(c) crown copyright

Catalogue Reference:CAB/24/248

Image Reference:0047

Printed

for the Cabinet.

April

1934.

SECRET. C P . I l l (34). CABINET. THE K E N Y A LAND COMMISSION REPORT.

Copy No.

36

Memorandum

by the Secretary of State for the Colonies.

I A M circulating with this memorandum the Report of the Kenya Land Commission, on which I must make an early pronouncement. 1. The Cabinet will remember that I appointed the Commission on the recommendation of the Joint Select Committee. The Commission^ terms o f reference are set out on page 1 of the Report. The Commission were directed : (a) To consider the present and prospective needs of the native population with regard to land and the desirability and practicability of setting aside further land for native use. (6) To determine native claims with regard to land, whether alienated or not, and to make recommendations for their fair settlement. (c) To consider and make recommendations with regard to native rights under the Crown Lands Ordinance. (d) To define the (European) Highlands. (e) To review the working of the Native Lands Trust Ordinance, and to recommend how the administrative difficulties thereunder can best be met. 2. The Report is one of the most careful and thorough pieces of work I have, ever seen. W e were very fortunate in the personnel of the Commission. Sir Morris Carter was an ideal Chairman. To his legal experience as Chief Justice of Uganda and later of Tanganyika he added special experience gained in presiding over a similar land enquiry in Southern Rhodesia. He was equally fortunate in his colleagues. Mr. Hemsted had been a successful Provincial Commissioner in Kenya, and Captain Wilson is well known there as a practical farmer and a model employer. 3. The thoroughness with which the Commission conducted their enquiry may be gauged by the fact that they examined 736 witnesses, 487 of whom were natives, and received and considered over 500 memoranda. Most of the native evidence was taken in public assemblies, and the Commission always asked the assembled natives, before the end of the baraza, whether they agreed with the statements made. They were thus able to judge to what extent the opinions expressed were representative of the general feeling of the tribe. The Report is characterised not only by the thoroughness with which they investigated every claim and the economic requirements of every tribe, but also by a remarkable insight into native mentality. 4. I will summarise, as shortly as I can, the main findings and recommen dations of the Commission. I have discussed the Report with the Governor and his senior officers, and with the two Kenya members of the Commission. With the exception of the suggestion that the Land Trust Board should be in the United Kingdom, with which I deal later, the Governor and I are in general agreement with all the recommendations. 5. Parts I and I I of the Report, covering over 340 pages, contain an exhaustive review of all the claims, legal, equitable, and historical, of every native tribe, and of their economic conditions and requirements, present and prospective. [9853] B

Every claim, however remote or far-fetched, was carefully examined; and additions of land, amounting in all to 1,902 square miles, are recommended in satisfaction of native claims asserted over land not noAv included in the Reserves. Further additions, totalling 1,155 square miles, are recommended to meet the present and future economic requirements of various tribes. Further areas, amounting to 939 square miles, are recommended for the exclusive use of natives, but are not allocated to any particular tribe. The Commission have been careful to consider the prospective needs, not only of natives living within the Reserves, but of natives now living outside the Reserves who may return. A further addition of 1,500 acres to the Kavirondo Reserve is recommended to compensate for any surface land excluded from the Reserve for mining leases in the near future, though the Commission recommend an alternative system for mining leases, to which I shall refer later, and which the Commission think will be both more convenient and more popular. 6. The Commission differentiate between land to be added to the Reserves to meet claims made as of right, and land which is to be added to satisfy the economic requirements of the natives. The former (Class A lands) they recommend should be added unconditionally. The latter is to be subject to conditions of economic user, and is further divided into three classes : Class B (I).Land added to meet a permanent need. Class B (II).Land added to fulfil a need which appears to be of a more temporary character. Class C.Land to be set apart for alienation on lease to natives, whether as groups, families or individuals. The recommendation that land added on economic grounds should be subject t o special conditions is a very wise provision, having regard to the vital importance of encouraging better methods of agriculture, particularly in over-stocked areas. 7. The Commission recommend that a number of exchanges of land should be carried out in order to make the boundaries of the Reserves more convenient. These recommendations appear to be sound, but the Governor wishes to go into them in detail with the Chief Native Commissioner and the local officers before finally approving of them. 8. The Commission further recommend that a number of Reserves should be amalgamated. Their general argument is, I think, conclusive. Separate Reserves have been gazetted in the past for tribes which are closely related; and there is a gradual tendency to inter-penetration, which is greatly to be encouraged, as it is very desirable that there should be a natural and spontaneous movement from the more densely to the less densely populated areas. Not only are tribal divisions tending in some cases to become blurred, but as agricultural practice improves, individual, family and group ownership is developing satisfactorily. While the general principle of amalgamating like with like is clearly sound, the Governor has reasonably asked that he may have more time to consider the details of the proposals. 9. The additions recommended are equitable, and, I think, generous to the natives. Certain of the recommendations which give to natives land claimed as European Highlands may be adversely criticised by settlers, but I am sure that they should be supported, and that the additions recommended by the Commission should be accepted in their entirety. .1.0. The Tlighlands. Commission have defined the boundaries of the European

11: The Commission recommend that the boundaries of the Reserves and of the Class C lands (native leasehold areas), and of the Highlands, should be declared Iry an Order in Council. This will give an added sense of security, in that these' boundaries cannot be altered by local Ordinance. . 12. Frontier nomadic part of The Commission make a special recommendation about the Northern and Turkana Districts; large, sparsely populated areas, inhabited by tribes, which observe no fixed- boundaries. They recommend that no these territories should be gazetted as. native Reserves, but that the

territories should be recognised as land in which natives have a prior interest, and leases to non-natives should not be allowed to such an extent as to justify the apprehension that the natives might not have sufficient land remaining for their use; and they recommend that the priority of native interests should be safeguarded by a special section under the Lands Trust Ordinance. 13. The legal position under the Crown Lands Ordinances is obscure, and might give rise to claims in future if not finally disposed of. The whole position is fully discussed in Part I I I , Chapter 7. If, as is proposed, the large additions of land recommended are made to the Reserves in settlement of all claims which the Commission consider can in any way be established in regard to past alienations, and if cash compensation is made to certain Kikuyu still living on farms (paragraph 1835), and if the provisos recommended in paragraph 1854 are observed, all legitimate native claims will have been fully satisfied. Once these claims are so satisfied, it is essential that the Order in Council should declare that these provisions constitute a final settlement, and that the sections of the Crown Lands Ordinances, 1902 and 1915, which may or may not create uncertain and unknown rights, should be declared inoperative. 14. Having disposed of native claims and economic requirements, by the additions of land referred to above, and having determined the boundaries of the Highlands, the Commission recommend that all other lands (Class D) shall be treated as areas in which natives will have equal rights with other races in respect of the acquisition of land. 15. Following on their detailed accounts of the conditions obtaining in the various Reserves, the Commission, in Part I I I , Chapter 10, face up to the grave problem of over-stocking. Everyone who knows Kenya is familiar with the problem. In 1929 Sir Daniel Hall's Agricultural Commission stressed the gravity and urgency of this problem. Writing of the Ukamba, that Commission observed : " I t is not too much to say that a desert has already been created where grazing formerly was good, and where even cultivation existed; and that the same desert conditions are steadily approaching the land at present carrying stock and cultivation." A n d again : " I t is necessary to take in hand at once the reduction in the numbers of livestock kept by the natives. Though the ultimate solution can only be obtained by the education of the native to treat his livestock as a means of producing food, it will in some cases be necessary to apply immediate compulsion to get the natives to part with the stock that are in excess of what the land will carry." 16. The situation bristles with difficulties. Cattle are currency, and a very debased currency. A bad cow has the same value as a good cow, and 10 (?) goats equal 1 cow. Gresham's Law has worked immutably, and bad stock have driven out the good. And this debased currency is valid for one purpose only the purchase of wives. Meat is but little eaten by the tribes who are the worst offenders. There is no market for bad stock, even if the natives were prepared to sell; and there is a complicated trust ownership in cattle which makes it impossible for a man to sell a cow even if he could, without a wide family council. Government has aggravated and, indeed, largely created the problem by its good intentions. The Veterinary Service has stopped the spread of disease; and it cannot suspend this work without serious danger to valuable European herds. Government has tried to educate the natives in better husbandry, but these efforts have been largely ineffective in the backward tribes, where the evil is most persistent. Hitherto Government has shied at the only effective way of dealing with the problem. 17. The Commission are insistent on the seriousness of the evil and the need for immediate action. " I t is definitely not a problem which can be solved by an increase of land. I f the uncontrolled increase of stock be permitted to continue, then the whole of Africa would be insufficient to satisfy the wants of the future." " W e have heard in evidence that 20 years ago the Kamasia Reserve was still a well-grassed country, and the Suk were moving their grazing areas every year with a view to controlling the grass Conditions in the Kamba Reserve and in the drier parts of the Masai Reserve were still tolerable. Now,, in many parts where there used to be grass, there is nothing but bare earth." [9853] B 2

W e therefore recommend, with all the emphasis at our command, that action be taken with the least possible delay to inaugurate the culling of surplus stock and to pursue unremittingly a policy of controlling the cattle population within the limits which the grazing facilities available from time to time dictate. W e should make no such recommendation if we were not satisfied that, in spite of all the difficulties, such a course is practicable. This opinion is already shared by several of the senior administrative officers upon whom will fall the burden of seeing that the task is carried out." 18. The Commission accordingly recommend that the principle of compulsion in reducing the numbers of stock in areas now being devastated by over-stocking be accepted, and that the provisions of the Crop Production and Livestock Ordinance be put into force in those areas as soon as practicable. They also recommend the establishment of one or more fertiliser factories (blood and bone) to create a market for the stock. I am advised that there would be a ready sale for the fertiliser produced. They further recommend that a committee should be appointed to consider the matter in detail. The problem is one which must be faced; and the Government will go thoroughly into the practical details o f carrying out the recommendations in a selected area or selected areas where the need is greatest. 19. While land is being ruined by over-stocking in some Reserves, e.g., Masai, Ukamba, Kamasia, Njemps, Suk, it is satisfactory to note that the most populous tribes, like the Kikuyu and the Kavirondo, are comparatively free from this affliction, and are improving their agricultural standards. 20. In Chapters 3-6 of Part I I I the Commission review exhaustively the working of the Native Lands Trust Ordinance and make a series o f recommendations. Though their recommendations with regard to mining leases form a co-ordinated part of their general recommendations for the acquisition of plots within the Natives Reserves for public and other purposes, it will be convenient, in view of the immediate importance of the mining industry, if I deal separately with mining leases. 21. I am glad to say that, before I left, I was able to pay a visit to Kakamega. I motored through part of the mining area; I visited two of the largest mining undertakings; and I flew low over a large area where prospecting is in progress. I can confirm from personal experience all the information which I have given in the House of Commons. Relations between mining companies and prospectors and the natives are excellent. Numbers of natives are employed, and are obviously well satisfied with their employment. There is very little disturbance of land; and where there is disturbance, compensation is on a generous and, indeed, a lavish scale. No native has had to move away from his area. A valuable market has been created for native produce and native timber. Roads have been greatly improved by mining companies. Most important of all, I verified the nature of the goldfield as it is being disclosed by the operations to date. T o compare this area with the Rand is ridiculous. The field consists of narrow seams separated by considerable areas of intervening land. For example, Tanganyika Concessions are working two rich narrow seams 1,200 yards apart. Consequently it is highly improbable that any natives will have to move to other districts. The areas required for surface leases will be small. 22. The Cabinet will remember that the inelasticity of the existing Ordinance led to an amendment passed in 1932 providing for the exclusion of land required for surface leases. The Commission approved of this at the time as an immediate measure; but the result of their enquiry and of the native evidence which they have heard have led them to recommend an alternative method which is, in their judgment, more convenient and also likely to be much more in accord with native, sentiment and prejudice. The Commission recommend (Part I I I , Chapter 3) that the usual procedure for any lease in a Reserve should be by a process of " setting apart' and not by exclusion. The procedure would be as follows : The Provincial Commissioner would have the power to set apart land for public purposes or as a step preliminary to the issue of any lease, where he is satisfied that it will be for the benefit of the natives resident in the tribal unit concerned, either in respect of the use to which the land is to be put or because of the revenue to be expected from rents. Before the land is set apart, the

Provincial Commissioner must consult the local natives, the Local Native Council and the Local Land Board, which it is proposed should in future consist entirely of natives under the chairmanship of the District Commissioner. In addition to this, due compensation must have been arranged. I f the Local Land Board and the Provincial Commissioner are in disagreement, the matter must be referred to the Governor. I f the land to be set apart is more than 10 acres, the Lands Trust Board are to have the power of veto. Where land is set apart and leased, it will remain a part of the Reserve. In paragraphs 1573-1577 the Commission give their reasons why, in their opinion, this process of setting apart as opposed to exclusion from the Reserve is more convenient, more to the advantage of the natives and more in accord with native sentiment. I propose that the Native Lands Trust Ordinance should be amended forthwith to enable mining leases to be dealt with in this way, in advance of the long and more complicated Ordinance which will be required to give effect to the other amendments recommended by the Commission. 23. The close examination which the Commission have made of the working of the Native Lands Trust Ordinance shows that it is administratively inconvenient in many ways; that its inelasticity has operated to the detriment of the natives; that it ignores native private rights, which are becoming increasingly important; that it tends to cramp initiative and development; and that it involves the Board in a mass of administrative detail with which it is unsuited and unable to cope, and which is the proper function of the Government officers in the District. 24. The Commission demonstrate the fundamental defect in the Ordinance, viz., the failure to differentiate between the functions of protection and administration. This distinction was clearly laid down by Sir Reginald Mant, Sir George Schuster, and Mr. Oldham in the Hilton Young Report: ' ' The first and principal need, which may be described as the ' protective need,' is to fix the areas to be set aside, and provide secure protection for the preservation of the beneficial rights over such areas to the natives. ' ' The second and almost equally important need, which we will call the ' constructive need,' is to provide for the actual use of land in such a manner as will be of the greatest benefit to the natives " I t is not sufficient merely to reserve the land under the dead hand of a rigid and unalienable legal restriction, and it is a necessary consequence of these considerations that a measure which aims at preserving the beneficial use of the land to the natives must include regulations for handling i t . " The Commission criticise strongly the failure to observe this distinction. Of the provision requiring all matters relating to management and development to be dealt with by the Lands Trust Board, they say : '' The clause implies a static condition in which the initiation of development lies with the Lands Trust Board, which asks the advice of the Local Board, and, finally, authorises somebody to do something so that the reserve may be developed. W e prefer to think of a dynamic condition in which natives are themselves the principal developing agents by cultivating their own crops on their own land and pursuing their lawful occasions, the Lands Trust Board being only concerned in a protective capacity. Advice or regulation required for helping the natives to develop their own land should be the active concern of Government. W e agree, however, that the Lands Trust Board should make representations, if it considers that Government is neglecting its duty in this respect. ' ' Constant reference of petty matters to the Lands Trust Board has the triple disadvantage that it distracts the attention of the Board from more serious duties, holds up legitimate development, and introduces a creeping paralysis into the power, and, ultimately, the will of the Government to govern." 25. The Commission accordingly recommend that the business of detailed management and of development should be the function of Government, and the duty of protection the function of the Board. The areas of the Native Reserves

as enlarged and reconstituted will be secured by Order in Council. The Board will be relieved of a mass of minor administrative matters, but will have jurisdiction in all larger proposals affecting land within the Reserves, e.g., exchanges of land, whether by exclusion and addition or by mutual lease; the power of veto over the setting apart or leasing of land in excess of 10 acres ;* the power to issue general or special instructions in the granting of licences;! and consultation in all major cases of water permits. The Board is, moreover, to have general power and duty of supervision, and of making representations to the Governor, and, if necessary, to the Secretary of State, if i t considers that the land is not being devoted to the use and benefit of the natives, or is not being properly conserved and developed. The whole of Chapter 6, in which the detailed working of the Ordinance is reviewed, is well worth reading. I am sure the Commission are right in insisting on the distinction between the protective and administrative functions, and I propose generally to adopt their recommendations. 26. I come now to the suggestion of the Commission with which both the Governor and I disagree. In paragraphs 1692-1697 the Commission recommend that the present Land Trust Board in Kenya should be abolished and superseded by a Board appointed by Order in Council. They make the tentative suggestion that the Board so constituted should sit in London, but the Cabinet will see that only one member makes this a definite recommendation. My discussions with the members of the Commission showed that they had not appreciated the difficulties and objections. I f they had done so, I do not think the recommenda tion would have been made, and I am sure they will raise no objection to the proposal being turned down. Incidentally, the recommendation was made under a misconception of the functions of the Privy Council. But apart from this, I am convinced that the proposal is unsound in principle and unworkable in practice. In principle, the ultimate authority must be the Secretary of State, responsible to Parliament. A Board responsible to the Privy Council would be an impossible innovation. In practice, I cannot see how a London board could possibly discharge its functions. I have already drawn the attention of the Cabinet to a number of these. As I have pointed out, the assent or opinion of the Board is required in all the more important administrative decisions with regard to land within the Reserves, and they have further the general power and duty to make representations to the Governor if they consider that the land is not being devoted and developed to the best advantage. These are very important functions. They can only be discharged by a body with intimate and continuing knowledge of local conditions, and by men on the spot able to discuss proposals with the responsible officers of Government and with Local Native Councils. A board in London could not possess these qualities; it would operate ineffectively and with intolerable delay. I f the Board is to function effectively it must reside in Kenya. 27. I think, however, there is force in the argument that the Board, as at present constituted, is over-weighted with Government representatives and members of the Legislative Council. I t makes, or appears to make, the Government too much a judge in its own cause. I have suggested to the Governor that a new board should be constituted as follows : The Chief Native Commissioner, who is the Senior Officer specially charged with native interests, as Chairman; the twoi members of the Legislative Council appointed to represent native interests; two independent persons who are neither officers of Government nor members of the Legislative Council. A s the Board will be relieved of a mass of trivial and unimportant work, it should be possible to secure two really able men with first-class agricultural or business experience. In this way I think criticisms of the Commission would be fairly met, and a thoroughly
* S u b j e c t to t h e d i s c r e t i o n of the B o a r d to d e l e g a t e to the Chief N a t i v e C o m m i s s i o n e r the p o w e r of a s s e n t i n g t o t h e s e t t i n g apart of land not e x c e e d i n g 100 acres and t h e leasing of land not e x c e e d i n g 50 acres. j " A s r e g a r d s m i n i n g l i c e n c e s , the C o m m i s s i o n r e c o m m e n d t h a t the B o a r d should not have the p o w e r of v e t o b u t should be able t o m a k e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s t o the G o v e r n o r or the Secretary of S t a t e . I A s e c o n d m e m b e r is b e i n g a d d e d in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h the r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s of the Joint Select C o m m i t t e e .

competent and impartial Board would be established. The Governor has asked for further time to consider this suggestion. Unless I obtain his concurrence before making an announcement on the Report, I should propose to announce that His Majesty's Government do not accept the proposal to establish a Board in London, for the reasons which I have given, but that the constitution of the Board in Kenya is under consideration. 28. Lastly, I come to the question of finance. The recommendations of the Commission for the acquisiton of land to be added to the Reserves and for certain ancillary purposes and for compensation involve an estimated capital expenditure of 36,000, and a recurrent charge of 1,300 a year. The cost of the Commission, apart from the cost of publishing the Report, is approximately 6,000. In addition, the Government will be involved in considerable expenditure in establishing, or assisting to establish, a fertiliser factory or factories (see paragraph 18 above), and in development within the Reserves. The Commission make a very strong recommendation as to how this money should be found. In support of this recommendation, Kenya is for once united Government, settlers, missionaries, officials, Indians and natives. I am bound to say that, in my opinion, the justice of the claim made on the Imperial Government is unanswerable. I would ask my colleagues particularly to read paragraphs 2048-2068 of the Report. The facts are not in dispute. I t is not a pleasant or a creditable story. I think, on reading it, Cabinet will agree with the Commission when they conclude : " W e consider that if such treatment (i.e., the retention of the money owing to dead porters killed in the W a r ) were meted out, it would constitute a much more callous violation of the principles of trusteeship to the natives than any of the injuries which the natives have suffered by the alienation of their land." (Initialled) P. C.-L. Colonial Office, Downing April 18, 1934. Street,

E n c l o s u r e t o Memorandum Toy the S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e f o r the C o l o n i e s , CP, 111(34).

REPORT
of the

KENYA

LAND

COMMISSION

Personnel SIE MR. MORRIS R. W. P.

of

the

Commission: C.B.E. O.B.E., D.S.O. (Chairman),

CARTER,

HEMSTED, WILSON,

CAPT.

0'B.

MR.

S. H .

FAZAN,

O.B.E.

(Secretary).

I Note.All e x p e n d i t u r e i n c o n n e x i o n w i t h t h e C o m m i s s i o n , o t h e r t h a n t h e cost of p r i n t i n g t h i s R e p o r t , w a s b o r n e b y t h e G o v e r n m e n t ml K e n y a . T h e c o s t o f p r i n t i n g a n d p u b l i s h i n g t h i s R e p o r t is Estimated at 1 , 0 4 0 .

THE

EVIDENCE
VOLUME I.

E v i d e n c e relating to the K i k u y u P r o v i n c e .

VOLUME

II. Northern Erontie

E v i d e n c e relating to the Masai, U k a m b a , Turkana, Rift Valley and Nzoia Province.

VOLUME

III.

E v i d e n c e r e l a t i n g t o t h e N y a n z a a n d C o a s t P r o v i n c e s ; tli, E u r o p e a n H i g h l a n d s ; t h e w o r k i n g of t h e L a n d s T r u s t Ordinance E c o n o m i c s a n d e v i d e n c e of g e n e r a l a p p l i c a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g tlx e v i d e n c e t a k e n i n L o n d o n e x c e p t t h a t p a r t o f i t w h i c h relate, to the K i k u y u Province.

* Non-Parliamentary Publication, Colonial N o . 91, May, 1934.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTORY.
PAGE GENERAL A INTRODUCTION STATEMENT O N TILE CLASSIFICATION PART The INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER STATEMENT Kikuyu I. Province. 9 O F LANDS 1 7

PRELIMINARY

I . - P r e l i m i n a r y observations on the principles and governing factors in the matter of the Kikuyu claims

11

II.Conditions obtaining in the Itikuyu country and on its borders when the Protectorate was declared, with some incidental notes on subsequent developments until 1902 ... ... ... ... IS C H A P T E R III.The Western border when the "Protectorate was declared 29 C H A P T E R IV.The Southern border when the Protectorate was declared 46 C H A P T E R V.The Eastern and Northern borders when the Protectorate ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 57 was declared C H A P T E R VI.-The " ProHt and Loss " account 71 C H A P T E R VII.An Examination of P r i v a t e Rights and Claims. P a r t 1: The Historical Basis ... 78 C H A P T E R VIII.An Examination of Private Rights and Claims. Part 2 : The number of persons claiming rights on land which has been alienated ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 95 C H A P T E R IX.An Examination of Private Rights and Claims. Part 3: The question of compensation for loss of private rights and for disturbance ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 102
CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER

X.Exchanges, Adjustments, and Special Cases ... ... 115 XLRecommendations for the Settlement of the Kikuyu ... 129 Claims under the third, fourth and fifth terms of reference ...

CHAPTER CHAPTER

XII.Economic needs.

A preliminary statement of "the issues 139

summary of the economic position in the Kikuyu Reserves ... ..... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..... 141 C H A P T E R XIV.A discussion of means by which a better use could be made of the land ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 145
CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER

XIII,A

XV.Requirements external t o the Reserve

...

...

... 153

Township and Commonage

XVI.Land Problems of the Meru and Embu Districts ... 160 XVII.Certain, land problems connected with the Nairobi
... ... ... ... ... 165
PART Provinces other II. than Kikuyu.

CHAPTER

I.The Masai Province. Some observations on the Agreements

land ... 185 problems ... ... 195. ... ... 204 210

CHAPTER.

of 1904 and 1911 and their effects II.The Masai P r o v i n c e : Certain specific ... ... ... connected with the Masai tribe

CHAPTER CHAPTER

III.-The K a m b a Tribe.
settlement ,

A short economic survey

their

IV.Land problems of the Kamba tribe and proposals for

CHAPTER

mendations regarding the manner in which occupation should be held and safeguarded
CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER CHAPTER

V.The Northern Frontier and Turkana Provinces.

the ... land ...

PARE

Recom in native ... ... 220 226 241 247 2C2 27]

V I . T h e Samburu question in relation to the Leroki Plateau V I I . T h e land problems of the West Suk (Turkana Province) V I I I . T h e R i f t Valley Province I X . - T h e Nzoia P r o v i n c e : X . T h e Nzoia P r o v i n c e :
(b)

(a) The Elgeyo and Marakwet ... The Nandi and the El Gonyi ...

X I . T h e Nyanza P r o v i n c e : ( a ) The adequacy of the three Kavirondo Reserves to the needs of the occupant tribes ... ... 287 CHAPTER XII.The Nyanza Province: (b) Claims of right in the Kavirondo Districts ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 292
CHAPTER

X I I I . T h e Nyanza Kakamega District ... South

Province: ... ..

(c) Mining ... ...

Leases in ... ...

the ... 208 302 309 33!

CHAPTER

X I V . T h e Nyanza Province: (d) The Land Problems of the LunVbwa District ... ... ... ... ... ... ... X V . T h e Coast P r o v i n c e : (o) The N a t i v e Reserves Facilities for natives to own ... ... ... ... ...
III.

CHAPTER CHAPTER

X V I . T h e Coast P r o v i n c e : (b) or occupy land in the ten-mile strip

PART

The Problems comprehensively considered.

CHAPTER

I.The general conditions obtaining in the N a t i v e Reserves in respect of the use of land ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 341! II.The general lines proposed for the solution of the native
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 365

CHAPTER

land problem
CHAPTER

III.Problems which arise in connexion with the acquisition

388
IIS

of plots, for public purposes; social service; trade, or industry, in N a t i v e Reserves ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
CHAPTER CHAPTER

tion, and control of land in Native Reserves

CHAPTER CHAPTER

IV.Land tenure by natives in the Reserves ... ... ... V.The appropriate method for the protection, administra
... ... ... ... V I . T h e working of the Lands Trust Ordinance native rights ... ... ... ... ... or claims ... ... ... ... ... ...

426 434

VII.Existing Reserves ... ... outside Native

outside Native ... ... ... 45S ... ... natives ... ... 466 ... ... 483 49! 510

CHAPTER

VIII.Facilities recommended to be provided for

Reserves IX.Definition of the European Highlands

CHAPTER CHAPTER

X . T h e position created by uneconomic accumulation of live stock, and proposals for amelioration ... ... ... ... ... XLThe financial of aspect of our recommendations recommendations ... ... ... ... ... ... XII.Summary

CHAPTER CHAPTER

5!^

LIST

OF

APPENDICES

INDEX

vn 53 9

List of Appendices
[ppcndix No.
TExtracts from documents and evidence relating to the question of the extent of K i k u y u Territory in the period 1895-1902 ...

PG AE
539

IIExtracts from the Crown Lands Ordinances, 1902 and 1915 ... 558 1 The extent of land now in occupation iby Missions, which has 1 been " t a k e n from the K i k u y u " ... ... ... ... ... 560 [VValuation of Areas ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 561 563 566 568 572 ... ... 579 580 586 VDescription of the Blocks recommended to be added t o the Kikuyu N a t i v e Reserve as N a t i v e Lands Class A ... ... V I A short description of the Githaka System. Being a series of extracts from the Report of the 1929 Committee on Native Land Tenure in Kikuyu Province ... ... ... ... VIIThe method of tenure for school and church plots in the Kikuyu Reserve VIIIThe Masai Agreements TXRainfall records for Solai, Nakuru and Kabarnet XExtracts from official reports concerning the effects of the present (1933) drought XIFigures showing results obtainable in bush clearing by organized native labour ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... XIIDetails of the figures given in the table a t section 1966, showing areas included in tho 192S Sub-Committee's definition of the European Highlands but now recommended t o be excluded ... XIIIRecommendations involving direct expenditure

587 589

(23366-2)

W t . 1115-3191

3240

5/34

P. St.

G 3

e r r a t a PAGE 38, LAST L I N E - F o r " 1 0 0 " read " 1 0 0 0 " . PAGE 39, LINE 4.For " to " read " of". PAGE 188, SECTION 650.For " 5850 square miles " read " 9210 square miles " . PAGE 190, SECTION 656.For "3730 square miles " read " 3 7 0 square miles " . NOTE.It is regretted that the errors in the above figures, which were due to a misunderstanding, had escaped the notice of the Commissioners until the Report was in print. The two errors, in a sense, cancel each other, since the total remains the same. PAGE 194, SECTION 672.For " industrial" read " industrious '

297

298

[REPORT OF T H E KENYA LAND COMMISSION

T H E R T . - H O N . M A J O R SIR P H I L I P C U N L I F F E - L I S T E R , T.C., G.B.E., M.C., M . P . , SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE COLONIES.

BiR,
We, the undersigned our Commissioners, fcubmit h e r e w i t h Report.

have

the

honour

to

Introduction
c o n s i d e r Appointment and Terms of K e n y a . Reference. We w e r e also a p p o i n t e d b y H i s E x c e l l e n c y t h e G o v e r n o r u n d e r t h e 1. W e appointed by you in April, 1932, to and r e p o r t upon certain land problems in the Colony of Commissions of I n q u i r y O r d i n a n c e , in o r d e r t h a t w e m i g h t b e i n a position t o t a k e e v i d e n c e on o a t h i n K e n y a , o u r a p p o i n t m e n t being ihlished i n t h e O f f i c i a l G a z e t t e of the C o l o n y under Government : on set

were

Notice N o .

41S o f 1 1 t h J u n e , 1 9 3 2 . are as set o u t h e r e b e l o w

2. T h e t e r m s o f o u r r e f e r e n c e (1) and p r o s p e c t i v e , w i t h r e s p e c t tribal or on i n d i v i d u a l (2) T o ting aside (a) (b) occupancy consider further of tribes; and tenure.

T o c o n s i d e r t h e n e e d s of t h e n a t i v e p o p u l a t i o n , p r e s e n t to l a n d , w h e t h e r t o b e h e l d and practicability present or of

the desirability areas of land

for

the

future

c o m m u n i t i e s , b o d i e s o r i n d i v i d u a l n a t i v e s of r e c o g n i z e d d e t r i b a l i z e d n a t i v e s , t h a t i s , n a t i v e s w h o b e l o n g t o no tribe or w h o h a v e severed c o n n e x i o n to which they once belonged. to non-natives settlement and of to make claims with the tribe

( 3 ) T o d e t e r m i n e t h e n a t u r e a n d e x t e n t of c l a i m s a s s e r t e d by natives over land for alienated the recommendations adequate such

whether by legislation or o t h e r w i s e .

INTRODUCTION

( 4 ) T o e x a m i n e c l a i m s a s s e r t e d b y n a t i v e s o v e r lam] y e t a l i e n a t e d a n d t o m a k e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r the adcqu s e t t l e m e n t of such c l a i m s . ( o ) T o c o n s i d e r t h e n a t u r e a n d e x t e n t of t h e rights li b y n a t i v e s u n d e r s e c t i o n 86 of t h e C r o w n L a n d s Ordina ( C h a p t e r 140 of t h e R e v i s e d E d i t i o n ) , a n d w h e t h e r bet m e a n s c o u l d b e a d o p t e d f o r d e a l i n g w i t h such r i g h t s in resp of (a) (b) within 1923. . (7) T o Ordinance, difficulties whether involving Ordinance. Places at which heard" ' i
0 6

land already a l i e n a t e d ;

and

l a n d a l i e n a t e d in t h e f u t u r e . persons in the and of European descent the are White to have

(6) T o define t h e a r e a , g e n e r a l l y k n o w n as t h e Highlam which privileged position review 1930, that by any accordance working to of with the how arisen or Paper

Native any can

L a n d s Tn administrati best of be n with; the s;

consider have the

may

already

supplemental departure

legislation from

otherwise

principles

3 . I n o r d e r t h a t w e m i g h t h a v e t h e a d v a n t a g e of r e c e i v i n g ! t e s t i m o n y of r e t i r e d c i v i l s e r v a n t s a n d o t h e r p e r s o n s n o w reside E n g l a n d , w h o s e e x p e r i e n c e of K e n y a is of l o n g s t a n d i n g , it w arranged, with the Chairman for K e n y a . t h e c o n c u r r e n c e of t h e o t h e r C o m m i s s i o n e r s , t! before embarki should h e a r e v i d e n c e i n L o n d o n

T h i s e v i d e n c e w a s t a k e n b y h i m i n J u n e , 1932.

4 . W e a s s e m b l e d i n N a i r o b i o n 2 n d A u g u s t , 1 9 3 2 , and spt t h e n e x t t h r e e - a n d - a - h a l f m o n t h s i n v i s i t i n g t h e p r o v i n c e s in tin T h i s w a s d o n e w i t h t h e d o u b l e p u r p o s e of e n a b l i n g w i t n e s s e s re d e n t i n t h e p r o v i n c e s t o a p p e a r b e f o r e us w i t h o u t t h e inconvenien of c o m i n g to N a i r o b i , a n d a l s o of a f f o r d i n g us a n opportunity s t u d y i n g s o m e of t h e l o c a l p r o b l e m s o n t h e s p o t . Announceinet i n t h e Official G a z e t t e a n d i n l o c a l n e w s p a p e r s g a v e t o t h e pub! n o t i f i c a t i o n of our sessions at v a r i o u s c e n t r e s a n d of o u r desire obtain evidence. T h e n u m b e r of p l a c e s a t w h i c h w e sat to lie e v i d e n c e i n t h e c o u r s e of o u r t o u r w a s f o r t y - t w o . 5. F r o m t h e 23rd N o v e m b e r u n t i l t h e e n d of F e b r u a r y i w e r e p r i n c i p a l l y e m p l o y e d in h e a r i n g e v i d e n c e f r o m n a t i v e s a i n o n - n a t i v e s i n N a i r o b i , b u t d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d w e a l s o visited t! C o a s t P r o v i n c e , t h e L e r o k i P l a t e a u , a n d v a r i o u s p a r t s of Kikuj T h e m o n t h of M a r c h w a s s p e n t p r i n c i p a l l y i n h e a r i n g t h e eviden of H e a d s of G o v e r n m e n t D e p a r t m e n t s , a n d t h e e n s u i n g tin m o n t h s w e r e d e v o t e d t o t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of t h e r e p o r t a n d in taki supplementary evidence.

INTRODUCTION

(i. A l t o g e t h e r 736 w i t n e s s e s h a v e b e e n h e a r d a n d 507 m e m or- The number nda have b e e n p r e s e n t e d . f the witnesses e x a m i n e d on-natives. een recorded There eceived Of the latter I t m a y b e o f i n t e r e s t t o r e c o r d t h a t 487 have been natives a n d t h e r e m a i n d e r Government officials. have T h e great documents claims by 94 were

^nfSd.

N o t included i n t h e a b o v e list a r e 212 s t a t e m e n t s w h i c h by magistrates statements been also Kikuyn and forwarded are by natives. 400 l e t t e r s dealing with or other private t o us. lajprity of these have from

some

natives,

amities o r g r o u p s . I t will therefore be apparent that there has been n o lack of or public they agree of t h e literal on which t o w o r k . 7. M o s t o f t h e n a t i v e e v i d e n c e w a s t a k e n i n barazas ssemblies, a n d i t h a s a l w a y s embled n a t i v e s b e f o r e o what extent it]i t h e s t a t e m e n t s m a d e . eneral f e e l i n g been our practice t h e e n d o f t h e baraza expressed whether to ask the as

I n this w a y w e have been able to judge are representative

the opinions of t h e tribe.

8. I n a l l c a s e s t h e r e c o r d e d emoranda submitted by them

statements

of w i t n e s s e s a n d t h e copies) have been made

(or accurate

need o n t h e o r i g i n a l r e c o r d o f e v i d e n c e . or t h e f o l l o w i n g read reasons :

I n m o s t cases t h e y also

ppear i n t h e p r i n t e d v e r s i o n , e x c e p t i o n s b e i n g o c c a s i o n a l l y

( a ) I f t h e m e m o r a n d u m is a p r i n t e d d o c u m e n t a v a i l a b l e t o b e elsewhere. (li) I f t h e m e m o r a n d u m i s , i n o u r j u d g m e n t , t o o v o l u m i n o u s to b e p r i n t e d , regard b e i n g h a d to its value in c o n n e x i o n with our inquiry. (c) I f the witness lisheci, on has desired that t h e evidence that be not pub would be the ground its publication

against t h e public policy or interest. (d) I n t h e c a s e o f t h e Secretary's p r e c i s , p r e p a r e d b e f o r e t h e arrival of t h e C o m m i s s i o n , only a summary has been confidential reference printed, because t h e original contains extracts from p r o ceedings i n t h e E x e c u t i v e Council a n d other to t h e Secretary 9. A f u r t h e r I) go o voluminous exception of State. h a s been m a d e i n t h e case authorized of c l a i m s are far the pubmatter, w h i c h could n o t be published without

Kikuyu families

or groups. which

These, appears

taken collectively,

to be printed.

B u t w e have

Jralion tinted

of a s u m m a r y evidence.

at p p . 258 to 375 o f - t h e

INTRODUCTION

10. T h e but

evidence

of

all

witnesses

who

have

appeared

before

the Commission the evidence

in K e n y a taken

has b e e n

taken was

on o a t h or

affirmation, Chairmat

in L o n d o n

not, since the

h a d n o a u t h o r i t y to a d m i n i s t e r o a t h s in E n g l a n d . rection, and the in t h e case of any native witnesses

I t h a s been o r u

p r a c t i c e to s e n d t h e r e c o r d of h i s e v i d e n c e t o e a c h w i t n e s s for- cor t h e r e c o r d has beet been made. submitter us, ever sent t o t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r t o be c h e c k e d o v e r b y him will natives and 11. W e by persons such and though oath; necessary corrections have

have also taken who we have have not memoranda files,

cognizance able in to not

of m e m o r a n d a appear before cases been material

been

have

all of

affirmed r,t contained i

;

availed

ourselves

Government

printed books, maps and other documents. 0 m

o w n e x p e r i e n c e of t h e C o l o n y is c o n s i d e r a b l e , a n d w e h a v e regards, it as l e g i t i m a t e , a n d i n d e e d i n e v i t a b l e , t h a t w e should use it asr background A principle Recommend a - " ^ tion against which to test the rival merits of conflict:!:, statements and 12. A f t e r of the claims. o u r c o n c l u s i o n s o n t h e e v i d e n c e , w e !ia\ in the light of facts as t h e y exis

reaching

e n d e a v o u r e d to m a k e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w h i c h o f f e r a p r a c t i c a l soli various problems to-day.

tioiio.
Arrangement
0 6

13. T h e

report

is d i v i d e d

into

three

parts.

The

first

part

d e v o t e d to t h e K i k u y u P r o v i n c e ; t h e s e c o n d t o t h e o t h e r province: a n d i n t h e t h i r d p a r t w e a t t e m p t a r e v i e w of t h e n a t i v e l a n d pro! lems as a w h o l e . 14. T h e that case, we but A chapter part. w h i c h sets t h e K i k u y u to of the needs of Provim on the definition of the Highland is a l s o i n c l u d e d in this

above arrangement, more importance degree

in o n e p a r t a n d all t h e o t h e r p r o v i n c e s in a n o t h e r p a r t , m a y sug^ei attach the the Kikuyu i T h i s is not tli to w h i c h tlii r e s p e c t o f l a n d t h a n to t h e n e e d s of o t h e r t r i b e s . exceptional individualism

t r i b e has a t t a i n e d in its c o n c e p t i o n s of l a n d h o l d i n g . in conjunct!! w i t h o t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s wdiich w e shall e x p l a i n , h a v e renderedtli just and settlement have of the K i k u y u land problems especially detail than intricate has bee demanded examination in g r e a t e r

necessary for other tribes. 15. Tn part claims grounds regarding pastoral our examination arrangement on historical or f u t u r e tribes system of by provinces which In and in we have for winch the inn rest o

a d o p t e d an asserted of the

we review those each

s e p a r a t e l y tl

grounds needs. we of have, land

present

r e a c h i n g o u r conclusio case, taken in: that t!

several and

a c c o u n t t h e s t a t e of a d v a n c e m e n t practice

of t h e t r i b e , i t s a g r i c u l t u r a l ai tenure. Tn o r d e r

300
INTRODUCTION
reasons f o r o u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s m a y b e a p p r e c i a t e d w e h a v e i n cluded a s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n of e a c h t r i b e in these r e s p e c t s . W e a l s o i n c l u d e s e c t i o n s d e a l i n g w i t h e x c h a n g e s , diustments, and special cases. 16. I n t h e c o m p r e h e n s i v e s u r v e y in the f i n a l p a r t of o u r B e p o r t w e e n l a r g e t h e s c o p e of o u r i n q u i r y a n d c o n s i d e r h o w t h e tribal l a n d s m a y b e s t b e s a f e g u a r d e d in t h e i n t e r e s t of t h e o c c u p a n t tribes; h o w they m a y be conserved against m i s u s e ; h o w they m a y je e x t e n d e d if n e e d s h o u l d a r i s e ; h o w p r o t e c t i o n m a y b e s t b e g i v e n to t h e p r i v a t e r i g h t s of i n d i v i d u a l s , f a m i l i e s , or g r o u p s ; a n d , finally, w h a t p r o v i s i o n s h o u l d b e m a d e f o r n a t i v e s w h o have emerged f r o m a tribal state and w i s h to hold land on s o m e m o r e dividual f o r m of t e n u r e t h a n is p o s s i b l e t o t h e m in t h e r e s e r v e s . 17. A s m a l l p o i n t h a s to b e m e n t i o n e d in r e g a r d to t h e s p e l l ing of n a t i v e n a m e s . T h e r e a r e s o m e n a m e s w h i c h a r e c o m m o n l y pelt in a v a r i e t y o f d i f f e r e n t w a y s : e . g . , L i m u r u , L i m o r u , a n d L a m u r u ; K i a m b u a n d K y a m b u ; Dagoretti and D a g o r e t i . I n t h e s e cases w e h a v e a d o p t e d a u n i f o r m s p e l l i n g , e v e n w h e n q u o t i n g f r o m m e m o r a n d a of w i t n e s s e s w h o m a y h a v e s p e l t t h e w o r d in a d i f f e r e n t way. T h e s a m e c o n s i d e r a t i o n a p p l i e s to n a t i v e n a m e s s t a t e d in the p l u r a l , a n d w e find v a r i o u s l y t h e A k a m b a , t h e Wakamba, t h e Awakamba and the K a m b a . I n these cases w e h a v e f o l l o w e d t h e practice of g i v i n g t h e r o o t w o r d s i m p l y : t h e K a m b a , t h e D o r o b o , She M a s a i , e t c . , b u t w e h a v e m a d e an e x c e p t i o n in t h e c a s e of t h e [word githaka, w h e r e w e s h o w githaka in the s i n g u l a r a n d ithaka a the plural. T h e r e are a f e w cases w h e r e a w r o n g s p e l l i n g has [ b e c o m e h a l l o w e d b y u s a g e , e.g., K a p i t i , w h i c h d e r i v e s its n a m e r o m the K a p u t i e i s e c t i o n of t h e M a s a i . W e u s e t h e first s p e l l i n g [in r e f e r e n c e to t h e p l a c e a n d t h e l a t t e r in r e f e r e n c e to t h e p e o p l e . [These s m a l l p o i n t s o u g h t , p e r h a p s , t o b e m e n t i o n e d . 18. W e h a v e b e e n g r e a t l y assisted in our -y ^'
P v l n g

jj

0 f

"

Ivith

which

witnesses

of

all

races

have
which

task

by

the

readiness to

Acknowlcdg
m e n

come

forward

give
We us we Mr. also have

"

vidence, and the careful b m e m b e r s of y e also m o s t Jry t h e officers een asked. grateful of the in

memoranda the help

which have been has been for

submitted

t h e joublic a n d b y G o v e r n m e n t for Land and Survey

departments. afforded who which

Departments

indefatigable

supplying

all the

information

Bfiave

I n this c o n n e x i o n w e expressly desire

to

mention We are the

3. E . M o r t i m e r , o f t h e L a n d D e p a r t m e n t , a n d M r . E . J . nd M r . C. G . E a n n i n , of t h e should and Survey Department. lost g r a t e f u l to the S u r v e y o r G e n e r a l

Gosden

ices of h i s staff uaps a n d p l a n s , fhat

exacting

to

be

for

arranging

a v a i l a b l e t o us

Mr.

F.

for

that

ser
of

the preparation the

W.

Knightly,

Government some

Winter, a n d h i s staff, for

f u l f i l l i n g so a b l y a n d w i l l i n g l y our

requirements.

INTRODUCTION

19.

I t is a s o u r c e of r e g r e t t o u s t h a t , e v e n i n so l o n g a report

w e h a v e n o t b e e n a b l e t o d o f u l l j u s t i c e t o all t h e w e a l t h o f material that has b e e n placed at our c o m m a n d , a n d w e w i s h to invite t e h particular attention of Government stand in to the many able a n d most useful, m e m o r a n d a 20. W e our which evidence.

d e s i r e t o p l a c e o n r e c o r d o u r a p p r e c i a t i o n o f t h e wort Mr. our S. H . task Fazan, without would have been whose even ability more and nn

d o n e b y t h e m e m b e r s o f o u r staff, a n d i n p a r t i c u l a r t h e services oi Secretary, industry tiring protracted

than has been the case. T h e p r e c i s w h i c h h e p r e p a r e d p r i o r t o o u r a s s e m b l i n g were oi t h e g r e a t e s t a s s i s t a n c e i n h e l p i n g u s to o b t a i n a g r a s p of t h e prob l e m s c o n f r o n t i n g u s , a n d h i s w o r k i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e draftinj of t h e report has been invaluable. H e w a s p e c u l i a r l y fitted f o r t h e w o r k of S e c r e t a r y b y h i s knew, l e d g e of l a n d p r o b l e m s i n g e n e r a l a n d i n p a r t i c u l a r of those is K i k u y u , of b o t h o f w h i c h h e h a s m a d e a c l o s e s t u d y . W e a l s o w i s h t o e x p r e s s g r a t i t u d e t o M r . J . F . G . Troughtor f o r h i s a b l e s e r v i c e s d u r i n g t h e f o u r m o n t h s i n w h i c h h e acted a. A s s i s t a n t S e c r e t a r y . H e d i s p l a y e d g r e a t e n e r g y a n d c a p a b i l i t y , and t h e w o r k w h i c h h e d i d i n c o l l a t i n g m a t e r i a l f o r t h e p r e p a r a t i o n oi t h e second p a r t of t h e report w a s m o s t v a l u a b l e . 21. I n c o n c l u s i o n w e w i s h t o e x p r e s s o u r g r a t i t u d e for thi m o s t g e n e r o u s h o s p i t a l i t y w h i c h w e h a v e r e c e i v e d o n a l l sides.

Classification of L a n d s
(A preliminary statement.) 2 2 . T h e r e is a p r e l i m i n a r y p o i n t w h i c h w e w i s h t o m a k e c l e a r . B i n t h e c o u r s e of t h e c h a p t e r s w h i c h f o l l o w w e s h a l l s o m e t i m e s have o c c a s i o n t o r e c o m m e n d t h a t a d d i t i o n s b e m a d e t o n a t i v e reserves. I n such c a s e s w e shall d r a w a d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n l a n d which w e r e c o m m e n d t o b e a d d e d i n s a t i s f a c t i o n of a c l a i m o f r i " h t based o n h i s t o r i c a l g r o u n d s o r o n p r e s e n t a n d c o n t i n u o u s u s e , and l a n d w h i c h w e r e c o m m e n d t o b e a d d e d t o s a t i s f y e c o n o m i c needs. F o r e a s e of r e f e r e n c e w e s h a l l a l l u d e t o t h e first c l a s s as A , and t h e s e c o n d as B , a n d in t h e t h i r d p a r t of o u r R e p o r t w e shall make c l e a r t h e s a f e g u a r d s a n d s p e c i a l c o n d i t i o n s t o w h i c h , in o u r opinion, the g r a n t s u n d e r e a c h class o u g h t to be subject. 23. C l a s s B w e s h a l l d i v i d e i n t o B I a n d B 2 , t h e f o r m e r b e i n g land w h i c h w e r e c o m m e n d t o be a d d e d b e c a u s e t h e t r i b e a p p e a r s likely t o h a v e p e r m a n e n t n e e d o f i t , a n d t h e l a t t e r b e i n g l a n d ivhich w e r e c o m m e n d t o b e a d d e d t o f u l f i l a n e e d w h i c h a p p e a r s to be of a m o r e t e m p o r a r y c h a r a c t e r . T h e n a t u r e of t h e s e c u r i t y which w e r e c o m m e n d t o b e p r o v i d e d i n e a c h c a s e w i l l b e m a d e :lear i n P a r t I I I . 24. T h e r e is a t h i r d c l a s s o f l a n d in w h i c h w e s h a l l r e c o m mend s p e c i a l f a c i l i t i e s f o r n a t i v e s , b u t n o t o n t r i b a l l i n e s . T o t h i s :lass of l a n d w e r e f e r as C l a s s C , a n d w e s h a l l r e c o m m e n d t h a t the n o r m a l m e t h o d o f t e n u r e s h a l l b e b y l e a s e . 25. O c c a s i o n a l l y a r e f e r e n c e w i l l b e f o u n d t o " C l a s s D . " . This s l a n d i n w h i c h w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t n o s p e c i a l p r i v i l e g e of r a c e should o b t a i n i n r e s p e c t e i t h e r of i n i t i a l g r a n t s or t r a n s f e r s . Class D svould in effect b e a l l t h e l a n d i n t h e c o u n t r y w h i c h is n e i t h e r existing n a t i v e r e s e r v e n o r A , B o r C , n o r E u r o p e a n h i g h l a n d s , w r an a r e a , such as T u r k a n a j i n w h i c h c e r t a i n n a t i v e t r i b e s h a v e special, t h o u g h n o t e x c l u s i v e r i g h t s . 2 6 . A l t h o u g h w e s h a l l find i t c o n v e n i e n t , f o r t h e p u r p o s e s of -lie R e p o r t , t o r e f e r t o t h e v a r i o u s c a t e g o r i e s h e r e d e s c r i b e d as A , 3. C or D , as t h e c a s e m a y b e , w e s h a l l , t o w a r d s t h e e n d of o u r Report, p r o p o s e m o r e s u i t a b l e d e s i g n a t i o n s f o r t h e m .

P A R T THE KIKUYU

I PROVINCE

INTRODUCTION. 27. I n the first fifteen c h a p t e r s of t h i s p a r t w e s h a l l d e a l W h e n e v e r such or the Kikuyu be should with the l a n d p r o b l e m s of t h e t h r e e d i s t r i c t s of K i k u y u p r o p e r , South N y e r i , F o r t H a l l a n d K i a m b u . as K i k u y u l a n d , heserves occur the in Kikuyu these country, chapters, namely, or to and

expressions Reserve

they

understood Meru.

relate t o t h e K i k u y u

p r o p e r l y so c a l l e d , i n c l u s i v e of t h e N d i a

Kichugu sections, but e x c l u d i n g the E m b u and the lems of final the E m b u of with and Meru we

28. I n the s i x t e e n t h c h a p t e r w e shall deal w i t h t h e l a n d p r o b tribes, and in t h e s e v e n t e e n t h shall consider and certain problems Township Commonage, and in since chapter this the Part

connexion

Nairobi

N a i r o b i is o f f i c i a l l y p a r t of t h e K i k u y u

Province.

2 9 . T h e n a t i v e l a n d p r o b l e m s of t h e N o r t h N y e r i D i s t r i c t b e a r relation t o t h e N o r t h e r n F r o n t i e r r a t h e r t h a n t o t h e K i k u y u Province, and w i l l t h e r e f o r e be held o v e r for discussion i n P a r t I I .

CHAPTER
PRELIMINARY AND OF OBSERVATIONS FACTORS KIKUYU THE

I.
ON IN T H E THE PRINCIPLES MATTER

GOVERNING-

CLAIMS.

3 0 . W e t h i n k t h a t i t w o u l d b e w e l l at t h e o u t s e t t o s t a t e clearly t h e p r i n c i p l e s a n d e s s e n t i a l f a c t o r s w h i c h i n o u r o p i n i o n are of i m p o r t a n c e i n c o n n e x i o n w i t h t h e K i k u y u c l a i m s . ( 1 ) I f a t r i b e h a s suffered l o s s t h r o u g h a l i e n a t i o n of p a r t of i t s t e r r i t o r y , i t is i n e q u i t y e n t i t l e d t o b e c o m p e n s a t e d . But t h e c o m p e n s a t i o n m i g h t p r o p e r l y b e a s s e s s e d in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e e x t e n t of t h e t r u e l o s s s u s t a i n e d , t h a t i s t o s a y , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d e g r e e of u s e w h i c h w a s m a d e of t h e l a n d a n d t h e p u r p o s e w h i c h it s e r v e d , w h e t h e r a t t h e t i m e of t h e a l i e n a t i o n or as a r e a s o n a b l e r e s e r v a t i o n f o r f u t u r e e x p a n s i o n . We cannot accept the principle t h a t , because a tribe has lost l a n d , it is n e c e s s a r i l y a n d o f r i g h t e n t i t l e d t o r e c e i v e e q u a l or e q u i v a l e n t l a n d e l s e w h e r e , i r r e s p e c t i v e l y of t h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . Argument.It is a p r o p e r f u n c t i o n of G o v e r n m e n t t o s e c u r e t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of l a n d t o t h e b e s t a d v a n t a g e . W h i l e p r i v a t e r i g h t s a r e r e c o g n i z e d , a p o w e r of i n t e r v e n t i o n is c o m m o n l y p r e s e r v e d t o t h e C r o w n b y m e a n s of land acquisition acts and similar legislation, i n order that t h e p o w e r of G o v e r n m e n t t o s e c u r e a p r o p e r d e v e l o p m e n t should n o t be i m p a i r e d . If therefore t h e p o s s e s s i o n of large undeveloped t r a c t s of l a n d b y a n y t r i b e , p e r s o n or c l a s s is p r e j u d i c i a l to t h e w e l f a r e a n d d e v e l o p m e n t of a c o u n t r y , i t w o u l d b e a p r o p e r e x e r c i s e o f t h e f u n c t i o n of G o v e r n m e n t , w h e n it has a r m e d itself w i t h the necessary p o w e r s , t o i n t e r v e n e a n d adjust t h e m a t t e r . T h e j u s t c o m p e n s a t i o n is f o r t h e e x t e n t of t h e t r u e loss s u s t a i n e d , a n d i t w o u l d d e f e a t t h e w h o l e p u r p o s e o f t h e a c t i o n if i t w e r e h e l d t h a t f o r e v e r y p i e c e of l a n d t a k e n a n e q u a l p i e c e m u s t b e a d d e d . T h a t t h e G o v e r n m e n t in this c o u n t r y m a y some times h a v e taken action before it had provided itself w i t h full l e g a l c o v e r d o e s n o t a f f e c t t h e e s s e n t i a l e q u i t y of t h e c a s e as b e t w e e n t h e C r o w n a n d t h e n a t i v e , w h i c h is s i m p l y a m a t t e r of a s s e s s i n g an e q u i v a l e n t c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r t h e e x t e n t of t h e t r u e loss sustained. (2) T h e l a n d o u g h t t o be a c c o u n t e d fully used if t h e p o p u l a t i o n , r e g a r d b e i n g h a d t o t h e d e g r e e of i t s s k i l l a n d i t s m o d e of l i f e , w a s l i v i n g a t o r b e y o n d t h e o p t i m u m d e n s i t y .

KIKTJYTJ PART ICHAPTER i]

PROVINCE CERTAIN G U I D I N G PRINCIM,E

S

W h e r e s u c h c o n d i t i o n s p r e v a i l , t h e t r i b e is e n t i t l e d to be cum. p e n s a t e d u p t o t h e f u l l v a l u e o f a n y of i t s l a n d w h i c h is taken. B u t t h e g r e a t e r t h e m a r g i n b y w h i c h t h e p o p u l a t i o n falls shot! of t h i s r e q u i r e m e n t , t h e g r e a t e r i s t h e j u s t i f i c a t i o n of Govern m e n t for r e g a r d i n g u n o c c u p i e d l a n d as w a s t e l a n d of which it h a d t h e r i g h t a n d d u t y t o m a k e d i s p o s a l in t h e w a y which it d e e m e d b e s t f o r t h e c o u n t r y at l a r g e . I n such case compensa t i o n m i g h t j u s t l y b e assessed o n t h e e x t e n t of t h e useful pur p o s e s w h i c h t h e l a n d s e r v e d a n d n o t o n t h e e x t e n t of t h e land I f t h e p o p u l a t i o n w e r e v e r y s p a r s e it m i g h t w e l l b e held thai c o n s i d e r a b l e a r e a s c o u l d b e a l i e n a t e d w i t h o u t c a u s i n g any los* b e y o n d a c e r t a i n loss of a m e n i t i e s . Argument.It is c l e a r t h a t o n o c c a s i o n Government h a v e a c t e d o n t h e p r i n c i p l e t h a t t h e b a s i s o f compensator, s h o u l d b e t h e v a l u e w h i c h t h e l a n d p o s s e s s e d for th p e r s o n f r o m w h o m i t w a s t a k e n , r e g a r d b e i n g h a d to th p u r p o s e f o r w h i c h h e w a s u s i n g i t . W e m a y c i t e (thou;;! w e d o n o t w i s h t o b e t a k e n as e x p r e s s i n g a n opinion oi t h e e q u i t y of such a c t i o n in t h e case of p r i v a t e land o w n e r s ) t h e p r o c e d u r e u n d e r t h e C o n g e s t e d D i s t r i c t Act in S c o t l a n d a n d I r e l a n d b y w h i c h s m a l l h o l d i n g s wei c a r v e d f r o m t h e m o o r l a n d s o f l a r g e l a n d o w n e r s o n nomina c o m p e n s a t i o n , o n t h e g r o u n d t h a t t h e l a n d w a s in exees of r e a s o n a b l e r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d t h a t all t h a t h a d occurre w a s a t r i f l i n g l o s s of a m e n i t i e s . A l t h o u g h t h e s e t w o p r i n c i p l e s , if w*e h a d a d h e r e d to them would h a v e provided justification for giving t h e K i k u y u sub s t a n t i a l l y l e s s t h a n a n e q u i v a l e n t a r e a f o r t h e l a n d l o s t , yet i t h e s p e c i a l c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h r e s u l t e d f r o m t h e a l i e n a t i o n s an which are of described below, that we we determined that it would h m o r e in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e d i c t a t e s of t h e p o s i t i o n aud th interests the K i k u y u should a g r e e t o s e t t l e thei equivalent c l a i m s of r i g h t b y a d d i n g t o t h e r e s e r v e a n a r e a t h e t o t a l e x t e n t of t h e i r losses.

(3) B r o a d l y r e g a r d e d , t h e e x t e n t of n a t i v e occupation t h e P o r t H a l l D i s t r i c t b o t h before and after the famine 189S-99 m u s t b e h e l d to h a v e b e e n e q u a l to or p o s s i b l y beyoin t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of o p t i m u m - d e n s i t y w i t h i n t h e area whicl w e shall describe as u n e q u i v o c a l K i k u y u t e r r i t o r y . I n tli K i a m b u d i s t r i c t , a n d p o s s i b l y a l s o i n t h e N y e r i d i s t r i c t , tl e x t e n t of n a t i v e o c c u p a t i o n w a s b e l o w t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s t h e t i m e w h e n t h e a l i e n a t i o n s t o o k p l a c e . B u t t h e amount l a n d r e q u i r e d f o r r e a s o n a b l e e x p a n s i o n , a n d t h e far-reachiii e f f e c t o f E u r o p e a n s e t t l e m e n t i n d r a w i n g p o p u l a t i o n toward t h e m a i n c e n t r e s w e r e h a r d l y t o b e f o r e s e e n , a n d in our opinio

K I K U Y U HUT I C J I A P T E B I]

PROVINCE CERTAIN G U I D I N G PRINCIPLES

adequate provision was not m a d e . able that a claim a s of

W e therefore t h i n k it equit of

right should be allowed in respect

the l a n d l o s t in t h e s e t w o d i s t r i c t s , w h i c h w a s , h o w e v e r , in a great measure discharged w h e n the N d e i y a and M w e a were m a d e available for occupation by t h e Kikuyu. districts

Argument.Section (57 in C h a p t e r I I shows the p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t i e s as t h e y s t o o d in 1902 as n e a r l y as c a n be a s c e r t a i n e d . C o m p a r e d w i t h t h e a r e a w h i c h w e have found t o h a v e been u n e q u i v o c a l K i k u y u territory at 1 he t i m e , t h e d e n s i t y in t h e K i k u y u c o u n t r y , o v e r a l l . appears to h a v e been in the neighbourhood of 250 to t h e s q u a r e m i l e , a n d in t h e K i a m b n d i s t r i c t a b o u t 150 to t h e s q u a r e m i l e , t h o u g h i n t h e a r e a s w h i c h w e r e a l i e n a t e d it w a s less t h a n h a l f t h a t d e n s i t y ( s e e s e c t i o n 3 1 8 ) . M r . A i n s w o r t h , the Provincial Commissioner, Ukamba, w r o t e in t h a t y e a r a l e t t e r t o t h e A c t i n g C o m m i s s i o n e r d a t e d 2 2 n d S e p t e m b e r , 1902 : " I n t r a v e l l i n g through the K i k u y u country south of the T h i k a , the m a i n point that strikes the traveller i s t h e s p a r s i t y of p o p u l a t i o n a n d t h e l a r g e a r e a s of g o o d land uncultivated. without in It is very evident unduly indeed that in t h e r e is a m p l e r o o m f o r v e r y e x t e n s i v e s e t t l e m e n t the country on native (4) T h e density white of in a n y w a y occupation." the K i a m b u not in district increased the the of a of only by restricting the establishment Better

encroaching"

alienations

the n a t i v e p o p u l a t i o n , which and resulted market

a r e a , but a l s o in o t h e r w a y s . settlement town considerable

T h e y w e r e p a r t of t h e p o l i c y at N a i r o b i . : their food requirements for the market, a

transport,

better health conditions and better markets have had a great effect o n t h e n a t i v e p o p u l a t i o n (a) Instead of g r o w i n g now for grow

only,

the natives

procedure

which requires m o r e industry and m o r e land, except i n so f a r as t h e r e h a s b e e n a n i m p r o v e m e n t i n t h e i r skill i n (b) The kept in husbandry. increase by of the population it w a s in of formerly Nairobi Kikuyu has not subject. settlers has other markets from the been check the periodic visitations of disease natural

and f a m i n e (c) T h e m o n e y oi' by attracted

to which

to be m a d e either by w o r k i n g for produce numbers large

selling

districts into K i a m b u

district.

K I K U Y U PART ICHAPTER I]

PROVINCE CERTAIN G U I D I N G PiiiNcmt

While

it w o u l d

be ridiculous for

the Kikuyu

t o make

g r i e v a n c e o u t of c i r c u m s t a n c e s f r o m w h i c h t h e y h a v e bencfite so g r e a t l y , n e v e r t h e l e s s a g r e a t i n c r e a s e i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n an its l a n d r e q u i r e m e n t s has t a k e n problems become of local congestion perhaps general and p l a c e as a c o n s e q u e n c e , an. arising in which next threaten t, generation the are

acute

G o v e r n m e n t r e c o g n i z e s a n o b l i g a t i o n t o p r o v i d e f o r t h e need o f t h e n a t i v e s , a n d w e h a v e t o d e a l w i t h t h i s p r o b l e m nude t h e first t e r m of reference. ( 5 ) W h i l e b l o c k a d d i t i o n s t o t h e r e s e r v e a r e n o t the onl o r n e c e s s a r i l y t h e b e s t w a y o f d e a l i n g w i t h c o n g e s t i o n proi l e m s , n e v e r t h e l e s s , i f l a n d i s a v a i l a b l e , w e r e g a r d it as ex p e d i e n t , in o r d e r t o p r o v i d e a r e a s o n a b l e r e s e r v a t i o n for ex pan s i o n as m e n t i o n e d in p a r a g r a p h ( 3 ) a b o v e , a n d to c o n v i n c e th K i k u y u of G o v e r n m e n t s d e s i r e t o d i s c h a r g e all m o r a l obliga t i o n s w h i c h c a n p o s s i b l y b e c o n s i d e r e d t o e x i s t t o w a r d s them t h a t a " p r o f i t a n d l o s s " a c c o u n t s h o u l d b e m a d e setting oi t h e a r e a s of " u n e q u i v o c a l K i k u y u t e r r i t o r y " w h i c h h a v e bee: t a k e n a w a y a g a i n s t t h e a d d i t i o n a l a r e a s w h i c h h a v e beei g r a n t e d , a n d t h a t b l o c k a d d i t i o n s s h o u l d b e m a d e t o t h e resen e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e b a l a n c e of t h e K i k u y u l o s s e s . (6) A l t h o u g h w e h a v e d r a w n t h e b o u n d a r y of unequivoca K i k u y u t e r r i t o r y i n s u c h a w a y as t o i n c l u d e m u c h debatabl g r o u n d , w e s h a l l h a v e t o c o n s i d e r i s o l a t e d c a s e s of village b u i l t b y i n d i v i d u a l K i k u y u f a m i l i e s w h o h a d v e n t u r e d beyon t h e c o n f i n e s of t h e t r i b a l t e r r i t o r y a n d h a v e to b e r e g a r d e d a d i s c o n n e c t e d o u t p o s t s . I n s o m e c a s e s , a s , f o r i n s t a n c e , in th L a r i a r e a , a c c o u n t h a s b e e n t a k e n of such i s o l a t e d occupatioi i n r e a c h i n g o u r a s s e s s m e n t , b u t it h a s n a t u r a l l y n o t been po s i b l e t o i n c l u d e e v e r y v i l l a g e i n o u r r e c k o n i n g , and nior. e s p e c i a l l y o n t h e s o u t h - e a s t e r n b o r d e r t h e r e w e r e several smal c l e a r i n g s i n t h e b u s h f o r w d i i c h w e h a v e n o t m a d e specific allow ance. W e d o n o t c o n s i d e r i t p r a c t i c a b l e t o d o s o , but w r e c o m m e n d t h a t , as f a r as a s e t t l e m e n t w i t h t h e t r i b e at larg, i s c o n c e r n e d , t h e q u e s t i o n s h o u l d b e m e r g e d i n t h e w i d e r pro!) l e m w i t h w h i c h w e d e a l u n d e r t h e first t e r m o f reference n a m e l y t h e d u t y of m a k i n g a d e q u a t e p r o v i s i o n f o r f u t u r e need; T h e s e c l e a r i n g s in t h e f o r e s t w e r e t h e m e t h o d b y w h i c h th; t r i b e e x p a n d e d a n d , i f w e c a n offer o t h e r m e a n s o f expansion the t r i b e w i l l b e a d e q u a t e l y c o m p e n s a t e d in this respect. ( 7 ) A s e t t l e m e n t o n t r i b a l l i n e s m a y n o t b e e n o u g h . Tli, i n t e r e s t s of p a r t i c u l a r g r o u p s or f a m i l i e s w h o h a v e lost lan! h a v e a l s o t o be c o n s i d e r e d . C h a p t e r s V I I t o X a r e devoted t c t h i s a s p e c t of t h e K i k u y u c l a i m s a n d w e h a v e m a d e such pro p o s a l s as w e c o n s i d e r t o b e j u s t a n d p r a c t i c a b l e a t this date

K I K U Y U 'AHT I C H A P T E R I]

PROVINCE CERTAIN G U I D I N G PRINCIPLES

W e b e l i e v e t h a t t h e s e t t l e m e n t p r o p o s e d is j u s t b o t h t o t h e tribe and to the i n d i v i d u a l s w h o c o m p o s e it. I n order to satisfy ourselves o n this p o i n t w e h a v e m a d e an e x a m i n a t i o n of t h e general nature of the p r i v a t e c l a i m s and the basis on w h i c h they rest, but w e are fully persuaded that w e are n o t required under o u r t e r m s o f r e f e r e n c e t o c a r r y o u r i n q u i r i e s b e y o n d t h i s necessary p o i n t , and w e h a v e not d o n e so. 31. I t w i l l n o w b e r e l e v a n t t o d e t e r m i n e w h a t areas should be

Regarded as h a v i n g b e e n " u n e q u i v o c a l I v i k u y u t e r r i t o r y . " T h e Bext f o u r c h a p t e r s w i l l b e d e v o t e d t o d e t e r m i n i n g t h e p o s i t i o n a s fit existed w h e n t h e P r o t e c t o r a t e w a s d e c l a r e d , b u t w e shall n o t Begard a b s o l u t e l y e v e r y t h i n g w h i c h h a s b e e n a d d e d s i n c e t h a t d a t e I s a gift by G o v e r n m e n t . A t r a d i t i o n a l m e t h o d o f e x t e n d i n g t e r r i Bory e x i s t e d b y first c l e a r i n g a n d u s e , a n d w e shall a l l o w t h a t c e r t a i n Band was a d m i s s i b l y a c q u i r e d i n t h a t m a n n e r , e x c e p t t h a t i n c e r t a i n Breas, w h e r e officers of t h e F o r e s t D e p a r t m e n t w e r e a c t i v e l y e m Bloyed a f t e r t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e D e p a r t m e n t i n 1 9 0 2 , w e s h a l l n o t
B^cognize s u c h a c q u i s i t i o n a f t e r t h a t d a t e , n o r s h a l l w e r e c o g n i z e B e l s e w h e r e after d e f i n i t e a r e a s w e r e d e m a i c a t e d a s f o r e s t r e s e r v e .
-

CHAPTER
CONDITIONS AND ON THE (Together with OBTAINING ITS IN

II.
THE KIKUYU TIME COUNT WHEN

BORDERS

AT

T H E

PROTECTORATE some incidental notes

WAS on

DECLARED. subsequent development

until

1902.)

3 2 . A l l e a r l y a c c o u n t s of t h e K i k u y u t e r r i t o r y a g r e e in sta The Existence cf a Forest t h a t it w a s s u r r o u n d e d b y a b e l t of f o r e s t of v a r y i n g w i d t h whit Belt surround ing the K i k u y u s e r v e d t o p r o t e c t t h e t r i b e a g a i n s t i t s e n e m i e s . T h e y f u r t h e r agre t h a t t h e K i k u y u did n o t v e n t u r e o u t s i d e t h i s b e l t t o b u i l d or cult country. v a t e or g r a z e t h e i r c a t t l e b e y o n d it u n t i l t h e M a s a i p o w e r bega s e r i o u s l y to w a n e , o w i n g t o i n t e r n e c i n e w a r a n d t h e tremendoti l o s s e s of t h e i r c a t t l e b y d i s e a s e a n d u n t i l t h e P r o t e c t o r a t e had bee declared. T h e l a n d m a y t h e r e f o r e b e s a i d , b r o a d l y speaking h a v e h a d tw-o f r o n t i e r s t h e o u t s i d e a n d t h e i n s i d e of t h e fore; b e l t , a n d it w i l l p r o b a b l y b e a f a i r d i s t i n c t i o n t o r e g a r d all t! l a n d i n s i d e t h e b e l t as h a v i n g b e e n a t t h a t t i m e "unequivoc; K i k u y u t e r r i t o r y " and the belt itself as h a v i n g been "partially intermittently- used by t h e K i k u y u . "
:

3 3 . A s e r i e s of e x t r a c t s f r o m p u b l i s h e d w o r k s w i l l be foiia i n A p p e n d i x N o . 1, s e c t i o n (a). A p e r u s a l of t h e s e e x t r a c t s show q u i t e c l e a r l y t h a t t h e c o u n t r y t h e n o c c u p i e d b y t h e K i k u y u was f a c t s u r r o u n d e d b y such a b e l t of f o r e s t . B e f o r e d i s c u s s i n g its esac p o s i t i o n , it w i l l b e w e l l to d i s p o s e of t h r e e q u e s t i o n s w h i c h : concerning it, namely : from the ( I ) W e r e t h e M a s a i a n d o t h e r t r i b e s e n t i r e l y exclude a l l u s e of t h e l a n d s u r r o u n d e d b y t h e f o r e s t b e l t ? (2) W e r e land the Kikuyu it? entirely- e x c l u d e d from t h e use i outside

( 3 ) I s t h e b e l t i t s e l f t o b e r e g a r d e d as K i k u y u couiitn T o whtit- e x t e n t c o u l d t h e K i k u y u m a k e f r e e a n d unfettered u of i t ? E x t e n t of Penetration or occupation by Masai 01 other Tribes in.o the area surround od by the Forest Belt. 3 4 . I n t h i s c o n n & v o n w e h a v e t o c o n s i d e r : (a) D o r o b o ; (I M a s a i ; a n d (c) K a m b a . T h e e v i d e n c e g i v e n b e f o r e t h e Kikuy L a n d T e n u r e C o m m i t t e e as w e l l as h e e v i d e n c e g i v e n before t!ii C o m m i s s i o n m a k e s i t c l e a r t h a t v e r y f e w , if a n y . D o r o b o wet l i v i n g in t h e P o r t H a l l or N y e r i D i s t r i c t s at t h i s t i m e . B u t the i n h a b i t e d t h e K i a m b u D i s t r i c t b e f o r e t h e a r r i v a l of t h e Kikuvti w h o p r o g r e s s i v e l y s u p e r s e d e d thejn a n d b e c a m e m a s t e r s of tli l a n d b y a s e r i e s o f t r a n s a c t i o n s in w h i c h t h e p a y m e n t of goat sometimes played a part. Some t h e s e " s a l e s " a p p e a r to hav t a k e n p l a c e a s m u c h as e i g h t y y e a r s a g o , b u t m a n y o t h e r s are

K I K U Y U l'.\iiT I - C H A P T E R II]

PROVINCE CONDITIONS FROM 1895 TO 1902

There ltior e r e c e n t d a t e a n d s i n c e t h e P r o t e c t o r a t e w a s d e c l a r e d . Iias a l s o b e e n e v i d e n c e t h a t s o m e of t h e e a r l i e r p a y m e n t s t o t h e ll)orobo, m a d e b e f o r e t h a t d a t e , w e r e s u p p l e m e n t e d b y a l a t e r p a y erit m a d e le K i k u y u oil e v e n in afterwards. were their now not in own turn The position i n 1S95 t h e r e f o r e exclusive were was that the many Von all c a s e s t h e country. possessors of

There

undoubtedly by

orobo w h o r e t a i n e d r i g h t s of v a r i o u s k i n d s . 35. W e to the M a s a i . The account g i v e n o l m e l ( T e l e k i , p . 2 8 8 , et seq.) i'honison's netration ccupied by book, into the in "Through the part of m a k e s it clear t h a t they Masailand", the forest Africa", p. 308, was K.E. regarded 1883, time that

n e n t r y i n t o t h e K i k u y u c o u n t r y as a v e r y f o r m i d a b l e

proposition.

period at that out

ihows c l e a r l y t h a t t h e M a s a i n e v e r s u c c e e d e d i n t h e i r a t t e m p t s a t which p. I l l ) Kikuyu. British Major East MacDonald, ("Soldiering

nd S u r v e y i n g

points

aptain L u g a r d i n 1 8 9 i d e c i d e d a g a i n s t m a k i n g h i s s t a t i o n a t F o r t mith b e c a u s e t h e M a s a i " c o u l d hardly venture to visit a effect. station have the m i d s t of t h e i r h e r e d i t a r y e n e m i e s . " ^ven p e r s o n a l t e s t i m o n y t o t h e s a m e Several witnesses

36. W h i l e t h e r e is n o serious e v i d e n c e a g a i n s t t h e p r o p o s i t i o n at t h e K i k u y u w e r e r e a s o n a b l y s e c u r e b e h i n d t h e i r f o r e s t b o u n d ies a n d m a i n t a i n e d t h e m s e l v e s a l o o f f r o m t h e M a s a i , t h e r e a r e me e x c e p t i o n a l c a s e s a l l e g e d w h i c h r e q u i r e n o t i c e . Statements ve b e e n m a d e i n e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e M a s a i : (1) T o o k their cattle t o t h e salt-lick at t h e T h a t h i n i S w a m p , w h i c h w a s o n t h e i n n e r e d g e of t h e f o r e s t b e l t . (2) D r o v e their cattle f r o m the K a p i t i P l a i n s K i n a n g o p across w h a t is n o w t h e K i k u y u c o u n t r y . to the

( 3 ) B u i l t manyattas, of w h i c h r e m a i n s e x i s t o n Mr. M a c L e l l a n W i l s o n ' s farm w h i c h is inside the forest belt, and o n t h e C h u r c h of S c o t l a n d M i s s i o n l a n d at K i k u y u a n d e l s e where. 37. T h e first of t h e s e s t a t e m e n t s r e s t s o n t h e e v i d e n c e of iacLellan W i l s o n , w h i c h is s u p p o r t e d b y t h e e v i d e n c e of id M a s a i witnesses; but correspondence preserved on e N o . 346/21/13 s h o w s t h a t M r . I s a a c , P r o v i n c i a l Mr. Swahili Kiambu had 1, of

Commissioner, never

uired i n t o t h i s m a t t e r in 1 9 1 3 , a n d t h a t a n o l d M a s a i w h o ed n e a r T h a t h i n i a d m i t t e d t h a t i t w a s a K i k u y u s a l t - l i c k , d by the M a s a i e x c e p t tion (/i). occasionally in a r a i d (see Appendix

T h e s e c o n d s t a t e m e n t is b a s e d o n t h e m e m o r a n d u m

onel J o h n A i n s w o r t h , t h e r e b e i n g s o m e s u p p o r t i n g e v i d e n c e b y lasai n a m e d S a y e t O l e N a g i l a , a n d s o m e e v i d e n c e of a s o m e w h a t trary effect by Mr. Knapp and Canon Leakey. The evidence ;

K I K U Y U PART ICHAPTER II]

PROVINCE C O N D I T I O N S PROM 1895 TO lgrs

regarding

the

r e m a i n s of

Masai

nianyaitas

in Kikuyu

country i,

b y M r . M a c L e l l a n W i l s o n , D r . A r t h u r , M r . B l o c k , B r o t h e r Solanu Zipper, M r . M c Q u e e n and others. 38. W e b e l i e v e t h a t M r . M a c L e l l a n W i l s o n ' s v i e w s a r e correct to the extent :at t h e t i m e o f the Kikuyu 39. T h e
-

that T h a t h i n i

was formerly

a s a l t - l i c k used by tin

M a s a i ; b u t w e a r e of o p i n i o n t h a t it h a d b e e n a b a n d o n e d b y then t h e c a t t l e p l a g u e s a n d t h e i r i n t e r - t r i b a l w a r s , an mentioned when by Colonel Ainsworth He was not i; used fo after th t h e r e a f t e r h a d t h e u s e of i t . track h e s a w it in became 1898. Laibon r e g a r d e d it as

ase very

by

the M a s a i years before

old

track, and had, been told that Lenana

it had not been "because

many the

K i k u y u b e g a n to m o v e s o u t h of t h e C h a n i a t h e r e w a s t r o u b l e wit! Kikuyu.'' Since T h o m s o n in 1 8 8 4 r e c o r d e d t h e s o u t h e r n limr of the K i k u y u as b e i n g i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f N g o n g o B a g a s , it is clea: -that if t h e K i k u y u h a d n o t y e t c r o s s e d t h e C h a n i a w h e n t h a t trac! w a s m a d e , it m u s t h a v e b e e n a v e r y o l d t r a c k indeed.

4 0 . M r . K n a p p r e f e r s t o i t i n h i s e v i d e n c e a n d s t a t e s that a: inquiry mining was held whether the in Nairobi concerning had ever it with a view t o deter this c o u n t r y been used b y but t h e Masai that on or. throne

T h e K i k u y u s t o r y a d v a n c e d at t h e i n q u i r y , a c c o r d i n g t o M r . Knap[ was that track was really a Kikuyu track o c c a s i o n a p a r t y of M a s a i moron exterrhinated Masai and that tried to force their way ever afterwards

w i t h , c a t t l e t o t h e K i n a n g o p a n d w e r e a t t a c k e d b y t h e K i k u y u an the Kikuyu c a l l e d it & track in derision. This explanation c e r t a i n l y n o t does nt T h e b e s t v i e w of tl:

square with Colonel

A i n s w o r t h ' s a c c o u n t of a n e x c e p t i o n a l l y dee

t r a c k , w h i c h c a u s e d h i m t o ask t h e q u e s t i o n . Masai used t h e

"two c o n f l i c t i n g a c c o u n t s is j j r o b a b l y t h a t v e r y m a n y y e a r s ago th t r a c k , b u t t h a t o n o n e o c c a s i o n a f t e r t h e Kikuji t h e m s e l v e s s o u t h of t h e C h a n i a , a p a r t y of Masa B u t as t h e d a t e i s g i v e n a s " m a n y y e a r s befoi had established that w a y Lenana again.

w a s e x t e r m i n a t e d b y t h e m , a n d t h e M a s a i n e v e r a t t e m p t e d to pa; became L a i b o n " inquiry is i t i s c l e a r t h a t t h e u s e of t h e track ha)

a l r e a d y b e e n a b a n d o n e d b y t h e M a s a i b e f o r e t h e d a t e s w i t h whit the present concerned.

4 1 . A s t o t h e p o s s i b l e p r e s e n c e of o c c a s i o n a l manyattas insic t h e K i k u y u c o u n t r y , a n e x p l a n a t i o n h a s b e e n o f f e r e d by soit w i t n e s s e s t h a t s o m e t i m e s t h e r e w a s i n t e r m a r r i a g e a n d t h e relatior of t h e b r i d e s o m e t i m e s f o l l o w e d h e r ; o r m o r e g e n e r a l l y , that whe p e a c e p r e v a i l e d , s e t t l e m e n t b y M a s a i i n K i k u y u w a s allowed c sufferance. B u t D r . B o e d e k e r r e g a r d s t h e s e cases as n o t daiir b e f o r e 1 8 9 4 , w h e n M r . H a l l e s t a b l i s h e d b e t t e r r e l a t i o n s betwes

KIKUYU
MIT 1-CHAPTER II]

PROVINCE
CONDITIONS P R O M 1895 TO 1002

lie K i k u y u a u d t h e M a s a i a n d g a v e s o m e of t h e K a p u t i e i M a s a i eave to s e t t l e in t h e d i s t r i c t . T h i s would appear t o accord best vitli the r e c o r d s of t h e e a r l y e x p l o r e r s . V o n H o h n e l d o e s not mention t h a t a n y M a s a i w e r e f o u n d l i v i n g i n K i k u y u l a n d , b u t here is e v i d e n c e t o s h o w t h a t a t t h e t i m e o f t h e r i n d e r p e s t a b o u t 889 t h e K a p u t i e i M a s a i c a m e t o t h e b o r d e r s of K i k u y u c o u n t r y , uid b o t h K i k u y u a n d M a s a i w i t n e s s e s s t a t e t h a t a f t e r t h e d e f e a t of of the K a p u t i e i s e c t i o n of t h e M a s a i b y t h e I j o i t a M a s a i , a n u m b e r if t h e f o r m e r s o u g h t r e f u g e i n K i k u y u c o u n t r y a n d e s t a b l i s h e d llages t h e r e . T h i s m a y a c c o u n t f o r t h e b e l i e f of s e v e r a l r e s p o n ible w i t n e s s e s t h a t m u c h of t h e l a n d w h i c h w e c o n s i d e r t o h a v e en u n e q u i v o c a l K i k u y u c o u n t r y w a s o c c u p i e d b y t h e M a s a i . 42. T h e c o n c l u s i o n t h e r e f o r e s e e m s t o b e w a r r a n t e d t h a t i n t h e icriod w h i c h w e a r e c o n s i d e r i n g t h e M a s a i d i d n o t e s t a b l i s h t h e m elves a n y w d i e r e i n K i k u y u l a n d insicle t h e p r o t e c t i v e b e l t of f o r e s t s , scept as r e f u g e e s . T h e y r a i d e d t h e c o u n t r y s o m e t i m e s , a n d w e r e idecl in t u r n . S o m e t i m e s t h e y h e l p e d o n e s e c t i o n of t h e K i k u y u raid a n o t h e r ( J o h n B o y e s , p . 9 4 ) . A d d t o t h i s t h a t t h e r e w a s reciprocal a r r a n g e m e n t b y w h i c h t h e M a s a i w o m e n used t o e n t e r ikuyu c o u n t r y t o t r a d e a n d v i c e v e r s a , a n d w e h a v e s t a t e d t h e otal e x t e n t of t h e e f f e c t i v e u s e w h i c h t h e M a s a i h a d of t h e K i k u y u ountry e n c l o s e d b y t h e f o r e s t b e l t a b o u t 1 8 9 5 . A b o u t t h e d a t e hen t h e M a s a i p o w e r h a d d e c l i n e d a n d s o m e of t h e e l e m e n t s h a d ade f r i e n d s w i t h t h e K i k u y u a n d s e t t l e d a m o n g t h e m , t h e r e w a s lore r e c i p r o c i t y a n d M a s a i c a t t l e w e r e s o m e t i m e s s e e n g r a z i n g in ikuyu c o u n t r y . 43. T u r n i n g t o t h e K a m b a w e find s e v e r a l r e f e r e n c e s i n e v i d uce t o m u t u a l r a i d s b e t w e e n t h e K i k u y u a n d t h e . K a m b a , b u t t h e f e r e n c e is t o t h e p e r i o d a f t e r t h e M a s a i p o w e r h a d b e g u n t o ecline. N e v e r t h e l e s s i t c a n n o t b e h e l d t h a t e v e n b e f o r e t h i s t h e kuyu w e r e e n t i r e h i m m u n e f r o m K a m b a r a i d s . I n a p a s s a g e hich w i l l b e c i t e d i n a n o t h e r c o n n e x i o n b e l o w ( s e c t i o n 188) V o n ohnel o b s e r v e s t h a t w h e n h e a n d C o u n t T e l e k i w e r e a l i t t l e s o u t h the T h i k a a n d t o t h e w e s t o f t h e b o u n d a r y w o o d t h e y w e n t rough a n a r e a w h i c h t h e K i k u y u h a d l e f t u n i n h a b i t e d f o r f e a r of uniba " s l a v e r a i d s . "
r

44. S u b j e c t t o t h e l i m i t a t i o n s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e t h e l a n d sur uiicled b y t h e f o r e s t b e l t m a y b e h e l d t o b e " u n e q u i v o c a l K i k u y u rritory." T h e d e g r e e t o w h i c h i t w a s e f f e c t i v e l y o c c u p i e d i s an sue w h i c h w e h o l d o v e r f o r l a t e r d i s c u s s i o n . 45. W e now- t u r n t o t h e s e c o n d q u e s t i o n : " W e r e the K i k u y u E x t e n t of
1

tirely e x c l u d e d f r o m t h e u s e of a n y l a n d b e y o n d t h e f o r e s t b e l t ? " ^ F o ^ b ^ T " xtracts f r o m b o o k s w i l l b e f o u n d i n s e c t i o n (a) of A p p e n d i x N o . 1 the ^ F o r e s t " ; ' lich s h o w t h a t t h e K i k u y u c a n h a v e m a d e v e r y l i t t l e u s e o f t h e IKI outside t h e f o r e s t p r i o r t o t h e d e c l i n e of t h e M a s a i p o w e r ,
B e l t

K I K U Y U PAIIT I C H A P T E U II]

PROVINCE CONDITIONS FIIOM 1895 TO VJ[

t h o u g h it w o u l d s e e m f r o m L o r d L u g a r c T s " R i s e of our A f r i c a n E m p i r e " ( p . 3 3 5 ) t h a t t h e y s o m e t i m e s set fire t o the Mass g r a z i n g i n o r d e r t o p r e v e n t t h e M a s a i u s i n g i t , b u t t h e r e is e v i d e n c e t o s u p p o r t t h e K i k u y u c o n t e n t i o n t h a t t h e y themsehx u s e d t o g o o u t of t h e f o r e s t o n t o t h e p l a i n s t o g r a z e t h e i r cat tit T h e o n l y E u r o p e a n w i t n e s s e s w h o c a n s p e a k of t h a t period at C o l o n e l A i n s w o r t h a n d M r . C . W . H o b l e y , a n d t h e i r evidenc s h o w s c o n c l u s i v e l y t h a t up t i l l 1894 p r a c t i c a l l y n o c u l t i v a t i o n an n o n a t i v e s o t h e r t h a n t h e M a s a i w e r e seen o u t s i d e t h e forest be! i n t h e g e n e r a l n e i g h b o u r h o o d of t h e s i t e w h e r e N a i r o b i n o w stands T h e r e l e v a n t e x t r a c t s f r o m t h e i r e v i d e n c e w i l l b e f o u n d in sectio (b) of t h e A p p e n d i x . B u t s h o r t l y a f t e r t h i s p e r i o d K i k u y u village began to appear. (See e v i d e n c e , p p . 6 5 3 . 7 1 8 , 7 4 2 , 863 and S7: b y M r . S a n d b a c h B a k e r , M r . M c Q u e e n . M r . T . A . W o o d , hi Canon L e a k e y and R e v . Canon Burns.)
;

4 6 . T h e f u r t h e r r e c o r d e d e v i d e n c e s u g g e s t s , h o w e v e r , that tfc K i k u y u w e r e s l o w t o t a k e a d v a n t a g e of t h e a b s e n c e of t h e M a s f r o m t h i s p l a i n . T h e e x t r a c t s f r o m e v i d e n c e g i v e n in section (j a n d (h) of t h e A p p e n d i x p r o v e t h a t t h e r e w a s n o p e r m a n e n t occt p a t i o n of t h e s e p l a i n s e i t h e r b y t h e K i k u y u or b y t h e K a m b a a t h i s t i m e . B o t h M r . L a n e a n d M r . T a t e r e f e r t o c o n s t a n t raidin b e t w e e n the K i k u y u and the K a m b a , which m a y explain H i reason. 4 7 . T h e b e s t v i e w on the e v i d e n c e a p p e a r s t o be t h a t , befoi t h e d e c l i n e of t h e M a s a i p o w e r h a d b e c o m e e v i d e n t , t h e Kikuy d i d n o t v e n t u r e o n t o t h e s e p l a i n s at a l l . B y 189S t h e i r h u t s bega t o b e s e e n o n t h e v e r y e d g e o f t h e f o r e s t b e l t n e a r M u t h a i g a at: p e r h a p s e l s e w h e r e , b u t f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s a f t e r w a r d s t h e use whic t h e y m a d e of t h e p l a i n s f o r g r a z i n g o r o t h e r p u r p o s e s w a s so sligt t h a t i t e s c a p e d t h e n o t i c e of t r a v e l l e r s , e x c e p t t h a t possibly the c r o s s e d i t f o r t h e p u r p o s e of r a i d i n g t h e K a m b a . 48. A north Major of similar situation perhaps of existed on the p l a i n s to & the K i k u y u N y e r i District. Compare t h e evidence i

Orde B r o w n

( E v i d e n c e p p . 3S3 a n d 3 8 4 ) .

" O f t h e p l a i n b e t w e e n K i a m b u a n d F o r t H a l l up to Nye I b e l i e v e t h e K i k u y u w e r e v e r y l a r g e l y d e n i e d occupation I the Masai . . . I n m y o p i n i o n , w h a t t h e y c l a i m and wh t h e y really occupied are t w o very different things."' 4 9 . W h i l e w e f i n d n o t h i n g i n t h e e v i d e n c e or in r e c o r d s : s h o w t h a t n a t i v e s o f t h e K i a m b u or E o r t H a l l d i s t r i c t s e v e r pen t r a t e d t o a n y e x t e n t b e y o n d t h e f o r e s t b e l t w i t h i n t h e period wit w h i c h w e a r e c o n c e r n e d , i t s e e m s t h a t o n t h e n o r t h e r n frontier t h e N y e r i K i k u y u m o r e i n t e r c o u r s e p r e v a i l e d a n d c e r t a i n ICikin families established friendly relations w i t h the M a s a i . T h e oi; s t a n d i n g c a s e s e e m s t o b e t h a t of W a n g o m b e . H e a d m a n Nderi

K I K U Y U VutT ICHAPTER II]

PROVINCE CONDITIONS most 1895 TO 1902

h e r , w h o m M r . J o h n B o y e s r e g a r d e d as b e i n g ' ' o n e of t h e t h r e e -tiling c h i e f s a t t h a t t i m e " ( p . 143 of h i s b o o k ) a n d " b y far t h e (ingest a n d m o s t i n f l u e n t i a l o f t h e t h r e e . " T h e p o s i t i o n of t h i s tillage w a s c l o s e t o N i a n a H i l l on t h e b o r d e r s of t h e f o r e s t r e s e r v e " n w h a t is n o w C h i e f M u r i g o ' s L o c a t i o n , a n d it is so s h o w n i n t h e nap w h i c h w a s m a d e a b o u t 1898 t o i l l u s t r a t e S i r A l f r e d M a c k i n d e r ' s purney. I t is M a p S h e e t A 3 7 / B ; a c o p y h a s b e e n f i l e d i n V o l u m e of t h e o r i g i n a l r e c o r d of t h e e v i d e n c e . 50. N e v e r t h e l e s s , it i s n o t t o b e s u p p o s e d t h a t d r e a d of t h e Masai d i d n o t o p e r a t e in t h e N y e r i D i s t r i c t as e l s e w h e r e t o k e e p he K i k u y u w i t h i n b o u n d s . In Nyeri Native Tribunal Revision ?ase 2 3 / 2 9 , w h i c h w a s a d i s p u t e a b o u t a githaka c l o s e b y N y e r i Jill, but i n s i d e t h e g a z e t t e d K i k u y u Reserve, the defendant fated : "Before and n o b o d y the M a s a i . the first m a n iished h i m s e l f 51. Before :Spect of the the went When Government there my father came, of went all lions that and land was bush and not because elephants

in, although he was

w h o w e n t into the bush, n o b o d y else had estab in that part and n o

iihaka

had been

fixed." have The the land some as a

leaving the question matter to which

of t h e K i k u y u must be

claim to made.

leen in o c c u p a t i o n of l a n d o u t s i d e t h e f o i ' e s t b e l t , t h e r e i s a f u r t h e r reference Southern K i k u y u )y i n d i v i d u a l oncerned support their claim to the land not only on of p u r c h a s e o f claim that groups or for families. They

[round of o c c u p a t i o n , b u t a l s o o n t h e g r o u n d Kikuyu

if t h i s l a n d is s i t u a t e d b e y o n d t h e f o r e s t b e l t a n d t h a t t h e bought it p a r t l y their present W e irovision f o r f u t u r e e x p a n s i o n . and sales. 52. W e he K i k u y u The first now come make part free to t h e t h i r d q u e s t i o n : " I s country? use To of and unfettered it?" deal w i t h the claim in

families Chapter Dorobo

use a n d p a r t l y

711, in w h i c h w e r e v i e w t h e w h o l e q u e s t i o n of t h e a l l e g e d

the forest extent

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E x t e n t of the actual Forest Belt.

tself to b e r e g a r d e d

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i t is

Shere s e e m s t o b e a c o n s e n s u s o f o p i n i o n a m o n g t h e e a r l i e r a u t h o r i K e s that " K i k u y u l a n d " i n c l u d e d t h e p r o t e c t i v e b e l t of f o r e s t . K P i e W e s t K e n y a F o r e s t , b u t t h a t i t i n c l u d e d so m u c h of t h e not t o say t h a t i t i n c l u d e d t h e w h o l e o f t h e A b e r d a r e F o r e s t

Bouriding f o r e s t a s w a s u s e d b y t h e K i k u y u f o r t h e i r p r o t e c t i o n . if 53. B u t t h e m o r e i m p o r t a n t p o i n t i s w h e t h e r t h e K i k u y u h a d S h e e x c l u s i v e a n d u n r e s t r i c t e d u s e of t h i s f o r e s t a n d w h a t w e r e t h e B s c s to w h i c h t h e y c o u l d p u t i t .

