Other Books by the Author POWER SYSTEM STABILITY _Youuws 1 ELEMenrs oF STABILITY CALCULATIONS, 1948, John Wiley & Sons, Ine. Vouuwe m Powsr CIRCUIT BREAKERS AND PxOTECTIVE RELAYS, 1950, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Vouume i SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES, 1956, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., (cepublished by Dover Publications, Ine., 1967) ELECTRICAL TRANSMISSION OF POWER AND SIGNALS, 1949, John Wiley & Sons, Ine, (Also published for the Asiatic market by ‘Toppan Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, 1964) DIRECT CURRENT TRANSMISSION VOLUME I EDWARD WILSON KIMBARK, Sc. D., Fellow I. Bometlle over ddination on TEE Portland, Oregon WILEY-INTERSCIENCE 8 Division of John. Wik : Wiley & Sons, Ine, New York - London + Sydney « TorontoCopyright © 1971 by John Wiley & Sons, Ine All ights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada. Reproduction o translation of any pat of this work beyond that permite by Sections 107 o 108 of he 1976 United States Copy Fat Act without the permission ofthe copyright ose sun fal, Requests for permission ov further information sbould be dcesed tothe Perminsons Depart, Jon Wiley Sos. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 72-142717 ISDN. 0-471-47580-7 Printed inthe United States of America -w9s76s et | | PREFACE ‘The most exeting new technical development in electric power systems in the last two decades is direct-current transmission. From 1950 to 1970, eight directcurrent links have gone into commercial operation in various paris of the world. From the first ofthese links to the last, the voltage has increased from 100 to 800 kV; the rated power, from 20 to 1440 MW; and the distance from 96 to 1370 km (60 to 850 miles) Several other de inks are under con« struction or proposed. Preceding and accompanying this rapid growth of direct current transmis- sion were developments in high-voltage, high-power valves, in control and protective systems, in de cables, and in insulation for overhead de line. Industral, governmental, and academic laboratories were involved in this development. De transmission became a favored subject for research by sraduate students of electrical engineering. The circumstances leading to the adoption of direct-current transmission are diverse: long water erossings requiring submarine cables, frequency changing, asynchronous operation of systems having the same nominal frequency, large hydroclectric resources remote from load centers, long in- terregional ties, and transmission through congested metropolitan areas. ‘The rapid growth of dc transmission, combined with the diversity of reasons forts use, assures fr ita brilliant future and also points to the need for a new and better book on the subject. The art of de transmission in the past two decades has been based on the use of improved mereury arc valves. Consequently, this book, in endeavoring to describe the present state of the art, is necessarily based largely on the technology employing such valves. There are indications that mercury are valves have reached almost the peak of their development. At least, solid- state controllable valves (thyristors), though not yet used in any. major do transmission project, are appeating 2s formidable contenders for future pro- jects. Fortunately the technology of employing thyristors for de transmission differs more in dimensions than in principles from that of employing mercury are valves, Hence, itis not primarily the transition to thyristors that will invi PREFACE time render this book obsolete, but rather the coi of all phases of the art, My interest in direct current transmission was awakened in 1962 when the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) asked me to teach two courses in this subject for their engincers. The lack of an adequate text book for those courses determined me to write one. Since 1962, I have taught three more courses on de transmission, and have been involved in studies of various aspects of this subject. I am indebted to the BPA for the opportunity