tuyn tn s ca mch. Xc nh o, bin H(j)
cc i v gc pha bng 0. Xc nh c1, c2
8.3 Mch (H 8.P3). Xc nh H (s) =

(H P8.3)

(H P8.4)

8.5 Mch (H P8.5). Xc nh H(s)=Vo(s)/Vi(s) theo R1, R2 v R3.

Chng t y l mch lc di thng. Tn s gia ?
Vi gi tr no ca R1, R2 v R3 ta c kt qu ging BT 8.4 ?

(H P8.5)

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_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 15
8.6 Mch (H P8.6). Xc nh H(s)=Vo(s)/Vi(s).
Chng t y l mch lc di thng. Tm li, bng thng v tn s gia ?

(H P8.6)

8.7 Mch (H P8.7a). Chng t Z(s) c dng:

K(s z 1 )
Z(s) =
(s p 1 )(s p 2 )
Xc nh z1, p1 v p2 theo R, L v C
Nu Cc v Zero ca Z(s) c v tr nh (H P8.7b). Tm R, L v C. Cho Z(j0)=1

(a)

(H P8.7)

(b)

8.8 Mch (H P8.8). Xc nh H(s)=Vo(s)/Vi(s).

Chng t y l mch lc di thng. Tm li, bng thng v tn s gia ?
T l ha mch sao cho tn s gia l 20.000 rad/s dng t .01F.

(H P8.8)

8.9 Mch (H P8.9). Xc nh H(s)=Vo(s)/Vi(s).

Chng t y l mch lc di loi. Tm li, tn s gia v h s phm?
T l ha mch sao cho tn s gia l fo=60 Hz dng t 1nF v 2nF.
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_____________________________________________________Chng 8 p ng tn s 16

(H P8.9)

8.10 Chng t hm s mch ca mch (H P8.10) cho bi:

V 2 (s)
K(s 2 + 1)
H (s) =
=
V 1 (s) s2 + 1/Qs + 1
V y l mch di loi, c tn s gia 0 = 1 rad/s. Xc nh rng di loi.
T l ha mch sao cho tn s gia l 105 rad/s dng t .001F. Cho Q=5 v K=0,5.

(H P8.10)

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