KIKUYXJ PART I C H A P T E R II]

PROVINCE CONDITIONS PUOM 1895 TO Hf S iJ

They

h a d n o t t h e e x c l u s i v e use of i t .

T h e D o r o b o also wen Tin-,

t h e r e , at l e a s t in t h e p a r t s b o r d e r i n g o n t h e K i a m b u D i s t r i c t .

h u n t e d t h e r e a n d , if w e b e l i e v e K i k u y u a c c o u n t s , w e r e t h e origina o w n e r s , a n d s t i l l o w n e d l a r g e u n s o l d p o r t i o n s of it u n t i l a bompara tively recent date. The Masai dispute this. According to then t h e r e a r e K i k u y u D o r o b o w h o a r e i n r e a l i t y K i k u y u w h o h a v e taker to h u n t i n g , a n d M a s a i D o r o b o w h o a r e t r u e D o r o b o a n d serfs of thi Masai admit w h o would not have allowed may have them t o d i s p o s e of it. The\ that the D o r o b o shall d i s p o s e d of it s e c r e t l y on this very after tin

Masai power had declined. 54. W e (a) It review the evidence contention! was "Para s u b j e c t in a l a t e r c h a p t e r . mount" T w o p o i n t s o n l y n e e d he s t a t e d here :

is s a i d b y t h e K i k u y u t h a t w h e n K i n a n j u i

C h i e f , a s e c o n d a r y p a y m e n t at a d a t e w e l l aftei them that final. If t h i s is t r u e , i t c o n s t i t u t e s ai date the purchases w e r e no

1900 w a s m a d e t o t h e D o r o b o t o c o m p l e t e t h e purchase; and make admission final. (b) T h e D o r o b o c l a i m t h a t t h e r e a r e l a r g e a r e a s i n the forest a n d s o m e a r e a s i n t h e K i k u y u K e s e r v e i t s e l f w h i c h have n e v e r b e e n sold y e t a n d a r e still theirs. 5 5 . T h a t i s o n e of t h e r e s p e c t s i n w h i c h t h e K i k u y u had nut a n e x c l u s i v e use of t h e f o r e s t . T h e o t h e r is i n r e s p e c t of the Masai. T h e n e r v o u s n e s s c r e a t e d b y t h e M a s a i r a i d s is w e l l illustrated in t h e f o l l o w i n g description by V o n H o h n e l : Page 289 ( A t N g o n g o B a g a s ) . " W e h a d . . . n o need t o b e a n x i o u s a b o u t p r o v i s i o n s . E v e n l a r g e c a r a v a n s such as o u r s c o u l d e a s i l y i n n o r m a l s e a s o n s b u y f o o d f o r s e v e r a l mouth; o f t h e K i k u y u i n a v e r y s h o r t t i m e . T h e r e a r e n o market e x a c t l y l i k e t h o s e i n o t h e r p a r t s o f A f r i c a , as t h e K i k u y u dc n o t v e n t u r e o u t o f t h e f o r e s t s f o r f e a r of t h e M a s a i and cara v a n s h a v e t o s e e k t h e m . A w e l l - a r m e d c o n t i n g e n t of a travel l i n g p a r t y g o e s i n t o t h e w o o d a n d c a l l s t h e a t t e n t i o n of the n a t i v e s b y firing t w o or t h r e e shots . . . I n a f e w minutes t h e s i g n a l is a n s w e r e d b y t h e a p p e a r a n c e of s o m e e n v o y s , a t i m e a n d s p o t a r e f i x e d o n f o r t h e h o l d i n g of a m a r k e t and ii. d u e c o u r s e t h e t r a d e r s m a k e t h e i r w a y t o t h e r e n d e z v o u s soon t o b e j o i n e d b y h u n d r e d s o f m e n a n d w o m e n l a d e n w i t h the s u p e r f l u o u s p r o d u c e of t h e i r fields, w h i c h t h e y a r e v e r y glad t o d i s p o s e of. A l l n o w g o e s m e r r i l y a n d i n a f e w m i n u t e s pile. of p r o v i s i o n s a r e e x c h a n g e d f o r s t r i n g s of b e a d s , but the s l i g h t e s t m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g , a n u n m e a n i n g a n d g e n e r a l l y quite g r o u n d l e s s c r y of t e r r o r f r o m e i t h e r s i d e is e n o u g h to cause ali the n a t i v e s to flee w i l d l y a w a y . . . " ( V o n H o h n e l t h e n goe; up to that

K I K U Y U PART I C H A P T E R II]

PROVINCE CONDITIONS FROM 1895 TO 1902

on t o d e s c r i b e h o w an o l d M a s a i w o m a n w a s u s e d as a n i n t e r inediary and a m a r k e t w a s I which sale.) A passage from "James Hannington" by in the Rev. E. C. [ U n w s o n , w h i c h is q u o t e d i n s e c t i o n ( a ) of t h e A p p e n d i x , a l s o i l l u s irates t h e e x t r e m e wod. 50. E v e n o n t h e i n n e r e d g e of t h e f o r e s t b e l t n e a r L i i n u r u Station t h e K i k u y u d o n o t s e e m to h a v e b e e n v e r y sure of t h e m ;elves. A s a n e x a m p l e , M r . S . M o r s o n , r e f e r r i n g t o t h e y e a r 190-1, m e n t i o n s in h i s e v i d e n c e t h a t c e r t a i n K i k u y u w e r e u n w i l l i n g t o proceed f r o m L i m u r u o n t o U p l a n d s f o r f e a r of t h e M a s a i . 57. W h e t h e r t h e M a s a i m a d e a n y g r e a t use of t h e f o r e s t g l a d e s tor p u r p o s e s of g r a z i n g e x c e p t i n t i m e s of d r o u g h t is p e r h a p s o p e n to d o u b t , t h o u g h t h e e v i d e n c e of M r . P a t t e r s o n s t a t e s q u i t e i e f m i t e l y t h a t t h e y d i d g r a z e t h e r e to s o m e e x t e n t . Thomson lop. c i t . , p . 3 1 0 ) c o n f i r m s t h i s . T h e r e l e v a n t e x t r a c t s w i l l b e f o u n d n s e c t i o n (a) of t h e A p p e n d i x . S o m e M a s a i w i t n e s s e s h a v e s t a t e d hat t h e M a s a i moran used t o assemble in the forest for h o l d i n g n e a t - f e a s t s , a n d w e a r e s a t i s f i e d t h a t t h i s is t r u e i n s p i t e of s o m e jvidence to t h e c o n t r a r y . The Masai Elder Lengemogik Ole Nakorde d e p o s e d t h a t t h e f o r e s t b e l t on t h e s o u t h e r n a n d e a s t e r n jorder of K i k u y u w a s M a s a i c o u n t r y , b u t t h a t t h e y s o l d s o m e o f it :o D o r o b o f a m i l i e s , s o m e of w h o m w e r e a f t e r w a r d s a d o p t e d b y Kikuyu. H e r e p r e s e n t e d t h i s t o h a v e h a p p e n e d b e f o r e t h e w h i t e nen c a m e . 58. T h e s t a t e m e n t that the forest f o r m e d a p r o t e c t i v e belt -otind t h e K i k u y u c o u n t r y p o s s i b l y c o n t a i n s t h e i m p l i c a t i o n t h a t t was left b y the K i k u y u for that p u r p o s e . T h a t can o n l y be p a r ially t r u e . T h e r e w e r e p e r h a p s p l a c e s w h e r e i t h a d w o r n so t h i n fiat t h e K i k u y u c o u l d n o t v e n t u r e t o c u t a n y m o r e f o r f e a r of lestroying t h e b a r r i e r , a n d p r o b a b l y t h a t i s w h a t M r . M a c G r e g o r loss m e a n t w h e n h e s t a t e d i n h i s e v i d e n c e t h a t it w a s d e l i b e r a t e l y eft b y t h e K i k u y u . B u t t h e r e w e r e p l a c e s w h e r e t h e f o r e s t w a s f a r leeper t h a n t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of p r o t e c t i o n d e m a n d e d , e . g . , o n t h e lopes of t h e A b e r d a r e s , a n d w e m a y t a k e it as c e r t a i n t h a t t h e s e arge t r a c t s w e r e n o t d e l i b e r a t e l y l e f t , b u t t h e K i k u y u w e r e d e s t r o y ng t h e m as f a s t as t h e y c o u l d . W h i l e w e m a y a g r e e t h a t t h e c o m aratively n a r r o w f r i n g e s of forest on the south and east and lossibly t h e n o r t h w e r e o c c u p i e d b y t h e K i k u y u t o a g r e a t e r e x t e n t ban t h e y w e r e o c c u p i e d b y t h e D o r o b o or M a s a i a n d m a y , in a [eneral s e n s e a n d w i t h i n l i m i t s , b e c a l l e d K i k u y u c o u n t r y , i t c a n tot in a n y s e n s e b e h e l d t h a t t h e r e m o t e r p a r t s of t h e f o r e s t o n be A b e r d a r e s h a d a n y t h i n g t o d o w i t h t h e K i k u y u . T h e r e is n o
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K I K U Y U PAIIT I C H A P T E R . I I ]

P R O Y I N CK C O N D I T I O N S FROM 1895 TO 1902

l i k e l i h o o d t h a t t h e y m a d e a n y u s e of t h e m at a l l . T h a t t h e y used t o g r a z e t h e i r g o a t s " a g o o d w a y i n " i s a d m i t t e d b y M r . A . (;, B a k e r i n h i s e v i d e n c e , b u t h e a l s o s t a t e s t h a t t h e g l a d e s which o c c u r o n t h e A b e r d a r e s a r e i n f r e q u e n t a n d g e n e r a l l y t h e result o! human destruction. 5 9 . T h e p r e s e n t g a z e t t e d b o u n d a r y of t h e A b e r d a r e s is at an average, a l t i t u d e of 7,000 f e e t , a n d i t c o u l d t h e r e f o r e h a v e been ol no u s e t o t h e K i k u y u in t h o s e d a y s f o r c u l t i v a t i o n . W e m a y here q u o t e f r o m a l e t t e r w r i t t e n b y M r . H o b l e y i n 1913 : " F r o m 5,300 f e e t t o a b o u t 5,900 f e e t is t h e g r a z i n g zone w h e r e i t is n o t c o v e r e d b y f o r e s t , a n d t h e w i l d oat gras; thungari is p a r t i c u l a r l y v a l u a b l e f o r c a t t l e . A b o v e t h i s contom c o m e s t h e m a i z e a n d m i l l e t z o n e w h i c h e x t e n d s f r o m about 5,900 f e e t t o 6,700 f e e t . A b o v e t h a t a l t i t u d e n a t i v e cereals wil not f l o u r i s h w e l l , t h e y a r e l i a b l e t o f r o s t a n d a r e general!; d w a r f e d ; t h e o n l y g r a i n t h e K i k u y u g r o w a b o v e t h a t altitndi is a Pennisetum c a l l e d Kinyoli or Kamanga w h i c h is not : p r o f i t a b l e g r a i n t o g r o w ; a b o v e 6,700 f e e t s w e e t p o t a t o e s evei become very s m a l l . " 60. I t i s t h e r e f o r e q u i t e u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e K i k u y u m a d e an; use a t a l l of p a r t s of t h e A b e r d a r e s w h i c h w e r e m o r e r e m o t e thai t w o m i l e s f r o m t h e f o r e s t e d g e as it e x i s t e d a t t h e t i m e . T h e con e l u s i o n s w h i c h w e s u g g e s t as t o t h e p o s i t i o n a b o u t 1S95 is that tin f o r e s t b e l t w a s K i k u y u l a n d o n l y t o t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h t h e Kikuyi w e r e m a k i n g u s e of i t , b u t t h a t t h e y h a d n o t b y a n y m e a n s th e x c l u s i v e o r u n i m p e d e d u s e of i t ; t h a t t h e l a n d s u r r o u n d e d by th f o r e s t b e l t w a s e x c l u s i v e l y K i k u y u ; a n d t h a t t h e l a n d external ti t h e f o r e s t b e l t w a s n o t K i k u y u at a l l . 6 1 . I t n o w r e m a i n s t o d e f i n e t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e f o r e s t belt an g e n e r a l l y t o d e t e r m i n e t h e K i k u y u b o u n d a r i e s . B u t f i r s t , in orde to c o m p l e t e t h i s s u r v e y of c o n d i t i o n s o b t a i n i n g i n K i k u y u w h e n tli P r o t e c t o r a t e w a s d e c l a r e d a n d t o p r o v i d e p r e l i m i n a r y data neces s a r y f o r t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e c h a p t e r s w h i c h f o l l o w , it will b n e c e s s a r y t o a t t e m p t a n e x a m i n a t i o n of t h e d e g r e e of density a w h i c h K i k u y u l a n d w a s i n h a b i t e d . I t w i l l n o t b e p o s s i b l e to giv e v e n a r o u g h e s t i m a t e of t h e d e n s i t y o b t a i n i n g w h e n the Pro t e c t o r a t e w a s d e c l a r e d a n d t h e r e is n o p r a c t i c a l r e a s o n f o r attempt i n g i t . W e m a y c o n t e n t o u r s e l v e s w i t h s a y i n g t h a t in all reason a b l e p r o b a b i l i t y t h e p o p u l a t i o n i n 1895 m u s t h a v e b e e n considei a b l y g r e a t e r t h a n i t w a s i n 1 9 0 2 , b e c a u s e b y 1902 i t h a d not ye h a d t i m e t o r e c o v e r f r o m t h e m o r t a l i t y c a u s e d b y t h e 1S98-9 f a m i n e . B u t t h e s i g n i f i c a n t y e a r is 1 9 0 2 , at w h i c h d a t e the polio of a l i e n a t i o n of u n d e v e l o p e d l a n d t o E u r o p e a n s m a y b e said to ha? b e g u n , a n d w e c o n s i d e r t h a t a m e t h o d o f c a l c u l a t i o n can be foun w h i c h is s u f f i c i e n t l y r e l i a b l e t o p r e s e n t a n a p p r o x i m a t e l y accural picture.

310
KIKUYU 'AUT I C H A P T E R II] PBOVINCE CONDITIONS FROM 1895 TO 1902

6 2 . I t is a s t r a n g e t h i n g t h a t a m o n g a l l t h a t h a s b e e n w r i t t e n The Popula o d e f e n d or t o a t t a c k t h e a c t i o n of G o v e r n m e n t in r e s p e c t o f t h e j , ' i 9 2 l i e n a t i o n of u n d e v e l o p e d l a n d w h i c h w a s e i t h e r i n o r n e a r t h e Ivikuyu t e r r i t o r y , t h e r e s h o u l d b e n o c o n t e m p o r a r y r e c o r d o f t h e

1 0 U

e n s l t y

r o r e e of p o p u l a t i o n - d e n s i t y i n t h e I v i k u y u c o u n t r y a n d a p p a r e n t l y o r e c o r d of a n y s u b s e q u e n t a t t e m p t t o e s t i m a t e w h a t i t w a s . T h e r e e r e c o r d s of a f e w g e n e r a l o b s e r v a t i o n s , s u c h , f o r i n s t a n c e , a s t h a t ie K i k u y u c o u l d b e r e q u i r e d t o " b u n c h u p " a n d w o u l d " b e a r q u e e z i n g " , a n d a s t a t e m e n t i n a s u r v e y o r s m a p o f 1907 t h a t there is a m p l e r o o m f o r f u r t h e r s e t t l e m e n t s h o u l d i t b e f o u n d

ecessary t o m o v e m o r e K i k u y u i n t o t h e r e s e r v e . " D e s c r i p t i o n s of le c o u n t r y s h o w t h a t , w h i l e s o m e of it c o u l d b e d e s c r i b e d a s " o n e isfc g a r d e n " , t h e r e w e r e m a n y p a r t s w h i c h s t i l l h a d a l l t h e a p p e a r nce of u n b r o k e n f o r e s t . F r o m s u c h a l l u s i o n s a n d f r o m t h e o p i n i o n s f w i t n e s s e s w e a r e a b l e , in s p i t e of t h e w i d e d i v e r g e n c e o f v i e w s ixpressed. t o g e t a g e n e r a l i m p r e s s i o n , w h i c h , h o w e v e r , w e h a v e found it useful t o c o r r e c t i n t h e l i g h t of d e d u c t i o n s d r a w n f r o m t h e itatistics a v a i l a b l e f o r l a t e r y e a r s . 63. W e m u s t a n t i c i p a t e t h e r e s u l t s of o u r survey' o f t h e b o u n d -

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bid t h a t b y 1 9 0 2 , b e f o r e a n y c o n s i d e r a b l e a l i e n a t i o n s , i t h a d s p r e a d square m i l e s 1 to section 64. I n t h e m e m o r a n d u m o n " T h e K a t e of P o p u l a t i o n I n c r e a s e if t h e K i k u y u T r i b e " , w h i c h s t a n d s i n t h e o r i g i n a l r e c o r d of t h e vidence a n d w h i c h we c o n s i d e r t o b e a s a c c u r a t e as is o b t a i n a b l e n t h e d a t a , t h e t o t a l n u m b e r of K i k u y u m a r r i e d w o m e n i n 1 9 0 9 , e e a r l i e s t y e a r o f w h i c h a c c o u n t is t a k e n , is g i v e n as 1 2 4 , 6 7 9 f o r Uyeri, P o r t H a l l a n d K i a m b u D i s t r i c t s e x c l u s i v e of w h a t is n o w ihe K e r u g u y a s u b - D i s t r i c t . I n t h e y e a r s b e t w e e n 1 9 2 2 a n d 1 9 3 1 , i w h i c h a n e s t i m a t e f o r t h e w h o l e a r e a is i n c l u d e d , t h e K e r u g u y a gures r a n g e b e t w e e n 1 8 . 2 p e r c e n t a n d 1 8 . 8 p e r c e n t of t h e t o t a l , lie p e r c e n t a g e a p p e a r i n g t o i n c r e a s e s l i g h t l y a s t h e y e a r s g o o n . jVe m a y p e r h a p s a s s u m e w i t h o u t a n y g r a v e e r r o r t h a t it w a s a b o u t 8 p e r c e n t in 1 9 0 9 , w h i c h w o u l d m a k e t h e t o t a l of m a r r i e d w o m e n pr t h e t h r e e d i s t r i c t s 1 5 2 , 0 S 4 a t t h a t t i m e . 65. I n t h e t a b l e s h o w i n g t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n f o r a l l K i k u y u n 1931 m a r r i e d w o j n e n a r e f o u n d t o b e 2 9 . 4 p e r c e n t of t h e w h o l e jnd the c h i l d r e n 4 1 p e r c e n t . B u t i n 1909 it is p r o b a b l e , f o r r e a s o n s vhich a p p e a r i n t h e m e m o r a n d u m , t h a t t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f c h i l d r e n ras s o m e w h a t l o w e r a n d t h a t of m a r r i e d w o m e n s o m e w h a t h i g h e r , nd w e m a y p r o b a b l y s e t t h e m a r r i e d w o m e n d o w n as 3 1 p e r c e n t f the w h o l e . I n t h a t c a s e t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n w o u l d h a v e b e e n 90,477 in 1909.

KIKTJYTJ PART ICHAPTER II]

PROVINCE CONDITIONS EHOM 1895 TO

lijffi

6 6 . T h e o p i n i o n g i v e n i n t h e m e m o r a n d u m a n d b a s e d on such f i g u r e s as a r e a v a i l a b l e is t h a t i n t h e p r e - w a r y e a r s t h e population w a s i n c r e a s i n g i n n o r m a l y e a r s at a r a t e of a b o u t 1.2 p e r cent yearly. I f this o p i n i o n is t r u e t h e p o p u l a t i o n w a s a b o u t 451,560 i n 1 9 0 2 , s i n c e t h e r e is n o r e a s o n w h y t h e y e a r s 1902 t o 1909 shbnltl n o t b e r e g a r d e d as n o r m a l . 67. A c o m p a r i s o n w i t h 1 9 3 1 , w h e n p r e s e n t e d in tabular form, is i n t e r e s t i n g : Resident Year. 1902 1931 ... ... Population. 451,562 489,156 ... ... Area of Territory miles), ... ... Density square 254 253 per mile. (square

1,778 1,931

1 . W h i l e i n 1902 t h e n u m b e r of K i k u y u l i v i n g outside Note K i k u y u l a n d w a s n e g l i g i b l e , in 1 9 3 1 t h e f i g u r e is e s t i m a t e d t o have b e e n 110,697. Note 2 . T h e f i g u r e J ,931 i n c l u d e s t h e M w e a a r e a (205 square m i l e s ) , t h e a d d i t i o n of w h i c h to t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e h a s been ap p r o v e d b y t h e G o v e r n o r in C o u n c i l , b u t w h i c h h a s n o t y e t been g a z e t t e d as p a r t of t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e , a l t h o u g h t h e n a t i v e s havf been a l l o w e d to occupy it. Note 3 . T h e figure 4 8 9 , 1 5 6 is t h e official e s t i m a t e for 1932. T h e figure g i v e n in t h e m e m o r a n d u m o n t h e r a t e of population i n c r e a s e i n K i k u y u is 4 9 3 , 5 0 2 . B o t h of t h e s e figures a r e estimate t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t c h i l d r e n h a v e b e e n c o m p u t e d o n a percentage b a s i s i n e a c h c a s e a n d n o t b y a c t u a l c o u n t . W e offer n o opinion a s t o w h i c h i s t h e b e t t e r e s t i m a t e b u t h a v e a c c e p t e d t h e official figure. Note 4 . I f t h e d e n s i t y is t a k e n o n l y o v e r t h e area of the r e s e r v e as g a z e t t e d ( t h e M w e a a r e a b e i n g e x c l u d e d ) t h e figure i r e n d e r e d 283 t o t h e s q u a r e m i l e .
;

T h e c o n c l u s i o n s u g g e s t e d i s t h a t i n 1902 K i k u y u l a n d was in h a b i t e d i n v e r y m u c h t h e s a m e d e n s i t y as it is n o w a n d that a l t h o u g h t h e p o p u l a t i o n h a s i n c r e a s e d g r e a t l y , t h e m e t h o d of clis p o s i n g of the s u r p l u s h a s b e e n b y a r e s o r t t o s q u a t t i n g on alienatcc lands. 6 8 . T h e r e a r e t w o r e a s o n s w h y t h e h i g h o r d e r of population d e n s i t y w h i c h o b t a i n e d in 1902 w a s n o t r e a d i l y a p p a r e n t . The first is t h a t t h e K i k u y u d i d n o t g r o w p r o d u c e l o r t h e m a r k e t exten s i v e l y at t h a t t i m e , b u t g r e w i t p r i n c i p a l l y f o r t h e i r o w n consunij) t i o n . I t h a s b e e n e s t i m a t e d t h a t , a t t h e t i m e w h e n t h e Liniurt f a r m s w e r e a l i e n a t e d , t h e a v e r a g e K i k u y u w o m a n had about om acre under cultivation. T h a t w o u l d m e a n t h a t i n t h e Kikuyi c o u n t r y a s a w h o l e o n l y o n e a c r e in e i g h t w a s c u l t i v a t e d . A t thf p r e s e n t d a y a p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e a c r e in t h r e e is c u l t i v a t e d .

K I K U Y U [ CHAPTER I I ]

PROVINCE CONDITIONS FROM 1S95 TO 1 9 0 2 '

69. T h e s e c o n d r e a s o n is t h a t t h e K i a m b u D i s t i c t w a s m u c h e generally k n o w n than the others and it was that district ::h p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t e d t h e a p p l i c a n t s f o r l a n d . I t w a s f a r thickly p o p u l a t e d , both because it w a s the district i n t o w h i c h K i k u y u had m o s t r e c e n t l y p e n e t r a t e d , and also b e c a u s e the nniue of 1 8 9 8 - 9 9 , b e s i d e s c a u s i n g m a n y d e a t h s , had b r o u g h t a b o u t jstampede of t h e s u r v i v o r s b a c k t o F o r t H a l l . T h e r e is n o e v i d ice f r o m w h i c h o n e c a n e s t i m a t e w i t h a n y c e r t i t u d e h o w m a n y diem had r e t u r n e d b y 1 9 0 2 . B u t , r e g a r d e d in i s o l a t i o n , the strict m u s t h a v e a p p e a r e d t o h a v e e n o u g h l a n d f o r its p o p u l a t i o n g e n e r a t i o n s t o c o m e a n d a g o o d d e a l w h i c h c o u l d r e a s o n a b l y be tired to o t h e r s . I t w a s p e r h a p s i m p e r f e c t l y r e a l i z e d t h a t it had for any y e a r s b e e n u s e d as an e x p a n s i o n area f o r the m o r e d e n s e l y mutated d i s t r i c t s o f F o r t H a l l a n d N y e r i a n d that m o r e t h a n i t s . -ii natural i n c r e a s e of p o p u l a t i o n h a d to be t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t .
c r

70. T h e m e m o r a n d u m s h o w s t h e t o t a l m a r r i e d w o m e n f r o m iimbu D i s t r i c t in 1909 a s 2 3 . 3 8 0 , w h i c h m a y b e i n t e r p r e t e d as a :al p o p u l a t i o n of 7 5 , 1 3 9 , t h e w o m e n b e i n g r e c k o n e d a s 3 1 p e r tit. T h e r a t e of n a t u r a l i n c r e a s e is a s s u m e d in t h e m e m o r a n d u m he 1.2 p e r c e n t , a f i g u r e w h i c h is e x t r e m e l y p r o b l e m a t i c a l , b u t not p a r t i c u l a r l y i m p r o b a b l e . T h a t w o u l d m e a n t h a t all the rious f a m i l y u n i t s w h i c h in .1909 m a d e u p a p o p u l a t i o n o f 75,439 rsons w e r e r e p r e s e n t e d in 1902 b y a s t r e n g t h of 6 9 , 4 0 1 p e r s o n s , icy w e r e n o t a l l l i v i n g i n t h e K i a m b u D i s t r i c t a t t h a t t i m e , s i n c e very l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n of t h e m h a d t a k e n r e f u g e t e m p o r a r i l y i n nt H a l l D i s t r i c t a t t h e t i m e of t h e f a m i n e a n d h a d n o t y e t timed. T h e K i a m b u N a t i v e D e s e r v e t o - d a y is j u s t 4 0 0 s q u a r e !es in e x t e n t a n d w e h a v e f o u n d o n t h e e v i d e n c e w h i c h w i l l be iewed i n t h e n e x t t h r e e c h a p t e r s t h a t t h e a r e a s a d d e d a n d t h e as t a k e n a w a y so n e a r l y b a l a n c e e a c h o t h e r t h a t t h e s a m e f i g u r e y be t a k e n , f o r t h e p u r p o s e of t h e p r e s e n t r o u g h c a l c u l a t i o n , t o the e x t e n t of K i k u y u t e r r i t o r y in t h e K i a m b u D i s t r i c t i n 1902. the 6 9 , 4 0 1 p e r s o n s h a d all b e e n l i v i n g in it t h e d e n s i t y w o u l d e b e e n 173 to t h e s q u a r e m i l e . Hut so h i g h a f i g u r e w o u l d b e i n c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e e v i d e n c e 1 we m a y conclude w i t h c e r t a i n t y t h a t a l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n of this ulation w a s l i v i n g in t h e F o r t H a l l D i s t r i c t . B u t if t h e p o p u l a t i o n o v e r all K i k u y u w a s as d e n s e a s 254 t o Kiambu, District square as square m i l e it f o l l o w s t h a t , t h e l o w e r t h e e s t i m a t e f o r tis u n l i k e l y that the density figure for the Fort Hall

h i g h e r m u s t b e t h e e s t i m a t e f o r t h e r e m a i n d e r , a n d it a p p e a r s r all could h a v e b e e n as m u c h as t h r e e h u n d r e d t o t h e

e if t h e e x t e n t of f o r e s t o r s c r u b c o v e r e d l a n d w a s a s g r e a t re d e n s e l y peopled.

have f o u n d it t o h a v e b e e n , t h o u g h p a r t s of it w e r e u n d o u b t e d l y

KIKUYU PART I C H A P T E R I I ]

PROVINCE CONDITIONS FROM 1895 TO ISlfj;

7 1 . A f t e r t a k i n g t h e s e p o i n t s i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n and other w h i c h w i l l b e r e v i e w e d in s e c t i o n s 2 9 1 - 3 2 1 b e l o w , w e h a v e formei t h e o p i n i o n o n t h e p r o b a b i l i t i e s of t h e c a s e t h a t t h e population d e n s i t y in t h e K i a m b u R e s e r v e in 1 9 0 2 w a s a b o u t 150 t o the squas m i l e o r p e r h a p s r a t h e r l e s s , a n d t h a t in t h e a r e a s a c t u a l l y alienatei i t w a s o n l y s o m e 73 t o t h e s q u a r e m i l e . 7 2 . O n t h e basis of c a l c u l a t i o n w h i c h h a s a l r e a d y b e e n followe t h i s w o u l d m e a n t h a t o n l y 50 a c r e s in a s q u a r e m i l e , or roughly on a c r e i n t h i r t e e n , w e r e c u l t i v a t e d or f a l l o w l a n d as a g e n e r a l avera" i n t h e K i a m b u D i s t r i c t , w h i l e i n t h e a r e a s t a k e n f o r alienation th p r o p o r t i o n w o u l d be a b o u t o n e a c r e c u l t i v a t e d ( i n c l u d i n g fallow) i e v e r y t w e n t y - n i n e . I t is t h e r e f o r e u n d e r s t a n d a b l e t h a t t h e r e shonl h a v e a p p e a r e d t o b e l a r g e t r a c t s of w a s t e l a n d s of w h i c h it w; felt t h a t t h e C r o w n m i g h t l e g i t i m a t e l y d i s p o s e . T h e a r e a s of whic t h e C r o w n a c t u a l l y d i d d i s p o s e w i t h i n t h e b o u n d a r i e s of K i k m t e r r i t o r y a r e s h o w n in t h e c o l o u r e d m a p f o l l o w i n g section 227 w h i c h r e f e r e n c e s h o u l d h e r e b e m a d e . T h e r e a s o n s s u p p o r t i n g t] m a p w i l l b e g i v e n i n C h a p t e r s I I I t o V , w h i l e in C h a p t e r V I an e s t i m a t e is a t t e m p t e d of t h e n u m b e r of p e r s o n s w h o we a c t u a l l y i n h a b i t i n g t h e l a n d a t t h e t i m e w h e n it w a s alienated.

31

CHAPTER
lL'HE WESTERN BOEDER WAS (Nyeri (Note.The to W H E N the

III
THE Kamiti.) will PROTECTORATE

DECLARED.

conclusions reached in this chapter are illustrated C h a p t e r V I , and the a r g u m e n t is m a d e t o it as w e proceed.) if r e f e r e n c e

the c o l o u r e d m a p f o l l o w i n g e easier t o f o l l o w

78. W h e n C o u n t T e l e k i m a d e h i s j o u r n e y i n 1887 t h e s o u t h e r n Nyeri.. ^do-e of t h e f o r e s t b e l t e v i d e n t l y b e g a n s e v e r a l m i l e s s o u t h of t h e [resent s i t e of N y e r i . L i e crossed the G u r a , w h i c h h e calls the ura, o n the m o r n i n g of 3 r d O c t o b e r , 1 8 8 7 , a f t e r h a v i n g a l r e a d y : \a) had t r o u b l e i n c o l l e c t i n g h i s c a t t l e w h i c h " h a d d i s p e r s e d i n v e r y d i r e c t i o n " ; (b) p a s s e d s e v e r a l v i l l a g e s ; (c) had a porter fturdered and a v e n g e d h i s d e a t h . I t c a n n o t t h e r e f o r e h a v e b e e n ery e a r l y in t h e d a y w h e n h e r e a c h e d t h e r i v e r a n d h e r e c o r d s Rbat he t o o k an h o u r t o g e t t h e s a f a r i a c r o s s . M a n y n a t i v e s , o u t n u m b e r i n g his s a f a r i b y fifty t o o n e , h a d g a t h e r e d o n t h e r i d g e s jfo the n o r t h w a r d , a n d h e h a d t o m o v e w i t h c a u t i o n . N e v e r t h e l e s s , by m i d d a y he h a d r e a c h e d t h e i n n e r e d g e of t h e b o u n d a r y f o r e s t : Page 3 - 1 7 . " W e a r r i v e d about m i d d a y at a b r o a d , s h a l l o w brook and camped at the edge of the forest of T h i s w a s our last m a r c h in I v i k u y u l a n d . wilderness." Gosden

reed-grown

the n o r t h e r n f r o n t i e r . I in the open

W e had o n l y t o p a s s t h r o u g h t h e w o o d a n d w e s h o u l d b e a g a i n uninhabited 74. T h e p o s i t i o n of t h e c a m p h a s b e e n p l a c e d b y M r . ioundarv of t h e reserve. The manner in which this

I f the S u r v e y D e p a r t m e n t a t a p o i n t f i v e m i l e s s o u t h of t h e p r e s e n t conclusion to his l a s been reached w i l l Ipurney are t o o be explained to warrant l a t e r , a n d i t is o n l y r i g h t any very precise

Say t h a t t h e d a t a p r o v i d e d b y V o n H o h n e l ' s m a p a n d d i a r y of meagre to-day. P u t it l e a v e s n o d o u b t :Soiith than it i s but that t h e forest line w a s m u c h

deductions. further

75. T h i s i s a l s o s h o w n b y t h e m a p of S i r A l f r e d M a c k i n d e r ' s purney (see c o p y f i l e d in V o l u m e I of t h e o r i g i n a l r e c o r d of t h e ividence). T h e c o l o u r s i n t h e o r i g i n a l a r e so f a i n t t h a t t h e c o p y as b e e n p r e p a r e d t o b r i n g t h e s e o u t m o r e c l e a r l y . T h e present iosition of the f a r m a r e a i s s h o w n i n t h e c o p y t h o u g h n a t u r a l l y n o t the o r i g i n a l . T h o u g h i t i s n o t s t a t e d o n t h e m a p a t w h a t d a t e K w a s p r e p a r e d i t m a y be c o n c l u d e d f r o m t h e p o s i t i o n of r a i l B e a d , marked " J u l y , 1 8 9 9 " t h a t i t w a s m a d e a b o u t t h a t y e a r . It jf probable t h a t t h e c o l o u r s w e r e p u t i n a t t h e s a m e t i m e . These

KIKUYU PART I C H A P T E R HI]

PROVINCE T H E OLD K I Y O Y U BOUNIJAI:

p u r p o r t t o i l l u s t r a t e : (a) g r a s s y s t e p p e s ; ( 6 ) d e n s e f o r e s t ; (c) cul v a t i o n w i t h r e m n a n t s of f o r e s t ; a n d (d) A l p i n e v e g e t a t i o n . Thf a r e so m a n y o b v i o u s i n a c c u r a c i e s i n s o m e p a r t s of t h e m a p that w o u l d b e f o o l i s h t o p l a c e t o o m u c h r e l i a n c e o n t h e o t h e r parts [ f o r w h a t it is w o r t h it m a y b e n o t i c e d t h a t t h e f o r e s t b e l t betvve N d o r o (see n e x t p a r a g r a p h ) a n d t h e c u l t i v a t e d l a n d e x t e n d s mi; f u r t h e r s o u t h t h a n t h e p r e s e n t b o u n d a r y of t h e K i k u y u Reserve. 76. C o u n t T e l e k i t o o k t h r e e d a y s m a r c h i n g t o g e t from t! i n n e r f r o n t i e r c a m p n o r t h o f t h e G u r a R i v e r t o h i s o u t e r front c a m p at N d o r o . H i s a v e r a g e daily j o u r n e y b e t w e e n N g o n g o a N d o r o w a s o n l y a b o u t f i v e m i l e s . M r . G o s d e n ' s r e p r o d u c t i o n nial t h e t o t a l a. s t r a i g h t t e n m i l e s f r o m t h e G u r a C a m p t o N d o r o . T first d a y ' s j o u r n e y w a s t h r o u g h t h i c k bush r a t h e r t h a n for (p. 348). 77. Boyes The visited position the had altered in considerably he when a M r . Jo nan. district 1898, and found man

Kakeri, whom actual that he s i t e of may

h e d e s c r i b e s as a p o w e r f u l Nyeri have Township, but

c h i e f , l i v i n g n e a r Nye in evidet

O n p a g e 139 o f h i s b o o k h e s t a t e s t h a t K a k e r i w a s l i v i n g on t he has a d m i t t e d The information that established young been mistaken. has n o w of obtained t h e man killed t a man

the District question Chief Goan been four Nduini and

Commissioner to be

was Kakeri Somali

wa Ngunju, the father at

w h o w a s a l l e g e d in evidence the man He who was

traders

Kiandongoro.

w e a l t h and influence miles north-west 78. forest

a r o u n d N y e r i , but t h e s i t e of h i s village I t h e e d g e of of t h e p r e s e n t r e s e r v e aba Nyeri Township. of the centre

l o c a t e d at a p o i n t o n

O f C h i e f N d u i n i M r . B o y e s s t a t e d t h a t , t o t h e best of 1 where they a r e l i v i n g n o w , that is reserve. Case No. 23/29 t The i north

k n o w l e d g e a n d b e l i e f , h e o r h i s f a m i l y w e r e l i v i n g r i g h t up on t edge, approximately s a y , at t h e e x t r e m e n o r t h e r n l i m i t of t h e 79. In Nyeri Native Tribunal Chief

Revision

defendant is the

w a s t h e s o n of native

N d u i n i ' s elder brother.

p u t e d p i e c e of l a n d w a s o n t h e p i e c e of reserve Nyeri Hill.

githaka
which

k n o w n as I h u r u r u , whi out west and : Nduini

juts

T h e D e f e n d a n t , h a v i n g s t a t e d t h a t t h e r e w e r e no

t h e r e till his f a t h e r first c l e a r e d t h e l a n d , p r o c e e d e d went on a h e a d , a n d N d u i n i did the

1

" G i k o n y o c a m e a f t e r w a r d s a n d p a s s e d b y m y father a: same. Beyond

even n o w there are n o

ithaka.'

8 0 . B r o t h e r B e n e d e t t o ( E v i d e n c e p p . 5 4 6 , 5 4 7 ) s t a t e d that \ k n e w I h u r u r u a n d t h a t i t w a s b u s h l a n d w h e n t h e mission fir w e n t t h e r e in 1 9 0 3 . H e h e a r d t h a t t h e A i t h i r a n d u c l a n w e r e tot:

KTKUYU PAHT I C H A P T E R III]

PROVINCE THE OLD KIYTJYU BOUNDARIES

(rest of N y e r i H i l l . C h i e f N d u i n f s f a t h e r ' s v i l l a g e , h e s t a t e d , had been at t h e s i t e o f t h e p r e s e n t K a m a k w a m a r k e t , w h i c h is in t h e reserve. 8 1 . T h e m i s s i o n to w h i c h B r o t h e r B e n e d e t t o is a t t a c h e d is at Jiathari ( L . O . 1 1 0 5 ) , w h i c h l i e s b e t w e e n N y e r i T o w n s h i p a n d (iyeri H i l l . H i s e v i d e n c e is t h a t t h e r e w e r e n o n a t i v e s t h e r e in L9Q3, arid t h a t t h e w o r d " M a t h a r i " itself m e a n s " t h e p l a c e of iividing." H e s t a t e s t h a t t h e r e w e r e M a s a i on t h e s i t e of t h e present p o l o g r o u n d w h i c h is 41- m i l e s to t h e n o r t h of N y e r i T o w n ship- . 8 2 . T h e N y e r i L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l ask f o r N y e r i H i l l on t h e (round t h a t it w a s f o r m e r l y u s e d f o r s a c r i f i c i a l p u r p o s e s . B u t n o vidence h a s b e e n a d v a n c e d t o s h o w t h a t i t w a s m o r e v e n e r a b l e Iran t h e h u n d r e d s of o t h e r p l a c e s w h i c h w e r e u s e d f o r a s i m i l a r impose. B r o t h e r B e n e d e t t o s a i d h e h a d n e v e r h e a r d of i t s h a v i n g leen used f o r t h a t p u r p o s e , t h o u g h h e a d m i t s t h a t it m i g h t h a v e ieeh. 83. T h e g a z e t t e m e n t of 1913 (Official Gazette. 1st N o v e m b e r , 91.3, p. 935) i n c l u d e d N y e r i H i l l , t h e M a t h a r i M i s s i o n a n d t h e ihiringato F o r e s t N u r s e r y in t h e r e s e r v e . T h e g a z e t t e m e n t of 1926 Official Gazette of 1 3 t h O c t o b e r . 1 9 2 6 . p . 1214-1217) excluded hem. 84. (a) I t is p r o b a b l e t h a t s o m e d e g r e e of K i k u y u this area : occupation had xisted i n

K a k e r i h a d a l a r g e f o l l o w i n g in 1898 a n d w a s r e g a r d e d b y M r . B o y e s as a p o w e r f u l c h i e f . I t s e e m s u n l i k e l y t h a t he c o u l d h a v e b e e n c o n f i n e d t o t h e s m a l l a r e a i n C h i e f N d u i n f s p r e s e n t l o c a t i o n e s p e c i a l l y if t h e c l a i m s of t h e f a m i l i e s of N d u i n i a n d N d e r i i n t h e s a m e n e i g h b o u r h o o d h a v e a n y s u b s t a n c e in t h e m . H e a d m a n N d e r i has s u b m i t t e d a m e m o r a n d u m c l a i m i n g K a h e h u , a n e i g h b o u r i n g area a little w a y to the north. W h i l e h i s c l a i m t h a t it w a s h i s f a t h e r ' s l a n d is b y n o m e a n s p r o v e d , it is c e r t a i n t h a t h e h i m s e l f l i v e d t h e r e w i t h h i s f o l l o w e r s f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s f r o m a b o u t 1900. that

(b)

(c) T h e f a c t of i t s g a z e t t e m e n t i n 1913 s u p p o r t s t h e v i e w it w a s r e g a r d e d as K i k u y u c o u n t r y . (d) If

C h i e f N d u i n i ' s l o c a t i o n t o t h e w e s t a n d n o r t h - w e s t of it h a s r i g h t l y b e e n d e c l a r e d n a t i v e r e s e r v e , it is h a r d t o see h o w t h i s l a n d c a n h a v e b e e n s u r r o u n d e d o n t h r e e sides b y n a t i v e l a n d w i t h o u t i t s e l f h a v i n g b e e n n a t i v e land.

85. N e v e r t h e l e s s t h e r e is e v i d e n c e t h a t m u c h f o r e s t a n d t h i c k iish r e m a i n e d , a n d t h e r e is n o t h i n g t o s u g g e s t t h a t t h e l a n d w a s

KIKUYU PART I C H A P T E R III]

PROVINCE THE OLD K I Y U Y U POUND;

e x t e n s i v e l y used b y t h e K i k u y u f o r c u l t i v a t i o n or g r a z i n g , a p r o b a b l y n o t m u c h m a t e r i a l l o s s o c c u r r e d t h r o u g h its exclusio f r o m t h e r e s e r v e . T h e p r e s e n c e of M a s a i manyatta o n the site i t h e p r e s e n t p o l o g r o u n d m u s t h a v e a c t e d as a d i s t i n c t check on tl f r e e d o m of t h e K i k u y u to use t h e l a n d as t h e y p l e a s e d . 86. W h i l e Kikuyu Nyeri we shall not undertake 1895, w e t o say where t h e limit had w? territory w a s in consider that b y t h e time tin

administrative

station w a s established

the K i k u y u

a footing t h e r e , and that their true boundary at that t i m e follow; a l o n g t h e M u r i n g a t u R i v e r w h e r e it l e a v e s t h e p r e s e n t boundary t h e r e s e r v e u n t i l it r e a c h e s w h a t is n o w t h e w e s t e r n c o r n e r of tl forest that nursery; view 87. t h e n c e a c r o s s b y t h e n e a r e s t r o u t e t o t h e Chant to t h e p r e s e n t b o u n d a r y . According; t a k e n out of *' acce and thence by the Chania reserve. While for the p u r p o s e s of t h e "Profit and R o s s " w h i c h a p p e a r s in C h a p t e r V I , t h e w h o l e of t h i s a r e a w i l l appeal t a k e n f r o m t h e K i k u y u , i t w i l l b e t r e a t e d f o r p u r p o s e s of assess compensation Chapter X , providing as a m i s s i o n consideration. A l o n g the Aberdnres to the Southern Chania R i v e r . 8 8 . W e n o w t r a c e t h e b o r d e r a l o n g t h e A b e r d a r e s . T h e exi i n g b o u n d a r y of t h e r e s e r v e f o l l o w s t h e f o r e s t l i n e as i t stood t h e t i m e of t h e d e m a r c a t i o n i n 1 9 0 7 . I t w a s a " g i v e and tak b o u n d a r y a n d w a s d o n e o n b r o a d l i n e s ( E v i d e n c e of M r . A . B a k e r , p . 4 5 1 ) . M r . H o m e c o n s i d e r s t h a t t h e r e w a s m o r e ta t h a n g i v e ( E v i d e n c e p . 5 8 6 ) . I t i s n o t u n n a t u r a l t o suppose tl t h i s w o u l d b e t h e case b e c a u s e a n y s t r a i g h t e n i n g o u t t h e r e mij; b e w o u l d e n t a i l m u c h less l a b o u r on t h e s p o t if a p i e c e of gra l a n d p r o j e c t i n g i n t o t h e f o r e s t w a s c u t off. B u t t h e r e is n o dir evidence that there was any substantial balance either way, a both M r . B a k e r and M r . B a t t i s c o m b e thought t h a t the natives w f a i r l y t r e a t e d ( E v i d e n c e p p . 4 5 1 a n d 4 1 0 ) a n d w e a r e satisfied th h o w e v e r t h a t m a y h a v e b e e n w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e a c t u a l position 1 9 0 7 , t h e b o u n d a r y w a s a v e r y g e n e r o u s o n e a s r e g a r d s t h e Kikw as c o m p a r e d w i t h w h a t t h e p o s i t i o n m u s t h a v e b e e n in 1902. 8 9 . T h e p r e s e n t g e n e r a l a v e r a g e w i d t h of t h e F o r t H R e s e r v e is in t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d of t w e n t y - t h r e e m i l e s . Con T e l e k i r e p r e s e n t e d t h e a v e r a g e w i d t h of t h e K i k u y u c o u n t r y to f r o m e i g h t t o e l e v e n m i l e s ( p . 3 5 1 ) . T h i s c a n n o t b e taken vf s e r i o u s l y s i n c e h e w a s m e r e l y p a s s i n g t h r o u g h t h e c o u n t r y at h a d n o g o o d m e a n s of o b s e r v i n g i t . B u t M r . H a l T s o p i n i o n i? as a s p e c i a l and partly case and will be r e v i e w e d station and as such townsl since t h e f a c t t h a t t h e a r e a h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d par as a G o v e r n m e n t

a b l o c k o f 6.08 s q u a r e m i l e s h a s b e e n

essential

s e r v i c e s t o t h e K i k u y u , o u g h t to be taken

K I K U Y U Mir 1CHAPTER I I I ]

PROVINCE THE O I D KIYUYU BOUNDARIES

o lightly t o b e d i s r e g a r d e d s i n c e h e k n e w t h e K i k u y u i n t i m a t e l y , is g i v e n in " B r i t i s h East Africa or I b e a " (by P . L. fctuDermott) : Page 4 2 3 . " M r . H a l l d e s c r i b e s t h e c o u n t r y a s a b o u t 100 miles in l e n g t h a n d f i f t e e n t o e i g h t e e n m i l e s i n b r e a d t h , e n circled b y a d e n s e b e l t of f o r e s t , w h i c h a f f o r d s e f f e c t i v e p r o tection to t h e p e o p l e from their e n e m i e s . T h e e l e v a t i o n of the c o u n t r y v a r i e s f r o m 6,000 t o 7,200 f t . . . . W i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n of small p a t c h e s of e x c e l l e n t g r a s s , w h i c h a r e k e p t f o r g r a z i n g purposes, and a f e w s m a l l s w a m p s , e v e r y a v a i l a b l e p i e c e o f g r o u n d is u n d e r c u l t i v a t i o n , a n d t h e d i s t r i c t m i g h t b e d e s c r i b e d as one vast g a r d e n . " T h e K i k u y u h a v e cleared their country of forest b y their own e x e r t i o n s a n d c o n t i n u e to extend this operation." 90. M r . J o h n B o y e s stated i n h i s e v i d e n c e ( p . 7 2 8 ) t h a t i n 198 the v i l l a g e o f a K i k u y u c h i e f n a m e d K a r u r i , wdio w a s o f m i x e d [orobo-Kikuyu e x t r a c t i o n , was s i t u a t e d w i t h i n a m i l e of t h e f o r e s t ge. T h a t accords p r e t t y w e l l w i t h its present p o s i t i o n , about l j les from the f o r e s t t o t h e w e s t of i t , a n d w o u l d a p p e a r j a t first ht, to s u g g e s t t h a t there h a s n o t been much d e s t r u c t i o n since it date. B u t w h i l e there may n o t h a v e been much d e s t r u c t i o n i n !e i m m e d i a t e n e i g h b o u r h o o d o f K a r u r i ' s , t h i s w a s b e c a u s e h e h a d Ready c r e a t e d s o m e t h i n g of a s a l i e n t f o r h i m s e l f b y c u t t i n g a h e a d I his f e l l o w s . M u c h f o r e s t l a n d s t i l l e x i s t e d b e h i n d h i m , w h i c h Slier K i k u y u n o w e n g a g e d t h e m s e l v e s in d e s t r o y i n g . A l e t t e r ffited 15th D e c e m b e r , 1 9 0 7 , f r o m t h e C h i e f C o n s e r v a t o r o f F o r e s t s H the Secretary of t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n m a k e s this clear : " T h e d e s t r u c t i o n of f o r e s t t h a t h a s t a k e n p l a c e d u r i n g t h e last f e w y e a r s c a n o n l y b e d e s c r i b e d as a p p a l l i n g . I t w i l l b e sufficient t o c i t e o n e i n s t a n c e f r o m a r e c e n t r e p o r t b y M r . C o x of t h e S u r v e y D e p a r t m e n t : 'On My m y march from survey beacon Muhenia . . . to beacon K i a h e h o . . . I noticed much destruction of forest. cultivation September

road lay a l o n g t h e w e s t e r n

edge of K i k u y u

in K a r o r i ' s d i s t r i c t , a n d w h e n I p a s s e d e a r l y in

last, t h e n a t i v e s to move f u r t h e r
91. T h e r e p o r t

w e r e cutting and burning t h e forest in order west.' " in the same year as t h e forest

was made

ndary w a s d e m a r c a t e d . iy a r e t e n m i l e s a p a r t . 18 ' 1
0 a

Y e t M u h e n i a beacon is t w o miles out miles outside it, a n d amount T h i s indicates that in 1907, t h e year in

[e t h e forest r e s e r v e a n d K i a h e h o is e i g h t

ach t h e f o r e s t r e s e r v e w a s d e m a r c a t e d , a b l o c k o f l a n d ^
o u

forty square miles on this ten-mile front w a s included

he K i k u y u N a t i v e R e s e r v e , t h o u g h i t m a i n l y c o n s i s t e d o f f o r e s t .

ICIKUYU
P A R T 1-CHAPTER I I I ]

PROVINCE
T H E O L D K I Y U Y U Bora

I f t h i s s o r t of t h i n g w a s d o n e a l l t h e w a y n o r t h t o N y e r i and I t h e w a y s o u t h t o L i m u r u , t h e r e d o e s n o t s e e m to be much IqI i n t h e c o n t e n t i o n t h a t t h e r e w a s m o r e t a k e t h a n g i v e on tl of t h e F o r e s t D e p a r t m e n t w h e n t h e b o u n d a r i e s w e r e demareatl I t is o b v i o u s t h a t w e c a n n o t t h i n k of t h e f o r e s t e d g e of the XM d a r e s as h a v i n g b e e n a c l e a r - c u t b o u n d a r y . T h e K i k u y u wT c u t t i n g a n d b u r n i n g t h e i r w a y i n t o i t h a p h a z a r d , a n d the w a s a j a g g e d l i n e w i t h i n d e n t a t i o n s a n d p r o m o n t o r i e s extendl for miles. I t i s t h e r e f o r e q u i t e i m p o s s i b l e t o r e a c h a coneliisl as t o w h e r e t h e forest b o u n d a r y w a s in 1895. 9 2 . W e m i g h t a t t e m p t a " g i v e - a n d - t a k e " l i n e b y way rough a p p r o x i m a t i o n , and w e m i g h t perhaps take M r . 1 e s t i m a t e a s a g u i d e a n d , b y c o m p a r i n g it w i t h t h e p r e s e n t width) t h e r e s e r v e , c o n c l u d e t h a t a n a v e r a g e dejjth of r o u n d about] m i l e s has been cleared since then. T h i s e s t i m a t e is too hig be easily credible and should certainly be discounted. The t i o n s o n t h e A b e r d a r e F o r e s t b o u n d a r y h a v e b e e n inhabitedl r e a s o n a b l e d e n s i t y f o r m a n y y e a r s , a n d t h e a p p a r e n t forest r h a v e b e e n l a r g e l y a s h e l l c o n c e a l i n g t h e h a b i t a t i o n s a n d cleari T h e v e r y r a p i d i t y w i t h w h i c h it has d i s a p p e a r e d h e l p s t o prove i 93. For this reason as we shall n o t Kikuyu deny to this area its j

t o be classed the forest. assistance

"unequivocal

territory"
r

in 1895, but

s h a l l a d d t h e q u a l i f i c a t i o n t h a t it h a d n o t y e t b e e n f u l l y won fr T h i s d i s t i n c t i o n w e shall m a r k by in assessing the "Profit and a l i n e d r a w n on I t may bt of account m a p w i t h t h e h e l p of such i n f o r m a t i o n a s w e h a v e . Loss"

K i k u y u w h e n w e h a v e t o c o m p a r e t h e v a l u e of w h a t t h e y have 1 : g i v e n w i t h t h e v a l u e of w h a t has b e e n t a k e n 94. The area round about Nyeri, of spoken, may T h e "Western & Ivhmliu' District appropriately away. we h a v e alre way. which

be treated in the same

95. W h e n ceeding rapidly. wrote : "The Saltinia

w e c o m e s o u t h of t h e C h a n i a i n t o K i a m b u Distj I n 1907 t h e C o n s e r v a t o r of F o r e s t s ( M r . H u t e forest b e t w e e n the L a r i is b e i n g rapidly S w a m p a n d t h e AberdJ by the liativesj

t h e r e is e q u a l e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h e forest was

Range

destroyed

h a v e e l s e w h e r e q u o t e d M r . H i n d e ' s o p i n i o n t h a t this de t i o n is g o i n g f o r w a r d at a n a l a r m i n g r a t e . that a forest belt averaging (See Pile half-a-mile to the 7,1S8.) destroyed 96. 1895, We yearly." Report M r . H i n d e esti in breadth is of Secretary

1st J u n e , i 9 0 7 , ' i n L . O . a r y in t h a t q u a r t e r is v e r y and it m a y

m a y t h e r e f o r e c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e p r e s e n t forest bouj m u c h f u r t h e r o u t w a r d s than it w* as c e r t a i n that t h e 1907 ho be regarded

KIKTJTU
AIlT

PROVINCE THE OLD KIYUYU BOUNDARIES

iCHAPTER

III]

Included i n t h e r e s e r v e all that was e v e r u s e d b y t h e K i k u y u in ls',)-) i n c l u d i n g t h e f o r e s t g l a d e s i n w h i c h t h e y u s e d to d e p a s t u r e Bieir c a t t l e . I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d that the l a n d b e h i n d the p r e s e n t

r

jorest b o u n d a r y r i s e s v e r y r a p i d l y all a l o n g the Ine taken parallel t o it sit a d i s t a n c e i r e r a g e h e i g h t o f 8,000 f t .

Aberdares, and a

o f t w o m i l e s i n s h o w s an

I n spite of t h e l a r g e n u m b e r of easily their credit that stock in

huts
as dense

inch t h e K i k u y u r e p r e s e n t t o h a v e b e e n i n h a b i t e d i n t h e f o r e s t Evidence p p . 8 3 a n d 9 8 ) , o n e c a n n o t :nded t o t h e s e ere altitudes to depasture edge. irest, a n d i t m a y b e t a k e n situated nearer to the

they

the

as practically

certain

that

t h e huts

97. A s a g a i n s t t h i s v i e w m i g h t b e q u o t e d t h e v a r i o u s r e f e r e n c e s i Mianzini m's M a p ) . ikuyu : Discovery Page by Count Teleki of Lukes are Rudolf, etc. either made here "287."Purchases therefore as h a v i n g been Kikuyu country (position shown on homson's M a p , T e l e k i ' s lat c o u n t r y w a s o c c u p i e d M a p , the W a r Office M a p , and Jack rather than

B u t a closer study of t h e m

s h o w s t h a t i n so f a r as

at a l l , i t w a s b y D o r o b o

( N g o n g o B a g a s ) w h e r e t h e n a t i v e s a r e d e a l t w i t h d i r e c t , or at Mianzini, a place a little further From "Early Page Days in East Africa" o n , a*lso o n t h e b o r d e r s of (Sir Frederick Jackson). Kikuyu, w h e r e the D o r o b o act as g o - b e t w e e n s . " 1 7 2 . " O u r last c a m p i n t h e i n h a b i t e d areas w a s on

the e d g e of t h e d e e p a n d t h i c k l y w o o d e d r a v i n e . . . N e x t m o r n ing in d r i z z l i n g r a i n a n d f o g . . . w e e n t e r e d t h e forest and for the next four days we crawled along until we reached M i a n z i n i , w h e r e w e c a m p e d in a n o p e n space s u r r o u n d e d by bamboos." (Note.Sir Frederick had started his journey from a c a m p w h i c h w a s p r a c t i c a l l y o n t h e site w h e r e M u t h a i g a of w h i c h h e w e n t t h r o u g h u n i n h a b i t e d bush.) (Evidence, edge to Club

is n o w , and t o o k s i x d a y s t o g e t t o M i a n z i n i , f o r t h e l a s t four T h e C o n s e r v a t o r of F o r e s t s , M r . H . M . G a r d n e r , c o m m e n t i n g this passage in his m e m o r a n d u m t o t h e C o m m i s s i o n iwl) from 932) s t a t e s t h a t , if it t o o k S i r F r e d e r i c k f o u r d a y s t o m a r c h ( o r t h e last i n h a b i t e d a r e a s o n t h e l o w e r f o r e s t Station" a n d he adds : ianzini, t h e s e h a b i t a t i o n s m u s t h a v e b e e n e of L i m u r u " w e l l on the Nairobi

" A n invasion of the forest further than L i m u r u b y the K i k u y u did n o t b e g i n , a c c o r d i n g t o m y i n f o r m a t i o n , u n t i l t h e a d v e n t of t h e R a i l w a y . "

KIKUYU PART 1CHAPTER I I I ]

PROVINCE THE OLD KIYUYU BOI

Extract Society."

from

"Proceedings (Vol. XIII,

of new

the

Royal

Geographical

s e r i e s , 1 8 9 1 , p. 194.)

" M i a n z i u i ( 8 , 6 5 0 f t . ) . C a r a v a n s t a y e d f r o m 23rd Am to 1 0 t h S e p t e m b e r f o r f o o d t o c a r r y t h e m t o S o t i k . Jack established friendly relations w i t l y i Masai L a i b o n t h e r e . " ( T h e y e a r in r e f e r e n c e From living Evidence near of Turuthi Mianzini. is 1 8 8 9 . ) s/o Githira, the District a Dorobo Head], Gommissiona

before

Kiambu

on 22nd October,

1932.

" O u r c l a i m b e f o r e t h e L a n d C o m m i s s i o n is on behali us a l l . O u r b o u n d a r i e s a r e s h o w n r o u g h l y i n o u r petition t h e L a n d C o m m i s s i o n . W i t h i n t h o s e b o u n d a r i e s w e haves a s m a l l b i t . . . L a r i F o r e s t h a s b e e n s o l d . S o m e near Ese m e n t h a s b e e n sold a n d s o m e n o t . " 9 8 . T h e c o n c l u s i o n s u g g e s t e d is t h a t , w h i l e M i a n z i n i was g a r d e d b y t h e o l d c a r a v a n s as b e i n g K i k u y u c o u n t r y in the sense p r o v i s i o n s c o u l d be b o u g h t h e r e f r o m t h e K i k u y u t h r o u g h the me t i o n of D o r o b o , a n d in t h e s e n s e t h a t o n e h a d t o be on gt a g a i n s t t h e o c c a s i o n a l a r r o w s shot b y K i k u y u b o w m e n conee i n t h e b u s h , i t w a s n o t in a n y s e n s e in t h e p e r m a n e n t occupa of t h e K i k u y u , andt5was m o r e in t h e o c c u p a t i o n of the Dor T h e i s s u e o f t h e a l l e g e d sales of f o r e s t l a n d w i l l b e reviewei C h a p t e r V I I , b u t w i l l n o t affect t h i s o p i n i o n a s t o v i s i b l e occi tion. 9 9 . T h e c u l t i v a t i o n i n t h e L a r i a r e a , n o w r e p r e s e n t e d by L a r i a n d N g a r a r i g a R e s e r v e s , b e g a n s o m e t i m e in the period ] t o 1 9 0 2 . I n a n a r t i c l e p u b l i s h e d i n t h e J o u r n a l of t h e Afrl S o c i e t y i n 1917 t h e l a t e M r . M e r v y n B e e c h , w h o w a s t h e n Assis: D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r in c h a r g e a t D a g o r e t t i , w r o t e of it : " L o c a t i o n (e) (about 4,000 acres) w a s interesting i c o n s i s t e d o f n e w f o r e s t l a n d t o w h i c h t h e K i k u y u had s g r a t e d n o t m o r e t h a n 15 y e a r s a g o . S u c h as a r e here live b y s i d e w i t h t h e D o r o b o w i t h w h o m t h e y h a v e t o a l a r g e ex: intermarried. T h e h o l d i n g s w e r e a p p a r e n t l y bought hers h u n t i n g a r e a s a n d c u l t i v a t i o n is q u i t e r e c e n t . T h e locatioi s i t u a t e d i n t h e f o r e s t a t t h e s u m m i t of t h e K i k u y u Escarpm o v e r l o o k i n g t h e K e d o n g V a l l e y and w a s d i v i d e d into holdings." 1 0 0 . A g r o u p k n o w n as t h e M b a r i y a K i h e r i k o has livei m a n y y e a r s i n t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d of K r j a b e M i s s i o n . I t was n s e n t e d i n s w o r n e v i d e n c e b e f o r e M r . L y d e k k e r , D i s t r i c t Office F e b r u a r y , 1 9 2 8 , t h a t o n e , N g u r e , t h e f a t h e r of K i h e r i k o . bo l a n d t h e r e f r o m t w o D o r o b o n a m e d S u t w a a n d K a b i t o , sun! K i h e r i k o h i m s e l f c o m p l e t e d t h e p u r c h a s e b y a p a y m e n t of 300

316
KIICTJYTJ iir I C H A P T E R III] PROVINCE T H E OLD K I Y U Y U BOUNDARIES

ffiter

goats

having

already

been

paid

by

Ngure.

The

sons

of

B h e r i k o are m e n i n t h e p r i m e of l i f e or i n e a r l y m i d d l e a g e a n d , Bice o n e of t h e m a t t e s t e d t o h a v i n g s e e n t h e g o a t s p a i d o v e r , t h e JKnsuetion c a n n o t be of a v e r y r e m o t e d a t e , a l t h o u g h it is p o s s i b l e l i l t K i h e r i k o w a s l i v i n g t h e r e " w i t h t h e D o r o b o " , as o n e Ijs it, f o r several y e a r s b e f o r e t h a t p a y m e n t w a s m a d e . made by M r . ded i n t h e icn Vidal, District file as t h e Commissioner, DND.3/8) descendants of in same (Kiambu, shows witness re 42 his T h e census 71 m e n , and

1928, and

and 97 c h i l d r e n

Kiheriko

fhers, and if a n y o t h e r n a t i v e s w e r e l i v i n g t h e r e as r i g h t - h o l d e r s y w e r e so f e w t h a t t h e i r n a m e s w e r e n o t m e n t i o n e d . elusions I "It after spending clear two that days investigating and his spot w e r e as f o l l o w s : Kiheriko three brothers, o n w h a t is n o w strong grazing . . . was and years Mr. Yidal's claim on the

is q u i t e

M u c h a i , M a n g a r e a n d M a i n a , o w n e d a cjithaka the R a i l w a y evidence w a s b e i n g built Kiheriko's . . . There

the A f r i c a I n l a n d M i s s i o n l a n d i n t h e y e a r s b e f o r e a n d w h i l s t is . . . v e r y and that villages, shambas

grounds w e r e all situated taking place, various In

on t h e i r s o u t h e r n b o r d e r and of thefts from

" W h i l s t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e R a i l w a y i n t h i s a r e a murders coolies porters b u i l d i n g t h e R a i l w a y 1900 and 1 9 0 1 . on the information of and does the drove not took place probably in the these the Headman oil' t h e Njerogi,

consequence

Administration, suspected of place im the has

Kiheriko and his m e n , and t h e y therefore burnt a n u m b e r v i l l a g e s of K i h e r i k o called Kararua." evidence suggest more than that the of N g u r e was living a m o n g the D o r o b o when 101. T h e iate family inhabitants to a

w a y w a s built a n d p o s s i b l y a s e a r l y a s 1 8 9 5 .

This family

n d e d , as p o l y g a m o u s f a m i l i e s o f t e n d o w h e n t h e y a r e f o r t u n a t e , 1 in 1928 it r e a c h e d , a l o n g w i t h i t s d e p e n d a n t s , t h e n u m b e r of It try. does n o t i n d i c a t e the The contrary transaction till that of the land was K i k u y u is that it country was in to, On the implication Dorobo

purchase, w h a t e v e r

it a m o u n t e d

not c o m p l e t e d

afterwards.

102. T h e K o r e s t D e p a r t m e n t m a p of 1 9 0 9 , of w h i c h a p h o t o h i e r e p r o d u c t i o n i n m i n i a t u r e is filed i n V o l u m e I of t h e o r i g i n a l r d of t h e e v i d e n c e , s h o w s h o w v e r y s c a n t y w a s t h e c u l t i v a t i o n at that d a t e . A n a n a l y s i s o f i t w i l l b e g i v e n l a t e r o n . Even ,ay a g r e a t p a r t of t h e a r e a is v i r g i n f o r e s t , e x c e p t f o r t h e ion to w h i c h t h e K i k u y u b e g a n t o p e n e t r a t e i n 1 9 0 2 , as M r . h reported.

K I K U Y U PART I C H A P T E R III]

PROVINCE T H E OLD K I Y U Y U BOUN

1 0 3 . T h e e v i d e n c e o f M r . G . S . B a k e r , l a t e A s s i s t a n t Co s e r v a t o r of F o r e s t s ( E v i d e n c e , p . 6 5 2 ) is t h a t t h e r e w e r e practical n o n a t i v e s o n t h e s o u t h s i d e of t h e R a i l w a y b e t w e e n K i j a b e a t t h e K a m i t i R i v e r in 1902 : "From I v i j a b e o n t h e s o u t h s i d e of t h e r a i l w a y line un o n e g o t t o a b o u t M i l e 357 o n t h e U g a n d a R a i l w a y there w . n o t a. K i k u y u i n a n y of t h e f o r e s t . T h e r e w e r e a f e w sin shambas, p r o b a b l y a b o u t a d o z e n , s o u t h - w e s t of M i l e 355." T h i s , t a k e n i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h M r . B e e c h ' s s t a t e m e n t as -the s e t t l e m e n t of t h e L a r i a r e a o n t h e n o r t h e r n s i d e h a v i n g start a b o u t 1902 a n d w i t h M r . L y d e k k e r ' s a n d M r . V i c l a l ' s investigati i n t o t h e s e t t l e m e n t o n t h i s s i d e of t h e K i j a b e M i s s i o n by the fat! a n d b r o t h e r s of K i h e r i k o , p r o v e t h a t t h e w h o l e A b e r d a r e For; b e t w e e n t h e ( S o u t h e r n ) C h a n i a a n d t h e K a m i t i w a s a l m o s t free K i k u y u until after 1902. 104. T h e s a m e t h i n g applies to " U p l a n d s " . T h e Forest I p a r t m e n t m a p of 1 9 0 8 s h o w s o n l y o n e v i l l a g e on i t . I t is call Muthama's. M r . H . M . G a r d n e r , C o n s e r v a t o r of F o r e s t s , t s t a t e d i n h i s m e m o r a n d u m t o t h e C o m m i s s i o n ( E v i d e n c e , p. 9: t h a t M r . G . S . B a k e r i n f o r m e d h i m t h a t o n t h e s o u t h side oft R a i l w a y h e " o n l y r e m e m b e r e d o n e v i l l a g e b e y o n d t h e Kija S w a m p , and this b e l o n g e d to a m a n called M u t h a m a . " 1 0 5 . T h e s a m e is a l s o t r u e o f t h e b e l t o f f a r m s f r o m L. 3696 t o L . O . 2 4 1 / 2 , w h i c h j u t s u p i n t o t h e f o r e s t r e s e r v e north t h e K a m i t i R i v e r . A i r . G i l b e r t , t h e S u r v e y o r G e n e r a l , writes o c e r n i n g t h e m i n a m e m o r a n d u m a d d r e s s e d t o t h e Commission: " R e F a r m s L . O . K o s . 2 3 7 - 2 4 0 , L i m u r u . . . T h e origi: s u r v e y w a s n o t c a r r i e d o u t by m e b u t b y A i r . W o o d r u f f so y e a r s b e f o r e 1 9 1 3 . I w a s e n g a g e d o n t h e definition of : b o u n d a r y b e t w e e n t h e f r e e h o l d a n d t h e l e a s e h o l d portions,! as e r r o r s i n t h e o r i g i n a l w o r k w e r e r e v e a l e d in t h e course of s u r v e y , I e v e n t u a l l y m a d e a r e - s u r v e y of t h e f a r m s , but n o t e x t e n d t h i s t o i n c l u d e L . E . N o . 241 t o t h e n o r t h . " A t t h e t i m e of m y s u r v e y t h e l a n d h a d been clei r o u g h l y u p to t h e s o u t h b a n k of t h e K a m i t i R i v e r shown t h e a t t a c h e d p r i n t . T h e c l e a r e d p o r t i o n s t i l l c o n t a i n e d pate of f o r e s t b u t t h e r e w e r e n u m e r o u s shambas a n d w a t t l e plar. t o n s . I n p a r t i c u l a r I r e m e m b e r a l a r g e m a i z e shamba extei i n g a c r o s s t h e b o u n d a r y l i n e I B 4 - B S 7 a n d about 200 ya northwards. " T o t h e n o r t h of t h e K a m i t i R i v e r t h e forest stretc: d e n s e a n d u n b r o k e n , t h o u g h I r e c o l l e c t s e e i n g a small elf i n g a b o u t t w o a c r e s i n e x t e n t i n L . R . 2 4 0 . T h e r e may 1 . b e e n o n e o r t w o m o r e s i m i l a r p a t c h e s w h i c h e s c a p e d my DO! b u t i n a n a r e a of 1 0 0 a c r e s t h e y w o u l d n o t u p s e t t h e statent

K I K U Y U I-CXAITER III]

PROVINCE T H E OLD K I Y C Y U BOUNDARIES

that n o r t h of t h e K a m i t i R i v e r I d i d n o t s u r v e y L . R . 2 4 1 to be seen o f i t i n t h e c o u r s e of and a b o u t a t h o u s a n d y a r d s t o the impression that the w h o l e 100. tiird Before accepting the

t h e land w a s still under forest. t h e north but f r o m w h a t could cutting the southern boundary the western boundary I derived of it w a s u n d e r d e n s e f o r e s t . " suggested what it is r i g h t can to be

conclusion and consider

the

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evidence,

weight

corded t o i t . 107. T h e t o t a l a r e a of the A b e r d a r e f o r e s t b e t w e e n the outhern) C h a n i a a n d t h e K a m i t i o n t h e n o r t h s i d e of t h e R a i i iv. t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e s n o w c o n t a i n e d i n it a n d /ether w i t h U p l a n d s a n d t h e A f r i c a I n l a n d M i s s i o n a n d t h e b e l t of ins to w h i c h w e h a v e r e f e r r e d , is 174 s q u a r e m i l e s . T h e c l a i m s ide b y K i k u y u f a m i l y g r o u p s t o r i g h t s i n t h i s a r e a h a v e b e e n nunarized in a t a b u l a t i o n ( E v i d e n c e , p. 358) w h i c h s h o w s t h a t c n u m b e r of mbaris w h i c h h a v e m a d e c l a i m s is 1 1 2 . T h e y r e p r e nt 39,597 p e r s o n s n o w l i v i n g , w h o a r e r e p r e s e n t e d as e i t h e r ' h a v K occupied t h e a r e a as r i g h t - h o l d e r s or r e l a t i o n s i n l a w o r t e n a n t s as b e i n g t h e d e s c e n d a n t s of s u c h o c c u p i e r s . O n l y t h i r t y y e a r s ving e l a p s e d s i n c e r e s t r i c t i o n s o n t h e u s e o f t h e f o r e s t w e r e i n t r o .ced b y t h e F o r e s t R u l e s of 1 9 0 2 , it is n o t c o n c e i v a b l e t h a t t h e filiation c a n h a v e d o u b l e d b y n a t u r a l i n c r e a s e i n t h a t t i m e , a n d round f i g u r e s w e m a y s a y t h a t t h e s e figures c o u l d o n l y m e a n m there, w e r e at l e a s t 2 5 , 0 0 0 a c t u a l o c c u p a n t s at t h a t t i m e . t This mild m e a n a d e n s i t y of 144 t o t h e s q u a r e m i l e l i v i n g i n a c o u n t r y liich is e v e n n o w f o r t h e m o s t p a r t v i r g i n f o r e s t . 108. O n l y 8 1 of t h e s e 1 1 2 mbaris h a v e stated the n u m b e r of tits and o t h e r t h i n g s w h i c h t h e y p a i d t o t h e D o r o b o f o r t h e l a n d , heir a l l e g e d p a y m e n t s t o t a l 3 9 , 2 4 0 g o a t s , a n d o t h e r t h i n g s t o atch, i n c l u d i n g f o u r g i r l s g i v e n i n m a r r i a g e , a n d b l o o d - m o n e y f o r ro p e r s o n s k i l t e d . I f w e a l l o w f o r t h e o t h e r mbaris proportion ely, a n d e x p r e s s t h e w h o l e s u m in t e r m s of g o a t s a t a n a s s e s s ent f o l l o w i n g n a t i v e c u s t o m , w e s h o u l d a r r i v e at a g r a n d t o t a l not less t h a n 7 0 , 0 0 0 g o a t s . W h e n t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n of t h e iambu D i s t r i c t w a s i n t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d of f r o m s i x t y to s i x t y re t h o u s a n d , a r e w e e x p e c t e d t o b e l i e v e t h a t n e a r l y h a l f of t h e m civ o c c u p y i n g t h e A b e r d a r e F o r e s t o r t h a t t h e t h r i f t y K i k u y u (iiiid h a v e paid t h i s c o l o s s a l s u m i n g o a t s " m a n y c e n t u r i e s p a s t " even b e f o r e 1895 f o r l a n d w h i c h w a s s t i l l v i r g i n f o r e s t i n id to a l a r g e e x t e n t is so t o - d a y ? 1902

109. M u c h of t h e c l a i m is h e a v i l y d i s p u t e d b y t h e D o r o b o . he " M b a r i y a C h o i r o " ( D o r o b o ) c l a i m 1,193 m e m b e r s a n d t h e Mbari y a T h u n g u , G a c h o k a , a n d K i n g o r a " ( a l s o D o r o b o ) c l a i m 870 m e m b e r s . E v e n t h e s e b y t h e m s e l v e s a r e a h e a v i e r p o p u l a t i o n inn the f o r e s t c a n e v e r r e a l l y h a v e s u p p o r t e d .

K I K U Y U P A H T 1 C H A P T E R 111]

PROVINCE T H E O L D K I Y U Y U BOUNDAK

110. O n e c o u l d g o o n i l l u s t r a t i n g t h e a b s u r d i t y of these exa* g e r a t i o n s . B u t i t is n o t n e c e s s a r y to l a b o u r t h e p o i n t . A f t e r ever a l l o w a n c e h a s b e e n m a d e f o r t h e p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t the s a m e mba] m a y h a v e b e e n i n c l u d e d u n d e r d i f f e r e n t c l a i m s a n d so h a v e appeare t w i c e in t h e l i s t , w e d o n o t see h o w t h e K i k u y u e v i d e n c e regardiri t h i s a r o a c a n be r e g a r d e d o t h e r w i s e t h a n as a c o m p l e t e misrepre s e n t a t i o n of t h e f a c t s a n d o n e i s e m i n e n t l y justified in disregardin it I f a n y l i n g e r i n g d o u b t w e r e l e f t , t h e f o l l o w i n g q u o t a t i o n s fror M r . R . O . P r e s t o n *s " T h e G e n e s i s of a C o l o n y " should suffice t d i s p e l it : From Chapter XIX.

" K a i l - h e a d w a s n o w fast a p p r o a c h i n g t h e s u m m i t of th g r e a t K i k u y u E s c a r p m e n t . A t this h e i g h t , o v e r 7,800 feet . . w e h a d m a d e a t e m p o r a r y c a m ] ) o n t h e b o r d e r s of the Lai S w a m p . O u r c a m p h a d n o t b e e n l o n g e s t a b l i s h e d w h e n sore n a t i v e s c a m e in w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t a h e r d of e l e p h a n t wet. in t h e d e n s e f o r e s t c l o s e b y . P r o m p t l y o u r g u n s w e r e mustera a n d t h r e e of us s t a r t e d o u t a f t e r t h e i v o r y . W e soon reache. t h e f o r e s t a n d p l u n g e d r i g h t i n . T h e g r e a t i n t e r l a c e d masse of b r a n c h e s a n d v i n e s o v e r h e a d m a d e t h e p l a c e a l m o s t dark but o n w e s t r u g g l e d , f o r c i n g o u r w a y t h r o u g h t h i c k l y growini b r a c k e n , p a s t t a l l t r e e f e r n s , a n d n e t w o r k of t a n g l e d creepers W e k e p t w e l l t o g e t h e r u n t i l w e r e a c h e d a p a t c h of wit b r a m b l e s . H e r e w e s t u c k . A l l a t t e m p t s t o g e t t h r o u g h failed b u t w e k e p t a t it u n t i l it s e e m e d e v i d e n t t h a t , if w e did no g i v e i n , w e w o u l d r e t u r n to c a m p in r a g s . W e gave th brambles " b e s t " a n d r e t r a c e d o u r s t e p s , m a k i n g for th elephants from another d i r e c t i o n . " From Chapter XX.

" A p p r o a c h i n g the E s c a r p m e n t the train climbs i n m m i w a b l e c u r v e s t h r o u g h d e n s e f o r e s t a n d t h e g u a r d a n d driver at s e l d o m in s i g h t of e a c h o t h e r . . . " 4 1 1 . F u r t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t e v i d e n c e c o n c e r n i n g t h e n a t u r e of th K i k u y u o c c u p a t i o n in t h i s a r e a h a s b e e n g i v e n to t h e Commissio: b y M r . B a t t i s c o m b e , t h e H o n . C h a r l e s D u n d a s , M r . A . G . Bake a n d M r . I s a a c . R e l e v a n t e x t r a c t s a r e q u o t e d i n s e c t i o n (d) of th Appendix. T h e Forest Edge North of the K a m i t i . 112- W h i l e t h e e v i d e n c e s h o w s t h a t p r a c t i c a l l y evervthitii w e s t of t h e p r e s e n t b o u n d a r y b e t w e e n t h e C h a n i a a n d the Karait f o r e s t , i t d o e s n o t s h o w h o w f a r t h e f o r e s t e x t e n d e d to the eas of t h e r e s e r v e b o u n d a r y . P r a c t i c a l l y t h e o n l y e v i d e n c e on the stilt j e c t is M r . H i n d e ' s r e p o r t t h a t d e s t r u c t i o n of f o r e s t w a s poinsr o t v e r y r a p i d l y , a n d i t is t h e r e f o r e r e a s o n a b l e t o s u p p o s e that it ex t e n d e d a c o n s i d e r a b l e d i s t a n c e f u r t h e r t o t h e e a s t w a r d in 1S95 that in 1907 w h e n t h e F o r e s t R e s e r v e w a s d e m a r c a t e d .
a s

K I K U Y U
l i n

PROVINCE T H E O L D K I Y U Y U BOUNDARIES

iCHAPTER

III]

113. W e h a v e n o w c a r r i e d o u r b o u n d a r y t o t h e K a m i t i , a n d my w e l l p a u s e a t t h i s p o i n t t o c o n s i d e r w h a t t h e K i k u y u h a v e lined or l o s t i n t h i s a r e a as t h e r e s u l t of t h e d e m a r c a t i o n o f t h e irest b o u n d a r y i n 1 9 0 7 . 114. W e l e a v e o u t of a c c o u n t t h e q u e s t i o n of K a k e r i ' s a n d her n a t i v e s e t t l e m e n t s r o u n d N y e r i , a l l o w i n g it t o s t a n d o v e r nil w e b a l a n c e t h e a c c o u n t i n C h a p t e r V I . H e r e w e c o n s i d e r o n l y o Aberdare boundary. 115. N o c o m p e n s a t i o n w a s p a i d to t h e n a t i v e s , a n d the q u e s ;i is w h e t h e r a n y c o m p e n s a t i o n w a s d u e . 110. T h e ;i a n y case Hows : ( 1 ) " Y o u c a l l it a " g i v e - a n d - t a k e ' l i n e o n t h e g r o u n d t h a t , w h i l e y o u t o o k s o m e of o u r c l e a r i n g s , y o u l e f t us s e v e r a l p a t c h e s a n d p r o m o n t o r i e s of f o r e s t . B u t y o u c a n n o t r e a l l y r e g a r d t h e s e as a set-cff. Y o u r o n l y j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r t a k i n g a n y f o r e s t w a s lor p r o t e c t i n g essential w a t e r supplies, and these o u t l y i n g patches w e r e not necessary for that purpose. T h e y w e r e neces sary t o us a n d y o u c a n n o t r e g a r d it as a ' s e t - o f t " t h a t y o u did not t a k e t h e m . (2) W e t h e r e f o r e c l a i m c o m p e n s a t i o n for w h a t y o u took in t h e f o r e s t t h e c l e a r i n g s w h e r e w e u s e d t o g r a z e our c a t t l e and t h e t r e e s o n w h i c h w e u s e d t o h a n g o u r h o n e y b a r r e l s . We will w a i v e the point about free timber and firewood, because w e g r a n t t h a t t h e p r e v e n t i o n of f u r t h e r d e s t r u c t i o n w a s n e c e s sary i n o u r o w n i n t e r e s t as w e l l as t h a t of t h e c o u n t r y . N e v e r t h e l e s s , w e h a d r e g a r d e d t h i s l a n d as o p e n to u s for f u t u r e e x p a n s i o n a n d it is p o s s i b l e t h a t w h e n w e h a v e l e a r n t t o g r o w trees i n o u r o w n r e s e r v e ( a n d i n t h i s c o n n e x i o n w e call a t t e n tion t o t h e s e v e r a l t h o u s a n d a c r e s of o u r w a t t l e p l a n t a t i o n s ) t h e s t r i c t p r e s e r v a t i o n of t h e a r e a as f o r e s t m a y n o t be n e c e s sary, a n d w e o u g h t t o h a v e a r e v e r s i o n a r y i n t e r e s t in i t . ( 3 ) W h i l e w e g r a n t t h a t t h e c o n s e r v a t i o n of t h e f o r e s t w a s of b e n e f i t t o u s , i n t h a t it h a s h e l p e d t o c o n s e r v e our w a t e r supply a n d o u r c l i m a t e , n e v e r t h e l e s s w e t h i n k t h a t , if i t h a d belonged to a private E u r o p e a n l a n d o w n e r , he would have been c o m p e n s a t e d . ( 4 ) I n r e g a r d t o t h e a r e a south of t h e C h a n i a o u r a r g u m e n t is s t r e n g t h e n e d To these points by the the fact Forest that w e bought the land." r e p l y :
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( 1 ) " M u c h of t h e l a n d o n b o t h s i d e s o f t h e l i n e w a s s t i l l substantially forest and the K i k u y u h a d n o t y e t fully m a d e good t h e i r o c c u p a t i o n e v e n on t h e i r o w n s i d e . T h e s e t t l e m e n t

K I K U Y U yCHAPTER III]

PROVINCE T H E O L D K I Y U Y U BOUNDARIES

113. W e h a v e n o w c a r r i e d o u r b o u n d a r y t o t h e K a m i t i , a n d v w e l l p a u s e a t t h i s p o i n t to c o n s i d e r w h a t t h e K i k u y u h a v e icd or l o s t i n t h i s a r e a as t h e r e s u l t of t h e d e m a r c a t i o n of t h e ;st b o u n d a r y i n 1 9 0 7 . 114. W e l e a v e o u t of a c c o u n t t h e q u e s t i o n of K a k e r i ' s a n d er n a t i v e s e t t l e m e n t s r o u n d N y e r i , a l l o w i n g i t to s t a n d o v e r T w e balance the account in Chapter V I . H e r e w e consider only Aberdare boundary. 115. N o c o m p e n s a t i o n w a s p a i d to t h e n a t i v e s , a n d t h e q u e s is w h e t h e r a n y c o m p e n s a t i o n w a s d u e . Liu. T h e c a s e for t h e K i k u y u , if t h e y w e r e e v e r c o n t e n t any c a s e w i t h m o d e r a t i o n , m i g h t b e a r g u e d b y t h e m to as

(1) " Y o u c a l l it a " g i v e - a n d - t a k e ' l i n e o n t h e g r o u n d t h a t , w h i l e y o u t o o k s o m e of o u r c l e a r i n g s , y o u l e f t us s e v e r a l p a t c h e s and p r o m o n t o r i e s of f o r e s t . B u t y o u c a n n o t r e a l l y r e g a r d t h e s e as a set-oil'. Y o u r o n l y j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r t a k i n g a n y f o r e s t w a s lor p r o t e c t i n g e s s e n t i a l w a t e r s u p p l i e s , a n d t h e s e o u t l y i n g patches w e r e not n e c e s s a r y f o r t h a t p u r p o s e . T h e y w e r e n e c e s sary t o us a n d y o u c a n n o t r e g a r d it as a ' s e t - o f f ' t h a t y o u d i d not t a k e t h e m . (2) W e therefore c l a i m c o m p e n s a t i o n for w h a t y o u took in t h e f o r e s t t h e c l e a r i n g s w h e r e w e u s e d t o g r a z e o u r c a t t l e and t h e t r e e s o n w h i c h w e u s e d t o h a n g o u r h o n e y b a r r e l s . We will w a i v e t h e p o i n t about free t i m b e r a n d firewood, because w e g r a n t t h a t t h e p r e v e n t i o n of f u r t h e r d e s t r u c t i o n w a s n e c e s sary in o u r o w n i n t e r e s t as w e l l a s t h a t of t h e c o u n t r y . N e v e r t h e l e s s , w e h a d r e g a r d e d t h i s l a n d as o p e n to us f o r f u t u r e expansion and it is possible that w h e n w e h a v e learnt to g r o w trees i n o u r o w n r e s e r v e ( a n d i n t h i s c o n n e x i o n w e c a l l a t t e n tion t o t h e s e v e r a l t h o u s a n d a c r e s of o u r w a t t l e p l a n t a t i o n s ) the s t r i c t p r e s e r v a t i o n of t h e a r e a as f o r e s t m a y n o t b e n e c e s sary, a n d w e o u g h t t o h a v e a r e v e r s i o n a r y i n t e r e s t in i t . (3.) W h i l e w e g r a n t t h a t t h e c o n s e r v a t i o n of t h e f o r e s t w a s of b e n e f i t t o u s , i n t h a t it h a s h e l p e d t o c o n s e r v e o u r w a t e r supply a n d o u r c l i m a t e , n e v e r t h e l e s s w e t h i n k t h a t , if it h a d b e l o n g e d t o a p r i v a t e E u r o p e a n l a n d o w n e r , he w o u l d h a v e been c o m p e n s a t e d . ( 4 ) I n r e g a r d t o t h e area s o u t h of t h e C h a n i a our a r g u m e n t is s t r e n g t h e n e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t w e b o u g h t t h e l a n d . " To t h e s e p o i n t s the Forest Department might reply :

( I ) " M u c h o f t h e l a n d o n b o t h s i d e s of t h e l i n e w a s s t i l l substantially forest a n d t h e K i k u y u h a d n o t y e t fully m a d e good t h e i r o c c u p a t i o n e v e n on t h e i r o w n s i d e . T h e s e t t l e m e n t

K I K U Y U PART I C H A P T E R III]

PROVINCE T H E OLD K I Y U Y U BOU.\

w a s generous to t h e m . I n a d d i t i o n t o M r . C o x ' s repc Professor G r e g o r y m a y be cited ( " R i f t V a l l e y s and G e o l o ^ E a s t A f r i c a " , 1 9 2 1 , p p . 154 a n d 1 6 6 ) ; of 1 8 9 3 . " T h e c o u n t r y , e s p e c i a l l y i n N o r t h e r n Kikm land w a s t h e n c o v e r e d b y such dense forest that it was r p o s s i b l e to o b t a i n a g e n e r a l v i e w o f t h e c o u n t r y . ' of 1 9 1 9 . ' O n e of t h e m o s t s t a r t l i n g c h a n g e s betwe t h e c o n d i t i o n s of 1893 a n d 1919 w a s t h a t o b s e r v e d from i h i l l s a t N y e r i o v e r a w i d e r a n g e of o p e n d o w n s which \ replaced formerly impenetrable K i k u y u forests.' ( 2 ) T h e c l a i m f o r r e v e r s i o n a r y i n t e r e s t is n o t likely a r i s e , s i n c e n o g r e a t c o n f i d e n c e c a n b e p l a c e d i n t h e planti of t r e e s b y t h e K i k u y u . I f t h e p r i c e of w a t t l e f a l l s , they t not plant it, except a little for firewood. ( 3 ) I t is t r u e t h a t a p r i v a t e l a n d o w n e r m i g h t h a v e lit compensated. B u t t h e K i k u y u w e r e o n l y p e r m i s s i v e use a n d t h e e x t e n t of t h e i r u s e lias b e e n c o m p e n s a t e d in the and-take' line. A s f o r a m e n i t i e s , t h e b e n e f i c i a l effect of i f o r e s t on c l i m a t e a n d w a t e r s u p p l y m o r e t h a n counterbalare w h a t e v e r amenities have been lost. ( 4 ) A s t o t h e c l a i m of p u r c h a s e , o n e c a n n o t h e l p bei s c e p t i c a l w h e n m o r e t h a n 4 0 , 0 0 0 K i k u y u c l a i m r i g h t s deriv f r o m p u r c h a s e i n t h e A b e r d a r e a n d E s c a r p m e n t F o r e s t s sot of t h e C h a n i a . ( 5 ) T h e F o r e s t R u l e s of 1 9 0 2 w e r e a p p l i e d to an ; u e x t e n d i n g f o u r m i l e s e a c h s i d e of t h e R a i l w a y f r o m Linn t o K i j a b e . w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n of E s t a b l i s h e d c u l t i v a t i o n of t K i k u y u o n t h e e a s t of t h e l i n e f r o m t h e L i m u r u t o the L S w a m p . ' A n d y e t t h e K i k u y u w e n t o n c l e a r i n g , w i t h the re; t h a t , w h e n t h e l i n e w a s c u t , t h e y g o t m o r e t h a n they wot o t h e r w i s e h a v e h a d , a n d t h e r e f o r e m o r e t h a n t h e y deserve' 11.7. W e c o n s i d e r t h a t , o n t h e b a l a n c e of t h e s e tw^o argumen n o injustice has b e e n d o n e to the K i k u y u . taken that, w h e n G o v e r n m e n t fixed B u t t h e p o i n t must t h e b o u n d a r y , it p r e v e n t e d

K i k u y u f r o m e x p a n d i n g i n t h e m a n n e r w h i c h w a s n a t u r a l to the a n d u n d e r t h e first t e r m of r e f e r e n c e w e h a v e t h e d u t y of provid: f o r t h e i r n e e d s i n s o m e o t h e r w a y n o t n e c e s s a r i l y as a tribe, a n o t n e c e s s a r i l y b y t h e p r o v i s i o n of a b l o c k o f l a n d , b u t b y provid: s c o p e f o r t h e i r d e v e l o p m e n t i n t h e w a y w h i c h a p p e a r s m o s t snita for Lnri; them. 118. T h e r e r e m a i n s a further point t o be considered.