to teach these courses, to work on problems in the field, and to confer with my col- Teagues, as well as for access to the BPA’s excellent library services. However, 1 wish to make clear that this book is not an official publication of the BPA nor one sponsored by it. It has been a spare-time project. I alone am respon- sible for its contents, including any errors which may inadvertently appear in it, ‘The large amount of essential information now available on direct-current transmission and the time required to organize it led to the decision to divide the work into two volumes of which this isthe frst: The proposed contents of the second volume are indicated on page xi. Units of physical quantities used herein are those of the International System. (SD) recommended by the LE.E.E. and LE.C. ‘Lam indebted to various engineers at the BPA and elsewhere for supplying information, especially to Dr. John J. Vithayathil for many enlightening technical discussions. I am indebted to my wife, Ruth Merrick Kimbark, for typewriting much of the manuscript and pertinent correspondence and for her valued advice and encouragement, ing rapid development EDWARD WILSON KIMBARK Portland, Oregon March, 1971 CONTENTS |. GENERAL ASPECTS OF DC TRANSMISSION AND COMPARISON OF IT WITH AC TRANSMISSION 1 44 Historical Sketch 1 12 Constitution of EHV AC and DC Links 9 13. Kinds of DC Links 4" 1-4 HY DC Projects from 1954 to 1970 2 1-5 Limitations and Advantages of AC and DC Transmission 19 1-6 Summary of Advantages and Disadyantages of HV DC ‘Transmission 2 1-7 Principal Applications of DC Transmission 2 4-8 Economie Factors 33 19 ‘The Future of DC Transmission 38 Bibliography 36 . CONVERTER CIRCUTTS ” 2-1 Valve Characteristic | 0 2-2 Properties of Converter Cireuits ; 50 2-3 Assumptions 3 24 Single-Phase Converters ‘ 31 2S Three-Phase Converters 56 2-6 Pulse Number 6 2-7 Additional Six-Pulse Convertor Cireuits a 28 Choice of Best Circuit for HV DC Converters 6 29. ‘Tnelve-Pulse Cascade of Two Bridges a Problems 68 Bibliography 70viii coNTENTS 3, ANALYSIS OF THE BRIDGE CONVERTER 341 Analysis with Grid Control but no Overlap 32 Analysis with Grid Control and with Overlap less than 60° 33. Analysis with Overlap Greater than 60° 3-4 Complete Characteristics of Rectifier 35 Inversion 3-6 Serios and Parallel Arrangements of Valves, Anodes, or Bridges 3-7 Multibridge Converters Problems Bibliography 4. CONVERTER CHARTS 44 Chart 1 with Rectangular Co-ordinates of Direct Current and Voltage 42 Chart 2 with Rectangular Co-ordinates of Active and Re- active Power 43. Relations between the Two Charis Problems Bibliography 5. CONTROL 54 Grid Control 5:2 Basie Means of Control 5:3 Power Reversal 5-4 Limitations of Manual Control 55 Constant Current versus Constant Voltage * $6 Desired Features of Control 5-7 Actual Control Characteristics 58 Constant-Minimum-Ignition-Angle Control 5-9 Constant-Current Control 5-10 Constant-Extinction-Angle Control ‘S-A1 Stability of Control 512 Tap-Changer Control 5-13 Power Control and Current Limits 5-14 Frequency Control 5-15 Multiterminal Lines n 103 105, mu us 123 126 29 29 138 146 146 147 138 148, 152 154 156 157 158 164 165 167 174 179 180 182 183, 1 & CONTENTS 5:16 Measuring Devices Problems Bibliography MISOPERATION OF CONVERTERS 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 ‘Malfunctions of Mereury-Are Valves. Bypass Valves, Areback Short Circuit on a Reetifier ‘Commutation Failure Arethrough Misfire ‘Quenching Generalization of Inverter Faults and Certain Reetifier Faults 610 Consequential Faults in Rectfer Problems Bibliography PROTECTION TA 72 18 14 1s 16 1 18 General DC Reactors Voltage Oscillations and Valve Dampers Current Oscillations and Anode Dampers DC Line Oscillations and Line Dampers Clearing Line Faults and Reenergizing the Line Circuit Breakers Overvoltage Protection Problems Bibliography HARMONICS AND FILTERS BL BL 83 84 85 Summary Characteristic Harmonics Uncharacteristie Harmonies ‘Troubles Caused by Harmonies Definitions of Wave Distortion or Ripple 187 192 - 194 198 198 199 m2 27 29 231 g 295 318 323,