KHWrTom' Mukoma's.

F o u r a r e a s , w h i c h w e r e s i t u a t e d i n t h e f o r e s t , w e r e exclm f r o m i t b y t h e d e m a r c a t i o n of 1907 a n d t u r n e d i n t o N a t i v e Reserv T h r e e of t h e m n a m e d L a i d , N g a r a r i g a a n d K i t h i r i o n i , a r e sitna

319
K I K U Y U j CHAPTF.II I I I ] PROVINCE THE OLD K I Y U Y U BOUNDARIES

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efore us t h a t i n 1902 i t w a s a l m o s t as s p a r s e l y i n h a b i t e d as t h e her t h r e e . 119. B e t w e e n 1902 a n d 1907 s o m e K i k u y u w h o h a d b e e n d i s ssessed f r o m imuru f a r m s nd w e s t o f d of Volume lands alienated to E u r o p e a n s and particularly began I of to colonize the orginal the Escarpment numbers. shows evidence Forest The map and at considerable the the the as and

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1 2 1 . O n a n a l y s i s t h e 30,866 a c r e s e n c l o s e d b y t h e b l u e l i n e a r e ound t o b e c o m p o s e d of 3 , 0 4 1 a c r e s d e s c r i b e d as c u l t i v a t e d ; 3 , 5 9 2 eres of g r a s s l a n d ; 7,3S8 a c r e s of s c r u b ; 16,546 a c r e s of f o r e s t , a n d 99 a c r e s of s w a m p . I f w e c o u n t t h e c u l t i v a t e d a n d g r a s s l a n d as nd i n u s e , t h e s c r u b as p a r t l y u s e d , a n d e x c l u d e t h e f o r e s t a n d -amp, w e g e t :Acres. Land Land in in use partial ... use ... ... ... ... Total ... ... ... 6,633 7,3SS 14,021

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lefore 1 9 0 2 , h a d b e e n m a d e i n c o n t r a v e n t i o n o f t h e F o r e s t R u l e s if 1902, w h i c h w e r e a p p l i e d to t h i s a r e a , a n d p r o h i b i t e d t h e c u t t i n g , l a m a g i n g or r e m o v i n g of a n y t r e e , t i m b e r , or g r a s s a n d t h e p a s t u r ng of any stock.

K I K U Y U PART ICHAPTER III]

PROVINCE THE OLD K I Y U Y U BOUM-AII

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e q u i v a l e n t f o r all t h e c u l t i v a t e d a n d g r a s s l a n d w h i c h t h e y l o s t , a -also l e a v e a b a l a n c e of s o m e 2 , 1 0 0 a c r e s to b e set-off u s e w h i c h t h e y h a d h a d of t h e s c r u b i n w h i c h t h e i r g o a t s h a d rui 1 2 5 . T h i s w a s n o t u n g e n e r o u s t r e a t m e n t . I n s p i t e of t h e f a t h a t t h e i r c l e a r i n g s w e r e m o s t l y i l l e g i t i m a t e , t h e n a t i v e s w e r e give a fair e q u i v a l e n t for all that they had effectively occupied. X d o u b t t h i s w a s b e c a u s e i t w a s f e l t t h a t t h e s e n a t i v e s , h a v i n g fo t h e i r l a n d s o n t h e L i m u r u f a r m s , s h o u l d be a l l o w e d s o m e t h i n g i -compensation. 1 2 8 . W e c o n s i d e r t h e r e f o r e t h a t w h e n G o v e r n m e n t gazette t h e s e a r e a s as n a t i v e r e s e r v e , i t a m o u n t e d to a g i f t t o t h e Kikuv w h i c h m a y l e g i t i m a t e l y be set-off a g a i n s t a n e q u i v a l e n t a r e a of tl Linluru farms. B u t w e must add t w o cpialifications. F i r s t l y , is c a n be e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t t h e K i k u y u h a t ! t o m a k e p a y m e n t s to tl D o r o b o t o s e c u r e t h e i r f o o t i n g i n t h e n e w a r e a , a n d t h e s e paymen - e x c e e d e d t h e c o m p e n s a t i o n w h i c h t h e y r e c e i v e d f o r t h e land c w h i c h t h e y w e r e d i s p o s s e s s e d , s o m e a l l o w a n c e m u s t b e m a d e ft that and for the additional disturbance involved. Secondly, w s h a l l a l l o w f o r t h e c l e a r i n g w h i c h a l r e a d y e x i s t e d i n 1 9 0 2 . But i h a p p e n s t h a t a set-off t o t h i s h a s b e e n p r o v i d e d b y o t h e r mean; s e e i n g t h a t f o u r h u n d r e d a c r e s of t h e A f r i c a I n l a n d M i s s i o n s K i j a b o h a s b e e n s u r r e n d e r e d to t h e r e s e r v e in o r d e r to aecommoelat t h e K i h e r i k o tnbari a n d L . O . 4 4 5 0 ( 4 4 0 a c r e s ) h a s b e e n earmarke as a f u r t h e r a d d i t i o n t o t h e r e s e r v e . A f e w h u n d r e d a c r e s in ado: t i o n to t h a t s h o u l d b e a sufficient set-off t o all p r e - e x i s t i n g intere?: b e f o r e 1902 a n d a l s o a sufficient c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r a n y m a t e r i a l lo i n t h e s h a p e of g o a t s p a i d o v e r t o t h e D o r o b o . T h e extravagat -claims of t h e K i k u y u in r e g a r d t o t h e n u m b e r of g o a t s p a i d ove
;

KIJVTJYU J. CHAPTER I I I ]

PROVINCE
THE OLD K I Y U Y U BOUNDARIES

sec section 108 a b o v e ) c o n v i n c e s us o f t h e u t t e r h o p e l e s s n e s s of etting any reliable e v i d e n c e on this p o i n t , a n d w e m u s t m a k e up for m i n d s o n t h e g e n e r a l p r o b a b i l i t i e s o f t h e c a s e . 127. T h e t o t a l a d d i t i o n s t o t h e K i k u y u K e s e r v e i n t h i s area,, btually g a z e t t e d or a g r e e d a n d a w a i t i n g g a z e t t e m e n t , a r e : Acres. These four reserves ... ... ... 8,750

T h e land ceded by the Africa I n l a n d M i s sion i n t h e s e t t l e m e n t w i t h t h e K-iheriko ( L . O . 388/1) L . O . 4450 Total ...

400 440 9,590

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- ^ K a m i t i a n d o n t o the c t e n t i o u s a r e a n o w k n o w n ^is t h e L i r n u r u f a r m s . A m a p has \ , p r e p a r e d b y t h e S u r v e y D e p a r t m e n t to i l l u s t r a t e C o u n t Tele j o u r n e y , a n d is r e p r o d u c e d h e r e . T h e first s t e p i n p r e p a r i n g it t o c o r r e c t t h e e r r o r in o r i e n t a t i o n w h i c h o c c u r s i n C o u n t Tele m a p and t h e n i o t r a c e out h i s l i n e o n a m o d e r n m a p . This t h e n c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e n o t e s i n t h e b o o k w h i c h r e c o r d the ; t u d e s a n d s o m e o t h e r d e t a i l s w h i c h w e r e of use in f i x i n g the p t i o n , a n d c o r r e c t i o n s w e r e m a d e so as t o a g r e e w i t h these mi a n d t h e f i n a l r e s u l t i s r e g a r d e d a s b e i n g a s a c c u r a t e as circi s t a n c e s w i l l p e r m i t . I t s h o w s C o u n t T e l e k i ' s r o u t e as passing n t h e e a s t e r n e n d of t h e L i m u r u f a r m s , p o s s i b l y c r o s s i n g w h a t is i Mr. K n i g h t f a r m (a d o u b t f u l p o i n t j , a n d s u b s e q u e n t l y cros w h a t are n o w K a m u n y u Syndicate, N j u n u E s t a t e , K i n g a t o r e ; Kacheroba. E x a c t accuracy, h o w e v e r , cannot be claimed.
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1 3 0 . T h e d a t e w h e n C o u n t T e l e k i w a s c r o s s i n g t h e area t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d of t h e p r e s e n t L i m u r u f a r m s w a s f r o m the rat i n g o f 1 3 t h S e p t e m b e r t o t h e m o r n i n g o f l o t h S e p t e m b e r , IS a n d e x t r a c t s w h i c h w i l l b e f o u n d i n s e c t i o n ( e ) of t h e Appen s h o w t h a t a t a l l e v e n t s t h e e a s t e r n e n d of t h e L i m u r u farms \ o c c u p i e d K i k u y u c o u n t r y b y I S 8 7 a n d w a s n o t i n t h e forest b I t m a y b e a s s u m e d t h a t b y 1895 t h e r e h a d b e e n s o m e fart e x t e n s i o n of cultivation t o w a r d s t h e w e s t . T h i s undoubtedly c e i v e d a v e r y s e v e r e c h e c k i n t h e f a m i n e of 1 8 9 8 - 9 9 , w h i c h lars a c c o u n t s f o r t h e f a c t t h a t , w h e n t h e s e f a r m s w e r e a l i e n a t e d , onl s p a r s e p o p u l a t i o n w a s f o u n d a n d t h i s l a n d h a d l a r g e l y reverted bush. 1 3 1 . I n a m e m o r a n d u m b y M r . H o b l e y d a t e d 2 0 t h Februt 1 9 2 1 , i n S e c r e t a r i a t E i l e A r c h i v e s 2 1 1 / V o l . 1, it is stated t " c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r a c t u a l s t a n d i n g c r o p s w a s i n a f e w instan p a i d b y t h e l a n d o w n e r t o t h e n a t i v e c u l t i v a t o r . " A r e g i s t e r rece i n g t h e s e t r a n s a c t i o n s e x i s t s at K i a m b u a n d h a s b e e n examined the Commission T h e t o t a l a m o u n t e n t e r e d , r e l a t i n g t o t h e Lim a r e a , a m o u n t s t o 1,049 r u p e e s a n d 4 a n n a s , a l l p a i d b e t w e e n 1 a n d 190S. C o m p e n s a t i o n w a s p a i d at t h e r a t e of E s . 2 an :u t h i s w o u l d r e p r e s e n t 5 2 4 a c r e s o f c u l t i v a t i o n i n a t o t a l area a p p r o x i m a t e l y 20,136 a c r e s . T h e g r e a t e r p a r t of t h e compensat a p p e a r s t o h a v e b e e n p a i d f o r l a n d i n t h e c e n t r a l a n d west p a r t s o f t h e a r e a , n o t a b l y M r . B u x t o n ' s , M r . A . G. Caine's, R a i n b o w ' s , M r . D u i r s ' , M r . L a n g m o r e ' s a n d M r . H a H ' s . Ha\

K I K U Y U j CHAPTER IV]

PROVINCE T H E OLD K I K U Y U BOUNDARIES

urd t o t h e p o s i t i o n i n t h e e a s t e r n e n d of t h e a r e a m e n t i o n e d in preceding section this particular evidence perhaps indicates t t h e r e w a s n o t m u c h d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e d e g r e e of c u l t i v a at t h e e a s t e r n a n d w e s t e r n e n d s . 13'2. W h i l e the total amount of cultivation for which com total that in dation w a s p a i d r e p r e s e n t s o n l y a b o u t 1.8 p e r c e n t of t h e a of t h e L i m u r u f a r m s , i t w o u l d n o t b e r i g h t t o c o n c l u d e ; was a l l t h e c u l t i v a t i o n t h e r e w a s . t compensation w a s paid w i t h o u t u' cases t h e r e c o r d m a y a record being

I n m a n y c a s e s i t is p r o b a b l e kept, and there accept

h a v e b e e n k e p t in N a i r o b i , a n d the n a t i v e occupier did not on the land.

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133. I n e v i d e n c e g i v e n b e f o r e u s M r . C . R . W . L a n e p o i n t s that in 1896 t h e l a n d o n b o t h s i d e s of t h e l i n e b e t w e e n K i k u y u tion a n d L i m u r u w a s o c c u p i e d a n d c u l t i v a t e d b y t h e K i k u y u . B o e d e k e r , r e f e r r i n g t o t h e s a m e y e a r , states t h a t occupation s on t h e e a s t side o n l y , b u t a d d s t h a t t h e p o p u l a t i o n n o r t h of t h e mini S t a t i o n c o n s i s t e d of a f e w o u t c a s t s ; t h e l a n d n e a r T i g o n i s p o p u l a t e d a s t h i c k l y as t h e r e s t o f t h e r e s e r v e , w a s c u l t i v a t e d (1 had v i l l a g e s ; t h e K i k u y u h a d m o r e s h e e p a n d g o a t s t h a n t h e y vc n o w . B u t t h i s p o p u l a t i o n l a r g e l y d i s a p p e a r e d i n t h e f a m i n e , d the e v i d e n c e of M e s s r s . I m p e y a n d H a l l i n d i c a t e s t h a t i n 1 9 0 4 p population had then b e c o m e v e r y m e a g r e . 134. I t w o u l d a p p e a r t o b e a j u s t c o n c l u s i o n o n t h i s evidence prior were the be the at the L i m u r u f a r m s w e r e s p a r s e l y o c c u p i e d b y t h e K i k u y u alienation, w e r e s o m e w h a t h e a v i l y c o v e r e d w i t h b u s h , b u t ltivation a n d o c c u p a t i o n w a s g r e a t e r .

t f o r e s t , a n d it is p r o b a b l e t h a t , b e f o r e t h e f a m i n e , t h e d e g r e e o f I f w e a t t e m p t to trace uer e d g e of t h e f o r e s t a s i t s t o o d i n 1895 w e m u s t n e c e s s a r i l y bitrary, b u t p e r h a p s w e c a n n o t d o b e t t e r t h a n d r a w i t f r o m the m a n n e r d thence i l l u s t r a t e d o n t h e m a p ) as f a r as L i m u r u the Railway to Muguga Station.

int w h e r e w e l e f t it o n t h e K a m i t i P a v e r i n a s l i g h t l y c u r v e d l i n e Station This is of "un following

obably a s o m e w h a t g e n e r o u s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e l i m i t o f uivocal K i k u y u c o u n t r y " ost of t h e p o i n t s of doubt.

in 1895, and gives t h e m the benefit

135. B e t w e e n 1S95 a n d 1902 t h e r e w a s a c e r t a i n a m o u n t o f niissible a c q u i s i t i o n b y h o n e y c o m b i n g o f t h e f o r e s t l a n d t o t h e estward b y a f e w c l e a r i n g s a n d s e t t l e m e n t s . T h e e x t e n t of t h e ea w h i c h i n o u r j u d g m e n t m u s t b e h e l d t o h a v e b e e n a f f e c t e d i n is w a y is s h o w n o n t h e m a p b y a cross h a t c h i n g of y e l l o w a n d ' on a g r e e n b a c k g r o u n d , a n d is 4.50 s q u a r e m i l e s of c o u n t r y , :uated c l o s e t o t h e R a i l w a y , b e t w e e n t h e K a m i t i R i v e r a n d t h e nguga F o r e s t .

K I K U Y U PART ICHAPTER IV]

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1 3 6 . T h e e v i d e n c e o n w h i c h t h i s c o n c l u s i o n i s based i. c i p a l l y a m a p , K i a m b u N o . 1 of 1 9 0 7 , w h i c h s h o w s several \ on t h e l a n d l e a s e d t o M r . K a y M o u a t ( L . O . 176 a n d J77 D a g o r e t t i R e g i s t e r w h i c h s h o w s c o m p e n s a t i o n p a i d out n a t i v e v i l l a g e s o n t h a t l a n d ; a n d M r . L a n e ' s e v i d e n c e , refer 1896 o r 1897, t h a t t h e r e w a s c u l t i v a t i o n b o t h s i d e s of the r f r o m L i m u r u t o K i k u y u S t a t i o n a t t h a t t i m e . T h e l a t t e r e\ d o e s n o t c o r r e s p o n d w i t h t h e r e c o l l e c t i o n s of o t h e r witness it is e v i d e n t t h a t s u c h c u l t i v a t i o n as t h e r e w a s m u s t hav very sparse. T h e map to which the late M r . Justice H . sioner in K e n y a ; a copy of t h e o r i g i n a l r e c o r d of r e f e r e n c e is m a d e a b o v e w a s prepa 11. M c C l u r e , f o r m e r l y a D i s t r i c t Ci of it h a s b e e n filed at t h e e n d of Y o the evidence.

. 1 3 7 . I t is f o r t u n a t e t h a t o n e of o u r n u m b e r , M r . H e h a s p e r s o n a l r e c o l l e c t i o n o f t h e a r e a as it w a s i n 1904, i h a v e t h e r e f o r e been able t o m a k e our decision w i t h m o r e e e than w o u l d o t h e r w i s e have been the case. W e h a v e d e c i d e t h i s a r e a of 4 . 5 0 s q u a r e m i l e s w a s , as t o i t s g e n e r a l character, l a n d , but t h a t b y 1 9 0 2 t h e r e w e r e K i k u y u c l e a r i n g s in ii c r e a t e d a K i k u y u i n t e r e s t , w h i c h w e m a y f a i r l y assess as ext o v e r o n e - q u a r t e r of t h e w h o l e . W e t h e r e f o r e c o m p u t e t h e tr s u s t a i n e d b y t h e K i k u y u in this a r e a , b y r e a s o n of t h e subs a l i e n a t i o n of t h e l a n d , t o b e 1.12 s q u a r e m i l e s . F r o m Muguga to K i k u y u '*"'' 1 3 8 . I t i s c l e a r f r o m M r . M c C l u r e ' s m a p t h a t t h e land ( ; s^ig f t h e r a i l w a y f r o m M u g u g a t o K i k u y u Static. t h i c k l y p o p u l a t e d b y K i k u y u at t h a t d a t e , w h i l e o n t h e we: of t h e r a i l w a y 32 v i l l a g e s c a n b e c o u n t e d , of w h i c h all but t w i t h i n a m i l e of t h e r a i l w a y . T h i s m i g h t b e comparable d e n s i t y of a b o u t 3 0 p e r s o n s t o t h e s q u a r e m i l e . T h e r e can h a v e b e e n so m a n y in 1 8 9 6 , or t h e y w o u l d n o t h a v e escap n o t i c e of D r . B o e d e k e r . T h e c o n f l i c t of h i s e v i d e n c e w i t h t M r . L a n e s u g g e s t s t h a t o c c u p a t i o n o n t h e w e s t s i d e of the r w a s so sparse as n o t to b e r e a d i l y n o t i c e d . A g a i n it w i l l be s a r y t o b e a r b i t r a r y , a n d w e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e p r o p e r cours d r a w a l i n e f r o m t h e s o u t h - e a s t c o r n e r of t h e M u g u g a R e s e r v e r o u n d t h e v i l l a g e s s h o w n o n t h e m a p u n t i l t h e Ne R i v e r is r e a c h e d , a n d r e g a r d t h a t as m a r k i n g t h e i n n e r fores
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KIKTJYU P R O V I N C E
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..:-e enc m e n t i o n is m a d e by M r . S . L . H i u d e of t h e f a c t t h a t i n a M a s a i s t o c k r o u t e r a n n o r t h - w e s t n e a r t h e n o r t h b a n k of M b a g a t h i R i v e r t o w i t h i n a c o u p l e of m i l e s o f t h e S c l a t e r R o a d it t w o h o u r s ' er. 140. A s a g a i n s t t h i s t h e l a t e M r . M e r v y n B e e c h , w h e n D i s t r i c t er at D a g o r e t t i , s t a t e d t h a t h e w a s p r e p a r e d " t o p r o d u c e i n table e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e c o u n t r y r e a l l y b e l o n g e d to t h e K i k u y u . not k n o w n for certain w h a t " i n d i s p u t a b l e e v i d e n c e " Mr. n i n t e n d e d to p r o d u c e , b u t f r o m t h e p a p e r w h i c h h e a f t e r w a r d s e f o r t h e J o u r n a l of t h e A f r i c a n S o c i e t y i n 1917 i t m a y b e a s ed t h a t it r e l a t e d t o a l l e g e d p u r c h a s e s of l a n d b y K i k u y u f r o m bo. B u t the cases of w h i c h M r . B e e c h g i v e s most details a r e in t h e N d e i y a a r e a b u t i n t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d m o r e i m m e d i a t e l y el D a g o r e t t i , a n d e v e n t h o s e d e t a i l s h a v e n o t t u r n e d o u t , w h e n in c o u r t , to b e q u i t e as o r i g i n a l l y a l l e g e d . T h e i s s u e w a s d i n t h e c a s e of K a m a n i a n d K i t o s h o w a K a h o t o v e r s u s K i o i a g i in t h e H i g h C o u r t b e f o r e M r . J u s t i c e M a x w e l l .
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141 I t is v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t t h a t , w h i l e a l m o s t all t h e l a n d b o t h de and o u t s i d e t h e r e s e r v e t h e w h o l e w a y f r o m N a i v a s h a t o obi a n d b e y o n d i t is c l a i m e d b y s o m e K i k u y u mbari or o t h e r , iya is a n e x c e p t i o n . N o p a r t i c u l a r mbari c l a i m s i t , b u t i t is to b e l o n g t o t h e w h o l e t r i b e . I n so f a r as t h e K i k u y u c l a i m s of r i g h t , it is p r o b a b l y h e l d b y t h e m t o b e i n c l u d e d in a n 'ed p u r c h a s e b y C h i e f K i n a n j u i f r o m t h e M a s a i of a v a s t s t r e t c h u n t r y . T h i s c l a i m w i l l b e e x a m i n e d in d e t a i l i n a n o t h e r p l a c e , it is e n o u g h f o r o u r p r e s e n t p u r p o s e s t o q u o t e f r o m M r . J u s t i c e welTs j u d g m e n t in t h e case just cited : " I a m fully satisfied that K i n a n j u i only acquired r i g h t s t o any land in this n e i g h b o u r h o o d a f t e r t h e M a s a i - D o r o b o a g r e e m e n t . " ( H e had found t h e d a t e of this to b e 1899. T h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d is D a g o r e t t i . ) 142. T h e e v i d e n c e r e g a r d i n g t h e first D a g o r e t t i S t a t i o n m a k e s D a g o r e t t i ami undantly extreme clear that limit or No. w h e n it w a s founded a little south Extracts from of in 1890 it w a s o n extreme limit of which sup Mr. also
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to t h e e v i d e n c e of M r . J o h n s t o n e K e n y a t t a , w h o c o n s i d e r s thai extends to the G i t i b a . T h e r e l e v a n t p a s s a g e s a r e q u o t e d iu s a m e s e c t i o n of t h e A p p e n d i x . 1 4 3 . O n t h e w e i g h t of t h e e v i d e n c e w e a r e f u l l y satisfied ti n o t h i n g s o u t h of t h e N e a n g a r a E i v e r c a n b e c o u n t e d as having b f "unequivocal Between Eort Smith

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1 4 4 . D r . B o e d e k e r h a s g i v e n e v i d e n c e r e g a r d i n g t h e arran ? b e t w e e n t h e K i k u y u a n d t h e Masai a t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a n e u t r a l z o n e , a n d h e h a s p r o d u c e d a it in i l l u s t r a t i o n of i t . T h e i m p r e s s i o n s c o n v e y e d b y t h e m a p and t h e m e m o r a n d u m a t t a c h e d t o h i s e v i d e n c e a r e p e r h a p s at variam O n e g a t h e r s f r o m t h e m e m o r a n d u m t h a t t h e n o r t h e r n boundary t h e n e u t r a l z o n e w a s p r a c t i c a l l y t h e N a i r o b i R i v e r . H e states : " I n t h e c o u r s e of t i m e H a l l finally p e r s u a d e d the Ala t o c e a s e t h e i r r a i d s i n t o t f i e K i k u y u c o u n t r y a n d in order b i n d t h e m t o t h i s h e fixed a s t r i p of n e u t r a l c o u n t r y extend: d u e e a s t b e t w e e n t h e t w o t r i b e s , w h i c h c o m m e n c e d at the he: w a t e r s of t h e M b a g a t h i s t r e a m , a n d t h e n t o w a r d s the he: w a t e r s of t h e N a i r o b i s t r e a m w h i c h a c t u a l l y h a d been ret n i z e d as t h e n a t u r a l b o u n d a r y b e t w e e n t h e t w o t r i b e s for m a years."
s m a d e b M r H a l 1

I t is t r u e t h a t t h e e x p r e s s i o n " d u e e a s t " i n t h e a b o v e passage;: g e s t s t h a t t h e r i v e r c a n n o t h a v e b e e n t h e e x a c t b o u n d a r y , buti g e n e r a l i m p l i c a t i o n s e e m s t o b e t h a t t h e r i v e r w a s t h e boundary practical purposes. W h e n , h o w e v e r , o n e t u r n s t o t h e m a p , at T h e r e a n e u t r a l z o n e i s s h o w n shac it on is s t a t e d t h a t Lukenya, and it was the "sighted f e r e n t impression is c r e a t e d . due east, and in Lukenya." possibly have a footnote sighted

i n a m o r e or l e s s u n i f o r m w i d t h a n d r u n n i n g c o n s i d e r a b l y south Nothing been w h i c h w a s s e t d u e e a s t i n t h o s e parts coi d i r e c t i o n nr conform angle I n t h e w e s t e r n half of; t h i s l i n e is i n makes

obviously have been south-east b y east. n e u t r a l z o n e as i l l u s t r a t e d north-east by east, and on the m a p

w i t h t h e g e n e r a l d i r e c t i o n of t h e r i v e r , b u t a f t e r t h a t t h e river tin its g e n e r a l direction an perhaps thirty degrees w i t h t h e line of the neutral 145. A supplementary Boedeker, w h o replied : question was therefore zone. put to I

" T h e e x t e n t of t h i s d i s c r e p a n c y i s i l l u s t r a t e d by : t r i a n g l e i n d i c a t e d b y r e d d o t s w h i c h I h a v e n o w caused to p u t o n t h e m a p . I n m y r e c o l l e c t i o n t h i s t r i a n g l e w a s aim e n t i r e l y c o v e r e d w i t h f o r e s t , a n d w h e t h e r or n o t M r . Ha' n e u t r a l z o n e i n c l u d e d i t , t h e r e w e r e n o K i k u y u l i v i n g or en v a t i n g t h e r e a n d f o r p r a c t i c a l p u r p o s e s i t c a n b e included the forest b e l t . "

324
K I K U Y U ICHAPTER IV] PROVINCE T H E OLD K I K U Y U BOUNDARIES

e p r o d u c t i o n of t h i s m a p is s h o w n i n t h e ing' p a g e 701 of t h e p r i n t e d 14G. I t is r e g r e t t e d that evidence. no official

first

of t h e t w o of Mr.

maps Hall's

account

eatv" has been found. W e are satisfied, h o w e v e r , that t h e r e s an a r r a n g e m e n t of t h i s k i n d , a n d w e c o n s i d e r t h a t , w h e t h e r i t is m a d e i n 1891 o r n o t t i l l t h e f o l l o w i n g y e a r , t h e de facto situa i was that the K i k u y u had not the undisputed r i g h t to land th of t h e N a i r o b i R i v e r a n d w e c o n s i d e r i t t o b e p r o p e r l y e x ded f r o m " u n e q u i v o c a l K i k u y u t e r r i t o r y . " 147. A . s t a t e m e n t c o n t a i n e d i n a m e m o r a n d u m b y M r . 0. 38/1/2/12 "About Government reserve. tain The enough of 20th February, 1912) provides t i m o n y : 1909 t h e Q u a r a n t i n e B o a r d w i t h t h e a p p r o v a l moved all these these (Kikuyu) cattle; cattle back were into nearly agricultural portion grass for of t h e r e s e r v e d i d n o t so t h e y of the con all they Hobley corroborative

l o c a t e d i n a n a r e a s o u t h of t h e R a i l w a y , w h i c h p r e v i o u s l y had b e e n n e r v o u s of o c c u p y i n g o n a c c o u n t of t h e M a s a i . a kind of neutral zone between the two tribes."

It was

the o t h e r h a n d , a l e t t e r w r i t t e n b y M r s . H i n d e , w i d o w of M r . nde, a f o r m e r P r o v i n c i a l C o r p m i s s i o n e r , m a k e s m e n t i o n o f A i r . 1 h a v i n g fixed a b o u n d a r y b e t w e e n t h e K i k u y u a n d A l a s a i , 1 ich w a s r e s p e c t e d b y b o t h s i d e s , b u t s a y s n o t h i n g a b o u t a n e u t r a l e (see s e c t i o n (g) of t h e A p p e n d i x ) . 148. B e f o r e c o n c l u d i n g t h i s c h a p t e r i t w i l l b e w e l l to r e c o r d opinion on Chief K i n a n j u i ' s c l a i m to h a v e b o u g h t land to t h e ith of t h e N a i r o b i R i v e r , a n d g e n e r a l l y o n t h e q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r land w h i c h i s n o w K i k u y u N a t i v e R e s e r v e s o u t h of t h e N a i r o b i er s h o u l d m o r e p r o p e r l y b e a c c o u n t e d as w o n b y t h e K i k u y u b y t i m a t e p r o c e s s e s of p e n e t r a t i o n , u s e , a n d p o s s i b l y p u r c h a s e , or having been g i v e n to t h e m by G o v e r n m e n t . 149. A s u m m a r y of C h i e f K i n a n j u i ' s c l a i m i s g i v e n in N o . 24 the mbari claims. I t is a m a s s of c o n t r a d i c t i o n s and w e a r e sfied t h a t t h e r e i s n o s u b s t a n c e i n i t . N o r o n t h e o t h e r h a n d w e m u c h i m p r e s s e d b y t h e c l a i m s of v a r i o u s K i k u y u t h a t t h e y t i g h t " t h e l a n d f r o m t h e D o r o b o M a r i m b e a n d M u i n a m i . I t is ent f r o m t h e r e c o r d s t h a t t h e l a n d s o u t h of t h e N a i r o b i R i v e r s generally r e g a r d e d as b e l o n g i n g principally to t h e M a s a i until date of M r . PJaH's a g r e e m e n t , a n d t h e r e is i n d e e d to b e f o u n d the D a g o r e t t i R e c o r d B o o k a s t a t e m e n t b y C h i e f K i n a n j u i t o -t effect. 150. I t is n o t q u i t e c l e a r t o us w h e t h e r M r . H a l h s a r r a n g e nt w a s t h a t t h e r e w a s t o b e a n e u t r a l . z o n e , w d i i c h n e i t h e r s i d e s to u s e , or w h e t h e r h i s i n t e n t i o n w a s t h a t t h e A l a s a i s h o u l d A Summary of the Question of R i g h t s claimed to the South of the Nairobi River.

K I K U Y U PAIIT I C H A P T E R IV]

PROVINCE T H E O I . " KIKUYTJ BOVNDAI

recede and the K i k u y u advance. W e have had evidence i n b s e n s e s , b u t i n e i t h e r c a s e i t a p p e a r s t h a t u l t i m a t e l y the Kikt w e r e a l l o w e d t o o c c u p y l a n d w h i c h h a d n o t p r e v i o u s l y been the a n d t h a t a t t h e t i m e it c o u l d i n a m e a s u r e h a v e b e e n regarded a g i f t b y G o v e r n m e n t . O n t h e other h a n d w e shall n o t deny t h a t K i k u y u h a d a l r e a d y h a d a c e r t a i n d e g r e e o f u s e of t h e a r e a t o e x t e n t w h i c h h a s b e e n r e v e a l e d i n t h e e v i d e n c e r e v i e w e d in C h a i I I o r t h a t s o m e f a m i l y g r o u p s a m o n g t h e m m a y a b o u t t h i s ti or p o s s i b l y a f e w y e a r s e a r l i e r h a v e m a d e c e r t a i n p a y m e n t s to D o r o b o for the e n j o y m e n t of certain facilities. 151. W e consider t h a t , on b a l a n c e , t h e p o s i t i o n about t h e v 1902 w a s t h a t t h e a r e a h a d b e e n s u b j e c t e d t o c o n s i d e r a b l e p c n e i t i o n b y t h e K i k u y u e i t h e r w i t h t h e d e f i n i t e p e r m i s s i o n or a t le w i t h t h e acquiescence of G o v e r n m e n t . 152. tion of able Chief to But it appears that, wlien the alienation took place, l a r g e a c c r e t i o n of p o p u l a t i o n in t h i s a r e a o c c u r r e d b y t h e i m m i j natives from settle there Kinanjui the f a r m s , a n d it is b e l i e v e d that t h e y w and acquire having bailiff. finding o n t h e issue w h e t h e r t h e 1 : or as h e l d b y t h e given." whether t o so Kikuyu rights without much cliliicu! o r \m constituted himself

apparently

b e e n c o n s t i t u t e d as a s o r t of 153. O n these facts our

should r a n k as g i v e n by G o v e r n m e n t 154. On the further against the

a p r i o r r i g h t , is t h a t i t m u s t r a n k as " m o s t l y

point w h i c h arises, n a m e l y , alienations, we consider

a r e a g i v e n b e f o r e t h e a l i e n a t i o n s s h o u l d b e a l l o w e d t o be set-ott compensation extent claim south map (Le., it on of can that b e so s e t - o f f , a n d a f t e r consider can of weighing t h e merits of

b o t h sides w e the Nairobi

that, with be reckoned 7.60 square

the exception o f : as a miles half set-off of as agai

b l o c k s t o b e m e n t i o n e d b e l o w , h a l f t h e a r e a of t h e n a t i v e rese River an area the alienations. 3.80 I t has been cross-hatched blue and yellow on which I admissi miles) counts as g i v e n and

and represents square

acquired. 155. was T h e t w o blocks excluded f r o m this to the Kikuyu when eastern the finding are show

b l u e , a n d c o m p r i s e a t o t a l of 1.24 s q u a r e m i l e s . given marcated for in 1907, and t h e block was

T h e western bl Forest w a s in exeha: given

Dagoretti

f o r c e r t a i n losses in t h e K a b e t e area, i n c l u d i n g t h e land aliena t h e J e a n e s S c h o o l , t h e N a t i v e I n d u s t r i a l T r a i n i n g Depot, and the Reformatory .

7

Scott Laboratory,

These

t w o blocks m

i n o u r j u d g m e n t , b e a c c o u n t e d t o h a v e b e e n a d d e d b y Governm from land which was not formerly K i k u y u territory.

K.1KUYU j j CHAPTER I V ]

PROVINCE THE OLD KTKUYU BOUNDARIES

156. T h e n e x t t a s k is t o d e t e r m i n e t h e p o i n t a t w h i c h t h e S j j?,rUi cst e d g e c r o s s e d t h e N a i r o b i R i v e r a n d r a n n o r t h w a r d s , f o r m i n g tlio Nairobi e eastern b o u n d a r y of e f f e c t i v e K i k u y u t e r r i t o r y p a s t F o r t S m i t h River, d towards K i a m b u .

a F g

157. D r . B o e d e k e r d r e w o n a m a p a t t a c h e d t o h i s e v i d e n c e t h e sition of t h e f o r e s t i n t h i s q u a r t e r a s h e c o n c e i v e d i t t o h a v e b e e n out 1895. S r d j s e q u e n t l y , h e a m e n d e d t h i s b y a n o t h e r l i n e , w h i c h considered t o b e m o r e c o r r e c t a f t e r s e e i n g h i s o r i g i n a l l i n e r e p r o ced on a l a r g e scale m a p , w h i c h s h o w s m o r e d e t a i l . According his a m e n d e d l i n e , t h e f o r e s t e d g e n o r t h of t h e r i v e r s t a r t s at t h e jih-eastern c o r n e r of L . O . 6863 ( S t . A u s t i n ' s M i s s i o n ) a n d t h e n s to t h e n o r t h - w e s t c o r n e r of t h e p r e s e n t K a r u r a F o r e s t R e s e r v e ; ence b y t h e K a r u r a R i v e r t o t h e n o r t h - e a s t c o r n e r of L . O . 4 8 8 7 ; enre to t h e s o u t h - w e s t c o m e r of L . O . 7 6 / 3 ; a n d t h e n c e t o t h e rth-west c o r n e r of L . O . 7 9 , o n t h e e a s t e r n e d g e of t h e T h a t h i n i amp. A t t h i s p o i n t i t s t o p s , s i n c e D r . B o e d e k e r h a d n o p e r s o n a l owledge of it t o t h e n o r t h w a r d . T h i s a m e n d e d l i n e is s h o w n o n e second m a p a t t a c h e d t o h i s e v i d e n c e . T h i s l i n e m u s t n o w b e mpared w i t h t h e o t h e r e v i d e n c e w h i c h w e h a v e o n t h e s u b j e c t , il w e m a y first c o n s i d e r i t w h e r e i t p a s s e s t o t h e e a s t of F o r t lilh. 158. T h a t F o r t S m i t h i t s e l f w a s b u i l t i n K i k u y u c o u n t r y is rtain. L o r d L u g a r d m e n t i o n s i n h i s b o o k t h a t h e d i s a p p r o v e d o f e boma s i t e b e c a u s e " i t w a s s i t u a t e d i n t h e v e r y h e a r t of t h e llages a n d fields of t h e K i k u y u . " 159. E v i d e n c e given to the Commission suggests that the -est e d g e i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of N a i r o b i w a s n o t v e r y f a r a w a y f r o m e F o r t . T h e r e l e v a n t p a s s a g e s a r e q u o t e d i n s e c t i o n (g) of t h e pendix. 160. T h e r e is a n o t a b l e c o n t r a s t b e t w e e n t h e p o s i t i o n d e p i c t e d the w i t n e s s e s w h o s e e v i d e n c e r e l a t e s t o t h e p e r i o d b e f o r e 1900 d that d e c r i b e d b y t h e w i t n e s s e s w h o first c a m e t o K e n y a a f t e r rds. T h e a l l u s i o n s m a d e b y t h e l a t t e r w i t n e s s e s t o t h e p o s s i b l e stence of g r o u n d l a n d l o r d s is i n t e r e s t i n g a n d w i l l b e r e v i e w e d a later c h a p t e r , b u t t h e m a t t e r of i m m e d i a t e c o n c e r n is t h e p o s i n of t h e f o r e s t b o u n d a r y t o t h e e a s t w a r d of F o r t S m i t h i n 1895 d the l i m i t o f e f f e c t i v e o r u n e q u i v o c a l K i k u y u o c c u p a t i o n . We vefore a t t a c h t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n c e t o t h e c o n t e m p o r a r y e v i d e n c e , d receive f r o m it a f a i r l y s t r o n g i m p r e s s i o n t h a t t h e l i m i t of iuyu c u l t i v a t i o n i n 1895 w a s a t t h e e a s t e r n e n d o f t h e S c o t t boratory g r o u n d . W h e t h e r t h e f o r e s t b e g a n i m m e d i a t e l y or s o m e ssland o r s c r u b c o u n t r y i n t e r v e n e d i s a p o i n t w h i c h r e m a i n s i n bt. ^ i3 fj; f Smith,
e Q b a c o r

^ p t
0 o r

K I K U Y U PAUT ICHAPTER IV]

PROVINCE TlIK Of.D K I K U Y U B O L N D J

161. F a t h e r

Bernhard

differs

from

Dr.

Boedeker

as to

p o i n t w h e r e t h e f o r e s t e d g e s t a r t e d n o r t h of t h e N a i r o b i R i v e r , : p u t s it at t h e j u n c t i o n o f t h e N e a n g a r a a n d N a i r o b i R i v e r s near south-east whence c o r n e r of t h e G o v e r n m e n t F a r m extension to join D r . ( L . O . If Bocdek h e c o n s i d e r s t h a t it r a n e a s t w a r d

l i n e a l i t t l e south of t h e r a i l w a y . cultivation rather adopt detailed than we

D r . B o c d e k e r , t h o u g h agree

t h a t t h e s i t e of t h e S c o t t L a b o r a t o r i e s w a s w h e r e t h e first sign: a p p e a r e d , d o e s n o t a g r e e t h a t t h e f o r e s t s t a r t e d :it forest. recalled of Being Dr. somewhat which doubtful was which able to version give u L89( p o i n t , but states t h a t t h e i n t e r v e n i n g l a n d w a s s c r u b or grass! Boedeker, who

account

a journey

he undertook

about

a t t e n d a sick K i k u y u n a t i v e in t h i s l o c a l i t y , a n d o n t h e strength] his evidence w e have decided that, although the p a t i o n b y K i k u y u f o r it t o b e classed as K i k u y u indication of t h e limit of K i k u y u territory in neighbourhooi t e r r i t o r y , and this quarter, a S t . A u s t i n ' s M i s s i o n w a s w e l l t i m b e r e d , t h e r e w a s sufficient a h a v e d e c i d e d t o a c c e p t D r . B o e d e k e r ' s a m e n d e d l i n e as an accu s t o o d in 1S95. 162. I t first drew is to be n o t e d the f o r e s t that the t h e map) o n Commission which Dr. Boedi

line for

w a s a contour i

p r e p a r e d " u n d e r t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e D i r e c t o r of S u r v e y s " in 1!] a n d m u c h of t h e a r e a w h i c h D r . B o e d e k c r i n c l u d e d as forest bell covered scrub. K a r u r a Forest and Thimbigwa. 163. D r . B o e d e k e r ' s a m e n d e d l i n e i n c l u d e s T h i m b i g w a in forest. H i s earlier line e x c l u d e d the g r e a t e r part of it. The e v i d e n c e on t h e c o n d i t i o n s at T h i m b i g w a i s A i r . K n a p p ' s , w e n t to l i v e t h e r e i n 1 8 9 9 . H e s t a t e s : "Mr. became We Krieger, of w h o w a s w i t h m e , t o o k u p a holding Thimbigwa from Estate, which Estate w a s t h e n hi found a 1 owner on the map with the conventional signs which indii

f o r e s t . . . A f t e r t h e f a m i n e A i r . K r i e g e r a n d I w e n t up-counj went north Thimbigwa and n u m b e r of c l e a r i n g s in t h e f o r e s t , w h i c h h a d b e e n m a d e in last f e w y e a r s . burning, grown had . . . Mr. B u t t h e s e c l e a r i n g s w h i c h h a d b e e n rnadi been abandoned in
7

the forest,

and

were ( Estate

Krieger bought over."

the T h i m b i g w a

K i s i n g a f o r a b o u t 70 g o a t s . the goats handed

I w as t h e r e a t t h e t i m e and

T h i s e x t r a c t satisfied us t h a t , a l t h o u g h t h e r e w e r e K i k u y u c l a i m e d c e r t a i n r i g h t s t h e r e , t h e e x t e n t of wdiich w i l l have to! c o n s i d e r e d , t h e g e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r of t h e c o u n t r y b o t h at T h i m b a n d to t h e n o r t h of i t w a s f o r e s t .

K I K U Y U i ICHAPTER IV]

PROVINCE THE OLD K I K U Y U BOUNDARIES

164. E v i d e n c e w a s g i v e n a t K i a m b u b y M r . M a c L e l l a n W i l s o n K i a m b u Station and M r . T a r t t o t h e e f f e c t t h a t t h e s i t e of K i a m b u S t a t i o n h a d n o t Eastwards. K i k u y u territory before it w a s taken b y G o v e r n m e n t for an inistrative station. O n t h e o t h e r - h a n d t h e n a t i v e s c l a i m it d i v e r s e e v i d e n c e h a s b e e n g i v e n t o t h e C o m m i s s i o n as t o t h e ticular mbari which " o w n e d " it. T h e Mbari ya A i g i have med i t , a n d so h a v e t h e M b a r i y a M e g a , w h o h a v e a l s o a p p l i e d all t h e b a c k r e n t s o n s h o p s , a m o u n t i n g t o a t o t a l o f a b o u t 35.000. M r . O r d e - B r o w n e , a D i s t r i c t Officer i n K e n y a f r o m 9 to 1 9 1 5 , h a d a n office b o y n a m e d A l i w h o c l a i m e d i t . On the er h a n d i t a p p e a r s f r o m a l e t t e r w r i t t e n b y M r . H o b l e y i n 1913 t n o n e of t h e s e c l a i m s w a s r e g a r d e d b y t h e t r i b e as b e i n g so one t h a t t h e t r i b e a s a w h o l e c o u l d n o t d i s p o s e o f i t , a n d h e orted t h a t t h e t r i b e w i s h e d t o m a k e a p r e s e n t of i t t o G o v e r n nt. H o w e v e r t h e s e t h i n g s m a y b e , t h e e v i d e n c e of M r . L a n e nite c l e a r as to w h a t h e f o u n d t h e r e i n 1896 : "Either left at t h e end of 1S96 or down the beginning of 1897 is I at m i d n i g h t and w e n t the valleys to w h a t now found were

k n o w n as K i a m b u . their cattle there. to t h e K i k u y u . 165. C o l o n e l

W e t o o k t h e n a t i v e s by surprise a n d T h o s e l a n d s i n t h e v i c i n i t y of K i a m b u w e r e m o r e on the h i l l s . " in his memorandum

g r a z e d o v e r b y a f e w h e a d of c a t t l e , s h e e p a n d g o a t s , b e l o n g i n g They Ainsworth mentions the

aring of t h e s i t e f o r t h e s t a t i o n i n 1 9 0 1 . 166. O n g e n e r a l p r o b a b i l i t i e s it w o u l d s e e m t h a t t h e ambu S t a t i o n w a s s c r u b l a n d i n 1 8 9 5 , a n d n o t f o r e s t . site of

167. M r . K n a p p s t a t e d t h a t h e a n d M r . K r i e g e r w e n t n o r t h Kiambu to Kambui. m T h i m b i g w a to K a m b u i t h r o u g h forest. T h e direct p a t h w o u l d almost i m m e d i a t e l y e a s t of K i a m b u . H e d o e s n o t r e p o r t t h a t y e m e r g e d f r o m t h e forest at a n y p o i n t before t h e i r arrival at m b u i , b u t t h e y p a s s e d a n u m b e r of c l e a r i n g s w h i c h h a d b e e n de b y b u r n i n g . These appeared to M r . K n a p p to have been de b e f o r e t h e f a m i n e a n d w h e n h e f o u n d t h e m t h e y h a d b e e n ndoned and w e r e o v e r g r o w n . H e stated : " P r o m N a i r o b i to K i a m b u at this time was h e a v y but p a t c h e s of i t h a d r e c e n t l y b e e n cut d o w n . " forest,

B o e d e k e r ' s l i n e is set b a c k n e a r l y t w o m i l e s f r o m t h e c e n t r e of ambu S t a t i o n . I f M r . K n a p p is c o r r e c t , t h i s c l e a r l y n e e d s endment. 16S. M r . K n a p p f o u n d t h a t o n K a m b u i H i l l i t s e l f t h e r e h a d a a K i k u y u village fortified for protection against the M a s a i , said (a p o i n t w h i c h h a s n o t b e e n r e c o r d e d b y t h e s t e n o g r a p h e r ) t the K i k u y u h a b i t a t i o n s e x t e n d e d for about o n e m i l e east of t h e ssion. a n d a f t e r t h a t t h e r e f o l l o w e d a b o u t f o u r m i l e s of s t u m p s of

K I K U Y U PAIIT I - C H A P T E R IV]

PROVINCE T H E O L D K I K U Y U BOUNDA

r e c e n t l y f e l l e d f o r e s t , a n d t h e n o n e c a m e to t h e f o r e s t itself. K n a p p w a s s u b s e q u e n t l y r e c a l l e d o n t h i s p o i n t a n d confirmei above statement. T h e r e f e r e n c e is t o M a y , 1 9 0 2 , a n d nidi t h a t in 1895 t h e f o r e s t e d g e w a s c l o s e r t o t h e m i s s i o n , but tha K i k u y u h a d s u b s e q u e n t l y d e s t r o y e d m o r e f o r e s t a f t e r t h e Masa l e f t t h e p l a i n s . I t w o u l d be t o c l e a r i n g i n t h i s n e i g h b o u r h o o d C o l o n e l A i n s w o r i h r e f e r s i n h i s m e m o r a d u m w h e r e he states; " S o m e t i m e in 1895 a n E l d e r n a m e d N g w a l u living t h e R u i r u R i v e r g o t i n t o t r o u b l e w i t h the D i s t r i c t Con s i o n e r of K i k u y u b e c a u s e h i s p e o p l e h a d d e s t r o y e d forest near his v i l l a g e ; t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r on N g w a l u to r e t u r n to bis l o c a t i o n on t h e h i g h e r p a r t of the r Certain cattle were seized. N g w a l u a p p e a l e d to m e as C o m m i s s i o n e r f o r t h e r e t u r n of t h e c a t t l e . Consequen p r o c e e d e d w i t h t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r t o t h e spot, result of t h e v i s i t b e i n g t h a t t h e c a t t l e w e r e returned N g w a l u w a s a l l o w e d t o r e m a i n w h e r e he w a s o n his n t a k i n g not t o cut d o w n a n y m o r e of t h e f o r e s t ; the 1 e x p l a i n e d in a l l g o o d f a i t h t h a t h e w a s n o t a w a r e that he d o i n g w r o n g in c u t t i n g d o w n t h e t r e e s . N o c l a i m to the was advanced.'' I t i s n o t in t h e l e a s t p r o b a b l e t h a t N g w a l u or a n y b o d y e l s e reft; f r o m c u t t i n g m o r e t i m b e r f o r t h e n e x t s e v e n y e a r s , a n d one c o n c l u d e w i t h c e r t a i n t y t h a t t h e f o r e s t e d g e as f o u n d b y M r . K in 1902 w a s f u r t h e r to t h e e a s t t h a n it h a d b e e n in 1 8 9 5 , but difficult t o say h o w m u c h f u r t h e r . T h e f a c t t h a t such a n ordei g i v e n in 1895 is i n t e r e s t i n g , s i n c e it i n d i c a t e s t h a t G o v e r n m e n i already undertaking the function, which is i n h e r e n t in s o v e r e i g n p o w e r , of e n s u r i n g t h a t t h e l a n d is used t o g o o d ud^ tage. A s w e h a v e p r e v i o u s l y s t a t e d , w e h a v e a g r e e d to r l a n d o b t a i n e d b e f o r e 1902 b y first c l e a r i n g a n d use a s "adnii a c q u i r e d " and to be accounted as K i k u y u territory. B u t we n o t r e g a r d it a l t o g e t h e r as l e g i t i m a t e l y w o n , b e c a u s e it is o l c l e a r f r o m t h e a b o v e i n s t a n c e a n d s e v e r a l o t h e r s t h a t m u c h wa d e s t r u c t i o n of f o r e s t w a s c a r r i e d o u t a g a i n s t t h e e x h o r t a t i o n o r d e r s of a d m i n i s t r a t i v e officers, a n d w e f e e l t h a t w e are p e r j s t r e t c h i n g a p o i n t in f a v o u r of t h e K i k u y u in c o u n t i n g such g ;is t h e i r t e r r i t o r y in 1 9 0 2 . A f t e r t h a t d a t e t h e r e c a n b e no qtie of m a k i n g f u r t h e r a l l o w a n c e s i n r e s j j e c t of a n y a r e a in w l E o r e s t O f f i c e r s w e r e a c t i v e l y e m p l o y e d u n d e r t h e F o r e s t Ordinal to prevent further encroachment.

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D e p a r t m e n t f o r a n y d o c u - Thika River, T h i s is p e r h a p s seems forest

ifcary e v i d e n c e of t h e f o r e s t b e l t b e t w e e n K a m b u i a n d t h e T h i k a N o t h i n g of a n y a s s i s t a n c e h a s b e e n f o u n d . very surprising, a s t h e e v i d e n c e g i v e n b e f o r e t h e C o m m i s s i o n imgest a d o u b t w h e t h e r a n y ;eT a f t e r 1 8 9 8 . ii. T h e d o c u m e n t a r y e v i d e n c e is v e r y m e a g r e . Count T e l e k i , was c a m p e d n e a r t h e T h i k a R i v e r o n 21st S e p t e m b e r , 1 8 8 7 , its t h a t p a r t of h i s j o u r n e y o u t h e 2 2 n d l a y t h r o u g h " a n u n bited d i s t r i c t " a n d a d d s : Page 331."We were told that it was deserted on ac count of t h e s l a v i n g r a i d s of t h e Kamba." o b v i o u s t r a c e s of t h i s

f o u n t T e l e k i s t a t e s t h a t o n t h i s d a y h e c a m p e d at a d i s t a n c e 'about 21- to 3 m i l e s f r o m t h e w o o d , w h i c h s e e m s t o e n c i r c l e t h e !e d i s t r i c t . " T h e c l e a r s u g g e s t i o n is t h a t , if t h e K i k u y u h a d eave an a r e a u n i n h a b i t e d , t h o u g h s i t u a t e d a t a d i s t a n c e of s o m e s inside t h e b o u n d a r y w o o d , it c a n n o t h a v e b e e n a v e r y e f f e c barrier in t h i s p a r t , a n d t h e r e w e r e p r o b a b l y g a p s i n i t . It be n o t i c e d t h a t t h e m a p i l l u s t r a t i n g S i r A l f r e d M a c k i n d e r ' s ney s h o w s n o f o r e s t h e r e , b u t o n l y a l i n e w h e r e o p e n " s t e p p e " to the e a s t is b o r d e r e d b y " c u l t i v a t i o n w i t h r e m n a n t s o f s t " to t h e w e s t , w h e r e a s T h o m s o n ' s m a p of 1884 s h o w s " H i g h st R e g i o n . " .171. D r B o e d e k e r s t a t e s i n a s u p p l e m e n t to h i s e v i d e n c e Fill' that i n 1898 h e a c c o m p a n i e d a m i l i t a r y e x p e d i t i o n ^ f r o m hakos i n t o K i k u y u c o u n t r y , a n d b e l i e v e s t h e y c r o s s e d t h e l i n e e p r e s e n t R a i l w a y - i n t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d of t h e N d a r u g u R i v e r , thence t h e y p r o c e e d e d w e s t w a r d s i n t o t h e K i k u y u y f o u n d n o t h i n g t h a t c o u l d b e c a l l e d a b e l t of f o r e s t . country w i t h o p e n g r a z i n g p a t c h e s . " country, " I t was

172. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d A i r . J . P a t t e r s o n m e n t i o n s t h a t i n he a n d M r . K r i e g e r c a m e f r o m t h e d i r e c t i o n of K i b w e z i a n d hed K i k u y u c o u n t r y b e t w e e n N d a r u g u a n d R u i r u R i v e r s , a n d ck a " t i m b e r b e l t " , w h i c h t h e y f o l l o w e d s o u t h w a r d s t i l l t h e y e t o T h i m b i g w a . I t is p o s s i b l e t h a t A i r . P a t t e r s o n ' s r o u t e w a s ewhat s o u t h of t h a t t a k e n b y D r . B o e d e k e r .

KIKTJYU PAUT ICHAPTER V]

PROVINCE TnE OLD K I K U Y U BOUND:

1 7 3 . T h e r e m a i n d e r o f t h e e v i d e n c e o n t h i s p o i n t is by ? n e s s e s w h o t r a v e l l e d a t v a r i o u s t i m e s a l o n g t h e o l d c a r a v a n rot T h e i r e v i d e n c e i n r e g a r d t o t h i s p a r t i c u l a r s e c t i o n o f i t is that t! d i d n o t see a n y K i k u y u . M r . H a u s b u r g , w h o m a d e t h e journev 1 8 9 9 , L o r d P h i l l i m o r e , w h o m a d e it i n 1 9 0 4 , a n d L o r d Cramvor w h o m a d e i t i n 1 9 0 6 , all a t t e s t ( E v i d e n c e , p p . 3 9 1 , 414 arid f t h a t t h e y s a w n o K i k u y u n a t i v e s a n d n o c u l t i v a t i o n i n this p M r . E . B . H o m e , wdio first m a d e t h e j o u r n e y i n 1 9 0 4 , attests,; a l l t h e c o u n t r y f r o m t h e M a r a g u a t o N a i r o b i , e x c e p t for a lit c u l t i v a t i o n n e a r t h e T h a r a R i v e r , w a s " g i v e n o v e r to gat ( E v i d e n c e , p p . 585 a n d 5 8 6 ) . T h e e v i d e n c e of M r . R . W e e k s , re! i n g t o 1 9 0 3 , is t o t h e s a m e e f f e c t . D r . A r t h u r , i n 1 9 0 8 , natura saw rather m o r e cultivation, but w h e n asked : " I f a w i t n e s s c a m e b e f o r e t h e C o m m i s s i o n a n d said tl i n 1904 h e w e n t f r o m N a i r o b i t o E o r t H a l l a n d s a w practics n o signs of a n y n a t i v e s until h e got to the M a r a g u a , w o y o u think that was w r o n g ? " He replied :

" I d o n o t t h i n k it a n o v e r - w i d e s t a t e m e n t . " 1 7 4 . M r . H . R . T a t e , s p e a k i n g of 1 9 0 2 , s t a t e s : " E r o n i TL o n i n t o N a i r o b i t h e r e w a s n e v e r m u c h c u l t i v a t i o n " , but ho': n o t s a y t h a t t h e r e w a s a b s o l u t e l y n o c u l t i v a t i o n o r t h a t t h e com. w a s q u i t e u n i n h a b i t e d . H e r a t h e r c o n v e y s t h e i m p r e s s i o n thai w a s s p a r s e l y o c c u p i e d . H e s a y s : " A t T h i k a i t w a s n o t Am p o p u l a t e d " , a n d h e s p e a k s of h i s m a i l r u n n e r s b e i n g killed, parently by K a m b a raiders. 1 7 5 . I n v i e w of t h e p a u c i t y of t h e f a c t s r e v e a l e d , i t is diffic t o s u g g e s t h o w t h e b o u n d a r y of t h e l a n d e f f e c t i v e l y occupied on: t o b e p l a c e d i n t h i s a r e a . I n m o s t p a r t s w e h a v e t a k e n it to c o i n c i d e n t w i t h t h e i n n e r e d g e of t h e f o r e s t , b u t h e r e there see: t o h a v e b e e n n o f o r e s t b e l t s u f f i c i e n t t o f o r m a r e c o g n i z a b l e Iron:. P r o b a b l y t h e b e s t c o u r s e i s t o s e l e c t t w o p o i n t s w h i c h can r o u g h l y e s t a b l i s h e d a n d j o i n t h e m w i t h a l i n e o f d o t s marked q u e r i e s , a n d t h e n s e e h o w s u c h a l i n e fulfils t h e k n o w n conili::,: T h e s e t w o points are : ( a ) A p o i n t o n e m i l e e a s t of K a m b u i M i s s i o n , s i n c e M r . Kna; i n 1902 f o u n d t h e l a n d t o t h e e a s t w a r d of t h a t to :. b e e n o n l y r e c e n t l y c l e a r e d of f o r e s t , a n d t h e stump; the Jb) A trees w e r e still standing. t h e point p o i n t t w o a n d t h r e e - q u a r t e r m i l e s e a s t of

w h i c h C o u n t T e l e k i is s h o w n t o h a v e c a m p e d on :. S e p t e m b e r , 1 8 S 7 , as d e t e r m i n e d w i t h as m u c h ami: a s p o s s i b l e b y t h e S u r v e y D e p a r t m e n t f r o m t h e infot: t i o n c o n t a i n e d i n t h e b o o k . T h i s p o i n t is found at: n o r t h - e a s t c o r n e r of L . O . 2 9 5 5 / 7 .

KIKXJYU ICHAPTER. V]

PROVINCE THE OLD K I K U Y U BOUNDARIES

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rnment took a w a y all the g r a z i n g land w h i c h lay e a s t w a r d eneral l i m i t of t h e i r d w e l l i n g s . able t o p r o v e t h i s b y e v i d e n c e . O n e could h a r d l y e x p e c t

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nee t h a t t h e i r c a t t l e d i d n o t c o m m o n l y g r a z e so f a r t o t h e e a s t be v i s i b l e f r o m t h e r o a d , b u t t h e o l d r o a d i n t h i s a r e a r a n a t yerage d i s t a n c e of n e a r l y s e v e n m i l e s east of t h e p r e s e n t b o u n d f the r e s e r v e . T h e r e is a c e r t a i n probability in t h e the boundary between but not contention and the to and they the was cattle miles. , in d e m a r c a t i n g yu d w e l l i n g s and the K i k u y u to grazing

a v a i l a b l e f o r a l i e n a t i o n as f a r m s , G o v e r n m e n t cultivation,

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they w e r e a c t u a l l y i n t h e h a b i t of g r a z i n g t h e i r c a t t l e c o n s i d e r to t h e e a s t w a r d . Id not graze t h e m i or K a m b a , out, r a i d i n g jse t h e f a r m P r u d e n c e would obviously dictate that so f a r a f i e l d as t o be a t e m p t a t i o n t o Boedeker has r e m a r k e d , t h e r e

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v i s i b i l i t y in t h i s r e g i o n a n d i n t h e d a y t i m e , w h e n t h e parties could h a v e been seen c o m i n g for line lies w h e r e it does, therefore it

1 e v e n t s it w o u l d b e a b e g g i n g of t h e q u e s t i o n t o a s s u m e t h a t , accurately deter fair appears is a -s t h e K i k u y u b o u n d a r y . the l i n e marked by the T h e r e seems to be n o w a y of row of dots and queries

ng t h e m a t t e r e x c e p t b y a n a r b i t r a r y p r o c e s s , a n d i t

s e n t a t i o n of t h e l i m i t s t o w h i c h t h e K i k u y u r e g u l a r l y u s e d t o e t h e i r c a t t l e , as o p p o s e d t o i n t e r m i t t e n t a n d p r e c a r i o u s g r a z i n g hich t h e y m a y h a v e o c c a s i o n a l l y i n d u l g e d w h e n t h e M a s a i K a m b a w e r e less a g g r e s s i v e t h a n usual. or

8. M r . K a z a n g i v e s e v i d e n c e of h a v i n g , w h e n D i s t r i c t C o m ioner of t h e K i a m b u D i s t r i c t , v i s i t e d L . O . 2 9 5 , a n d h e a r d t h e m e n t of t h e n a t i v e g r i e v a n c e a b o u t t h e a r e a s k n o w n as t h e

KlICUYTJ
PART X C n A i T K R V]

P R O V I N C E THE OLD KIKUYU finest

" 8 0 a c r e s " a n d t h e " 3 0 0 a c r e s " b o t h o f w h i c h a r e situated o n r i d g e b e t w e e n t h e C h a n i a a n d K a r i m e n u R i v e r s . O n the 300j h e w a s s h o w n s o m e r o o t s of t r e e s w h i c h w e r e b e i n g dug up it w a s a l l e g e d t h a t t h e y w e r e t r e e s w h i c h h a d b e e n used to m a githaka b o u n d a r y . H e r e m e m b e r s a l s o s e e i n g s o m e stumps \i h e c o n s i d e r e d to h a v e b e e n p l a n t e d i n a l i n e t o m a r k a bouiK of s o m e s o r t . T h e n a t i v e s a l l e g e d , t h o u g h w i t h o u t p r o o f , that; used t o w a t e r t h e i r c a t t l e a t t h e C h a n i a a n d K a r i m e n u Ttiv I t w i l l h e n o t i c e d t h a t t h e l i n e of d o t s h a p p e n s to pass thro their point of juncture. T W k a R r V c r to Saba-Saha.
1 7 9 V o n H o h n e l

records that w a s parallel

C o u n t T e l e k i ' s m a r c h on2 to the boundary it. hill which w o o d at a Count Tt H i s c a m p o n the 23rd H e estimated a b o v e his a

and 23rd S e p t e m b e r at a h e i g h t height With of

t a n c e of f r o m 3-1 t o 4 1 m i l e s f r o m 5,000 f t .

near t o a h i g h 2,300 f t .

c l i m b e d in o r d e r t o g e t a v i e w o f M o u n t K e n y a . of" t h e h i l l a t some t o 2,600 f t .

t h e h e l p of t h e s e d e t a i l s a n d C o u n t T e l e k T s m a p the t

has b e e n l o c a t e d as p r o b a b l y at a p o i n t a l i t t l e s h o r t of the Tt R i v e r a n d , i f t h e e d g e of t h e b o u n d a r y w o o d l a y f o u r miles to e a s t of i t , w e c a n fix a l i m i t a t a b o u t a m i l e t o t h e south-we Saba-Saba Station. fixed f u r t h e r I f w e j o i n t h a t p o i n t t o t h e o t h e r point ate I f wee t o t h e s o u t h , w e g e t t h e r o u g h p o s i t i o n of their

e d g e of t h e b o u n d a r y w o o d a c c o r d i n g t o C o u n t T e l e k i .

p a r e t h i s w i t h t h e m a p i l l u s t r a t i n g S i r A l f r e d M a c k i n d e r ' s jourr w e find t h a t t h e l i n e c o r r e s p o n d s f a i r l y c l o s e l y w i t h what is tl s h o w n as t h e l i m i t of "cultivation with remnants of forest", l a n d t o t h e e a s t of it b e i n g s h o w n as o p e n "steppe."

180. I f w e set u p t h i s l i n e f o r c r i t i c i s m b y m a r k i n g it wit l i n e of d o t s a n d e p i e r i e s , w e find t h a t i t r u n s a t a n a v e r a g e dista of a b o u t f o u r m i l e s w e s t of the p r e s e n t r a i l w a y , but only an a g e of a b o u t a m i l e w e s t of the p r e s e n t r o a d . I t is t h e line mat B C on t h e plan a b o v e . 181. T h i s a p p e a r s to a g r e e w e l l e n o u g h w i t h the evide g i v e n t o t h e C o m m i s s i o n . I f it h a d l a i n m u c h f u r t h e r to t h e e K i k u y u o c c u p a t i o n w o u l d h a v e b e e n o b s e r v e d b y the witne w h o t r a v e l l e d b y t h e o l d r o u t e , w h i c h a c c o r d i n g t o L o r d Cranw ( E v i d e n c e , p . 479) p a s s e d t h r o u g h P u n d a M i l i a . H e took u p ! o n L . O . 8 3 , a n d v i s i t e d i t i n 1906 a n d s u b s e q u e n t years, states : " T h e r e w a s n o t a h e a d o f c a t t l e , n o t a g o a t and n native. T h e y w e r e g r a d u a l l y c o m i n g u p f r o m the west g r a d u a l l y a p p r o a c h i n g P o r t H a l l . . . T h e r e w e r e no sign c u l t i v a t i o n t o a n y t h i n g l i k e t h e e x t e n t or a n y t h i n g like as a s t h e y g o n o w , a n d n o s i g n s of o c c u p a t i o n . "

K I K U Y U 1-CHAFTKII Vj

PROVINCE THE OLD K I K U Y U BOUNDARIES

82. M r . 5) :

E.

B.

Home,

speaking

of

1904, states

(Evidence,

" G o i n g south f r o m the M a r a g u a P a v e r , there w a s a little -ultivation just b e f o r e o n e c a m e t o t h e T h a r a , a n d t h e n c e o n ivards t o N a i r o b i t h e r e w a s n o c u l t i v a t i o n a n d t h e c o u n t r y w a s (riven o v e r to g a m e . I h a v e d o n e a l o t o f s h o o t i n g i n t h i s a r e a Vim E o r t H a l l a n d t h e o n l y c u l t i v a t i o n I c a n r e m e m b e r w a s n both s i d e s o f t h e r i v e r n e a r t h e T h a r a . I s h o u l d a d d t h a t r was flat c o u n t r y a n d t h e g r a s s w a s v e r y l o n g a n d t h e r e m a y ossibly h a v e b e e n a f e w shambas w h i c h I did not see. Also he n a t i v e s w e r e s h y i n t h o s e d a y s a n d d i d n o t g o n e a r a n y oad. I o n c e d i d a safari f r o m P u n d a Alilia to the I t h a n g a ills a n d I s a w n e i t h e r p e o p l e n o r c u l t i v a t i o n . " 183. T h e e v i d e n c e o f t h e s e w i t n e s s e s s h o w s t h e c o n d i t i o n s 'iiirig i n 1904 a n d 1 9 0 6 , w h e n t h e d r e a d o f t h e M a s a i h a d b e e n lv removed. W e m a y conclude that in 1895, w h e n c o n d i t i o n s iess s e t t l e d a n d r a i d s b y K a m b a or A l a s a i w e r e m o r e f r e q u e n t , \ikiryu c o u l d h a v e h a d n o p e r m a n e n t u s e of t h e c o u n t r y b e the l i n e w h i c h w e h a v e s e t u p . T h e m o r e d o u b t f u l p o i n t i s her t h e y h a d t h e p e r m a n e n t u s e o f a l l t h e l a n d i n s i d e i t . re w e p r o c e e d t o t r a c e t h e b o u n d a r y f u r t h e r n o r t h , t h i s p o i n t be d e c i d e d i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e w h o l e of t h e t e n t a t i v e l i n e w h i c h et up f r o m a p o i n t o n e m i l e e a s t of K a m b u i M i s s i o n t o t h e l-east c o r n e r of L . O . 2 , 9 5 5 / 7 a n d t h e n c e t o a p o i n t a b o u t a south-west o f S a b a - S a b a S t a t i o n . 184. T h e e v i d e n c e w h i c h w e h a v e b e e n a b l e t o o b t a i n u p o n abject is e x c e e d i n g m e a g r e . W h i l e w e a r e c o n v i n c e d f r o m t h e uce of C a p t a i n C o w i e a n d M r . H a r r i e s t h a t i n 1 9 0 4 t h e l a n d s h have b e e n a l i e n a t e d i n t h i s a r e a w e r e p r a c t i c a l l y u n i n h a b i t e d unused b y a n y n a t i v e s , w e f i n d a c o n s i d e r a b l e d e g r e e of c r e d i - in t h e n a t i v e c l a i m s t h a t t h e y u s e d t o g r a z e t h e i r c a t t l e t h e r e e the f a m i n e . D e f i n i t e p r o o f of s u c h a n a l l e g a t i o n c a n h a r d l y xpected. 1S5. W e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e l i n e as s e t u p r e p r e s e n t s w h a t a hnded m a n w o u l d r e g a r d a s a n a r b i t r a r y l i n e d r a w n w i t h o u t r on t h e g e n e r a l p r o b a b i l i t i e s o f t h e p o s i t i o n as i t w a s b e f o r e famine. I f w e a-ccept it a s s u c h , t h e q u e s t i o n t h e n a r i s e s her nny r e p a r a t i o n is d u e t o t h e K i k u y u f o r t h e l o s s of a n which t h e y a b a n d o n e d i n t h e f a m i n e a n d t o w h i c h t h e y h a d eturned in a n y e f f e c t i v e s t r e n g t h w h e n t h e l a n d w a s a l i e n a t e d 1 six o r s e v e n y e a r s a f t e r w a r d s . 186. I t is n o t e w o r t h y t h a t t h e c l a i m s i n t h i s a r e a , i f o n e e x ts one o r t w o w h i c h a r e f r i v o l o u s o n t h e f a c e of t h e m , t e n d t o ade o n b e h a l f of t h e m a i n c l a n s of t h e K i k u y u r a t h e r t h a n f o r cular f a m i l y g r o u p s . T h i s appears to indicate that little in

K I K U Y U PART ICHAPTER V ]

PROVINCE THE O L D KIKTJYU HOBS

t h e w a y o f p r i v a t e r i g h t s h a d b e e n a s s e r t e d i n t h i s part and the claims It related is when to grazing grounds held c o m m u n a l l y bil to speak of dcsiaj clans. revertendi of therefore somewhat was left, difficult

the land

since no c o m m o n

w e l l be attributed to a clan. t h e i r i n t e n t i o n s is b y

T h e o n l y w a y i n w h i c h o n e can j

t h e i r a c t i o n s , a n d i n so f a r as we

k n o w l e d g e o f t h e f a c t s i t s e e m s t h a t w h e n t h e n a t i v e popula w h i c h h a d l a r g e l y g o n e b a c k t o t h e P o r t H a l l D i s t r i c t i n the fanI b e g a n to r e t u r n a g a i n s o u t h a c r o s s t h e C h a n i a , m a n y of the g j s o u g h t f r e s h l a n d b y c u t t i n g a n d b u r n i n g t h e i r w a y i n t o thefj w e s t w a r d s i n s t e a d of r e t u r n i n g t o t h e p l a c e s w h e r e t h e y had! W e have made very by substantial allowances ( a l t o g e t h e r somel that, s q u a r e m i l e s ) f o r l a n d w h i c h w e h a v e h e l d t o h a v e b e e n admi -acquired the K i k u y u in this w a y , a n d if w e h o l d additions must should be be allowed the to t h e 1895 b o u n d a r y be m a d e for land in favour because of abandoned! of the Kit!

-clearings, n o subtractions must weighing T h i s observation

scales u n d u l y

has all the m o r e force w h e n of e f f e c t i v e l y

w e reflect that) o c c u p i e d terri

p o p u l a t i o n h a d b e e n g r e a t l y r e d u c e d i n t h e i n t e r v a l , so that a traction rather than an expansion was to be expected. view t h e r e f o r e of t h e k n o w n f a c t t h a t t h e r e was and s o u t h w a r d , w e s h a l l n o t h o l d that t

187. I n migration

westward

w a s a n y t h i n g l i k e a s e t t l e d d e s i g n o n t h e p a r t of n a t i v e s who l a n d s on t h e e a s t e r n b o r d e r i n t h e f a m i n e t o r e t u r n t o those la h u t i t is p r o b a b l e t h a t m a n y of t h e m d i d , i n f a c t , m o v e permane - e l s e w h e r e , a n d h a d a l r e a d y d o n e so b e f o r e t h e l a n d s w h i c h they left were alienated.

188. I n t h e b l o c k i m m e d i a t e l y n o r t h of t h e C h a n i a it is del ful whether there was much occupation even before the famf V o n H o h n e l r e c o r d e d t h a t it w a s l e f t v a c a n t f o r f e a r of slave I - a n d , t h o u g h t h i s m a y h a v e b e e n o n l y a t e m p o r a r y condition, t is no reason to -occupied at a n y 189. P o r believe time. that it w a s otherwise t h a n v e r y sptuj

t h e s e r e a s o n s , a l t h o u g h i n g e n e r a l w e have reel

m e n d e d f u l l c o m p e n s a t i o n , v a l u e f o r v a l u e , f o r a c r e a g e lost toi I v i k u y u , w e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e r e w o u l d b e n o j u s t i c e in such a si t i o n in t h i s p a r t i c u l a r a r e a , b u t w e find t h a t t h e f a i r e s t thing il .regard the 190. I n matter as f o l l o w s :

t h e N g e w a - C h a n i a b l o c k t h e r e a r e 1 7 . 1 0 square ni land which were "unequivocal Kikuyu eotintj

-and i n t h e b l o c k i m m e d i a t e l y n o r t h of t h e C h a n i a t h e r e are if -square m i l e s of

331
K I K U Y U I-CHAPTER V] PROVINCE THE OLD K I K U Y U BOUNDARIES

95, a n d w h i c h w e r e a l i e n a t e d as f a r m s a t v a r i o u s d a t e s b e ii 1904 a n d 1 9 0 8 . B u t i n t h e i n t e r v a l b e t w e e n 1 8 9 5 a n d 1 9 0 4 a m i n e c a u s e d t h e a b a n d o n m e n t of t h e l a n d . I n s o m e c a s e s t h e don m e n t w a s t e m p o r a r y i n t h e s e n s e t h a t f a m i l i e s w h i c h l e f t and w o u l d h a v e r e o c c u p i e d i t if it h a d n o t b e e n a l i e n a t e d , a n d ther c a s e s it w a s p e r m a n e n t i n t h a t t h e r e w e r e f a m i l i e s w h o tarily w e n t a n d c l e a r e d f r e s h l a n d e l s e w h e r e a n d n e v e r w o u l d reoccupied i t ( t o say n o t h i n g of t h e f a m i l i e s w h i c h h a d d i e d Itogether). T h e fairest basis, therefore, is half a n d half. L e t assumed t h a t h a l f t h e l a n d o c c u p i e d b y t h e s e b l o c k s ( i . e . 16.26 e m i l e s out of a t o t a l of 3 2 . 5 3 s q u a r e m i l e s ) w a s l a n d w h i c h been p e r m a n e n t l y a b a n d o n e d by t h e p r e v i o u s o c c u p i e r s w h e n land w a s a l i e n a t e d , a n d t h a t t h e . o t h e r h a l f h a d o n l y t e m p ly b e e n a b a n d o n e d a n d t h a t a niens revcrtendi existed to which -d m u s t b e h a d . 191. T h i s oses of is an arbitrary these view two of the matter count but, only in as our for 16.27 ion, f a i r t o a l l p a r t i e s , a n d w e t h e r e f o r e r e c o m m e n d t h a t compensation blocks -e m i l e s . 192. S u b j e c t t o t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s , w e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e t e n t a t i v e which w e s e t u p m a y b e a c c e p t e d . 193. W e n o w c o m e t o t h e s o m e w h a t c o n t r o v e r s i a l a r e a b e F r o m Saba to F o r t n S a b a - S a b a a n d t h e M a r a g u a . T h e m a p o f t h e r e s e r v e as i t ds at p r e s e n t s h o w s a p e n i n s u l a of f a r m s j u t t i n g o u t i n t o t h e ve i n s u c h a w a y a s t o s u g g e s t t h e s u s p i c i o n t h a t i t m a y h a v e f o r m e d p a r t o f n a t i v e l a n d . T h i s i s t h e a r e a of t h e S a b a - S a b a

f^f

194. T h e y w e r e s u r v e y e d i n 190S b y M r . F . Bf. J o r d a n , w h o furnished a m e m o r a n d u m t o t h e C o m m i s s i o n s t a t i n g t h a t at time t h e r e w e r e , t o t h e b e s t of M r . J o r d a n ' s k n o w l e d g e a n d f, o n l y a b o u t 8 2 h u t s i n t h e a r e a s u r v e y e d b y h i m , of w h i c h t 50 w e r e " w e s t of K a m a . " 195. K a r n a i t s e l f , a n d f o r n e a r l y a m i l e w e s t o f i t , i s i n t h e re, a n d t h i s m u s t b e t h e l o c a l i t y h e m e a n s . T h i s l e a v e s o n l y nts i n t h e f a r m a r e a , a n d of t h e s e a b o u t 20 w e r e f o u n d o n 326, w h i c h h a s b e e n d e c l a r e d n a t i v e r e s e r v e , 12 h u t s a l t o g e t h e r o n t h e a l i e n a t e d l a n d . leaving only

U t h o u g h M r . J o r d a n f o u n d a b o u t t w e n t y h u t s o n L . O . 326 i n M r . S e t h S m i t h o n l y f o u n d a b o u t s i x h u t s t h e r e i n 1906 dence, p. 9 3 7 ) , a n d b e l i e v e s t h a t t h e r e w a s o n l y o n e I C i k u v u on L . O . 325 ( S a b a - S a b a E s t a t e ) . L . O . 3 2 3 , w h i c h w a s i n c l u d e d i n M r . J o r d a n ' s s u r v e y , is n on h i s p l a n as b e i n g i n t h e n a m e o f " H a u s b u r g , C o w e n , t and E u t h e r f o o r d . " I t s b o u n d a r y is a b o u t t h r e e m i l e s e a s t

KIKUYU PART ICHAPTER V ]

PROVINCE T H E O L D K I K U Y C Borxi

of t h e I l a i l w a y a n d a b o u t 3 f m i l e s e a s t of t h e p r e s e n t road. Hausburg h a s t o l d us in e v i d e n c e , r e l a t i n g t o 1890 : " T h e c o u n t r y r o u n d P u n d a M i l i a w a s full of ^ T a k i n g t h e o l d n a t i v e t r a c k , w h i c h is v e r y n e a r l y the s t o - d a y a s i t w a s t h e n , t h e r e w a s n o c u l t i v a t i o n , so far r e m e m b e r , t o t h e e a s t o f it a t a l l . O n t h e w e s t side there a c e r t a i n a m o u n t , i n c r e a s i n g as y o u g o i n t o t h e foot-hill; wards Port H a l l . " 1 9 6 . M r . K u t h e r f o o r d ' s e v i d e n c e r e l a t i n g t o 1904 confirms d e s c r i p t i o n . H e i n f o r m s u s t h a t h e h a d b e e n " t o l d t h a t the r s e w h y t h e r e w e r e n o n a t i v e s t h e r e w a s b e c a u s e t h e K a m b a came f o u g h t t h e r e a g a i n s t t h e K i k u y u n e a r t h e b o r d e r of t h e i r countr 197. M r . H. B. Tate, who made h i s first safari from I : fifteen t H a l l t o N a i r o b i i n 1 9 0 2 , s t a t e d i n his e v i d e n c e "There w a s definitely cultivation s o u t h of P o r t H a l l . . . w a s no cultivation

for about

I n t h e n e x t s t r e t c h o f m a r c h wee.

t o P u n d a M i l i a , w h e r e S w i f t and P u i t h e r f o o r d n o w are. Tt there." 1 9 8 . T h e s e e x t r a c t s s u g g e s t t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t e v e n as lati 1902 t h e r e w a s v e r y l i t t l e , if a n y , c u l t i v a t i o n t o t h e east of r o a d u n t i l o n e c r o s s e d t h e M a r a g u a a n d , s i n c e n u m e r o u s wit-ns h a v e s t a t e d t h a t t h e K i k u y u g r a d u a l l y a d v a n c e d t h e i r frontier e w a r d s w h e n t h e m e n a c e of t h e M a s a i a n d t h e K a m b a w a s reinoi b y t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of s e t t l e d a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , w e m i g h t tea a b l y c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e b o u n d a r y in 1895 l a y c o n s i d e r a b l y fun t o t h e w e s t , a n d t h a t t h e S a b a - S a b a f a r m s w e r e a s o r t of no-nrai l a n d a n d a b a t t l e g r o u n d b e t w e e n t r i b e s . M r . " V i d a l , the Disfe C o m m i s s i o n e r , g o e s s o m e w a y t o s u p p o r t t h i s v i e w i n t h e follow p a s s a g e i n h i s " H i s t o r i c a l M e m o r a n d u m " ( E v i d e n c e , p. 576). " D u r i n g t h e p e r i o d p r e c e d i n g t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of Gore menfc, a n d e v e n f o r s o m e y e a r s a f t e r , t h e r e w a s a considers a m o u n t of b o r d e r w a r f a r e w i t h t h e M a s a i o n t h e o n e hand: the K a m b a on the other. F o r t h i s reason the Kikuyu \ i u n a b l e t o r e m a i n i n s e t t l e d o c c u p a t i o n o f o u t l y i n g areas,: a n y a d v a n c e t h e y m i g h t m a k e w a s o f t e n f o l l o w e d b y a spe retirement." N e v e r t h e l e s s , h e a p p e a r s , i n h i s e v i d e n c e , t o e x c l u d e t h e Saba-S; farm, a r e a f r o m t h e s c o p e of t h e s e r e m a r k s . "This i n my (Saba-Saba, Limited) He states : i s n o t a b u f f e r state. Ir

o p i n i o n , t h e a r e a m o s t l i k e l y to h a v e b e e n occupied

t h e K i k u y u , a t a n y r a t e i n t e r m i t t e n t l y , b e f o r e t h e famine t h i n k i t is a r e a s o n a b l e s u p p o s i t i o n t h a t a l l t h e l a n d wliid now Saba-Saba Limited was occupied by t h e K i k u y u be:

K I K U Y U I CHAPTER V]

PROVINCE THE OLD KIKUYU BOUNDARIES

it. w a s a l i e n a t e d , b e c a u s e t h e r e i s n a t i v e o c c u p a t i o n o n b o t h sides of i t . I t is p r o b a b l e , I t h i n k , t h a t t h e w h o l e of t h i s estate w a s o c c u p i e d b y t h e K i k u y u . " V i d a l had n o t t h e n s e e n M r . J o r d a n ' s m e m o r a n d u m , state of t h e c a s e w h e n h e s u r v e y e d t h e l a n d in 1 9 0 8 . Mr. T a r l t o n i s of i n t e r e s t : showing

199. I n r e g a r d t o t h e c o u n t r y e a s t w a r d s , t h e e v i d e n c e of , Boyes and of M r . H e n r y

Mr. John Boycs (Evidence, p . 725) :

"After leaving Fort H a l l we followed the south b a n k of we rhe T a n a R i v e r to K i t u i . met t h e Mr. Hcnrij Relating at s o m e first K a m b a to T h e w h o l e of t h a t p l a i n w a s v a c a n t . m i l e s w e s t of the river. waterfall These Kitui." above were, where so f a r the as I

T met n o b o d y , no o t h e r tribes, no o n e t h e w h o l e w a y , till a few

Tarlton (Evidence,
1906."At from the

p p . 788 a n d 739) : shambas

Maragua joints the K i r u r u m a there w e r e a f e w n a t i v e distance r e m e m b e r , t h e o n l y sliambas which I

h a d seen s i n c e c r o s s i n g though I went right

the M a r a g u a o n t h e T o r t H a l l r o a d , a n d a f t e r t h e m I d i d n o t see a n y m o r e a t all o n t h e w h o l e safari, over t h e Y a t t a as f a r as t h e 200. W e fly-belt."

7

find n o e v i d e n c e t o show K i k u y u occupation interpretation

t h a t b e f o r e 1895 t h e r e

was the the by

permanent

of a n y l a n d t o t h e e a s t of of the evidence towards

ent r o a d b e t w e e n S a b a - S a b a a n d t h e A l a r a g u a . le be a g e n e r o u s

I t will on the

lyu if w e t a k e t h e l i m i t of e f f e c t i v e K i k u y u o c c u p a t i o n t o h a v e ted u p t o t h e r o a d a n d t h e l i m i t o f i n t e r m i t t e n t o c c u p a t i o n ;ional g r a z i n g t o h a v e s t r e t c h e d t w o m i l e s b e y o n d it.

201. T h e r e a p p e a r s t o b e n o d o u b t t h a t a f t e r t h e A l a r a g u a h a d Down i a c crossed, c u l t v a t i o n w a s f o u n d o n b o t h s i d e s of t h e r o a d . T h i s Mara-nia ested b y p r a c t i c a l l y a l l t h e w i t n e s s e s . T h e q u e s t i o n is h o w f a r the r i v e r i t w e n t . !02. T h e r e w a s a l i n e d e f i n e d b y A i r . N o r t h c o t e a b o u t 1 9 1 3 . h is k n o w n a s t h e N o r t h c o t e l i n e . I t fixed w h a t w a s c o n id t o b e t h e l i m i t of K i k u y u p e n e t r a t i o n i n t o A l w e a . Its ern e x t r e m i t y w a s a t t h e p o i n t w h e r e t h e M a r a g u a f l o w s i n t o lagana t o f o r m t h e T a n a , a n d i t m a y b e a s s u m e d t h a t a t a l l s by t h a t d a t e t h e K i k u y u w e r e i n o c c u p a t i o n of a l l t h e l a n d the n o r t h b a n k of t h e M a r a g u a t o t h e p o i n t of c o n f l u e n c e , i M r . N o r t h c o t e ' s r e p o r t , h o w e v e r , i t is o b v i o u s t h a t t h e n a t u r e e o c c u p a t i o n w a s s p a r s e , as f a r as h u t s or c u l t i v a t i o n w a s c o n d, a l t h o u g h t h e r e m a y h a v e b e e n l a r g e h e r d s of c a t t l e a t s o m e ns of t h e y e a r .

K I K U Y U PART I - C H A P T E R V]

PROVINCE T H E O L D K I K U Y U Boust

2 0 3 . T h e r e is n o e v i d e n c e at all t o s h o w w h e t h e r the Ki! r e a c h e d as f a r as t h i s as e a r l y as 1 8 9 5 . t w o considerable rivers. T h e m e n a c e of unexpc h o s t i l e a t t a c k w o u l d b e s l i g h t in t h i s a r e a s i n c e i t w a s protecte 2 0 4 . M r . T a r l t o n ' s e v i d e n c e of t h e c o n d i t i o n of affairs in is i n t e r e s t i n g : " I n M w e a t h e n a t i v e s w e r e c u l t i v a t i n g o n t h e red gro but t h e r e w e r e o l d b u r n t k r a a l s l o w e r d o w n t h a n t h a t , but as l o w as B o i n j u k i , n o t b y s o m e t w o h o u r s ' m a r c h or more t h a t t i m e t h e y h a d n o c a t t l e , a n d I w a s t o l d t h a t their c had been r e m o v e d b y G o v e r n m e n t for s o m e reason. T had b e e n a p u n i t i v e e x p e d i t i o n . " In 1927 the K i k u y u began to raise Mr. an agitation about this

a n d c l a i m e d t h a t t h e i r a n c i e n t b o u n d a r i e s r e a c h e d to t h e junctk the Thiba sioner, villages Officer and t h e T a n a . Nyeri. C h a m p i o n , t h e n D i s t r i c t Con: he personally cattle. In saw twenty 1928 t h e Dis T h i s poi South stated that

south of

t h e l i n e a n d 1,850

at K e r u g u y a

stated that the K i k u y u

c a t t l e w e r e take

f a r as B o i n j u k i , w h e r e t h e r e is a w e l l - u s e d s a l t - l i c k . nearly ten miles below the Northcote line. covered as t h e c o n f l u e n c e of t h e r i v e r s i s

F r o m t h e r e t h e cot approached.

c o n t i n u e s o p e n u n t i l a f t e r N d u n i H i l l is p a s s e d , b u t b e c o m e s 1 2 0 5 . T h a t b e i n g as f a r as t h e e v i d e n c e t a k e s u s , an arbi l i n e is n e c e s s a r y if w e a r e t o b e i n a p o s i t i o n t o m a k e a n y "1 a n d L o s s " a c c o u n t of t h e K i k u y u l a n d s . T h e h i s t o r y indica p r o g r e s s i v e a d v a n c e s o u t h - e a s t w a r d s , a n d it is p r o b a b l e that in t h e K i k u y u h a d n o t y e t p e n e t r a t e d t o t h e p o i n t where N o r t h c o t e set h i s l i n e i n 1 9 1 3 . B u t w e m a y p e r h a p s stret p o i n t i n t h e i r f a v o u r a n d f i n d , in o r d e r t o f o r m a basis of a: m e n t , t h a t t h e y h a d r e a c h e d t h i s p o i n t , t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t they r e g u l a r l y g r a z i n g t h e i r c a t t l e t h e r e . I t is a l s o p o s s i b l e that s o m e t i m e s d r o v e t h e m t o t h e s a l t l i c k at B o i n j u k i ' beyont N o r t h c o t e l i n e , b u t i n o t h e r r e s p e c t s it is u n l i k e l y t h a t they a n y u s e o f t h a t a r e a i n 1895. B y 1902 w e a r e p r e p a r e d to bi t h a t t h e y w e r e m a k i n g i n t e r m i t t e n t use of i t , a n d i n so concl w e r e l y l a r g e l y o n t h e e v i d e n c e of M r . H e n r y T a r l t o n (Evid p p . 737 t o 7 4 0 ) . B u t t h e w e i g h t o f t h e e v i d e n c e i s a g a i n s t the p o s i t i o n t h a t t h e u s e m a d e of t h e a r e a b e t w e e n t h e N o r t h e o f a n d B o i n j u k i w a s m o r e t h a n i n t e r m i t t e n t a n d p a r t i a l . Then i n m a k i n g u p t h e " P r o f i t a n d L o s s " a c c o u n t w e h a v e decided to t h i s a r e a p a r t l y a s " a d m i s s i b l y a c q u i r e d " b y u s e and part g i v e n b y G o v e r n m e n t , a n d t h e p r o p o r t i o n o n w h i c h w e hai c i d e d is h a l f a n d h a l f . B e l o w B o i n j u k i t o the junction o T h i b a a n d T a n a r i v e r s w e find t h a t t h e r e w a s n o occupatii

KIKTJYU T ICHAPTER V]

PROVINCE T H E OLD K I K U Y U BOUNDARIES

uvu,

a n d t h i s a r e a m u s t r a n k w h o l l y as g i v e n b y

Government.

K i k u y u h a v e b e e n a l l o w e d to occupy it and the g i f t has been roved b y t h e G o v e r n o r i n C o u n c i l . The extent 5 as g i v e n . of t h e l a n d in the "half and h a l f " a r e a is 6 2 . 9 0 and Boinjuki, are m i l e s , of w h i c h 3 1 . 4 5 w i l l r a n k a s a d m i s s i b l y a c q u i r e d T h e e x t e n t of t h e l a n d i n t h e a r e a b e l o w

the l o w e r p a r t of M w e a , is 143 s q u a r e m i l e s a n d t h i s w i l l r a n k Uy as g i v e n , m a k i n g i n a l l 1 7 4 . 4 5 s q u a r e m i l e s w h i c h r a n k as n. 206. W e n e e d n o t c o n c e r n o u r s e l v e s p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h t h e From JVIwea Northward ndary f r o m M w e a n o r t h w a r d s , s e e i n g t h a t it i s s i m p l y t h e linistrative b o u n d a r y b e t w e e n the K i k u y u a n d the E m b u . The hugu D i v i s i o n u s e d t o b e c o u n t e d as p a r t of t h e E m b u D i s t r i c t , in 1922 it w a s t r a n s f e r r e d to N y e r i a n d t h e r e a f t e r r a n k e d as -uvu. T h i s m a y b e c o u n t e d a s a n a c c e s s o f s t r e n g t h i n a p o l i t i sense t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t t h e t r i b e g a i n e d s o m e t h i n g i n n u m b e r s p r e s t i g e , b u t c a n h a r d l y b e c a l l e d a n a d d i t i o n of t e r r i t o r y i n an arian s e n s e , s i n c e i t w a s n o t a g i f t of l a n d t o t h e K i k u y u . 207. I n o r d e r n o t to c o m p l i c a t e t h e i s s u e u n n e c e s s a r i l y i t is refore b e t t e r t o s h o w t h e p r e s e n t b o u n d a r y , t h e E u p i n g a z i , as 1 had a l w a y s b e e n t h e b o u n d a r y b e t w e e n t h e K i k u y u a n d t h e bu. T h i s b o u n d a r y b e g i n s a t t h e p o i n t w h e r e t h e K i r R i v e r ich a f t e r w a r d s b e c o m e s t h e R u p i n g a z i ) e m e r g e s f r o m M o u n t nya F o r e s t R e s e r v e a n d g o e s s o u t h b y t h i s r i v e r t o t h e T h i b a . The N o r t h e r s Boundary baeK to "svcn a S u b - D i s t r i c t b e t w e e n 1S95 a n d t h e p r e s e n t . S i n c e t h e n a t i v e s * ' are n o t so c r o w - d e d a s i n t h e N y e r i D i s t r i c t p r o p e r , a n d h a v e le l a n d i n M w e a f o r g r a z i n g , t h e r e i s a p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t t h e y e not d e s t r o y e d t h e f o r e s t q u i t e so r u t h l e s s l y . Nevertheless, mile w o u l d p r o b a b l y b e a v e r y c o n s e r v a t i v e e s t i m a t e . 209. T h e o n l y o t h e r m a t t e r w h i c h r e q u i r e s m e n t i o n is t h e Wangoinbe'^ lormer l i o n o f t h e f o r m e r l o c a t i o n o f W a n g o m b e , t h e f a t h e r of H e a d - Location. Nderi, w h o has w r i t t e n a m e m o r a n d u m to the Commission. there s t a t e d t h a t W a n g o m b e w a s a c h i e f l i v i n g o n t h e b o r d e r s he K i k u j m c o u n t r y n e a r a p l a c e c a l l e d T h a t h w a , w h i c h is a p d m a t e l y t h e s i t e of N y e r i R a i l w a y S t a t i o n , a n d t h a t , a l i t t l e re N y e r i T o w n s h i p w a s f o u n d e d , h e o f f e r e d T h a t h w a t o G o v lent as a s i t e f o r t h e t o w n s h i p , as b e i n g a c o n v e n i e n t s i t e n e a r K i k u y u - M a s a i border and near the A m b o n i R i v e r . 210. S o o n a f t e r w a r d s W a n g o m b e d i e d a n d i s s a i d t o h a v e l e f t ying i n s t r u c t i o n t o h i s s o n N d e r i t o m o v e t o a p l a c e c a l l e d aaha b e t w e e n t h e M u r i n g a t o a n d M w i g a R i v e r s , w h e r e h e is ed t o h a v e h a d his 208. I t is q u i t e i m p o s s i b l e to s a y h o w m u c h t h e n a t i v e s h a v e back t h e f o r e s t b o u n d a r y a l l a l o n g t h e n o r t h p a r t of t h e K e r u

ngundu

(right-holding).

Nderi

moved

to

ICIKU Y U PART I C H A P T E R V ]

P R O V I N OK Tun Oi.u K I K U Y U BOI y .

b

K a m a h a a n d r e m a i n e d t h e r e n i n e y e a r s w i t h a l l h i s followers h i s f l o c k s . H e w a s t h e n m o v e d t o his p r e s e n t l o c a t i o n of Kama!; a n d c o m p l a i n s t h a t h e h a d n o p r o p e r f o o t i n g t h e r e , s i n c e i i us r i g h t - h o l d i n g of a n o t h e r m a n , n a m e d N g a t i a w a M a h e n i a . 211. I n c o n s i d e r i n g w h a t t h e b o u n d a r y w a s in 1895 w e not c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e s e l a t e r d e v e l o p m e n t s , b u t o n l y with s i t u a t i o n as i t t h e n s t o o d , w h e n W a n g o m b e is stated t o j l i v e d n e a r T h a t h w a a n d t o h a v e had a r i g h t - h o l d i n g b e t w e e n : M w i g a and the M u r i n g a t o . 212. T h e r e s e e m s t o b e no d o u b t t h a t t h e place wc f W a n g o m b e ' s v i l l a g e s t o o d w a s on t h e s o u t h s i d e of Niatia R I t is so s h o w n in t h e m a p i l l u s t r a t i n g S i r A l f r e d Mackindi r o u t s . A n d it is q u i t e c l e a r f r o m M r . J o h n B o y e s ' account thai w a s n o t a c t u a l l y in t h e f o r e s t , but on t h o s e s l o p e s o f the hill vi, commanded a good v i e w southward. H e w r i t e s in his b o o k ip, 146) : " W a n g o m b e ' s k r a a l w a s r i g h t at the t o p of a suial m o u n t a i n w h i c h rises at t h e f o o t of M o u n t K e n y a , a n d fti t h i s v a n t a g e g r o u n d a s p l e n d i d v i e w c o u l d b e o b t a i n e d of i c o u n t r y f o r m a n y m i l e s a r o u n d . . . S p r e a d o u t as far a s : e y e c o u l d r e a c h w a s a p a n o r a m i c v i e w of t h e K i k u y u count through w h i c h I had t r a v e l l e d . " N i a n i a H i l l is just i n s i d e t h e g a z e t t e d f o r e s t r e s e r v e , b e i n g s i t u s b e t w e e n t h e p o i n t s m a r k e d B 2 a n d B 3 i n t h e s k e t c h on page of t h e e v i d e n c e . S i n c e t h e b o u n d a r y of t h e f o r e s t r e s e r v e follow t h e a c t u a l f o r e s t e d g e v e r y c l o s e l y , it a p p e a r s c l e a r t h a t W a n g o m l w a s l i v i n g o n t h e v e r y e d g e of h i s o w n c l e a r i n g s a n d t h a t t h e at i n w h i c h h e h a d e f f e c t i v e l y e s t a b l i s h e d h i m s e l f l a y b e t w e e n the a n d T h a t h w a , w h i c h i s t h e a p p r o x i m a t e s i t e o f N y e r i Rails S t a t i o n . H e w a s , b y g e n e r a l r e p o r t , a p o w e r f u l c h i e f , as K i t a c h i e f s w e n t i n t h o s e d a y s , a n d his f o l l o w e r s p r o b a b l y number, s o m e t h o u s a n d s ( c f . , J o h n B o y e s , p p . 1 5 8 , 1 5 9 ) , a n d it is probab t h a t t h e w h o l e a r e a n o w i n t h e r e s e r v e b e t w e e n t h e s e t w o poin w a s e f f e c t i v e l y o c c u p i e d b y t h e m . B u t t h e r e s e e m s to be no evi e n c e t h a t a n y s i g n i f i c a n t p o r t i o n of t h e i r o c c u p i e d territory it c u t off w h e n t h e b o u n d a r y w a s m a d e . 213. T h e p l a c e t o w h i c h N d e r i r e m o v e d at h i s f a t h e r s dyin r e q u e s t w a s b e t w e e n t h e M w e g a a n d M u r i n g a t o R i v e r s , a n d tit d o u b t e d l y o u t s i d e t h e r e s e r v e as it n o w e x i s t s . B u t n o argumet h a s b e e n a d v a n c e d t o s h o w t h a t t h e l o c a l i t y w a s i n a n y real .w a right-holding. E v i d e n c e a l r e a d y c i t e d s h o w s t h a t it was in tit f o r e s t b e l t . I t w a s n e a r M a t h a r i , " t h e p l a c e of d i v i d i n g " , ah r e f e r e n c e m a y a g a i n b e m a d e t o t h e f i l e of N y e r i R e v i s i o n C a s e ! 2 3 / 2 9 , w h i c h s h o w s t h e c o n d i t i o n s p r e v a i l i n g in t h e neiehta h o o d . T h e r e is n o e v i d e n c e o f W a n g o m b e h a v i n g e v e r e s t a b l i s h

K I K U Y U j .CIIAFTEK V]

PROVINCE THE OLD K I K U Y U BOUNDARIES

it t o h i s

rigundu

in t h i s area b y m e a n s of c l e a r i n g and. u s e . T h e r e is c l e a r l y n o A Genera! Comment Boundaries

t is a d m i t t e d t h a t h e w a s n o t l i v i n g t h e r e .

d f o r s h o w i n g t h i s . a s u n e q u i v o c a l K i k u y u t e r r i t o r y in 1 8 9 5 . 14. W i t h t h e p o s s i b l e e x c e p t i o n of t h e s o u t h e r n a n d e a s t e r n of N i a n a H i l l , t h e r e a p p e a r s t o b e no g r o u n d f o r c l a i m i n g t h a t f t h e l a n d now- c o n t a i n e d in t h e M o u n t K e n y a F o r e s t R e s e r v e ver e f f e c t i v e l y o c c u p i e d K i k u y u t e r r i t o r y , a n d t h e s a m e t h i n g es t o t h e n o r t h e r n b o u n d a r y of t h e r e s e r v e 14. (a) W e The it. have now completed daries. results, s u m m a r i z e d We wish, in t e r m s generally. of the K i k u y u be map The 1885 ' o aary.
s u n

our s u r v e y of

acres, will some

1 in t h e n e x t c h a p t e r a n d a r e i l l u s t r a t e d in t h e c o l o u r e d i follows ents. in t h i s p l a c e t o m a k e

general

he area s h o w n w i t h a p l a i n y e l l o w b a c k g r o u n d a n d sur ded b y a d e e p y e l l o w l i n e is t h e a r e a w h i c h w e h a v e f o u n d t o b e e n " u n e q u i v o c a l . K i k u y u t e r r i t o r y ' " i n 1 8 9 5 . W h e n it is ;ed t h a t , e x c e p t i n a v e r y f e w p l a c e s w h e r e s o m e s o r t of an nient e x i s t e d , t h e l i m i t s of t h e K i k u y u c o u n t r y at t h a t d a t e e n t i r e l y u n d e f i n e d , it w i l l b e u n d e r s t o o d t h a t o u r d e c i s i o n h a s ecessity b e e n a r b i t r a r y . W e h a v e a t t e m p t e d to draw a line d on such e v i d e n c e as is a v a i l a b l e and o f f e r i n g as f a i r a n i n t e r tion as is p o s s i b l e at t h i s d a t e .
r

In a f e w instances, after our line had been d r a w n , further ideration h a s s u g g e s t e d t o us t h a t p e r h a p s w e h a v e b e e n a l i t t l e -generous in o n e q u a r t e r a n d p e r h a p s n o t sufficiently- g e n e r o u s b o t h e r , a n d w e a r e i n c l i n e d t o t h i n k it p r o b a b l e that o u r d r a w of t h e l i n e i n t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d of L i m u r u S t a t i o n is a l i t t l e -generous t o t h e K i k u y u , w h i l e i n t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d o f K a m b u i ion S t a t i o n w e h a v e n o t pierhaps a l l o w e d a s m u c h t o t h e yu a s w e m i g h t h a v e d o n e . F u r t h e r n o r t h , i n t h e N g e w a ia a r e a , w e t h i n k t h a t w e h a v e a g a i n e r r e d o n t h e side of rosity. B u t , t a k e n a l l i n a l l , w e r e g a r d t h e b o u n d a r y a s f a i r , gh if a n y t h i n g o n t h e g e n e r o u s s i d e . In r e a c h i n g o u r d e c i s i o n o u r p r i n c i p a l s o u r c e s of i n f o r m a t i o n b e e n : b o o k s , m a p s a n d r e c o r d s ; t h e e v i d e n c e of E u r o p e a n als a n d n o n - o f f i c i a l s w h o s e e x p e r i e n c e of t h e c o u n t r y is of l o n g ding; and the native e v i d e n c e . O u r c o n c l u s i o n i n r e g a r d to v i d e n c e g i v e n b y t h e K i k u y u is t h a t wdiat t h e y c l a i m a n d w h a t r e a l l y o c c u p i e d a r e t w o v e r y d i f f e r e n t t h i n g s , a n d w e say edly t h a t , w i t h few e x c e p t i o n s , v e r y l i t t l e z-eliance c a n b e d o n t h e i r s t a t e m e n t s . A s a n i l l u s t r a t i o n of t h e r e a d i n e s s w i t h h the K i k u y u c o m m i t t h e m s e l v e s to w i l d l y inaccurate state ts w i t h o u t m a k i n g a n y a t t e m p t t o a s c e r t a i n t h e t r u e f a c t s , w e tion t h a t t w o r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e K i k u y u C e n t r a l A s s o c i a g i v i n g e v i d e n c e b e f o r e us a t K i a m b u c o m p l a i n e d t h a t t h e
7

R.IK.UYU PART I C H A P T E R V]

PROVINCE T H E O L D KIKUYTJ BODKDA

K i k u y u w e r e t h e o n l y p e o p l e w h o w e r e r e q u i r e d t o t a k e an o; b e f o r e t h e y g a v e t h e i r e v i d e n c e t o t h e C o m m i s s i o n , t h e fact be t h a t e v e r y w i t n e s s w h o h a s a p p e a r e d b e f o r e us in K e n y a has b( required to take an oath. I n c o n t r a - d i s t i n c t i o n to t h e K i k u y u w e c o n s i d e r that r e l i a n c e c a n b e p l a c e d on t h e e v i d e n c e of t h e old S w a h i l i carat p o r t e r s , w h i c h h a s b e e n t a k e n i n d i f f e r e n t p l a c e s , as t o conditic at t h e e n d of t h e l a s t , a n d t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e p r e s e n t ceritiit w e w e r e m u c h i m p r e s s e d b y t h e m a n n e r in w h i c h t h e y g a v e e v i d e n c e , w i t h t h e i r w o n d e r f u l m e m o r y of t h e old d a y s , their of p r e j u d i c e a n d t h e g e n e r a l c o n s i s t e n c y of t h e i r e v i d e n c e , alt lion g i v e n a t d i f f e r e n t t i m e s a n d p l a c e s and w i t h o u t k n o w l e d g e of w't had been p r e v i o u s l y said. The 1902 Boundary alter and Areas barred yellow on the map purport to show i " a d m i s s i b l y a c q u i r e d " b y t h e K i k u y u a f t e r 1895 b y a process c l e a r i n g a n d first u s e . I n a g e n e r a l s e n s e w e h a v e c o n s i d e r e d tin a d m i s s i b l e e x t e n s i o n s as h a v i n g t a k e n p l a c e b e t w e e n 1895 1902 b u t , e s p e c i a l l y a l o n g t h e b o u n d a r y of t h e A b e r d a r e s , we lia c o u n t e d i n such a d d i t i o n a l c l e a r i n g as h a d t a k e n p l a c e u p to tl t i m e w h e n t h e f o r e s t b o u n d a r y w a s d e m a r c a t e d in 1 9 0 7 . T h e po t i o n b e f o r e 1902 w a s t h a t t h e r e w a s n o F o r e s t D e p a r t m e n t a n as b e f o r e s t a t e d , w e h a v e a g r e e d t h a t a c q u i s i t i o n b y first cleans a n d u s e w a s a d m i s s i b l e in a n y a r e a s in w h i c h F o r e s t Officers we: a c t i v e l y e m p l o y e d i n e n f o r c i n g r u l e s u n d e r t h e F o r e s t Ordinary O n t h e A b e r d a r e b o u n d a r y w e h a v e t a k e n t h e d a t e of t h e fore d e m a r c a t i o n of 1907 t o b e t h e d a t e at w h i c h f u r t h e r acquisition'' c l e a r i n g a n d u s e c e a s e d t o be a d m i s s i b l e .
s

C H A P T E R "VI.
THE EEOPIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT.

215. I t should b e c l e a r f r o m t h e f o r e g o i n g c h a p t e r s t h a t , w h i l e 'rst c a r e h a s b e e n t o a s c e r t a i n t h e b o u n d a r i e s as t h e y e x i s t e d the P r o t e c t o r a t e w a s declared, w e h a v e not denied t o the yu t h e r i g h t t o c o u n t a s K i k u y u c o u n t r y l a n d a d m i s s i b l y red b y t h e m b y a p r o c e s s of c l e a r i n g a n d first u s e b e t w e e n t h a t and 1902. B u t w e h a v e r e q u i r e d t o b e s a t i s f i e d t h a t t h e c l e a r -as sufficiently i n t e n s i v e t o r e p r e s e n t a n e x t e n s i o n of t h e t r i b a l ier r a t h e r t h a n t h e i s o l a t e d e f f o r t of a f e w v e n t u r e s o m e i n uals, and i n t h e s e c o n d p l a c e t h a t t h e e x t e n s i o n d i d n o t ge a n y general o r d e r of G o v e r n m e n t m a d e b y p r o c l a m a t i o n rmal n o t i c e , w h i c h w a s b e i n g effectively e n f o r c e d . 216. O u r findings a r e i l l u s t r a t e d i n t h e m a p s w h i c h f o l l o w t h i s ter. T h e first s h o w s t h e s i t u a t i o n a s i t e x i s t s t o - d a y , a n d is nrpose of c o m p a r i s o n o n l y . T h e s e c o n d s h o w s : (1) A r e a s c o l o u r e d p l a i n y e l l o w , w h i c h r e p r e s e n t land w h i c h w a s u n e q u i v o c a l K i k u y u t e r r i t o r y in 1895 a n d is still in K i k u y u o c c u p a t i o n : 1,519 13 s q u a r e m i l e s . (2) A r e a s m a r k e d in red h a t c h i n g o v e r a y e l l o w back g r o u n d , r e p r e s e n t i n g l a n d w h i c h w a s K i k u y u t e r r i t o r y in 1 S 9 5 . but w a s s u b s e q u e n t l y a l i e n a t e d . A f t e r reckoning in a f e w small m i s s i o n s t a t i o n s i n t h e r e s e r v e w h i c h a r e h e l d o n f r e e h o l d but w h i c h a r e t o o s m a l l t o b e m a r k e d , w e find t h e t o t a l o f t h i s area t o be 1 2 0 6 4 s q u a r e m i l e s , a n d f o r t h e p u r p o s e of t h e table w h i c h f o l l o w s , i t h a s b e e n s p l i t t h u s :
-

Taken by Government Lost by abandonment

.. ..

.. .. Total

.. .. ..

104-38 16-26 (Sfe 120-64

Section 190)

'otc.The total of this and the previous category (i.e., 1519-13 plus 120-64) up the total area which we find to have been " unequivocal Kikuyu territory" 5approximately 1,640 square miles. (3) Areas barred y e l l o w w h i c h represent land admissibly c q u i r e d b y t h e K i k u y u b e t w e e n 1895 a n d 1902 b y a p r o c e s s f c l e a r i n g a n d first u s e , a n d c o n c e i v a b l y i n s o m e c a s e s b y urchase a d d e d t o c l e a r i n g a n d u s e . T h i s a r e a is 1 1 P 1 7 s q u a r e iles. ( 4 ) A r e a s i n t h e K i a m b u D i s t r i c t m a r k e d i n yellow a n d lue p a r a l l e l l i n e s w h i c h r e p r e s e n t l a n d g i v e n b y G o v e r n m e n t ut i n w h i c h t h e K i k u y u h a d a l r e a d y g a i n e d a f o o t i n g b y a r t i a l c l e a r i n g a n d use b e f o r e i t w a s g i v e n b y G o v e r n m e n t . T h e p a r t o f t h i s l a n d r a n k i n g as a d m i s s i b l y a c q u i r e d b y t h e v i k u y u is 1,750 a c r e s , o r , 2 ' 7 4 s q u a r e m i l e s . A n d t h e p a r t

KIKUYU
PART ICHAPTER VI]

PROVINCE
T H E P R O F I T AND L o s s Acci

r a n k i n g a s g i v e n b y G o v e r n m e n t i s 7,840 a c r e s , o r , 12-25 rep miles. T h e a r g u m e n t a p p e a r s in s e c t i o n s 118 t o 128 above marked in r e d a n d y e l l o w cross-hatching

0

(5) A r e a Kikuyu

p l a i n b a c k g r o u n d r e p r e s e n t i n g l a n d a d m i s s i b l y a c q u i r e : ! byi by clearing and use, but a f t e r w a r d s T h e a r e a is f o u r s q u a r e miles. c r o s s - h a t c h i n g ot in red a n d y e l l o w t a k e n away i alienated.

(6) A r e a s m a r k e d

g r e e n b a c k g r o u n d , r e p r e s e n t i n g l a u d in w h i c h t h e K i k u y u 1 w o n a f o o t i n g i n 1 9 0 2 , b u t w h i c h w a s s t i l l l a r g e l y unoccupi and b u s h - c o v e r e d , a n d w a s s u b s e q u e n t l y a l i e n a t e d b y (-love: utenc. quarter. T h e t o t a l o f t h e s e a r e a s i s 4*50 s q u a r e m i l e s , and: in K i k u y u occupation has been c o m p u t e d as o t T h e amount marked of K i k u y u t e r r i t o r y i n v o l v e d is therefi in blue hatching representing 1 ; proportion

s h o w n as .1-12 s q u a r e m i l e s (vide s e c t i o n 1 3 7 ) . (7) A r e a s given miles by Government. T h e i t e m s a r e : N c l e i y a , 73*76 sqn

(vide s e c t i o n s 139-141) ; t h e l o w e r p a r t of M w e a , !
1*24 s q u a r e m i l e s

s q u a r e m i l e s (vide s e c t i o n 2 0 5 ) ; a n d t w o s m a l l b l o c k s south Nairobi River,

(vide s e c t i o n s 154 and 1 ; 5

yellow and blue :

T o t a l , 218 square miles. (8) T w o areas cross-hatched (a) half (b) T h e u p p e r p a r t o f M w e a , 62*90 s q u a r e m i l e s , of whi (31*45 s q u a r e m i l e s ) r a n k s a s g i v e n a n d half admissibly acquired. T h e cross-hatched ranks as g i v e n area and

(Vide s e c t i o n s 2 0 4 a n d 205.
south half of the Nairobi
-

Ilh

7-(;0 s q u a r e m i l e s , o f w h i c h h a l f as

( 3 8 0 square mil acquire

admissibly

(Vide
The total

section 154.) is 70*50 s q u a r e m i l e s , of which h acquired.

of these areas

(35-25) r a n k s as g i v e n a n d half as a d m i s s i b l y

217. T h e account m a y , t h e r e f o r e , b e cast as u n d e r :

Legitimate

(as defined below, Note 1)

Kiktiyu

Territory.

Taken aivay

by

Government. Square Miles

104-33 4-00 1-12

Square

Miles
Under Category I I V VI

Under Categary I 1,519-13 II 120-64 III 111-17 IV 2-74 V 4-00 VI 1-12 VIII 35-25 Under Category I V 12-25 ,, V I I 218-00 ,, V I I I 35-25 35-25

Under Category I I 1794-05

Lost by

Abandonment.

i 9s o -:

Added

by

Government.

Balance

of Kikuyu remaining

Territory 1.9. 1.933-?;

265-50 2,059-55
2,059-5;

K I K U Y U j CHAPTER V I ]

PROVINCE "THE P R O S I T AND L O S S ACCOUNT"

Note 1 . T h e e x p r e s s i o n " L e g i t i m a t e K i k u y u T e r r i t o r y " is t o understood as c o v e r i n g : (a) l a n d w h i c h w a s e f f e c t i v e l y K i k u y u

itorv w h e n t h e P r o t e c t o r a t e w a s d e c l a r e d ; a n d (b) l a n d a d m i s y acquired b y t h e K i k u y u s i n c e t h a t d a t e u n t i l 1902 b y a p r o c e s s first c l e a r i n g a n d u s e . T h e e x p r e s s i o n is m e r e l y u s e d f o r v c u i e n c e , a n d i s n o t i n t e n d e d to i m p l y t h a t " l a n d a d d e d b y e n i m e n t " did not equally b e c o m e l e g i t i m a t e K i k u y u territory. itimate a c q u i s i t i o n of f r e s h l a n d b y a p r o c e s s of first c l e a r i n g use is h e l d b y us t o h a v e c e a s e d in 1 9 0 2 i n a r e a s in w h i c h ers of t h e F o r e s t D e p a r t m e n t w e r e a c t i v e l y e m p l o y e d a n d in r places a f t e r d e f i n i t e a r e a s w e r e d e m a r c a t e d as f o r e s t r e s e r v e . T h e deeji y e l l o w l i n e o n t h e m a p s h o w s t h e l i m i t s of l e g i t i m a t e i v u t e r r i t o r y i n 1 8 9 5 , b u t all t h e a r e a b e t w e e n i t a n d t h e b r o k e n n line was m a i n l y forest or scrub c o v e r e d in 1895, a n d to a siderable e x t e n t w a s s t i l l so c o v e r e d i n 1 9 0 2 . T h e t o t a l of 1,794'05 s q u a r e m i l e s is s o m e w h a t g r e a t e r t h a n area w h i c h w e h a v e f o u n d t o h a v e b e e n K i k u y u t e r r i t o r y e i t h e r 895 or i n 1 9 0 2 b e c a u s e i n 1895 t h e i t e m s u n d e r c a t e g o r i e s ( 3 ) , (5), (6) and (8) had not y e t been a c q u i r e d , w h i l e b y 1902 an of 16'26 s q u a r e m i l e s h a d b e e n l o s t b y a b a n d o n m e n t as s h o w n er c a t e g o r y ( 4 ) . T h i s f i g u r e is n o t s i g n i f i c a n t f o r t h e p u r p o s e of ssing t h e P r o f i t a n d L o s s A c c o u n t , w h i c h w i l l b e b a l a n c e d on valuations o f t h e l a n d " a d d e d b y G o v e r n m e n t " a n d " t a k e n ay b y G o v e r n m e n t . " F o r t h e p u r p o s e of w o r k i n g o u t t h e p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y i n 1902 section 63 a b o v e t h e e x t e n t of K i k u y u t e r r i t o r y h a s b e e n .778 s q u a r e m i l e s ( i . e . , 1,794 less s i x t e e n abandoned). shown

Note

2 . I n the above table three assumptions h a v e been made concerned.

ch a r e t r u e a s r e g a r d s t h e f a c t s as e x i s t i n g o n t h e l a n d , b u t a r e icipations as f a r as g a z e t t i n g is (i) T h e g i f t of M w e a to t h e K i k u y u has b e e n a p p r o v e d by the G o v e r n o r i n C o u n c i l , but o w i n g t o l e g a l d i f f i c u l t i e s i n c o n v e y a n c e the g a z e t t e m e n t has not y e t been effected. ( i i ) L . O . 4 , 4 5 0 , w h i c h is i n c l u d e d i n c a t e g o r y ( 4 ) , w a s o r i g i n ally set aside t o b e forest r e s e r v e , but w a s abandoned by the F o r e s t D e p a r t m e n t for the reason t h a t it w a s not r e q u i r e d for afforestation, and also because t h e r e w a s considerable native occupation in it. M a j o r G r a y , when D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r , K i a m b u i n 1927 i n f o r m e d t h e n a t i v e s t h a t t h e y w o u l d be a l l o w e d t o r e m a i n , a n d t h e y h a v e b e e n i n u n d i s t u r b e d p o s s e s s i o n e v e r s i n c e . I t is n o w o c c u p i e d a n d c u l t i v a t e d as i n t e n s i v e l y as t h e r e s t of t h e r e s e r v e . S i n c e w e d o n o t c o n c e i v e t h a t t h e r e is a n y i n t e n t i o n of d i s t u r b i n g t h e s e n a t i v e s , w e h a v e a s s u m e d

K I K U Y U PART ICHAPTER VI]

PROVINCE

"THE

P R O F I T AND L o s s ACCOR

that

this

position

only awaits regularization

by gazet;

m e n t , a n d f o r t h e p u r p o s e of o u r t a b l e w e h a v e reckon i t as if i t w a s a l r e a d y p a r t of t h e r e s e r v e , (iii) F o u r hundred by of acres north the Africa natives of who the it of L . O . were 4 , 4 5 0 h a v e been si for on t h e a ceo. t h e osta to le added rendered modation in the Inland Mission resident but yet

T h e l e a s e h a s b e e n a m e n d e d a c c o r d i n g l y ; t h e l a n d is r u occupation of natives, has not owing been difficulties conveyance

the reserve.

(4).

I n t h e a b o v e t a b l e it i s i n c l u d e d in catco

Note 3 . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s e a r e a s L . O . 1 6 0 , T i g o n i , has a! b e e n i n c l u d e d i n t h e " B a l a n c e , of K i k u y u t e r r i t o r y remaining I t is p a r t of t h e a r e a f o u n d b y us t o h a v e b e e n unequivo K i k u y u territory. A l t h o u g h it is n o t p a r t o f t h e g a z e t t e d Nat R e s e r v e , i t is i n p e r m i s s i v e n a t i v e o c c u p a t i o n , a n d h a s therefi n o t b e e n s h o w n a s " t a k e n a w a y b y G o v e r n m e n t " ; t h e r e f o r e ii p a r t of t h e b a l a n c e o f t h e a c c o u n t . P r o p o s a l s as t o i t s futu destiny are m a d e in C h a p t e r X . Note
follows 4.The : b a l a n c e of 1,933-79 s q u a r e m i l e s i s m a d e up

Square Mih
( i ) A r e a of t h e p r e s e n t N a t i v e R e s e r v e as g a z e t t e d (ii) M w e a (iii) L . O . (iv) L a n d (v) Tigoni Total Area 4,450 surrendered by the Africa Inland 0;62 143 1,933-79 1,726-fJO 205 00 069

Mission

218.

T h e a n a l y s i s of t h e s e : Land given by Government Sq. Miles 174-55 90-95 265-50

figures,

w h e n p r e s e n t e d b y districi

is a s f o l l o w s

Districts

Land taken by Government Sq. Miles 6-95 9-14 93-41 109-50

Net gain Sq. Miles 167-60

Net loss Sq. Miles

Nyeri District Fort Hall District Kiambu District . . Total ..

9-14 2-46

156 balance of gain

337
KIKTJYTJ iCHAPTER VI] PROVINCE "THE P R O F I T AND E o s s ACCOUNT"

g e n e r a l Modification required to -est w h i c h i t p o s s e s s e s , w e d o n o t p r o p o s e t o c o n c e r n o u r s e l v e s meet P r i v a t e his c h a p t e r w i t h a n y o t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s than a s e t t l e m e n t and Sectional Interests. the t r i b e a t l a r g e . T h e question whether a n y settlement 219. W h i l e the above analysis is s e t down for the ch w e find to b e j u s t t o t h e t r i b e as a w h o l e r e q u i r e s in t h e i n t e r e s t s of to b e c o n s i d e r e d a unt. -220. A n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n w h i c h w i l l a f f e c t t h e Modifications required to unt is t h e q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r a n d t o w h a t e x t e n t e x c e p t i o n s c a n meet Special mde t o t h e g e n e r a l r e c o m m e n d a t i o n of e q u i v a l e n t c o m p e n s a Cases. in l a n d i n s p e c i a l c a s e s , a s f o r i n s t a n c e w h e n t h e l a n d l o v e r n m e n t h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d as a m i s s i o n or i n s o m e uer d i r e c t l y b e n e f i c i a l t o t h e n a t i v e s . xchange and other adjustments. t h e The Basis of Valuation. T h i s is a m a t t e r taken other which certain degree in of particular Chapter I X , modification modifica held con found this d i s t r i c t s o r i n d i v i d u a l s , is in w h i c h w e g i v e our is recommended on

ions o n t h e s e t t l e m e n t

of p r i v a t e r i g h t s , a n d i t w i l l b e

be c o v e r e d i n C h a p t e r X , w h i c h w i l l a l s o d e a l w i t h t h e q u e s t i o n

-221. I t is c l e a r t o u s t h a t t h e b a s i s of v a l u a t i o n m u s t b e e w h i c h the l a n d possesses for n a t i v e s . But the native

view

t and their a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d pastoral practice are c h a n g i n g and question a r i s e s w h e t h e r w e s h o u l d c o n s i d e r t h e v a l u e w h i c h t h e possessed f o r t h e K i k u y u a t t h e t i m e of t h e a l i e n a t i o n s o r t h e e w h i c h it w o u l d h a v e f o r isily i l l u s t r a t e d alienations them now, or the v a l u e farm much which :'. have f o r t h e m i n t i m e t o c o m e . occurred this locality T h e i m p o r t a n c e of t h e area. was not point When by

by considering the L i m u r u

favoured

ves, s i n c e i t w a s t o o c o l d a n d m i s t y t o b e v e r y s u i t a b l e f o r t h e s which they were accustomed to grow. heir e y e s t h e n as l o w a v e r a g e l a n d . t to p l a n t E u r o p e a n vikuyu country. potatoes and I t would have ranked have suitable average I n later y e a r s m a n y other crops m o r e

ich a c l i m a t e a n d t h e y w o u l d r e g a r d t h i s l a n d as g o o d

222. I n t h e b a r e j u s t i c e of t h e m a t t e r w e c o n s i d e r t h a t w e o u g h t gard t h e p r e s e n t . T h e q u e s t i o n of w h a t t h e n a t i v e s h a v e b e e n are. hat t h e y m a y o n e d a y b e c o m e d o e s n o t a p p e a r t o c o n c e r n t h i s of o u r a r g u m e n t a n d w e h a v e t o d e a l w i t h t h e m as t h e y e e c o n o m i c s e c t i o n s of o u r R e p o r t , w h e n w e a r e c o n s i d e r i n g t h e s of n a t i v e s , w e s h a l l h a v e t o t a k e a c c o u n t of f u t u r e v i c i s s i t u d e s . 223. I n m a k i n g o u r v a l u a t i o n , t h e r e f o r e , w e s h a l l c o n s i d e r t h e parative v a l u e s of es p u t such land land in reference to-day. t o t h e u s e s to w h i c h the

ran

KIKUYU
PART I C H A P T E R V I ]

PROVINCE
" T H E 1'P.OFIT AND LOSS ACCOOJJ

(a) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

T h e land

taken a w a y b y G o v e r n m e n t comprises :

Si-

The part of the Kikuyu Station block which is marked in red hatching- on a yellow background . . .. .. .. J The part of thq Kikuyu Station block which is cross-hatched .. .. .. t. yellow and red on a plain background The block from Kabetc to Kiambu and including Fort Smith 2 3 The Kamiti River block .. ' .. .. .. .. 7 The blocks between the N g e w a and Chania Rivers (17-10") [ 1. ' square miles) and The block north of the Chania (15.43 square miles) I The total of these two areas is 32-53 square miles, of which we have agreed to regard half as lost by abandonment and half (16-27 square miles) as taken by Government (vide section 190) That part of the Limuru farm block which is hatched in red on a yellow background .. .. .. .. .. The western end of the Limuru farm block and land along the Railway near Muguga, marked in red and yellow cross-hatchings on a green background. This land is 4-50 square miles, of which we have agreed to regard 1-12 square miles as Kikuyu land taken away by Gov ernment (vide section 137) . . .. .. .. .. L.O. 4961, an island of unalienated Crown land in the Reserve .. .. .. .. .. .. near Saba Saba The block near Nyeri .. .. .. .. .. .. Mission "islands " in the Reserve (vide Appendix N o . 3) . . 4 5

Mi

7. 8.

1 : ( !

9. 10. 11.

Total
With being, very

..

19 0-

s l i g h t v a r i a t i o n s , a l l t h e l a n d c a n b e regarded, purposes, good Native agricultural land, e q u a l to Reserve. comprises .. : -

for n a t i v e

average for K i a m b u

(6) T h e l a n d w h i c h 1. 2. 3. 4.

ranks as g i v e n

Sq. Ml.
The lower part of Mwea (vide Ndeiya (vide section 139) section 205) .. .. .. .. 1 3; 43H Part of the upper part of Mwea (vide section 205)

Part of the land now forming the native reserves of Lari, Ngarariga, Kithirioni and Mukoma's and the whole of L . O . 4450 and L.O. 338/1 (vide section 123) Part of the land now forming the native reserve south of the Nairobi River (i.e. half the area cross-hatched yellow and blue). ( Vide section 154) ;. T w o blocks hatched blue south of the Nairobi River section lSS"! . . .. .. (vide

5.

6.

Total

.. 2c::l

DIAGRAM OF AT
(VIDE

SHOWING KIKUYU

THE NATIVE

BOUNDARIES LANDS AS

THE

PRESENT
OFFICIAL

GAZETTED.
13TH OCTOBER

G A Z E T T E

1926)

Miles

Scale.
o

Miles

K I K U Y U j j CHAPTER V I ]

PROVINCE " T H E ,I KOPIT A N D L O S S

J

ACCOUNT"

224 n in total re t o rage.

T h e d e t a i l s of o u r v a l u a t i o n of t h e s e a r e a s h a v e b e e n set A p p e n d i x N o . 4. T h e r e s u l t of i t is t h a t w e h a v e assessed v a l u e of t h e s e 265*50 s q u a r e m i l e s to be e q u a l in e x c h a n g e 79 square m i l e s of g o o d a g r i e u h u r a . land of t h e K i a m b u

225. I t t h e r e f o r e a p p e a r s t h a t , so f a r as o u r i n q u i r y has -ied u s at p r e s e n t , t h e b a l a n c e of loss s u s t a i n e d b y t h e K i k u y u bout 30J s q u a r e m i l e s of g o o d a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d or a b o u t 1 9 , 5 2 0 es. B u t t h e m o d i f i c a t i o n s w h i c h w e shall h a v e to r e c o m m e n d consideration of p r i v a t e c l a i m s , e x c h a n g e s , a n d s p e c i a l c a s e s be v e r y c o n s i d e r a b l e , a n d t h i s c h a p t e r h a s o n l y b e e n w r i t t e n order to s u m m a r i z e s o m e p r e l i m i n a r y c a l c u l a t i o n s b e f o r e p r o ding t o c o n s i d e r t h e n a t u r e a n d effect o f t h e s e m o d i f i c a t i o n s , and final a c c o u n t w i l l n o t b e b a l a n c e d u n t i l C h a p t e r X I . 226. T h e first m a p w h i c h f o l l o w s t h i s c h a p t e r i s of t h e K i k u y u A N o t e of tive R e s e r v e a s n o w p r o c l a i m e d a n d i s s e l f - e x p l a n a t o r y . T h e Explanation bud m a p i l l u s t r a t e s t h e P r o f i t a n d B o s s A c o u n t as b a l a n c e d i n wjneh^follow - chapter. T h e R o m a n n u m e r a l s s h o w n in t h e m a p " r e f e r - this Chapter e " r e l a t e t o t h e c a t e g o r i e s s h o w n i n s e c t i o n 216. T h e n u m b e r s rked i n A r a b i c figures in b l a c k r e f e r t o t h e c a t e g o r i e s of l a n d en a w a y a s s h o w n i n s e c t i o n 223 (a) a n d t h e n u m b e r s m a r k e d A r a b i c f i g u r e s i n r e d r e f e r t o t h e c a t e g o r i e s o f l a n d a d d e d as wn i n s e c t i o n 223 ( 6 ) . 227. T h e f u r t h e r a r e a s w h i c h w e s h a l l r e c o m m e n d t o b e a d d e d balance t h e a c c o u n t w i l l b e s h o w n i n a t h i r d m a p w h i c h f o l l o w s e 152.

CHAPTEE
AN EXAMINATION OP

VII.
BIGHTS AND

PRIVATE 1).

C L A I M S - ( P A R T THE 228. This chapter HISTORICAL be devoted

BASIS. to an e x a m i n a t i o n of T h e p o i n t at isst settled f

will

n a t u r e o f p r i v a t e l a n d l d g h t s a m o n g t h e K i k u y u , i n so f a r as I affect t h e issue w i t h w h i c h w e h a v e to deal. whether the Kikuyu c l a i m s of r i g h t c a n b e e q u i t a b l y block additions equivalent

s i m p l e s q u a r i n g of t h e P r o f i t a n d L o s s A c c o u n t s u m m a r i z e d it, last c h a p t e r , m a k i n g loss. If t o t h e balane, t h i s is d o n e , w i l l i t f u l f i l all t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f an e q family-groups, individually .

a b l e s e t t l e m e n t , o r is it o p e n t o t h e o b j e c t i o n t h a t t h e Kikuyu n o t h o l d l a n d as a t r i b e , b u t a s i n d i v i d u a l s o r might first the not be adequately compensated for loss

t a i n e d b y a s i m p l e a d d i t i o n of l a n d t o t h e t r i b e a s a w h o l e ? " e s s e n t i a l in a p p r o a c h i n g t h e q u e s t i o n is a j u s t appreciatio; facts. 229. In the present survey we s h a l l c o n c e r n o u r s e l v e s chi complexin

w i t h the K i a m b u D i s t r i c t on account of the g r e a t e r its p r o b l e m s , and our findings on the d o c u m e n t s to w h i c h w e 230. By of far the the most have had access.

w i l l b e b a s e d u p o n t h e evidence

important of a

document

o n t h i s subjee: Land into Temm t h e Kit

the report at our

Committee to conduct

1929 o n N a t i v e general inquiry

Kikuyu Prbvince. command,

I t h a s n o t b e e n p o s s i b l e f o r u s , d u r i n g ther therefore a c c e p t t h a t r e p o r t as B u t there concern f

s y s t e m of l a n d t e n u r e a n d w e most authoritative document vealed w h y certain we aspects of the m a t t e r

a v a i l a b l e , a n d n o c a u s e h a s been into which it did not

should doubt its m a i n conclusions.

C o m m i t t e e t o c o n d u c t so c o m p l e t e a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n as w i l l be nec s a r y f o r t h e p u r p o s e s of o u r R e p o r t . w i t h the a l l e g e d sales of land b y the 231. The 1929 Committee was O n e of t h e s e is i n connex Dorobo. only concerned to investig

t h e s y s t e m o r s y s t e m s of l a n d t e n u r e p r e v a i l i n g a n d t o m a k e reco mendations. Dorobo, and H a v i n g s a t i s f i e d t h e m s e l v e s t h a t t h e s y s t e m of tern that transactions had taken place which sufficien i n s o u t h e r n K i k u y u w a s b a s e d o n a t r a d i t i o n of p u r c h a s e from t r e s e m b l e d a p u r c h a s e t o p r o v i d e a s u b s t r a t u m of f a c t f o r the tra t i o n , t h e y s e t t h e m s e l v e s t o e x a m i n e w h e t h e r t h e s y s t e m , so bas c o u l d b e d e v e l o p e d i n t o a w o r k a b l e m e t h o d o f l a n d t e n u r e for t

KIKIJVU [ill IC'lIAI'rTEtt VII]

1'HOVINCE P R I V A T E R I G H T S AND C L A I M S

foe. B e y o n d t h a t p o i n t t h e y w e r e n o t c o n c e r n e d to i n v e s t i g a t e e e x a c t t r u t h of t h e a l l e g e d s a l e s . T h i s is m a d e c l e a r i n s e c t i o n of C h a p t e r 1 o f t h e i r r e p o r t , i n w h i c h t h e y w r i t e :
!

" W e n e e d n o t e x a m i n e t h e e x a c t i m p l i c a t i o n of t h e c l a i m that t h e y " b o u g h t t h e D o r o b o o u t . " I t is a t l e a s t c e r t a i n t h a t payments w e r e m a d e , and that K i k u y u families a r e the u n disputed s u c c e s s o r s i n t h e o c c u p a t i o n of a r e a s o v e r w h i c h Dorobo families once hunted. T h i s , w h i c h is all t h a t is i m portant t o o u r p u r p o s e , i s c o m m o n g r o u n d . " -232. T h i s C o m m i s s i o n is d i f f e r e n t l y p l a c e d . S t a t e m e n t s h a v e :n m a d e by n e a r l y 200 c l a i m a n t s p u r p o r t i n g t o r e p r e s e n t a b o u t b mbari or f a m i l y g r o u p s , that the founders of those groups hight l a n d as p r i v a t e e s t a t e s f r o m D o r o b o , of w h i c h t h e y a l l e g e L G o v e r n m e n t has deprived them without adequate compensa ii. T h e t r i b e a s a w h o l e h a s a s k e d i n baraza t h a t a n y c o m p e n s a n w h i c h m a y b e g r a n t e d t o i t s h o u l d t a k e t h e f o r m of l a n d , a n d have to d e c i d e w h e t h e r it is j u s t or p r a c t i c a b l e to r e c o m m e n d U any land w h i c h m i g h t b e added t o the r e s e r v e on t h a t a c c o u n t ould b e d e v o t e d t o t h e a c c o m m o d a t i o n of t h e p a r t i c u l a r mbari lich h a v e b e e n d i s p o s s e s s e d . 233. T h e issues i n the question appear to be : I f so, w h e n ? And pay

(i) W e r e p a y m e n t s m a d e t o t h e D o r o b o ? w h a t , in g e n e r a l , w e r e the amounts? (ii) W h a t w a s t h e n a t u r e , i n t e n t i o n ments ?

a n d e f f e c t of t h e s e

(iii) T o w h a t e x t e n t h a d t h e " g i t h a k a s y s t e m " d e v e l o p e d a t t h e t i m e w h e n t h e a l i e n a t i o n of w h i c h t h e K i k u y u corn plain took p l a c e ? 234. I n v i e w of t h e f a c t t h a t so m a n y f a m i l y - g r o u p s h a v e - ^ y ted t h a t t h e y b o u g h t l a n d f r o m t h e D o r o b o , a n d in m o s t c a s e s Payments re s u p p l i e d d e t a i l s of t h e p a y m e n t d o w n t o t h e l a s t p o t of h o n e y , 5 ? . may s e e m s t r a n g e t h a t t h e a n s w e r s h o u l d b e i n d o u b t . B u t t h e ' ijority of t h e c l a i m s a r e so w i l d a n d e x t r a v a g a n t , and f r e q u e n t l y c o n f l i c t i n g , t h a t n o t e v e n t h e K i k u y u c o u l d c r i t i c i z e us f o r r e iring s u b s t a n t i a t i o n f r o m o t h e r s o u r c e s b e f o r e w e a f f i r m as a :t t h a t a n y p r a c t i c e of m a k i n g s u c h p a y m e n t s e x i s t e d . T o t h i s i w e h a v e c a u s e d a s e a r c h t o b e m a d e a m o n g t h e r e c o r d s of ithaka" cases at K i a m b u , a n d f r e q u e n t r e f e r e n c e s t o p a y m e n t s D o r o b o h a v e b e e n f o u n d . B u t i n a c o n s i d e r a b l e p r o p o r t i o n of !m t h e r e is s o m e c o m p l i c a t i n g c i r c u m s t a n c e , s u c h as t h e m a r r i a g e a girl or a n a d o p t i o n c e r e m o n y o r t h e p a y m e n t of b l o o d - m o n e y
e r e a d e o r o 0

a m a n s l a i n , so t h a t i t i s difficult ieh m a y h a v e b e e n m a d e w e r e i n these o t h e r c i r c u m s t a n c e s . T h e r e ieh b o t h p a r t i e s h a v e a g r e e d t h a t

to say w h e t h e r a n y p a y m e n t s r e s p e c t of l a n d o r in r e s p e c t a r e , h o w e v e r , s e v e r a l c a s e s ID a sale took place.

' PAKT IUHAPTEK YilJ

K I K U Y U

PROVINCE 1'ntvATE R I G H T S AND (

U

235.

It

does

n o t , of course, f o l l o w

that

t h e payments ,
v

m a d e b e c a u s e t h e p a r t i e s h a v e a g r e e d t o s a y s o ; s t i l l less thai t a m o u n t e d to a purchase of land. tion which they have put upon born. place before they w e r e T h a t m a y b e o n l y an i n t e r ; r obscure happenings which t

2 3 6 . W e a r e m o r e d i s p o s e d t o b e l i e v e t h e s t o r y w h e n we it c o r r o b o r a t e d by t h e D o r o b o . T u r u t h i , t h e D o r o b o Elcie sr, l i v e s n e a r K i j a b e , a n d W a n j u g u , a son o f t h e w e l l - k n o w n 1 Doi E l d e r , M a r i m b e , a r e i m p o r t a n t w i t n e s s e s , a n d b o t h of them a d m i t t e d t h a t sales occurred. T u r u t h i s t a t e d in a m e m o r a s w o r n b e f o r e t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r , K i a m b u , a n d forw t o u s : ' ' I a g r e e t h a t w e sold l a n d t o t h e K i k u y u t r i b e " W a n j u g u stated : " " M y father had much land years a g o . l i e ; m u c h o f i t . " E v e n t h e w i t n e s s K i n a r a K i m e n y e , w h o appear; d i s l i k e t h e K i k u y u i n t e n s e l y , a d m i t t e d t h a t h i s f a t h e r b e g a n , to j s o m e l a n d a n d r e c e i v e d t h i r t y g o a t s , a l t h o u g h t h e transaction r never completed. N j e n g w a a n d K a b a n g a K u b a i a r e others * a d m i t t e d t o u s t h a t t h e i r D o r o b o g r a n d f a t h e r s h a d sold l a n d . 0; a d m i s s i o n s o f t h e k i n d h a v e b e e n f o u n d i n K i a m b u f i l e s , althoti as w i l l b e s h o w n l a t e r , t h e a l l e g e d p a y m e n t s a r e o f t e n complica b y o t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , s o t h a t o n e h e s i t a t e s t o a c c e p t the ti sactions u n q u e s t i o n a b l y as sales. 237. we make While w e accord considerable weight to this evidet the observation
7

that, with

t h e e x c e p t i o n of Turuthi, Kikuv Turuthi t h o s e of

i t h e s e w i t n e s s e s a r e t h e s o n s or t h e g r a n d s o n s o f p e r s o n s w h o \ a d o p t e d by t h e K i k u y u , a n d a r e p r o b a b l y a t l e a s t h a l f blood and more peared Kikuyu. 238. T h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n b y t h e late M r . M e r v y n B e e c h , n w h e n h e w a s D i s t r i c t O f f i c e r a t D a g o r e t t i a n d p r i n t e d in than half K i k u y u identified in i n t e r e s t . Even with to us t o have, his interests

Journal of the African Society i n 1 9 1 7 , a d d s o n l y a f e w point

f a c t t o w h a t w e h a v e f r o m o t h e r s o u r c e s . H e m e n t i o n s a Dot n a m e d G o i t i b a a s b e i n g a s u r v i v i n g w i t n e s s t o a s a l e o f lam h i s f a t h e r , G a t h a g u , w h o m a y b e t h e m a n m e n t i o n e d i n Claim 1 1 ( M b a r i o f M w e n d a ) . H e a l s o m e n t i o n s t h a t a b o u t half l o c a t i o n of about 17,000 acres w a s b o u g h t f r o m M a r i m b e I K i k u y u n a m e d G i t u f o r " 5 0 0 o x e n , s h e e p a n d g o a t s . " Ha r e g a r d t o t h e m a n n e r i n w h i c h t h e K i k u y u a r e a c c u s t o m e d t o re a n d s p e a k , w e h a v e n o d o u b t o f t h e m e a n i n g o f t h i s phrase m e a n t o x e n , s h e e p a n d g o a t s t o t h e e q u i v a l e n t v a l u e o f 500 ; b y K i k u y u r e c k o n i n g , u n d e r w h i c h an o x i s r e c k o n e d a s five ? I t i s t h e r e f o r e i n s t r u c t i v e t o find t h a t i n C l a i m N o . 3 0 i t has s t a t e d t o u s t h a t G i t u b o u g h t l a n d f r o m M a r i m b e f o r 3,700 a 370 r a m s a n d a n a s s o r t m e n t of o t h e r t h i n g s .

KIKUYU
T

PROVINCE PHIVATE RIGHTS AND CLAIMS

CHAPTER V I I ]

239. T h i s i n c o n s i s t e n c y is b y - n o m e a n s e x c e p t i o n a l a n d w e h t o d r a w p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n to t h e f a c t t h a t , w h e n e v e r it h a s n possible to take a s t a t e m e n t m a d e to t h e C o m m i s s i o n c o n c e r n t h e n u m b e r of g o a t s p a i d a n d c o m p a r e i t w i t h p r e v i o u s ements m a d e by the same party before the Commission w a s ointed, the statements h a v e been f o u n d , in practically every e, to b e u t t e r l y d i s c r e p a n t . S o m e e x a m p l e s of this w i l l be ted in a l a t e r p a r t o f t h i s c h a p t e r . 240. T h e r e is l i t t l e e v i d e n c e of f a c t P. from European sources, Watson etter h a s b e e n p r o d u c e d in e v i d e n c e , w r i t t e n b y M r . E . 30th N o v e m b e r , 1 8 9 7 , to M r . W . ed : "Unlike to demand Ukambani high prices all for the land h e r e is p r i v a t e l y land compared with what owned they

A l e x a n d e r , in w h i c h i t is

b y s o m e o n e o r m o r e of t h e n a t i v e s , a n d n o w t h e y h a v e l e a r n e d t h o u g h t of t w o y e a r s The context ago." w a s l o o k i n g for to prices is n o to a piece I t is the the land,

shows that M r . W a t s o n that his remark

and t o b u y on b e h a l f of t h e C h u r c h of S c o t l a n d M i s s i o n . bable t h e r e f o r e e to any On sales the refers that or which from ives r e q u i r e d f r o m obo. other Europeans, and hand there

reference indicate

between

themselves assimilated

purchases appear

the letter would

t the natives had already

t h e i d e a of b u y i n g :

'ch m a y b e a s i g n t h a t t h e y t h e m s e l v e s h a d e x p e r i e n c e o f i t . 241. I n A u g u s t , 1 8 9 9 , M r . J u s t i c e C a t o r w r o t e

" I t has s o m e t i m e s b e e n asserted that t h e K i k u y u a c k n o w l e d g e i n d i v i d u a l o w n e r s h i p of l a n d , b u t I h a v e h e a r d t h i s v i e w contradicted and I am disposed to t h i n k that there is no in dividual o w n e r s h i p , but t h a t t h e c h i e f s , w h e n strong e n o u g h , assume t o t h e m s e l v e s t h e r i g h t t o sell such l a n d as is n o t a c t u a l l y r e q u i r e d b y t h e i n h a b i t a n t s of t h e v i l l a g e s o v e r w h i c h they r u l e . " s l e t t e r is p r e s e r v e d in t h e a r c h i v e s o f t h e S e c r e t a r i a t (S. 211,

. D.
242. M r . J o h n Boy-es m e n t i o n s i n h i s b o o k t h a t h e h a d b e e n b y a K i k u y u H e a d m a n , n a m e d K a r u r i , w h o is b e l i e v e d to h a v e of m i x e d K i k u y u - D o r o b o b l o o d , t h a t t h e K i k u y u h a d " p u r sed t r a c t s of l a n d f r o m t h e A t h i f o r p u r p o s e s of c u l t i v a t i o n . ' - ' adds : " K a r u r i h i m s e l f b a s e d h i s s t r o n g e s t c l a i m t o t h e c h i e f cy on t h e f a c t t h a t h e w a s a d i r e c t d e s c e n d a n t of t h e s e A t h i . " his e v i d e n c e g i v e n t o us a t N y e r i , M r . B o y e s s t a t e d t h a t t h i s rmation w a s g i v e n t o h i m at the t i m e t o w h i c h t h e b o o k relates, e l y , 1 8 9 8 . I t is p e r h a p s t h e e a r l i e s t r e c o r d of t h e s t o r y of t h e obo-Kikuyu l a n d sales h a v i n g b e e n t o l d t o a E u r o p e a n . I t is
1

iaiCTJYU
PART 1-CHAPTER VII]

mtOVINCB
P R I V A T E R I G H T S AND C
U:

n o t e w o r t h y t h a t K a r u r i l i v e d i u F o r t H a l l D i s t r i c t , a n d thai F o r t H a l l n a t i v e s d e n i e d i n baraza b e f o r e t h e 1929 C o m m i t t e e t t h e y h a d e v e r b o u g h t a n y l a n d f r o m t h e D o r o b o i n t h a t district! 2 4 3 . A s t h e c l a i m s f r o m t h e K i a m b u n a t i v e s h a v e reached;! Commission they have been marked on a m a p . marked with reasonable accuracy. A I n m o s t cases: conflict d e s c r i p t i o n s g i v e n h a v e b e e n g o o d e n o u g h t o p e r m i t o f their he great number of claims h a v e been revealed. When every allowance I f t h e s e l a n d s r e a l l y h a v e b e e n bom been made for possible mistakes

w e c a n n o t u n d e r s t a n d w h y s o m a n y c l a i m s e x i s t t o t h e same la. has r e c o r d i n g t h e c l a i m s o n t h e m a p , w e c a n n o t e s c a p e t h e conclus that there is v e r y little land w h i c h has not b e e n m a d e subject! The total number of p e r s o n s a l l e g e d to I at least t w o c l a i m s .

m e m b e r s o r d e p e n d e n t s of t h e f a m i l y g r o u p s , a f f e c t e d b y the aliefl t i o n of l a n d t o s e t t l e r s i n t h e K i a m b u D i s t r i c t is g r e a t e r by ml t h a n 50 p e r c e n t t h a n t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e K i a m b u Nat Deserve ! from while decade These considerations seem t o us t o c a s t d o u b t on c o n t e n t i o n t h a t t h e s e l a n d s w e r e o r i g i n a l l y b o u g h t as p r i v a t e esta! the D o r o b o . 244. Another point which strikes us as remarkable is til most of t h e t r a n s a c t i o n s r e s e m b l i n g sale w h i c h have b* of that date left

c o r r o b o r a t e d b y t h e D o r o b o a p p e a r t o h a v e t a k e n p l a c e about i 1891-1900, the a d m i n i s t r a t i v e officers r e c o r d of t h e m . A n d i t is s t i l l m o r e r e m a r k a b l e t h a t in the it

d e c a d e , w h e n t h e a l i e n a t i o n s u n d e r c o m p l a i n t t o o k place', nott s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n r e c o r d e d o r k n o w n b y a n y b o d y a b o u t Dor selling land or the existence of

ithaka.

If

ithaka

w e r e prit

e s t a t e s i n t h e s e n s e w h i c h i s n o w c l a i m e d , i t i s h a r d l y credible! the Kikuyu should h a v e received compensation for their

sham

o n t h e L i m u r u f a r m s a t t h e h a n d s of M r . H o p e a n d o t h e r s and; nothing to him about never to have their heard reported

githaka r i g h t s .
of them at that

A n d y e t M r . H o p e appe] date, a n d "certainly '"

existence.

2 4 5 . I t a p p e a r s t h a t i n l a t e r y e a r s , w h e n h e l e a r n t m o r e abi t h e m a n n e r i n w h i c h t h e K i k u y u h e l d t h i s l a n d , h e r e g r e t t e d t. ing recommended so m u c h o f i t f o r a l i e n a t i o n

(vide

Evidence

M r . W a d e , C h i e f N a t i v e C o m m i s s i o n e r , p p . 2 9 3 4 a n d 2935 of: p r i n t e d e v i d e n c e a n d q u o t e d i n s e c t i o n ( e ) of A p p e n d i x N o . 1). T: is p e r h a p s e v i d e n c e t h a t h e d i s c o v e r e d l a n d h o l d i n g i n K i k u y u t o m o r e private in character than he h a d r e a l i z e d , but by no m amounts gave any to an admission that

ithaka w e r e
There

private to had been

estates in' s h o w that bought''

sense wdiich is n o w

claimed.

is n o t h i n g

credence to the story that they

t h e D o r o b o , or e v e n t h a t h e h a d h e a r d it.

KIKUYU
I-OHMTKIt VII]

PROVINCE
1 ' l t I V A T U R.IGHT3 A N D Cl/AIMS

246. T h e q u e s t i o n of githaka r i g h t s first a p p e a r s as a u issue G o v e r n m e n t files w h e n it w a s r a i s e d b y M r . H o b l e y in 1 9 1 3 , Ireupon t h e i r e x i s t e n c e w a s h o t l y d i s p u t e d f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s , (lav t h e y a r e g e n e r a l l y b e l i e v e d t o e x i s t , b u t l i n g e r i n g d o u b t s ( r e m a i n as to w h e t h e r t h e y a m o u n t t o a " s y s t e m . " 247. W e h a v e t a k e n due n o t i c e of t h e v i e w s r e c o r d e d by dous i n q u i r e r s a n d t h e e v i d e n c e o n w h i c h t h e y w e r e b a s e d . We b oiven due w e i g h t t o the u n a n i m o u s a n d p r o b a b l y sincere lion of t h e K i a m b u n a t i v e s , e x p r e s s e d in s e v e r a l barazas, t h a t I bought t h e i r l a n d , a n d w e h a v e a l s o n o t e d o n t h e o t h e r s i d e (statement m a d e t o u s by C h i e f N d u i n i , a t N y e r i , r i r o t e s t i n g I any K i k u y u w h o said h e h a d b o u g h t h i n d f r o m t h e D o r o b o w a s I iii. '24H. A i l t h a t w e r e g a r d a s a s a f e f i n d i n g o n t h e e v i d e n c e r e led u p t o t h i s p o i n t is t h a t t h e r e h a v e b e e n i n s t a n c e s of D o r o b o living p a y m e n t s f r o m K i k u y u , w h i c h r e l a t e d in s o m e d e g r e e to use a n d m a n a g e m e n t of l a n d . W h e t h e r t h e s e p a y m e n t s w e r e innovation o r i n s t a n c e s of a g e n e r a l a n d e s t a b l i s h e d p r a c t i c e question w h i c h w e h o l d o v e r u n t i l o u r r e v i e w of t h e e v i d e n c e L the f u r t h e r issues h a s b e e n c o m p l e t e d . 219. T h e n e x t q u e s t i o n is t h e d a t e of t h e p a y m e n t s . T h e c a s e s Much c o r r o b o r a t i v e e v i d e n c e h a s b e e n g i v e n to us b y D o r o b o [relate to c o m p a r a t i v e l y r e c e n t d a t e s . T h e a l l e g e d sales b y uthi's s e c t i o n i n t h e L a r i a n d E s c a r p m e n t F o r e s t s a r e a l m o s t ainly s i n c e 1900, s e e i n g t h a t t h e s e a r e a s a r e k n o w n t o h a v e i to all i n t e n t s a n d p u r p o s e s v i r g i n f o r e s t u n t i l 1 9 0 2 . The ence b e f o r e us is t h a t p a y m e n t s w e r e n o t m a d e i n a- l u m p sum that t h e K i k u y u p a i d as t h e w o r k of c l e a r i n g p r o c e e d e d , a n d efore w e c a n n o t c r e d i t that t h e K i k u y u p a i d m u c h in a d v a n c e anything w h i c h t h e y h a d n o t y e t u s e d . 250. F o r t h e s a m e r e a s o n t h e s a l e s b y M a r i m b e of l a n d s o u t h le N a i r o b i a n d N e a n g a r a r i v e r s c a n n o t h a v e b e e n m u c h b e f o r e , at w h i c h d a t e t h e l a n d w a s s t i l l v i r g i n f o r e s t , n o r m u c h a f t e r . which w a s found b y M r . Justice M a x w e l l (in a j u d g m e n t ,dy q u o t e d ) t o be t h e d a t e of t h e M a s a i - D o r o b o a g r e e m e n t , sby t h e D o r o b o w e r e t o a b a n d o n t h e l a n d s o u t h of t h e N e a n River. 251. N o n e of t h e o t h e r sales f o r w h i c h w e h a v e iof t h e m m a y h a v e b e e n b e f o r e t h e n . * cases e x a m i n e d b y M r . B e e c h . 152. A n e x a m i n a t i o n o f N a t i v e T r i b u n a l R e c o r d s t e n d s t o c o n the v i e w e x p r e s s e d i n t h e R e p o r t o f t h e 1929 Committeethat tiginal K i k u y u p u r c h a s e r s w e r e t h e f a t h e r s a n d g r a n d f a t h e r s of corroboration although

le D o r o b o can be d a t e d w i t h c e r t a i n t y b e f o r e 1 8 9 0 ,

T h e same thing applies

K I K U Y U PART ICHAPTER VII]

PROVINCE P R I V A T E R I G H T S AM. rjj

, men w h o a r e still a l i v e , a n d i n m o s t cases it w o u l d appearI

t h e d a t e s a l l e g e d f o r t h e o r i g i n a l " s a l e " w e r e n o t b e f o r e 1880] a p p e a l c a s e N o . 1/31 t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r h a s expressed! opinion that the transaction ( w h i c h h e d i d n o t c o n s i d e r to Thai appea
SiU' Oil 1

a m o u n t e d to a sale) h a p p e n e d " a b o u t 80 years a g o . " context, does not appear ment, and most of the other alleged date. sales w h i c h

t o h a v e b e e n m e a n t f o r a preci

r e c o r d s a p p e a r t o b e of a l a t e r

2 5 3 . T h e b u l k of t h e K i k u y u c l a i m s b e f o r e t h e C o u i n t o t h e effect that particular f a m i l y g r o u p s h a v e lost h a n d s of t h e G o v e r n m e n t , w h i c h t h e y h a d b o u g h t f r o m t h e Do M a n y of t h e c l a i m a n t s h a v e s u b m i t t e d t h e i r s t a t e m e n t s o n a [n\ f o r m , w h i c h r e p r e s e n t s t h e t r a n s a c t i o n s w i t h t h e D o r o b o as ii h a p p e n e d " m a n y c e n t u r i e s 2^ast." W e a r e f u l l y satisfied or! e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e r e is n o t h i n g w h a t e v e r t o j u s t i f y t h i s a n t i q u i t y . W e b e l i e v e t h a t m o s t o f t h e w i t n e s s e s filled in the w i t h o u t a n y c l e a r k n o w l e d g e of w h a t t h e p h r a s e i m p l i e d , ai d e s c r i b i n g t h e i r c l a i m t h e y o f t e n s t a t e d q u i t e f r a n k l y that it t h e y t h e m s e l v e s o r t h e i r f a t h e r s or t h e i r g r a n d f a t h e r s who d u c t e d t h e t r a n s a c t i o n s . W h e r e i t h a s n o t b e e n s t a t e d in so: w o r d s , t h e i n f e r e n c e is c l e a r l y s u g g e s t e d i n t h e c l a i m . Indei w e h a d n o t h i n g e l s e t o g u i d e us b u t t h e e v i d e n c e g i v e n us b K i k u y u mbaris, w e s h o u l d h a v e t o c o n c l u d e t h a t m o s t of the n o w u n d e r c l a i m a n d t h e b u l k of t h e K i a m b u N a t i v e Reserve i n t h e o w n e r s h i p of D o r o b o l a n d l o r d s a s l a t e a s 1880 and thai K i k u y u t h e n b e g a n t o b u y t h e l a n d , b u t t h a t it w a s still ' l a r g e l y D o r o b o i n o w n e r s h i p w h e n t h e P r o t e c t o r a t e w a s declat 2 5 4 . F o r t u n a t e l y f o r t h e K i k u y u w e a r e n o t e n t i r e l y depei o n t h e i r e v i d e n c e . W e k n o w t h a t w h e n C o u n t T e l e k i w e n t tin t h e country- i n 1887 h e f o u n d t h e m f i r m l y e s t a b l i s h e d in the co t r a v e r s e d b y h i m a f t e r h e c r o s s e d t h e N a i r o b i R i v e r u n t i l he t o t h e G u r a . H e s a y s t h a t K i k u y u a p p e a r e d a t practically s t r e a m w h i c h h e c r o s s e d , d e m a n d i n g hongo ( t r i b u t e ) and n o t r e m e m b e r t h a t h e m e n t i o n s t h e p r e s e n c e o f D o r o b o anvl i n t h a t piece of c o u n t r y . W e c a n n o t b r i n g o u r s e l v e s to bl t h a t , i f s u c h a t h i n g a s l a n d - o w n e r s h i p w e r e e v e r mention! t h o s e d a y s , t h e K i k u y u h a d n o t a l r e a d y s e c u r e d t h e principal in it. 2 5 5 . W e a r e t h e r e f o r e f a c e d w i t h t h e p u z z l e t h a t , whi K i k u y u s t a t e m e n t s , i f a c c e p t e d , w o u l d s u g g e s t t h a t most ' l a n d w a s b o u g h t after 1880, C o u n t T e l e k f s description c o u n t r y m a k e s i t a l m o s t c e r t a i n t h a t t h e K i k u y u m u s t havd i n o c c u p a t i o n for at least a g e n e r a t i o n b e f o r e t h a t . This a n o t h e r r e a s o n f o r d o u b t i n g t h e s t o r y of t h e s e " s a l e s " as t the Kikuyu.

KIKUYTJ I-CHAPTEB V I I ] -

PROVINCE PRIVATE RIGHTS AND CLAIMS

256. W e shall p r o c e e d w i t h t h e e x a m i n a t i o n of f u r t h e r e v i d before r e c o r d i n g w h a t w e c o n s i d e r t o b e t h e t r u t h o f t h e er. W e can only say here that the only transactions lbling sale w h i c h a r e s u f f i c i e n t l y w e l l a t t e s t e d t o b e a c c e p t e d acts, t h a t is t o s a y , t h e t r a n s a c t i o n s c o r r o b o r a t e d b y t h e bo, a p p e a r t o h a v e t a k e n p l a c e ' a b o u t t h e p e r i o d 1 8 9 1 t o 1 S 9 9 . do n o t t h e r e f o r e p r o v i d e a n y a n s w e r t o t h o s e w h o h o l d t h e that t h e i d e a o f o u t r i g h t sale o f l a n d w a s f o r e i g n t o t h e n a t i v e until t h e E u r o p e a n s a p p e a r e d . 57. T h e K i k u y u e v i d e n c e s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e p a y m e n t s w e r e ly l i v e stock a n d h o n e y , w i t h a n a x e , a k n i f e , a n d a b r a n d i n g the to h o n o u r t h e c u s t o m . I t i s a d m i t t e d t h a t g i r l s w e r e s o m e - amounts of the s i n c l u d e d , a n d , in a f e w e x c e p t i o n a l c a s e s , t h e b l o o d - m o n e y ^ " y m e n t a ?
w e r o

man

slain.

258. T h e t o t a l n u m b e r of c l a i m s m a d e is 1 9 3 , i n c l u s i v e of in c l a i m s b y t h e D o r o b o . T h e r e a r e 1 4 1 c a s e s i n w h i c h t h e I is a c c o m p a n i e d b y a s t a t e m e n t of t h e p a y m e n t a l l e g e d t o been m a d e . T h e a v e r a g e p a y m e n t , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e c l a i m s , s out a t 1,779 s h e e p a n d g o a t s , 180 r a m s , 1 9 f a t r a m s ( o r h e s or e w e s ) , 22 c a t t l e a n d a n u m b e r o f o t h e r t h i n g s , w h i l e t h e le total of r e c o r d e d p a y m e n t s i s 2 5 0 , 8 4 9 g o a t s , a n d t h e r e s t t o h. W e regard these figures as fantastic a n d ridiculous, liter o n e l o o k s a t t h e m f r o m t h e s t a n d p o i n t of t h e n u m b e r of s that t h e K i k u y u a r e k n o w n t o h a v e p o s s e s s e d , o r t h e g o a t m n i n g - c a p a c i t y of t h e D o r o b o , o r c o m p a r e s t h e m w i t h t h e tents r e c o r d e d i n N a t i v e T r i b u n a l c a s e s . A f e w i n s t a n c e s m a y aken :-

Claim No.

13.It

is s t a t e d

that

t h e mbari

of

Thaara

bought l a n d f r o m a D o r o b o n a m e d I t h i r u f o r 1 8 0 s h e e p a n d goats, 18 r a m s , 10 e w e s , 1 0 k n i v e s , 9 a x e s a n d 10 p o t s of honey. I n D i s t r i c t O f f i c e r ' s R e v i s i o n C a s e N o . 4 2 o f 1 9 2 1 , K a g o n e w a I t h a r a sued G e t h u n g i r i w a T h i r u a n d s t a t e d : " T h i r u , t h e f a t h e r of t h e d e f e n d a n t , sold m e a during t h e g r e a t f a m i n e f o r 30 g o a t s a n d 2 s h e e p . " President "We 1 goats. of t h e D a g o r e t t i awarded the Native Tribunal explained : on his paying one to him.

githaka

githaka

t o t h e plaintiff Kagone returned

W e decided in this w a y because T h i r u paid a goat a g o to Kagone.

tany y e a r s

The g o a t p a i d b y T h i r u p r o d u c e d 3 0 . T h i r u t o o k t h e for t h e g o a t d u r i n g t h e g r e a t famine."

githaka

259. T h i s c a s e is v e r y i l l u m i n a t i n g , f o r t h o u g h w e d o n o t ss t o u n d e r s t a n d i t s d e t a i l s , i t w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t a l l t h a t w a s tally p a i d b y T h i r u ( o r I t h i r u ) w a s o n e g o a t , w h i c h p r o d u c e d more, and t h e K i a m a eventually ordered h i m t o pay eleven

K I K U Y U PART I - C H A P T E R VII]

PROVINCE PRIVATE RIGHTS AND CU

m o r e a n d k e e p t h e (jitItalia o r t h e p a r t of i t w h i c h r e m a i n s in; reserve. T h e s e g o a t s h a v e n o w g r o w n in t h e i m a g i n a t i o n of, c l a i m a n t s t o 1 8 0 , a n d 18 r a i n s a n d JO e w e s . ClaimNo. ' 2 0 . T h e c l a i m a n t s a l l e g e 500 g o a t s paid. ] D o r o b o s o n of t h e r e c i p i e n t s a y s o n l y 8 0 r e c e i v e d . Claim N o . 2 4 . T h i s is t h e c l a i m o f t h e mbari of thei Chief Kinanjui. I t h a s a l r e a d y b e e n r e v i e w e d i n a previ c h a p t e r , a n d it w i l l b e r e m e m b e r e d t h a t i n t h e case before 1 M r . J u s t i c e M a x w e l l c o m m e n t e d on t h e b a r e f a c e d l y i n g of; parties and their witnesses. Claim No. 8 6 . - I t i s c l a i m e d t h a t t h e M b a r i of Kiharai M a r i g w a b o u g h t t h e l a n d f r o m M u t h o g i n i t h e brother M a r i m b e a n d M u i n a m i for 47,424 g o a t s , 4,742 r a m s , 20 p of h o n e y , e t c . T h e c o m m e n t of M u i r u r i , son of M u i n a m i , j W a n g u g u , s o n of M a r i m b e , i s t h a t t h e i r f a t h e r s , M a r i m b e i M u i n a m i , s o u g h t a d o p t i o n b y K i h a r a , b e c a u s e o n e of tf b r o t h e r s h a d b e e n k i l l e d b y t h e K i k u y u , a n d t h e y w e r e afn O n a d o p t i o n t h e y w e r e g i v e n t e n g o a t s e a c h a n d h a d to s render a large amount of land. Claim No. 1 0 6 . T h e c l a i m a n t s s t a t e t h a t t h e y boo t h e l a n d f r o m f o u r D o r o b o i n c l u d i n g K i m e n y e M u n y u g i for c o w s , 1,300 g o a t s , 140 r a m s , e t c . T h e son o f K i m e n y i sti t h a t o n l y 3 0 g o a t s w e r e p a i d a n d t h a t t h e sale w a s n o t effect Claim No. 137 ( M b a r i of C h i r i ) . C l a i m a n t s state t they b o u g h t the land from t w o D o r o b o for a payment w h i n c l u d e d 2.650 g o a t s , 2 6 5 r a m s , a g i r l a n d b l o o d - m o n e y fo man killed. C h i e f K o i n a n g e s t a t e d o n o a t h : " T h e o r i g i n a l of c l a i m of t h e mbari of C h i r i is t h a t t h e r e w a s a D o r o b o liv i n w h a t is n o w t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e , w h o d u g a g a m e pit i i n t o t h a t g a m e p i t o n e o f t h e i r a n c e s t o r s f e l l . O n t h a t acco a n d a l s o o n a c c o u n t of t h e f a c t t h a t t h i s D o r o b o h a d taken of t h e i r g i r l s a n d m a r r i e d h e r , t h e y r e c e i v e d t h e githaka b i n s i d e a n d o u t s i d e t h e r e s e r v e , a n d t h e p i e c e w h i c h is out; is n o w t h e c l a i m of t h e mbari of C h i r i . " (Note.The l a n d s o c l a i m e d a p p e a r s t o b e , according t h e d e s c r i p t i o n g i v e n i n t h e m e m o r a n d u m , o v e r t h r e e hund square m i l e s and includes the Y a l t a P l a t e a u . ) 260. I t w o u l d b e easy to g o on m u l t i p l y i n g instances. 1 e v i d e n c e i s o n r e c o r d t o b e e x a m i n e d b y a n y o n e w h o wishes s t u d y i t i n d e t a i l , a n d a precis o f i t h a s b e e n p r i n t e d (since i: t o o v o l u m i n o u s t o p r i n t i n f u l l . ) A f t e r s t u d y i n g t h e evidences m i t t e d b y n a t i v e s i n s u p p o r t of t h e mbari c l a i m s , w e h a v e no hesi t i o n i n c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h e b u l k of i t as w o r t h l e s s . W e g o furtl

K I K U Y U VII]

PROVINCE PRIVATE RIGHTS AND CLAIMS

oa

that i n our o p i n i o n m a n y of t h e m e m o r a n d a a r e d e l i b e r a t e l y wish to invite especial attention Headman of Philip) Karanja, not who to to the fact that was go on on

nthful. 261. W e occasion, the representing telling lies

ve i n t e r e s t s b e f o r e u s , a s k e d l e a v e t o i n t e r r u p t t h e p r o c e e d i n g s purpose warning witnesses t the number of goats p a i d . 262. I n a s w o r n s t a t e m e n t m a d e r e c e n t l y t o t h e M a g i s t r a t e at ibn. t h e D o r o b o Elder, named Turuthi, said : " T h e p r i c e s v a r i e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i z e of t h e githaka. T h e l o w e s t p r i c e w a s 30 g o a t s , g o i n g u p t o 300 o r m o r e . . . As w e d i d n o t h e r d , t h e g o a t s p a i d b y t h e b u y e r w o u l d b e taken b y us t o a r e l a t i v e , t h a t i s , t o a K i k u y u i n t o w h o s e f a m i l y w e had m a r r i e d a n d h e w o u l d h e r d t h e m . As w e required meat w e w o u l d g o and g e t t h e m . . . S o m e t i m e s a g i r l w a s given, or e v e n t w o , as t h e b u y i n g price. I h a v e n e v e r m y s e l f heard of m o r e t h a n 300 g o a t s b e i n g p a i d . I d o r e m e m b e r n o w K a r u r i p a i d 400 g o a t s f o r s o m e l a n d . " the o t h e r h a n d an e l d e r l y D o r o b o w i t n e s s s t a t e d t h a t h i s f a t h e r land f o r 7,000 g o a t s b e f o r e h e w a s b o r n ; t h a t t h e payments e b y i n s t a l m e n t s , a n d t h a t h e s a w t h e l a t e r s t a g e s of t h e p a y t. W h e n q u e s t i o n s of d e t a i l w e r e p u t t o h i m h e b e c a m e v a g u e , kept to t h e figure of : 7,000. 263. S o m e of t h e K i a m b u N a t i v e T r i b u n a l c a s e s h e l p t o s h e d t on t h e m a t t e r

Central Tribunal Case No.

10/30 (from the

Revision Gases.
judgment)."Seventy goats (defendant) and the land

w e r e p a i d as b l o o d - m o n e y t o W a r a g a

in d i s p u t e w a s h a n d e d o v e r i n s t e a d of 3 0 g o a t s b a l a n c e . "

Case No. Case No. githaka f r o m

17/30 ( f r o m t h e j u d g m e n t ) . " O n e 48/30.Defendant the D o r o b o for " m y stated that he

githaka
bought

had the and

been s e c r e t l y " s o l d b y p l a i n t i f f s b r o t h e r M u t u r o f o r 9 g o a t s . " d a u g h t e r a n d 50 g o a t s

one m a n w h o m e e t t h e d e a t h . "

Dishict Commissioners Appeal Cases. Case No. 5 3 / 3 0 . D e f e n d a n t h a v i n g c l a i m e d t o bought t h e githaka f o r 1,006 g o a t s , p l a i n t i f f c o m m e n t e d :

is the v e r y Limuru to greatest lie. These amounts can buy land Uplands." 1 / 3 0 . I t is s t a t e d i n t h e j u d g m e n t t h a t

have "This from about party

Case No.

3,000 a c r e s of l a n d w e r e a l l e g e d t o h a v e b e e n s o l d , h a l f t o o n e party f o r 900 g o a t s a n d 90 r a m s , a n d h a l f t o t h e o t h e r

K I K U Y U PART I - C H A P T E R VII]

PROVINCE P R I V A T E R I G H T S AND Own

for

80 g o a t s The

and

7 rams

(or

as a n o t h e r

witness

stated, 7.1 this, f K

goats). , ,. w h a t . i t 264. modest average

District

Commissioner

comments:

"All

is w o r t h , m a y records have

he some indication that, when The was the

of p r i c e s question given

oUVinj-l of geng in bora:

a t t h e t i m e as w e l l a s of t h e l i e s t h a t a r e t o l d a b o u t them." jj These show

c o m p e n s a t i o n t o t h e t r i b e h a s n o t b e e n i n v o l v e d i n t h e issue, m o estimates price of a prevailed. estimate "80 at K i a m b u t o t h e 1929 C o m m i t t e e or 1.00. s h e e p " as tl

githaka.
Hobley wrote a memorandum of f u r t h e r in Februat compensation H e nu

265. W h e n

Mr.

1912, s t a t i n g t h e case for t h e p a y m e n t the K i k u y u , he w r o t e

that the p a y m e n t s which

t h e y h a d made

t h e ' D o r o b o " o f t e n a m o u n t e d t o as m u c h as 1,000 g o a t s . " of Kihara had really paid 47,000 goats and

h a v e ' d e p e n d e d o n t h e K i k u y u f o r t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n a n d , if the mk t h e mbari of Mbo. 30,000 g o a t s , and other of which conclude we It they now tell

mbaris

a l s o h a d p a i d t h e e n o r m o u s amout t h a t t h e y s h o u l d not h i a W e can o a these representations a i told the t o A i r . IToble payments oftt

u s , i t is s t r a n g e before truth us that

m e n t i o n e d it t o h i m a n d so h a v e i m p r o v e d t h e i r c a s e . on t h e e v i d e n c e that the exact that goats deliberately false. suppose seems probable t o 1,000 N o r in v i e w his

of a l l t h e f a l s e h o o d s t o l d to us a was always that estimate

amounted

should that

be discounted

considerably.

266. W e false. of cases in their

do not suggest the were

a l l t h e s e c l a i m s a r e deliberate; N o d o u b t t h e r e are at of t h e t r u e histej estimates by f: ignorant

T h e r e m a y be some w h i c h are true. which land, claimants, led away being into

extravagant of t h e be have that

g e n e r a l s p i r i t o f e x a g g e r a t i o n w h i c h is v e r y e v i d e n t l y a b r o a d . \YL C h i e f K o i n a n g e t e l l s us t h a t t h e bought ledge. ments for He about 9,000 represents four

githaka

mbari

of Njuntt it.

goats, he may that payments and

s i n c e r e i n h i s estimat; been no made by ini-ts or rehab

b u t h e w o u l d b e t h e first t o a d m i t t h a t h e has n o a c c u r a t e knm through generations payment record

tradition Propitiatory Aspect of the '

t o

of t h e o r i g i n a l

exists.

2 6 7 . A p o i n t w h i c h s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e p a y m e n t s m a y have h ^
Q w u a t

propitiation

of a n

influential paid Case died

elder No. in

as w e l l as \ i v a n d not ra a Dora! All r . 19/30

laud versa.

is t h a t In

sometimes wa were

the D o r o b o

the K i k u y u

Central

Tribunal Gikebe left

Revision : Tai. wa me. Chief

named Karanja "My properties were he given died."

G i k e b e , stated with

father,

1922 and

. . .

Mil

goats

one

land . .

to P a r a m o u n t

Kinanjui

as f r i e n d s h i p hefe

346
KIKUYTJ j CHAPTER V I I ] PROVINCE P R I V A T E R I G H T S AND CLAIMS

268. A n o t h e r p o i n t . t o . w h i c h w e w i s h t o c a l l a t t e n t i o n b e f o r e Payment in the form of n" t h i s s e c t i o n is t h e n u m b e r o f t i m e s w h e r i g i r l s a r e i n c l u d e d Girls or ic so-called p u r c h a s e p r i c e or w h e n l a n d is g i v e n in c o m p e n s a Blood-money. for a m a n slain. These transactions suggest that the real of to on and o r i g i n of t h e p a y m e n t s m a y h a v e b e e n t h e m a k i n g nil w a s of secondary importance. The constant reference

e and a l l i a n c e b e t w e e n f a m i l i e s a n d t h a t i n o r i g i n t h e q u e s t i o n lion also, s u p p o r t s t h i s v i e w . -269. T w e n t y - t h r e e c a s e s of g i r l s b e i n g i n c l u d e d i n t h e p u r e price a n d f o u r c a s e s of p e r s o n s b e i n g k i l l e d a n d l a n d b e i n g $ as c o m p e n s a t - o n h a v e b e e n m e n t i o n e d i n c l a i m s t o t h e C o m T i o n , a n d w e u n d e r s t a n d t h a t a p e r u s a l of N a t i v e T r i b u n a l c a s e s Irevealed m o r e i n s t a n c e s of b o t h k i n d s . T27U. W e f e e l t h a t it w o u l d b e r a s h f o r us t o r e c o r d a n y d e opinion on the a m o u n t s customarily paid to t h e D o r o b o for W e have not yet a d m i t t e d that, in o r i g i n , t h e y w e r e p a y ts for l a n d a t a l l . W e c a n o n l y say at t h i s p o i n t t h a t w e a r e lied that p a y m e n t s o f g o a t s w e r e s o m e t i m e s m a d e b y K i k u y u orobo e i t h e r f o r t h e j^urpose of a l l i a n c e o r p r o p i t i a t i o n ; t h a t -iage p r i c e or b l o o d - m o n e y w a s o f t e n i n c l u d e d a n d m a y o r i g i n have b e e n t h e e s s e n c e of t h e t r a n s a c t i o n , a n d t h a t t h e s u m i n of g o a t s w a s far m o r e m o d e s t t h a n t h e K i k u y u h a v e r e p r e ed. T h e e x t e n t to w h i c h t h e u s e o r m a n a g e m e n t o r d i s p o s a l of was a c o n d i t i o n of t h e t r a n s a c t i o n is t h e p o i n t w h i c h w e s h a l l examine. 271.. A c c o r d i n g to t h e s t a t e m e n t s m a d e i n Conclusion regarding the Amounts paid t o the Dorobo.

mittee n o n e

baraza to t h e 1929 W h a t was the nature, l a n d n o r t h of t h e C h a n i a w a s b o u g h t intention and the D o r o b o , w h e r e a s all t h e K i k u y u l a n d s o u t h of t h e C h a n i a effect of these Payments. bought f r o m t h e D o r o b o . A l s o a l l p u r c h a s e o f l a n d b e t w e e n
of

the K i k u y u

yu a n d K i k u y u n o r t h of t h e C h a n i a w a s r e d e e m a b l e , b u t liases south of the Chania were redeemable. In both final

no

areas north

e was a c e r e m o n y goat, Out w h i l e it

of s p r i n k l i n g final

tatha

or t h e s t o m a c h Chania.

contents

d i d n o t m a r k the transaction as s o u t h of t h e

te C h a n i a , it did m a r k it as

272. I n o u r v i e w it w o u l d b e q u i t e a b s u r d t o s u p p o s e t h a t , t h e ent t h e K i k u y u c r o s s e d t h e C h a u i a , t h e y s t a r t e d a n e w s y s t e m n tenure. T h e y brought their conceptions w i t h t h e m . d We ose t h a t a t first, t o q u o t e t h e o p i n i o n of A i r . L a n e , " i f t h e y a D o r o b o , t h e y stuck a spear i n t o h i m . " Subsequently trade marriage relations b e g a n t o develop. A s Colonel W a t k i n s e in 1920 : " T o such p e o p l e ( D o r o b o ) t h e K i k u y u w i t h t h e i r flocks ind h e r d s m u s t h a v e a p p e a r e d f o r t u n a t e l y secured from famine, w h i l e t h e y t h e m s e l v e s , l i v i n g m y s t e r i o u s l y in g l o o m y

K I K U Y U PAHT ICHAPTER VIL]

PROVINCE PRIVATE R I O H T S AND C

forest and a r m e d w i t h poisoned a r r o w s , must beings to propitiate rather than to a t t a c k . "

have

seem

2 7 3 . B u t it i s c l e a r f r o m t h e e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e r e must ha b e e n m a n y c a s e s of b l o o d s h e d . T h e r e s u l t w o u l d p r o b a b l y be fight a n d t h e n a p e a c e , a t t e n d e d b y a b l o o d c o m p e n s a t i o n whij w o u l d s o m e t i m e s b e f o u n d b y a p a y m e n t of g i r l s o r g o a t s . Nodotil t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f s e t t l e m e n t w o u l d c o n t a i n a r e f e r e n c e to the latj a n d t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h t h e K i k u y u m i g h t c u t d o w n the fore? w h e r e t h e D o r o b o h u n t e d . I t i s n a t i v e c u s t o m t o k e e p excitant as e q u a l as p o s s i b l e a n d t o k e e p a l i v e t h e s e n s e of m u t u a l obligatioi a n d i t is r e a s o n a b l e t o s u p p o s e t h a t , as t h e D o r o b o found himst m o r e a n d m o r e r e s t r i c t e d in h i s h u n t i n g g r o u n d s t h r o u g h the clea i n g o p e r a t i o n s of t h e K i k u y u , h e w o u l d ask f o r s o m e t h i n g to ke t h e b a l a n c e t r u e t h a t is s o m e t h i n g e q u i v a l e n t t o w h a t the Kiktn w e r e g e t t i n g o u t of t h e l a n d . 2 7 4 . A D o r o b o w i t n e s s , w h o s e f a t h e r h a d b e e n a d o p t e d hv til K i k u y u , i n f o r m e d us t h a t , w h i l e it is t r u e t h a t p a y m e n t s w e r e mi progressively amount of as t h e c l e a r i n g p r o c e e d e d a n d t h e s e a c c o r d i n g tot! cleared, yet there was a stipulated sum for tl generations,! land

land and, though the p a y m e n t s w e r e spread over end w a s eventually reached, and the p a y m e n t

w a s irrevocable.

275. I t seems i m p r o b a b l e that the subsequent payments a b e r e g a r d e d as t h e b a l a n c e o f a s t i p u l a t e d p u r c h a s e - p r i c e , becau n a t i v e c u s t o m d i s l i k e s h a r d a n d fast a r r a n g e m e n t s of that kin T h e s u g g e s t i o n t h a t t h e first p a y m e n t w a s f o r t h e l a n d and 1 1 s u b s e q u e n t p a y m e n t s f o r t h e c l e a r i n g is h a r d t o a c c e p t , becausei c a n n o t c o n c e i v e t h a t t h e l a n d w o u l d h a v e b e e n w o r t h anythit w i t h o u t t h e r i g h t to c l e a r it. B u t a finding t h a t t h e original p a m e n t w a s i n r e s p e c t of a l l i a n c e or g o o d w i l l a n d t h a t tin' s e q u e n t p a y m e n t s w e r e f o r p r o g r e s s i v e c l e a r i n g w o u l d be reasu a b l y c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e e v i d e n c e a n d w i t h w h a t w e c a t i brir. ourselves to b e l i e v e . . 2 7 6 . I f t h a t is t r u e , t h e r e w o u l d b e n o t h i n g e s s e n t i a l l y irrevoj a b l e a b o u t t h e t r a n s a c t i o n , a l t h o u g h in p r a c t i c e , a f t e r the h a d b e e n c l e a r e d , t h e D o r o b o w o u l d h a v e f o u n d i t h a r d to resnrdj p o s s e s s i o n . B u t just as a n a d o p t i o n c e r e m o n y can b e r e v o k e o n e s u p p o s e s t h a t t h e a l l i a n c e c o u l d c o m e t o a n e n d . T h e followitl q u o t a t i o n f r o m e v i d e n c e i n D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r s A p p e a l Caf N o . 1/31 ( K i a m b u ) p r o v i d e s s u p p o r t f o r t h e v i e w t h a t , as originallj c o n c e i v e d , the transactions w e r e not irrevocable.

Karanja Waweru Examined

already been

( a D o r o b o ) : B e s i d e s t h e 300 goats pa]

t o m y g r a n d f a t h e r , W a w e r u w a s p a i d 700 g o a t s by Kiarie. : W h y w o u l d h e p a y s o m e m o r e if the pricefc] paid?

K I K U Y U j CHAPTER V I I ]

PROVINCE PRIVATE RIGHTS AND CLAIMS

Karanja Waweru Examined

the land?

: A

debt on land can never be

finished. in

In the old days there w a s no o u t r i g h t sale. : D o you claim

T h e r e is t o - d a y .

that y o u h a v e a n y interest

Karanja Waweru : Y e s , I a m e n t i t l e d to r e c e i v e g o a t s w h e n I ask f o r t h e m , a n d m y d e s c e n d a n t s a f t e r m e , a n d if I d o not r e c e i v e t h e m . I a m e n t i t l e d t o t a k e a p i e c e o f l a n d a n d make it o v e r to s o m e b o d y e l s e f o r g o a t s a n d I c o u l d g e t g o a t s from t h e m w h e n e v e r I w a n t e d , a n d m y s o n ' a f t e r m e . Examined

Dorobo? : D o y o u c l a i m t h a t t i n s is K i k u y u c o u n t r y or

Karanja Waweru : K i k u y u . I a d m i t it b e l o n g s t o t h e K i k u y u t o w h o m it w a s s o l d , b u t I c l a i m t h a t 1 a m a l w a y s entitled t o r e c e i v e g o a t s o n it t o b a l a n c e t h e p r o f i t s w h i c h t h e purchaser is g e t t i n g o u t of t h e l a n d . Senior Chief Koinange : I remember that Chief K i n a n j u i made a b r o t h e r h o o d - a d o p t i o n c e r e m o n y w i t h W a w e r u and made h i m a- sort of c h i e f of t h e D o r o b o . T h e n W a w e r u t o l d his p e o p l e t h a t t h e o l d s a l e s of l a n d w h i c h h i s p e o p l e h a d made t o t h e K i k u y u w-ere n o t v a l i d , a n d t h a t t h e r e s h o u l d b e a second purchase. 1 d o not k n o w h o w m a n y g o a t s K i a r i e paid, b u t h e p a i d s o m e . I d o n o t k n o w h o w m a n y t h o u s a n d s of g o a t s W a w e r u g o t f o r t h e D o r o b o a l t o g e t h e r , b u t t h i s s e c o n d purchase w a s final.
277. I f ore this t h e s e s t a t e m e n t s a r e t r u e t h e p o s i t i o n of final the Kikuyu under Port and p a y m e n t w a s a n a l o g o u s t o t h a t of " A g u r i " as it e x i s t e d a n d still e x i s t s in N y e r i a n d by repayment.

ir o w n c u s t o m be r e d e e m e d

1 D i s t r i c t s , b y w h i c h l a n d is l o a n e d in e x c h a n g e f o r g o a t s

278. G r a d u a l l y t h e s i t u a t i o n c h a n g e d as t h e K i k u y u first g a i n e d qual, a n d t h e n a s u p e r i o r , p o s i t i o n . T h e t r a n s i t i o n a l s t a g e m a y e been a k i n d of p a r t n e r s h i p , a n d i n s o m e of t h e c l a i m s b e f o r e e find t h e D o r o b o a n d t h e K i k u y u c l a i m i n g t o o w n o r t o h a v e land i n c o m m o n . F o r i n s t a n c e , i n K i a m b u D i s t r i c t C o m m i s er's A p p e a l N o . 40/30 a w i t n e s s , W a c h a g a s/o Hinga, ed : " I am a Kikuyu and Bera was a Dorobo. H e was an adopted b r o t h e r o f m i n e . . . B e r a a n d I sold l a n d t o K a n g u r u t o and o t h e r l a n d w e s o l d t o N j a o . " 279. I n c l a i m s N o s . 33 a n d 9 9 it is s t a t e d t h a t t h e githaka bought f r o m a K i k u y u a n d a D o r o b o . I n c l a i m s N o s . 155 a n d the mbari o f t h e a l l e g e d D o r o b o v e n d o r h a s s u b m i t t e d a j o i n t m w i t h t h e mbari of t h e a l l e g e d b u y e r , a n d o t h e r s i m i l a r i n ces c o u l d b e q u o t e d .

K I K U Y U PART I - C H A P T E R VII]

PROVINCE P R I V A T E R I G H T S AND t. ur

2 8 0 . I n m o s t c a s e s , h o w e v e r , it i s c e r t a i n t h a t t h e D o r o b o soe f e l l i n t o a n i n f e r i o r p o s i t i o n a n d e i t h e r l e f t t h e c o u n t r y or sou."] adoption b y the K i k u y u . I n s o m e c a s e s i t s e e m s f r o m t h e evident E v e n a f t e r a d o p t i o n the t h a t t h e y w e r e f o r c e d i n t o t h e a d o p t i o n c e r e m o n y b y t h e fear thi their lives w o u l d no t b e safe o t h e r w i s e . c l a i m that they kept some land back for their o w n use. . 2 8 1 . T h e t i m e a t w h i c h t h e K i k u y u c e a s e d m a k i n g paytnen; t o t h e D o r o b o i n r e s p e c t of t h e l a n d i s u n c e r t a i n , but i n t h e southet p a r t of t h e d i s t r i c t t h e p r a c t i c e e v i d e n t l y c o n t i n u e d until af; K i h a n j u i w a s c h i e f a n d w e r e g a r d i t as p r o b a b l e t h a t the idea of f i n a l i t y of p u r c h a s e as a d e f i n i t e t r a n s a c t i o n w a s a n innovatio i n t r o d u c e d b y h i m a n d c o p i e d f r o m E u r o p e a n s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , it p r o b a b l e t h a t i n t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t of t h e d i s t r i c t t h e D o r o b o h a l r e a d y b e c o m e a b s o r b e d , or d r i v e n o u t , a n d p a y m e n t s , if fhf w e r e ever m a d e , had ceased. The.effect of Transactions.
Q

2 8 2 . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e K i k u y u L a n d T e n u r e R e p o r t , the effe f these transactions has been once h u n t e d . " reached us f r o m We that "Kikuyu that f a m i l i e s are the u i over-statement; s t r e t c h e s of t! disputed successors in the occupation families in fact regard o f a r e a s o v e r w h i c h Dotol as a n large S e v e r a l claims h t a

s o f a r as t h e w o r d " u n d i s p u t e d " is c o n c e r n e d . Dorobo In claiming Kikuyu Native Reserves.

s o m e c a s e s t h e c l a i m is m a d e in t!

w o r d s : " B e i n g D o r o b o w e i n h e r i t e d t h e l a n d f r o m o u r ancestors, T h e s e c l a i m s a r e n o t c o n f i n e d to t h e K i a m b u D i s t r i c t , but embra a l s o a l a r g e p a r t of t h e F o r t H a l l N a t i v e R e s e r v e . 2 8 3 . P o s s i b l y t h e K i k u y u t h e o r y t h a t t h e i r l a n d r i g h t s in tl K i a m b u D i s t r i c t r e s t o n p u r c h a s e f r o m t h e D o r o b o w o u l d not wo o u t v e r y f a v o u r a b l y f o r t h e m , if it w e r e u s e d a s t h e o n l y support their rights. T h e D o r o b o c a n r e a s o n a b l y c o n t e n d : (a) that t! sales, g e n e r a l l y speaking, are not p r o v e d , a n d that probably m m o f t h e l a n d w a s n o t s o l d ; ( 6 ) t h a t t h e o b l i g a t i o n of p r o t e c t i o n co: f e r r e d o n t h e s e K i k u y u a d o p t e r s w a s n o t c a r r i e d o u t , a n d that, s o o n a s t h e K i k u y u h a d g o t his l a n d , t h e D o r o b o w a s sometim " d e - a d o p t e d " as t h e K i k u y u t h e m s e l v e s c o n f e s s e d t o the 1 : 5 C o m m i t t e e ; (c) t h a t t h e a l l e g e d " s a l e s " , w h e n t h e y t o o k place; a l l , w e r e n o t final, b u t o n l y r e d e e m a b l e l o a n s , a s t h e action C h i e f K i n a n j u P p r o v e s , a n d t h a t t h e a l l e g e d final p a y m e n t wasc g e n e r a l l y a g r e e d b y t h e D o r o b o a n d d i d n o t r e a c h m a n y of then (d) t h a t i n m a n y c a s e s t h e y a r e s t i l l p a r t n e r s in t h e l a n d ; and t h a t , w h e n a n d in so f a r as t h e y s o l d l a n d , t h e y f r e q u e n t l y reserv; a p i e c e f o r t h e m s e l v e s , as t h e K i k u y u L a n d T e n u r e R e p o r t admit 284. W e realize their shall not-take the responsibility t h a t , if would of pronouncing i were fully to insist tt

these assertions, but w e implication,

think they

the K i k u y u

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K I K U Y U
T

PROVINCE P R I V A T E R I G H T S AND CLAIMS

CHAPTER V I I ]

;ry l a n d q u e s t i o n ial
!

should be

decided

on historical

grounds

and

uld be m o r e w i l l i n g t o c o n c e d e s o m e t h i n g to t h e c l a i m s of b e n e occupation. 2S5. B y a p r o c e s s w h i c h c o n s i s t e d , as w e h a v e s e e n , p a r t l y of Towhatexte a n c e a n d p a r t n e r s h i p a n d p a r t l y of a d o p t i o n a n d a b s o r p t i o n , fljjjj^ rfcly of p a y m e n t , and l a r g e l y of f o r c e a n d c h i c a n e r y , t h e K i k u y u System d already succeeded the D o r o b o w h e n Count T e l e k i passed ^ f ' ^ o u " h K i k u y u l a n d i n 1 8 8 7 . " W h i l e it i s c l e a r f r o m t h e h a p h a z a r d f ? ere V in w h i c h t h e c l a n s a r e d i s t r i b u t e d t h a t t h e o r i g i n a l s e t t l e m e n t alienated, s by f a m i l i e s a c t i n g i n d e p e n d e n t l y , y e t t h e y w e r e f o r c e d i n t o ie sort of c o h e s i o n a l o n g t h e r i d g e s b y t h e n e c e s s i t i e s o f t h e se. A t a n y r a t e C o u n t T e l e k i f o u n d e a c h r i d g e t o b e v i r t u a l l y i n d e p e n d e n t s o v e r e i g n t y , a n d as h e c r o s s e d t h e s t r e a m w h i c h ided i t f r o m t h e n e x t h e w a s m e t b y a c r o w d o f n a t i v e s u n d e r Muthamdki, or H e a d m a n , d e m a n d i n g t r i b u t e . T h e r e seems to no d o u b t a n d , if t h e r e h a d b e e n a n y d o u b t , i t w o u l d h a v e b e e n solved b y t h e m a p of t h e c l a i m s m a d e t o t h e C o m m i s s i o n b u t at these Athamaki r e g a r d e d t h e m s e l v e s as t h e l o r d s of t h e r i d g e s \vu to t h e p o i n t w h e r e t h e s t r e a m s e a c h s i d e of t h e m m e t . This int f r e q u e n t l y l a y w e l l b e y o n d t h e u t m o s t l i m i t t o w h i c h t h e 'kuyu e v e r h a v e p e n e t r a t e d , and o n e of t h e c l a i m s e m b r a c e s a l l e laud b e t w e e n t h e T h i k a a n d A t h i R i v e r s r i g h t d o w n t o t h e wita S i a n o a n d i n c l u d e s t h e l a t t a P l a t e a u . Q u i t e o b v i o u s l y t h e y ere c l a i m s of s o v e r e i g n t y r a t h e r t h a n o f l a n d h o l d i n g , a n d w e h a d in e v i d e n c e t h a t as l a t e as 1896 " e a c h h i l l t o p w a s fighting with e n e x t . " T h e e v i d e n c e of A i r . J o h n B o y e s l e a v e s n o d o u b t t h a t e various s e c t i o n s u n d e r r i v a l Athamaki w e r e r e a d y t o fight e a c h her o n t h e s l i g h t e s t p r o v o c a t i o n . T h e s i t u a t i o n c l e a r l y w a s t h a t ere w a s a series of p e t t y a n d v i r t u a l l y i n d e p e n d e n t K i k u y u g r o u p s rided f r o m e a c h o t h e r b y s t r e a m s . G e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g w h a t h a d ssed f r o m t h e D o r o b o t o t h e K i k u y u w as n o t a n u m b e r of a g r a r i a n tates, b u t a s u c c e s s i o n of s e i g n i o r i e s a l o n g t h e r i d g e s .
0 a r r e s W r 7

286. W e find it v e r y d o u b t f u l w h e t h e r t h e i d e a of a p r i v a t e tate as d i s t i n c t f r o m t h e t o t a l i t y o f t h e r i d g e h a d b e e n f u l l y c o n ived at t h a t t i m e . P r i o r r i g h t s t o p a r t i c u l a r p o r t i o n s of t h e r i d g e the f a m i l y w h i c h h a d c o l o n i z e d t h e m w e r e p r o b a b l y r e c o g n i z e d some d e g r e e , but m u s t h a v e b e e n e x t r e m e l y n e b u l o u s , as is own b y t h e l a r g e n u m b e r o f r i v a l c l a i m s w h i c h h a v e b e e n l o d g e d , obably b y t h e t i m e t h a t G o v e r n m e n t e m b a r k e d o n i t s p r o g r a m m e land s e t t l e m e n t in 1 9 0 2 , s o m e t h i n g m o r e n e a r l y r e s e m b l i n g t h e thaka s y s t e m as n o w u n d e r s t o o d h a d b e g u n t o a p p e a r in t h e m o r e ckly p o p u l a t e d a r e a s , b u t w a s s t i l l s o n e w a c o n c e p t i o n a n d so certain of its p l a c e i n n a t i v e c u s t o m t h a t , w h e n t h e L i m u r u rms w e r e a l i e n a t e d a n d s o m e of t h e s e ithaka w e r e l o s t , t h e i r istence w a s n e v e r e v e n m e n t i o n e d t o t h e o f f i c e r w h o w a s c h a r g e d th t h e d u t y of p a y i n g c o m p e n s a t i o n . A n indication that the

K I K U Y U PART ICHAPTER VII]

PROVINCE P R I V A T E R I G H T S AND CI

u n i t of l a n d t e n u r e at t h a t t i m e w a s s t i l l t o he f o u n d i n the riij r a t h e r than t h e githaka is p r o v i d e d b y t h e f a c t that m a n y of i c l a i m s m a d e to us h a v e b e e n j o i n t c l a i m s - b y s e v e r a l mbari to i l a n d b e t w e e n the r i v e r s w i t h o u t a n y r e f e r e n c e to t h e bounilat of t h e i r i n d i v i d u a l iihaka. 2 8 7 . T h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s i n w h i c h t h e a l i e n a t i o n o f land; E u r o p e a n s e t t l e m e n t t o o k p l a c e h a v e b e e n w e l l - d e s c r i b e d in \ M o r t i m e r ' s m e m o r a n d u m , w h i c h h a s b e e n p r i n t e d w i t h the et e n c e . I t suffices t o s a y h e r e t h a t m o s t of t h e a l i e n a t i o n s affectt t h e K i k u y u t o o k p l a c e b e t w e e n 1 9 0 2 a n d 1 9 0 7 , a l t h o u g h there w, a f e w w h i c h w e r e of a l a t e r d a t e . T h e r e i s e v i d e n c e in the files s h o w that t h e r e a p p e a r e d t o t h e r e s p o n s i b l e officers of that tit t o b e p l e n t y of l a n d r e m a i n i n g f o r a l l r e a s o n a b l e requirements t h e K i k u y u . I n v i e w of t h e v e r y l a r g e a m o u n t of l a n d still remai i n g t o t h e K i k u y u at t h e t i m e t h e o p i n i o n is u n d e r s t a n d a b l e . It e a s y to b e w i s e a f t e r t h e e v e n t , a n d t o say t h a t t h e conditio w h i c h w e d e s c r i b e in t h e e c o n o m i c s e c t i o n s of t h i s R e p o r t ought h a v e b e e n f o r e s e e n , n a m e l y , t h a t t h e r e w o u l d be a l a r g e natut i n c r e a s e in t h e p o p u l a t i o n a n d a t e n d e n c y t o g r a v i t a t e towat N a i r o b i a n d the r a i l w a y so t h a t p r o b l e m s of l o c a l c o n g e s t i o n wot inevitably appear. 2 8 8 . W e h a v e t o c o n s i d e r w h e t h e r t h e s e d i f f i c u l t i e s call for a: s p e c i a l r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s o n o u r p a r t f o r t h e c o m p e n s a t i o n of t d i v i d u a l s o r s p e c i a l s e c t i o n s of t h e t r i b e , o r w h e t h e r a solutioni t r i b a l l i n e s w i l l suffice. 2 8 9 . W h i l e c e r t a i n a r e a s h a v e b e e n a d d e d to t h e reserve, h a s already been d e s c r i b e d , the p a r t i c u l a r r i g h t - h o l d e r s who w e d i s p o s s e s s e d did n o t r e c e i v e a n y i n d i v i d u a l a l l o c a t i o n o f land, a: w e r e c o m p e n s a t e d o n l y i n r e s p e c t of t h e i r c u l t i v a t e d g a r d e n s . 11 c o m p e n s a t i o n w a s at t h e r a t e o f t w o r u p e e s a n a c r e . 290. I n cases w h e r e t h e ) did n o t t a k e this compensation t e h h a d t h e r i g h t to r e m a i n o n t h e l a n d u n d e r t h e p r o t e c t i o n of sectk 3 1 o f t h e C r o w n L a n d s O r d i n a n c e , 1 9 0 2 , a n d s u b s e q u e n t l y unrl s e c t i o n 86 o f t h e C r o w n L a n d s O r d i n a n c e , 191-5. W e find it: b e a f a c t t h a t t h e e x i s t e n c e of t h i s l e g a l p r o t e c t i o n w a s n o t general k n o w n t o t h e n a t i v e s , a n d t h a t m a n y o f t h o s e w h o l e f t the lat m i g h t h a v e e l e c t e d t o r e m a i n if t h e y h a d k n o w n of t h e s e protectit -clauses.
7

349

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AN EXAMINATION OF

VIII.
RIGHTS ON L A N D AN]) W H I C H HAS

PRIVATE 2). RIGHTS

C L A I M S - ( P A R T N U M B E R OF P E R S O N S CLAIMING BEEN 291. W e of have now ALIENATED. our

h i s t o r i c a l The density at which the we Land h a v e t o m a k e p r o p o s a l s f o r t h e j u s t s e t t l e m e n t of t h e p r i v a t e alienated was Inhabited. s which exist on land w h i c h has been a l i e n a t e d . B e f o r e doing completed survey in of the the K i k u y u private claims, and the next chapter is w e l l that w e should m a k e affected. accurate for our purpose if we five 1.5, per acres con it com will be sufficiently c l e a r , a s f a r as w e can, what

ber of p e r s o n s are 292. I t

ider e v e r y " h o u s e h o l d " ( i . e . , t h e a v e r a g e m e m b e r s o f a m a r r i e d s f a m i l y , n o t t h e i n h a b i t a n t s of a s i n g l e h u t ) t o c o n s i s t of ons a n d t h e p r o p o r t i o n llie c u l t i v a t i o n sehold t h r o w n ultivation p e r 293. T h e rig o n l y tion w a s in f o r of wives per married man of to be per w i f e t o be one acre w i t h half-an-acre fallow W e and for the labour shall t h e r e f o r e r e c k o n t w o seems small, but we are

unmarried

and o t h e r d e p e n d a n t s . household. for allowance land which paid.

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it h a v e b e e n c o u n t e d as p a r t of t h e f a m i l y g a r d e n s w h e n

294. W e s h a l l c o n s i d e r t h e K i a m b u D i s t r i c t first a n d t a k e t h e ited b l o c k s o n e a t a t i m e in t h e o r d e r g i v e n i n t h e s c h e d u l e ection 223 ( a ) a b o v e , t o w h i c h r e f e r e n c e s h o u l d h e r e b e m a d e , ictual e v i d e n c e o n w h i c h w e c a n b a s e a n o p i n i o n o f t h e d e n s i t y pulation in t h e s e v e r a l b l o c k s is v e r y m e a g r e , a n d i n m a n y es w e h a v e t o m a k e a g u e s s o n t h e g e n e r a l p r o b a b i l i t i e s of t h e A m o n g the factors w h i c h h a v e w e i g h t i n d e t e r m i n i n g our ute w e d r a w a t t e n t i o n t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n , w h i c h w e h a v e dy r e a c h e d a n d r e c o r d e d i n C h a p t e r I I , t h a t t h e g e n e r a l a v e r ilensity o b t a i n i n g i n t h e K i a m b u N a t i v e R e s e r v e i n 1902 w a s to the s q u a r e m i l e , a n d w e a l s o r e m a r k t h a t t h e s e a l i e n a t e d w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n of t h e e a s t e r n e n d of t h e L i m u r u f a r m s , situated o n t h e b o r d e r s o f t h e K i k u y u t e r r i t o r y n e a r t h e f o r e s t e, and a r e t h e r e f o r e l i k e l y t o h a v e b e e n i n h a b i t e d a t a d e n s i t y iderably b e l o w t h e a v e r a g e f o r t h e r e s e r v e . 295. I n t h e K i k u y u S t a t i o n B l o c k 7.48 s q u a r e m i l e s of K i k u y u tory h a v e ale. Mr. been alienated, as s h o w n i n i t e m s 1 a n d 2 of in section 136 S o m e of the the McClure's map, mentioned above, The Kikuyu Station Block.

s the area as i n h a b i t e d i n c o n s i d e r a b l e d e n s i t y .

K I K U Y U PART ICHAPTER VIII]

PROVINCE P R I V A T E R I G H T S AMI r j

v i l l a g e s w h i c h h e s h o w s m a y h a v e b e e n r e c e n t l y m o v e d hi re e l s e w h e r e , a n d h a d p o s s i b l y n o t b e e n b u i l t in 1 9 0 2 . B u t thebl i n t h e i m m e d i a t e n e i g h b o u r h o o d of K i k u y u S t a t i o n w a s n it i a t e d u n t i l 1 9 0 4 , b y w h i c h d a t e t h e d e n s i t y m u s t h a v e been a as r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e m a p . T h i s w o u l d a p p e a r to s u g g e s t a da of b e t w e e n 8 0 a n d 9 0 t o t h e s q u a r e m i l e , b u t t h e a r e a alienate t h e C h u r c h of S c o t l a n d M i s s i o n is k n o w n t o h a v e b e e n m o r e th: p o p u l a t e d , a n d p r o b a b l y b r i n g s u p t h e a v e r a g e d e n s i t y per a m i l e o v e r a l l t o a b o u t 100. T h a t w o u l d g i v e 748 p e r s o n s , whoa r e g a r d a s f o r m i n g 1 5 0 f a m i l i e s o f five, h a v i n g a n a r e a of Iani c u l t i v a t i o n e q u a l to a b o u t 300 a c r e s . 296. D a g o r e t t i probably paid for Register rather " B " shows that R s . 404 since were we b e

p e n d e d i n t h i s area o n c o m p e n s a t i o n a t R s . 2 an a c r e , which fewer than 202 acres, that many small fragments were allowed t o c o u n t as acres,

u n c o m p e n s a t e d r e s i d u e w o u l d t h e r e f o r e b e m o r e t h a n t h e app b a l a n c e of 9 8 a c r e s , a n d m a y h a v e b e e n m o r e l i k e 200 acre-:. ' of t h e u n c o m p e n s a t e d r e s i d u e w o u l d h a v e b e e n f o u n d on the of t h e C h u r c h of S c o t l a n d M i s s i o n , c o n c e r n i n g w h i c h D r . Et Scott wrote : "Most of the native shambas are left intact, t h e r e f o r e , of course, u n c o m p e n s a t e d . " containing holds", effective 130 h u t s , w h i c h might be would T h e " r e c o n s t r u c t e d p! to about about 87 'L,

t h e m i s s i o n i n 1 9 0 2 , p r o d u c e d in e v i d e n c e , s h o w s 19 n a t i v e vii be equal to have which expected 174 acr

cultivation.

2 9 7 . O n t h e o t h e r e s t a t e s i t w o u l d a p p e a r p r o b a b l e that p e n s a t i o n w a s p a i d a n d t h a t m o s t of t h e n a t i v e s l e f t , a n d . alt the figures d o not w o r k out in e v e r y respect, w e find it pr t h a t o u r e s t i m a t e , w h e n p u t i n t o r o u n d n u m b e r s , is approxii r i g h t , n a m e l y , t h a t t h i s b l o c k w a s i n h a b i t e d a t a d e n s i t y of: 100 t o t h e s q u a r e m i l e ; t h a t t h e p o p u l a t i o n c o n s i s t e d of aboi f a m i l i e s , o f w h o m a b o u t h a l f w e r e c o m p e n s a t e d a n d t h e other p r i n c i p a l l y o c c u p y i n g t h e l a n d of t h e C h u r c h of S c o t l a n d Mi remained where they were, uncompensated. The Block from 2 9 S . I n t h e b l o c k f r o m K a b e t e t o K i a m b u ( a n d including Kabete to S m i t h ) 23 s q u a r e m i l e s of K i k u y u t e r r i t o r y h a v e b e e n alien Kiambu and including Fort T h e " e v i d e n c e i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e l a n d r o u n d T o r t S m i t h an: Smith. i m m e d i a t e n e i g h b o u r h o o d of K a b e t e w a s at l e a s t as thickly l a t e d as t h e g e n e r a l a v e r a g e of t h e r e s e r v e . B u t eastwarj K a b e t e u n t i l t h e e f f e c t i v e b o r d e r w a s r e a c h e d t h e pops.1 d w i n d l e d , as w a s n a t u r a l o n t h e f r i n g e of t h e t e r r i t o r y . II n o r t h e r n e x t e n s i o n t o w a r d s K i a m b u w e h a v e found that t e h a l i e n a t e d a s f a r m s 8 0 , 8 1 , 8 2 a n d 25 w a s c o v e r e d w i t h forl w h i c h t h e r e m a y h a v e b e e n a f e w c l e a r i n g s , b u t t o the n

K I K U Y U
r

PROVINCE PRIVATE RIGHTS AND CLAIMS

CHAPTER V I I I ]

iii the p o p u l a t i o n b e c a m e t h i c k e r as t h e p r e s e n t r e s e r v e b o u n d was approached. T h e available evidence does not warrant a lident e s t i m a t e h u t , t h e g e n e r a l a v e r a g e d e n s i t y i n t h e r e s e r v e ) " ' 150. w e c o n s i d e r it u n l i k e l y in t h e f a c e o f t h e e v i d e n c e g i v e n Mr. L a n e . Colonel A i n s w o r t h , D r . D o e d e k e r , M r . M c C l e l l a n [son, M r . K n a p p , M r . D o u g l a s C o o p e r a n d o t h e r s , t h a t t h e rage d e n s i t y . i n this b l o c k e x c e e d e d 110 to t h e s q u a r e m i l e e v e n r allowance has been m a d e for considerable density around T o r t itii. T h i s w o u l d g i v e a t o t a l of 2,530 p e r s o n s w h o m o n e m a y aid as c o n s i s t i n g of 506 f a m i l i e s of f i v e , w h o m i g h t b e p r e s u m e d i,ive 1,012 a c r e s in c u l t i v a t i o n . 2'.!i). W e m u s t n o w c o n s i d e r h o w t h i s a g r e e s w i t h t h e a m o u n t s orded to have been paid in compensation in this area. The record ister s h o w s K s . 1,525 a n d o n e o x , a n d t h e r e is a f u r t h e r K s . 10. the total becomes than that K s . 1,685. for tlie This would which in the

a p a y m e n t of R s . 2 0 , so t h a t , if the v a l u e o f t h e o x is a s s e s s e d nominally paid out this has already resent c o m p e n s a t i o n a lesser a m o u n t n described. ipensation, for f o r 812 a c r e s , b u t was probably

reason paid

K o r must the p o i n t be n e g l e c t e d that part o f instance, the K s . 75 w h o bad m a d e c l e a r i n g s for square we miles. remain of opinion

Thimbigua them

a, was p a i d to s t r a y K i k u y u ng in t h i s b l o c k 300. A f t e r

-es outside the e f f e c t i v e l i m i t s of K i k u y u t e r r i t o r y a n d w e r e n o t of t w e n t y - t h r e e weighing these factors that mile, The was

a v e r a g e d e n s i t y in t h i s b l o c k w a s a b o u t 110 to t h e s q u a r e that t h e p o p u l a t i o n c o n s i s t e d of a b o r t 506 f a m i l i e s of five. these w e r e compensated and left, while the other quarter

ires o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e R e g i s t e r s u g g e s t t h a t a b o u t t h r e e - q u a r t e r s compensated and r e m a i n e d . 301. T h e K a m i t i ler m o r e t h a n h a l f li w i t h p o s s i b l y a n i n h a b i t e d u p to R i v e r b l o c k is an area o f 7.72 s q u a r e m i l e s , The K a m i t i of w h i c h w e h a v e f o u n d t o h a v e b e e n f o r e s t or R i v e r Bloek f e w clei it. T h e r e m a i n d e r m a y h a v e the a v e r a g e density o b t a i n i n g in t h e reserve.

consider 100 t o t h e s q u a r e m i l e to b e a r e a s o n a b l e a p p r o x i m a t i o n , s w o u l d g i v e 772 p e r s o n s w h o m w e m a y r e g a r d as 1 5 4 f a m i l i e s five. T h e l a n d a c t u a l l y c u l t i v a t e d b y t h e m w o u l d p r e s u m a b l y about 308 a c r e s . 302. T h e R e g i s t e r s h o w s R s . 555 p a i d o u t in c o m p e n s a t i o n , jch w o u l d r e p r e s e n t n o m i n a l l y 277 c u l t i v a t e d a c r e s c o m p e n s a t e d , t it is p r o b a b l e , f o r t h e r e a s o n a l r e a d y g i v e n , t h a t t h e R s . 555 e paid o u t i n r e s p e c t of a r a t h e r less a r e a o f c u l t i v a t i o n t h a n t h e linal f i g u r e . T h e u n c o m p e n s a t e d r e s i d u e m i g h t , t h e r e f o r e , b e rer to 60 a c r e s t h a n 3 1 , w h i c h is t h e o s t e n s i b l e b a l a n c e . This ibl i n d i c a t e t h a t r o u n d a b o u t t h r e e - q u a r t e r s of t h e n a t i v e s took

K I K U Y U PART I-CHAPTER VIII]

PROVINCE PRIVATE RIGHTS AND (

compensation pensation and

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t h a t m o s t of t h e n a t i v e s w e r e " t o l d t o q u i t . " natives generally

T h e p o i n t of tlilfj no c o m p e n s a t i o n w

3 0 3 . A f t e r w e i g h i n g t h e p o i n t s w c c o n s i d e r t h a t this b l o c k s i n h a b i t e d at a d e n s i t y of a b o u t 100 t o t h e s q u a r e m i l e ; thai ;!, w e r e a b o u t 15-1 f a m i l i e s l i v i n g in i t , a n d t h a t a b o u t three-quarti of t h e m r e c e i v e d c o m p e n s a t i o n a n d m o v e d , w h i l e t h e rest remain on This Farms between the Ngewa and Chania Rivers the land. is an area of 17*10 s q u a r e m i l e s . We have Ion 1.90*2, a territ 304. T h i s to h a v e b e e n have hesitated at all. of We

p r a c t i c a l l y t h e w h o l e of it to h a v e b e e n u n i n h a b i t e d in s o l i t t l e used e v e n f o r whether it ought t o b e s h o w n as K i k u y u

t h e g r a z i n g o f c a t t l e that

c o n s i d e r t h a t v e r y l i t t l e , if a n y , of it w a s used for! use before the famine. There is n o e v i d e n c e thai

g r a z i n g of c a t t l e in 1 9 0 2 , b u t t h a t t h e r e p r o b a b l y w a s s o m e de; effective t h e t i m e of t h e a l i e n a t i o n s i n 1905 t h e r e w e r e a n y d w e l l i n g s at in t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t , b u t i n t h e s o u t h e r n part a c e r t a i n amouni compensation 305. T h e been 42 The Block North of the Chania. p a i d in was paid total and we may set down in the 50 households to h r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n of t h e e n t i r e b l o c k at that time compensation be the shown Register this area would is R s . 1 6 8 , r e p r e s e n t i n g rough equivalent compensation of t h e garden:

84 acres, w h i c h households.

3 0 6 . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e e v i d e n c e t h i s b l o c k a p p e a r s to have practically-uninhabited. a n y n a t i v e s l i v i n g in i t . grazing. No record has been found of any c p e n s a t i o n p a i d , a n d it i s d o u b t f u l w h e t h e r at a n y t i m e there v I n so f a r a s i t w a s u s e d a t a l l , it was

The Limuru Farms (main Block).

3 0 7 . T h e p a r t o f t h e L i m u r u f a r m a r e a w h i c h i s hatched oil a y e l l o w b a c k g r o u n d o n t h e c o l o u r e d m a p f o l l o w i n g section a n d a p p e a r s as i t e m 7 in s e c t i o n 223 ( a ) is 4 5 . 9 0 s q u a r e miles, we may area at refer t o i t as t h e m a i n b l o c k i n c o h t r a - d i s t i n c t i o n to extremity which is cross-hatched. block. We its w e s t e r n

d e a l in t h e s e c t i o n s b e l o w w i t h t h e m a i n

308. W h i l e a l l t h e o t h e r a l i e n a t i o n s w e r e to s o m e extet: t h e e d g e of t h e c o u n t r y , t h e e a s t e r n e n d of t h e L i m u r u farms ( a d e f i n i t e p r o j e c t i o n i n t o t h e K i k u y u c o u n t r y . T h e r e is nothit its p o s i t i o n in c o n n e x i o n w i t h t h e r e s t o f t h e r e s e r v e , therefor i n d i c a t e t h a t it w a s i n h a b i t e d b e l o w t h e a v e r a g e density, a p a r t f r o m e v i d e n c e g i v e n to u s , w e should p r o b a b l y assnt s o m e w h a t s p a r s e p o p u l a t i o n b e c a u s e t h e a l t i t u d e r e n d e r e d the

K I K U Y U x I-CHAPTER VIII]

PROVINCE P R I V A T E R I G H T S AND CLAIMS

j u r a b l e f o r the c r o p s w h i c h t h e K i k u y u p r i n c i p a l l y that time. Count Teleki, who crossed this area

cultivated before the went been that

ne, describes a s t a g e in his j o u r n e y w h e n h e a p p a r e n t l y states '8 that the p o p u l a t i o n stages of his was Jess in thick than it h a d but

w h a t is n o w M r . K n i g h t ' s f a r m t o w h a t is n o w N j u n u E s t a t e , previous journey Kikuyuland,

a^es o f as m a n y as 20 h u t s w e r e s t i l l e n c o u n t e r e d . 309. I n t h e f a m i n e the p o p u l a t i o n s e e m s t o h a v e d i s a p p e a r e d a l a r g e e x t e n t and to h a v e b e e n s l o w i n r e t u r n i n g . Secondary h g r e w u p , a n d s e v e r a l of t h e E u r o p e a n w i t n e s s e s h a v e d e s c r i b e d area as p r a c t i c a l l y d e v o i d of p o p u l a t i o n . D r . B o e d e k e r , h o w r, c o n s i d e r e d t h a t i t w a s as t h i c k l y p o p u l a t e d a s t h e r e s t o f the 310. M r . M o r s o n d e s c r i b e s a j o u r n e y f r o m N a i r o b i to L i m u r u 1904 in w h i c h h e t o o k a r o u t e n e a r w h e r e t h e p r e s e n t " A " r o u t e I. T h i s w o u l d h a v e t a k e n h i m t h e w h o l e l e n g t h of w h a t is n o w L i m u r u f a r m s , a n d a l s o t h r o u g h a b o u t f i v e m i l e s of w h a t is 1 native r e s e r v e , but he states that h e s a w no n a t i v e s . W e take 5 to be e v i d e n c e on t h e o n e h a n d t h a t n a t i v e o c c u p a t i o n w a s jrse a n d e v i d e n c e o n t h e o t h e r h a n d o f h o w v e r y e a s y it is to ;s s e e i n g t h e n a t i v e s as o n e p a s s e s t h r o u g h a c o u n t r y , u n t i l a siderable d e g r e e of d e n s i t y h a s b e e n r e a c h e d . A i r . I m p e y s t a t e s ,t in 1904 t h e r e w e r e , in h i s o p i n i o n , n o m o r e t h a n t e n n a t i v e s the s q u a r e m i l e in t h e p a r t of t h e L i m u r u f a r m s w h i c h lies ihin e i g h t m i l e s of L i m u r u , t h a t is t o s a y nearly' t h e w h o l e of in. 311. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d it is g e n e r a l l y ued o n the land and about were half were considered moved. to Of that, those when who of 1.036 f a r m s in t h i s b l o c k w e r e a l i e n a t e d , a b o u t h a l f t h e n a t i v e s c o n red all w h o 2 per acre. ;d acres. ;s. applied paid compensation the e x t e n t

T h e R e g i s t e r s h o w s a t o t a l p a y m e n t of R s .

he L i m u r u f a r m a r e a , r e p r e s e n t i n g c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r 518 c u l t i T h o s e w h o r e m a i n e d p r o b a b l y h a d a n e q u a l a m o u n t of cultivated 3 in c u l t i v a t i o n , so t h a t t h e r e w o u l d h a v e b e e n 1,036

T h i s w o u l d m e a n t h a t o n e a c r e in e v e r y 28 w a s c u l t i v a t e d .

312. S i n c e i t h a s b e e n c r e d i b l y s t a t e d t h a t a t t h a t t i m e o n e Tied w o m a n u s u a l l y c u l t i v a t e d o n e a c r e a n d t h a t m a r r i e d w o m e n e about 3*1 p e r c e n t of t h e p o 2 u d a t i o n , t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n dd b e 3 , 3 4 2 , or 73 t o t h e s q u a r e m i l e . T h i s c o n c l u s i o n is ed on s e v e r a l u n p r o v e d a s s u m p t i o n s , b u t s e e m s t o us t o be formable w i t h the p r o b a b i l i t i e s . I t takes n o account of n a t i v e s ) may have left w i t h o u t c o m p e n s a t i o n w h e n t h e farms w e r e r a t e d , but i t is n o t l i k e l y t h a t t h e y w e r e m a n y . I f w e i n c r e a s e e s t i m a t e to 80 t o t h e s q u a r e m i l e w e p r o b a b l y c o v e r t h e m , and

KIKUYU
PART ICHAI-IEU VIII]

PROVINCE
PRIVATE RIGHTS AND

w e do n o t t h i n k t h a t a n y h i g h e r e s t i m a t e w o u l d b e in keepinii wjl the evidence regarding at that time. 80 to t h e s q u a r e m i l e t h e p o p u l a t i o n w o u l d be 3, 734 f a m i l i e s of five. w e m a y r e g a r d as f o r m i n g 313. A t 'I de Limuru Farms (Western Extremity). the undeveloped condition of the
counij

persons, w h o m

3 1 4 . R e f e r e n c e t o t h e m a p w i l l s h o w c e r t a i n a r e a s at w e s t e r n e n d of t h e L i m u r u f a r m s , c l o s e t o t h e R a i l w a y a n d exteul i n g s o u t h w a r d t o M u g u g a . T h i s l a n d a m o u n t s t o 4.50 square mi:! i n a l l , of w h i c h w e h a v e d e c i d e d t h a t t h r e e - q u a r t e r s w e r e la forest-covered. I n M r . M c C l u r e ' s m a p five v i l l a g e s a r e shown M r . K a y M o u a f s l a n d ( L . O . N o . 170 a n d 177) b u t , a l l told u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n i n t h i s a r e a e x c e e d e d thirl h o u s e h o l d s of five, so t h a t w e m a y p u t t h e d e n s i t y as between:] a n d 35 p e r s o n s t o t h e s q u a r e m i l e . T h e r e i s n o record o f coropeiisj t i o n p a i d , a n d it m a y p e r h a p s b e a s s u m e d t h a t t h e p o p u l a t i o n , si a s it w a s . r e m a i n e d o n t h e l a n d . 3 1 5 . L . O . 4 9 6 1 , 669 a c r e s , is an i s l a n d of C r o w n land in n a t i v e r e s e r v e a n d is s i t u a t e d n e a r t h e n o r t h - w e s t e r n extreinitv t h e e s t a t e of S a b a - S a b a , L i m i t e d . I t w a s a l i e n a t e d in freehold j 1 9 0 4 , but h a s s i n c e r e v e r t e d t o t h e C r o w n . A t the t i m e of i a l i e n a t i o n it a p p e a r s t o h a v e b e e n u n o c c u p i e d . 316. B e f o r e already natives been in the the alienations, with the local are which -satisfactory chiefs now for in arrangements 1 the the disposal of charge of Clj made

I.O.

4901.

The Mock near Nyei i.

locations

N d u i n i a n d H e a d m a n N d e r i , i n t h e N y e r i D i s t r i c t a n d at t h e ! of the alienation there w e r e no residents. Mission " I s l a n d s " in the. Reserve. 317. T h e t o t a l a r e a a l i e n a t e d i n f r e e h o l d to m i s s i o n out-tat! f o r m i n g i s o l a t e d i s l a n d s in t h e r e s e r v e i s a b o u t 0 T 6 of a squtl m i l e . I n m o s t c a s e s v a c a n t l a n d s w e r e a s s i g n e d , a n d there w " d f e w , if a n y , h u t s o n a n y of this l a n d . N o a c c o u n t h a s been tat! of m i s s i o n l a n d i n t h e r e s e r v e w h i c h h a s b e e n a l i e n a t e d on b e c a u s e such l a n d h a s n o t b e e n e x c l u d e d f r o m t h e r e s e r v e and' r e n t s are paid to the L o c a l N a t i v e Council. 3 1 8 . T h e t o t a l a r e a a l i e n a t e d f r o m t h e l a n d w h i c h we f o u n d t o h a v e b e e n p r o p e r l y K i k u y u t e r r i t o r y i n the Kiaitj D i s t r i c t i s 1091- s q u a r e m i l e s in a l l , e x c l u s i v e of t h e a r e a of a] m a t e l y 16J s q u a r e m i l e s w h i c h w e h a v e f o u n d t o h a v e been airea a b a n d o n e d b y t h e K i k u y u b e f o r e it w a s a l i e n a t e d (vide sect] -223 (a) a b o v e ) . T h e t o t a l n u m b e r of f a m i l i e s of five which h a v e f o u n d t o b e r e s i d e n t o n t h e m is 1,594. T h i s g i v e s a ded of 73 p e r s o n s t o t h e s q u a r e m i l e a s o p p o s e d t o a b o u t 150 in] r e s e r v e . H a v i n g r e g a r d to t h e f a c t t h a t t h e l a n d a l i e n a t e d v\ (a) g e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g on t h e f r i n g e o f t h e t e r r i t o r y : (tV pai u n d e r f o r e s t or s c r u b in t h e K i a m b u a n d K a m i t i a r e a s , and ti

The Total Population which was Resident in the Alienated Blocks in the Kiambu Area.

KIKUYU I ICHAPTER VIII]

PROVINCE P R I V A T E R I G H T S AND CLAIMS

I? for g r a z i n g in t h e n o r t h e r n a r e a s , a n d a b o v e t h e a l t i t u d e m o s t fable f o r n a t i v e c r o p s in t h e L i m u r u a r e a , w e c o n s i d e r t h i s r e n c e to b e i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e f a c t s . 319. S p e a k i n g g e n e r a l l y , w e find it p r o b a b l e t h a t , w h e n G o v e n t a l i e n a t e d t h i s l a n d , t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f c u l t i v a t e d l a n d in nclusive of f a l l o w , w a s of t h e o r d e r of o n e a c r e i n e v e r y t w e n t y lo thirty acres. T h i s consorts both w i t h the f o r e g o i n g calcula s and a l s o w i t h t h e i m p r e s s i o n s w h i c h w e h a v e f o r m e d a f t e r i n g the e v i d e n c e , b o t h n a t i v e a n d n o n - n a t i v e . 320. T h e t o t a l c o m p e n s a t i o n s h o w n a b o v e as h a v i n g b e e n p a i d s. 3,848. I t does n o t a g r e e e x a c t l y w i t h t h e t a b l e at p a g e 364 e e v i d e n c e w h i c h s h o w s E s . 3,872 a n d s u n d r y s h e e p a n d c a t t l e . d i s c r e p a n c y is n o t v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t a n d w e a r e j u s t i f i e d i n c o n ing t h a t a b o u t 9 6 2 h o u s e h o l d s w e r e c o m p e n s a t e d ( a t E s . 2 an and t w o a c r e s p e r h o u s e h o l d ) . S i n c e w e h a v e f o u n d t h e t o t a l iber o f h o u s e h o l d s t o h a v e b e e n a b o u t 1,594, t h e r e m u s t h a v e I about 632 h o u s e h o l d s or f a m i l i e s of f i v e w h o r e c e i v e d n o c o m sation a n d c o n t i n u e d t o l i v e o n t h e l a n d . 321. A f t e r 1908 n o f u r t h e r e n t r i e s a p p e a r i n t h e D a g o r e t t i ister, w h i c h is our m a i n s o u r c e of i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g c o m sation p a i d . B u t i t is c e r t a i n t h a t b e t w e e n t h a t d a t e a n d t h e sent t i m e m a n y f a m i l i e s d r i f t e d a w a y , m o s t of t h e m u n c o m sated. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d t h e r e s i d u e t h a t r e m a i n e d h a s i n sed i n n u m b e r s b y n a t u r a l i n c r e a s e a n d t h e p o s i t i o n t o - d a y ears to b e t h a t t h e r e are p o s s i b l y t h r e e or f o u r h u n d r e d h o u s e s l i v i n g a s o f r i g h t o n f a r m s in t h e a l i e n a t e d b l o c k s .

CHAPTER IX.
AN THE EXAMINATION OF PRIVATE 3). OF P R I V A T E RI FOR L o s s EIGHTS AND

C L A I M S - ( P A R T QUESTION OF C O M P E N S A T I O N

AND FOR DISTURBANCE. The Question of Conipensa tion. 3 2 2 . T h a t c o n c l u d e s o u r s u m m a r y of t h e t a c t s , a n d we ha n o w t o c o n s i d e r w h e t h e r t h e c o m p e n s a t i o n p a i d b y Government i n d i v i d u a l s w a s a d e q u a t e o r , if i t w a s n o t a d e q u a t e , w h a t practk steps c a n be t a k e n . I n a p p r o a c h i n g t h e m a t t e r w e w i s h firs d i s p o s e o f t h e q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r a n y c l a i m of a n y sort c a n n o w e n t e r t a i n e d i n r e s p e c t of l a n d w h i c h is n o t i n c l u d e d in w h a t h a v e f o u n d t o b e e i t h e r " u n e q u i v o c a l K i k u y u t e r r i t o r y in 1 8 9 5 " " a d m i s s i b l y a c q u i r e d b y t h e K i k u y u b y 1 9 0 2 . " T o a v o i d prolisi w e s h a l l f o r t h e r e m a i n d e r of t h i s c h a p t e r a l l u d e t o the area und t h e s e t w o h e a d s s i m p l y as " K i k u y u t e r r i t o r y . " 323. We s h a l l c o n s i d e r t h i s q u e s t i o n b o t h u n d e r its aspect of i n d i v i d u a l ithaka in clearings. sense o f estat Doro

gitliaka
R i g h t s outside "Kikuyu Territory."
GUTiaha

r i g h t s and also in respect We it. are satisfied pretence that that no

324. defined will not

the

can b e said to h a v e e x i s t e d outside " K i k u y u Any stand e x a m i n a t i o n , since w e

t e r r i t o r y " , as w e t h a t such pa If the la:

the land was bought from are satisfied

m e n t s a s w e r e m a d e t o D o r o b o w e r e b y i n s t a l m e n t s p a i d accords to the e x t e n t was not Nor were of t h e p r o g r e s s i v e c l e a r i n g of t h e l a n d . so e f f e c t i v e l y or exclusively c l e a r e d , i t is a n i n d i c a t i o n the Dorobo t h a t i t h a d n o t b e e n bougi established i There w

t h e l a n d as t o h a v e b e e n a b l e t o c l a i m a r i g h t t o s e l l i t . no effective or "elders" or aramati have claimed that they

o c c u p a t i o n b y t h e K i k u y u a n d if a n y K i k u y u headm exercised a r e s a t i s f i e d t h a t such p r e t e n s i o n s a r e false. a few began the venturesome Kikuyu about the year their beyond any w h o , relyingi onwards areas i c a n n o t all only, in

authority there, w e Individual Clearings outside "Kikuyu Territory." 325. t h e Pax make that There

were in

Britannica,

1900 a n d fellows We

clearings

forest

which they would not previously have ventured. such p e r s o n s established right to land

but w e consid

that t h e y w e r e entitled to compensation for disturbance tion w a s always paid whenever responsible officer. We have

a r e s a t i s f i e d t h a t , a s f a r a s c a n n o w b e a s c e r t a i n e d , such conipee a p p l i c a t i o n w a s m a d e f o r it tot no reason to suppose of t h a t natii t h e m faili

w e r e n o t f u l l y a w a r e h o w t o a p p l y f o r c o m p e n s a t i o n , b u t it wo: be impossible to do so. t o s a y at this date what percentage

353
KIKUYU HIT I - C H A P T E R IX] PROVINCE PRIVATE RIGHTS AND C L A I M S

32G. W e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e r a t e of c o m p e n s a t i o n w a s a d e q u a t e the case of t h o s e n a t i v e s w h o w e r e l i v i n g o u t s i d e K i k u y u t e r r i rv. They were affected able a n d to to return to their o w n right-holding in lkuyu territory lincipally extend it if n e c e s s a r y . I n t h e district District,

by the alienations, n a m e l y , K i a m b u

[ere w a s a t t h a t t i m e n o such c o n g e s t i o n a s w o u l d h a v e p r e v e n t e d leir d o i n g so, a n d t h e a c t u a l cost of m o v i n g t h e i r h u t s a f t e r r e a p their c r o p s w o u l d , i n c o n d i t i o n s o b t a i n i n g a t t h a t t i m e , h a v e

en sufficiently

m e t by t h e c o m p e n s a t i o n

p r o v i d e d , since

under

e tribal c u s t o m t h e n in f o r c e a m a n w a s a l w a y s a b l e t o o b t a i n t h e

listance of h i s n e i g h b o u r s in b u i l d i n g h i s h u t , a n d t h e m a t e r i a l

1st n o t h i n g . 327. W h i l e no substantial harm was done to any individual boundaries

Stive, w e r e c o g n i z e t h a t t h e s e t t i n g the reserve p r e c l u d e d n a t i v e s f r o m Inept

it

of hard a n d fast

e x t e n d i n g t h e i r f r o n t i e r s by

le time-honoured m e t h o d o f c l e a r i n g a n d b u r n i n g f o r e s t , a n d we

as

an o b l i g a t i o n u n d e r t h e first of future expansion,

term

of r e f e r e n c e

to

con on for l^oss of L a n d "Kikuyu

i e m l o r v

tier the

needs

though

not necessarily of c o m p e n s a t i o n if possible,

thai l i n e s . 28. W e n o w turn Bade the comprehensive here to the consideration recommendation pss of l a n d w h i c h w a s i n s i d e K i k u y u t e r r i t o r y . that, Soukl be a d d e d t o t h e r e s e r v e e c p i i v a l e n t W e have already hind

to t h e b a l a n c e of l o s s , individuals (i) or

fhat we h a v e
p s have n actions. to We Slid ers; ( i i )

to c o n s i d e r
to consider holders;

is w h e t h e r a n y special r e c o m i n e n d a particular three them in groups : right-

be made shall

recompense

gitJiaka

(iii) tenants.

529. T h e s u b s t a n c e of t h e c o m p l a i n t i s t h a t i n r e s p e c t of d i s - Loss sustained j:bance t h e c o m p e n s a t i o n g i v e n t o r i g h t - h o l d e r s w a s i n a d e q u a t e , jcl that i n r e s p e c t of l a n d n o c o m p e n s a t i o n w a s g i v e n a t a l l . all consider t h e q u e s t i o n o f l a n d f i r s t . 330. I t is m o t a l t o g e t h e r t r u e t h a t n o c o m p e n s a t i o n w a s p a i d the loss of l a n d . N d e i y a g r a z i n g a r e a w a s a d d e d t o t h e r e s e r v e Id We h lders' "
0 lt

there

are a l s o s o m e o t h e r a r e a s w h i c h w e h a v e f o u n d against t h e loss. B u t t h e actual

to

be

l i t k n a t e off-sets

right-holders

po suffered loss w e r e n o t g i v e n t h e l a n d . 331.. I n c o n s i d e r i n g w h a t w a s d u e t o t h e r i g h t - h o l d e r s n o t i c e list be t a k e n of t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r i g h t s w h i c h t h e y e x e r c i s e d on lands ,of , w h i c h t h e y w e r e d e p r i v e d b y . n o m e a n s a m o u n t e d to Il o w n e r s h i p .

KTKUYTJ PART ICHAPTER JX]

PROVINCE P R I V A T E R I G H T S AND r
u

3 3 2 . T h e f o l l o w i n g is the a c c o u n t g i v e n in t h e K i k u y u La T e n u r e R e p o r t of the l i m i t a t i o n s of t h e r i g h t s of a right-holder, as h e is t h e r e c a l l e d , a s u b - o w n e r : " W e find t h a t he is r e s t r i c t e d in t w o w a y s f r o m full o w n e r hi (a) F i r s t b y t h e p r i v i l e g e s w h i c h o t h e r m e m b e r s of the hi or mbari e n j o y o n t h e l a n d , a n d w h i c h a r e secured byi c u s t o m a r y s a n c t i o n s of t r i b a l i s m , w h i c h t e n d to prove an i n d i v i d u a l s h a r e f r o m b e i n g p r e c i s e l y denned, a d d i t i o n to t h e i n d i v i d u a l s h a r e t o w h i c h his right v i r t u a l l y e x c l u s i v e , h e h a s a p a r t i n t e r e s t in the rese area of u n c u l t i v a t e d l a n d w h i c h r e m a i n s undistributed t h e h a n d s of t h e Muramati, a n d in t h i s area his right l i m i t e d b y t h e fact t h a t o t h e r m e m b e r s of t h e mbari.A h a v e r i g h t s , a n d e v e n n o n - r e s i d e n t m e m b e r s may clai to b e a c c o m m o d a t e d if t h e r e is r o o m for t h e m . r e s t r i c t i o n is d e f i n i t e l y less in K i a m b u than elsewhe a n d is d i s a p p e a r i n g . (6) S e c o n d l y , he is l i m i t e d t o t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h the right u s e w h i c h h e e n j o y s d i f f e r s f r o m e x c l u s i v e u s e . Gradual t h e c o n c e p t i o n of t h e u s e s t o w h i c h l a n d c a n be put e n l a r g e d , a n d w i t h t h e r e l a x a t i o n of c l a n - c o n t r o l it f o u n d t h a t t h e r i g h t of e x c l u s i v e u s e c a n b e extended c o v e r m o s t of t h e m . . . ( i n K i a m b u ) t h o u g h grazi s t i l l r e m a i n s a c o m m o n r i g h t t h e " o w e n e r " is allowed e x e r c i s e a r i g h t of d i s c r i m i n a t i o n w h i c h is half-way an exclusive r i g h t . "

3 3 3 . I t is c l e a r t h e r e f o r e t h a t , w h e n t h e l a n d w a s taken a n w it w a s n o t o n l y the r i g h t - h o l d e r w h o s u f f e r e d , but that all tl m e m b e r s of t h e mbari s h a r e d i n t h e l o s s , s i n c e up t o that tis t h e s p a r e l a n d on t h e githakah a d b e e n a v a i l a b l e f o r them a , t h e i r d e s c e n d a n t s to c u l t i v a t e a n d t o l i v e i n so l o n g as there w r o o m . I t is a l s o c l e a r t h a t t h e r i g h t - h o l d e r , w h e n h e lost this lac h a d a s e l e c t i o n of o t h e r h o l d i n g s o p e n t o h i m , o n w h i c h he coi " c l a i m t o h e a c c o m m o d a t e d " , a n d t h a t t h e r i g h t - h o l d e r s of whit e v e r githaka h e f i n a l l y s e l e c t e d f o r h i s h o m e m u s t h a v e suffered c o r r e s p o n d i n g d i m i n u t i o n of t h e b a l a n c e of l a n d a t t h e i r dispos A t h i r d a n d m o s t i m p o r t a n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n is t h a t t h e r i g h t tos p a s t u r e c a t t l e o n u n c u l t i v a t e d l a n d w a s c o m m o n t o all the trifc a n d s i n c e a t l e a s t n i n e - t e n t h s of t h e l a n d w a s u n c u l t i v a t e d it clear that t h e rights of the t r i b e w e r e v e r y e x t e n s i v e . 3 3 4 . I t a p p e a r s , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t i n c o n s i d e r i n g t h e question a l l o t t i n g t h e l a n d t o b e a d d e d i n c o m p e n s a t i o n , w e m u s t take it a c c o u n t n o t o n l y t h e d i s p o s s e s s e d r i g h t - h o l d e r s b u t all the hw b e r s of t h e mbari a n d , i n s o m e d e g r e e , t h e w h o l e of t h e t r i b e . 11 is a p o i n t wdtich m u s t h a v e b e e n p r e s e n t i n t h e m i n d s of t

KIKUYU j CHAI'IJ:U I X ]

PROVINCE P n i v A T B R I G H T S AND CLAIMS

uifcs w h e n t h e y s u b m i t t e d t h e i r m e m o r a n d a , s i n c e i n s t a t i n g total n u m b e r of m e m b e r s o f t h e i r mbari r e p r e s e n t e d in t h e ii they h a v e g i v e n far m o r e t h a n c o u l d e v e r h a v e b e e n r e s i d e n t the l a n d , tahd m u s t b e p r e s u m e d t o h a v e i n c l u d e d t h o s e n o n dent m e m b e r s w h o h a d a n i n t e r e s t i n i t . :;:J5. W h e n we add up the total strength of all the mbari by ing to b e c o n c e r n e d w e a r r i v e a t a t o t a l w h i c h is g r e a t e r alter every allowance has been made for the

r cent t h a n t h e total r e s i d e n t s of t h e K i a m b u N a t i v e R e s e r v e , tremendous e r a t i o n s of w h i c h t h e K i k u y u a r e c a p a b l e , w e t a k e t h i s t o b e indication t h a t m o s t of t h e m e m b e r s of t h e t r i b e c o n s i d e r t h e n i es to h a v e a n i n t e r e s t in the l a n d w h i c h h a s b e e n l o s t , a n d n o t the r e s i d e n t right-holders. 336. I t m i g h t p e r h a p s be t h o u g h t t h a t a s o l u t i o n could b e id by d i v i d i n g t h e c o m p e n s a t o r y l a n d b e t w e e n t h e d i s p o s s e s s e d t-liolders a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s i z e of t h e i r f o r m e r h o l d i n g s , a n d i n s i s t i n g that t h e y s h o u l d a c c o r d t o t h e k i n d r e d of t h e i r mbari same r i g h t s a s t h e y w o u l d h a v e h a d i n t h e o r i g i n a l h i n d , ctieal c o n s i d e r a t i o n s p u t this o u t of t h e q u e s t i o n . E v e n i f it been d o n e at t h e t i m e of t h e o r i g i n a l a l i e n a t i o n s , it w o u l d bubly h a v e b e e n an m r p o p u l a r a r r a n g e m e n t , a n d , w h i l e t h e ck a d d i t i o n t o t h e r e s e r v e w o u l d h a v e b e e n w e l c o m e d , t h e d i s sessed r i g h t - h o l d e r s w o u l d in m a n y c a s e s h a v e p r e f e r r e d to ke t h e i r o w n a r r a n g e m e n t s r a t h e r t h a n b e o r d e r e d t o l i v e i n i t . s n o t e w o r t h y t h a t , a l t h o u g h N d e i y a , a n a r e a of 74 s q u a r e m i l e s , added t o the r e s e r v e in 1913 a n d w a s c o m m o n l y r e g a r d e d as ipensation o r p a r t c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r t h e i r l o s s e s , t h e K i k u y u e kept i t as a g r a z i n g a r e a a n d h a v e g e n e r a l l y o p p o s e d a n y nestion t h a t any" p r i v a t e o r p r i o r r i g h t s s h o u l d b e c r e a t e d . T h e y e a l w a y s r e g a r d e d it a s an a s s e t o f t h e w h o l e t r i b e , a n d t h e t-holders f r o m t h e a l i e n a t e d l a n d s h a v e n e v e r c l a i m e d a n y r consideration. 337. W e a r e c o n v i n c e d t h a t t h e r e s p o n s i b l e e l d e r s of t h e uyii h a v e a l w a y s r e g a r d e d t h e l o s s of t h e L i m u r u f a r m s a n d er t e r r i t o r y as a m a t t e r o f t r i b a l r a t h e r t h a n i n d i v i d u a l c o n c e r n , respect of c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r t h e l a n d l o s t w e a g r e e w i t h t h i s v to t h e e x t e n t t h a t w e find it t o o f f e r t h e b e s t a n d m o s t tieable s o l u t i o n , and w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d c o m p e n s a t i o n t o tribe t o t h e f u l l e x t e n t of t h e l a n d l o s t . W e h a v e c o n s i d e r e d ther in j u s t i c e t o t h e r i g h t - h o l d e r s w e o u g h t t o r e c o m m e n d t h a t r r i g h t s s h o u l d be a c c o r d e d t o t h e m in t h e l a n d t o b e a d d e d , t if w e a r e o v e r - s o l i c i t o u s f o r t h e v a r i o u s s e c t i o n a l i n t e r e s t s a n d to r e p r o d u c e o n t h e n e w l a n d all t h e r i g h t s t h a t e x i s t e d o n t h e . so that t h e t r i b e , t h e g r o u p , t h e r i g h t - h o l d e r a n d t h e t e n a n t s uld all of therm b e p r e c i s e l y c o m p e n s a t e d , w e a r e c o n v i n c e d t h a t

K I K U Y U PART ICHATTER IX]

PROVINCE P R I V A T E R I C I I T S AND (JIB

s u c h s o l i c i t u d e w o u l d d e f e a t i t s o w n e n d b y e m b i t t e r i n g relatk b e t w e e n g r o u p s , a n d t h a t , i n a n y c a s e , so ,precise a settlement c e r t a i n l y n o t p r a c t i c a b l e at t h i s d a t e . T h e b e s t i n t e r e s t s of p e o p l e w i l l b e s e r v e d i f t h e c o m p e n s a t o r y a r e a is g i v e n as a sin;; a d d i t i o n t o t h e r e s e r v e and p l a c e d u n d e r t h e g e n e r a l protection. G o v e r n m e n t a n d t h e L a n d B o a r d w i t h o u t a n y special condi or obligations. 338. " W e d o n o t f o r a m o m e n t m e a n t h a t it s h o u l d be kept a c o m m o n a g e o r t h a t n o p r i v a t e r i g h t s s h o u l d be c r e a t e d , p o i n t is t h a t w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n of t h i s b l o c k o f l a n d t o the reset a n d t h e p a y m e n t of such f u r t h e r c o m p i e n s a t i o n as w e shall present r e c o m m e n d t h e t r o u b l e s of t h e past s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d to been decently buried. 339. I n t h e c h a p t e r on " E x c h a n g e s , A d j u s t m e n t s m i d Sr.ee C a s e s " w e r e v i e w a n u m b e r o f s p e c i a l c a s e s . O n e of them a s t i t u t e s an e x c e p t i o n t o w h a t has just b e e n w r i t t e n , b e c a u s e a p p e a r s t o us t h a t a d e f i n i t e p l e d g e w a s g i v e n w h i c h m u s h o n o u r e d . I t i s t h e c a s e w h i c h a r o s e f r o m t h e a l i e n a t i o n of; land n o w occupied by the G o v e r n m e n t F a r m and the G o v e r n n i e Farm Extension. I n t h i s c a s e w e f e e l b o u n d t o m a k e a reco; m e n d a t i o n t h a t an a r e a in t h e c o m p e n s a t o r y b l o c k or alterna l a n d e l s e w h e r e s h o u l d be r e s e r v e d t o t h e u s e of t h e disposse mbari u n d e r t e r m s a n d c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h w e shall s p e c i f y . I a r e a l s o a f e w o t h e r c a s e s in w h i c h w e s h a l l h a v e t o a f f i r m prior r i g h t s exist or should be a l l o w e d . -Compensation for Disturb ance of Right holders. 340. W e n o w yass to t h e q u e s t i o n o f c o m p e n s a t i o n for t u r b a n c e . W e a r e s t i l l s p e a k i n g o f r i g h t - h o l d e r s , and it wil c o n v e n i e n t t o c o n s i d e r t h e m i n t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s : those who c o m p e n s a t i o n a n d l e f t t h e f a r m s b e f o r e 1 9 0 8 , t h e d a t e of the I e n t r y in t h e R e g i s t e r ; t h o s e w h o r e m a i n e d o n t h e l a n d until; 1908, b u t l e f t e v e n t u a l l y ; a n d t h o s e o r i g i n a l r i g h t - h o l d e r s or th direct d e s c e n d a n t s w h o are still on t h e l a n d . 341. vious have We h a v e f o u n d t h r o u g h a c o m p u t a t i o n m a d e in the; that the total number of householders of them who t e w e r e ri. a n d l e f t t h e l a n d b e f o r e 1 9 0 8 w e r e a b o u t 982. of k n o w i n g wdiat p r o p o r t i o n

Right-holders who took Compensation and left.

chajiter no means

compensation

h o l d e r s , b u t j u d g i n g b y g e n e r a l p r o b a b i l i t i e s , w e e s t i m a t e then b e t w e e n 750 a n d CO h o u s e h o l d e r s . tion f o r been which compensation W e h a v e c r e d i t e d each hoc h o l d ( b o t h of r i g h t - h o l d e r s a n d t e n a n t s ) w i t h t w o a c r e s of culti w a s .paid a t B s . 2 a n a c r e , and: a g r e e s w i t h t h e B s . 3,848 w h i c h w e k n o w b y t h e r e c o r d s to I t paid. 342. The position, therefore, w a s that each householders

l e f t r e c e i v e d B s . 4 , a n d h e w a s a l s o a l l o w e d t o r e a p his crop. 1

KIKTJYTJ I CHAPTER I X ]

PROVINCE PRIVATE R I G H T S AND CLAIMS

H n i p t i o n made by Government was that other land was availB to which he cotdd g o , and that the E s . 4 would be enough toB i b u r s e him for the actual expense of m o v i n g t h a t is to say, B i r o v i n g of his goods, the building of new huts, and the clearing H i e land for the new garden. B 343. W e consider that in cases where the right-holder B a l l y had other land to which he could g o , the E s . 4 probably Hie adequate to meet these charges, when regard i.s had to condiBJs prevailing iat the time. i a 3 4 4 . In those days there was no need to pay for poles or H c l i i n g grass and the building of a hut was an enterprise for Bh)i a ma-n was entitled to claim the assistance of his kindred.. Bp little expense to which he was put by way of entertainment H probably met adequately from the four rupees.

Bi345. W e need not consider here the loss of land, because weBJe already covered that point and advised full compensation, Pie for value, to the tribe as the best and only practicable means Bficaling with the matter. But w e must consider one point in H i e x i o n with it, and that is the probability that in many cases H a s not so easy as Government supposed for the right-holder to B e from one pilacc where he had been living as of right, to Hither place where he could live as of right, and that incidental BJ and inconvenience may have been caused to him beyond theBjv cost of re-erecting his huts and clearing his land. W h i l e w e B n o t prepared to admit without examination that this loss and Mpnvenience were as severe as has sometimes been stated, we can H believe that it was by no means negligible and the position B t be examined.
II 346. I t has often been stated that, when the farms were alienB ) , many of the right-holders had no other land to which they B i d go as of right and w e r e , in fact, forced to g o out and squat BjEuropean farms. W e do not deny that there may be some B e in the contention, but w e think that it is much exaggerated. BJ 347. I n the first place w e remark that, before the British B e , tribes were exposed to frequent shocks from the invasion of B p tribes, and must often have been forced t o rectify their BEiiers. W e cannot conceive that the tribe had no w a y of reBJributing its population when such (adjustments had t o be made.. B 348. Secondly, it seems to us clear from the passage which B h a v e quoted from the L a n d Tenure R e p o r t that the dispossessed Bit-holders had a right to be accommodated by their kindred. D r . B k e y thinks that because they had bought the land from t h e H o b o with borrowed goats, there would be no obligation to a d m i t

K I K U Y U PAIIT ICHAPTER IX]

PROVINCE P R I V A T E R I G H T S AMI (JL

t h e m w i t h o u t ia r e t u r n of t h e g o a t s . T h i s s e e m s t o us to b e \ u n l i k e l y ; s u r e l y t h e r e m u s t h a v e b e e n s o m e of t h e n kindred fi wdiom they had not borrowed goats. 349. T h i r d l y , it h a s b e e n c l e a r l y s h o w n f r o m files which c conn t a i n t h e r e p o r t s of s u r v e y o r s a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i v e officers t h a t il w a s s t i l l a g r e a t d e a l of u n d e v e l o p e d l a n d i n t h e K i k u y u Although garden", there were large parts which t h e r e w e r e o t h e r l a r g e s t r e t c h e s of bush and c o u l d b e described as forest.

3 5 0 . S o m e at l e a s t of t h e d i s p o s s e s s e d r i g h t - h o l d e r s mustf, h a d r e l a t i o n s l i v i n g in t h e s e a r e a s , a n d w o u l d h a v e found -difficulty in g e t t i n g a c c o m m o d a t i o n . 3 5 1 . F o u r t h l y , w e do n o t t h i n k t h a t , t w e n t y - f i v e y e a r s ; a t e n a n t s u f f e r e d m u c h d i s a b i l i t y in c o m p a r i s o n w i t h a r i g h t - h o l W e a r e i n f o r m e d t h a t n a t i v e s o f t h e N y e r i D i s t r i c t h a v e left t; r i g h t - h o l d i n g s i n l a r g e n u m b e r s a n d c o m e t o s e t t l e in Knit D i s t r i c t as t e n a n t s . T h e r e i s n o c u s t o m o f r e n t , and eases t e n a n t s b e i n g o r d e r e d t o q u i t a r e said t o h a v e b e e n e x t r e m e l y r " W e t h i n k it u n l i k e l y , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t t h e p r o s p e c t o f bein muhoi in t h e r e s e r v e c o u l d h a v e b e e n so d i s t a s t e f u l t o a p o s s e s s e d r i g h t - h o l d e r as to h a v e f o r c e d h i m t o g o and smui i;he s e t t l e d a r e a . 3 5 2 . L a s t l y , w e o b s e r v e t h a t t h e p r a c t i c e of l e a v i n g the r e s t o g o a n d s q u a t d i d n o t b e c o m e v e r y w i d e s p r e a d until t h e i w h i c h w a s m o r e t h a n a d e c a d e a f t e r m o s t of t h e f a r m s w e r e al ated. A n d w h e n the m o v e m e n t did occur, the emigrants i m o s t l y f r o m F o r t H a l l . T h e r e is n o e v i d e n c e b e f o r e the C o n n s i o n t o s h o w t h a t d i s p o s s e s s e d r i g h t - h o l d e r s p l a y e d any n p r o m i n e n t p a r t in t h i s e m i g r a t i o n t h a n a n y o t h e r section ot community. Tt m a y v e r y w e l l h a v e b e e n s o , b u t i t has n o t i proved. 3 5 3 . O n a c o m p r e h e n s i v e s u r v e y of t h e p o s i t i o n w e see I: reason t o suppose that the present squatters on European 1 ; l e f t t h e r e s e r v e b e c a u s e of d i f f i c u l t i e s c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e t e n u r l a n d . T h e d e s i r e t o find b e t t e r p a s t u r e f o r c a t t l e i s generally-; sidered to h a v e been the m o t i v e p o w e r b e h i n d the movement; g r a z i n g in t h e r e s e r v e b e i n g c o m m o n . , that is a consideration a f f e c t e d a l l c l a s s e s a l i k e . G e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g a n y s q u a t t e r s in s e t t l e d a r e a m u s t b e h e l d t o h a v e g o n e t h e r e of t h e i r o w n free w i t h a v i e w t o b e t t e r t h e m s e l v e s a n d n o t a s a r e s u l t of any eo xnic p r e s s u r e , e x c e p t such as i s c o n n e c t e d w i t h s h o r t a g e of past 354. I n i n r e s p e c t of a n y suitable pressure of s o f a r as t h i s g e n e r a l o p i n i o n m a y h a v e to b e qtial p a r t i c u l a r c a s e s i n w h i c h r i g h t - h o l d e r s , f a i l i n g to p l a c e i n t h e r e s e r v e , w-ere c o m p e l l e d t o emigrat c i r c u m s t a n c e s , t h e r e is r e a s o n t o s u p p o s e that

KIKUYU -OllATTKlt IX]

PROVINCE P R I V A T E R I G H T S AND C L A I M S

I t lias g e n e r a l l y b e e n t o t h e i r a d v a n t a g e . T h e a v e r a g e s q u a t t e r Iffitihtedly is r i c h e r in s t o c k t h a n t h e a v e r a g e n a t i v e i n t h e ve. a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y h a s b e e n a b l e t o m a r r y m o r e w i v e s a n d more c h i l d r e n . I t i s t r u e t h a t , if h e r e t u r n s to t h e r e s e r v e , ill p r o b a b l y b e p u t t o s o m e e x p e n s e i n e s t a b l i s h i n g h i m s e l f but, w h e n t h a t e x p e n s e h a s b e e n d e f r a y e d , i t is l i k e l y t h a t ill still b e b e t t e r off, o n b a l a n c e , t h a n h i s r e l a t i o n s w h o h a v e lined i n t h e r e s e r v e . i")5. B u t , w h e n all h a s b e e n s a i d , w e b e l i e v e t h a t , i f m o r e een k n o w n of t h e K i k u y u l a n d s y s t e m t h a n w a s k n o w n at lime, G o v e r n m e n t w o u l d h a v e m a d e s o m e p r o v i s i o n f o r t h e lishment of t h e d i s p o s s e s s e d r i g h t - h o l d e r s on l a n d i n t h e i r vc w h e r e t h e y c o u l d l i v e as of r i g h t , o r w o u l d a t l e a s t h a v e lated t h e cost of d i s t u r b a n c e o n a m o r e g e n e r o u s b a s i s , so as ovule f o r all a t t e n d a n t i n c o n v e n i e n c e a n d loss of a m e n i t i e s as as the b a r e c o s t of m o v i n g a n d p r e p a r i n g t h e i r n e w l a n d . We il f o r t u n a t e t h a t v e r y l i t t l e r e a l h a r d s h i p h a s r e s u l t e d . The i n m e n t of t h e d a y a c t e d o n t h e i n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e t o i t , a n d ertainly find n o o c c a s i o n f o r r e c o m m e n d i n g a t t h i s d a t e t h a t redress is due to a n y i n d i v i d u a l . N e v e r t h e l e s s , it m a y be w e l l row i n t o the b a l a n c e of t h e g e n e r a l s e t t l e m e n t a c e r t a i n a d nal a c r e a g e t o b e c o u n t e d , a.s i t w e r e , as a c o m p r e h e n s i v e ;ensation f o r loss of a m e n i t i e s a n d g e n e r a l d i s t u r b a n c e caused he t i m e of t h e a l i e n a t i o n s . W h i l e it i s u n d e n i a b l e t h a t t h e mi h a v e g a i n e d f a r m o r e t h a n t h e y h a v e lost' b y t h e e s t a b l i s h of w h i t e s e t t l e m e n t w i t h a l a r g e t o w n a n d a r e a d y m a r k e t heir b o r d e r s , w e s t i l l f i n d i l r e a s o n a b l e t o r e c o m m e n d t h a t such m e b e a d o p t e d s o t h a t e v e r y a s p e c t of p a s t g r i e v a n c e s m a y b e to h a v e b e e n c o v e r e d a n d finally s e t t l e d . 356. W h i l e t h i s c o u r s e is r e c o m m e n d e d a n d w i l l b e a p p r e tl. it d e e s n o t s o l v e t h e r e a l p r o b l e m , w h i c h i s e c o n o m i c , and neerned w i t h t h e d i f f i c u l t y of t h e p o p u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i n g i t s e l f he l a n d . T h e r e t u r n of s q u a t t e r s t o t h e r e s e r v e w i l l c r e a t e jlems v e r y s i m i l a r i n t h e i r n a t u r e t o t h e l a n d a l i e n a t i o n s of a ration a g o b u t m o r e s e v e r e b e c a u s e of t h e i n c r e a s e d r i g i d i t y te (jilhalia s y s t e m . T h e m o s t p r a c t i c a l r e m e d y w h i c h w e can n m e n d f o r t h e b e n e f i t of t h e K i k u y u is t o s u g g e s t m o d i f i c a t i o n s ;h w i l l p r o v i d e g r e a t e r s e c u r i t y f o r t e n a n t s a n d b e t t e r p r o s p e c t s eir b e c o m i n g r i g h t - h o l d e r s . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h i s w e s h a l l h a v e osals t o m a k e i n t h e e c o n o m i c s e c t i o n s of o u r r e p o r t to m e e t requirements of f u t u r e e x p a n s i o n . 357. I n C h a p t e r V I I I i t w a s c o m p u t e d t h a t a b o u t 6 3 2 h o u s e ers r e m a i n e d o n t h e l a n d w h e n t h e f a r m s w e r e a l i e n a t e d , sibly a b o u t five h u n d r e d of t h e m w e r e r i g h t - h o l d e r s . I t need ly he said t h a t t h e w h o l e c a l c u l a t i o n i s e x t r e m e l y p r o b l e m a , but n o m e a n s h a s r e v e a l e d i t s e l f o f o b t a i n i n g a b e t t e r figure. Right-holders "n'the^lirms in 1908, hut left after " '
a r F

K.1KUYU
PART J C H A P T E R IX]

PROVINCE
P R I V A T E R I G H T S ANL

M a n y of t h e s e f a m i l i e s e v e n t u a l l y l e f t , b u t w e c a n n o t say many. I t i s n o t i m p o r t a n t t o e s t a b l i s h t h e e x a c t figure, and m a y a s s u m e , w i t h sufficient a c c u r a c y , t h a t t h r e e or four 1mm families h a v e left the farms in this w a y . 358. S o f a r a s c a n be a s c e r t a i n e d n o c o m p e n s a t i o n w a s to these families. On the other hand the disturbance w a s s e v e r e , s i n c e f o r t h e m o s t j j a r t t h e y m o v e d at t h e i r o w n t i m e o c c a s i o n t o suit t h e m s e l v e s . T h e r e h a v e , h o w e v e r , b e e n si e x c e p t i o n a l c a s e s i n t h e l a s t f e w y e a r s . W e k n o w of no deft c a s e s d u r i n g t h e s e y e a r s i n w h i c h r i g h t - h o l d e r s h a v e been evie i n o p e n c o n t r a v e n t i o n of t h e i r r i g h t s u n d e r s e c t i o n 86 of t h e Civ L a n d s O r d i n a n c e . B u t t h e r e h a v e p r o b a b l y b e e n cases i n \vl right-holders, after having signed a squatter's contract, h a v e i e v i c t e d c n t h e e x p i r y of t h e c o n t r a c t u n d e r t h e i m p r e s s i o n that s i g n i n g of t h e c o n t r a c t h a d p u t a n e n d t o a n y r i g h t s w h i c h ! m a y f o r m e r l y h a v e had. B u t only one case has been reveaiei s u c h a n a t u r e a s t o r e q u i r e a n y s p e c i a l r e c o m m e n d a t i o n on p a r t , a n d w e s h a l l deal w i t h it in t h e n e x t c h a p t e r in w h i c h discuss E x c h a n g e s , A d j u s t m e n t s a n d S p e c i a l C a s e s . (Vide sectij 408 t o 413 b e l o w . ) 359. O u r g e n e r a l r e c o m m e n d a t i o n is t h a t i n calculating a r e a t o be a d d e d in g e n e r a l c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r d i s t u r b a n c e a n d ! of a t m e n i t i e s as r e c o m m e n d e d a b o v e , t h e c e r t a i n t y b e bornel m i n d t h a t s o m e of t h e s e f a m i l i e s w e r e m o v e d or w e r e i n d u c e d ! s i g n s q u a t t e r ' s c o n t r a c t s i n c i r c u m s t a n c e s w h i c h s h o u l d , i n equ:[ h a v e e n t i t l e d t h e m t o r e c e i v e c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r l o s s of r i g h t s , a r e s a t i s f i e d t h a t i t w o u l d b e u s e l e s s a t t h i s s t a g e t o try t o trl i n d i v i d u a l c a s e s , a n d all t h a t c a n b e d o n e is t o t a k e t h e m g e n e i ' j i n t o a c c o u n t in s e t t l i n g w i t h t h e t r i b e a t l a r g e . W e except t h i s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n o n l y such c a s e s a s m a y h a v e occurred sij t h e C o m m i s s i o n w a s a p p o i n t e d , a n d w e s h a l l d e a l w i t h their] another section below. Right-holders who are still on the L a n d .

360. W e n o w turn t o t h e c a s e o f r i g h t - h o l d e r s w h o a r e : on t h e l a n d . I n t h e case of a l l l a n d a l i e n a t e d o n l e a s e , areas w t j w e r e in t h e a c t u a l o c c u p a t i o n of n a t i v e s a t t h e t i m e o f the t i o n a r e d e e m e d t o b e e x c l u d e d . I n t h e c a s e of all l a n d s leased nrl t h e p r o v i s i o n s of t h e C r o w n L a n d s O r d i n a n c e , 1915, the n s e c t i o n is s e c t i o n 8 6 , t o w h i c h o u r a t t e n t i o n is e s p e c i a l l y d i r e r ! in t h e t e r m s of r e f e r e n c e . I n t h e c a s e of all l e a s e s under! Crown Lands Ordinance, 1902, the c o r r e s p o n d i n g section! s e c t i o n 3 1 . B o t h s e c t i o n s a r e q u o t e d in A p p e n d i x N o . 2 for r r e f e r e n c e , a n d w e i n t e r p r e t o u r i n s t r u c t i o n s in t h e sense thti a r e e x p e c t e d t o d e a l w i t h b o t h of theim. 361. T h e r e a r e a l s o c a s e s of n a t i v e s w h o wer'e in ocenratrd c e r t a i n h i n d s w h i c h h a v e s i n c e b e e n a l i e n a t e d as f r e e h o l d anil I

K I K U Y U LCHAPTER IX]

PROVINCE PRIVATE RIGHTS

AND CLAIMS

resident upon t h e m . T h e s e cases m u s t b e h e l d to h a v e red by a c c i d e n t , s i n c e i t is p r o v i d e d u n d e r s e c t i o n 3 0 of t h e n L a n d s O r d i n a n c e , 1 9 0 2 , t h a t n o l a n d w h i c h is s u b j e c t to e r i g h t s m a y b e a l i e n a t e d as f r e e h o l d . I n s o f a r as such e x i s t a n d i n so f a r a s t h e n a t i v e s a r e s t i l l i n o c c u p a t i o n , w e der that t h e i r p o s i t i o n a n d r i g h t s are n o l e s s e n t i t l e d i n equity r e g a r d e d t h a n t h e r i g h t s of n a t i v e s o n l e a s e h o l d l a n d w h i c h r o t e c t e d u n d e r t h e c l a u s e s c i t e d . W e p r o p o s e to d e a l w i t h all t o g e t h e r . 62. H a v i n g c o n s i d e r e d t h e m a t t e r v e r y f u l l y i n t h e l i g h t of e e v i d e n c e a n d h a v i n g r e g a r d to the o p i n i o n e x p r e s s e d b y t h e ney G e n e r a l , w h i c h is filed w i t h t h e o r i g i n a l e v i d e n c e , w e learly o f o p i n i o n t h a t t h e p o s i t i o n c a u s e d b y t h e e x i s t e n c e of clauses i s m o s t u n s a t i s f a c t o r y . T h e m e a n i n g of t h e p h r a s e -al o c c u p a t i o n ' ' h a s b e e n v a r i o u s l y i n t e r p r e t e d , a n d the nt, A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l g i v e s t h e m a w i d e r c o n n o t a t i o n t h a n h i s cessors h a d a s s i g n e d . T h e p r e v a i l i n g u n c e r t a i n t y i s e m b a r r a s to all c o n c e r n e d . I f a c t u a l o c c u p a t i o n i n c l u d e s gittiaka t e n u r e , e c o m e i n v o l v e d at o n c e i n all .sorts of issues of f a c t . The can f e e l n o c o n f i d e n c e as to w h a t l a n d is h i s a n d w h a t i s ed to b e e x c l u d e d f r o m t h e l e a s e a s t h e p r o p e r t y of s o m e yu r i g h t - h o l d e r , w h o in his t u r n w o u l d n o t b e safe a g a i n s t a ter-claim b y t h e D o r o b o on t h e score of p r e - e x i s t i n g r i g h t s , that a g a i n m i g h t b e c o n t e s t e d o n t h e g r o u n d ' t h a t t h e D o r o b o vassals of t h e Masai. of d o u b t s a r i s e s in connexion with succes363. A n o t h e r s e t

D o t h e r i g h t s of t h e " a c t u a l o c c u p i e r " c e a s e w i t h h i s d e a t h they p a s s t o h i s h e i r s ? rights? 64. W e d o n o t c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e f a i r e s t s o l u t i o n of t h e m a t t e r he r e a c h e d b y t h e a r b i t r a m e n t se s i g n i f i c a n c e of the phrases of a C o u r t j u d g m e n t o n by draughtsmen We the in employed I s the lessee b o u n d to accommodate e l a r d all t h e p r o g e n y of t h e o c c u p i e r a n d d o t h e y a l l succeed

i r g up the o r d i n a n c e , o r the nature and effect o f t h e so-called bo l a n d s a l e s o r t h e i n t r i c a c i e s o f githaka .sary a m e n d m e n t s nl O r d e r i n Go. A s ct for a the in e x i s t i n g legislation tenure. will accept even our d u t y t o p r o p o s e an e q u i t a b l e s e t t l e m e n t , t r u s t i n g t h a t t h e be m a d e , should b e c o m e n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e g e n e r a l s e c u r i t y t o ask for a Council. Land Commission of we are bound to have no great detri should principle security-, w i t h o u t deem that which of agrarian

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o n a d o c u m e n t of l e a s e w h i c h t h e y h o l d f r o m G o v e r n m e n t t o find t h a t i t c o n t a i n s a c l a u s e of such d o u b t f u l significance t h e i r p o s i t i o n is j e o p a r d i z e d . 3 6 6 . W h i l e w e d o n o t t h i n k t h a t in e q u i t y a n y e x t r e m e i p r e t a t i o n o u g h t t o b e p u t u p o n t h e c l a u s e , t h e p o s s i b i l i t y i! m i g h t b e so h a s an e x t r e m e l y d i s q u i e t i n g e f f e c t , w h i c h is t e r i o u s t o t h e g o o d r e l a t i o n s g e n e r a l l y o b t a i n i n g between lessees and the resident n a t i v e s . N a t i v e p o l i t i c a l agitator: q u i c k to t a k e a d v a n t a g e of t h e s i t u a t i o n a n d t h e resultan d i s c i p l i n e is e m b a r r a s s i n g to t h e t r i b a l a u t h o r i t i e s in the re as w e l l as t o t h e E u r o p e a n s . W e c o n s i d e r it e s s e n t i a l t o the d s iand t h e r i g h t s of i t s m e m b e r s e x t e n d s h o u l d b e consolidated s t h e a d d i t i o n t o t h e r e s e r v e of t h e g r a n t o f land which s h a l l r e c o m m e n d s h o u l d be a c c o m p a n i e d b y t h e e x t i n c t i o n of n a t i v e p r i v a t e r i g h t s o u t s i d e t h e r e s e r v e e x c e p t (a) such rid if a n y , as m a y b e h e l d u p o n t i t l e , a n d (b^ such r i g h t s as may It b e e n a c q u i r e d in a n o t h e r r e s e r v e , e . g . , as a muhoi under t s y s t e m of l a n d t e n u r e o b t a i n i n g . 367. G e n e r o u s c o m p e n s a t i o n for d i s t u r b a n c e must ncca p a n y t h i s e x t i n g u i s h i n g of r i g h t s . W e c o n s i d e r t h a t it should tj t h e f o r m o f a p a y m e n t in c a s h , a n d w e b e l i e v e - 2 . 0 0 0 to i a s s e s s m e n t of t h e t o t a l -sum t h a t s h o u l d b e p a i d . 368. W e d o n o t s t a t e t h e c o m p e n s a t i o n at a n y particular si submitted! c l a i m s p r e v i d e a w a r n i n g of t h e extravagant per h o u s e h o l d , b e c a u s e the e v i d e n c e and m e m o r a n d a us in t h e mbari -tensions w h i c h w o u l d be p u t f o r w a r d . t-nd w e l l - b e i n g of t h e t r i b e t h a t t h e a r e a s o v e r w h

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l o c a l n a t i v e c o u n c i l h a s a d e f i n i t e s u m g i v e n t o i t f r o m which cci pensation' should be p a i d , but w h i c h should not p r o b a b l e t h a t a jr-st d i s t r i b u t i o n c a n b e e f f e c t e d . Government and that the should decide the proportion due

C o u n c i l o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e d a t a w h i c h a r e c o n t a i n e d in this rep] Councils should then d r a w u p a list of the pets t o he c o m p e n s a t e d a n d t h e a m o u n t s p a y a b l e t o e a c h , but situ I n m a k i n g t h i s recommends; a r e a b l e t o e s t i m a t e it front

n o t actually- m a k e t h e p a y m e n t u n t i l t h e s a n c t i o n of t h e Provint Commissioner has been received. w e have had regard farms information before as o f r i g h t , a s f a r us. r e c o m m e n d a t i o n is t h a t cash o K i k u y u w h o are n o w living o n t h o s e w h o h a v e l e f t , w e consider: i n f a v o u r of t h o s e w h o h a v e was appointed. as w e t o t h e n u m b e r of f a m i l i e s n o w l i v i n g on

369. W h i l e our g e n e r a l pensation should be paid t o f a r m s as o f r i g h t , b u t n o t t o a point should be stretched farms since the Commission

KIKUYU
j CHAPTER I X ]

PROVINCE PRIVATE R I G H T S AND CLAIMS

370. W e have already explained that i n our opinion the linistrative authorities, after c o n s u l t i n g t h e n a t i v e authorities, uld b e f r e e t o d e v e l o p t h e l a n d a d d e d t o t h e r e s e r v e i n w h a t r w a y m a y seem best i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f t h e t r i b e , a n d w e a r e illino' t o e m b a r r a s s t h e m w i t h a n y s p e c i a l r e c o m m e n d a t i o n t these p e r s o n s s h o u l d r e c e i v e s p e c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n r e g a r d t o t land. B u t w e d o n o t d o u b t b u t t h a t t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n w o u l d all in i t s p o w e r t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e y s h o u l d find p r o p e r a c c o m gation i n t h e r e s e r v e , e i t h e r i n t h e a d d e d b l o c k s o r e l s e w h e r e . 3 7 1 . I n o r d e r t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e s e t t l e m e n t s h o u l d b e final w e ,mmend t h a t , as soon as t h e c o m p e n s a t i o n h a s b e e n p a i d a n d d i n g crops have been reaped and reasonable n o t i c e to quit has ii g i v e n , a l l p r i v a t e r i g h t s o f K i k u y u n a t i v e s o u t s i d e t h e K i k u y u e r v e , except those to w h i c h w e h a v e alluded a b o v e , should be ringed. W e doubt w h e t h e r this c a n b e s a t i s f a c t o r i l y ac iplished w i t h o u t an O r d e r i n C o u n c i l , a n d w e t h e r e f o r e r e c o i n i d that a n Order in Council be sought. 3 7 2 . I n P a r t H I of this r e p o r t w e shall c o n s i d e r this p r o b l e m ts general application t o t h e c o u n t r y at l a r g e , a n d e x a m i n e t h e e n t to w h i c h the same t r e a t m e n t can he applied elsewhere. it must be understood that t h e r e a r e special cases, both in n y u and e l s e w h e r e , w h i c h must b e r e v i e w e d separately o n their its and those which concern K i k u y u are r e v i e w e d i n t h e pter w h i c h f o l l o w s . T h e q u e s t i o n o f i n c r e a s i n g t h e r e n t a g a i n s t lessee i n c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e e n h a n c e m e n t i n t h e v a l u e o f t h e which w i l l result f r o m t h e r e m o v a l of these disabilities m a y eft t o G o v e r n m e n t . Clause 31 ( 5 ) of t h e C r o w n L a n d s O r d i n , 1902, i s r e l e v a n t a s t o t h e p r o c e d u r e t o b e a d o p t e d . 3 7 3 . W e c o n s i d e r t h a t i n m o s t c a s e s t e n a n t s w e r e a d e q u a t e l y Compensation ' f " rensated w h e n t h e y l e f t t h e l a n d , a n d i n a n y c a s e n o g r i e v a n c e * * ains w h i c h t h e p a s s a g e o f t i m e h a s n o t a l r e a d y a d j u s t e d . B u t Tenants, spect of c e r r p e n s a t i o n d u e t o t e n a n t s w h o m a y o r i g i n a l l y h a v e o c c u p y i n g t h e l a n d w h e n i t w a s a l i e n a t e d , a n d w h o a r e still - i f there are a n y such c a s e s w e consider t h a t n o d i s t i n c t i o n Id b e m a d e b e t w e e n t h e t r e a t m e n t m e t e d p u t to t h e m a n d t o -holders.
n r C0 ) o tlub

374. A s m a l l p o i n t arises i n r e s p e c t of p e r s o n s w h o w e r e Compensation uti o r a d m i n s t r a t o r s o f ithaka o n land w h i c h has been a l i e n Oitaka O v e r a n d a b o v e t h e loss s u s t i n e d b y r i g h t - h o l d e r s t h e y h a v e ' ' e d a c e r t a i n loss o f p r e s t i g e a n d p r o f i t i n t h e s h a p e o f ral g i f t s w h i c h t h e y used t o r e c e i v e . B u t n o case is r e v e a l e d as t o w a r r a n t a special t r e a t m e n t . G o v e r n m e n t is a d m i n i s t e r l:e n a t i v e r e s e r v e l a r g e l y t h r o u g h t h e n a t i v e a u t h o r i t i e s , a n d
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3 7 5 . T h e c a s e of t h e D o r o b o d e s e r v e s c o n s i d e r a t i o n a r e s a t i s f i e d t h a t , g e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g , t h e y d i d n o t inten r e l i n q u i s h a l l t h e i r r i g h t s in K i k u y u c o u n t r y . M o s t of tliei n o w b e e n a b s o r b e d , b u t t h e r e a r e s t i l l a f e w w h o live r e s e r v e i n d e p e n d e n t l y o r in t h e f o r e s t n e a r K i j a b e . "We eon,; t h a t t h e y h a v e e s t a b l i s h e d a r i g h t i n e q u i t y t o b e received the Kikuyu Reserve. W e d o n o t t h i n k i t p r a c t i c a b l e to reed r u e n d t h a t t h e K o r e s t D e p a r t m e n t s h o u l d b e r e q u i r e d to pc t h e m t o c o n t i n u e i n d e f i n i t e l y t o l i v e i n t h e f o r e s t a n d w e cons, t h a t a s m a l l a d d i t i o n a l e x t e n s i o n of t h e r e s e r v e is advigabl o r d e r t h a t a c c o m m o d a t i o n m a y b e f o u n d f o r t h e m in the re; w i t h o u t h a r d s h i p to t h e r e s i d e n t p o p u l a t i o n . W e r e c o m m e n d t h e y s h o u l d n o t be b o u n d t o o c c u p y t h i s b l o c k , but t h a t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s h o u l d c h a r g e i t s e l f w i t h t h e d u t y of finding f o r t h e m , a n d w e e x p e c t t h a t l i t t l e d i f f i c u l t y w i l l b e experieu 37G. I n s u m , o u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s in r e s p e c t of conipe t i o n f o r d i s t u r b a n c e a n d loss o f p r i v a t e r i g h t s o u t s i d e the res a r e as f o l l o w s : 3 7 7 . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e a r e a w h i c h w e s h a l l r e c o m m e n d ti a d d e d t o t h e r e s e r v e i n c o m p e n s a t i o n t o t h e t r i b e f o r land; w e r e c o m m e n d a f u r t h e r a d d i t i o n o f 2,000 a c r e s w h i c h shoulii r e g a r d e d as c o m p r e h e n s i v e c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r d i s t u r b a n c e and I of a m e n i t i e s o c c a s i o n e d by t h e a l i e n a t i o n s , a n d a further j a c r e s a s a p r o v i s i o n of l a n d so t h a t t h e t r i b e may accommcj c e r t a i n D o r o b o n o w l i v i n g i n f o r e s t s n e a r t h e t r i b a l borders, a l s o r e c o m m e n d a m o n e t a r y c o m p e n s a t i o n o f 2 , 0 0 0 to be t h r o u g h t h e N a t i v e C o u n c i l s t o n a t i v e s w h o a r e still living a l i e n a t e d l a n d as o f r i g h t . 3 7 8 . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t u p o n paymeil compensation and a f t e r s t a n d i n g c r o p s h a v e b e e n reapei p r i v a t e r i g h t s of K i k u y u o u t s i d e t h e r e s e r v e s h o u l d cease e? s u c h as a r e h e l d u p o n t i t l e o r s u c h as m a y h a v e b e e n acquiri a n o t h e r r e s e r v e u n d e r t h e s y s t e m of l a n d t e n u r e o b t a i n i n g the n a t i v e custom o f the tribe c o n c e r n e d .
1

Summary of Recommenda tions.

3 7 9 . W e r e g a r d t h e j u s t a n d p e r m a n e n t s e t t l e m e n t of; m a t t e r s as o f p a r a m o u n t i m p o r t a n c e t o t h e f u t u r e peace p r o s p e r i t y of the t r i b e .

359

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X.

I:CHANGES,

ADJUSTMENTS

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SPECIAL

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380. T h e r e a r e s o m e e x c h a n g e s a n d a d j u s t m e n t s w h i c h h a v e Exchanges and i s u g g e s t e d i n o r d e r t a s a t i s f y a c l a i m of r i g h t , a n d t h e r e a r e Adjustments, p i s w h i c h r e s t on a basis of c o n v e n i e n c e or e c o n o m i c a d v a n W h i l e a logical a r r a n g e m e n t m i g h t require that w e should in this p l a c e o n l y w i t h t h e f o r m e r class a n d r e s e r v e t h e l a t t e r ie r e v i e w e d i n t h e e c o n o m i c s e c t i o n s of t h e r e p o r t , it i s n o t in r r a c t i c e t o k e e p t h e i s s u e s s e p a r a t e , a n d w e t h e r e f o r e p r o I I to i n c l u d e t h e m a l l in t h e s c o p e of t h i s c h a p t e r . W e shall take t h e p r o p o s a l k n o w n as t h e T i g o n i E x c h a n g e . 181. W h e n n as T i g o n i .. [382. I t is e v i d e n t f r o m t h e r e c o r d s t h a t i t s r e s e r v a t i o n f r o m nation h a d n o t h i n g t o do w i t h a n y q u e s t i o n of n a t i v e r i g h t s , was d u e t o a n o v e r s i g h t . 383. I n 1 9 1 6 . M r . G . A . S. N o r t h c o t e , t h e n D i s t r i c t G o m ;ioner, K i a m b u , p r o p o s e d t h a t T i g o n i b e m a d e a t o w n s h i p a n d BE t h e n it h a s b e e n g e n e r a l l y k n o w n as T i g o n i Township
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n i s l a n d of u n a l i e n a t e d C r o w n l a n d i n t h e m i d d l e o f t h e

[384. I n 1925 M r . W . F . G . C a m p b e l l , D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r , nbu, p r o p o s e d t o m o v e t h e n a t i v e s , w h o w e r e b y t h i s t i m e Sing a t T i g o n i in v e r y c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r s w i t h o u t s p e c i f i c lorization. 1385. T h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r , M r . C . M . D o b b s , r a i s e d "nrestion of n a t i v e r i g h t s , a n d i n D e c e m b e r of t h e s a m e y e a r fr H . W . G r a y , w h o had s u c c e e d e d A i r . C a m p b e l l a s D i s t r i c t lissioner, proposed that t h e m a t t e r should be s e t t l e d by c o i n t i n g t h e githaka owners. i S S . I n 1926 t h e C h i e f N a t i v e C o m m i s s i o n e r c l a i m e d t h e a r e a ic n a t i v e r e s e r v e , b u t t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r o f L a n d s o p p o s e d t h e ion on t h e ground that it w a s n o t g e o g r a p h i c a l l y c o n n e c t e d it. 187. I n J u n e , 1930, t h e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e r e f e r r e d t o T i g o n i despatch t o t h e G o v e r n o r , a n d e x p r e s s e d t h e o p i n i o n t h a t i t il be h e l d f o r " n a t i v e r e q u i r e m e n t s , c o m p e n s a t i o n o r o t h e r . " 88. W e a r e s a t i s f i e d f r o m t h e e v i d e n c e t h a t a b o u t t h e y e a r the l a n d w a s a l m o s t u n i n h a b i t e d . T h e r e a p p e a r s to h a v e a s m a l l v i l l a g e or "possibly o n l y o n e h u t n e a r w h e r e t h e

KIKUYU PART I C H A P T E R X ]

PROVINCE E X C H A N G E S , ADJUSTMENT

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n e i g h b o u r h o o d , b u t l e w o r n o n e of t h e m w e r e w i t h i n the boi aries of t h e area in question. 3 8 9 . I n l a t e r y e a r s , as t h e y g r a d u a l l y r e a l i z e d t h a t this I i s l a n d h a d b e e n l e f t a p p a r e n t l y f o r g o t t e n in t h e m i d d l e ol f a r m a r e a , n a t i v e s b e g a n t o filter i n t o i t f r o m h o m e s which h a d o c c u p i e d o n t h e f a r m s b e f o r e t h e y w e r e a l i e n a t e d , ami f r o m t h e r e s e r v e . B y 1 9 2 3 , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e H u t T a x Census, h a d r e a c h e d t h e n u m b e r o f 312 p e r s o n s , a n d b y 1932 this ti h a d b e e n a l m o s t d o u b l e d a n d t h e r e w e r e 607 p e r s o n s on the] a d e n s i t y of 4 1 1 t o t h e s q u a r e m i l e .
;

3 9 0 . T h e n a t i v e e v i d e n c e r e p r e s e n t s t h a t t h e r e w e r e ten ill o n t h e l a n d , all b o u g h t f r o m a D o r o b o n a m e d K i m u n y i . A s o t h i s K i m u n y i a p p e a r e d b e f o r e M r . L y d e k k e r , D i s t r i c t Office! 1 9 2 1 , a n d a d m i t t e d t h e s a l e . W h i l e w e a r e n o t i m p r e s s e d bv s t a t e m e n t s a s t o t h e t a l e o f g o a t s p a i d o v e r , it a p p e a r s proba i n v i e w of a l l t h e e v i d e n c e , t h a t t h e K i k u y u h a d b e e n engaged a g c c d n u m b e r of y e a r s b e f o r e t h e f a m i n e in t h e p r o c e s s of rei i n g t h e D o r c b o o n t h e l a n d , a n d i n t h i s c a s e i t w o u l d appear t h e p r o c e s s h a d n o t b e e n c o m p l e t e d w h e n t h e f a m i n e occiirre 3 9 1 . I t a p p e a r s f r o m e v i d e n c e g i v e n to M r . L y d e k k e r it s o n of t h e D o r o b o " v e n d o r " a n d o n e o t h e r D o r o b o s t i l l had ill of t h e i r o w n on T i g o n i in 1921. 392. already the shows When 'to it The of the most probable conclusion the admittedly can never is t h a t before been covered have the the Kikuyn famine, effect acquired that in some rights in occupation land

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3 9 3 . T h e e x p e d i e n c y o f a l l o w i n g t h e s e n a t i v e s to renmir. t h i s i s l a n d in t h e m i d d l e of t h e L i m u r u f a r m a r e a has I c h a l l e n g e d n o t o n l y b y t h e E u r o p e a n s e t t l e r s of t h e neighbour: b u t a l s o b y s u c c e s s i v e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r s a t Kiarnbu. h a v e i t p r e r e r t e d t h a t i n t h e i n t e r e s t s of t h e n a t i v e s themsefc w o u l d b e f a r b e t t e r f o r t h e r e s e r v e t o b e c o n s o l i d a t e d . In J 1 9 3 0 , t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r w r o t e as f o l l o w s on the s l u of t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i v e d i f f i c u l t i e s w h i c h a r e o c c a s i o n e d b y out! f r a g m e n t e d p o r t i o n s of t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e : " I do n o t " t h i n k i t i s n e c e s s a r y to l a b o u r t h e point such i s l a n d s a r e m o s t p r e j u d i c i a l t o t h e e f f i c i e n t admin; t i o n of t h e d i s t r i c t . I t is a d i s t r i c t in w h i c h tribal c h a s b e c o m e w e a k e n e d b y t h e i n d i v i d u a l i s m of some o y o u n g e r g e n e r a t i o n a n d t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r hn;

K I K U Y U r CHAPTER X ]

PROVINCE EXCHANGES, ADJUSTMENTS, ETO.

c o m p l i c a t e d t a s k of d e c i d i n g w h e n i t is n e c e s s a r y t h a t t h e traditional authority should be m a i n t a i n e d and w h e n u p o n occasion i t m u s t b e l e t d o w n g e n t l y . " I t is n e c e s s a r y t o h a v e a n efficient s y s t e m of d i v i s i o n s and l o c a t i o n s u n d e r r e l i a b l e c h i e f s w h o m u s t be i n c l o s e t o u c h both w i t h t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r a n d w i t h t h e i r own people. " A s e c o n d p o i n t in t h e f i r m a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e d i s t r i c t is that G o v e r n m e n t o r d e r s m u s t b e s t r i c t l y e n f o r c e d . B u t t h i s becomes difficult w h e n t h e o r d e r s o p e r a t e h a r s h l y . When eyer t h e s e " i s l a n d e r s " m o v e o u t o f t h e i r i s l a n d w i t h o u t a registration certificate t h e y are liable to a r r e s t . " 394. W i t h t h e s e v i e w s w e a g r e e . H i s g e n e r a l p r o p o s a l w a s it the T i g c n i l a n d s h o u l d b e s u r r e n d e r e d in e x c h a n g e f o r a b l o c k iforest l a n d so s i t u a t e d as t o j o i n t h e L a r i N a t i v e R e s e r v e w i t h i main r e s e r v e , a n d so e l i m i n a t e t w o " i s l a n d s " b y a s i n g l e tharge. Ihe C o n s e r v a t o r of F o r e s t s h a s a g r e e d t o t h i s p r o p o s a l th certain m i n o r m o d i f i c a t i o n s . 895. T h e basis of e x c h a n g e p r o p o s e d w a s : (a) 11 a c r e s f o r e v e r y acre. form of (fa) C c m p e r e a t i o n f o r o r d i n a r y r o u n d h u t in t h e e x e m p t i o n f r o m o n e y e a r ' s tax on t h e h u t . ic) id) (e)

C o m p e n s a t i o n for a better-class hut or house to b e a cash c o m p e n s a t i o n ad valorem. C o m p e n s a t i o n for p l a n t e d at a cash v a l u a t i o n . trees (i.e., gums and wattles)

E a c h githaka h o l d e r o n t h e l a n d s u r r e n d e r e d to b e a l l o w e d to c h o o s e w h e t h e r h e w i l l t a k e h i s s u b s t i t u t e d githaka in t h e n o r t h e r n e x t e n s i o n b l o c k , w h i c h is of high a l t i t u d e , or in t h e o t h e r b l o c k s , w h i c h a r e l o w e r , b u t n o t to b e a l l o w e d t o c h o o s e t h e p r e c i s e l o c a l i t y w h i c h s h o u l d b e a t t h e d i s c r e t i o n of t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r a n d the l o c a l L a n d B o a r d .

(.0 C o m p e n s a t i o n f o r w i r e f e n c i n g , if a n y , a t a c a s h v a l u a t i o n . lq) S u f f i c i e n t t i m e t o b e a l l o w e d f o r t h e m o v e t o b e c o n d u c t e d w i t h o u t h a r d s h i p or i n c o n v e n i e n c e . '-)%. W e are satisfied f r o m t h e r e c o r d s t h a t e v e r y c a r e w a s en in p u t t i n g t h e s e p r o p o s a l s b e f o r e t h e n a t i v e s . N o less t h a n ee barazas w e r e h e l d , t h e first t w o t o e x p l o r e t h e p o s i t i o n a n d last t o a s c e r t a i n t h e o p i n i o n of t h e n a t i v e s u p o n t h e p r o p o s a l s , are s a t i s f i e d t h a t t h e n a t i v e s f u l l y u n d e r s t o o d t h e i r n a t u r e a n d tils, a n d t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of s i x out of t h e ten ithaka agreed, " a g r e e m e n t of o n e of t h e s i x , h o w e v e r , w a s c o n t i n g e n t u p o n a of l a n d b e i n g f o u n d f o r h i m i n t h e f o r e s t r e s e r v e n e a r

KJKTJYU PART ICHAPTER X ]

PROVINCE E X C H A N G E S , AD.JUSTMEN

H e a d m a n M u k o m a ' s , a n d n o t in t h e b l o c k s u g g e s t e d a coni s i o n w h i c h t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r u n d e r t o o k to r e c o m m e n l his case. 3 9 7 . W e c o n s i d e r it to b e a f a c t t h a t t h e giUiaka holdei n o w f o r t h e m o s t p a r t w i t h d r a w n t h e i r a g r e e m e n t , but we a s c l t h i s p r i n c i p a l l y t o t h e e x t r a v a g a n t h o p e s w h i c h t h e appointirj of the C o m m i s s i o n has raised. 3 9 8 . A f e r c o n s i d e r i n g t h e e v i d e n c e a n d t h e represent:!! m a d e f r o m a l l q u a r t e r s , w e b e l i e v e i t t o b e t o t h e advanta^J t h e s e n a t i v e s a n d the r e s e r v e as a w h o l e t h a t t h e y short o r d e r e d t o q u i t T i g o n i a n d b e a c c o m m o d a t e d and compensate the m a n n e r suggested above. Kithirioni Exchange. 3 9 9 . K i t h i r i o n i is a n i s l a n d of n a t i v e r e s e r v e of seventy s u r r o u n d e d b y t h e L a r i F o r e s t D e s e r v e . W e are satisfied thai is in t h e best i n t e r e s t s of t h e i n h a b i t a n t s t h a t t h e y should m o v e d f r o m t h e i r i s o l a t e d p o s i t i o n a n d b e c o n s o l i d a t e d with r e s t of t h e r e s e r v e , c o n d i t i o n s in r e g a r d t o c o m p e n s a t i o n 1 : t h e s a m e as f o r T i g o n i . T h i s c o u l d b e d o n e b y m o v i n g them a t h r e e - q u a r t e r s of a m i l e n o r t h of t h e i r p r e s e n t h o m e i n t o a n adjacent to the L a r i N a t i v e R e s e r v e . 4 0 0 . T h e p o s i t i o n of t h e s e n a t i v e s d i f f e r s f r o m that of T in t h a t t h e i r l a n d is - n a t i v e r e s e r v e , a n d t h e y c a n n o t be i u n l e s s t h e L a n d s T r u s t O r d i n a n c e is a m e n d e d . B u t in a p a r t of t h i s r e p o r t w e s h a l l m a k e p r o p o s a l s for an amemln; w h e r e b y a d v a n t a g e o u s e x c h a n g e s w o u l d b e p o s s i b l e , subject t h e c o n s e n t o f t h e L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l a n d t h e L a n d s T; Board. 4 0 1 . T h e t o t a l c o m p e n s a t o r y a r e a r e q u i r e d f o r Tigoni E x t e n t of L a n d required K i t h i r i o n i a t an a l l o w a n c e of a n a c r e a n d a h a l f f o r a n acre mi in Compensa tion for T i g o n i b e 1,522 acre-s. T h i s h a s t o b e a d d e d t o t h e a r e a of the genj and K i t h i r i o n i . c o m p e n s a t o r y a d d i t i o n . 402. W e , the reserve the in between This choice therefore, recommend the Bathi Reserve the River and of Laid have the t h a t 1,522 a c r e s be adde so as to form in a corn the pi main reserve the area,

s h o w n o n t h e s k e t c h m a p o p p o s i t e p a g e 24 o f t h e p r i n t e d evii would of effect consolidating but if they reserve, to take natives moved from in one Tigoni the and K i t h i r i o n i s h o u l d b e offered I prefer b l o c k s which

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-shall r e c o m m e n d t o b e a d d e d t o t h e r e s e r v e , w e d o n o t think t h e y s h o u l d b e p r e c l u d e d f r o m d o i n g s o , a n d w e n o t e that son) them have ( 2 ) L . O . 6905, the W h i t e Sisters. expressed White a preference Sisters for Muguga. a lease in 1912 of eerj 403. T h e obtained

l a n d c o n t a i n i n g a n a r e a o v e r w h i c h t h e n a t i v e s c l a i m rights, of t h e w e s t e r n b o u n d a r y a d j o i n i n g t h e r e s e r v e w a s n e v e r bead

361
KIKUYU I CHAPTER X ] PROVINCE EXCHANGES, ADJUSTMENTS, ETC.

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107. B u t t h e d0 a c r e s c o n s t i t u t e a s p e c i a l c a s e . T h e con ences of M r . I s a a c ' s m i s t a k e h a v e b e e n t h a t t h i s area is iy c o v e r e d w i t h d w e l l i n g s , a n d s o m e at l e a s t of t h e n a t i v e s tut t h e r e a p p e a r t o h a v e b e e n i n c o n t i n u o u s a n d u n c h a l l e n g e d ation f r o m a b o u t 1913 u n t i l 1928 w h e n t h e m i s t a k e in t h e clary w a s d i s c o v e r e d . T h e y m u s t be h e l d t o h a v e e s t a b l i s h e d scriptive r i g h t . I t w o u l d n o t b e f a i r t o m o v e t h e m w i t h o u t generous c o m p e n s a t i o n . W e r e c o m m e n d t h a t , in order that essary d i s t u r b a n c e m a y be a v o i d e d , t h e 8 0 a c r e s b e b o u g h t the W h i t e S i s t e r s , e i t h e r b y a g r e e m e n t o r , if n e c e s s a r y , u n d e r -and A c q u i s i t i o n A c t , a n d a d d e d t o t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e a s a f the l a n d s t o b e a d d e d in g e n e r a l c o m p e n s a t i o n to t h e t r i b e . 0 8 . T h e l a n d n o w o c c u p i e d at K a b e t e b y t h e G o v e r n m e n t (3) T h e Gov ( L . O . I S 9 ) a n d t h e G o v e r n m e n t F a r m E x t e n s i o n ( L . O . srnment F a r m , c o m p r i s i n g t o g e t h e r 1,518 a c r e s , w a s e x c i s e d f r o m t h e n a t i v e e r m n e n t ^ a r a i e, and a n u n d e r t a k i n g w a s g i v e n t h a t t h e l o c a l n a t i v e s s h o u l d Extension. n:pensated. T h e S e c r e t a r i a t files r e v e a l t h a t t h r e e a r e a s w e r e t o h a v e b e e n a l i e n a t e d a s f a r m s , w e r e i n c l u d e d in t h e e r e s e r v e , a n d w e r e c o n s i d e r e d as c o m p e n s a t i o n . T h e v w e r e ' 2000 ( w h i c h w a s s i t u a t e d b e t w e e n L . O . 2 9 1 / 1 a n d L . O . , L . O . 400 ( w h i c h ' w a s s i t u a t e d t o t h e w e s t of L . O . 2 4 7 / U . 0 . 4S9 ( w h i c h w a s s i t u a t e d b e t w e e n L . O . 8 6 a n d L . O . 2 2 ) . c o m p r i s e d 1,889 a c r e s a g a i n s t t h e 1.518 a c r e s o f t h e G o v e r n Parm and the G o v e r n m e n t F a r m E x t e n s i o n .

KIKUYU
PAST 1CHAPTER X j

1'ltOVINCE
E X C H A N G E S , ADJUSTMENTS

4 0 9 . T h e c o n t e n t i o n of t h e n a t i v e s is t h a t t h i s w a s not a e x c h a n g e for t w o r e a s o n s : F i r s t l y , that the areas given i c h a n g e w e r e o r i g i n a l l y K i k u y u t e r r i t o r y , a n d t h a t it i s u f f i c i e n t c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r t h e loss of t w o p i e c e s o f Kikuyu tt t o r y t h a t G o v e r n m e n t s h o u l d r e f r a i n f r o m a l i e n a t i n g three o: p i e c e s ; s e c o n d l y , t h a t t h e o r i g i n a l mbaris w h o h a d lived on t h r e e o t h e r p i e c e s n a t u r a l l y t o o k p o s s e s s i o n a n d r e s e n t e d any t r u s i o n b y t h e mba,ris d i s p o s s e s s e d of t h e l a n d a l i e n a t e d for Government Farm.
n 5

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not satisfactory, honoured.

t h a t t h e u n d e r t a k i n g t o c o m p e n s a t e has

4 1 1 . I t is u n d e r s t o o d t h a t t h e f a m i l i e s c o n c e r n e d are M b a r i y a N y u n g u a n d o t h e r inbaris m e n t i o n e d in c l a i m N o . 5 4 1 2 . O n t h e a l i e n a t i o n o f t h e l a n d m a n y o f these nal w e n t to s q u a t o n K a r e n C o f f e e E s t a t e , w h e r e t h e y remained O c t o b e r , 1 9 3 1 , w h e n t h e y w e r e e v i c t e d . G o v e r n m e n t , bavins a p p r i s e d in a d v a n c e o f t h e i n t e n t i o n t o e v i c t , m a d e arrange!) f o r t h e i r t e m p o r a r y a c c o m m o d a t i o n in t h r e e b l o c k s in the Di etti F o r e s t area. 4 1 3 . W e shall i n c l u d e t h e s e b l o c k s i n t h e l a n d w h i c h we r e c o m m e n d t o b e a d d e d t o t h e r e s e r v e i n g e n e r a l compensation t h e t r i b e . W e d o n o t c o n s i d e r it n e c e s s a r y o r a d v i s a b l e that s t a t u t o r y o r d e n n e d p r i v a t e r i g h t s s h o u l d b e c r e a t e d for mbari in i n d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , b u t w e recorm t h a t t h e b l o c k b e a d d e d t o t h e r e s e r v e a s a w h o l e . W e conn t h e c a s e o f t h e s e p a r t i c u l a r mbari t o t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n an m a r k t h a t an o b l i g a t i o n l i e s to e n s u r e t h a t t h e y are sui a c c o m m o d a t e d , a n d . in so f a r as m a y b e p r a c t i c a b l e or genetl d e s i r a b l e , w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t an a r e a b e set a s i d e for thei n o t l e s s in e x t e n t arid v a l u e t h a n t h e a r e a o r i g i n a l l y lost. (4) L . O . 383/1, 4 1 4 . T h e r e w e r e r i g h t h o l d e r s o n t h e l a n d alienated t "the Kiheriko A f r i c a I n l a n d M i s s i o n a t K i j a b e , a n d m o s t of t h e m w e r e oil Land." m b a r i k n o w n as K i h e r i k o . I t w a s a s s u m e d t h a t the wl t h e m %vere of t h a t mbari, a n d an a r r a n g e m e n t w a s m a d e beh t h e M i s s i o n a n d t h e K i h e r i k o w h e r e b y t h e M i s s i o n stirrendti 400 a c r e s o f l a n d t o t h e m i n c o n s i d e r a t i o n of b e i n g quit f u r t h e r c l a i m s . T h e a g r e e m e n t , d a t e d 1 0 t h F e b r u a r y , 1930, s i g n e d b y s i x t e e n s e n i o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e mbari. 41.5. T h e P r i n c i p a l of t h e M i s s i o n h a s a g r e e d and has cat! o u t t h e u n d e r t a k i n g s . T h e s u r v e y h a s b e e n c o m p l e t e d ; thej

K I K U Y U ICHAPTER X ]

PROVINCE EXCHANGES, ADJUSTMENTS, E T C .

been a l t e r e d ; a n d t h e r e n t p a y a b l e b y t h e M i s s i o n h a s b e e n ced i n it h a s proportion. in the been discovered that some of the natives claiming 116. T h e r e h a s p r o v e d t o b e a c a t c h i n t h i s a r r a n g e m e n t , t-holdings o n t h e p l a c e w e r e n o t of t h e K i h e r i k o c l a n , a n d

eriko a r e r e f u s i n g to l e t t h e m h a v e a s h a r e i n the 400 a c r e s . 417. T h e f o r m of a g r e e m e n t w h i c h w a s d a t e d 1 0 t h F e b r u a r y , , was signed on the one hand b y t h e A s s i s t a n t D i s t r i c t C o m ioner, K i a m b u a n d t h e D i s t r i c t S u r v e y o r , a n d o n t h e o t h e r by v a r i o u s n a t i v e s r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e K i h e r i k o mbari. I t is ie effect t h a t t h e e l d e r s a n d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e K i h e r i k o "in consideration of the voluntary surrender b y the Africa nd M i s s i o n of 4 0 0 a c r e s of l e a s e h o l d at K i j a b e f o r t h e b e n e 1 occupation of o u r c l a n . . . t h e b o u n d a r i e s o f w h i c h l a n d this d a y b e e n c l e a r l y p o i n t e d o u t t o us . . . h e r e b y r e n o u n c e lately o n b e h a l f of o u r s e l v e s , o u r f a m i l i e s a n d h e i r s , a l l c l a i m s tever t o t h e M i s s i o n a t K i j a b e , u n d e r 86 (i) . . . o r a n y r . . ." 418. T h e F i e l d D i r e c t o r -, 1929. In that letter s i g n i f i e d t h e a s s e n t of h i s he agreed t o surrender 400 governing 3rd to acres - in a l e t t e r t o t h e D i s t r i c t eminent " f o r t of t h i s a r e a jnts of Commissioner, K i a m b u , dated

t h e u s e of t h e K i h e r i k o c l a n " shall now satisfy in full

subject t o c e r t a i n previous oc

cations, of w h i c h t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t w a s " t h a t t h e r e l i n q u i s h all c l a i m s of the Mission the land comprising Estate."

419. W e a r e s a t i s f i e d t h a t b o t h t h e F i e l d D i r e c t o r of t h e slon a n d t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r w e r e u n d e r t h e m i s ehension t h a t t h e r e w e r e n o o t h e r r i g h t h o l d e r s t o be c o m ated e x c e p t t h e " K i h e r i k o c l a n " a n d t h a t i n d r a w i n g u p t h e 'n:ent t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s i o n e r i n t e n d e d t h e " K i h e r i k o c l a n " ever a l l t h e n a t i v e r i g h t h o l d e r s o n t h e e s t a t e , a n d w e h a v e h i s ranee t h a t i t n e v e r o c c u r r e d t o h i m t h a t t h e d o c u m e n t c o u l d any o t h e r s i g n i f i c a n c e t h a n a c o m p l e t e e x t i n g u i s h i n g of tative r i g h t s o n t h e e s t a t e in c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h e s u r r e n d e r C acres to G o v e r n m e n t to be used for the beneficial occupa O of t h e n a t i v e s a f f e c t e d . W e a r e satisfied Id n o t h a v e a g r e e d o n a n y o t h e r t e r m s . that the Mission

420. I n all t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s w e c o n s i d e r i t r i g h t t o r e c o m d that t h i s a r e a b e a d d e d t o t h e r e s e r v e w i t h o u t a n y s p e c i a l n a t i o n . o f p r i v a t e r i g h t s . W e c o n s i d e r t h a t , in a d m i n i s t e r i n g land, d u e r e g a r d should be g i v e n t o t h e c l a i m s o f t h e K i h e r i k o , o far as m a y b e p r a c t i c a b l e , b u t t h a t t h e y s h o u l d n o t b e eel to o v e r - r i d e t h e c l a i m s of o t h e r n a t i v e s w h o w e r e r e s i d e r t t f r i g h t , a n d w h o a p p e a r t o us i n e q u i t y t o h a v e e q u a l g r o u n d s

KJKUYU
PART ICHAPTER X ]

PROVINCE
IOXCHANGES, ADJUST JI EI

for consideration;. a n d just e q u i v a l e n t Commissioner

We for

are satisfied

that t h e 400 a c r e s w e r e b y all the i v them.

the rights surrendered any distinction

n a t i v e s a n d t h a t t h e r e w a s n o i n t e n t i o n o n t h e p a r t of the 1) to create between

frA

and L . O . 180. The Church of Scotland Mission.

TJ.O.

185/2

4 2 1 . T h e C h u r c h of S c o t l a n d M i s s i o n l a n d c o n s i s t s oi ;. of l e a s e h o l d a n d an a d j o i n i n g piece- of f r e e h o l d , both obtaii 1905. T h e l e a s e h o l d w a s 2,173 a c r e s l e a s e d " f o r the purp a g r i c u l t u r e , a n d b r e e d i n g a n d r a i s i n g c a t t l e " f o r a term y e a r s u n d e r t h e C r o w n L a n d s O r d i n a n c e , 1 9 0 2 . T h e freehold .1,000 a c r e s . O f t h e l e a s e h o l d 150 a c r e s h a v e b e e n sub-let to A l l i a n c e o f M i s s i o n a r y S o c i e t i e s , of w h i c h 100 a c r e s w e r e for A l l i a n c e H i g h S c h o o l a n d 50 a c r e s w e r e for t h e W o m e n ' s h,' trial H o m e . a 4 2 2 . A l a r g e n u m b e r of n a t i v e s r e s i d e oi.) t h e mission l w h o c l a i m t o be t h e r e as ( !' r i g h t . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e e v i d e n c e t! w o u l d a p p e a r t o be a b o u t 1,450 n a t i v e s n o w r e s i d e n t , w h o d to b e e i t h e r m e m b e r s Njunu the named exist. 423. M r . of the C a l d e r w o c d a n d M r . B a r l o w g a v e e v i d e n c e as re to surrender 2,000 The acres first of land to the N;; that sen t i n g t h e e x e c u t i v e of t h e M i s s i o n , a n d e x p r e s s e d t h e willing! Mission on Beserve certain conditions. condition was or e l s e t e n a n t s Bera. land of H i n g a or of t h e wi&nri of t h e mbari A c o u n t e r c l a i m to i of t h e s e mbari.

h a s b e e n s u b m i t t e d b y the d e s c e n d a n t s of a Lore W e h a v e i o i n t e n t i o n of p r o n o u n c i n g on the that

m e r i t s of t he: e c l a i m s , b u t it i s i m p o r t a n t t o r e m e m b e r

a r e a s u r r e n d e r e d b e p e r m a n e n t l y s e c u r e d t o t h e K i k u y u people t h e i r use a n d o c c u p a t i o n . to a c c e p t i n g t h a t be g i v e n to those T h e r e would naturally he n o obiec condition. natives now residing on the Mission lam

4 2 4 . T h e s e c o n d c o n d i t i o n w a s t h a t p r i o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s!i
1

h a v e , or m a y

be presumed

to h a v e , a l e g a l c l a i m t i n d e r the t h e M i s s i o n acq The It descend; .!;

1

L a n d s O r d i n a n c e , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h o s e w h o h a v e left the est a: t i m e s p a s t , but w h o w e r e in o c c u p a t i o n w h e n the land and who may now wish to return. such o r i g i n a l o c c u p i e r s w e r e a l s o i n c l u d e d . on the M i s s i o n land for a long period, but

w a s asked in have!, are not origi

t i o n t h a t t h e p r e s e n t M i s s i o n s q u a t t e r s , m a n y of w h o m who

o c c u p i e r s , s h o u l d n o t b e d e t e r r e d f r o m s e t t l i n g o n the surrende p o r t i o n s h o u l d t h e y so d e s i r e . 4 2 5 . T h e t h i r d c o n d i t i o n , w h i c h w a s a r e q u e s t r a t h e r that c o n d i t i o n , w a s t h a t githaka r i g h t s m a y b e r e s t o r e d , if possiblf t h o s e w h o o r i g i n a l l y h a d t h e m . A n d if i t is n o t p o s s i b l e to res

KTTCUYU

il-CHAPTER

X]

PROVINCE EXCHANGES,

ADJUSTMENTS,

ETC

over t h e w h o l e o f

the l a n d , then

it w a s a s k e d t h a t t h e y

be

red o v e r p a r t of the l a n d , a n d t h a t t h e mbari.? u), W a h o t h i and W a g i t h u k n 126. T h e final we condition regarded was ining t o t h e M i s s i o n 27. W h i l e athy w i t h gree and that the es should in m u s t should that the

of H i n g a , A l u t u r i iihakd. land much could of the. of the

in p a r t i c u l a r s h o u l d h a v e residue freehold. all b e c o m e

t h i s offer as g e n e r o u s and had u n d e r l y i n g these p r o p o s a l s , w e stipulation that the that rights the private between

the i n t e n t i o n it i s a, fair be m a d e Mission, necessarily so

rights by

t h e s u b j e c t of a b a r g a i n prevail against

Govern- equally There as is

safeguarded natives.

claims, perhaps by other on

rounded, w h i c h m a y as it h a p p e n s , 1 in 1 Nos. 1, 65/268). 2 and

be advanced family of the 8

disputed

claims "Mbari"

this e s t a t e , claims

(Evidence, in the the be

B u t e v e n if t h e r e w e r e n o such p o i n t s of c o n t e n t i o n , c l e a r l y h e u n w i s e , s i n c e it w o u l d r e s u l t would impede a the process of adapting with would

a guarantee would e district, In s y s t e m 28. Wo which

reation of an a n o m a l o u s f o r m of t e n u r e in t h i s p a r t i c u l a r p a r t in c o n f o r m i t y therefore and area We the with modern to requirements. interview that it

arranged should for

further them

ion a u t h o r i t i e s ruble t h a t al c o n d i t i o n s .

represented

be added

to t h e r e s e r v e the private

without would of and the giving rights

g a v e our assurance that our R e p o r t safeguarding Kikuyu on this (vide

lin r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s security ITT

es, and w o u l d a l s o p r o p o s e t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of r u l e s for to tenants in Relying section passim). assurance. Dr.

517 b e l o w Arthur,

rater of t h e A l i s s i o n , a g r e e d t o s u r r e n d e r t h e 2 , 0 0 0 a c r e s f o r ion to t h e r e s e r v e w i t h o u t a n y s p e c i a l c o n d i t i o n s a s to t e n u r e . 29. W e r e c o m m e n d t h a t in consideration of the surrender of or '0 t h o u s a n d a c r e s t h e r e s i d u e of 1,000 a c r e s r e m a i n i n g t o t h e 011 s h o u l d all b e f r e e h o l d , a n y i n c i d e n t a l c o s t o f c o n v e r s i o n y being b o r n e :'S0. I n by Government. we shall make a recommendation about lying than lands now find

section 474 b e l o w

w o u l d h a v e t h e e f f e c t of c o n n e c t i n g t h e N d e i y a g r a z i n g a r e a i area s u r r e n d e r e d , b y m e a n s of a c o r r i d o r c o n s i s t i n g o f 31. L . O . 123 is a p i e c e of l a n d , 2,049 a c r e s i n e x t e n t , to the east of R u i r u Township, and more tired a c r e s of l a n d e x c i s e d f r o m t h e D a g o r e t t i E o r e s t R e s e r v e . two m i l e s

miles f r o m t h e n e a r e s t p o i n t of t h e K i k u y u N a t i v e

Reserve,

s r e s e r v e d for t h e n a t i v e s i n 1904- w h e n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g a l i e n a t e d , b u t is n o t i n c l u d e d i n t h e N a t i v e R e s e r v e as ted. The reason for its reservation in 1904 was tc

KIICUYU
PART I C H A P T E R X]

PROVINCE
EXCHANGES, ADJUSTMENTS

accommodation lands of which depasturing

for

natives disturbed had formerly cattle.

b y t h e a l i e n a t i o n of ctrl use in s o m e decree!

they

made

their

4 3 2 . F o r s o m e y e a r s b e f o r e 1 9 3 1 n a t i v e s h a d ceased to oo t h i s l a n d , a n d in J a n u a r y alienation 433. another equivalent to t h e H u a i of t h a t y e a r G o v e r n m e n t but w i t h authorize Sisal C o m p a n y , t h e proviso

t h e q u e s t i o n o f c o m p e n s a t i o n m u s t r e m a i n o p e n f o r considers S i n c e w e a r e n o w p r o p o s i n g t o c o m p e n s a t e the Kikti manner (namely, by block to additions in o t h e r quari t o t h e b a l a n c e of l o s s s u f f e r e d lapse. b y t h e t r i b e ) , thee

to this area should be a l l o w e d

(7) L.O. 4961, 4 3 4 . L . O . 4 9 6 1 , g e n e r a l l y k n o w n as P a u l C l a r k e ' s Par: "Paul a n a r e a of 669 a c r e s w h i c h w a s g r a n t e d i n f r e e h o l d in 1901 Clai'ke's Farm." w a s n o t o c c u p i e d e x c e p t f o r a s h o r t p e r i o d in 1906 w h e n Go m e n t u s e d i t f o r d e p a s t u r i n g c a t t l e c a p t u r e d in t h e E m b u Ex tion. years It changed its hands twice, and came into the ownershi M r . P a u l C l a r k e , w h o first b e g a n t o d e v e l o p it in 1 9 2 5 , twenty after first alienation. T h e farm have is comp Eeserve, and they b e e n using i 435. T h e natives p r o m p t l y protested. surrounded by N a t i v e as a n y o t h e r p a r t of t h e r e s e r v e . that with they had k n o w n that nothing Mr. of

T h e y s t a t e d t h a t t h e reason it. were considered by Coven by a gran Thei ainounti was compensated

t h e y h a d n o t p r o t e s t e d w h e n t h e f a r m w a s o r i g i n a l l y alienate' 436. T h e s e the result representations Clarke

l a n d e l s e w h e r e , a n d L . O . 496.1 r e v e r t e d t o t h e C r o w n . c l a i m of right w a s m e t by a p r o p o r t i o n of the f a r m Native been cupied Eeserve. to the of An the land. land acre and Maragua a half Electric of

276 a c r e s b e i n g set a s i d e f o r t h e i r u s e , b u t it w a s not gazetl t h e r e m a i n d e r has Company. T! acres) r a n k s as leased Power 391A

mainder

(approximately

Crown

4 3 7 . B e c a u s e t h e l a n d f a l l s - w i t h i n t h e a r e a w h i c h we f o u n d t o h a v e b e e n E i k u y u t e r r i t o r y a n d b e c a u s e it is ent s u r r o u n d e d b y g a z e t t e d N a t i v e E e s e r v e , w e r e c o m m e n d tli w h o l e o f it b e g a z e t t e d a s N a t i v e E e s e r v e , a n d t h a t the re the leased area be paid to the L o c a l N a t i v e Council. (8) L.O. 325/R, Saba tiSaba, Ltd. 438. L . O . 325/B, S a b a - S a b a , Limited, l i e s outside tin w h i c h w e h a v e f o u n d to h a v e b e e n K i k u y u t e r r i t o r y , and the e n c e s h o w s t h a t as l a t e a s 1908 t h e r e w e r e o n l y a v e r y f e w Ki h u t s on Seth it (compare the e v i d e n c e 195). of Air. P . P I . Jordan a d n Smith at section

364
KIKUYU
T

PROVINCE
EXCHANGES, ADJUSTMENTS, ETC.

PTIAPTER X"i

The

District

Commissioner

has

given

evidence claim

to

the

et that a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1,000 a c r e s of t h e f a r m a r e n o w o c c u p i e d 45 n a t i v e s a n d t h e i r f a m i l i e s , a n u m b e r of t-holders a n d others who claim rights on whom other to be the p a r t s of

MO. S i n c e w e h a v e f o u n d t h a t the l a n d l i e s o u t s i d e t h e b o u n d s of w h a t ressed w i t h 111. A 1,000 was effective K i k u y u the claims to r i g h t territory, holdings. native occupation He (in the we are not greatly

s u g g e s t i o n m a d e b y t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r is t h a t acres which are now under on t h e p l a n a t t a c h e d t o h i s e v i d e n c e ) b e t h e m 1,000 acquired considers

tion s h o w n

aba-Saba, L i m i t e d , and added t o the r e s e r v e . this c o u l d b e d o n e b y o f f e r i n g one or t h a t t h e land

acres elsewhere. the the may

142. I n v i e w of all t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h i s be p u r c h a s e d , a n d w e c o n s i d e r t h a t added t o t h e r e s e r v e m u s t b e u n d e r s t o o d t o f o r m p a r t of ral c o n d e n s a t i o n to t h e t r i b e , and t h a t t h e b l o c k a d d i t i o n educed a c c o r d i n g l y . 443. T h e r e is a l s o a s m a l l m a t t e r of 22 a c r e s of t h e f a r m w h i c h (Thika the They a r e i n c l u d e d in t h e f a r m , according to o the n o r t h of t h e P u b l i c W o r k s D e p a r t m e n t m a i n r o a d brfc H a l l ) .

deeds, but in t h e r e s e r v e a c c o r d i n g to t h e g a z e t t e m e n t of 1 9 2 6 : the d e p o s i t e d p l a n w h i c h a c c o m p a n i e d t h e g a z e t t e m e n t the t i t l e d e e d s a n d n o t w i t h the g a z e t t e m e n t . The agreed District acquired to be

missioner s t a t e s t h a t t h e n a t i v e s h a v e b e e n i n b e n e f i c i a l o c c u p a since 1908 a n d m u s t , in h i s o p i n i o n , b e h e l d t o h a v e escriptive r i g h t . We lit f r o m t h e f a r m a n d a d d e d t o t h e r e s e r v e . 444. L . O . 1 3 2 2 , D a g o r e t t i T o w n s h i p R e s e r v e , h a s b e e n e x ed f r o m t h e N a t i v e R e s e r v e . I t is t h e site of the Dafforetti . rrnent occupied n shops. sub-station, by . which is now closed,
to

consider that t h e 22 acres ought

(9) L . O . . 1323, K etti

a o r

township and besides the Reserve, 50

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the G o v e r n m e n t the G o v e r n m e n t fifty

buildings there buildings and

a r e also a f e w fifty We acres, but would recommend service Native W e shops

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acres r o u n d the w h o l e

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acres be returned to the r e s e r v e , but that t e n and social shops b e i n g paid to the L o c a l

re, t h e r e n t s f r o m t h e s wholly

cil, b u t t h e a r e a o c c u p i e d b y t h e G o v e r n m e n t S t a t i o n , w h i c h f o r t h e b e n e f i t of t h e n a t i v e s , b e i n g r e n t f r e e . annum. nforrred t h a t t h e r e v e n u e s a t p r e s e n t d e r i v e d f r o m t h e s h o p s 57-12-0 p e r

KIKUYU
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-445. W e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e w h o l e a r e a m a y l e g i t i m a t e i n c l u d e d as p a r t of t h e 2 1 , 0 0 0 a c r e s of c o m p e n s a t o r y land w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d to be added t o the r e s e r v e . (10) Njengu Salt-lick. 446. N j e n g u s a l t - l i c k i s p a r t o f the S o u t h N y e r i X R e s e r v e a n d is j o i n e d t o t h e m a i n r e s e r v e b y a r o a d of access a p p e a r s that s q u a t t e r s t o c k f r o m t h e N o r t h N y e r i settled I a l s o use t h i s s a l t - l i c k a n d , s i n c e t h e y b e l o n g t o K i k u y u , it i s j certain that the natives do n o t g r u d g e t h e m this facility. 1 n e c e s s i t y f o r p r o p e r c o n t r o l t o p r e v e n t i n f e c t i o n m a k e s it nece; t o r e c o m m e n d t h a t a p a r t o f t h e s a l t - l i c k b e k e p t f o r the tis s q u a t t e r c a t t l e . W e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e e x a c t a r r a n g e m e n t s cr a e f f e c t e d b y n e g o t i a t i o n a n d t h e r e is n o o c c a s i o n f o r any deta r e c o m m e n d a t i o n o n o u r p a r t , b u t w e a g r e e w i t h tlste g e n e r a l oh o f t h e p r o p o s a l . T h e r e i s n o n e e d f o r e x c i s i o n a n d t h e method be either by setting aside or by lease. T h e r e h a s a l s o b e e n a p r o p o s a l for c h a n g i n g t h e line o; p r o a c h t o t h e s a l t - l i c k , a n d t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s of the witne s t a n d o n t h e r e c o r d of t h e e v i d e n c e ( p . 5 1 2 ) . W e commend g e n e r a l l i n e s of t h e p r o p o s a l of t h e M o u n t K e n y a Associatioi t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f G o v e r n m e n t a n d s u g g e s t t h a t , w h e n a. a b l e a l t e r n a t i v e r o u t e h a s b e e n f o u n d it s h o u l d b e t w o hunt f e e t w i d e . T h e r e q u i r e d a d j u s t m e n t s h o u l d t h e n b e m a d e by c h a n g e u n d e r t h e e n a b l i n g c l a u s e s w h i c h w e s h a l l recommenc b e included in t h e L a n d s T r u s t O r d i n a n c e . (11) Salt-lick, N y e r i Town ship. 4 4 7 . T h e s a l t - l i c k i n N y e r i T o w n s h i p is c l a i m e d b y the nat: b u t i n v i e w of t h e e v i d e n c e w e h a v e r e c e i v e d w e do not cons, t h a t a c a s e h a s b e e n m a d e o u t f o r e x c i s i n g it f r o m the towns a n d a d d i n g it t o t h e N a t i v e R e s e r v e . T h e r e a r e s t r o n g med o b j e c t i o n s t o t h e u s e of t h e s a l t - l i c k b y t h e n a t i v e s , and we tt t h a t s u c h a m a t t e r s h o u l d b e o n e w h i c h t h e t o w n s h i p author: should decide themselves. 4 4 8 . T h e r e is a p i e c e of l a n d a t t h e s o u t h - w e s t corn: Ndei.ya w h i c h t h e K i k u y u loan to t h e M a s a i in exchange p i e c e of l a n d t o t h e s o u t h - e a s t of N d e i y a , n e a r the Dagorl F o r e s t . T h i s i s n o m i n a l l y a n a n n u a l a r r a n g e m e n t and it is to] m u t u a l c o n v e n i e n c e o f b o t h p a r t i e s ; i t h a s b e e n suggested p e r m a n e n t e x c h a n g e , s o m e w h a t o n t h e l i n e s of t h e present m e n t , m i g h t b e e f f e c t e d . W e s h a l l r e t u r n t o t h e consideration t h i s m a t t e r i n s e c t i o n s 701 a n d 709 b e l o w , w h e n w e are de with the Masai Province. 4 4 9 . T h e r e a r e v a r i o u s m i n o r a d j u s t m e n t s w h i c h could e a h a v e b e e n m a d e b y e x c h a n g e , if t h e L a n d s T r u s t Ordinance p r o v i d e d a m a c h i n e r y f o r e x c h a n g e s . W e c o n s i d e r that we s ! d i s c h a r g e o u r d u t y i n r e s p e c t of t h e s e c a s e s if w e r e c o m m e n d ; a b l e p r o v i s i o n t o b e m a d e i n t h e o r d i n a n c e , a n d i t is n o t nece-;

(12) The Ndeiya Exchange

(13) Various Minor Adjustments.

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.is t o e x a m i n e t h e m i n d i v i d u a l l y . tion of an a c r e , L . O .

I n s t a n c e s of t h i s k i n d a p p e a r an 187 not

e p r o v i d e d b y t h e c a s e s of G e t h u m b w i n i , L i m i t e d , r e g a r d i n g a 226 ( M i s s C o l l y e r ) r e g a r d i n g p a r t of of a b o u n d a r y . the reserve , L . O . 227 ( M r s . G r i s t ) r e g a r d i n g 0.7 o f an a c r e a n d L . O . Boedeker) regarding the straightening also cases been m a d e where approved a additions to b e c a u s e of difficulties remedy. general recommendations that have

There which

in t h e o r d i n a n c e , f o r

hall h a v e t o p r o p o s e 450. W e 'de exceptions to

Special Cases c o m affecting thp Question or ation s h o u l d be p a i d in l a n d up t o t h e full v a l u e of t h e l a n d Compensation. T h e r e a s o n f o r r e g a r d i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g c a s e s as e x c e p t i o n a l our applied for the direct benefit of t h e natives.

n o w t u r n t o t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n of s p e c i a l c a s e s w h i c h

at the l a n d s u r r e n d e r e d h a s , i n w h o l e o r i n p a r t , b e e n

Tviees

451. T h e t o t a l a c r e a g e a l i e n a t e d to m i s s i o n s o r e d u c a t i o n a l (1) Mission^ tutions w i t h i n t h e a r e a w h i c h w e h a v e f o u n d to h a v e b e e n and Eduo* tional riiyu t e r r i t o r y " m a y b e assessed a t 7,939 a c r e s as s h o w n in Institutions endix 3. T h e s e i n s t i t u t i o n s a r e of d i r e c t b e n e f i t t o t h e K i k u y u , on that g r o u n d a c l a i m m i g h t be b a s e d t h a t t h e w h o l e of t h e s e s should b e p l a c e d , so t o s p e a k , o n the f r e e l i s t , t h a t i s t o s a y , w e s h o u l d n o t r e c o m m e n d a n y c o m p e n s a t i o n t o be p a i d use of t h e m . A V e d o n o t , h o w e v e r , t a k e t h a t v i e w e n t i r e l y , distinguish t w o c l a s s e s o f such l a n d , n a m e l y , l a n d n e c e s s a r y he m i s s i o n or o t h e r e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n t o d i s c h a r g e i t s tions s a t i s f a c t o r i l y , a n d l a n d w h i c h h a s b e e n g r a n t e d as a es of e n d o w m e n t . S i n c e a g r i c u l t u r a l i n s t r u c t i o n is a n i m nt part of t h e t r a i n i n g , t h e a c r e a g e f a l l i n g i n t h e first of t h e s e cries is f a i r l y l a r g e , a n d p r o v i s i o n for t h e h o u s e s a n d g a r d e n s sident n a t i v e a d h e r e n t s of the m i s s i o n m a y o c c u p y a c o n able a r e a i n s o m e c a s e s . M o r e o v e r , a p l a n t a t i o n of w a t t l e r e w o o d is g e n e r a l l y r e q u i r e d . T a k i n g t h e s e p o i n t s i n t o c o n l i o n w e h a v e a g r e e d t o r e g a r d 2 , 3 0 0 a c r e s a s t h e t o t a l sum d a c t u a l l y r e q u i r e d t o e n a b l e a l l t h e s e i n s t i t u t i o n s t o fulfil functions. I t has b e e n necessary t o be arbitrary and to an a s s e s s m e n t o n p r o b a b i l i t i e s . Captain W i l s o n considered to be t h e b e s t a s s e s s m e n t w h i l e M r . F f e m s t e d t h o u g h t 2 , 1 0 0 , we h a v e a g r e e d t o c o m p r o m i s e o n t h e figure s t a t e d . 52. A l l lead of t h e r e m a i n d e r of t h e l a n d w e c o n s i d e r t o f a l l endowment sold land, intended to be f a r m e d at a under profit right be

tier to p r o v i d e f u n d s f o r t h e m i s s i o n , a n d in s e m e c a s e s p a r t s have b e e n eneral or s u b - l e a s e d . that "We do not equal c o n s i d e r it land of t h i s c h a r a c t e r s h o u l d be e x e m p t e d f r o m t h e s c o p e of recommendations compensation lost. must for t h e K i k u y u in r e t u r n for t h e l a n d

KiKUYU
PART ICHAPTER XJ

ritOVlNCE
EXCHANGES, ADJUSTMENTS

453. B u t i n r e g a r d t o t h e 2,300 a c r e s w e c o n s i d e r t h a t fication e x i s t s f o r p u t t i n g t h e m o n t h e " f r e e l i s t . " E v e n h, m i g h t b e o b j e c t e d t h a t , h o w e v e r m u c h t h e t r i b e as a whole h a v e been a d v a n t a g e d , there were right holders w h o w o n p o s s e s s e d , a n d t h e r e f o r e f u l l c o m p e n s a t i o n m u s t b e paid. \ l a n d t e n u r e h a s b e c c m e t r u l y i n d i v i d u a l , t h i s o b j e c t i o n would t o b e s u s t a i n e d , b u t a s t h i n g s w e r e w h e n t h e l a n d w a s alien a n d as t h e y s t i l l a r e , a l l u n c u l t i v a t e d l a n d , t h o u g h subje " r i g h t s " , is a t t h e d i s p o s a l of t h e w h o l e t r i b e f o r p u r p o s e s o f i n g , a n d m o s t of t h e l a n d a l i e n a t e d t o m i s s i o n s w a s of t h a t T h i s p o i n t h a s b e e n c o n s i d e r e d in a l l i t s b e a r i n g s in a pre c h a p t e r , a n d w e a r e s a t i s f i e d t h a t n o i n j u s t i c e w i l l be c a n s , a n y o n e by the course proposed. 454. W e , t h e r e f o r e , r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e t o t a l compens a c r e a g e s h o w n a s p a y a b l e t o t h e K i k u y u b e r e d u c e d b y 2,BOO in c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h e b e n e f i t s w h i c h t h e K i k u y u a r e r l c m i n g the institutions concerned. (2) N y e r i Township. 455. N y e r i T o w n s h i p R e s e r v e c o m p r i s e s approximately a c r e s . I t c o n t a i n s t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i v e H e a d q u a r t e r s of t h e v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r a n d of t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r i n e! of t h e N y e r i N a t i v e B e s e r v e as w e l l as t h e D i s t r i c t Commiss in c h a r g e cf t h e s e t t l e d a r e a . T h e r e is a h o s p i t a l f o r natives. numerous shops and stores. 450. H a v i n g r e g a r d t o t h e c o n d i t i o n s o b t a i n i n g at t h e w h e n t h e l a n d w a s a l i e n a t e d , w e d o n o t c o n s i d e r t h a t any r lar group w a s u n g e n e r o u s l y treated. C h i e f N d u i n i a n d Head N d e r i , t h e r e s p e c t i v e h e a d s of t h e s e c t i o n s m o s t concerned u n d o u b t e d l y b e e n a d v a n c e d in p o s i t i o n a n d p r o s p e r i t y since G o v e r n m e n t S t a t i o n w a s e s t a b l i s h e d , a n d a d e q u a t e provision m a d e f o r t h e l a n d r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e i r p e o p l e , w h o also prospered from them propinquity t o the t o w n . 457. W e f e e l j u s t i f i e d i n r e c o m m e n d i n g t h a t t h e townshi r e g a r d e d as e x i s t i n g e q u a l l y f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f t h e r e s e r v e a s e t t l e d a r e a , a n d t h a t 7C0 a c r e s , r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e h a l f intere t h e n a t i v e s , b e p l a c e d o n w h a t w e h a v e c a l l e d t h e " f r e e list w h i c h n o c o m p e n s a t i o n will be r e q u i r e d . 458. T h e t o w n s h i p s o f F o r t H a l l a n d K i a m b u are inc in the N a t i v e B e s e r v e a n d call f o r n o special r e m a r k s in this The Total of List" '
1 1 6 0 o n , n

4 5 9 . T h e t o t a l of t h e l a n d w h i c h w e r e c o m m e n d for i r e " l i s t " ( i . e . , l a n d f o r w h i c h n o c o m p e n s a t i o n nee p a i d ) is 3,CCO a c r e s , of w h i c h 2,300 a c r e s r e p r e s e n t land d d e v e l o p e d as m i s s i o n s t a t i o n s and 700 a c r e s r e p r e s e n t the e ? of t h e n a t i v e i n t e r e s t i n N y e r i T o w n s h i p .
e l r e e

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60. T h e r e s u l t of o u r s u m m a r y in C h a p t e r Y I w a s t o s h o w The Acreage a l t o g e t h e r 2 6 5 - s q u a r e m i l e s of t e r r i t o r y h a v e b e e n g i v e n b y recommended to be added. -nment to t h e K i k u y u a n d I G O i square, m i l e s h a v e b e e n t a k e n , an a p p a r e n t g a i n of 156 s q u a r e m i l e s t o t h e K i k u y u . But taking i n t o account the c o m p a r a t i v e values of the l a n d g i v e n a k e n , w e f o u n d t h a t t h e v a l u e of w h a t h a s b e e n t a k e n f r o m \ ikuyu is g r e a t e r t h a n w h a t h a s b e e n g i v e n t o therm by a , w h i c h w e assessed as 1 9 , 5 2 0 acres of g o o d a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d section 2 2 5 ) . B u t in o u r r e v i e w of s p e c i a l cases i n C h a p t e r X a-ve f o u n d t h a t t h e r e a r e 3 , 0 0 0 acres of t h i s l a n d f o r w h i c h n o ensation n e e d be p a i d b e c a u s e t h e l a n d i s d e v o t e d t o s e r v i c e s ehalf of the K i k u y u . T h e b a l a n c e of l a n d w e r e c o m m e n d to b e d to t h e r e s e r v e in e x c h a n g e f o r l a n d lost is, t h e r e f o r e , 1 6 , 5 2 0 461. B u t t h i s a m o u n t m u s t b e i n c r e a s e d b y 2 , 0 0 0 a c r e s to b e oned as a g e n e r a l c o m p e n s a t i o n for d i s t u r b a n c e ; a f u r t h e r acres in c o n n e x i o n w i t h t h e a d m i s s i o n t o t h e r e s e r v e of in D o r o b o n o w r e s i d e n t in t h e F o r e s t R e s e r v e ; a n d , if t h e itions p r o p o s e d f o r t h e T i g o n i a n d K i t h i r i o n i e x c h a n g e s a r e ted, a f u r t h e r 1,522 a c r e s t o pjrovide f o r t h e m . 62. O n t h e s e f i g u r e s t h e t o t a l i n f a v o u r of t h e K i k u y u b e s 21,042 a c r e s . B u t in a c a l c u l a t i o n of this k i n d i t is n o t le to b e e x a c t l y a c c u r a t e , a n d w e c o n s i d e r t h a t it is b e t t e r m e a r o u n d figure a n d c a l l it 21,000 a c r e s , a n d w e r e c o r n that t h i s a m o u n t of l a n d be a d d e d t o the K i k u y u N a t i v e ve. T h i s is e x c l u s i v e of c e r t a i n o t h e r a r e a s w h i c h a r e dy in n a t i v e o c c u p a t i o n a n d h a v e b e e n r e c k o n e d b y us t h r o u g h ris c a l c u l a t i o n , a s e x p l a i n e d in t h e n o t e s a n d t a b l e in C h a p t e r o be a l r e a d y p a r t o f t h e N a t i v e R e s e r v e , a l t h o u g h t h e i r f o r m a l ion h a s n o t y e t b e e n c o n c l u d e d b y g a z e t t e m e n t . T h e y a r e : ' M w e a : 205 s q . m i l e s ( a d d i t i o n a p p r o v e d b y H i s E x c e l lency t h e G o v e r n o r in Council). L.O. L.O. 63. W e 4450 : 0.69 s q . 3 8 8 / 1 : 0.62 sq. miles. miles, n o w be g i v e n : Recommenda Settlement of $j^^k" "
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388/1, c o m p r i s i n g in a l l s o m e 132,038 a c r e s , b e a d d e d t o t h e e Eeserve;

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KIKITYU PART ICHAPTER X I ]

PROVINCE SETTLEMENT OF THE CLAIMS

e x t e n t o f 2 1 , 0 0 0 a c r e s c o n t i g u o u s t o t h e N a t i v e R e s e r v e be to i t , t h e s a i d t o t a l b e i n g c o m p r i s e d a s u n d e r : Acres Item Item Item Item Compensation for land lost to the tribe In connexion with the admission Dorobo to the Reserve In exchange for Tigoni In exchange for Kithirioni less 42 acres discounted in section 462 above of certain 1,000 1,417 105 21,042 42 ^1,000 ( i i i ) T h a t K i t h i r i o n i c e a s e t o b e a p a r t of t h e r e s e r v e and bee F o r e s t R e s e r v e , s u b j e c t t o the p a r t i c u l a r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s in s e c t i o n s 4 0 0 a n d 402 a b o v e ; ( i v ) t h a t T i g o n i c e a s e to be sut to n a t i v e r i g h t s a n d b e u n a l i e n a t e d C r o w n l a n d at t h e dispos G o v e r n m e n t s u b j e c t t o r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s m a d e in section a b o v e ; ( v ) t h a t a sunn o f ;t'2,000 s h o u l d b e p a i d t o t h e L o c a l Ni C o u n c i l s of K i a n i b u , F o r t H a l l a n d N y e r i , in such proportion G o v e r n m e n t a f t e r i n q u i r y m a y c o n s i d e r j u s t , t o b e used by t for c o m p e n s a t i n g K i k u y u n a t i v e s w h o a r e s t i l l l i v i n g outside: r e s e r v e u n d e r a v a l i d c l a i m of r i g h t u n d e r s e c t i o n 86 of the Ct L a n d s O r d i n a n c e , 1 9 1 5 , o r u n d e r s e c t i o n s 30 a n d 3 1 of the C r L a n d s O r d i n a n c e , 1 9 0 2 , o r b y p r e s c r i p t i v e r i g h t ; ( v i ) T h a t in s i d e r a t i o n of t h e c o m p e n s a t i o n r e c o m m e n d e d a b o v e both in f o r m of l a n d a n d c a s h , all r i g h t s c l a i m e d b y t h e K i k n y u trib b y a n y c l a n , g r o u p , f a n i i t y o r i n d i v i d u a l of t h e t r i b e in res of l a n d o u t s i d e t h e K i k u y u N a t i v e R e s e r v e , a s it shall stand l a r g e d a s a r e s u l t of o u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s , shall b e extinguni e x c e p t f o r such r i g h t s , if a n y . a s m a y b e s e c u r e d upon title. 464. T o this recommendation, which deals only with 16,520 2,000 Item : General compensation for disturbance

hi it
or

to:

lit? 6

s e t t l e m e n t of e x i s t i n g r i g h t s a n d c l a i m s , w e s h a l l subsequently a n o t h e r , in w h i c h w e propjose a f u r t h e r r e s e r v a t i o n of land to tribe on -economic g r o u n d s . Report merit of Proposals for finding 21,000 Acres for addition to the Reserve. This will is o u r claims. will the be of advantage if we n b e a t a l a t e r stage i n finding r e g a r d i n g the n a f t e r e x a m i n i n g t h e e c o n o m i c r e q u i r e m e n t s of the p e e e x i s t i n g disputes and consider as t o not that it

B u t the above r e c o m m e n d a t i o n

465. W e some W e

suggestion ourselves

where

2 1 , 0 0 0 a c r e s a r e to be f m o them, but it should not h e

B u t w e d o riot w i s h t o p r e c l u d e t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n of alternati shall examine g a r d e d as in a n y w a y i n c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e g e n e r a l implenienl

IvIKLVU
I (JlIAl'TEH X I ] .

JMtOVlNCr.
SlMTLBMBNT OV T U B Cl.AI.MS OJ* ItlCIHT

,r R e p o r t i f G o v e r n m e n t s h o u l d s e l e c t u r e a s o t h e r t h a n p r e y those w h i c h w e s h a l l p r o p o s e . W e h a v e o n l y t w o q u a l i f i c a s to m a k e : ( i ) w e r e c o m m e n d s t r o n g l y t h a t t h e a r e a s p r o p o s e d the T i g o n i e x c h a n g e s h o u l d b e a c c e p t e d , b e c a u s e a n y a l t e r n a w o u l d ' l e a d t o a r e - o p e n i n g of a d i s c u s s i o n w h i c h h a s a l r e a d y e x c e s s i v e l y p r o l o n g e d ; ( i i ) in s e v e r a l c a s e s the l a n d w h i c h ropose f o r a d d i t i o n t o t h e r e s e r v e i s a l r e a d y t o a c o n s i d e r a b l e ee in t h e o c c u p a t i o n o f n a t i v e s w h o h a v e r i g h t s . I t e m s 9 , 1 5 , d 18 h e l o w are i n s t a n c e s . I f t h e s e l a n d s a r e n o t a m o n g t h e s e l e c t e d , t h e d i s t u r b a n c e of n a t i v e s w i l l b e t h e g r e a t e r , a n d figure of .-2,000 set d o w n as c o m p e n s a t i o n for d i s t u r b a n c e d need to b e a u g m e n t e d . 4li(). W e s u g g e s t t h a t t h e 2 1 , 0 0 0 a c r e s b e c o m p r i s e d of t h e 8 set d o w n i n t h e t a b l e b e l o w . T h e r e a s o n s f o r s e l e c t i n g t h e s e cular a r e a s w i l l b e g i v e n i n t h e s e c t i o n s i m m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w i n g

T A B L E S H O W I N G P R O P O S A L S F O R F I N D I N G 21,000 A C R E S T O BE A D D E D T O T H E N A T I V E RESERVE. District District Locality Locality Description of Boundary As surveyed Present Status of the land Forest Area in Acres 770 Total for each District

KIKUYU

Remarks

NYERI

Nyeri Hill In the Mount Kenya Forest Reserve : the tongue of for est near Chief Murigo's vil lage lage In the Mount Kenya Forest Reserve between Sagana and Kagati Plain In the Mount Kenya Forest Reserve : the Narkothi hill area In the Aberdares : the Gikira River area In the Aberdares : four areas in the Tusu Division Part of L.0.325/R Saba Saba Limited

See section 463.

See Appendix No. 5 ..

do.

do.

1,125 1,125

do.

do.

do.

500

do. do. do. See Appendix No. 5 ..

do. do. do.

do. do. do.

2,000 500 1,760 1,760 4,895

5
FORT H A L L 6

Alienated Crown land Unalienated Crown Unalienated Crown

lan d land

1,000

Exchange or Purchase recommended.

8
9

L.O. 1957 and L.O. 1958 near Saba Saba Station

I..C). 4961 formerly known as

As surveyed
.....

893
. i...

. i...

......

District

Locality

Description of Boundary

Present Status of the land Brought forward

Area in Acres

Total for each District 9,217

Remarks

o w

. KIAMBU

10

In the Aberdares the Bathi River area . . In the Muguga Forest Area. . In the Ngubi Forest Area . . In the Ngarariga A r e a : a corridor joining Ngarariga to the main reserve In the Dagoretti Forest Area Part of L.O. 185 and 186 the Church of Scotland Mission L.O. 295/2/R being part of the White Sisters' land The Eastern end of L.O. 134/4 being part of Njunu Estate Part of the B.E.A. Wattle Es tate in the Dagoretti area.. L.O. 1322 Dagoretti.. Shortage to be made up as may be convenient

11 12 13

See Appendix No. 5 do. do.

5 5 Forest Reserve do. do. do. do. 1,556 3,900 800

a

14 15

do. do. do.

do. do.

do. do.

200 670 2,000 Volunteered for sur render. * Purchase recom mended. do. do. 9,584 2,199 21,000 do. do.

w S
H ^
2

Alienated Crown land!

16

o
55
H

do.

do.

do.

80

17 18 19 UNALLOCATED 20

do. do. As surveyed

do.

do.

250 78 50

o
o

do. do. Township Reserve.

C5

CO

en
oo

K I K U Y U PART ICHAPTER XI]

PROVINCE SETTLEMENT OF T H E CLAIMS O(J

JJJeswipfcion Areas.
V e

0 l

"

4 6 7 . A d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e a b o v e a r e a s is g i v e n in suffie " d e t a i l i n A p p e n d i x N o . 5, b u t i n t h e c a s e of a r e a s recoimnet to b e t a k e n f r o m t h e F o r e s t E e s e r v e w e h a v e c o n t e n t e d ourse w i t h a g e n e r a l d e s c r i p t i o n a n d h a v e a t t e m p t e d n o p r e c i s e deliri . t i o n of b o u n d a r i e s , s i n c e s c o p e m u s t be a l l o w e d f o r t h e e ece xrf d i s c r e t i o n a t t h e t i m e of d e m a r c a t i n g . T h e m a p at p a g e 154 ait a g e n e r a l i l l u s t r a t i o n of t h e p r o p o s a l s b u t , b e c a u s e w e arc not p o s i t i o n to g i v e e x a c t d e t a i l s a n d b e c a u s e t h e s c a l e of t h e map i f s m a l l t o s h o w t h e m in a n y c a s e , i t m u s t b e r e g a r d e d as a d rather than a m a p . B e f o r e f l a m i n g o u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s r e g a r d i n g the di l i o n s t o b e m a d e b y the s u r r e n d e r o f c e r t a i n a r e a s ol F o E e s e r v e w e a p p r o a c h e d t h e C o n s e r v a t o r of F o r e s t s . . Consists w i t h h i s d u t i e s as C o n s e r v a t o r h e c o u l d n o t , of c o u r s e , recount t h e s u r r e n d e r of a n y a r e a , b u t h e s t a t e d t h a t , if t h e Commis r e g a r d e d i t as a b s o l u t e l y n e c e s s a r y in j u s t i c e t o t h e K i k u y n to a r e a s u p t o 2 1 , 0 0 0 a c r e s , h e w o u l d see w h a t c o u l d be done. . 1 e x a m i n i n g t h e s i t u a t i o n h e i n f o r m e d u s t h a t t h e a r e a s show t h e s c h e d u l e a b o v e r e p r e s e n t t h e l i m i t of s a c r i f i c e w h i c h lie s i d e r e d o u g h t t o b e r e q u i r e d f r o m t h e C r o w n f o r e s t s . I n the o f N y e r i H i l l be s t a t e d t h a t t h e s u r r e n d e r o u g h t not to bei t e m p l a t e d u n l e s s i t is m a d e a c o n d i t i o n of its a d d i t i o n to r e s e r v e t h a t it b e m a i n t a i n e d as a n a t i v e r e s e r v e forest r e s i n so f a r a s t h e a r e a n o w c o v e r e d w i t h t i m b e r i s c o n c e r n e d . V t h i s c o n d i t i o n w e a r e i n f i d l a g r e e m e n t , a n d w e r e c o m m e n d act i n g l y . I t is a c o n d i t i o n t o w h i c h t h e N y e r i L o c a l N a t i v e Cot had already agreed. 4 6 9 . I n r e g a r d t o I t e m 1 0 t h e C o n s e r v a t o r i n f o r m e d us t h e d e s t r u c t i o n of s o m e v a l u a b l e f o r e s t w o u l d b e e n t a i l e d , anil i t is o n l y t h e e x t r e m e i m p o r t a n c e of s e t t l i n g t h e T i g o n i que; w h i c h i n d u c e s h i m t o c o n t e m p l a t e t h e s u r r e n d e r as justifiab! 4 7 0 . I n r e g a r d to t h e r e m a i n i n g i t e m s h e i n f o r m s us i g e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g , h e h a s s e l e c t e d a r e a s w h i c h are scrub-eot r a t h e r t h a n f o r e s t c o v e r e d , b u t t h a t it h a s b e e n imj^ossible tot t o f i n d so g r e a t a n e x t e n t o f l a n d w i t h o u t a v e r y considei sacrifice of v a l u a b l e timber-planting a r e a s . H e considers t!:: w o u l d b e i m p o s s i b l e t o find a n y c o n s i d e r a b l e - f u r t h e r areast o u t a d i s j u - o j i o r t i o n a t e s a c r i f i c e o f t h e o o u n t r y ' s a s s e t s in ft Forests. 4 7 1 . W e a r e m o s t g r a t e f u l t o t h e C o n s e r v a t o r f o r his full f r a n k s t a t e m e n t of t h e p o s i t i o n . W e a g r e e w i t h t h e conelt t h a t t h e i t e m s s h o w n i n t h e s c h e d u l e s h o u l d b e r e g a r d e d a; l i m i t of s a c r i f i c e w h i c h t h e f o r e s t s h o u l d b e r e q u i r e d to st s a v i n g o n l y t h a t , if i n t h e c o u r s e o f d e m a r c a t i o n further; a r e a s c a n b e f o u n d f o r t h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e d e f i c i t of 2,195:

wiuch fcave " determined our choice.

d 0

369
KIKUYU I-CHAPTER XI] PROVINCE SETTLEMENT OF T H E C L A I M S OP R I G H T

I t e m 20. w e should r e c o m m e n d farms. have n o hesitation in

that they should be in had t o the addition of

ed r a t h e r t h a n t h a t r e c o u r s e s h o u l d he ienated 172. W e

recommending

that

the t w o areas to

Item

8:
a n d

lienated p i e c e s of C r o w n l a n d n e a r S a b a - S a b a dded t o the r e s e r v e . heir a l i e n a t i o n They form an awkward

Statiou k n o w n s a l i e n t i n t o the, made : Item 9.

i.O. 1957 a n d 1958 b e i n c l u d e d i n t h e c o m p e n s a t o r y

ve as at p r e s e n t g a z e t t e d a n d n o a p p l i c a t i o n h a s b e e n as f a r m s .

473. T h e i n c l u s i o n of L . O . 4 9 6 1 , f o r m e r l y P a u l C l a r k e ' s f a r m , art of the compensatory matter addition needs may no be assumed to be a controversial which supporting argument,

facts a r e set out i n s e c t i o n s 434-437 474. The area of

above. to be added f r o m 570 acres those re a so the I t e m 14.

670 a c r e s r e c o m m e n d e d Reserve of comprises and the the

Dagoretti Forest bers of Karen ing one idor t o ch of the mbari

approximately others who of

a r e a t p r e s e n t in t e m p o r a r y p e r m i s s i v e o c c u p a t i o n b y Nyungu (see are for were Coffee connect Scotland Fstate the sections 408-413 a b o v e ) . purpose acres surrendered grazing

evicted The by area,

hundred

acres two Mission the

providing

thousand with

Ndeiya

ing t o c o n s o l i d a t e 475. W e rous offer cial have of

reserve. in section 428 We on above to that the Item 15.

recommended the of Church the of

Scotland

Mission the

surrender of the be

0 acres of L . O . 185 a n d 186 b e a c c e p t e d . attention of administration are te r i g h t s those natives w h o

c o m m e n d to the the area t o

protection

living

ndered or w d i o m a y b e in a n y w a y 470. U n d e r ction 407 Item above. 16 w e We have

affected. the as purchase to of Item iGj ^Q \ ^^^'

) C

recommended no opinion

cres of t h e W h i t e

Sisters' land. pronounce

T h e reason has been stated whether have would at t h e l e a s e On

area c o u l d p r o p e r l y b e h e l d t o b e e x c l u d e d f r o m round t h a t i t w a s i n n a t i v e o c c u p a t i o n ed p r e s c r i p t i v e r i g h t s ise t o r e f r a i n ir v a l u e . 177. T h e r e i s a s m a l l p r o j e c t i n g t o n g u e of L . O . into t h e n a t i v e

rr

or that n a t i v e s

on i t , b u t w e

consider that it

from

r a i s i n g t h i s i s s u e a n d t o buy- t h e l a n d

134/4 j u t t i n g the ,
B

Item 17; l?^1 3

reserve ,. ., .

from .

the ,

main ,

block , , .

of

Limuru , , ,

4/4'

,.

. .

Njunu

Estate.

s. T h e h i s t o r y of it is g i v e n u n d e r mbari t p . 308 of t h e e v i d e n c e .

c l a i m N o . 67 s t a n d

I n the circumstances there revealed

;

nsider i t j u s t a n d e x p e d i e n t t h a t t h i s p r o j e c t i n g t o n g u e s h o u l d quired b y p u r c h a s e a n d a d d e d to t h e reserve.

K I K U Y U PART I-CHAPTER XI]

PROVINCE

47S. O u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n t h a t 78 a c r e s of t h e British 1 ; I t e m 18; British East A f r i c a W a t t l e E s t a t e l a n d f r o m D a g o r e t t i s h o u l d be b o u g h t Africa W a t t l e o n t h e s t a t e m e n t a n d p l a n in t h e p r e c i s ( E v i d e n c e , ppd3-! Estate. B u t , if G o v e r n m e n t d o e s n o t t h i n k it n e c e s s a r y to b u y the 78 ac t h e n w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t o n l y t h e 2 0 a c r e s b e b o u g h t which s u b j e c t to n a t i v e c l a i m s , a n d t h a t the b a l a n c e of 58 acres p r o v i d e d in w h a t e v e r w a y G o v e r n m e n t m a y p r e f e r . [tern 19; L.O. 1322, Oagoretti Township Reserve. T h e balance: 2.199 Acres. 4 7 9 . O u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n t h a t L . O . 1322 be included m c o m p e n s a t o r y l a n d t o b e a d d e d t o t h e r e s e r v e a n d t h e reason it h a v e b e e n g i v e n i n s e c t i o n s 4 4 4 and 4 4 5 a b o v e . 4 8 0 . T h e n i n e t e e n i t e m s w h i c h w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d to a d d e d c o m p r i s e 1 8 , 8 0 1 a c r e s . T h e a r e a s s e l e c t e d a r e converge: c l o s e t o p o p u l o u s p a r t s of t h e K i k u y u N a t i v e R e s e r v e , antl t h e r e f o r e a v e r y a p p r o p r i a t e set-off a g a i n s t t h e l a n d lost. Tl r e m a i n s a b a l a n c e of 2 , 1 9 9 a c r e s t o be f o u n d . I t w o u l d b e clearly- d e s i r a b l e , if it is p r a c t i c a b l e , t h a t in m i n g u p t h i s b a l a n c e l a n d s h o u l d b e s e l e c t e d w h i c h is equally c veniently situated. B u t t h e r e is a l i m i t to t h e a m o u n t of s i land a v a i l a b l e . W e s h a l l p r e s e n t l y r e c o m m e n d , w h e n w e a r e d e a l i n g with e c o n o m i c a s p e c t of t h e K i k u y u l a n d p r o b l e m , t h a t a v e r y extern a d d i t i o n b e m a d e t o t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e i n a n o t h e r , a n d somew r e m o t e r q u a r t e r , s i n c e n o b l o c k of l a n d of sufficient size is a b l e i n i m m e d i a t e p r o x i m i t y t o t h e i n h a b i t e d p a r t s of the pres r e s e r v e . I n all t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s w e r e c o m m e n d preferably (a) :

T h a t , i f t h e l a n d c a n b e m a d e a v a i l a b l e w i t h o u t difficul t h e b a l a n c e o f 2 , 1 9 9 a c r e s be s e l e c t e d a l o n g s i d e the m r e s e r v e i n t h e s a m e w a y as t h e o t h e r b l o c k s recommended b e a d d e d o n g r o u n d s of r i g h t , a n d t h a t this issue h s e p a r a t e f r o m t h e e c o n o m i c i s s u e a n d t h e e x t e n s i o n which shall r e c o m m e n d f o r t h a t c a u s e ; b u t , if t h a t is i m p r a c t i c a b l e , t h e n (b) :

T h a t t h e b a l a n c e of 2,199 a c r e s b e m e r g e d in the v much larger extension which we are recommending e c o n o m i c g r o u n d s , a n d t h a t n o s e p a r a t e a c c o u n t be taken i t . I n t h a t e v e n t w e d o n o t c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e K i k u y u wo h a v e b e e n in a n y w a y u n g e n e r o u s l y t r e a t e d . Certain condi 4 8 1 . T h r o u g h o u t t h i s p a r t of o u r K e p o r t w e h a v e been gun tions by which b y t h e p r i n c i p l e s w h i c h w e e n u n c i a t e d in t h e first chapter, the above m a d e it q u i t e c l e a r t h e r e h o w w e r e g a r d the m a t t e r . The G Recommenda held to be ^ ^ a c t u a t e d b y t h e d e s i r e t o d e v e l o p the four,
U e r n i r i e r i t D t n e

qualified.

to

the

best

advantage,

embarked

on

plan

of

a l i e n a t i n g wi

K I K U Y U j CHAPTER X I ]

PROVINCE SETTLEMENT OF THE C L A I M S OF R I G H T

to b e d e v e l o p e d a s f a r m s , a n d t o o k w h a t i t c o n s i d e r e d t o b e nate steps to p r o t e c t t h e n a t i v e s f r o m l o s s or u n d u e d i s t u r b I t w a s i n e v i t a b l e in so y o u n g a c o u n t r y t h a t t h e i n f o r m a on w h i c h G o v e r n m e n t a c t e d s h o u l d be i m p e r f e c t , a n d t h e r e factors i n t h e s i t u a t i o n w h i c h w e r e not a p p r e c i a t e d . Not w a s the n a t i v e p o p u l a t i o n m o r e n u m e r o u s t h a n w a s s u p d but it h a d a c o n c e p t i o n of l a n d - t e n u r e in w h i c h g r o u p Is had a r e c o g n i z e d e x i s t e n c e , a n d the d i s p o s i t i o n s m a d e by r n m e n t c a u s e d in c o n s e q u e n c e a g r e a t e r d i s t u r b a n c e t h a n w a s erly c o v e r e d b y t h e c o m p e n s a t i o n w h i c h w a s p a i d . Little iaint w a s m a d e a t t h e t i m e , a n d v e r y l i t t l e a c t u a l l o s s w a s d to the g e n e r a t i o n i m m e d i a t e l y a f f e c t e d . But not only has British A d m i n i s t r a t i o n a l l e v i a t e d the f o r c e s w h i c h u s e d t o the g r o w t h o f p o p u l a t i o n in c h e c k , b u t the c r e a t i o n of a and m a r k e t a t N a i r o b i a n d t h e p r o v i s i o n o f a b l o c k of E u r o s e t t l e m e n t r o u n d i t h a v e a t t r a c t e d l a r g e n u m b e r s of n a t i v e s areas f u r t h e r n o r t h a n d c r e a t e d a c o n s i d e r a b l e m e a s u r e of congestion. 1482. O n ed n about 483. W e balance land. therefore concluded that, whilst w e could not of equivalent l a n d , they are in in t h e s i t u a t i o n equity regard to the hope of but economic it is advantage the Kikuyu have have

considerably,

undeniable

that

difficulties

viknyu as f u l l y e n t i t l e d a s of r i g h t t o f u l l r e d r e s s i n t h e s h a p e n addition entitled ve s y m p a t h e t i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n ulties i n h e r e n t a n d w e d e c i d e d , b e c a u s e of described a b o v e , in the

t t i r g an e n d t o a l l p a s t r a n c o u r s , to r e c o m m e n d a n e necessary l a n d should p r o v e "n sufficient for the detail in and Chapters Kithirioni t o be II available.

addition

nd e q u a l i n v a l u e t o t h a t w h i c h i n our o p i n i o n t h e y h a d l o s t , 484. A f t e r a f u l l a n d c a r e f u l e x a m i n a t i o n to V which has been of this R e p o r t , And we set we

r

ed t h a t t h e r e q u i r e d a c r e a g e w a s 21,000 a c r e s , i n c l u d i n g Tigoni exchanges.

the have with

sted c e r t a i n a r e a s w h e r e t h e r e q u i r e d l a n d c a n b e s t be f o u n d . 85. I t i s of t h e u t m o s t i m p o r t a n c e t h a t t h e s e t t l e m e n t ukuyu arces should should be definite again those for for and be of final and that, If when is in of e m e n d a t i o n s h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d o u t , t h e m a t t e r of t h e i r never and reopened. many peaceful years will finally finality who ed, our l a b o u r s absolutely officers have these past not been vain, the our Unless

tig at t h e p r o b l e m essential

many the

have been put t o r e s t .

administration

yu t h a t t h e s e g r i e v a n c e s s h o u l d b e re sure t h a t this w i l l hires t o this Report.

be d o n e , w e shall r e g r e t h a v i n g set

KrKTJYTJ
PART ICHAPTER XI j

PROVINCE
SETTLEMENT OF THE CLAIMS o r l(
r

4 8 6 . W e w o u l d p o i n t o u t t h a t m e r e e n l a r g e m e n t and g a z e t t i n g of the boundaries w i l l n o t secure finality. T h e v iy g a z e t t e d i n 1 9 2 6 , b u t t h a t d i d n o t p r e v e n t t h e K i k u y u l a y i n g cla t o land outside t h e m , nor the A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l from holdin"t p o s s i b l y t h e c l a i m s m i g h t p r o v e t o b e g o o d . I n our v i e w tiott s h o r t of a n O r d e r i n C o u n c i l c a n s e c u r e finality. W h a t is wan is t h a t , in r e t u r n f o r t h e a d d i t i o n o f l a n d t o t h e r e s e r v e equival t o t h e l a n d l o s t , a l l r i g h t s b y K i k u y u t o l a n d o u t s i d e t h e rese e x c e p t r i g h t s h e l d on t i t l e or r i g h t s h e l d u n d e r c u s t o m a r y tenure some other r e s e r v e , should be e x t i n g u i s h e d .

371

CHAPTER
0N0M1C NEEDS. OP 87 In A

XII.
STATEMENT

PEELIMINAEY ISSUES.

THE

the h i s t o r y of K i k u y u c l a i m s of r i g h t

w h i c h h a s just

The

Area

, . a j i i j j under Review c o m p l e t e d t h e q u e s t i o n of e c o n o m i c n e e d w a s n o t i n c l u d e d . hat w e f a i l e d t o r e c o g n i z e t h a t e c o n o m i c n e e d m a y of i t s e l f Objects of the I t u t e a c l a i m of e q u a l v a l i d i t y t o a r i g h t b a s e d o n h i s t o r i c a l Survey, l i d s , e s p e c i a l l y i n a c o u n t r y w h e r e G o v e r n m e n t is e n j o i n e d "rder in Council to h a v e due r e g a r d to n a t i v e i n t e r e s t s . But e e m e d it best not to c o m p l i c a t e t h e i s s u e s , a n d w e h a v e fore h e l d o v e r t h a t a s p e c t of t h e m a t t e r f o r s e p a r a t e c o n ation, t o w h i c h w e shall n o w p r o c e e d .
a n d t h e

88. T h e o b j e c t dons : (1) T o what

is t o p r o v i d e extent

the a n s w e r s

to

three

principal of

the needs of

the tribe in respect

and c a n b e . m e t b y i n t e r n a l a d j u s t m e n t . (2) W h e t h e r f u r t h e r e x t e n s i o n s of. t h e t r i b a l b o u n d a r i e s over a n d a b o v e t h e e x t e n s i o n s a l r e a d y r e c o m m e n d e d a r e l i k e l y to be r e q u i r e d w i t h i n t h e p e r i o d w h i c h w e o u g h t t o c o n t e m plate. (3) W h e t h e r a r r a n g e m e n t s e x t e r n a l to t h e r e s e r v e a r e -equired in o r d e r t h a t i n d i v i d u a l s o r g r o u p s m a y h a v e f a c i l i ies to use l a n d o u t s i d e t h e t r i b a l b o u n d a r i e s . 89. W h i l e all t h e s e q u e s t i o n s c l e a r l y f a l l w i t h i n t h e s c o p e of erms o f r e f e r e n c e , i n r e s p e c t to fix the l i m i t s of are der t h a t we expected of the to first all of the them details it is do of not not land of the ground be c o v e r e d . We

to g o i n t o

e and e c o n o m i c s , but t h e r e a r e c e r t a i n a s p e c t s of t h e h we ought Report : to c o v e r as b e i n g v i t a l to the g e n e r a l '

matter

objects

(ft) W e c a n n o t r e a c h a n y u s e f u l c o n c l u s i o n a s to t h e n e e d s of t h e p e o p l e i n r e s p e c t of l a n d , u n l e s s w e k n o w h o w t h e y use t h e l a n d w h i c h is a l r e a d y t h e i r s , a n d w h e t h e r , in f a c t , a s h o r t a g e of l a n d e x i s t s o r is t h r e a t e n e d . (6) A n a p p a r e n t s h o r t a g e of l a n d m a y o f t e n b e d u e t o a l a c k of skill in t h e use o f l a n d , a n d t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s of s e t t i n g t h i s r i g h t h a v e t o b e e x p l o r e d b e f o r e i t is n e c e s s a r y to t u r n t h e e y e s o u t w a r d a n d l o o k f o r m o r e l a n d . I n so f a r a s w e t h i n k t h a t t h e l a n d is n o t b e i n g u s e d t o t h e best a d v a n t a g e w e o u g h t t o s a y s o .

K I K U Y U PART I C H A P T E R XII]

PROVINCE TEE ECONOMIC As

( c ) T h e l a c k of s k i l l m a y be d u e t o s o m e t h i n g m o r e tha lack of a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d p a s t o r a l a t t a i n m e n t . I t m a v due t o s o m e u n s u i t a b i l i t y in t h e l a n d s y s t e m wh p r e v e n t s t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e p o p u l a t i o n to t h e 1 a d v a n t a g e . I t i s , t h e r e f o r e , n e c e s s a r y t o c o n s i d e r , in b r o a d a s p e c t s , t h e m e t h o d of t e n u r e , a duty w h i c h specifically e n j o i n e d o n us u n d e r t h e first term reference. 490. " W e s h a l l c o n t e n t o u r s e l v e s w i t h s u c h a s u m m a r y of e v i d e n c e as w i l l m a k e c l e a r t h e r e a s o n s f o r our recommendatio b u t y e s h a l l n o t c o m m i t o u r s e l v e s t o a n y c o m p r e h e n s i v e sur of the economic position. S u c h a c o u r s e w o u l d i n v o l v e us in a c c e p t a n c e or r e j e c t i o n of e s t i m a t e d figures w h i c h , a s t h e w i t n e j w h o g a v e t h e m a r e t h e first t o a d m i t , h a v e n o t b e e n s o f a s c e r t a i n e d as to be free f r o m c h a l l e n g e . 491. A t t h e s a m e t i m e w e d r a w a t t e n t i o n t o the m a s s r e l e v a n t e v i d e n c e w h i c h is p r i n t e d a l o n g w i t h t h i s R e p o r t , e x p r e s s t h e b e l i e f t h a t G o v e r n m e n t w i l l find i n it some v v a l u a b l e m a t e r i a l , w h i c h s h o u l d b e of g r e a t a s s i s t a n c e t o it devising a policy and p r o g r a m m e for future advancement.

372

CHAPTER
SUMMARY OF T H E

XIII.
POSITION IN THE

ECONOMIC

KIKUYU

RESERVES. position Summary Position, of

111

492. T h e f o l l o w i n g s u m m a r y of t h e p r e s e n t e c o n o m i c is to us to be j u s t i f i e d (1) Skill.Judged ood f a r m e r , es. on the evidence : by European

standards, t h e K i k u y u is n o t

but h e is w e l l a b o v e t h e a v e r a g e of E a s t A f r i c a n

Economic '

H e h a s b e g u n t o r e s p o n d t o t h e t u i t i o n of t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l to have increased by twenty per cent in the last six

cers, a n d i n K i a m b u D i s t r i c t t h e y i e l d of m a i z e t o t h e a c r e is ted rs. (2) Monetary Resources.The tribe has enough m o n e y to according to the old standards, but not e n o u g h to enable it attain t o t h e n e w s t a n d a r d s b y w h i c h a l o n e a h e a l t h y p e o p l e , fu! to t h e C o l o n y as a w h o l e , c a n be m a i n t a i n e d . T h i s l a c k o f lev is m a i n l y t o b e a s c r i b e d t o a l a c k of a g r i c u l t u r a l s k i l l . B u t re a r e c e r t a i n a r e a s w h e r e t h e r e is a l o c a l c o n g e s t i o n and a sequent l a c k of l a n d . (3) Food Sup-ply.The v e g e t a b l e diet w h i c h the household ives f r o m i t s g a r d e n s m a y be r e g a r d e d a s s a t i s f a c t o r y , and is tainly v\ ell a h e a d of m o s t o t h e r t r i b e s a n d a g r e a t i m p r o v e m e n t a n y t h i n g t h e K i k u y u k n e w b e f o r e t h e c o m i n g of t h e w h i t e m a n . T h e l o c a l m e a t s u p p l y is p r o b a b l y i n a d e q u a t e . T h e p h y s i q u e the K i k u y u a n d t h e M a s a i h a v e b e e n c o m p a r e d i n a r e p o r t b y Gilks and D r . O r r , e n t i t l e d " S t u d i e s in N u t r i t i o n . The sique a n d H e a l t h of T w o A f r i c a n T r i b e s " ( S p e c i a l R e p o r t ies 1 5 5 , 1 9 3 1 ) . I n t h i s r e p o r t i t i s s t a t e d t h a t t h e K i k u y u a r e cient i n a n i m a l p r o t e i n . I f t h e K i k u y u w e r e s k i l l e d in s t a l l - f e e d i n g t h e y c o u l d k e e p e c a t t l e , a n d if t h e y h a d m o r e c a s h a n d m o r e m a r k e t s t h e y Id b u y m o r e m e a t . A n d i f t h e y c o u l d g e t o v e r t h e i r p r e j u d i c e inst g o a t s ' m i l k t h e y w o u l d h a v e m o r e m i l k . B u t t h i n g s b e i n g they a r e , t h e r e i s a d e f i c i e n c y i n t h e s e t h i n g s i n s p i t e of t h e s t o c k i n g of t h e r e s e r v e . T h i s i s pro (4) Stock tanto an indication t h a t t h e K i k u y u are l i v i n g at is perhaps a point of doubt w h e t h e r there is c e r t a i n l y Relief very could full stocking, by imprudent must overstocked. be found great a d e n s i t y f o r t h e i r p r e s e n t d e g r e e o f s k i l l a n d k n o w l e d g e . Conditions.It but re is. o v e r s t o c k i n g ,

le a r e a s a r e c e r t a i n l y ' this s t a g e t o a t t e m p t i reserve of g r o w n

ing off a p o r t i o n of t h e m a l e s t o c k , b u t i t w o u l d b e too drastic a r e d u c t i o n , cattle to augment the meat

since there supply.

KIICUYU PART ICHAPTER XIII]

PROVINCE T H E ECONOMIC A S

( o ) Soil Conditions.The d e n s i t y at w h i c h t h e people l i v i n g h a s t o a g r e a t e x t e n t p r e v e n t e d t h e p r a c t i c e of shifting ei v a t i o n a n d f r e q u e n t f a l l o w i n g of l a r g e s t r e t c h e s of laud. \y t h i s w i l l u l t i m a t e l y lead t o a b e t t e r a n d m o r e e c o n o m i c us l a n d , t h e r e is g r a v e r i s k t h a t , u n t i l n a t i v e s h a v e a d a p t e d th s e l v e s to t h e n e w c o n d i t i o n s a n d r e a l i z e d t h e n e c e s s i t y of A p l o u g h i n g a n d m a n u r i n g , t h e r e w i l l b e c o n s i d e r a b l e deteriora of t h e s o i l t h r o u g h e x h a u s t i o n , a n d d e f i n i t e s i g n s of this 1 already appeared. , (G) Social Conditions.The t r i b a l o r g a n i z a t i o n of t h e Kit; has never been strong. T h e m a i n c l a n s a r e s c a t t e r e d in si units. E v e n t h e mbari o r f a m i l y g r o u p s a r e o f t e n sub-divit T h e p r o c e s s of d i s i n t e g r a t i o n is m o s t a d v a n c e d i n the Kian D i s t r i c t , w d i e r e it is g e n e r a l l y a l l o w e d b y c u s t o m t h a t a man r s e p a r a t e f r o m h i s c o u s i n s a n d d i v i d e t h e githaka, a n d instance p a r t i t i o n , e v e n b e t w e e n b r o t h e r s , a r e b e g i n n i n g t o a p p e a r . \Y t h e s e m o v e m e n t s in t h e d i r e c t i o n of i n d i v i d u a l i s m a r e perhan b e w e l c o m e d as a s i g n of p r o g r e s s , n e v e r t h e l e s s , s o m e embarr m e n t h a s b e e n c a u s e d by t h e r a p i d i t y w i t h w h i c h t h e old fast t i o n s a r e b r e a k i n g d o w n a n d g i v i n g p l a c e to a c i v i l i z a t i o n impede understood by the people. ( 7 ) Conclusion.Congestion d o e s n o t e x i s t as a g e n e r a l coi t i o n , b u t o n l y i n c e r t a i n a r e a s a n d in c e r t a i n p a r t i c u l a r s : (a) T h e r e a r e f a i r l y w i d e a r e a s i n w h i c h t h e population l i v i n g b e y o n d t h e o p t i m u m d e n s i t y i n t h e sense thai it h a d m o r e r o o m , t h e c u l t i v a t i o n p e r f a m i l y would g r e a t e r . L o c a l f o c i o f c o n g e s t i o n a l s o o c c u r in locati w h i c h are not c o n g e s t e d o v e r all.

( 6 ) T h e p e o p l e in s e v e r a l p a r t s a r e m o r e t h i c k on the 1 t h a n is s u i t a b l e t o t h e i r p r e s e n t d e g r e e of skill m e t h o d s of c o m b a t i n g soil e r o s i o n a n d exhaustion. ( c ) T h e p r e s e n t d e g r e e of skill d o e s n o t p e r m i t of the pec k e e p i n g sufficient s t o c k f o r its r e q u i r e m e n t s with o v e r s t o c k i n g a n d d e t e r i o r a t i o n of t h e l a n d . (d) S u c h c o n g e s t i o n a s e x i s t s is d u e r a t h e r to maidistribut of p o p u l a t i o n a n d l a c k of s k i l l t h a n t o l a c k of land, an i n c r e a s e of skill m a y b e e x p e c t e d for s o m e year; t o r e s u l t in a r a i s i n g of t h e s t a n d a r d of l i f e , even thoti t h e p o p u l a t i o n is i n c r e a s i n g .

Future Prospects.

a l K

4 9 3 . W e h a v e t o c o n s i d e r t h e p r o s p e c t i v e n e e d s of the natii p 2 m o t a v o i d m a k i n g s o m e e s t i m a t e of f u t u r e conditions. a S t a t i s t i c a l s e n s e o u r k n o w l e d g e e v e n of t h e p r e s e n t is very: p e r f e c t , a l t h o u g h t h e w e a l t h of m a t e r i a l i n f o r m a t i o n which! b e e n c o l l e c t e d i s r e m a r k a b l e f o r so y o u n g a c o u n t r y . W h i l e I f i g u r e s h a v e b e e n useful in p r o v i d i n g a f o c a l p o i n t to which)

c a

.K I K U Y U I-CHAVTBB X I I I ]

PROVINCE TUB ECONOMIC ASPECT

t i o n of w i t n e s s e s c o u l d b e d i r e c t e d , w e h a v e b e e n g u i d e d r b y t h e n a t u r e of o p i n i o n s e x p r e s s e d u p o n t h e m , e s p e c i a l l y dmmistrative and a g r i c u l t u r a l officers of experience, than by c o g e n c v in t h e f i g u r e s themselves.

494. T h e survey p r e p a r e d ' b y M r . K a z a n , D i s t r i c t C o m m i s e r , w i t h t h e a s s i s t a n c e of M r . D e c i d e a n d M r . D a t e s , A g r i ral Officers, "The ion ears to of concludes of the a the land skill with next and will a be in the following years expression or so to may make the of be the in will from con is ion : future thirty i m a g i n e d a s a r a c e b e t w e e n t h e t e n d e n c y of a g r o w i n g p o p u l a congest the growing in the skill lead nine l a n d support period larger population. During earlier

and' result years

reater individual prosperity. ecline a n d low it s e e m s l i k e l y (unless remedial

B u t t h e r a t e of b e t t e r m e n t that about t w e n t y are taken) approaching

measures

?estion w i l l d e p r e s s t h e s t a n d a r d of l i f e as m u c h a s g r o w t h in kill w i l l r a i s e i t . h e best w e "Exports ut must A f t e r t h a t a Jong f l a t t o p t o t h e g r a p h There reserve if i s at l e a s t a p o s s i b i l i t y should a go on increasing can e x p e c t . from the that for

depression m a y t a k e p l a c e b e f o r e e q u i l i b r i u m is e s t a b l i s h e d . everal y e a r s after t h e s t a n d a r d of life h a s ceased t o i m p r o v e , ultimately decline general congestion takes and lace." 95. T h e s u r v e y w a s s e n t t o t h e D i r e c t o r of A g r i c u l t u r e ork of criticising it was entrusted to Mr. Blunt, Acting

ty D i r e c t o r , w h o s e r e p l y , w h i c h i s filed i n e v i d e n c e , i n d i c a t e s 1 agreement w i t h this opinion. 1 9G. M r . V i d a l , t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r o f P o r t Hall, ds t h e figures as s u f f i c i e n t l y a c c u r a t e t o j u s t i f y c o n c l u s i o n s based u p o n t h e m , w h i l e M r . P e a s e , D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r eri, states : "My avoured ink general areas of than conclusion the is that congestion proper is in the more rather since and I the Kikuyu approaching certain

ore r a p i d l y

is e n v i s a g e d i n t h e m e m o r a n d u m , population reasonably

t h e i n c r e a s e in

crease i n y i e l d of f o o d c r o p s p e r a c r e d i s t i n c t l y 97. W e refill m e m o r a n d a in w h i c h t h e y a r e p r e s e n t e d .

problematic." Nobody pre

cannot but attach great w e i g h t to these opinions and

t h a t the. f a c t o r s i n t h e a c c o u n t a r e p r e c i s e l y p o n d e r a b l e or t h a t factors w i l l not a p p e a r , b u t w e c a n n o t i g n o r e w h a t istrative and agricultural officers of the Kikuyu appears districts, a w e l l - g r o u n d e d and a p p a r e n t l y u n a n i m o u s opinion by all the

KIKUYUPART ICHAPTER XIII]

PROVINCE
THE ECONOM K

A,

t h a t a s t a t e of g e n e r a l c o n g e s t i o n such a s w i l l r e s u l t in i s i o n o f t h e s t a n d a r d of l i f e is t h r e a t e n e d w i t h i n t h i r t y years t h i s i s s o , i t is m o r e i m p e r a t i v e t h a t all p o s s i b l e r e m e d i a l meai should be adopted. 4 9 8 . T h e s u r v e y e x p r e s s l y e x c l u d e d f r o m i t s scope the l e m w h i c h m a y he c r e a t e d b y t h e r e t u r n of s q u a t t e r s front E u r o p e a n a r e a t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e i r c a t t l e . I t is represented t h e r e a r e a b o u t 110,000 K i k u y u n o w r e s i d e n t o u t s i d e t h e rese m o s t of w d i o m a r e s q u a t t e r s . A l t h o u g h t h i s figure has not s u b s t a n t i a t e d , w e c a n t a k e it a s a s u f f i c i e n t g e n e r a l indie (see n o t e a t t h e e n d of t h i s c h a p t e r ) . I t is s c a r c e l y to be sup] t h a t t h e E u r o p e a n a r e a w i l l a l w a y s a f f o r d a c c o m m o d a t i o n foi t h e s q u a t t e r s a n d t h e i r n a t u r a l i n c r e a s e or f o r t h e i r stock. \\ n o b o d y can foretell h o w m a n y e x t r a labourers expansion o c u l t u r a l i n d u s t r y m a y be a b l e t o e m p l o y , t h e r e is at leas; i n d i c a t i o n t h a t t h e n u m b e r s h a v e f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s been in e of r e q u i r e m e n t s , a n d t h e r e h a s b e e n a s e t of t h e t i d e b a c k tov t h e r e s e r v e s . T h i s t e n d e n c y , a l t h o u g h it m a y b e o n l y a tempo! p h e n o m e n o n d u e to t h e c u r r e n t d e p r e s s i o n , h a s caused a pistil a p p r e h e n s i o n , a n d it is p o s s i b l e t h a t it m a y b e c o m e a pr-oblei t h e first m a g n i t u d e h o w a n d w h e r e a c c o m m o d a t i o n is t o f o r s q u a t t e r s w h o a r e s u r p l u s t o t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of the Enroj H i g h l a n d s . E v e n a l a r g e e x p a n s i o n of i n d u s t r y w o u l d n o t sor s o l v e t h e p r o b l e m as g i v e it a n o t h e r c o m p l e x i o n , f o r while l a b o u r e r s w o u l d b e r e q u i r e d , t h e e n h a n c e d v a l u e of the w o u l d r e n d e r i t u n e c o n o m i c f o r e m p l o y e r s t o a l l o w l a r g e area, s q u a t t e r c a t t l e , and i t i s p r o b a b l e t h a t l a b o u r e r s on contract yr b e g i n to r e p l a c e the squatters. N o t e on the number of Kikuyu resident out side the Reserve.

4 9 9 . O f f i c i a l figures g i v e n i n t h e A n n u a l K e p o r t of t h e DejJ m e r i t o f A g r i c u l t u r e f o r 1932 s h o w 1 1 0 , 5 7 0 as t h e total " s q u a t t e r s " , i n c l u d i n g t h e i r f a m i l i e s , e m p l o y e d in agricultural p a s t o r a l h o l d i n g s i n t h e s e t t l e d a r e a , b u t d o n o t distinguish! t w e e n tribes. I t is w e l l k n o w n t h a t t h e K i k u y u preponder T h e r e is a l s o an official e s t i m a t e of l a b o u r e r s o t h e r t h a n squa T h i s w a s p r e p a r e d b y t h e N a t i v e R e g i s t r a t i o n Department s h o w s 4 0 , 6 8 5 K i k u y u n a t i v e l a b o u r e r s o u t s i d e t h e reserv N o v e m b e r , 1930, w h o a r e n o t c o u n t e d as s q u a t t e r s . The t a k e n i n t h e m e m o r a n d u m , w e b e l i e v e r i g h t l y , is t h a t man t h e m h a v e t h e i r f a m i l i e s w i t h t h e m . T h e r e a r e also considet n u m b e r s o f K i k u y u l i v i n g in t h e M a s a i R e s e r v e and at the C o W e s e e n o r e a s o n t o d o u b t t h e g e n e r a l a c c u r a c y of t h e state: t h a t t h e n u m b e r o f K i k u y u n o w r e s i d e n t o u t s i d e t h e reserve t h e g e r e r a l n e i g h b o u r h o o d of 1 1 0 , 0 0 0 , a n d s u p p o r t i n g calcuh a r e g i v e n in t h e m e m o r a n d u m , w h i c h h a s h e e n filed with o r i g i n a l r e c o r d of t h e e v i d e n c e .
T

374
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IS0DSS1ON OP MEANS BE BY

XIV.
W H I C H OE THE A BETTER USE

COULD

AIADE

LAND. Possibilities evWVDfetribu tiori o f ; ;'' Popuiati6A.-

J

500. I f t h e P r o v i n c e is c o n s i d e r e d as a w h o l e , i n c l u d i n g the bu and M e m D i s t r i c t s , t h e l a n d a p p e a r s t o b e s u f f i c i e n t f o r the le in t h e n e a r f u t u r e , a n d i t is i m p o r t a n t t o c o n s i d e r w h e t h e r ore e v e n d i s t r i b u t i o n is p r a c t i c a b l e as a - m e a n s o f s o l v i n g t h e lem. E v e n in K i k u y u p r o p e r t h e o c c u r r e n c e of l o c a l c o n g e s would be r e l i e v e d i f m o r e use w e r e m a d e o f - t h e s p a r s e l y bited l a n d a l o n g t h e w e s t e r n b o r d e r a n d i n t h e M w e a a r e a , the d e s i r e d m o v e m e n t is a w a y f r o m N a i r o b i a n d t h e f a r m ers and e x a c t l y c o n t r a r y t o t h e p r e s e n t t e n d e n c y a n d the ction of e c o n o m i c p u l l . A n e a r l y c h a n g e of d i r e c t i o n is not able, and e v e n a n a d d i t i o n o f l a n d to t h e r e s e r v e : - w o u l d o n l y gate the s i t u a t i o n t o s o m e e x t e n t . T h e r e seems to be every pect t h a t , as a p e r m a n e n t c o n d i t i o n , t h e n a t i v e p o p u l a t i o n i n parts of t h e r e s e r v e w h i c h a r e n e a r e r t o N a i r o b i w i l l b e l i v i n g . degree of density w h i c h w i l l put a severe ' s t r a i n on the chare of n a t i v e s o c i e t y i n c l u d i n g t h e githaka system."" 501. W e inistrative need not concern ourselves with examining may partially the the al case

and a g r i c u l t u r a l

measures which But

te the p o s i t i o n , e x c e p t t o s a y t h a t s o m e v a l u a b l e been m a d e i n e v i d e n c e . e fall m o r e d i r e c t l y w i t h i n

suggestions

t h e r e are aspects of

h m a y c a l l for m o d i f i c a t i o n s i n t h e s y s t e m o f l a n d t e n u r e , and our. p r o v i n c e . 502. W e h a v e b e e n a s k e d t o say w h e t h e r t h e s y s t e m of l a n d e for n a t i v e s s h o u l d b e o n t r i b a l o r i n d i v i d u a l lines-, a n d w e lso asked t o c o m m e n t u p o n t h e w o r k i n g o f t h e L a n d s T r u s t ance. A p o i n t w h i c h c a n n o t f a i l to i m p r e s s i t s e l f e v e n on ost casual i n q u i r e r is t h a t , i n t h e c o n d i t i o n s of d e n s i t y w h i c h hreatened, it i s a b s o l u t e l y i m p e r a t i v e t h a t t h e l a n d s h o u l d be to t h e b e s t a d v a n t a g e , a n d t h a t t h i s is n o t o n l y a p r o b l e m "ricultural u t i l i z a t i o n , b u t i s a l s o , a n d p e r h a p s e q u a l l y , a em of l a n d h o l d i n g . T h e r e m u s t b e n o d o u b t as t o w h o i s t h e nsible a u t h o r i t y f o r d e a l i n g w i t h i t , a n d i t is c l e a r t h a t w e of u s e f u l l y c r i t i c i s e t h e w o r k i n g of t h e O r d i n a n c e u n l e s s w e the n a t u r e of t h e s e p r o b l e m s a n d t h e m a n n e r i n w h i c h ' t h e nsibility i s b e i n g d i s c h a r g e d . 03. T h e l a n d s y s t e m o f t h e K i k u y u is g e n e r a l l y k n o w n as The Githaka 'Githaka System." I t is f u l l y d e s c r i b e d in t h e r e p o r t on 3 ? * ' ive L a n d T e n u r e i n K i k u y u P r o v i n c e " b y t h e C o m m i t t e e '''' .' inted i n 1 9 2 9 , w h i c h w e a c c e p t i n g e n e r a l , as w e h a v e s t a t e d
s r e m :

IvIKUYTJ FAUT 1CHAPTEII X I V ]

PHOVTNCE THE ECONOMIC

e l s e w h e r e , as an a c c u r a t e a c c o u n t of t h e m a t t e r . I t is n o t . i\, f o r e , n e c e s s a r y to d e s c r i b e i t in d e t a i l , b u t f o r t h e sake o f e r e f e r e n c e , w e g i v e in A j m e n d i x N o . G a n u m b e r of extracts ft t h e r e p o r t , a r r a n g e d i n s u c h a w a y as t o g i v e a c o n c i s e acco; of t h e s y s t e m a n d e s p e c i a l l y of t h o s e a s p e c t s of it to w i n c h J s h a l l h a v e o c c a s i o n to a l l u d e . Recognition Sj-steiu.

the Githaka

of

5 0 4 . T h e e f f e c t of t h a t r e p o r t aud of t h e e v i d e n c e b e f o r e I is t o s u g g e s t t h a t t h e githaka s y s t e m is e x t r e m e l y epliemeJ T h e r e is n o e v i d e n c e w h a t e v e r t o s h o w t h a t e v e n t h e githaka, w h i c h m e a n s b u s h , h a d a c q u i r e d a n y t e c h n i c a l s i g r i i f i c a j w h e n the P r o t e c t o r a t e w a s declared. I f the system h a s c o r r e c t l y d e f i n e d a s " t h e m e t h o d s of c l a n a n d p a t r i a r c h a l conrj e x p r e s s i n g t h e m s e l v e s i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e l a n d " , it does n o t ? e j to h a v e been v e r y r e c o g n i z a b l y established as a method o f h o l d i n g in an a g r a r i a n s e n s e e v e n w h e n s o m e of t h e witnesses\i h a v e a p p e a r e d b e f o r e us first c a m e t o t h i s c o u n t r y . T h e e x t e n t i t s m a n i f e s t a t i o n a p p e a r s t o h a v e b e e n r a t h e r i n t h e nature ol p o l i t i c a l s u z e r a i n t y o v e r r i d g e s . A n d y e t , a b a r e f o r t y years aft w a r d s , w e find t h a t , at l e a s t in so f a r a s t h e K i a m b u D i s t r i c t c o n c e r n e d , it is a l r e a d y i n i t s d e c a y . F o r t h e methods wh: h a v e c o m e i n t o use in t h a t d i s t r i c t a r e a l r e a d y a l o n g n r e m o v e d f r o m t h o s e of c l a n a n d p a t r i a r c h a l c o n t r o l . They m a r k an a d v a n c e , but t h e y are c e r t a i n l y a departure. 5 0 5 . W h a t t h e n i s m e a n t b y r e c o g n i z i n g t h e githaka systeJ D o e s i t m e a n t h a t t h e a u t h e n t i c s y s t e m m u s t b e ascertained J f o l l o w e d , a n d t h a t n o n e w d e p a r t u r e s or t r a n s i t i o n to a n o t h e r f c l a r e t o b e a l l o w e d ? T h i s i s c e r t a i n l y n o t w h a t is m e a n t . I t w c l p e r p e t u a t e a s y s t e m w h i c h is i n m a n y w a y s u n s u i t e d t o m o d i c o n d i t i o n s , a n d e r e c t a b a r r i e r a g a i n s t f u t u r e p r o g r e s s . Wei s a t i s f i e d f r o m t h e e v i d e n c e a n d m e m o r a n d a b e f o r e us t h a t t o p i n i o n o f all a d m i n i s t r a t i v e officers c o n c e r n e d is unanimous! t h e p o i n t of p r i n c i p l e . T h e p r i n c i p l e is t h a t i t is better t o t h e n a t i v e c u s t o m s as t h e y s t a n d a n d b u i l d f r o m t h e m a s a t h a n t o r e l y o n s o m e n o v e l but i m p o r t e d p a t t e r n w h i c h w o u l d I be u r d e r s t o c d . B u t t h e n e e d f o r p r o g r e s s i v e m o d e r a t i o n a n d c j t r o l is r e c o g n i z e d .

Certain Difficulties.

506. difficulties the

T h e B e p o r t m e n t i o n s c e r t a i n w a y s in w h i c h t h e in c o n n e x i o n use of townships.

gill

s y s t e m is i l l - a f a p t e d proper

t o m c d e r n d e v e l o p m e n t s , a n d c i t e s esreci: w i t h s m a l l h o l d i n g s : s e c u r i t y f o r terra permanent buildings, social sen pasture;

centres; Smallholdings and Sub division.

and

5 0 7 . I n r e s p e c t of s m a l l h o l d i n g s , i t w o u l d b e a completei u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e p o s i t i o n t o a s s u m e t h a t t h e r e is any in t e n ! of s p l i t t i n g u p ithaka in o r d e r t o c r e a t e s m a l l h o l d i n g s . Tt d b e t r u e r t o s a y t h a t t h e r e v e r s e is t h e c a s e , a n d t h e probteij

K I K U Y U IOIIAPTKU XIV]

PROVINCE TUB ECONOMIC ASPECT

to p r e v e n t ithaka f r o m b e c o m i n g d i s i n t e g r a t e d , and being fed into s m a l l h o l d i n g s , w h i c h m a y a g a i n b e c o m e s u b - d i v i d e d they a r e u n e c o n o m i c . T h e d a n g e r is n o t so g r e a t in t h e - districts as i t is in K i a m b u , s i n c e i n t h e o r y a t l e a s t t h e ai r e m a i n i n t a c t a n d s o m e p o w e r o f r e d i s t r i b u t i o n r e m a i n s the muramati. N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e d i v i s i o n of r i g h t - h o l d i n g s heritance b e t w e e n all the sons m a y easily c o n g e s t the h o l d i n g , the p r a c t i c a l s c o p e of t h e muramati t o adjust m a t t e r s is dy small a n d w i l l b e i n c r e a s i n g l y l i m i t e d as s h a r e s a r e m o r e ely denned. 08. B u t t h e w o r s t d i f f i c u l t y appears in K i a m b u , where in a l l o w s of t h e p a r t i t i o n of ithaka b e t w e e n c o u s i n s , a n d t h e r e uiny e x a m p l e s of s t i l l f u r t h e r p a r t i t i o n i n t o s m a l l f a m i l y rigs' of a f e w a c r e s in e x t e n t . W h e n they become over tied, superfluous r i g h t - h o l d e r s m a y a g r e e t o g o e l s e w h e r e , b u t will be l e s s w i l l i n g t o d o so as t h e d i f f i c u l t y of f i n d i n g o t h e r becomes m o r e p r o n o u n c e d . E v e n if t h e y g o , their r i g h t s in and d e s c e n d t o t h e i r h e i r s , t h o u g h a p r a c t i c a l l i m i t a t i o n tits t h e i r r e t u r n i n g t o t h e l a n d i f t h e r e i s n o t r o o m f o r t h e m , position is p a r t i c u l a r l y e m b a r r a s s i n g w h e n p e r m a n e n t c r o p s buildings a r e i n q u e s t i o n . T h e R e p o r t o n L a n d T e n u r e in yu, w h i l e r e g a r d i n g t h e p r o b l e m as a d i f f i c u l t y of t h e f u t u r e r than o f t h e p r e s e n t , a d m i t s t h e n e e d f o r r e g u l a t i o n , a n d rks t h a t " t h e p r o b l e m i s n o t r e m o t e , b u t v e r y n e a r " ( C h a p t e r ra. 2 8 ) . 09. I t m i g h t b e t h o u g h t t h a t c o n g e s t i o n of t h i s n a t u r e w o u l d to c o r r e c t i t s e l f under t h e s t r e s s of poverty. But a man is ecessarily p o o r b e c a u s e o f . t h e s m a l l s i z e of h i s h o l d i n g , ay k e e p as m a n y s t o c k . a s h e l i k e s o n t h e c o m m o n 10. A -loyal similar question on receives attention in India in the Commission Agriculture ( p . 130) : o f r i g h t h o l d e r s ' h o l d i n g s is a p t t o the right-holder described and as his of family in be a is become since of the

pasturage. Beport and

(1928)

-ing o p i n i o n "The oo small tandard 11. W h i l e

is stated

sub-division to m a i n t a i n of comfort

arried t o such an e x t e n t t h a t t h e r e s u l t a n t h o l d i n g s vaguely

reasonable." sub-division attempts popula to

it is o b v i o u s t h a t

this practice

ated t o a g g r a v a t e t h e p r o b l e m s of l o c a l c o n g e s t i o n , -em it b y r u l e m i g h t r e s u l t in an u n d u e d i s l o c a t i o n of at a t i m e when other agricultural number of right-holdings the

a r e hard

nd t h e r e a r e r o d e r i v a t i v e i n d u s t r i e s in t h e r e s e r v e c a p a b l e o f bing a n y c o n s i d e r a b l e 12. N e v e r t h e l e s s , terms of holders on tenancy population. so s e r i o u s attractive, that, many as more the position can ithaka may may become

be rendered

overcrowded

prefer to go and live

K I K U Y U PART I C H A P T E R XIV]

PROVINCE THE ECONOIH

t e n a n t s on t h e ithaka of o t h e r s , a n d it i s p r o b a b l e t h a t an indir, a p p r o a c h t o t h e s o l u t i o n of t h e p r o b l e m m a y be f o u n d a l o i v tl. lines. 5 1 3 . W e i n v i t e s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n t o r e m a r k s w h i c h stand e v i d e n c e o n t h e s u b j e c t of "dependent impartible holdb ( E v i d e n c e , p p . 1 0 9 6 - 1 0 9 8 ) . T h e s u g g e s t i o n s a r e w o r t h y of sut but i t i s c l e a r t h a t a n y a d v a n c e a l o n g t h o s e l i n e s w o u l d have to very cautiously made. Fragmenta
t l o n

514. A n heir w h o

i n h e r i t s b o t h f r o m h i s f a t h e r and his m

g e l s t w o h o l d i n g s . T h e p r o c e s s is c u m u l a t i v e a n d t h e r e are im h e i r s w h o h a v e s e v e r a l ( p e r h a p s a d o z e n ) f r a g m e n t e d lioldii w h i c h it" is i m p o s s i b l e t o c o n s o l i d a t e . T h e r e is n o doubt whate but t h a t m a n y of t h e s e f r a g m e n t s a r e v e r y s m a l l and in then g e n e r a t i o n w i l l b e u n e c o n o m i c . W h i l e an e x c u s e m i g h t pert be f o u n d f o r n o t t a c k l i n g t h e p r o b l e m of e x c e s s i v e sub-division t h e g r o u n d t h a t p o s s i b l y a l a n d l e s s c l a s s m i g h t he created pre: t u r e l y , t h e r e is n o s u c h a r g u m e n t a g a i n s t t h e consolidation f r a g m e n t e d h o l d i n g s . T h e r e is n o t h i n g w h a t e v e r a g a i n s t ii est its d i f f i c u l t y . A g a i n , t h e R e p o r t of t h e R o y a l Commission A g r i c u l t u r e i n I n d i a g i v e s u s a f o r e w a r n i n g o f wdiat w e have e x p e c t , unless r e m e d i a l measures are taken : " W h e r e t h e soil is of u n i f o r m q u a l i t y or where d i f f e r e n c e s i n q u a l i t y a r e not g r e a t , f r a g m e n t a t i o n is an o f t h e first m a g n i t u d e . " O n e w i t n e s s s t a t e d : " T h e a g r i c u l t u r a l h o l d i n g s of B o m b a y P r e s i d e n c y h a v e to a l a r g e e x t e n t b e e n reduced t c o n d i t i o n i n w h i c h t h e i r e f f e c t i v e c u l t i v a t i o n is impossible. T h e C o m m i s s i o n e r s c o n c l u d e d : " F r a g m e n t a t i o n of b i n g s i s i n m a n y p a r t s of I n d i a o n e of t h e m o s t import f a c t o r s t e n d i n g t o p r e v e n t a g r i c u l t u r a l i m p r o v e m e n t s . Tl s e e m s t o b e c o m m o n a g r e e m e n t t h a t i t s e v i l effects are g r e a t t h a t t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s h o u l d n o t r e s t u n t i l a rent h a s b e e n f o u n d . . . T h e i n i t i a t i v e s h o u l d n o t b e left to s p o n t a n e o u s a c t i o n of t h e r i g h t - h o l d e r s . . . Difficulties shi n o t b e a l l o w e d t o b e c o m e a n e x c u s e f o r i n a c t i v i t y . " (pp.' 144.) 5 1 5 . T h e s e f a c t o r s a r e p r e s e n t i n K i k u y u i n a far less a: f o r m , a n d t h e r e is t i m e f o r m o r e d e t a i l e d s t u d y b e f o r e aetio t a k e n . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e e v i d e n c e g i v e n t o u s b y t h e Agrietilt O f f i c e r s i n c l i n e s u s t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e p o s i t i o n is s e r i o u s , and some regulation will be necessary. T h e s u g g e s t i o n made ti a't o u r i n f o r m a l m e e t i n g w i t h t h e P r o v i n c i a l Commissioner D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r s a t N y e r i w a s t h a t t h e r e m e d y could p a b l y he f o u n d b y i n c r e a s i n g t h e p o w e r s of t h e muramati to s o l i d a t e h o l d i n g s o n h i s githaka. S u c h a m e t h o d would h

K I K U Y U T-CHAPTER X I V 1

PROVINCE T H E ECONOMIC ASPECT

o r m i t y w i t h t h e g e n e r a l p o l i c y of d e v e l o p i n g t h e n a t i v e s y s t e m meets the difficulty ble is t h a t 516. T h e the Sited o n s e v e r a l ibu D i s t r i c t , s own. 517. W e also find a r e of o p i n i o n t h a t m o r e s e c u r i t y m u s t b e f o u n d f o r compensation, on tenants it must in it necessary ithaka In to recommend of the that right-holders to r e f u s e the trust Tenancy, nts a n d t h a t t h e y s h o u l d n o t b e e v i c t e d w i t h o u t sely o c c u p i e d should n o t be a l l o w e d view t e r m s of to live has a r i g h t to place to a certain extent. holdings sale, to of B u t t h e r o o t of one man are in the fragmented ithaka. of outright help which check applies the in will probably fragmentation often

practice

d i s t r i c t , a l t h o u g h it m a y b e e x p e c t e d t o b r i n g o t h e r

difficulties

out g o o d c a u s e .

eld t h a t e v e r y K i k u y u ed as t o r e f u s e I 518. S a l e s o f

in t h e r e s e r v e

enable s e c u r i t y , and t h e githaka that right land take

s y s t e m m u s t n o t b e so i n t e r anyone. only in the Kiambu District, is ' . Sale,

le the p r a c t i c e i n the N y e r i a n d F o r t H a l l D i s t r i c t s is r e d e e m barter, w h i c h is the n o r m a l n a t i v e custom. Id be asked yu flred back to i m i t a t e the the other. Kiambu to rules degree Chief of individualism T h e draft T h e difference esult of c i r c u m s t a n c e s a n d w e see n o r e a s o n w h y e i t h e r a r e a 519. I t w o u l d b e a r e t r o g r a d e s t e p t o t r y t o f o r c e t h e from considerable the late ch they h a v e a t t a i n e d in t h e i r t e n u r e of l a n d . by M r . Maxwell, Native

Commissioner, Provincial provide the an

been s h o w n to us, a n d w e n o t e t h a t t h e i n t e n t i o n is to r e g u sales of l a n d b y r e q u i r i n g t h e p r i o r s a n c t i o n of t h e niissioner, uate 520. I t a precaution to us which from been spite appears to us t o that safeguard. is c l e a r the evidence Kiambu ' many years In to to u s e d , as it w e r e , of approaching for some as a sort of local time It is conges after an safe to

rict has for

rsion area i n t o w h i c h t h e F o r t P l a l l D i s t r i c t h a s p o u r e d s o m e s surplus p o p u l a t i o n . rds N a i r o b i a reasonable d, w i l l ibute itself is likely s, w h i c h are a l r e a d y t h r e a t e n e d , t h e f o r c e of t h e e c o n o m i c p u l l continue buy and arrassing d e g r e e of d e n s i t y h a s b e e n r e a c h e d . sell, under assist the fluidity and probable

facility

adequate

help to preserve to better

population

advantage. not already exist in the K i a m b u s h o u l d g o t h e l e n g t h of r e c o m does exist, and w e t h i n k that, be u s e f u l .

521. I f the p r a c t i c e o f s a l e d i d rict it is i m p r o b a b l e t h a t w e ding its i n t r o d u c t i o n . B u t it erly r e g u l a t e d , i t is l i k e l y t o

K I K U Y U PART I - C H A P T E R XIV]

PROVINCE THE EcbNoin

Tribal versus Individual Tenure.

522. A s f a r as w e can see f r o m t h e e v i d e n c e , the i D i s t r i c t is a l r e a d y l a u n c h e d o n a s y s t e m of t e n u r e q u i t e exei in t r i b a l i s m . I t is n o t y e t i n d i v i d u a l t e n u r e , s i n c e t h e n s e e m s t o b e t h a t c o u s i n s s e p a r a t e , but b r o t h e r s d o not, ; g r o u p i s t h e r e f o r e r a t h e r w i d e r than a s i n g l e family:. Ai n o t e y e d , in all r e s p e c t s , p r i v a t e t e n u r e , s i n c e a r i g h t o f commt p a s t u r a g e r e m a i n s . B u t t h e s e r e s t r i c t i o n s a r e disappearing, i n d i v i d u a l t e n u r e is w e l l in s i g h t . 523. O n t h e issue of t r i b a l versus i n d i v i d u a l t e n u r e we say n o m o r e t h a n : (a) t h a t in a l l t h e K i k u y u D i s t r i c t s t h e tet i s c e r t a i n t y n o t t r i b a l , b u t is a s p e c i e s of g r o u p t e n u r e ; (6) i t h e g r o u p s a r e l i k e l y to b e c o m e s m a l l e r , a n d t h a t in the Kiai D i s t r i c t i n d i v i d u a l t e n u r e is w e l l in s i g h t ; ( c ) t h a t while d e v i s i n g of ah a d e q u a t e m e a n s of c o n t r o l m a y w e l l tax the g e n u i t y of t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , y e t t h e e m e r g e n c e of inch t e n u r e i n t h e K i a m b u D i s t r i c t m u s t b e e x p e c t e d at n o His; d a t e , a n d it is l i k e l y t h a t it w o u l d b e n e i t h e r w i s e n o r practio; t o t r y a n d p r e v e n t it.

Plot? for purposes of T r a d e or Social

524. A m o n g the g r e a t e s t d i f f i c u l t i e s w h i c h a r i s e under gUliaka s y s t e m is t h a t t h e r e is n o r e c o g n i z e d m e t h o d o f sen a s i d e a r e a s f o r p u b l i c p u r p o s e s , w h i c h c a n w e l l be copied. I t r u e t h a t t h e r e w e r e a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r t h e c r e a t i o n of d a n c i n g g r o u n d s and f o r m a r k e t s , b u t t h e y d o n o t afford m help. T h e w h o l e m a t t e r is i n t r i c a t e , a n d w e r e s e r v e it for c u s s ion i n t h e t h i r d p a r t of o u r D e p o r t , in w h i c h w e s h a l l ( w i t h i t c o m p r e h e n s i v e l y in r e l a t i o n t o a l l t h e n a t i v e reset W h i l e t h e difficulties e n c o u n t e r e d in s e c u r i n g l a n d f o r purpose s o c i a l s e r v i c e a r e g r e a t e r in K i k u y u t h a n e l s e w h e r e , they are g e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g , so d i f f e r e n t in k i n d as t o d e m a n d sepa treatment. B u t t h e e x c e p t i o n a l c o m p l i c a t i o n s w h i c h have at a b o u t s c h o o l a n d c h u r c h p l o t s in t h i s P r o v i n c e r e q u i r e spe attention. 525. W e h a v e h a d t h e a d v a n t a g e of h e a r i n g t h e evident t h e D i r e c t o r of E d u c a t i o n a n d a l s o of t h e K e n y a Missioi O p u n c i l a n d o t h e r w i t n e s s e s , a n d w e h a v e b e e n i n f o r m e d of vat r e s o l u t i o n s w h i c h h a v e b e e n p a s s e d f r o m t i m e t o t i m e InL o c a l N a t i v e Councils and the K i a m b u School A r e a C o m i u and the L o c a l L a n d Board. W h i l e w e h a v e n o t ourselves t i m e to m a k e s o close a s t u d y o f t h e s u b j e c t as w o u l d justifj in d e a l i n g w i t h i t in t h e b o d y of our R e p o r t , we w i s h to record g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t w*ith t h e c o n c l u s i o n s r e a c h e d b y M r . F a z a a r e v i e w of t h e s u b j e c t w h i c h h e h a s s u b m i t t e d in evidence, w h i c h w e h a v e i n c l u d e d as A p p e n d i x N o . 7 t o our R e p o r t .
;

School and Church Plots.

Grazing Commonages.

in

526. W h i l e w e r e a l i z e t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s of c r e a t i n g private ri a r e a s such as N d e i y a a n d M w e a , w h e r e n o n e a r e at pre

377
KiKUYU
i-CHAPTER XiV]

PROVINCE
T H E E C O N O M I C ASPECT

n i z e d , yet, w e -sheiy

consider

that large areas should not since they lead

he

used ac

ns g r a z i n g

commonages,

to l a r g e

a t i c r s of l i \ e stock t a r a w a y f r o m t h e h o m e s o f t h e i r o w n e r s , e they a r e useless as a s o u r c e of m i l k s u p p l y ; w h i l e , so l o n g r i g h t of g r a z i n g r e m a i n s c o m m o n , n o a t t e m p t i s m a d e

e

to

the hind

or

the p a s t u r e , be

which

rapidly

deteriorates. a suitable

The

ciar.ce of r r i v a t e r i g h t s s i m i l a r t o t h o s e o b t a i n i n g i n t h e r e s t ie reserve be f o u n d . i-27. T h e common right of pasturage over would generally d e s i r a b l e if method also

githaka
to the

hind

- to c v e r - s t c c k i n g , . city of t h e l a n d .

since small

r e g a r d is h a d

carrying private to

W h i l e it w o u l d n o t be practicable to advise examples already exist, as a feature safeguards.

the p r a c t i c e b e s t e p p e d , w e r e g a r d t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f ocks, of w h i c h a f e w ncouraged under suitable

528. W e h a v e to f a c e t h e f a c t t h a t , u n l e s s r e m e d i a l m e a s u r e s The rate at which Reform aLcn, a s t a t e of g e n e r a l c o n g e s t i o n is t h r e a t e n e d w i t h i n t h i r t y should proceed. s. T h e r e i s , t h e r e f o r e , a n u r g e n t n e e d f o r t h e b e s t a t t a i n a b l e ibution of t h e p o p u l a t i o n o n t h e l a n d , a n d it i s c l e a r t h a t a t a m o u n t of a g r a r i a n a d j u s t m e n t h a s to b e m a d e , a n d t h a t time is l i m i t e d . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d t h e w h o l e n a t u r e o f t h e lem calls f o r c a u t i o n , a n d it is q u i t e i m p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e er s t e p s , w h i c h m u s t l a r g e l y d e p e n d f o r t h e i r success o n a r e f s h e e d u c a t i o n o f t h e p e o p l e , c a n be u n d e r t a k e n in a*i sphere cf h u r r y . T h e r e s p o n s i b l e a u t h o r i t y , t h e r e f o r e , h a s a delicate task in d e c i d i n g t h e r a t e a t w h i c h it is p r u d e n t t o eed. 529. I n the correction of faults The in an is of indigenous no reproach system if ic i n n o v a t i o n s repressive rres ovisation. adopted are u n w i s e . bear a path to be f o l l o w e d is impermanence that and Amelioration must be progressive, t h e but gradual.

amelioration,

and

there stamp

certain

T h e task of d i r e c t i n g a c o u r s e of e v o l u t i o n is n o t a necessarily quote from be t e n t a t i v e and a minute written nothing by Sir

le o n e , a n d s t e p s m u s t be i r r e v o c a b l e . "30. I t is a p p o s i t e to

las M u n r o o n t h e l a n d q u e s t i o n in M a d r a s i n 1884 : " I t is a d a n g e r o u s s y s t e m o f G o v e r n m e n t i n a c o u n t r y of -hich o u r k n o w l e d g e i s v e r y i m p e r f e c t , to b e c o n s t a n t l y u r g e d ry the d e s i r e o f s e t t l i n g e v e r y t h i n g p e r m a n e n t l y , t o d o e v e r y thing in a h u r r y , a n d i n c o n s e q u e n c e w r o n g , a n d i n o u r z e a l for p e r m a n e n c y to put t h e r e m e d y o u t of o u r r e a c h . " 531. I n
Kler

the third

part

of

this E e p o r t , have

when

we

are

the w o r k i n g o f t h e L a n d s T r u s t O r d i n a n c e , w e s h a l l h a v e t o various suggestions which been m a d e b y

d e a l i n g The Method of Executive Control. witnesses

K I K U Y U PABT 1CHAPTER X I V ]

PROVINCE T H E ECONOMIC A
S

t o r t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of f u n c t i o n s a s b e t w e e n t h e L a n d s Board the P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r . I t m u s t b e o b v i o u s f r o m the siderations just a d v a n c e d that t h e L a n d s T r u s t Board c n a - p o s s i b l y h a v e t h e n e c e s s a r y l o c a l k n o w l e d g e a n d t h a t t h e intet c o n t r o l of l a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a s b e t w e e n n a t i v e a n d n a t i v e she be a d i r e c t r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f G o v e r n m e n t , w h i c h i t w o u l d tlischa t h r o u g h t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r as t h e r e s p o n s i b l e head tire P r o v i n c e , a n d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h r u l e s t o b e m a d e under Ordinance. S u b j e c t t o m o d i f i c a t i o n s of d e t a i l t o w h i c h we & ' r e f e r in a n o t h e r p l a c e , o u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w i l l a c c o r d with principle. 5 3 2 . T h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r w o u l d t h e r e f o r e he r e s p o n s i b l e a u t h o r i t y f o r d i r e c t i n g t h e c o u r s e of evolution of githaka s y s t e m , j u s t a s h e i s n o w t h e f i n a l C o u r t o f Appeal N a t i v e T r i b u n a l c a s e s w h i c h a r i s e in c o n n e x i o n w i t h it.

.' .' 0..

!

....

5 3 3 . T h i s c o m b i n a t i o n of t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e and judi r e s p o n s i b i l i t y in t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e h e a d of t h e province is t a i n l y t o b e r e c o m m e n d e d a t t h i s e m b r y o n i c s t a g e i n t h e emerge of, p r i v a t e r i g h t s . T h e y h a v e n o t y e t r e a c h e d t h e s t a g e when C o u r t s of t h e C o l o n y c o u l d b e u s e f u l l y i n v o k e d t o p r o t e c t then:

Rules t o amakol System. *

h e w e

534. A f t e r a r e satisfied in c e r t a i n

hearing that

the evidence

and examining

the reco

t h e gitliaka

s y s t e m r e q u i r e s to" be regtil:

aspects.

535. A t t h i s s t a g e , w h e n i t is still n e c e s s a r y t o proceed 1 m e t h o d of t r i a l a n d e r r o r , w e q u e s t i o n t h e w i s d o m of regula so r i g i d a s t o p r e c l u d e s p e c i a l s e t t l e m e n t s f o r s p e c i a l cases. E . . . : [ ' ' ' of p r a c t i c e m a y i n m a n y w a y s b e p r e f e r a b l e to r u l e s of law, p r a c t i c e c a n o f t e n b e g u i d e d i n t o t h e r i g h t c h a n n e l s under a d v i c e a n d s u p e r v i s i o n o f t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . W h e n n e w facil s u c h as p a d d o c k i n g , i n t r o d u c e d a t first b y t h e enterprise of d i v i d u a l s , a r e p r o v e d t o b e b e n e f i c i a l a n d to r e q u i r e proteci a n d r e g u l a t i o n , r u l e s c a n b e m a d e . N e v e r t h e l e s s , w e are satis t h a t t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l f e a t u r e s o f t h e githaka s y s t e m w h i c h req to b e r e g u l a t e d w i t h o u t d e l a y , a n d w e i n v i t e p a r t i c u l a r atten to t h e e v i d e n c e w h i c h h a s b e e n g i v e n t o u s o n t h e subject p p . 1051-1069 a n d 1 0 9 6 - 1 0 9 8 o f t h e p r i n t e d e v i d e n c e and pp.! 435 of V o l u m e 10 o f t h e O r i g i n a l B e c o r d ) . W e b e l i e v e thai t h i s P r o v i n c e t h e r e i s a d a n g e r t h a t t h e p o l i c y o f laisscr fairt t be c a r r i e d t o o f a r , a n d t h a t a n i n d i s c r i m i n a t i n g r e s p e c t form c u s t o m w i l l r e s u l t i n u n e c o n o m i c f r a g m e n t a t i o n a n d conseqi d e p r e s s i o n of t h e s t a n d a r d o f l i f e .

'

CHAPTER
REQUIREMENTS E X T E R N A L

XV.
TO THE RESERVE.

536. T h e e f f e c t of t h e e c o n o m i c e v i d e n c e is t o s u g g e s t t h a t uiething in t h e n a t u r e of a g e n e r a l c o n g e s t i o n is t h r e a t e n e d in e K i k u y u D i s t r i c t w i t h i n t h i r t y y e a r s , u n l e s s v e r y g r e a t Lm ovements i n a g r i c u l t u r a l m e t h o d a n d t h e h o l d i n g of l a n d t a k e ce. I m p r o v e m e n t i n so h i g h a d e g r e e c a n n o t s a f e l y b e a s s u m e d , it is a p p a r e n t t h a t w e c a n n o t r e l y o n i n t e r n a l a d j u s t m e n t ne, but t h a t f a c i l i t i e s i n l a n d e x t e r n a l t o t h e r e s e r v e w i l l h a v e e found. 537. W e shall pass briefly i n r e v i e w t h e v a r i o u s f o r m s take.
BLOCK

which

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538. W e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d b l o c k a d d i t i o n s a m o u n t i n g t o ADDITION. 0(30 a c r e s t o b e m a d e p e r m a n e n t l y t o t h e r e s e r v e i n s e t t l e m e n t (1) The Com the c l a i m s o f r i g h t . T h i s a d d i t i o n h a s b e e n r e c o m m e n d e d f o r pensatory Blocks. r e m o v a l of g r i e v a n c e s , a n d n o t o n e c o n o m i c g r o u n d s . I t w i l l ve a c e r t a i n e c o n o m i c e f f e c t , i n t h a t i t w i l l h e l p t o k n i t t h e erve m o r e c l o s e l y t o g e t h e r b y t h e e l i m i n a t i o n of t h e " i s l a n d s " T i g o n i a n d E i t h i r i o n i a n d b y j o i n i n g t h e e x i s t i n g " i s l a n d s " of and N g a r a r i g a b y c o r r i d o r s t o t h e m a i n r e s e r v e . I t is also t o hoped t h a t t h e b e t t e r s p i r i t w h i c h i s l i k e l y t o b e e n g e n d e r e d i n Kikuyu b y the settlement of their past grievances will make m more a m e n a b l e to the advice and instruction g i v e n t h e m by i n i s t r a t i v e a n d a g r i c u l t u r a l o f f i c e r s . B u t as a d i r e c t c o n t r i b u to t h e s o l u t i o n of a p r o b l e m o f i n c i p i e n t c o n g e s t i o n t h e a d d i of t h e s e c o m p e n s a t o r y b l o c k s is c l e a r l y i n a d e q u a t e , a n d n e e d s be s u p p l e m e n t e d b y t h e a d d i t i o n of f u r t h e r b l o c k s o n e c o n o m i c imds. 539. I t is c l e a r t h a t n o a d d i t i o n of t e r r i t o r y , h o w e v e r l a r g e , by itself s o l v e p r o b l e m s c a u s e d b y d e n s i t y o f p o p u l a t i o n , if t h e illation c o n t i n u e s t o i n c r e a s e . A l l t h a t i t c a n effect i s a c e r t a i n ng of t i m e , a n d t h e v a l u e o f t h e a d d i t i o n d e p e n d s o n t h e u s e e of t h e t i m e . 540. I f a p o p u l a t i o n is s h o w i n g s i g n s of b e c o m i n g e c o n o m i y m i n d e d ; if it has b e g u n t o s w e e p aside a g r a r i a n restrictions ch h a v e l o s t t h e i r u s e s a n d d e v i s e o t h e r s w h i c h e n s u r e t h e -pa t i o n of t h e l a n d t o b e t t e r a d v a n t a g e ; if i t h a s r e a l i z e d t h e lity of t r y i n g t o s e c u r e p a r t i c u l a r p i e c e s o f l a n d b y a sort of ail t o t h e s a m e f a m i l y f o r e v e r ; i f i t h a s b e g u n t o b u i l d u p vative i n d u s t r i e s o n t h e basis of a g r i c u l t u r e i n s t e a d of e x p e c t every f a m i l y t o b e s u p p o r t e d d i r e c t l y f r o m t h e g r o w i n g o f if i t is s h o w i n g a t e n d e n c y t o d e l a y t h e a g e o f m a r r i a g e (Block Addition. (2) A n A d d i tion recom mended on Economic Grounds.

KI K U Y U PART ICHAPTER XVj

PROVINCE T H E ECONOMIC AS;

until t h e m e a n s o f s u p p o r t i n g a f a m i l y a r e a p p a r e n t , a c o n s e q u e n c e t h e r a t e o f p o p u l a t i o n - i n c r e a s e has b e g u n to dec!? if all t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s e x i s t , t h e n a r e s p i t e of a f e w years mav v e r y useful so t h a t : ( i ) the e c o n o m i c lesson m a y be better lest (ii) t h e a g r a r i a n a d j u s t m e n t s m a y be e f f e c t e d , and (iii) con^js; m a y not occur u n t i l the r a t e of i n c r e a s e lias slackened aril simplified the problem.
:

5 4 1 . I t is t r u e t h a t , w h e t h e r s u c h a d d i t i o n is m a d e or i an e q u i l i b r i u m w o u l d e v e n t u a l l y b e r e a c h e d , but t h e danger ti the final e q u i l i b r i u m w i l l b e a l o w - g r a d e p o p u l a t i o n living oni p o v e r i s h e d soil is s o m e w h a t d i m i n i s h e d if the a d d i t i o n is rat a n d a r e s p i t e s e c u r e d . B u t it i s o b v i o u s t h a t t h e e c o n o m i c adji i) e n t s f o r w h i c h the r e s p i t e is d e s i r e d w o u l d t a k e a very cony) able t i m e . 5 4 2 . A l t e r c o n s i d e r i n g t h e s e m a t t e r s a u d h a v i n g regard t h e a c t u a l a r e a s a v a i l a b l e , w e t h i n k t h a t t h e a d d i t i o n of ana; of s o m e 350 t o 4G0 s q u a r e m i l e s is w a r r a n t e d , a n d w o u l d bo ofv, s u b s t a n t i a l a s s i s t a n c e t o t h e K i k u y u in a f f o r d i n g t h e m a resj d u r i n g w h i c h t h e y m u s t ; e a r n t o i m p r o v e t h e i r m e t h o d s of a. c u l t u r e a n d l a n d - h o l d i n g s o t h a t , w h e n the e x i s t i n g degree d e n s i t y is a g a i n r e a c h e d , t h e y w i l l be b e t t e r a b i e to lace; p o s i t i o n . "VYe r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h i s a r e a b e f o u n d o n the north V a t t a in t h e g e n e r a l p o s i t i o n s h o w n o n t h e m a p h e r e followi T h e e x t e n t of t h e a r e a as s h o w n o n t h e m a p i s 3 8 3 square iai! W e r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e a d d i t i o n b e m a d e to the K i k u y u Nat R e s e r v e as C l a s s B l (see s e c t i o n 23 a b o v e ) . I t w i l l b e o b s e r v e d f r o m t h e m a p t h a t L . O . 7048 form; s a l i e n t i n t o t h i s a r e a . T t i s 33 s q u a r e m i l e s in e x t e n t , and is l a f o r w h i c h M e s s r s . S w i f t a n d R u t h e r f o o r d a p p l i e d in o r d e r to urn! t a k e a l a r g e sisal g r o w i n g e n t e r p r i s e . B u t in 1931 the applicali w a s w i t h d r a w n , a l t h o u g h t h e p o s s i b i l i t y w a s e n v i s a g e d tint some future dale the application m i g h t be r e n e w e d . W e h a v e a g r e e d t o c o n s i d e r t h a t t h i s a r e a s h o u l d be regart as a " D " area ( s e e s e c t i o n 25 a b o v e ) a n d t h a t i t s future dest: s h o u l d b e d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e c o u r s e of e v e n t s ; t h e C h a i r m a n woe h o w e v e r , h a v e p r e f e r r e d t h a t it s h o u l d h a v e f o r m e d part of: e x t e n s i o n t o t h e K i k u y u w i t h t h e p r o v i s o t h a t i t should b e regari as e s p e c i a l l y an a r e a in w h i c h n o n - n a t i v e s s h o u l d be encourai to t a k e u p l a n d a n d t h a t c o n s e q u e n t l y it should n o t b e inclsii in t h e first b l o c k s for K i k u y u s e t t l e m e n t . t^'''Block Addition on the Ynttn.
0 f

54.-J. I t is e s s e n t i a l t h a t t h e l a n d t o be a d d e d must be c i n s u c h a w a y as t o assist i n t h e l e a r n i n g of e c o n o m i c lessons, s h o u l d c e r t a i n l y n o t b e r e s e r v e d a s a c o m m o n a g e to the tti Such a course would people. be r e t r o g r e s s i v e and injurious both tot soil a n d t o t h e

DIAGRAM KIKUYU NOW

ILLUSTRATING NATIVE LANDS

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Report.)

RECOMMENDED

(IS/de Section 4 6 3 &

K I K U Y U -CHAPTER X V ]

PROVINCE T H E ECONOMIC ASPECT

i essential p r e l i m i n a r y means o f i m p r o v i n g men t h a t h a s b e e n to m a r k ,1 p r e p a r e d off a scheme

t o n a t i v e s e t t l e m e n t i n t h e a r e a is a or supply. are of for opinion that the by next occupation Having natives think

s u r v e y b o t h of soils a n d of t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s of i r r i g a t i o n the water done, w e or cf l a n d blocks

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tier a t l e n g t h a n d h e a r d a r g u m e n t s o n b o t h sides, w e p c f u c r l e that sell!cn.ent*of :1 u n d e r c a r e f u l 4. W e hat o n iug o f ce, recommend that the

w o u l d be a m i s t a k e t o o p e n u p t h e w h o l e a r e a at o n c e , b u t the n a t i v e s o n the land should method The of control should be supervision, a block at a t i m e . lines. Provincial and the Commissioner committee Chiefs the full the a to a Senior as

the f o l l o w i n g the District he might

l a v e control but should be assisted by a special Commissioners consult We either

j r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e v a r i o u s d i v i s i o n s of t h e d i s t r i c t s o f whom collectively tree, o r b y d i s t r i c t s . t officers, i n tmcler the tij-j o i n t m e n t also recommend Settlement Provincial Officer that one of of the area

addition t o his ordinary as L a n d of the

duties, should h o l d Commissioner.

orders

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should, t h e r e f o r e ,

to t h e m a n n e r in w h i c h p r i v a t e r i g h t s m a y b e c r e a t e d i n e c o n s i d e r i t a d v i s a b l e t h a t t h e i s y s t e m to b e a d o p t e d both of group and or also family of we tenure in on lines of related tenure system, holdings make on more individual in should to the "C". rent land how agree of lines,

e jrcrcsals

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respect

n a subsequent part of our R e p o r t vould b e g e n e r a l l y be charged nt for- t h e n o r m a l for homesteads, requirements by of

( P a r t I I I , sections 1880 But no mean If, which we

suitable t o this area also.

a household.

atives d e s i r e t o t a k e u p l a n d i n e x c e s s of such r e q u i r e m e n t s , i r r r c s e s of r a n c h i n g ea. t a later s t a g e , w h e n t h e r e is a sufficient r e s i d e n t p o p u l a t i o n , 1 Native Council could be f o r m e d , and the advisory corn to w h i c h w e h a v e r e f e r r e d , m i g h t n o l o n g e r b e r e q u i r e d . C Tt is m o s t i m p o r t a n t t h a t t h e l a n d , b o t h i n t h e a l l o c a t e d and i n t h e b l o c k s a w a i t i n g a l l o c a t i o n , should be protected or s o m e s i m i l a r e n t e r p r i s e , w e rent s h o u l d b e c h a r g e d a n d a p p l i e d to the development

KIKUYU PART 1CHAPTER X V ]

PROVINCE T H E Eco-Ncn

a g a i n s t m i s u s e . T h e c o n d i t i o n s o f t e n u r e s h o u l d c o n t a i n adtl s a f e g u a r d s a g a i n s t o v e r - s t o c k i n g of t h e l a n d a n d again?! w a n t o n d e s t r u c t i o n of t i m b e r . A s m a l l , but p e r h a p s i m p o r t a n t , p o i n t is t h a t w e con si del t h e w o r d githaka s h o u l d n o t b e u s e d , s i n c e it appears a d v i s a b l e t h a t t h e n a t i v e s s h o u l d r e a l i z e t h a t t h e r e is a distil b e t w e e n this land and t h e r e s e r v e . 547. W e h o p e t h a t t h e s e s u g g e s t i o n s m a y b e o f u s e ; we: a t t e n t i o n t o t h e e v i d e n c e g i v e n o n t h e s u b j e c t ( E v i d e n c e , pp. 1096) a n d w e a l s o r e c o m m e n d t h a t i n f o r m a t i o n b e s o u g h t cot i n g t h e w o r k of L a n d S e t t l e m e n t Officers i n I n d i a . N o r aw p o s s i b i l i t y b e n e g l e c t e d t h a t t h e K i k u y u L o c a l N a t i v e Cot m a y t h e m s e l v e s h a v e u s e f u l s u g g e s t i o n s to m a k e ; b u t we s i be m o r e h o p e f u l o f this i f s o m e b e t t e r use f o r t h e N d e i y a at 74 s q u a r e m i l e s h a d b e e n f o u n d t h a n t o k e e p it as a grazinj m o u a g e e v e r s i n c e i t w a s a d d e d t o t h e i r r e s e r v e some k y e a r s a g o . I t w o u l d b e a d i s a s t r o u s m i s u s e of l a n d if this mi; w e r e to b e r e p e a t e d i n t h e c a s e o f t h e Y a t t a . Necessity for getting the Uso
m 0

548. T h e p u r p o s e of t h e a d d i t i o n is to p r o v i d e an cxtetl area for the K i k u y u . I t is t h e r e f o r e n e i t h e r p r o b a b l e nor altoJ d e s i r a b l e t h a t l a r g e n u m b e r s of n a t i v e s w h o n o w h a v e lande[ r e s e r v e s h o u l d l e a v e t h e s e l a n d s a n d s e t t l e i n t h e extension! On t h e o t h e r h a n d it is of i m p o r t a n c e in t h e g e n e r a ! inkj of t h e c o u n t r y t h a t h i n d s h o u l d b e b r o u g h t i n t o u s e . It I of a s s i s t a n c e t o t h e K i k u y u i n s e t t l i n g t h e a r e a i f a few e n t e r p r i s e s m a n a g e d b y c o m p a n i e s of p r o v e d r e l i a b i l i t y tire and even encouraged to take up land o n favourable e s p e c i a l l y w h e r e t h e a d e q u a t e d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e land K:i\ large capital e x p e n d i t u r e . Such enterprises w i l l provide a r o u n d w h i c h K i k u y u s e t t l e m e n t s m a y b e e x p e c t e d to sprinji a t t r a c t e d h o t h b y t h e p r o s p e c t of e m p l o y m e n t f o r t h e i r youngif and a l s o b y t h e p r e s e n c e of a r e a d y m a r k e t f o r t h e i r produce.! w i l l p r o b a b l y be f o u n d t h a t c o m p a n i e s of t h i s n a t u r e will w Lf h o l d t h e i r l a n d o n s o m e b e t t e r s e c u r i t y t h a n s h o r t term let] and w e c o n s i d e r t h a t , i f n e c e s s a r y , l e a s e s f o r n i n e t y - n i n e ; s h o u l d b e a l l o w e d . N o t h i n g i n t h e n a t u r e of r a n c h i n g proposit: should be entertained. 549. I n j u d g i n g w h e t h e r t h i s p r o v i s i o n is sufficient cJ : sufficient w e m u s t n o t n e g l e c t t o t a k e a c c o u n t of t h e fact that n u m b e r s of K i k u y u , e s t i m a t e d i n s e c t i o n 4 9 9 a b o v e at 1 1 0 , 0 0 0 , a r e l i v i n g o u t s i d e t h e r e s e r v e , f o r t h e most part s q u a t t e r s on E u r o p e a n f a r m s . T h e i r r a t e of n a t u r a l increas a t l e a s t a s h i g h a s i n t h e r e s e r v e , w h e r e i t i s computed l o 1.6 p e r c e n t p e r a n n u m . T h a t w o u l d m e a n t h a t as m a n y as I h u n d r e d a n d f i f t y f a m i l i e s of f i v e c o u l d r e t u r n to t h e reserveij

The Squatter Population.

30 1
KTKTJYU PROVINCE T H E ECONOMIC ASPECT

I-OllAPTEK

XV]

w i t h o u t a n y d i m i n u t i o n i n t h e t o t a l , s i n c e t h e loss w o u l d tiood b y n a t u r a l of vas c a l c u l a t e d o n in a n n u a l r e p o r t s , 1928 ( V o l u m e nee). increase. in the According hut to t h e survey in on population-increase Kikuyu has been which the stands

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1 0 , p p . 18-132 of

the Original

T h e n u m b e r of s q u a t t e r s o u t s i d e t h e r e s e r v e s i s r e p r e

(1 as a l m o s t s t a t i c , w h i c h i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e y a r e r e t u r n i n g t o serves in n u m b e r s e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e r a t e of n a t u r a l i n c r e a s e . 50. Q u e s t i o n a b l e though the figures are admitted to be, the ': . al c o n c l u s i o n is e n d o r s e d b y t h e o p i n i o n s of t h e " Hirers w h o h a v e g i v e n on to t h e p r e v a i l i n g Although
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on t h i s p o i n t , a n d a l s o b y

hief R e g i s t r a r of N a t i v e s , w h o , h o w e v e r , a s c r i b e s t h e p r e s e n t economic depression. may be due to economic un any other the present position

it seems t o us a p r u d e n t s t a n d p o i n t i n f a c i n g an

'n future t h a t w e s h o u l d n o t e x p e c t , o n a b a l a n c e s t r u c k o v e r iher o f y e a r s , t h a t t h e s e t t l e d a r e a w i l l b e a b l e t o afford ems m o r e probable, t h a t the general flow will be the initial r e l i e f i n a b s o r b i n g t h e s u r p l u s p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e r e s e r v e , and t h a t t h e r e w i l l b e a c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r of f a m i l i e s d i s ed a n n u a l l y f r o m t h e s e t t l e d a r e a , f o r w h o m lave t o b e f o u n d . 52. T h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s s u g g e s t t h a t , w h i l e t h e r e s e r v e , t o r with the e x t e n s i o n wdiich w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d , should be ient t o p r o v i d e f o r i t s o w n n a t u r a l i n c r e a s e of p o p u l a t i o n , i t not b e s u f f i c i e n t ters. be f o u n d , dnes. 53. I n Part III of the Report we shall r e c o m m e n d certain External Facilities on to be m a d e a v a i l a b l e i n w h i c h r e t u r n i n g s q u a t t e r s o r n a t i v e s wish t o l e a v e t h e i r r e s e r v e s m a y liable t e r m s . be a b l e t o t a k e u p l a n d o n would than be a family As T h e c l a s s of p e r s o n s m o s t l i k e l y t o a p p l y it to provide both for follow, them and for our opinion returning facilities it is not on W h i l e it f o l l o w s , i f t h a t b e t h e c a s e , t h a t o t h e r does n o t and in accommodation --:

hie, t h a t t h e y s h o u l d b e f o u n d b y a s t i l l f u r t h e r a d d i t i o n

pamiilf^ines

ose w h o h a v e a c q u i r e d a h i g h e r d e g r e e of i n d i v i d u a l i s m (1 by a p r o v i s i o n o f l a n d w h i c h t h e y c o u l d t a k e u p a s than b y a l a r g e b l o c k t o b e m a n a g e d ped tiards. itageous. together, Some and there of seems on t r i b a l l i n e s . need for

e n e r a l i t y of n a t i v e s , a n d i t i s m o r e l i k e l y t h a t t h e y w o u l d

p r o c e s s t h e h o l d i n g s of f a m i l i e s o f o n e t r i b e w o u l d t e n d t o to be n o special be degree intermingling would probably

381
[-CHAPTER .... XV J KTKUYTJ PROVINCE T H E ECONOMIC

ASPECT

without any d i m i n u t i o n good b y natural was c a l c u l a t e d on of p o p u l a t i o n - i n c r e a s e in a n n u a l r e p o r t s , euce).

in t h e t o t a l , s i n c e t h e l o s s w o u l d b e According to the survey s t a n d s in on the in Kikuyu which the evidence avail of the to the ''. position

increase.

t h e basis of

hut c o u n t s a n d r e c o r d s approximate

that has been

1928 ( V o l u m e 1 0 , p p . 18-132 o f t h e O r i g i n a l R e c o r d

T h e n u m b e r of s q u a t t e r s o u t s i d e t h e r e s e r v e s i s r e p r e

'd as inlmost s t a t i c , w h i c h i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e y a r e r e t u r n i n g 550. Q u e s t i o n a b l e though the figures are admitted e v i d e n c e on to b e ,

eserves i n n u m b e r s e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e r a t e of n a t u r a l i n c r e a s e . nil conclusion, is e n d o r s e d b y t h e o p i n i o n s of t h e A d m i n i s t r a Othcers w h o h a v e g i v e n this p o i n t , and also b y Chief R e g i s t r a r of N a t i v e s , w h o , h o w e v e r , a s c r i b e s t h e p r e s e n t ion to t h e p r e v a i l i n g e c o n o m i c 551. A l t h o u g h the p r e s e n t essiom, it s e e m s t o us a p r u d e n t depression. may be due to economic an im any other - standpoint in facing position

iin future t h a t w e s h o u l d n o t e x p e c t , o n a b a l a n c e s t r u c k o v e r tniber of y e a r s , t h a t t h e s e t t l e d a r e a w i l l b e a b l e t o afford fonts m o r e probable that the general flow will be t h e itantial r e l i e f in a b s o r b i n g t h e s u r p l u s p o p u l a t i o n of t h e r e s e r v e , - and t h a t t h e r e w i l l b e a c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r of f a m i l i e s d i s rged a n n u a l l y f r o m t h e s e t t l e d a r e a , f o r w h o m have t o be f o u n d . 552. T h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s s u g g e s t t h a t , w h i l e t h e r e s e r v e , t o her w i t h t h e e x t e n s i o n w h i c h w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d , s h o u l d b e icient to p r o v i d e f o r i t s o w n n a t u r a l i n c r e a s e of p o p u l a t i o n , i t y not b e sufficient utters. to provide both f o r them and for follow, and in returning is not on External Facilities on pamifr^ines W h i l e it f o l l o w s , if t h a t b e t h e c a s e , t h a t o t h e r f a c i l i t i e s our opinion i t accommodation

st be f o u n d , i t d o e s n o t ial lines. 553. I n

irable, t h a t t h e y s h o u l d b e f o u n d b y a s t i l l f u r t h e r a d d i t i o n P a r t 111 o f t h e R e p o r t we shall r e c o m m e n d

certain

as to be m a d e a v a i l a b l e i n w h i c h r e t u r n i n g s q u a t t e r s o r n a t i v e s o wish t o l e a v e t h e i r r e s e r v e s m a y b e a b l e t o t a k e u p l a n d o n sonable t e r m s . T h e c l a s s of p e r s o n s m o s t l i k e l y t o a p p l y w o u l d than be those w h o h a v e a c q u i r e d a h i g h e r d e g r e e of i n d i v i d u a l i s m

generality of n a t i v e s , a n d i t i s m o r e l i k e l y t h a t t h e y w o u l d its than b y a l a r g e b l o c k t o be m a n a g e d rouped t o g e t h e r , eguards. Some antageous. and there seems of on tribal l i n e s .

ted b y a p r o v i s i o n of l a n d w h i c h t h e y c o u l d t a k e up a s f a m i l y As a special be fund process t h e h o l d i n g s of f a m i l i e s of o n e t r i b e w o u l d t e n d t o to be n o need f o r would degree intermingling probably

KENYA

LAND

COMMISSION

REPORT

KIKUYU PART I C H A I T E I I X V ]

PROVINCE T H E ECONOMIC AspJ

Certain un used Land in tlio Masai Iteservo.

5 5 4 . T h e r e a r e e x t e n s i v e a r e a s o f g o o d a g r i c u l t u r a l land M a s a i K e s e r v e i n p r o x i m i t y t o t h e s o u t h e r n b o r d e r of K i k u \ . M a s a i m a k e n o a d e q u a t e use of t h e m , a n d it m i g h t be c o n ; t h a t a l e a s e t o t h e K i k u y u should b e a r r a n g e d . B u t i t i s u nlike t h a t t h e M a s a i w o u l d a g r e e , a n d a n y a t t e m p t t o f o r c e their ban b e s i d e s b e i n g i n c o n t r a v e n t i o n o f t h e a g r e e m e n t o f 11)11 w Inch s p e c i a l l y p r e s e r v e d i n s e c t i o n 8 o f t h e L a n d s T r u s t Ore! nanck w o u l d p r o b a b l y l e a d t o i l l - f e e l i n g w h i c h m i g h t t e n d t o previ uit t ] very considerable p e n e t r a t i o n by K i k u y u i n t o Masailand w il i c h ! p r e s e n t t a k e s p l a c e b y a n a t u r a l p r o c e s s w h i c h is t o the adv a n t a j of b o t h t r i b e s . 5 5 5 . N o t o n l y d o l a r g e n u m b e r s o f K i k u y u w o m e n g e t marriel t o M a s a i a n d K a m b a h u s b a n d s , b u t t h e y o f t e n i n v i t e t h e i r relj t i o n s t o f o l l o w t h e m , a n d i n a g e n e r a l w a y , so l o n g as the p a c e ! not forced, both tribes are agreeable to this arrangement. T o ] less e x t e n t t h e r e is a p e n e t r a t i o n b y K i k u y u i n t o U k a n l b a . Thej m o v e m e n t s d o n o t o c c u r t o a n e x t e n t w h i c h c o u l d in any wJ t h r e a t e n t h e g e n e r a l s e c u r i t y of t h e t r i b e i n t o w h o s e l a n d the p e n ! t r a t i o n t a k e s p l a c e . O n t h e c o n t r a r y it p r o b a b l y i n c r e a s e s sectirirl by c r e a t i n g b e t t e r r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n the tribes concerned.

Penetration into other ltoaorves.

55G. T h e d e n s i t y at w h i c h t h e K i k u y u a r e l i v i n g i s a l t o g e t h General Com raent on tlio e x c e p t i o n a l f o r A f r i c a , a n d it is n o t s u r p r i s i n g t h a t land p r o b l e m ] Solution of the of g r e a t d i f f i c u l t y s h o u l d h a v e a r i s e n . W e h a v e not t h e r e f o r ] Kikuyu Problem. t h o u g h t it d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e t o d e v o t e a t h i r d p a r t o f o u r r e p o r t ! t h e i r s o l u t i o n . W e f i r s t a d d r e s s e d o u r s e l v e s t o t h e task of f i n d i n l a j u s t s e t t l e m e n t f o r e x i s t i n g g r i e v a n c e s a n d t h e n turned t o th q u e s t i o n of e c o n o m i c n e e d s . I n o r d e r t o p r o v i d e f o r t h e s e need w e h a v e m a d e p r o p o s a l s p a r t l y o n t r i b a l a n d p a r t l y on n o n - t r i t e lines. F o r t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e K i k u y u t h e s h e l t e r of t h e triha system w i l l be necessary for many years and probably g e n e r a t i o n ! to c o m e , and w e h a v e , therefore, r e c o m m e n d e d a s u b s t a n t i a l e s j tension of the tribal territory. T h i s will enable them t o e x p i u n t i l t h e y h a v e h a d t i m e t o l e a r n m o r e s k i l l in t h e u s e o f h i n d a n ! m a k e t h e l a n d c a p a b l e of c a r r y i n g a l a r g e r p o p u l a t i o n w i t h o u t hrfl p a i r m e n t . F o r t h e i n c r e a s i n g n u m b e r w h o w i l l in c o u r s e o f t i m f d e s i r e t o l e a v e t h e t r i b a l t e r r i t o r y a n d g o to areas w h e r e t h e y ma h o l d l a n d on m o r e i n d i v i d u a l l i n e s , w e s h a l l m a k e p r o p o s a l s i P a r t I I I o f I b i s B e p o r t t h a t e x t e n s i v e a r e a s be s e t a s i d e i n w h i c n a t i v e s s h a l l h a v e p r i o r r i g h t s of t a k i n g u p l a n d on l e a s e . Finallii w e s h a l l r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e r e s e r v a t i o n of l a n d t o p a r t i c t r i b e s s h a l l n o t b e so r i g i d l y i n t e r p r e t e d as t o p r e v e n t a s a f e e x t e n j of p e a c e f u l i n t e r p e n e t r a t i o n , in so f a r as t h e o c c u p a n t t r i b e d o e s pel o l v e c t a n d in s o far a s t h e c u s t o m s of l a n d - h o l d i n e p e r m i t , w i l l g i v e g r e a t e r f l u i d i t y , a n d t o s o m e e x t e n t a l l e v i a t e t h e difncml t i e s a r i s i n g f r o m t h e p r e s e n t m a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of p o p u l a t i o n o n th la n d .

1QKUYU
CHAPTER X V ]

PROVINCE
I HE ECONOMIC ASPECT

557. W e b e l i e v e t h a t t h e s e r e m e d i e s , t a k e n t o g e t h e r , ible the K i k u y u to f a c e t h e f u t u r e w i t h e v e r y p r o s p e c t , i t i their o p p o r t u n i t i e s , of b e c o m i n g a p r o s p e r o u s t r i b e .

will they

558. W e w i s h to i n v i t e a t t e n t i o n t o t h e f a c t t h a t , w h i l e o n lance of v a l u e f o r v a l u e t h e P r o f i t a n d L o s s A c c o u n t h a s r e v e a l e d to the K i k u y u a m o u n t i n g t o 21,000 acres, w h i c h w e mad l o v r e c o m m e n d to be m a d e g o o d , y e t , if t h e b a l a n c e be s t r u c k iply on e x t e n t of l a n d , the t e r r i t o r y w h i c h t h e K i k u y u n o w upy is m u c h g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t w h i c h t h e y o c c u p i e d before vernnient c a m e . A c t i o n s t a k e n b y G o v e r n m e n t a t a t i m e w h e n orniation w a s v e r y i m p e r f e c t m a y s o m e t i m e s h a v e r e s u l t e d i n dship t o t h e K i k u y u , o w i n g t o m i s c o n c e p t i o n s of t h e n u m b e r s (lie p o p u l a t i o n and t h e i r s y s t e m of l a n d t e n u r e . B u t the r e s u l t our e x a m i n a t i o n h a s b e e n t o c o n v i n c e u s t h a t t h e h a r d s h i p s 1'ered b y t h e t r i b e h a v e b e e n v a s t l y e x a g g e r a t e d , a n d t h a t t h e sent e c o n o m i c p r o b l e m , w h i c h is o n e of p o p u l a t i o n - d e n s i t y , i s
s s

d i r e c t l y due t o G o v e r n m e n t a c t i o n i n c o n s t r i c t i n g t h e b o u n d es, for t h e y h a v e i n r e a l i t y b e e n e x p a n d e d . B u t t h e e c o n o m i c ansion o f t h e c o u n t r y h a s i n e v i t a b l y d r a w n p o p u l a t i o n t o w a r d s main c e n t r e s of t r a d e a n d e m p l o y m e n t , w h i l e t h e p r e v e n t i o n o f line a n d t r i b a l w a r s a n d t h e b e t t e r c o n t r o l o f e p i d e m i c s h a s loved t h e p r i n c i p a l c h e c k s o n p o p u l a t i o n - i n c r e a s e .

CHAPTER
L A N D Contrast of the Meru and Embu Prob lems with those of Kikuyu Proper. PROBLEMS OP T H E

XVI.
MEBU AND EMB1

DISTRICTS. 559. I n the fifteen chapters just completed, we have o&

w i t h t h e p r o b l e m s of t h e t h r e e d i s t r i c t s of K i k u y u p r o p e r , an at o f 1,931 s q u a r e m i l e s , i n c l u s i v e of t h e M w e a a r e a , w i t h a p o n u ! tion of approximately 489,156 p e r s o n s l i v i n g at a density o f a square m i l e proximately 253 t o t h e

(vide

section

67

above)

contrast to them the M e r u and E m b u

t r i b e s , w h o a r e also o f t S i n c e t h e Protector; disturbance

s a m e P r o v i n c e a r e a p o p u l a t i o n o n l y a b o u t h a l f as numerous, h a b i t i n g an a r e a m o r e t h a n t w i c e a s l a r g e . was declared they have been singularly free from

a n y k i n d a n d t h e y h a v e n o v e r y s e r i o u s o r difficult l a n d problen T h e r e a r e . h o w e v e r , a f e w m a t t e r s w h i c h r e q u i r e t o be mention shortly .

7

The Boundary 560. T h e p r o p o s e d b o u n d a r i e s of t h e M e r u N a t i v e Iteser of the Meru w e r e p u b l i s h e d f o r g e n e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n i n 1 9 2 5 , b u t subsequent Native a m o d i f i e d b o u n d a r y w a s a p p r o v e d , w h i c h h a d t h e effect of exclt Reserve. i n g t h e T h a r a k a s e t t l e m e n t s a t M u t e j w a , K i k i n g o a n d M a t h a frc the M e r u N a t i v e Reserve. excluded areas were very I t w a s s u p p o s e d at t h e t i m e that sparsely occupied land in which Subsequent

M e r u could n o t be said t o h a v e a n y l e g i t i m a t e c l a i m . representations were made which

c a u s e d a r e c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t

m a t t e r , a n d a r e v e r s i o n t o t h e b o u n d a r i e s as p r o v i s i o n a l l y gazett in 1925 w a s a p p r o v e d b y t h e G o v e r n o r i n C o u n c i l i n M a r c h , 19: 561. T h e recommend with them. formal natives were informed of this decision and b o u n d a r i e s t h e n r e c o m m e n d e d a r e b e i n g o b s e r v e d i n practice, t h a t t h e g a z e t t e d b o u n d a r i e s be a m e n d e d t o confo: We understand in the that it is only because that be of cerfe this st Lands Trust Ordinance

difficulties

h a s n o t a l r e a d y b e e n t a k e n , a n d a t a l a t e r s t a g e i n o u r report shall m a k e proposals w h e r e b y area affected this obstacle m a y removed. 562. T h e Land claimed between the Luguthu and Morania Rivers. i n t h i s c a s e i s 626 s q u a r e m i l e s .

563. T h e r e is a p i e c e o f l a n d w h i c h t h e M e r u c l a i m to t w e s t w a r d of t h e i r r e s e r v e . I t is a s t r i p b e t w e e n t w o r i v e r s , b e of w h i c h a r e o f t e n c a l l e d t h e M o r a n i a , a l t h o u g h it is correct c a l l t h e w e s t e r n r i v e r t h e M o r a n i a a n d t h e e a s t e r n t h e Lugntl T h e L u g u t h u is t h e b o u n d a r y o f t h e r e s e r v e as g a z e t t e d in 19: b u t t h e M e r u c l a i m t h e l a n d as f a r as t h e M o r a n i a . 564. I n 1 9 1 1 , w h e n i t w a s t h o u g h t w i t h a p p a r e n t l y gc r e a s o n t h a t t h e l a n d b e t w e e n t h e s e t w o r i v e r s w a s M e r u land i

K I K U Y U itr [-CHAPTER XVI]

PROVINCE EMBU AND MERU DISTRICTS

onltl be i n c l u d e d in t h e M e r u N a t i v e R e s e r v e , t h e D i s t r i c t C o m issiouer d i v e r t e d t h e L u g u t h u b y a f u r r o w so t h a t it r a n f u r t h e r st through the g r a z i n g l a n d of t h e I m e n d i s e c t i o n o f t h e M e r u . 565. I n 3913 t h e l a n d b e t w e e n t h e L u g u t h u a n d t h e M o r a n i a advertised f o r s a l e a n d o n e of t h e a t t r a c t i o n s w a s s a i d t o b e It it was w a t e r e d b y t h e L u g u t h u . S u b s e q u e n t l y the g e n t l e m a n B i o had taken u p o n e of t h e f a r m s ( L . O . 4634) p r o t e s t e d t h a t h e id been m i s l e d b y G o v e r n m e n t i n a s m u c h as t h e L u g u t h u h a d en diverted a w a y f r o m h i s f a r m a n d n o l o n g e r w a t e r e d i t . 5G6. P e r s i s t e n t a t t e m p t s h a v e b e e n m a d e b y G o v e r n m e n t t o tisfy both i n t e r e s t s b y r e t u r n i n g t h e r i v e r t o i t s f o r m e r c o u r s e id conducting a s u p p l y f r o m a n o t h e r source i n t o t h e f u r r o w d u g the n a t i v e s . T h e s e efforts h a v e m e t w i t h v e r y indifferent scess until t h e j i r e s e n t y e a r . B u t t h e E x e c u t i v e E n g i n e e r h a s w been successful i n c o n d u c t i n g a g o o d s u p p l y of w a t e r t o t h e tives' f u r r o w b y m e a n s of a f u r r o w t a k e n f r o m a t r i b u t a r y of ? Eazita River. 567. T h i s f u r r o w h a s b e e n m a d e at G o v e r n m e n t e x p e n s e iu her r e s p e c t s , b u t t h e M e r u h a v e s u p p l i e d l a b o u r f r e e of c h a r g e , respect of t h e u p k e e p w e u n d e r s t a n d t h a t it i s p r o p o s e d t h a t cost should b e s h a r e d b e t w e e n G o v e r n m e n t a n d t h e L o c a l itive Council. 568. I f the q u e s t i o n of t h e f u r r o w is r e g a r d e d in i s o l a t i o n an ual s h a r i n g o f t h e c o s t w o u l d b e f a i r , s i n c e i t c a n h a r d l y b e limed t h a t t h e M e r u , b y t h e m e r e a c t i o n of d i g g i n g a f u r r o w , d established a r i g h t t o d i v e r t t h e M o r a n i a R i v e r o r t o r e c e i v e mpensation in t h e f o r m of an a l t e r n a t i v e s u p p l y of w a t e r f r e e all cost, if t h e G o v e r n m e n t s h o u l d see fit t o r e t u r n t h e r i v e r t o original c h a n n e l . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d t h e f u r r o w h a d b e e n d u g the d i r e c t i o n o f t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r , a n d t h a t m a y f a i r l y taken as e s t a b l i s h i n g a r i g h t t o s p e c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n . 569. B u t w h i l e a s o l u t i o n o n t h e a b o v e l i n e s is e q u i t a b l e i f e m a t t e r of t h e w a t e r - f u r r o w b e c o n s i d e r e d i n i s o l a t i o n , i t c e a s e s be so if c o n s i d e r e d i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e q u e s t i o n of l o s s of nd. W e a r e n o t i m p r e s s e d b y t h e c l a i m of t h e M e r u t h a t t h e nd b e t w e e n t h e t w o M o r a n i a s w a s t h e i r s in t h e s e n s e t h a t t h e y ade full a n d c o n t i n u o u s u s e o f i t . I t is p r o b a b l e , h o w e v e r , t h a t ey m a d e i n t e r m i t t e n t u s e o f it f o r g r a z i n g p u r p o s e s . Therefore, though w e c a n n o t a d m i t t h e i r c l a i m t o t h e l a n d , w e a g r e e t h a t ey o u g h t not t o b e d e p r i v e d of t h e u s e w h i c h t h e y h a d of i t itliout s o m e c o m p e n s a t i o n . W e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h i s c o m p e n s a t i o n ould be f o u n d b y G o v e r n m e n t m e e t i n g t h e f u l l c h a r g e s o f t h e p p l y - f u r r o w , b o t h i n r e s p e c t of i n i t i a l c o s t a n d m a i n t e n a n c e , t h e e m , of c o u r s e , c o n t i n u i n g t o b e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r all c h a r g e s i n nnexion w i t h t h e i r o w n f u r r o w .

K.1KOYCJ PART ICHAPTER X V I ]

PROVINCE KAIRU AND AIERU DISTIH

5 7 0 . T h i s c l a i m is i l l u s t r a t e d i n t h e plan o p p o s i t e page 5 t h e e v i d e n c e . W h i l e w e t h i n k t h a t t h e a b o v e s o l u t i o n is equita w e a r e i n f o r m e d t h a t t h e . M e r u set c o n s i d e r a b l e store on a c q u i s i t i o n of t h e l a n d n o w c o m p r i s e d in the f a r m ( L . O . 4631) r a t h e r t h a t p a r t of it w h i c h is s i t u a t e d b e t w e e n t h e t w o rive a n d i t is s t a t e d t h a t t h e y w o u l d b e p r e p a r e d to m a k e an offer i t . I n t h e s p e c i a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s of t h e c a s e , w e see n o reason w s u c h o i l e r s h o u l d n o t b e c o n s i d e r e d if the lessee is prepared e n t e r t a i n i t , a n d i f a c c r e d i t e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e Europ H i g h l a n d s a g r e e . B u t t h e f a r m f o r m s a n i n t e g r a l p a r t of a hi w h i c h w a s s u r v e y e d in 1913 t o be a l i e n a t e d t o E u r o p e a n s , and find n o r e a s o n f o r e x c l u d i n g it f r o m the a r e a w h i c h w e si d e f i n e as " H i g h l a n d s " u n d e r t h e s i x t h t e r m o f r e f e r e n c e . Claim in respect of Isiolo Government Station. 5 7 1 . I s i o l o , t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e h e a d q u a r t e r s of the North F r o n t i e r P r o v i n c e , i s a c t u a l l y s i t u a t e d in the M e r u N a t i v e Eeser T h e District Commissioner remarks : " T h e M e r u L o c a l C o u n c i l g e t t h e r e n t s for t r a d i n g p i n I s i o l o a n d h a v e n o p a r t i c u l a r o b j e c t i o n to Governai o c c u p y i n g t h e l a n d . E v e r s i n c e t h e start of I s i o l o boma, ho e v e r , t h e r e h a s b e e n a t e n d e n c y f o r S o m a l i s to accumul and reside there w i t h their stock. W h a t is m o s t serioi t h e r e h a s s p r u n g u p a l a r g e s e t t l e m e n t of a l i e n S o m a l i s acr t h e t o w n s h i p b o u n d a r y a n d w i t h i n the M e r u D i s t r i c t . I s t o c k of t h e s e a n d o t h e r S o m a l i s , b e i n g w i t h i n the Isi T o w n s h i p a r e a , c o n s e q u e n t l y e n c r o a c h u p o n t h e grazing t h i s d i s t r i c t a n d t h e M e r u a r e n a t u r a l l y v e r y i n d i g n a n t ab t h i s m a t t e r , w h i c h is b o u n d t o l e a d to s e r i o u s t r o u b l e soo or l a t e r . " 572. W e entirely a g r e e w i t h the District Commissioner, a a r e o f o p i n i o n t h a t t h e s e S o m a l i s s h o u l d be m o v e d f r o m the a i n w h i c h t h e y n o w r e s i d e . W e m a k e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s for tl d i s p o s a l i n s e c t i o n 815 b e l o w . Meru N a t i v e Forest Reserve 5 7 3 . W e a r e s a t i s f i e d , o n e v i d e n c e g i v e n t o us b y Adminisi o f f i c e r s as w e l l as b y t h e M e r u t h e m s e l v e s , t h a t , when N a t i v e F o r e s t D e s e r v e w a s d e m a r c a t e d , e x t e n s i v e a r e a s of pastti l a n d w e r e i n c l u d e d w i t h i n t h e f o r e s t b o u n d a r y . T h e natives a l l o w e d t o use t h e g r a z i n g on o b t a i n i n g a p e r m i t f r o m the For D e p a r t m e n t , b u t t h i s is n o t t h e s a m e t h i n g as f r e e use of t l a n d , a n d t h e y c l a i m t h a t t h e s e g r a s s l a n d s o u g h t not to have included in the forest at all. W e are inclined to sympathize w t h e M e r u in t h e m a t t e r a n d r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e q u e s t i o n of forest boundary be reconsidered. T h e District Commissioner t h e C o n s e r v a t o r o f F o r e s t s b e l i e v e t h a t a n e w f o r e s t bound s a t i s f a c t o r y t o all p a r t i e s c o u l d be f o u n d w h i c h w o u l d have e f f e c t of e x c l u d i n g s u b s t a n t i a l a r e a s of p a s t u r e l a n d from Forest Reserve.

fo

ve

KIKUYU
I I-CHAPTER T XVI]

PROVINCE
E M B U AND M E R U DISTRICTS

574. A n area o f s o m e 1 3 1 a c r e s i n t h e M e r u N a t i v e E e s e r v e for s e v e r a l y e a r s p a s t b e e n i n t h e o c c u p a t i o n o f t h e K i n g ' s lican R i f l e s . A t first i t w a s u s e d t o a c c o m m o d a t e a d e t a c h m e n t lone c o m p a n y , b u t it h a s n o w b e c o m e t h e h e a d q u a r t e r s o f t h e B a t t a l i o n a n d of t h e N o r t h e r n F r o n t i e r P r o v i n c e M i l i t a r y [chanical S u p p l y a n d T r a n s p o r t C o r p s . I t appears that the In h a v e n e v e r c o n s e n t e d t o t h i s o c c u p a t i o n a n d a r e a v e r s e it. T h e y r e p r e s e n t : (1) T h a t t h e a r e a o c c u p i e d b y t h e K i n g ' s A f r i c a n R i f l e s is situated in t h e m o s t t h i c k l y p o p u l a t e d p a r t o f t h e d i s t r i c t and i s of c o n s i d e r a b l e a g r i c u l t u r a l and r e s i d e n t i a l v a l u e . (2) T h a t t h e p e o p l e oE t h e l o c a t i o n c o n c e r n e d h a v e a l r e a d y given l a n d f o r t h e U n i t e d M e t h o d i s t C h u r c h M i s s i o n a n d f o r the G o v e r n m e n t s t a t i o n a n d c a n ill-afford t o l o s e a n y m o r e . (3) T h a t t h e p r e s e n c e of l a r g e n u m b e r s of u n m a r r i e d troops leads t o t h e s p r e a d of p r o s t i t u t i o n a n d v e n e r e a l d i s e a s e amongst the M e r u . 575. The. D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r adds t h a t t h e b r e w i n g a n d at;- of n a t i v e i n t o x i c a t i n g l i q u o r s h a s p r o v e d m o s t difficult t o trol in the v i c i n i t y of t h e m i l i t a r y c a m p . T h e s e reasons jsess a c e r t a i n v a l i d i t y , b u t w o u l d , b y t h e m s e l v e s , c o n s t i t u t e a -sided p r e s e n t m e n t of t h e c a s e . I t is b e y o n d q u e s t i o n t h a t o n e he chief e c o n o m i c n e e d s of t h e M e r u is a l o c a l m a r k e t f o r t h e i r (luce, and t h e p r e s e n c e of so l a r g e a b o d y of the K i n g ' s A f r i c a n es should b e o f g r e a t m o n e t a r y a d v a n t a g e t o t h e m i n t h i s pect. T h e M e r u a r e a l s o a b l e t o e a r n w a g e s as p o r t e r s f o r t h e ply a n d T r a n s p o r t C o r p s . 576. W h e t h e r t h e K i n g ' s A f r i c a n R i f l e s r e m a i n i n Meru trict or g o e l s e w h e r e is a m a t t e r w h i c h m u s t b e s e t t l e d b y itary c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , w i t h w h i c h w e a r e n o t c o n c e r n e d . Our om m e n da t i o n i s t h a t , f o r so l o n g a t i m e a s t h e y r e m a i n , t h e y lit t o pay r e n t . T h e p l o t s h o u l d b e set a p a r t a n d l e a s e d . T h e genea-al p r o c e d u r e g o v e r n i n g such l e a s e s i s a m a t t e r w i t h f e l l w e deal in t h e t h i r d p a r t of o u r R e p o r t ( s e c t i o n s 1 5 2 5 - 1 5 4 1 ) . 577. T h e E m b u n a t i v e s c l a i m t h a t t h e p r e s e n t b o u n d a r y of Forest E e s e r v e w a s d e m a r c a t e d without reference to the r i g h t s feting under t h e s y s t e m of l a n d t e n u r e of t h e t r i b e s c o n c e r n e d g e E m b u , C h u k a , M u t h a m b i and M w i m b i ) and also in disregard tribal r e q u i r e m e n t s in t h e u s e o f s a l t - l i c k s . 578. T h e nments : District Commissioner makes the following

The Question of the Removal of the K i n g ' s African Rifles from M e r u .

Embu Claim to P a r t of Mount K e n y a Forest.

" I t has f r e q u e n t l y been stated b y responsible persons that, at t h e t i m e t h e b o u n d a r y l i n e w a s c l e a r e d , local n a t i v e s were i n f o r m e d t h a t t h e c l e a r i n g w a s i n t e n d e d as a road to

K I K U Y U PART I C H A P T E R X V I ]

PROVINCE E M B U AND MEKU DISTIJ

M e r u a n d t h a t t h e y w e r e n o t i n f o r m e d t h a t access to t l f o r e s t a b o v e t h e l i n e w o u l d b e d e n i e d t o t h e m . T h e resiil i t i s c l a i m e d , i s t h a t n u m e r o u s f a m i l i e s h a v e b e e n dispossess! of t h e i r b e s t l a n d . S u c h i n v e s t i g a t i o n s as I h a v e been M t o m a k e of t h i s c l a i m s h o w s t h a t t h e l a n d w a s actually o w n ! i n t h e u s u a l n a t i v e s e n s e ) w i t h i n t h e p r e s e n t boundary tol v a r y i n g depth u p to about t w o miles. T h e actual nr/nJ o w n e r s c a n b e t r a c e d a n d t h e o r i g i n a l inter-githaka bonndarl pointed o u t . "

5 7 9 . H e a d d s t h a t f o r e s t c u l t i v a t i o n a m o n g s t the n a t i v e s ! his district is c o n s i d e r a b l y less d e s t r u c t i v e t h a n amongst j K i k u y u , i n a s m u c h as l a r g e t r e e s a r e n o t c u t or d e s t r o y e d by fil b e i n g r e g a r d e d as t h e p r o p e r t y of t h e t r i b e a n d consequently Jj to b e t o u c h e d b y i n d i v i d u a l l a n d o w n e r s .

5 8 0 . W e h a v e n o e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e r e w a s a n y considerall n a t i v e c u l t i v a t i o n a b o v e t h e f o r e s t l i n e o.r t h a t t h e E m b u m I a use of t h e l a n d t o a n y e x t e n t , a n d w e d o n o t r e c o m m e n d a l a l t e r a t i o n i n t h e b o u n d a r y a s it w o u l d b e c e r t a i n to lead to 11 d e s t r u c t i o n o f s o m e of t h e b e s t f o r e s t i n t h e C o l o n y .

5 8 1 . T h e n a t i v e s a p p e a r e d t o b e m o r e c o n c e r n e d with t l q u e s t i o n of u s e o f t h e s a l t - l i c k s t h a n t h a t of t h e l a n d , and 2 r e c o m m e n d t h a t a r r a n g e m e n t s b e m a d e w i t h t h e Conservator I E o r e s t s f o r t h e m t o b e g r a n t e d a c c e s s t o c e r t a i n of t h e salt-lie! under suitable safeguards.

385

CHAPTER
jjllTAIN LAND PROBLEMS TOWNSHIP

XVII.
CONNECTED A N D W I T H T H E

NAffiOBI 582. B e f o r e

COMMONAGE. the adequacy or "The necessity ^ as f Natives,

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proceeding

t o discuss i n d e t a i l

r w i s e o f t h e a c c o m m o d a t i o n f o r n a t i v e s i n N a i r o b i , it w i l l b e 1 to offer s o m e o b s e r v a t i o n s o n t h e g e n e r a l q u e s t i o n s w h e t h e r e x i s t e n c e of s p e c i a l q u a r t e r s , w h e r e o n l y n a t i v e s m a y r e s i d e where n a t i v e s m u s t r e s i d e , is n e c e s s a r y o r a d v i s a b l e . 5S3. H a v i n g r e g a r d t o t h e w i d e l y d i f f e r e n t s t a n d a r d s o f l i v i n g convinced that considerations areas for of h e a l t h are as w e l l in as o f which social they crved b y n a t i v e s i n N a i r o b i as c o m p a r e d w i t h o t h e r r a c e s , w e W e a r e , t h e r e f o r e , satisfied t h a t needed exempted. a shop in Native domestic area

cnities d e m a n d s e p a r a t e a r e a s . to reside who

jcial r e s i d e n t i a l Juld b e r e q u i r e d sters, and a

natives unless owns

vants a r e g e n e r a l l y e x e m p t e d a n d r e s i d e o n t h e p r e m i s e s of t h e i r native the business add n a t u r a l l y b e a l l o w e d t o l i v e i n i t , p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e b u i l d i n g forms w i t h t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s n e c e s s a r y t o q u a l i f y i t t o be u s e d residential purposes. ght b e n e c e s s a r y f o r e to live near t h e i r T h e r e a r e other cases w h e r e work. exemption i n s t a n c e , t h e c a s e of n i g h t w o r k e r s , w h o

584. I t is s o m e t h i n g of a m o o t p o i n t w h e t h e r s p e c i a l e x e m p fln should b e g r a n t e d t o m o r e a d v a n c e d n a t i v e s o n t h e g r o u n d s at them h i g h e r s t a n d a r d o f l i f e q u a l i f i e s t h e m t o l i v e in a n y idential p a r t of N a i r o b i w h i c h t h e y m a y p r e f e r o r c a n a f f o r d , e a r g u m e n t i n s u p p o r t o f t h i s v i e w is t h a t t h e n a t i v e q u a r t e r likely t o b e a p o o r q u a r t e r a n d t h e l a y - o u t p l a n m a d e b y t h e iuiicipality i s l i k e l y t o b e c o n c e i v e d a c c o r d i n g l y , so t h a t i t m i g h t ifficult f o r a m o r e w e l l - t o - d o n a t i v e t o o b t a i n a p l o t s u i t a b l e his r e q u i r e m e n t s . B u t t h e r e is n o r e a s o n w h y t h e n a t i v e q u a r t e r wild b e c o n c e i v e d as b e i n g o n e a n d i n d i v i s i b l e , a n d w h e n o c c a in arises i t s h o u l d be p o s s i b l e t o s e t a s i d e a s p e c i a l a r e a o r burb as a r e s i d e n t i a l q u a r t e r f o r t h e m o r e a d v a n c e d n a t i v e s . I n dition t o t h i s w e c o n s i d e r t h a t i t s h o u l d b e p o s s i b l e t o g r a n t eruptions t o s u i t a b l e n a t i v e a p p l i c a n t s e n a b l i n g t h e m t o r e s i d e side t h e n a t i v e a r e a , if g o o d g r o u n d s e x i s t w h y t h e y s h o u l d b e lowed t o d o s o . W e u n d e r s t a n d f r o m t h e M u n i c i p a l A u t h o r i t i e s [at this is a l r e a d y p o s s i b l e . 585. T h e p r e s e n t s i t u a t i o n i n N a i r o b i is t h a t t h e r e (1) A n a t i v e location at P a n g a n i , extent a spontaneous g r o w t h . which is t o are : a large The Present

K I K U Y U PART ICHAPTER XVII]

PROVINCE N A I R O B I T O W N S H I P AND COMMOSJ

( 2 ) A p l a n n e d l o c a t i o n at P u m w a n i , w h i c h t h e M u n i c i p a l i t y is r e s p o n s i b l e .

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( 3 ) A M u n i c i p a l H o u s i n g S c h e m e , in w h i c h the A f J c i p a l i t y b u i l d s a n d o w n s t h e h o u s e s a n d l e t s r o o m s to nativi ( 4 ) A G o v e r n m e n t H o u s i n g S c h e m e a n d o t h e r provisio m a d e by G o v e r n m e n t a n d b y t h e H a i l w a y f o r t h e housing then African employees. (5) A r e s e r v e at I v i b i r a King's African Hides. (1) Pangani. for Sudanese ex-soldiers of t

586. W h e n t h e r a i l w a y h a d r e a c h e d N a i r o b i and a t o w n be: t o s p r i n g u p , n a t i v e s g r a d u a l l y g r a v i t a t e d t o this centre s s e v e r a l c o l l e c t i o n s of n a t i v e h u t s a p p e a r e d . A s t i m e w e n t on i smaller settlements were removed and P a n g a n i became i r e c o g n i z e d n a t i v e q u a r t e r . I t n o w o c c u p i e s s o m e t h i r t y acres (t t o t a l r e s e r v a t i o n b e i n g 45 a c r e s of w h i c h 15 a c r e s are taken the road r e s e r v e ) . 587. W h i l e t h e r e is n o r e c o r d t h a t it w a s e v e r set as: e x p r e s s l y f o r t h i s p u r p o s e , i t h a s i n f a c t b e e n used as a nat quarter ever since. T h e s i t e h a s n o t p r o v e d to b e particula s u i t a b l e a n d t h e h a p h a z a r d w a y in w h i c h t h e n a t i v e houses k b e e n b u i l t , w i t h v e r y l i t t l e r e g a r d f o r a l i g n m e n t a n d still : f o r s a n i t a t i o n , h a d a l r e a d y d e t e r m i n e d G o v e r n m e n t b y 1922 c l o s e t h e v i l l a g e a n d m o v e t h e i n h a b i t a n t s t o P u m w a n i . Vark o b s t a c l e s c o n n e c t e d w i t h c o m p e n s a t i o n arose t o p r e v e n t the pro; b e i n g carried into effect. I n D e c e m b e r , 1 9 2 2 , the D i s t r i c t Co m i s s i o n e r , N a i r o b i , m a d e c o m p r e h e n s i v e p r o p o s a l s b o t h for co p e n s a t i o n of p l o t h o l d e r s a n d f o r e n a b l i n g t h e m , b y m e a n s o: l o a n , to build houses in P u m w a n i . 588. T h e m a j o r (a) details of the scheme are : T h a t c o m p e n s a t i o n o n h o u s e s s h o u l d b e p a i d ad valon t h e e s t i m a t e d a v e r a g e r a t e p e r h o u s e b e i n g 5, and: t o t a l n u m b e r of h o u s e s b e i n g 3 1 2 , m a k i n g a total e: m a t e d outlay of ^ 1 , 5 6 0 . ( b ) T h a t t h e a m o u n t i n v o l v e d i n t h i s c o m p e n s a t i o n , ,1,5: or t h e r e a b o u t s , b e a d v a n c e d f r o m t h e m u n i c i p a l nat b r e w e r y f u n d , a n d b e r e p a i d b y G o v e r n m e n t from ; p r o c e e d s of t h e s a l e o f t h e l a n d t o be evacuated Pangani. (c) T h a t a n y b a l a n c e f r o m t h e s a l e of l a n d at P a n g a n i a! r e p a y m e n t of t h e a m o u n t o w i n g t o t h e m u n i c i p a l nati b r e w e r y f u n d b e c r e d i t e d t o a m u n i c i p a l n a t i v e trust. (d) T h a t e v e r y h o u s e h o l d e r , b e s i d e s b e i n g compensated t h e m a n n e r a f o r e s a i d f o r t h e loss o f h i s h o u s e , slw r e c e i v e a l o a n o f a n a m o u n t s u f f i c i e n t , w h e n added t h e a m o u n t of c o m p e n s a t i o n p a i d t o h i m , to make

.. '

KENYA

LAND

COMMISSION

REPORT

167

386

K I K U Y U

PROVINCE NAIROBI TOWNSHIP AND COMMONAGE

ART ICHAPTER X V I I ]

t h e s u m o f ;t'35, t o b e e m p l o y e d b y h i m in b u i l d i n g a house a t P u m w a n i o n a p l o t to be a s s i g n e d b y t h e Municipality. (Note.The sum w a s c a l c u l a t e d t o be sufficient t o e n a b l e h i m t o b u i l d a f o u r - r o o m e d h o u s e of w a t t l e a n d daub on a s u i t a b l e p l i n t h , a n d w i t h a c o r r u g a t e d i r o n roof.) (c) T h a t t h e l o a n m a d e to t h e h o u s e h o l d e r be m a d e f r o m t h e municipal n a t i v e b r e w e r y fund and bear interest at 4 p e r c e n t ; t h a t r e d e m p t i o n be s p r e a d o v e r five y e a r s ; a n d t h a t t h e s t a n d p e r m i t f e e of S h . 5 b e n o t c h a r g e d d u r i n g this p e r i o d .

T h a t a n y householder w h o h a s m o r e t h a n one house should b e c o m p e n s a t e d i n r e s p e c t o f all of t h e m , b u t s h o u l d o n l y r e c e i v e a s s i s t a n c e b y l o a n f o r t h e b u i l d i n g of o n e . I (g) T h a t a n y h o u s e h o l d e r w h o d o e s n o t w i s h t o b u i l d at P u m w a n i s h o u l d be a t l i b e r t y to t a k e his c o m p e n s a t i o n in c a s h a n d l e a v e t h e t o w n . 589. W e o b s e r v e f r o m a p e r u s a l of t h e G o v e r n m e n t files t h a t B e matter has b e e n h e l d o v e r u n t i l our C o m m i s s i o n h a s r e p o r t e d , id t h e r e f o r e it a p p e a r s t h a t r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s i n s o m e d e t a i l a r e squired of us. T h e p r o p o s a l s of t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r , b e i n g -pressed in d e t a i l , a r e a s u i t a b l e s t a r t i n g p o i n t f o r c r i t i c i s m , [though i t is c l e a r f r o m t h e files t h a t t h e y d o n o t n e c e s s a r i l y (present t h e v i e w s of G o v e r n m e n t , w h i c h s t i l l h a s t h e p r o j e c t rider c o n s i d e r a t i o n . W e h a v e v i s i t e d P a n g a n i a n d P u m w a n i in Dmpany w i t h t h e M u n i c i p a l A f f a i r s O f f i c e r , t h e T o w n C l e r k a n d he M e d i c a l Officer of H e a l t h , a n d h a v e t a k e n t h e i r e v i d e n c e a n d hat o f o t h e r o f f i c e r s , a s w e l l as t h e e v i d e n c e of t h e n a t i v e s c o n erned. W e h a v e a l s o h a d a c c e s s t o t h e S e c r e t a r i a t files on t h e abject and h a v e h e a r d t h e v i e w s of t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r of D a n d s . Bur c o n c l u s i o n is as f o l l o w s : 590. T h e l o c a t i o n a t P a n g a n i a p p e a r s t o u s t o b e d e l e t e r i o u s oth t o t h e h e a l t h a n d m o r a l s of t h e n a t i v e s . I t is b a d l y o v e r rowded a n d h a s a n o t a b l e p r e p o n d e r a n c e of u n d e s i r a b l e s . The unitary c o n d i t i o n s a r e n o t such as o u g h t t o be p e r m i t t e d in iairobi a n d a r e a m e n a c e to t h e t o w n . N o s u b s t a n t i a l a m e l i o r a ion could be e f f e c t e d w i t h o u t a c o n d e m n a t i o n of a l a r g e p r o p o r on o f t h e h o u s e s , a c o u r s e w h i c h w o u l d i n f l i c t m o r e h a r d s h i p t h a n he g e n e r a l m o v e w h i c h is p r o p o s e d . 5 9 1 . W e r e g a r d t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r s p r o p o s a l s as s u i t ble in s o m e w a y s , b u t n o t e t h e f o l l o w i n g p o i n t s : ( 1 ) W e a r e s u r p r i s e d t h a t t h e v a l u a t i o n of a h o u s e at P a n g a n i ttould h a v e b e e n set so l o w as 5, e s p e c i a l l y as it is e s t i m a t e d t h a t i w o u l d c o s t as m u c h as 35 t o b u i l d a f o u r - r o o m e d h o u s e o f

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KIKVUYU l*AitT I C H A P T E R XVII]

PROVINCE N A I R O B I T O W N S H I P AND COMMONS

vyattle a n d d a u b a t P u m w a n i . T h e s e f i g u r e s a p p e a r to need re i-on si d e r a t i o n . I n t h i s c o n n e x i o n tire e v i d e n c e g i v e n to us b y th! S u p e r i n t e n d e n t of t h e L o c a t i o n i s i n t e r e s t i n g . P i e stated : " Y o u c a n b u i l d a m u d a n d w a t t l e h u t w i t h second-hair c o r r u g a t e d i r o n f o r S h . 300 t o S h . 4 0 0 , b u t n o t w i t h a coneret f l o o r , but I s h o u l d n o t p a s s t h a t . T o p u t u p a house that s h o u l d a l l o w w o u l d cost S h . SOO t o S h . 1 , 0 0 0 . " I f t h e s e f i g u r e s a r e a c c e p t e d it w o u l d s e e m t h a t the estimate o 5 as s u i t a b l e c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r t h e h o u s e s a t P a n g a n i is far toi l o w , a n d t h a t t h e e s t i m a t e of 35 as t h e cost of b u i l d i n g a liousi a t P u m w a n i is a l s o t o o l o w . P r o b a b l y 1 5 as an a v e r a g e assess m e n t f o r a h o u s e at P a n g a n i w o u l d be n e a r e r the m a r k , but s e p a r a t e v a l u a t i o n w o u l d h a v e t o be m a d e in e a c h case. ( 2 ) I n t h e s e c o n d p l a c e w e n o t e t h a t n o t h i n g h a s been allowe by way of compensation for disturbance and loss of amenities points w h i c h o u g h t to be taken into account. unless t h e y We are allowed that to k e e p lodgings which in I n the case of loci" their new be d r a w n quarter? betwee irregula

i n g h o u s e k e e p e r s t h e l o s s b y d i s t u r b a n c e w i l l b e v e r y considerable think, however, a distinction should

legitimate lodging purposes. should be

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t h e r e is c l e a r l y n o t h i n g flue the proposal contained i

b e c a u s e i t is C r o w n l a n d f o r w h i c h t h e p l o t - h o l d e r s pay r e n t . A Y ( c ) a b o v e , w h i c h i s i n effect t h a t , if t h e a m o u n t p a i d in compensa tion to natives for trust. W e their houses is l e s s t h a n t h e p r o c e e d s of th sale of t h e l a n d , t h e b a l a n c e s h o u l d b e p a i d t o a m u n i c i p a l nativ d o n o t a p p r e c i a t e t h e r e a s o n f o r t h i s , b u t t h i n k that i contingency o f a n y p r o f i t b e i n g r e a l i z e d on tlit to it. Government is e n t i t l e d the v e r y unlikely

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d o n o t c o n c e i v e t h a t G o v e r n m e n t is u n d e r a n y obliga

t i o n t o g r a n t a l o a n f o r the p u r p o s e o f s e t t l i n g all the dispossessei n a t i v e s i n P u m w a n i , b u t t h e r e i s an o b l i g a t i o n t o find accommoda tion for, them somewhere either to and the in deny
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t h e c l a i m s of s o m e of tin of of Government such a loan in tin as i

long-established residents to v e r y porters early tion. days. We recommend

S 3 m p a t h e t i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n , see servants granting

p r o p o s e d to a p p r o v e d a p p l i c a n t s , b u t t h e r e is n e e d for discrimina I t w o u l d b e c l e a r l y u n w i s e t o assist u n d e s i r a b l e s t o establisl Pumwani. themselves in

K I K U Y U

PROVINCE NAIROBI TOWNSHIP AND COMMONAGE

ICHAPTER X V I I ]

(5) W e n o t i c e t h a t t h e r e h a s b e e n s o m e d e b a t e whether atives w h o m o v e f r o m P a n g a n i i n t o P u m w a n i s h o u l d b e a l l o w e d keep l o d g i n g h o u s e s . W e c o n s i d e r t h a t if t h e y are r e p u t a b l e rsons and k e e p r e s p e c t a b l e l o d g i n g s in P a n g a n i , t h e y s h o u l d b e lowed t o k e e p t h e m i n P u m w a n i o r a l t e r n a t i v e l y t h a t t h e c o m -nsatipn g i v e n to t h e m s h o u l d b e t h e g r e a t e r b e c a u s e of t h e loss business w h i c h t h e d i s t u r b a n c e w i l l c a u s e . ( 0 ) T h e closing oi P a n g a n i will cause disturbance to l o d g e r s , ecially t o t h e u n d e s i r a b l e s . I n m o s t c a s e s t h e y h a v e r e s e r v e s t o ich t h e y c o u l d be r e q u i r e d t o g o , but f o r s o m e o f t h e m a c c o m odation in t h e r e s e r v e s w o u l d b e difficult. On t h i s p r o b l e m , ich i s not c o n f i n e d t o P a n g a n i , w e s h a l l m a k e c o m p r e h e n s i v e c o m m e n d a t i o n s b e l o w ( s e c t i o n s 6 2 3 , 624 a n d 1 8 7 0 - 1 8 7 8 ) . (7) W e a r e i n c l i n e d t o t h i n k t h a t t h e c l o s i n g o f P a n g a n i w i l l t p r o v e to b e so c h e a p or so s i m p l e a m a t t e r as t h e D i s t r i c t m m i s s i o n e r ' s m e m o r a n d u m i m p l i e s , a n d if t h e w h o l e v i l l a g e is o\ed at o n e t i m e it s e e m s l i k e l y t h a t c o n s i d e r a b l e h a r d s h i p m a y suit. B y f a r t h e g r e a t e r n u m b e r o f t h e i n h a b i t a n t s a r e l o d g e r s ose a c c o m m o d a t i o n elsewhere will be a matter of great iculty, w h e t h e r t h e y l e a v e t h e t o w n or r e m a i n . W e , t h e r e f o r e , c o m m e n d t h a t t h e c l o s i n g of t h e v i l l a g e b e a c c o m p l i s h e d b y ctions. 592. P u m w a n i N a t i v e L o c a t i o n w a s d e c l a r e d o p e n i n J a n u a r y , (2) Pumwani Native 22, and n o w c o n t a i n s 317 h o u s e s a l l b u i l t b y t h e n a t i v e s t h e m Location. lves, w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n of t e n o w n e d b y t h e M u n i c i p a l i t y . The lives h a v e p l o t s a s s i g n e d t o t h e m o n w h i c h t o b u i l d , a n d a and p e r m i t f e e o f S h . 5 i s c h a r g e d . T h e y a r e a l l o w e d t o o p e n ops subject t o t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f a t r a d i n g l i c e n c e a n d t h e emises b e i n g passed as s u i t a b l e , a n d t h e n u m b e r of s u c h s h o p s present e x c e e d s fifty. T h e y are not a l l o w e d t o k e e p licensed dging h o u s e s , but a p p a r e n t l y t h e y a r e a l l o w e d t o s u b - l e t r o o m s , maternity h o m e , a clinic, public workhouses, a m e m o r i a l hall d a s p o r t s g r o u n d , a n d v a r i o u s e t h e r social s e r v i c e s a n d a m e n i es h a v e b e e n p r o v i d e d , i n c l u d i n g t h e m u n i c i p a l n a t i v e b r e w e r y , om w h i c h m o s t of t h e f u n d s a r e f o u n d . 593. I t is t h e i n t e n t i o n of G o v e r n m e n t t h a t t h i s a r e a , i n ^junction w i t h t h e l a n d o c c u p i e d b y t h e m u n i c i p a l housing herre and G o v e r n m e n t h o u s i n g s c h e m e f o r A f r i c a n e m p l o y e e s , ould b e c o m e t h e p r i n c i p a l n a t i v e q u a r t e r of N a i r o b i . T h e t h r e e reas a r e all s i t u a t e d at P u m w a n i a n d a r e s u f f i c i e n t l y n e a r t o ether t o b e regai-ded as o n e n a t i v e q u a r t e r , a l t h o u g h t h e r e is tervening l a n d w h i c h h a s b e e n a l i e n a t e d f o r o t h e r p u r p o s e s . T h e resent a r e a of t h e n a t i v e l o c a t i o n is 130 a c r e s , of t h e m u n i c i p a l erasing s c h e m e 4 1 a c r e s a n d of t h e G o v e r n m e n t h o u s i n g s c h e m e 5 acres. T w o a d d i t i o n a l a r e a s t o t a l l i n g 194 a c r e s h a v e b e e n

KIKUYU PART I - C H A P T E R XVJT]

PROVINCE N A I R O B I T O W N S H I P AND COMMOJUO

e a r m a r k e d for extension purposes. T h e r e should therefore b e n difficulty in a c c o m m o d a t i n g t h e 2 9 3 h o u s e h o l d e r s from Paimai or as m a n y of t h e m as choose t o g o t h e r e r a t h e r than leave N a i r o b i w h e n P a n g a n i V i l l a g e is c l o s e d . W e r e g a r d the a r e a , togethe w i t h t h e e x t e n s i o n s , as b e i n g sufficient f o r p r e s e n t and n e a r futur r e q u i r e m e n t s , s a v i n g t h e s u g g e s t i o n w h i c h w e h a v e already m a d as to t h e d e s i r a b i l i t y of a s p e c i a l r e s i d e n t i a l quarter f o r r u o r well-to-do natives. 594. W e n o t e t h a t in t h e plan p r e p a r e d b y t h e N a i r o b i T o w P l a n n i n g A u t h o r i t y b e f o r e i t h a n d e d o v e r to t h e M u n i c i p a l i t y j w a s c o n t e m p l a t e d t h a t P u m w a n i w o u l d e v e n t u a l l y be extende s o u t h w a r d s o v e r t h e V e t e r i n a r y Q u a r a n t i n e a r e a as far a s th N g o n g r i v e r or e v e n b e y o n d i t , a n d w e u n d e r s t a n d t h a t this in t e n t i o n s t i l l s t a n d s . W e c o n s i d e r t h e p r o v i s i o n a l reservation o t h i s a r e a f o r f u t u r e e x t e n s i o n to b e a p r u d e n t s t e p . (3) The Muni .cipal Housing Scheme for Natives. 5 9 5 . T h e m u n i c i p a l h o u s i n g s c h e m e c o n s i s t s of a n u m b e r o b l o c k s of b u i l d i n g s c o n t a i n i n g s i t t i n g r o o m s , d o r m i t o r i e s an c u b i c l e s , w h i l e k i t c h e n s a r e p r o v i d e d in w h i c h n a t i v e s m a y coo t h e i r o w n f o o d . A m o n t h l y c h a r g e of S h . 4 is m a d e f o r a bed w h i l e S h . 7 is c h a r g e d f o r a c u b i c l e c o n t a i n i n g t h r e e beds. A p r e s e n t o n l y a b o u t a t h i r d o f t h e b e d s a r e o c c u p i e d a state o affairs s a i d t o be d u e t o t h e p r e s e n t d e p r e s s i o n . 59C. who (-1) The (joc ernment Housing Scheme for A frican Employees. find We are advised that the principal use made o f tbi s c h e m e is b y f l i c l a r g e r f i r m s e m p l o y i n g n a t i v e l a b o u r in N a i r o b i it c o n v e n i e n t t o h i r e b l o c k s of r o o m s f o r their Africa! employees. 597. A s e p a r a t e s c h e m e e x i s t s f o r t h e a c c o m m o d a t i o n o f th A f r i c a n e m p l o y e e s o f G o v e r n m e n t , w h i c h a t p r e s e n t is confine t o p r o v i d i n g h o u s e s f o r i n t e r p r e t e r s a n d office b o y s . I t is entirel m a n a g e d a n d financed b y G o v e r n m e n t , a n d t h e t o t a l area o f th p l o t s e t a s i d e f o r t h i s p u r p o s e is 33 a c r e s . T h i s is n o t , of course t h e w h o l e of t h e a r r a n g e m e n t s m a d e b y G o v e r n m e n t for th h o u s i n g of i t s e m p l o y e e s , a n d t h e r e a r e m a n y o t h e r areas to w h i c n o d e t a i l e d a l l u s i o n is r e q u i r e d f o r i n s t a n c e , t h e m i l i t a r y lines t h e police lines, the warders' lines and the R a i l w a y landis. 598. T h e a r e a g e n e r a l l y k n o w n as K i b i r a is L . O . 1702, w h i c w a s s u r v e y e d in 1917 as a m i l i t a r y r e s e r v e a n d w a s gazetted a such in 1 9 1 8 . I t c o m p r i s e s 4 1 9 7 - 9 a c r e s , a n d is s i t u a t e d south o o u t s i d e the N a i r o b t h e N g o n g E o a d , p a r t l y inside and partly municipal area.
7

(5) The He-serve Kibira.

at

5 9 9 . I t a p p e a r s t h a t t h i s a r e a w a s o r i g i n a l l y assigned to th K i n g ' s A f r i c a n R i f l e s in 1 9 0 4 , a l t h o u g h n o t g a z e t t e d until m a n y e a r s l a t e r . T h e r e i s n o t h i n g in t h e g a z e t t e m e n t t o show for wha r e a s o n so l a r g e an a r e a w a s r e q u i r e d , b u t it is c o m m o n knowledg

K I K U Y U I CHAPTER X V I I ]

PROVINCE N A I R O B I T O W N S H I P AND COMMONAGE

iat one of t h e o b j e c t s w a s t o p r o v i d e a h o m e f o r S u d a n e s e e x jkaris. I t c a n n o t b e said t h a t these f a c i l i t i e s w e r e p r o v i d e d for t h e udanese in lieu of p e n s i o n , s i n c e t h e y r e c e i v e d a g r a t u i t y on r e t i r e lent. B u t no d o u b t it w a s f e l t t h a t t h e r e w a s a m o r a l o b l i g a t i o n ither to r e p a t r i a t e t h e m or to find t h e m h o m e s i n t h e c o u n t r y , and was also h o p e d t h a t t h e i n s t i t u t i o n of a m i l i t a r y c a n t o n m e n t o f is kind w o u l d f o r m a useful r e c r u i t i n g g r o u n d w h e n t h e sons of ese ex-askaris s h o u l d g r o w u p . P r e s u m a b l y it w a s t h o u g h t t h a t e s e t t l e m e n t w o u l d i n c r e a s e , since t h e i r sons in turn w o u l d r e t i r e B i d beget f a m i l i e s , a n d t h e r e f o r e so l a r g e a r e s e r v a t i o n w a s m a d e . GOO. B u t i t w a s c e r t a i n l y n o t i n t e n d e d t h a t t h e w h o l e a r e a lould be d e v o t e d t o t h e m i l i t a r y c a n t o n m e n t . T h e K i n g ' s A f r i c a n ifi.es' lines t h e m s e l v e s a r e i n s i d e i t , a n d so a r e t h e g o l f l i n k s , a n d icre is n o t h i n g w h a t e v e r t o s u p p o r t t h e c o n t e n t i o n of t h e S u d a n e s e lat the w h o l e area w a s g i v e n to t h e m a s a r e s e r v e f o r e v e r . They ere m e r e l y g i v e n p e r m i s s i o n t o l i v e t h e r e . G01. T h e l e g a l p o s i t i o n of t h e o c c u p a n t s of K i b i r a a p p e a r s t o 3 that t h e y a r e t e n a n t s a t w i l l of t h e C r o w n , a n d t h e t e n a n c y i s [able to t e r m i n a t i o n b y t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r of L a n d s at a n y t i m e , n the o t h e r h a n d w e c a n n o t a g r e e t h a t t h e y h a v e n o r i g h t s i n guity. W e c o n s i d e r t h a t G o v e r n m e n t h a d a c l e a r d u t y to t h e s e askaris e i t h e r t o r e p a t r i a t e t h e m or t o find a c c o m m o d a t i o n f o r hem. T h e y w e r e t o l d t h a t t h e y m i g h t m a k e t h e i r h o m e s at K i b i r a nd in our j u d g m e n t t h e y o u g h t n o t to b e m o v e d w i t h o u t r e c e i v i n g jitable l a n d e l s e w h e r e a n d c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r d i s t u r b a n c e , a n d e consider t h a t a s i m i l a r o b l i g a t i o n e x i s t s i n r e s p e c t of t h e i r idows, or sons w h o a r e a l r e a d y h o u s e h o l d e r s a t K i b i r a . 602. B u t mainder me. are figures g i v e n said to t o us i n d i c a t e t h a t to into o u t of 571 h o u s e s The of to

nly 251 b e l o n g t o S u d a n e s e e x - a s k a r i s or t h e i r d e p e n d a n t s . belong a heterogeneous the settlement miscellany from We time ersons ^ h o [' w h o m the have penetrated are is of

M o r e t h a n h a l f of t h e s e h o u s e h o l d e r s a r e said t o b e w o m e n , majority if Kibira from undesirable but character. are would on a

ofc deny e v e n t o t h e s e l a t e r c o m e r s s o m e c l a i m i n e q u i t y to r e c e i v e ompensation ifferent closed, they certainly footing the Sudanese. satisfied of t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r Their moving the Gov it to is the the shall should

603. W h i l e w e a r e f u l l y ecessity f o r rnment iresently moving them the to

he u n a u t h o r i z e d r e s i d e n t s of K i b i r a , w e a r e n o t c o n v i n c e d of Sudanese. past services to and We be entitle show sympathetic for thinking consideration, that it would

ertain t h a t t h e y w o u l d grounds

prefer to stay where they are.

d v a n l a g e b o t h of t h e m s e l v e s a n d of G o v e r n m e n t t h a t t h e y allowed t o d o s o . But first,

since G o v e r n m e n t c l e a r l y has

KIKUYU
PART ICHAPTER XVII]

PROVINCE
N A I R O B I T O W N S H I P AND COMM.O

r i g h t t o m o v e t h e m , i f i t w i s h e s , u p o n p a y m e n t of compensation a n d h a s e x p r e s s e d t h e i n t e n t i o n of d o i n g s o , w e shall state th t e r m s upon w h i c h w e c o n s i d e r that it could fairly be done. ( 1 ) T h e r e s h o u l d b e p a y a b l e in r e s p e c t of e v e r y household ( i . e . , the household of a Sudanese ex-askari w i d o w o r of h i s s o n o r s o n s ) : (a) (6) Compensation in full for the house. Sudanes or of hi

C o m p e n s a t i o n i n t h e f o r m of e q u a l f a c i l i t i e s for eultiva t i o n a n d g r a z i n g t o b e g r a n t e d i n a n o t h e r settletnen w i t h i n e a s y r e a c h o f N a i r o b i . P r o v i d e d t h a t the grazin n e c e s s a r y s h o u l d b e c o m p u t e d at f o u r a c r e s in respee of e a c h g r o w n h e a d of c a t t l e o w n e d b y t h e househol u p t o t h e m a x i m u m of t w e n t y - f o u r a c r e s p e r household ( c ) C o m p e n s a t i o n f o r a n y c r o p s d a m a g e d or d e s t r o y e d n m c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r d i s t u r b a n c e e s t i m a t e d at 15 per cen of t h e v a l u e o f ( f t ) . Note 1 . T h e l i m i t a t i o n t o 24 a c r e s ( r . e . , p r o v i s i o n for si h e a d of c a t t l e ) a p p e a r s t o us t o b e j u s t i f i e d , b e c a u s e the purpos f o r w h i c h t h e s e t t l e m e n t w a s m a d e s h o w s t h a t it w a s clearly no i n t e n d e d t h a t s i n g l e h o u s e h o l d s s h o u l d use it as a r a n c h i n g pre p o s i t i o n , a l t h o u g h t h e y w o u l d b e e n t i t l e d t o k e e p s t o c k sufficien for their reasonable requirements. Note 2 . T h e s i t e s h o u l d p r e f e r a b l y b e n e a r e n o u g h t o Nairoi t o a l l o w t h e p o p u l a t i o n , w h i c h h a s u r b a n p r o c l i v i t i e s , to h a v e ens; a c c e s s , a n d f a r e n o u g h a w a y t o b e safe f r o m e a r l y disturbance c a c c o u n t of t h e e x p a n s i o n of t h e t o w n . Note 3 . S i n c e t h e f a c i l i t i e s w h i c h t h e S u d a n e s e e n j o y in th p r e s e n t s e t t l e m e n t w e r e n o t g i v e n t o t h e m a n d t h e i r heirs ii p e r p e t u i t y , but w e r e m o r e in t h e n a t u r e of p r o v i s i o n granted k t h e i r l i f e t i m e , w e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e n e w s e t t l e m e n t should be o s i m i l a r t e r m s . W e r e c o m m e n d t h a t i t s h o u l d b e r e n t free in ft c a s e of e a c h h o u s e h o l d d u r i n g t h e l i f e t i m e of t h e p r e s e n t house h o l d e r s or t h e i r w i d o w s , b u t a f t e r t h a t a r e n t s h o u l d be charged. 4 . I f a n y S u d a n e s e d o e s n o t w i s h t o g o t o the nev Note s e t t l e m e n t , b u t p r e f e r s t o g o t o P u m w a n i o r e l s e w h e r e , he shod h e a l l o w e d to t a k e c o m p e n s a t i o n i n c a s h , t o b e a s s e s s e d accordir. t o t h e v a l u e of t h e a b o v e f a c i l i t i e s . (2) T h e r e s h o u l d b e p a y a b l e t o a l l h o u s e h o l d e r s , o t h e r tha t h e S u d a n e s e , t h e b a r e c o s t o f t h e i r h o u s e s a n d s t a n d i n g crop a n d t h e y should be r e q u i r e d t o t a k e u p p l o t s i n P u m w a n i r e t u r n t o t h e i r o w n r e s e r v e s . T h o s e of u n c e r t a i n o r i g i n should s e n t t o t h e r e s e r v e s w i t h w h i c h t h e y a p p e a r t o h a v e m o s t affini! o r , if t h e y c a n a f f o r d t o d o s o , should t a k e u p p l o t s in Pumwan o r l e a s e l a n d in " C " o r " D " a r e a s .

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PROVINCE N A I R O B I T O W N S H I P AND COMMONAGE

CHAPTER X V I I ]

jVotc. I t m a y w e l l b e a r g u e d t h a t t h e s e p e r s o n s h a v e built, o n io\vn l a n d w i t h o u t a u t h o r i t y , a n d d e s e r v e n o c o m p e n s a t i o n . B u t oioo of t h e m h a v e b e e n t h e r e f o r m a n y y e a r s a n d G o v e r n m e n t h a s flowed t h e m to r e m a i n . Others have followed, observing that Government t o o k n o a c t i o n . T h e n a t i v e s , as b e i n g a p e o p l e u n d e r ilehme, are e n t i t l e d t o e x p e c t t h a t G o v e r n m e n t w i l l d i r e c t a n d ntrol. W h e r e G o v e r n m e n t r e l a x e s t h a t c o n t r o l i t m u s t , in o u r inion, share t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i f i r r e g u l a r i t i e s o c c u r , a n d n a t i v e s ( f n n o t b e g r e a t l y b l a m e d if t h e y t a k e G o v e r n m e n t s i n a c t i o n as presenting a c q u i e s c e n c e . G04. O n e of the r e a s o n s f o r w i s h i n g t o a b o l i s h t h e n a t i v e General Com e t t l e m e n t at K i b i r a is t h e d e s i r e t o b e r i d of a s o m e w h a t d i s p^St^? a t " rderly l o c a t i o n , and t o e f f e c t a d i s t r i b u t i o n s o t h a t t h o s e n a t i v e s K i W r a . fho can j u s t i f y t h e i r p r e s e n c e i n t h e t o w n s h o u l d g o t o P u m w a n i ; ndesirables s h o u l d r e t u r n t o t h e i r r e s e r v e s ; a n d t h e r e s i d u e of udanese s h o u l d be m o v e d i n t o a g a r d e n s u b u r b o r v i l l a g e s e t t l e nent w i t h i n r e a c h of N a i r o b i , w h e r e t h e y m i g h t c u l t i v a t e i n "ourity. T h e o t h e r r e a s o n , w h i c h h a s p r o b a b l y h a d e q u a l w e i g h t , to set f r e e a n area f o r t o w n - p l a n n i n g f o r r e s i d e n t i a l p u r p o s e s , /bile w e t h i n k t h a t t h e d i s p o s a l s u g g e s t e d f o r t h e n a t i v e e l e m e n t i be e m i n e n t l y d e s i r a b l e , w e a r e n o t c o n v i n c e d t h a t t h e S u d a n e s e ill be a s w e l l s u i t e d b y a s e t t l e m e n t a t a d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e t o w n ; they a r e b y t h e i r p r e s e n t l o c a t i o n . 60-5. T h e u r g e n t p a r t of t h e p r o b l e m is t o d e a l w i t h t h e n a t i v e s ho h a v e e n t e r e d t h e l o c a t i o n w i t h o u t a u t h o r i t y a n d a r e , f o r t h e lost p a r t , l e a d i n g d i s o r d e r l y l i v e s . T h a t is u r g e n t l y r e q u i r e d i n ic i n t e r e s t of g e n e r a l d i s c i p l i n e . B u t i n r e s p e c t of t h e p r o p o s a l ) m o v e t h e S u d a n e s e t h e r e is p e r h a p s less n e e d f o r h a s t e . While o have recommended that all existing Sudanese householders have r i g h t t o b e c o m p e n s a t e d , w e d o n o t t h i n k t h a t t h e r e is a n y bligation to a l l o w any further houses to be built. A s a r e c r u i t i n g ound f o r t h e K i n g ' s A f r i c a n R i f l e s t h e s e t t l e m e n t h a s b e e n practically u s e l e s s , a n d w e c o n s i d e r t h a t a l l r e a s o n a b l e o b l i g a t i o n s discharged t o the Sudanese if t h e e x i s t i n g houses are a l l o w e d to ontinue. T h e y s h o u l d n o t b e t r a n s f e r a b l e , b u t s h o u l d b e des royed o n t h e d e a t h o f t h e h o u s e h o l d e r or h i s w i d o w o r w i d o w s . H T l i e sons s h o u l d m o v e i n t o P u m w a n i o r l e a v e t h e t o w n , a n d it is r e c o m m e n d e d that a s m a l l ex gratia p a y m e n t b e m a d e to e n a b l e hem t o do s o .
7

606. A s n u m b e r s d e c r e a s e a n d t h e a r e a of t h e r e s e r v a t i o n is estricted a c c o r d i n g l y , i t m a y b e c o m e d e s i r a b l e t o c o n f i n e i t t o a antonment in one corner of t h e present area. I f f o r that purpose b e c o m e s n e c e s s a r y t o m o v e a n y h o u s e , it c o u l d b e d o n e o n p a y aent of t h e a c t u a l c o s t o f d e m o l i t i o n a n d r e b u i l d i n g , a n d s u c h case lould n a t u r a l l y f o r m a n e x c e p t i o n t o t h e p r o v i s i o n t h a t n o h o u s e hould b e b u i l t .

KIKUYU PAET ICHAPTEH X V I I ]

PROVINCE N A I R O B I T O W N S H I P AND COMJIONAOJ

G07. O u r r e a s o n f o r s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e S u d a n e s e shoul r e m a i n a t K i b i r a f o r t h e p r e s e n t is n o t o n l y b e c a u s e t h e y a r e like! t o d e c r e a s e i n n u m b e r s a n d c o u l d p r o b a b l y be m o v e d at le; e x p e n s e l a t e r o n . N o r is it s o l e l y b e c a u s e t h e y w o u l d prefer in l e f t a l o n e as l o n g a s p o s s i b l e . A f u r t h e r a n d p e r h a p s a bette] r e a s o n is t h a t w e h a v e g r a v e d o u b t s o f t h e success of n a t i v e garde: s u b u r b s o r v i l l a g e s e t t l e m e n t s at a d i s t a n c e f r o m N a i r o b i an c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e e x p e r i m e n t , i f m a d e a t a l l , should be made c o m p r e h e n s i v e l i n e s a f t e r a full s t u d y of t h e issues i n v o l v e d , an: such a s c h e m e s h o u l d c e r t a i n l y n o t c o m e i n t o b e i n g s i m p l y as a: e x p e d i e n t l o r m o v i n g a f e w S u d a n e s e f r o m a s o m e w h a t valua! residential site. 60S. H a v i n g r e g a r d t o t h e p u r p o s e s f o r w h i c h the land v set a s i d e w e c o n s i d e r t h a t it is j u s t i f i a b l e to limit tj originally r u l e t h e n u m b e r of l i v e s t o c k w h i c h a n y h o u s e h o l d e r may kei t h e r e . A g r a z i n g a r e a c o u l d t h e n b e d e l i m i t e d in accordance wit t h e s e r e q u i r e m e n t s , a n d p r o v i s i o n s h o u l d a l s o be m a d e for tl d e n ' a r e a t i c n of a r a b l e l a n d s . I n t h i s w a y a m o r e o r d e r l y arrant; ment could b e secured.
7

Native Garden 609. B e f o r e m a k i n g o u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n o n t h e question i Suburbs or n a t i v e g a r d e n s u b u r b s , it w i l l b e w e l l t o set o u t s o m e e x t r a c t s froj Village Settlements. t h e e v i d e n c e w h i c h w e h a v e r e c o r d e d o n t h e subject : "I location reach of think you have got in your town that town. Your to h a v e t w o s c h e m e s y o u r nt 3'our town extramural location village withij should really de] and

w i t h p e o p l e w h o h a v e to l i v e or can afford t o l i v e in the tow I f y o u h a v e g o t t o deal w i t h t h e r e s i d u e of d e t r i b a l i z e d native w h o s i m p l y h a v e b e e n d e r u r a l i z e d r a t h e r t h a n d e t r i b a l i z e d yo may of a be f o r c e d t o m a k e s o m e p r o v i s i o n f o r t h e m w i t h i n rent town "The from the houses, modated . . town ." village to It ought with allow is the to be the far to enough enjoy awnl certa not to interfere The municipal should lodttit extramural near

but in

enough

natives mainly

a m e n i t i e s of

a town.

workers

be accot

the location.

people who

h a v e a Hit!

b i t of p r o d u c e t o sell a n d w h o w a n t t o e n j o y u r b a n amenitie; s u c h as f o o t b a l l extramural "No one. There m a t c h e s a n d p i c t u r e s , w h o m i g h t l i v e in il village." are a large n u m b e r o f safari boys who work f:l they hatj why towntlx] ."

v i l l a g e w o u l d b e a s u c c e s s u n l e s s i t w a s a volur for possibly t h r e e m o n t h s of t h e y e a r ; b u t t h e r e is n o reason nine months in t h e . . 15 m i l e s o u t the remaining well

high wages should

g o t to b e in r e a c h of a safari, spend could live perfectly

10 t o

K.IKUYU I
T

PROVINCE N A I R O B I T O W N S H I P AND COMMONAGE

j-

CHAPTER X V I I ]

" I w o u l d lay the v i l l a g e out a n d h a v e a l l o t m e n t s w i t h a c o m m o n f e n c e r o u n d o u t s i d e . " (See t h e success of In may the E v i d e n c e , pp. as an the 1150-1155.) enterprise is in in 610. A n e x a m i n a t i o n of t h e a b o v e e v i d e n c e d o e s n o t h o l d o u t the settlement paragraph to o p e n unlikely gardening. first position for taken order of of

uch h o p e of

larket

iat G o v e r n m e n t ) provide f o r iis k i n d .

be forced

the settlement recruits

deruralized

natives,

work

T h e second paragraph shows that the inhabitants would for pictures use and for football the matches. as a The place third where while the

it be w o r k e r s in t h e t o w n , b u t r e q u i r e t o b e n e a r it b e c a u s e eir p r e d i l e c t i o n iragraph iey are in shows another village

fari p o r t e r s c o u l d l i v e d u r i n g t h e n i n e m o n t h s of t h e y e a r unemployed. an in the Apparently sense, too as On the that the the conception it will which

itiiess has of t h e s e t t l e m e n t is not so m u c h t h a t it p r o m i s e s m u c h iccess agricultural their Officer native accommodate life with hand African Colonel Rifles, service itives w h o h a v e b e c o m e luinimity hdkinson, takes "deruralized" to support other King's

reserves.

Commanding life without the

ates t h a t t h e t y p i c a l a s k a r i , a f t e r c o m p l e t i n g his t o u r of up h i s least trouble" 1157). 611. W e now turn to big the evidence is of Mr. too C. F.

(Evidence,

Adams, to start by

istrict C o m m i s s i o n e r , "Land of round

Nairobi. towns them. could Natives in do their not with much etc., want valuable than if The be d e m a n d for small is m o r e increased They articles met or sufficient keep claim places de The and

native farms adjoining existing demand slock from merely natives supplies arose and

produce, vegetables, potatoes, . . . remain they who

vastly reserves.

to cultivate

should

cannot

Government because of this

l a n d e l s e w h e r e in t h e m o s t v a l u a b l e like the their reserves. of

Most

t r i b a l i z e d n a t i v e s in t o w n do n o t w a n t to c u l t i v a t e . . . country exception Nubians

Swahilis and a f e w others have g o o d reserves, and there should always be a h o m e under natural and reasonable conditions for them there." (Evidence, pp. 1145-1149.)

612. T h e e v i d e n c e of M r . H . A . C a r r , t h e p r e s e n t M u n i c i p a l flairs Officer, is s i m i l a r in effect. I n a n s w e r t o a q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r here is a n y d e m a n d f o r n a t i v e q u a r t e r s o n g a r d e n c i t y l i n e s , h e fated : "That a necessity. is a- q u e s t i o n Personally I that has been discussed for a long the t i m e , a n d m a n y p e o p l e s e e m t o t a k e i t f o r g r a n t e d t h a t i t is do n o t t h i n k i t is at a l l q u i t e

K I K U Y U PAIIT I - C H A P T E R X V I I ]

PROVINCE N A I R O B I T O W N S H I P AND Co:

contrary. I t s e e m s t o m e t h a t if y o u s t a r t a l l o w i n g th s u b u r b s t o s p r i n g u p y o u w i l l g e t t h e s a m e b a d conditions t h e m as y o u h a v e i n P a n g a n i . " 613. T h e e v i d e n c e of D r . A . Ft. P a t e r s o n , A c t i n g Director favoura M e d i c a l and Sanitary Services, appears to be generally

t o n a t i v e ' g a r d e n s u b u r b s n e a r t o w n s , but d o e s n o t g o i n t o deti A t t e m p t s h a v e b e e n m a d e t o f i n d a s u i t a b l e a r e a f o r such a venti somewhere prepared by on tire Nairobi.commonage. of A soil and survey h a s b,
x

the D e p a r t m e n t is d e c i d e d l y of

Agriculture choice

is printed w i that " t h e in search

the evidence under survey

( p . 1131) a n d s t a t e s c o m p r e h e n s i v e l y a second

when

land for arable c u l t i v a t i o n . "

I n t h e a n a l y s i s of p a r t i c u l a r area.;

s h o w s t h a t t h e r e a r e e x t e n s i v e a r e a s w h i c h m i g h t be expected r e p a y - d e e p and skilful c u l t i v a t i o n , but, e v e n so, the crops w o u l d l i a b l e t o suffer s e v e r e l y i n t i m e of Concision on 614. A f t e r considering this drought. evidence we have formed :

o p i n i o n t h a t t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a v i l l a g e g a r d e n s e t t l e m e n t o side N a i r o b i is f r a u g h t w i t h m a n y d i f f i c u l t i e s a n d , u n l e s s conceit o n b r o a d e r l i n e s t h a n t h e p r e s e n t p r o p o s a l , is f o r e d o o m e d to i' ure. The most obvious difficulty with which it is f a c e d is t
1

t h e l a n d a v a i l a b l e w o u l d o n l y r e p a y c u l t i v a t i o n b y skilful

meth

a n d d e e p d i g g i n g , a n d t h e p o p u l a t i o n w h i c h it i s p r o p o s e d to set t h e r e has b e e n d e s c r i b e d as n o t so m u c h d e t r i b a l i z e d as deruralizIn fact, they are about and deep d i g g i n g the last people f r o m are t o be expected. life whom skilful at culture 615. elderly in it

O n t h e o t h e r h a n d i t m a y be c o n t e n d e d t h e r e a r e perhi married natives to live who near have him. on retired While their an from they a useful in the t o w n , and have n o w solely dependent if they p e r h a p s a s o n at \vt are simply i if tl a gan: sons' earnings in

wage-earning and mouths or keep and

wish

r e m a i n i n t h e t o w n , t h e y m i g h t c o n t r i v e t o g r o w a f e w vegetal) a few for chickens their may, years have allotment daily settlement, able that home for bicycle. a n d m i g h t a t t h e s a m e t i m e p r o v i d e a m o r e comfoi son, w h o in fact, could g o be t o h i s w o r k on it is possit useful in t adjuncts such p e r s o n s , a n d might prove

There a few

the settlement

r e s p e c t i n t h e s a m e w a y a s g a r d e n s u b u r b s a r e useful towns in European countries.

616. B u t t h e r e is o n e p o i n t of p a r a m o u n t i m p o r t a n c e whi v i t i a t e s a n y a t t e m p t t o d r a w a p a r a l l e l . I n a E u r o p e a n count a f a m i l y m i g h t find an a g r i c u l t u r a l a l l o t m e n t i n a suburb a c o v e n i e n t m e a n s of s u p p l e m e n t i n g w a g e s e a r n e d i n t h e town, b w h e n i t s m e m b e r s c e a s e t o h a v e e m p l o y m e n t i n t h e t o w n it wot

KIKTJYTJ j CHAPTER, X V I I ]

-PROVINCE NAIROBI TOWNSHIT AND COMMONAGE

lerally b e u n a b l e t o s u p p o r t itself a n d w o u l d g o e l s e w h e r e , w h e r e jn-f is c h e a p e r . no e a r n e r s .

C

I t s place w o u l d

be taken b y another family

of

617. B u t , a m o n g K e n y a n a t i v e s a t this s t a g e t h e r e is n o such ility of r e d i s t r i b u t i o n . T h e m o s t g e n u i n e l y d e t r i b a l i z e d n a t i v e s , w h o m i n p a r t i c u l a r i t is n e c e s s a r y t o p r o v i d e , a r e t h e v e r y sons w h o - w o u l d find m o s t d i f f i c u l t y i n m o v i n g e l s e w h e r e , and s p r o b a b l e t h a t i n a v e r y f e w y e a r s o n e w o u l d find a v i l l a g e ubited b y p a u p e r n a t i v e s w h o h a v e c e a s e d t o h a v e any- c o n ion w i t h t h e t o w n a n d a r e s e e k i n g t o . s u p p o r t themselves curiously o n s e c o n d - r a t e s o i l i n a v i l l a g e o f g a r d e n a l l o t m e n t s liout a n y c o u n t r y s i d e . . O n e c a n n o t b e c a l l o u s e n o u g h t o r e c o m nd t h e i n s t i t u t i o n of a g a r d e n s u b u r b s i m p l y f o r t h e s a k e of riding a c o n v e n i e n t oubliette f o r p a u p e r n a t i v e s a n d so r e l i e v the t o w u of t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f d e a l i n g w i t h t h e m . W e a g r e e principle w i t h t h e o p i n i o n e x p r e s s e d b y t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s ler, t h a t t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e s a r e t h e p r o p e r p l a c e for n a t i v e s ose p r e s e n c e in t h e t o w u i s n o l o n g e r r e q u i r e d . 618. B u t w h i l e t h i s i s o u r g e n e r a l v i e w , t h e r e a r e e x c e p t i o n a l es. T h e r e are s o m e n a t i v e s w h o h a v e b e c o m e no d e t r i b a l i z e d or o h a v e so l i t t l e affinity; w i t h a n y t r i b e f o r w h i c h a r e s e r v e h a s In set a s i d e t h a t t h e y c o u l d n o t f a i r l y b e r e q u i r e d t o l i v e i n a n y ticular n a t i v e r e s e r v e . T h e r e are others perhaps w h o h a v e a i t i m a t e d e s i r e to take u p l a n d o n l e a s e a n d d e v e l o p i t as a fate f a r m on m o r e i n d i v i d u a l l i n e s t h a n w o u l d a t present, be ssible in a r e s e r v e . S u c h p e r s o n s s h o u l d b e a l l o w e d to t a k e u p id in " C " a r e a s . 619. S u c h a s o l u t i o n m a y b e t h o u g h t to be o p e n t o t h e s a m e jections as t h e v i l l a g e s e t t l e m e n t s c h e m e , b u t t h e b r o a d e r basis i which it is c o n c e i v e d g i v e s i t m o r e c h a n c e of s u c c e s s . I n s t e a d a f e w score of m o r e o r less u n i f o r m s m a l l h o l d i n g s surrounding village, it is a p l a n n e d l a y - o u t of a c o u n t r y s i d e t o b e d i v i d e d i n t o ruis of d i f f e r e n t s i z e s , s o m e h e l d i n d i v i d u a l l y a n d s o m e o n a ecies of g r o u p or f a m i l y t e n u r e , t h e w h o l e i d e a b e i n g t o suit e d i f f e r e n t r e q u i r e m e n t s of p e r s o n s in d i f f e r e n t d e g r e e s of dlizaticn a n d t o a v o i d e x c e s s i v e u n i f o r m i t y . A v i l l a g e s c h e m e of lall h o l d i n g s , , u n l e s s c o m b i n e d w i t h s o m e l a r g e r f a r m s o r e n t e r ises o r s u p p o r t e d b y a n e l a b o r a t e m a c h i n e r y o f c o - o p e r a t i o n , i s 't to p r o d u c e a d e a d l e v e l o f p o v e r t y a n d a n e x c e s s i v e u n i f o r m i t y c u l t i v a t i o n , so t h a t w h e n t h e m a i n . c r o p f a i l s a l l suffer a l i k e a n d ere a r e n o r i c h e r or l a r g e r f a r m s w h i c h m i g h t a f f o r d t e m p o r a r y pport. B u t a s c h e m e d e v i s e d o n b r o a d e r l i n e s w o u l d a l l o w f o r e e x i s t e n c e of s o m e l a r g e r f a r m s a n d , so f a r as p o s s i b l e , p r e s e r v e i e l e m e n t of t r i b a l c o n t r o l in t h e l a r g e r g r o u p s . U r b a n n a t i v e s om t h e ' t o w n s w o u l d o n l y b e a m a l l e l e m e n t i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n ,
c

K I K U Y U PART I - - C H A P T E R XVII]

PROVINCE N A I R O B I T O W N S H I P AND COMMON

w h i c h in t h e c a s e o f " C " a r e a s n e a r e s t t o N a i r o b i w o u l d mail b e p r o v i d e d b y K i k u y u s q u a t t e r s r e t u r n e d f r o m f a r m s or sectic o f mbari w h i c h h a v e n o t sufficient l a n d f o r t h e i r requirements the reserve. Leasin Land ' * ' ' n a t i v e s m i g h t h a v e a b e t t e r char t o "be" e s t a b l i s h t h e m s e l v e s , i t w o u l d b e w e l l t h a t o n e of the "( developed as a u r e a s s h o u l d b e c o n v e n i e n t l y n e a r t o N a i r o b i . A s o i l s u r v e y of t near Nairobi N a i r o b i C o m m o n a g e s h o w s t h a t a r e a t o b e n o t v e r y suitable a g r i c u l t u r a l s e t t l e m e n t s e x c e p t i n p a t c h e s , b u t t h e r e is land t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d of t h e K i s e r i a n a n d A l b a g a t h i r i v e r s in i M a s a i R e s e r v e w h i c h w o u l d be s u i t a b l e f o r m i x e d f a r m i n g if i M a s a i a r e p r e p a r e d to l e a s e i t , a n d in a l a t e r p a s s a g e , when a r e d e a l i n g w i t h t h e A l a s a i P r o v i n c e , w e m a k e a p r o p o s a l to t effect t h a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y - s i x t y - n i n e s q u a r e m i l e s of this land t h e p o s i t i o n m a r k e d E o n t h e m a p f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n 69S shun if p o s s i b l e , b e l e a s e d f r o m t h e M a s a i f o r 99 y e a r s a n d be develop a n a l o g o u s l y t o a " C " a r e a (see s e c t i o n s 706 a n d 709 ( 3 ) below).
P O J 6 2 0 n 0 ! d e r t n a t m b a n 18 a n t 0

T h i s l a n d is o n l y u s e d n o w a d a y s b y t h e A l a s a i of the At P l a i n s d u r i n g t i m e s of s e v e r e d r o u g h t a n d t h e n o n l y for v e b r i e f p e r i o d s . I t i s w e l l - w a t e r e d a n d c o n s i d e r a b l e areas in t valleys could be cultivated. I t a d j o i n s t h e N a i r o b i common:; a n d t h e p o i n t at t h e r i v e r j u n c t i o n is a b o u t s e v e n m i l e s from tl c e n t r e of t h e t o w n . I t s t r e t c h e s in a g e n e r a l d i r e c t i o n south-vu b y w e s t t o t h e s l o p e s of t h e N g o n g H i l l s , a n d a t its weste: e x t r e m i t y it is a b o u t six m i l e s f r o m t h e n e a r e s t p o i n t of t: Kikuyu Native Reserve. It is, therefore, most convenient s i t u a t e d t o b e u s e d as a " C " a r e a . I t is n e a r e n o u g h to Nairc t o a d m i t of n a t i v e i m m i g r a n t s f r o m t h e l o c a t i o n s k e e p i n g a footi: t h e r e u n t i l t h e y h a v e e s t a b l i s h e d t h e m s e l v e s , a n d n e a r enough t h e K i k u y u R e s e r v e t o a d m i t o f K i k u y u n a t i v e s t a k i n g up lai there without severing their h o m e connexions. Eventually, : d o u b t , t h e s e t w o c l a s s e s of i m m i g r a n t s w o u l d f o r m a commnnr a n d i n t e r m a r r y , a n d t h e a r e a w o u l d h e l p t o b r i d g e t h e g a p betwe: t h e t o w n a n d t h e n e i g h b o u r i n g r e s e r v e s a n d p r o d u c e a great fluidity of distribution. E o r , w h i l e it w o u l d b e unreasonable e x p e c t t h e K i k u y u or M a s a i or a n y o t h e r n a t i v e r e s e r v e to reeer a l i e n n a t i v e s f r o m N a i r o b i , s u c h as S u d a n e s e a n d f o r e i g n nativ a n d p e r s o n s of m i x e d o r u n c e r t a i n o r i g i n , t h e " C " area will te: t o f u s e t h e v a r i o u s e l e m e n t s a n d it w i l l p r o b a b l y n o t be diffici f o r a n a t i v e b o r n i n s u c h an a r e a t o o b t a i n a f o o t i n g , at least a t e n a n t , in e i t h e r of t h e n e i g h b o u r i n g n a t i v e r e s e r v e s , should desire to do so.
1

621. N o t e v e r y b o d y w o u l d w e l c o m e such a solution, a r p e n e t r a t i o n of t h i s k i n d w i l l c e r t a i n l y a d d t o t h e difficulties a d m i n i s t e r i n g t h e r e s e r v e s . B u t , t h e m a t t e r b e i n g v i e w e d pare.

K I K U Y U I CHAPTER X V I I ]

PROVINCE NAIROBI TOWNSHIP AND COMMONAGE

i a land p r o b l e m , it c a n n o t b e d e n i e d t h a t t h e r i g i d i t y of n a t i v e serve boundaries a n d t h e a b s e n c e of a n y t h i n g r e s e m b l i n g a f r e e arket i n l a n d r e n d e r s p r o b l e m s of d i s t r i b u t i o n v e r y d i f f i c u l t . It umot p e r m a n e n t l y b e f o r t h e g o o d of t h e c o u n t r y t h a t w e s h o u l d ve p r o b l e m s of l o c a l c o n g e s t i o n i n K i k u y u , p r o b l e m s of u n d e r opulation in M a s a i , a n d p r o b l e m s o f u n e m p l o y e d , l a n d l e s s , " i r i b a l i z e d n a t i v e s i n N a i r o b i a l l o f t h e m d u e t o a l a c k of i d i t y in t h e m e a n s of d i s t r i b u t i o n . (i-2-' lirobi T h e sum of our c o n c l u s i o n s r e g a r d i n g n is as f o l l o w s :
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(a) W e r e c o m m e n d t h a t P a n g a n i should b e m o v e d b y s e c t i o n s on the t e r m s w h i c h w e h a v e s u g g e s t e d , a n d t h a t a p proved applicants h e admitted into P u m w a n i . (b) W e c o n s i d e r t h a t P u m w a n i s h o u l d be d e v e l o p e d as t h e m a i n n a t i v e q u a r t e r o f N a i r o b i . T h e s i z e of t h e r e s e r v a tion a f t e r t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h e t w o e x t e n s i o n s i n i m e d i a t e l y p r o p o s e d , i s sufficient f o r p r e s e n t a n d n e a r future r e q u i r e m e n t s , w h i l e w e n o t e t h a t f u r t h e r e x t e n sions c o u l d lie e f f e c t e d b y t a k i n g i n p a r t s of t h e V e t e r i n ary Q u a r a n t i n e area, as occasion m a y arise.

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( c ) W e r e c o m m e n d that an area he set a s i d e as a r e s i d e n t i a l q u a r t e r for m o r e w e l l - t o - d o n a t i v e s , b u t t h a t , i n s p e c i a l cases, it s h o u l d be p o s s i b l e t o g r a n t p e r m i t s t o a p p r o v e d n a t i v e a p p l i c a n t s e n a b l i n g t h e m t o l i v e in o t h e r r e s i d e n tial a r e a s o f t h e t o w n . (d) We have made recommendations r e g a r d i n g the com p e n s a t i c n w h i c h w e s h o u l d c o n s i d e r e q u i t a b l e if it is desired to m o v e the S u d a n e s e s e t t l e m e n t at K i b i r a . B u t if G o v e r n m e n t d o e s n o t c o n s i d e r t h e m o v e t o b e an urgent n e c e s s i t y , w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t only the un authorized n a t i v e i m m i g r a n t s be m o v e d at o n c e , c o m p e n s a t i o n b e i n g p a i d as r e c o m m e n d e d , b u t t h a t t h e Sudanese be a l l o w e d to remain on the conditions w h i c h we have proposed.

(e) I f t h e S u d a n e s e a r e m o v e d , w e c o n s i d e r i t p r e f e r a b l e t h a t they should either m o v e into P u m w a n i o r into a "0" area. I f i t is f o u n d p o s s i b l e t o e s t a b l i s h a " C " a r e a in the l o c a l i t y w h i c h w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d b e t w e e n the K i s e r i a n a n d M b a g a t h i E i v e r s b y l e a s i n g it f r o m t h e M a s a i , t h e y m i g h t p e r h a p s be g i v e n accommodation there, but w e record our opinion that a garden allot ment suburb c o n c e i v e d in isolation w o u l d b e foredoomed to failure. (f) W e agree that t h e g e n e r a l m e t h o d of d e a l i n g w i t h natives w h o a r e n o t w a n t e d in N a i r o b i a n d h a v e n o m e a n s of

KIICUYU PABT ICHAPTEB X V I I ]

PROVINCE N A I H O H I T O W N S H I P AND COJLM

s u p p o r t i n g t l i e u i s e l v e s h o n e s t l y s h o u l d be to r e t u r n thei t o t h e i r r e s e r v e s . I f t h e y p r e f e r t o t a k e u p l a n d on lea: in a " C " area the D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r , Nairob - s h o u l d h e l p t h e m to d o s o , i f t h e i r r e s e r v e s a r e reniot j B u t if t h e i r r e s e r v e s a r e n e a r ( i . e . , K i k u y u , Ukamlf and M a s a i ) it w o u l d probably be m o r e convenient t V n e g o t i a t i o n s t o be m a d e t h r o u g h t h e i r o w n Distv Commissioner.

6 2 3 . I t i s p e r h a p s o u t s i d e t h e s c o p e of our d u t i e s t o mat] r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s as t o t h e c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r w h i c h i t should l a w f u l t o r e q u i r e a n a t i v e t o l e a v e N a i r o b i . B u t it is a corollary: t h e p o w e r to m o v e a n a t i v e f r o m a t o w n t h a t t h e r e m u s t be aceorj modation for him somewhere. I t is t h e r e f o r e n e c e s s a r y tha] w h e n he i s r e t u r n e d t o h i s o w n r e s e r v e , t h e r u l e s of land tctutrj in t h a t r e s e r v e m u s t n o t b e s u c h as t o p r e c l u d e h i m f r o m obtaiuitl a c c o m m o d a t i o n a t l e a s t a s a t e n a n t , a n d r e c e i v i n g a sufficiencyi l a n d to c u l t i v a t e . T h i s a p p l i e s t o t h e r e t u r n e d s q u a t t e r from I f a r m as w e l l as to n a t i v e s f r o m t o w n s , a n d i t is i m p o r t a n t thJ D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r s s h o u l d h a v e t h e n e c e s s a r y p o w e r s , mq d i f f i c u l t i e s in t h i s c o n n e x i o n h a v e a l r e a d y a r i s e n . 624. I n r e s p e c t of n a t i v e s o f u n c e r t a i n o r i g i n , w h o may o r d e r e d t o l e a v e N a i r o b i as " v a g r a n t s " a n d p r o t e s t t h a t they hai n o w h e r e to g o . w e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t Commissione: N a i r o b i , o r such o t h e r a u t h o r i t y as may b e a p p o i n t e d , should hat t h e p o w e r t o d e t e r m i n e , a f t e r d u e i n q u i r y , t h e t r i b e and reset" to w h i c h such n a t i v e p r o p e r l y b e l o n g s o r w i t h w h i c h h e h a s mo a f f i n i t y , a n d t h a t t h e r e s h o u l d b e a p o w e r t o s e n d h i m to sti: r e s e r v e , a n d t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r of such r e s e r v e shoti be b o u n d to r e c e i v e h i m and. f i n d a c c o m m o d a t i o n f o r h i m .
7

Nairobi Commonage.

625.. I t w i l l b e c o n v e n i e n t to a l l u d e in t h i s p ! a c e to t h e pro! lem created by Somali cattle on Nairobi chapter. thirty years ago Somali their cattle on Nairobi coil commonage, althougl S o m a l i s "not b e i n g n a t i v e s of t h e C o l o n y , i t is p e r h a p s n o t stridj p a r t of t h e s u b j e c t m a t t e r of t h i s - 626. I t were given monage. how
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' i 6 2 7 . T h e first effort t o p l a c e t h e i r t e n a n c y o n a r e g u l a r footiil s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n m a d e in 1 9 2 9 , w h e n t h e y w e r e o r d e r e d to jtj t w o s h i l l i n g s a y e a r f o r a t e m p o r a r y o c c u p a t i o n , l i c e n c e on c o m m o n a n d t w e n t y - f o u r s h i l l i n g s a y e a r as refit f o r a boma p! A n a r e a of t h i r t y a c r e s w a s s u r v e y e d , e v i d e n t l y w i t h the intentij t h a t t h e s e S o m a l i bomas or s m a l l v i l l a g e s e t t l e m e n t s should;

K I K U Y U B'AiiT I - C H A P T E R XVII]

PROVINCE NAIROBI TOWNSHIP AND COMMONAGE

noved t o i t , b u t i n f a c t he c o m m o n . 028. T h e hree bo-mas temporary which pay.

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029. T h e S o m a l i s d o n o t s e e m t o h a v e e n t e r e d a n y p r o t e s t a t he t i m e a g a i n s t t h e p a y m e n t o f r e n t , b u t i n 1 9 3 1 a p r o p o s a l w a s aade t h a t t h e y s h o u l d b e r e q u i r e d t o p a y a g r a z i n g f e e of 50 ents f o r e a c h h e a d of c a t t l e a n d t e n c e n t s f o r e a c h s h e e p o r g o a t , nd at t h i s p o i n t t h e y e n t e r e d a p r o t e s t . O n 1st M a r c h , 1 9 3 2 , hey a d d r e s s e d a p e t i t i o n t h r o u g h H i s E x c e l l e n c y t h e ' G o v e r n o r o the S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e i n w h i c h i t is s t a t e d t h a t : " t o w a r d s t h e :lose o f Q u e e n " V i e t o r i a ' s r e i g n t h e y , a t t h e s u g g e s t i o n of t h e TOviEcial C o m m i s s i o n e r , left various scattered g r a z i n g areas rliich t h e y o c c u p i e d i n a n d a r o u n d N a i r o b i , a n d c o l l e c t e d a t t h i s ipot, b e i n g i n f o r m e d t h a t i t h a d b e e n g i v e n t o t h e m as a g i f t f r o m he Q u e e n . " G30. T h e files t o w h i c h w e h a v e h a d a c c e s s r e v e a l n o t h i n g t o aipport t h e c o n t e n t i o n t h a t t h e r e w a s a g i f t of a n y k i n d . The jomalis h a v e b e e n c a l l e d i n e v i d e n c e a n d c a n n o t s u b s t a n t i a t e i t . W e are satisfied t h a t in t h i s c a s e , as i n so m a n y o t h e r s w h i c h lave b e e n b r o u g h t b e f o r e u s , a l l t h a t r e a l l y h a p p e n e d i s t h a t lerinission w a s g r a n t e d t o o c c u p y a c e r t a i n a r e a d u r i n g the Jeasure of G o v e r n m e n t . G31. T h e files d o n o t r e v e a l f o r w h a t p u r p o s e t h e N a i r o b i :onimonage w a s o r i g i n a l l y i n s t i t u t e d , b u t i t is r e a s o n a b l e t o s u p pose t h a t it w a s t o p r o v i d e g r a z i n g f o r t r a d e c a t t l e i n t r a n s i t , f o r transport o x e n a n d f o r s l a u g h t e r o x e n . T h e r e i s n o t h i n g t o s h o w that it w a s e v e r i n t e n d e d , a n d it is i n h e r e n t l y u n l i k e l y t h a t it w a s intended, t o b e used as a c o m m u n a l f a r m w h e r e e i t h e r S o m a l i s or any o t h e r . r e s i d e n t s o f t h e t o w n s h i p m i g h t r e a r c a t t l e . The Nairobi C o m m o n a g e i s 4 3 s q u a r e m i l e s i n e x t e n t , w h i c h is f a r ; more t h a n c a n p o s s i b l y b e r e q u i r e d f o r s e r v i c e s p r o p e r t o T h e township. O u r first r e c o m m e n d a t i o n , t h e r e f o r e , is t h a t a n a r e a be m a r k e d off sufficient t o p r o v i d e a c c o m m o d a t i o n f o r s u c h of t h e Somalis w h o a r e r e s i d i n g t h e r e n o w as w e r e i n t h e U g a n d a E i f l e s (subject t o s i m i l a r r e s t r i c t i o n s t o t h o s e w h i c h w e h a v e r e c o m mended f o r t h e S u d a n e s e asharis a t K i b i r a ) a n d t o p r o v i d e g r a z i n g lor s l a u g h t e r o x e n , t r a n s p o r t o x e n a n d t r a d e c a t t l e in t r a n s i t , a n d be h a n d e d o v e r t o t h e M u n i c i p a l i t y t o b e a d m i n i s t e r e d as an integral p a r t of t h e t o w n s h i p , a n d b e m a d e s u b j e c t t o w h a t e v e r ;onditions t h e M u n i c i p a l i t y s e e s fit t o e n f o r c e . T h e S o m a f i s , in so far as t h e y a r e c a t t l e t r a d e r s , c a n m a k e u s e o f i t o n t h e s a m e terms as o t h e r s i n r e s p e c t of a n y bona fide t r a d e s t o c k i n t r a n s i t .

K I K U Y U PART ICHAPTER XVII]

PROVINCE N A I R O B I T O W N S H I P AND COMIIOXJ

6 3 2 . T h e r e t h e n r e m a i n s t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n of w h a t is h a p p e n to the rest of the area. P r a c t i c a l l y t h e w h o l e of it j g a z e t t e d G a m e B e s e r v e , a n d t h e G a m e W a r d e n is a n x i o u s that] s h o u l d b e c o n s t i t u t e d a N a t i o n a l P a r k , a p r o p o s a l w h i c h appeal t o h a v e w i d e s u p p o r t . A l t h o u g h i t is n o t a m a t t e r s t r i c t l y withi o u r t e r m s of r e f e r e n c e , w e w i s h to s t a t e t h a t such a sblutio a p p e a r s t o us t o be i n t h e b e s t i n t e r e s t s of t h e C o l o n y , and v , r e c o r d o u r very d e f i n i t e finding t h a t n o n a t i v e r i g h t s would infringed.
7

6 3 3 . I f , h o w e v e r , t h e a r e a i s n o t d e v e l o p e d as a N a t i o n ! P a r k , a n d c e a s e s t o b e G a m e B e s e r v e , its s t a t u s w o u l d be that I u n a l i e n a t e d C r o w n l a n d i n t h e H i g h l a n d s , i n r e s p e c t of whkj E u r o p e a n s h a v e a p r i v i l e g e d p o s i t i o n . F a c i l i t i e s f o r stock-raisinf i n i t s h o u l d n o t b e g r a n t e d t o n o n - E u r o p e a n s u n l e s s v e r y stron g r o u n d s e x i s t . I n t h e p r e s e n t c a s e w e c a n n o t s e e t h a t t h e Somali ( a p a r t f r o m askaris of t h e U g a n d a B i n e s ) h a v e a n y s p e c i a l claii s u c h a s w o u l d justify a n e x c e p t i o n b e i n g m a d e . W e , therefor; r e c o m m e n d t h a t S o m a l i c a t t l e s h o u l d n o t b e a l l o w e d to graz t h e r e . I f a S o m a l i w i s h e s t o c o n t i n u e t r a d i n g i n c a t t l e he won! b e f r e e t o m o v e i n t o N a i r o b i a n d k e e p h i s t r a d e s t o c k i n transit o slaughter stcck in t h e area specially r e s e r v e d f o r that purpose, k h e w o u l d h a v e t o g i v e u p r a n c h i n g . I f t h a t c o u r s e d o e s n o t appej t o h i m h e c a n t a k e u p l a n d i n a " D " a r e a , w h e r e n o speck p r i v i l e g e o f r a c e e x i s t s , or in a " C " a r e a , s i n c e w e shall recort m e n d t h a t t h e d e f i n i t i o n of t h e t e r m " n a t i v e " in r e s p e c t of sue! a r e a s b e w i d e n e d t o i n c l u d e a S o m a l i . N u b i a n or a S u d a n e s e . Ml r e c o m m e n d , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e p r e s e n t p e r m i s s i v e t e n u r e be esl tended for o n e y e a r w h i l e a r r a n g e m e n t s are b e i n g m a d e .
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634. W e u n d e r s t a n d n a t i v e s in P u m w a n i v i l l a g e a l s o mas use of N a i r o b i c o m m o n a g e f o r g r a z i n g p u r p o s e s . W e conside t h a t o n l y v e r y r e s t r i c t e d f a c i l i t i e s i n t h i s d i r e c t i o n should k g r a n t e d . N a t i v e s w h o l i v e in t o w n s c a n n o t e x p e c t to k e e p cattle B u t if t h e r e i s r o o m f o r a f e w c o w s in m i l k t o be k e p t on tl: p a r t o f t h e c o m m o n a g e t o b e t a k e n o v e r by t h e Municipalitj t h e r e i s n o r e a s o n w h y p e r m i t s s h o u l d n o t b e g r a n t e d o n paymen o f a small fee. B u t strict supervision would be necessary.
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MASAI THE PROVINCE AND : SOME OP OBSERVATIONS 1904 AND 1911 ON

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(535. It. is n e c e s s a r y t o r e f e r b r i e f l y t o t h e e a r l y h i s t o r y o f t h e Early iisai, a n d t o t h e e v e n t s w h i c h l e d to t h e d e c l i n e of t h e i r p o w e r . n account of the t r i b e h a s b e e n g i v e n b y s e v e r a l w r i t e r s of w h o m He late S i r C h a r l e s E l i o t w a s p r o b a b l y o n e of t h e best i n f o r m e d , c writes :

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M a s a 1

" P r o m a t l e a s t 1850 t o t h e e a r l y e i g h t i e s t h e M a s a i w e r e a f o r m i d a b l e p o w e r in E a s t A f r i c a . T h e y successfully a s s e r t e d themselves against the A r a b slave-traders, took tribute from all w h o passed t h r o u g h t h e i r c o u n t r y , a n d t r e a t e d o t h e r r a c e s , w h e t h e r A f r i c a n or n o t , w i t h t h e g r e a t e s t a r r o g a n c e . " 036. T h e M a s a i h a d a h i g h l y d e v e l o p e d a n d w e l l - o r g a n i z e d Hilary s y s t e m e s p e c i a l l y a d a p t e d f o r r a i d i n g p u r p o s e s , a n d a n :count of s o m e of t h e m a n y r a i d s t h e y p e r p e t r a t e d w i l l b e found H M r . S a n d f o r d ' s " A d m i n i s t r a t i v e a n d -Political H i s t o r y of t h e lasai R e s e r v e . " I t is n o t e w o r t h y t h a t t h e s e r a i d s s e l d o m e x t e n d e d Pi a w e s t e r l y d i r e c t i o n , w h e r e t h e L u m b w a a n d N a n d i w e r e p r o b ibly at l e a s t a m a t c h f o r t h e m a n d w h e r e e v e n t h e less w a r l i k e L u o Jeem to h a v e h a d l i t t l e d i f f i c u l t y i n h o l d i n g t h e m i n c h e c k . Tribal Organization.

637. T h e p o w e r of t h e M a s a i b e g a n s e r i o u s l y t o d e c l i n e t h r o u g h w a n e of the irious c a u s e s , of w h i c h t h e c h i e f w a s a succession of i n t e r n a l w a r s . Masai Power, pertain d i v i s i o n s , n o t a b l y t h e U a s i n G i s h u a n d L a i k i p i a k , w e r e lmost a n n i h i l a t e d a n d s c a t t e r e d t o t h e f o u r w i n d s b y a c o m b i n a t i o n i other g r o u p s , but t h e v i c t o r i e s w e r e of a P y r r h i c c h a r a c t e r . f 638. A b o u t t h e y e a r 1 8 8 3 , a s e r i o u s e p i d e m i c , w h i c h w a s b e ieved b y J o s e p h T h o m s o n t o h a v e b e e n r i n d e r p e s t b u t w a s m o r e robably p l e u r o - p n e u m o n i a , a t t a c k e d t h e i r c a t t l e a n d r e s u l t e d i n eavy losses. T h i s w a s f o l l o w e d a f e w y e a r s l a t e r , circa 1 8 S 9 , b y he g r e a t c a t t l e p l a g u e k n o w n as r i n d e r p e s t , a n d t h e i r v a s t h e r d s e to a l a r g e e x t e n t d e s t r o y e d .
-

Cattle Plagues.

639. A y e a r o r . t w o l a t e r i n t e r n a l w a r f a r e r e c o m m e n c e d , o w i n g Feud between o a feud b e t w e e n L e n a n a a n d S e n d e y u , t h e t w o sons of t h e p o w e r - Lemma and evu. id L a i b o n , M b a t i a n . A t first S e n d e y u w a s successful, a n d c e r t a i n ' ections w h i c h supported Lenana, notably the Kaputiei and ilatapatu, w e r e h e a v i l y d e f e a t e d a n d w e r e f o r c e d to s e e k r e f u g e I t h e ' K i k u y u . L a t e r t h e P u r k o , t h e n , as n o w , t h e m o s t p o w e r f u l
S e n

livision of t h e M a s a i , t h r e w in t h e i r w e i g h t o n t h e side of L e n a n a , lefeated S e n d e y u i n a s e r i e s o f b a t t l e s , a n d d r o v e h i m and h i s followers in a s o u t h - w e s t e r l y d i r e c t i o n . T h e L o i t a , S e n d e y u ' s m o s t

MASAI PART IICHAPTER I]

PROVINCE THE MASAI AGREE

1
p o w e r f u l s u p p o r t e r s , suffered h e a v y l o s s e s , a n d the w e a k e r divisii t h e D a m a t , L a i t o y o k and S i r i a , w e r e a l m o s t a n n i h i l a t e d . and most of the got Loita into sought trouble of the refuge with across the where fled to they the for the German Sende bor German authorities a w h e r e th eventually returned to British territory. outskirts several after many southern region. s e r i e s of formidable disasters the M a s a i we power, and Sir Char remained Position after the Masai Power had waned. years, eventually the a b o v e to b e a T h e r e m n a n t s of the Si Luo country, r e t u r n i n g t o the area th

n o w o c c u p y i n the T r a n s - M a r a 640. E v e n considered "I by

E l i o t s t a t e d in t h e c o u r s e of a r e p o r t in J u n e , 1901 : r e g a r d t h e M a s a i as t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t and dangero

1

of t h e t r i b e s w i t h w h o m w e h a v e to d e a l in E a s t A f r i c a , am f o r c e in t h e d i s t r i c t s w h i c h t h e y In a later : "I agree with those wdio d o not think report, in April, 1903, wrote inhabit." qualified t h i s opinion a

t h i n k it w i l l be l o n g n e c e s s a r y t o m a i n t a i n an a d e q u a t e militai he

t h e M a s a i are

formidable

element

in E a s t

Africa."

H o w e v e r g r e a t a f o r c e the A l a s a i w e r e at o n e t i m e , it is certain th a b o u t 1895 t h e i r p o w e r h a d s e r i o u s l y w a n e d , and a l t h o u g h spontc r a i d s a g a i n s t t h e less w a r l i k e t r i b e s w e r e n o t i n f r e q u e n t , the latt w e r e h o l d i n g t h e i r o w n a n d i n s o m e cases r e t a l i a t i n g . are ance other they the inclined and to the opinion that, but for British In fact protection, t occupied interventio About 11 8i m o r e tin

M a s a i w o u l d h a v e b e c o m e a f a c t o r of c o m p a r a t i v e l y m i n o r impoi their country might have gradually been tribes; the feud between would numbers again h a v e been of Masai in L e n a n a a n d S e n d e y u , after a bri throats. were little

r e c o n c i l i a t i o n , w a s r e n e w e d a n d , b u t for G o v e r n m e n t at each others' territory British

4 0 , 0 0 0 , a n d w i t h t h e i r i n t e r n a l d i s s e n s i o n s t h e y c e r t a i n l y could n o have maintained their position against a concerted t r i b e s such as t h e Early days of European Settlement. 641. W i t h enabled accumulating w as t h e
r

attack by othe

Lumbwa. of of settled their Government power They the M a s a i vt e

the a d v e n t a little

to r e g a i n

former

a n d w e r e agai Tin

large flocks and h e r d s . 1903, w h e n

w a n d e r e d at will ove settlement had begin

a l a r g e p a r t of K e n y a , a n d p e r p e t r a t e d s e v e r a l m i n o r raids. p o s i t i o n in European

6 4 2 . D u r i n g 1 9 0 3 a p p l i c a t i o n s w e r e r e c e i v e d f r o m European Masai Grazing Rights. f o r l a n d in t h e B i l l V a l l e y a n d e l s e w h e r e i n p l a c e s w h e r e the M a s g r a z e d t h e i r flocks a n d h e r d s , a n d t h e q u e s t i o n a r o s e as to how fa such applications could be granted without encroaching on tli

MASAI
II-CHAPTER 1]

PROVINCE
THE MASAI AGREEMENTS

i "razing rights. f c h he stated [ t o have b e e n :

C o n s i d e r a b l e discussion

took

place, and

in in

member ol t h a t y e a r Sh- C h a r l e s E l i o t w r o t e a m e m o r a n d u m

" I n the discussion o n t h i s q u e s t i o n t w o t h i n g s s e e m to m e confused: particular districts; districts, and (1) T h e r i g h t s of the M a s a i t o inhabit (2) T h e i r right to monopolize keep e v e r y b o d y else out. T h e first r i g h t is u n d o u b t e d , b u t t h e s e c o n d a p p e a r s to m e most q u e s t i o n a b l e . I cannot admit As a matter of e x p e d i e n c y ' tribes h a v e large tracts a it m a y right to some keep land ^Agreement times be best to m a k e r e s e r v e s , b u t , a s a m a t t e r "of p r i n c i p l e , that wandering out of other and superior races merely because

particular

they h a v e a c q u i r e d t h e h a b i t of s t r a g g l i n g o v e r f a r m o r e than they c a n utilize."

643. T h e l a t e S i r D o n a l d S t e w a r t , w h o s u c c e e d e d S i r C h a r l e s t as G o v e r n o r , discussed t h e M a s a i q u e s t i o n i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r arrival and c a m e to t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e r e m o v a l of. t h e li from the R i f t V a l l e y i n t o t w o r e s e r v e s w a s t h e b e s t s o l u t i o n , northern of the t w o p r o p o s e d r e s e r v e s w a s L a i k i p i a , a n d t h e lern an area ot s o m e 4,350 s q u a r e m i l e s s o u t h of the r a i l w a y he position s h o w n i n t h e s k e t c h m a p f o l l o w i n g A p p e n d i x N o . 8 . J644. T h e p o s i t i o n w a s e x p l a i n e d to t h e M a s a i c h i e f s and esentatives a t a m e e t i n g h e l d at N a i v a s h a o n t h e 9th A u g u s t , I, and on t h e f o l l o w i n g d a y a n a g r e e m e n t w a s s i g n e d b y t h e lernor o n the o n e p a r t , a n d a n u m b e r o f M a s a i r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e K i n g clans a n d s e c t i o n s of t h e t r i b e on t h e o t h e r . 645. T h e text, of t h i s a g r e e m e n t , k n o w n a s t h e " A l a s a i A g r e e It of 1 9 0 4 " , w i l l b e f o u n d i n A p p e n d i x N o . 8 .

. . . . .

[646. T h e A l a s a i f a i l e d i n i m p o r t a n t p a r t i c u l a r s t o c a n y o u t The position part of t h e 1904 A g r e e m e n t . S e c t i o n s n a m e d i n t h e t e x t o f A g r e e m e n t as t h e E l b u r g o , G a k u n u k i , L o i t a , D a m a t and Jutok did n o t m o v e a b s o l u t e l y to L a i k i p i a (the Northern erve), but m a n y of t h e m , i n c l u d i n g t h e w h o l e of t h e L o i t a a n d lat sections a n d a c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r of t h e E l b u r g o ( P u r k o ) J Gakunuki ( K a k o u y u k e ) r e m a i n e d in t h e s o u t h a n d s c a t t e r e d l i g h o u t w h a t is n o w t h e M a s a i R e s e r v e a n d f a r b e y o n d t h e Tines of the S o u t h e r n R e s e r v e as i t w a s t h e n constituted br the A g r e e m e n t . I t is n o t k n o w n w h a t s e c t i o n of the ai is m e a n t b y t h e " L a i t u t o k " ; t h e r e a r e t w o d i v i s i o n s k n o w n ectively as t h e L o i t o k i t o k (a b r a n c h of t h e S i g h i r a r i ) a n d t h e ayok, the f o r m e r i n h a b i t i n g a n area t o t h e n o r t h of K i l i m a n j a r o the latter l i v i n g w i t h t h e L o i t a i n t h e L o i t a h i l l s . N e i t h e r o f sections m o v e d t o L a i k i p i a .
a f t e r 1 9 0 4

MASAI-PROVINCE PART IICHAPTER I] THE MASAI AOIU:

647. T h e r e i s n o r e l i a b l e e s t i m a t e of t h e n u m b e r s of the il s t o c k i n 1 9 0 4 , b u t it is c e r t a i n t h a t t h e y i n c r e a s e d v e r y largely i n t h e n o r t h a n d s o u t h b e t w e e n t h a t t i m e a n d 1 9 1 1 . I n 1907 l a t e M r . C o l l y e r , t h e n D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r , B u m u r u t i , estint t h e n u m b e r o f c a t t l e i n t h e N o r t h e r n B e s e r v e at 70,000 and s h e e p a n d g o a t s at 1,710,000. 648. beyond south been the taken The the Northern had Beserve as defined spread the all had in over been the the considerably Agreement, country A few Diver extet II

boundaries Masai

and in from and farms

Kilimanjaro Lemek

to t h e K i s i i a n d K a v i r o n d o b o r d e r s . up a l o n g southern G-uaso Nyiro

Valley.

Considerations 649. W h e n i t b e c a m e c l e a r on t h e o n e h a n d to Cover::;, which led to the Agreement t h a t t h e M a s a i w e r e n o b r e s p e c t i n g t h e i r n e w b o u n d a r i e s , am of 1911. L e u a n a , t h e P a r a m o u n t C h i e f , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h a t the sei t i o n of t h e t r i b e i n t o t w o a r e a s h a d caused a g r e a t e r disunity in tribal o r g a n i z a t i o n than h e had anticipated and a weakening own full authority, proposals Southern for the concentration of t h e who! Whi i n an extended B e s e r v e began t o be discussed.

and c o m p l e t e statement

o f t h e o b j e c t s a n d r e a s o n s of the o f t h e f a c t t h a t t h e N o r t h e r n Pea of t h e t r i b e a n d t h e repi-esenta: Masai agreed to t h e move namely of their!:

posal would require mention

w a s t o b e v a c a t e d p a r t l y f o r E u r o p e a n s e t t l e m e n t , i t has also tc stated that the p a r a m o u n t chief chiefs they The Agreomenb of 1911. and were elders of the that Northern

t h e r e a s o n set o u t i n t h e p r e a m b l e t o t h e A g r e e m e n t , "satisfied it i s t o t h e b e s t one area." an Agreement interests that the Masai 650. On should inhabit the 4th April,

1911,

was

reacl

between the Governor It be

( t h e l a t e S i r P e r c y G i r o u a r d ) a n d the l\\

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , t h e t e x t o f w h i c h w i l l b e f o u n d in A p p e n d i x M p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e M a s a i s h o u l d l e a v e t h e N o r t h e r n Beserve J united in in one The area, area the of was Southern the Beserve being extended! provision extension for which

this purpose. made

the A g r e e m e n t

approximately

5,So0 square mile extensions

t h e p o s i t i o n s h o w n o n t h e m a p f o l l o w i n g A p p e n d i x N o . 8 to wtj allusion, has already b e e n m a d e . Subsequent further a l s o s h o w n i n t h i s m a p w i t h t h e d a t e s at w h i c h t h e y w e r e made! The Masai Move. 6 5 1 . T h e m o v e b e g a n i n J u n e , 1 9 1 1 , a n d p r o c e e d e d through] J u l y a n d A u g u s t of t h a t y e a r b y f o u r d i f f e r e n t r o u t e s converging the Mau in the neighbourhood owing of the "Promised Land." a hitch occurred suffered the t o n u m b e r s of M a s a i w i t h t h e i r stock ( T h e r e w a s g r e a t c o n g e s t i o n a n d the M cattle. The They consequently returned to affected E l m e n t e i t a and for at. had, however,

g r e g a t i n g in that area. s o m e losses i n was

E u r o p e a n farm areas b e t w e e n N j o r o a i i d move suspended. check

MASAI
II-CHAPTKB I]

PROVINCE
THE M A S A I AGREEMENTS

of ilishu e

the and

Masai some

and of

there the

was

an The

agitation, elders move

supported and

by in The " M a s a i Case."

more

influential

moran,

e a l l o w e d to r e t u r n

to L a i k i p i a .

recommenced March. the

1912, and w a s c o m p l e t e d b y t h e f o l l o w i n g the d e c i s i o n A. of Government to return to

652. A f t e r Tune e and M r .

to c o n t i n u e Laikipia

move more and Mr. been May, with for

1912, the

agitation of

became

A l o r r i s o n , a local l a w y e r , w a s a p p r o a c h e d the M a s a i . On the 28th J u n e against was the

up the case o n b e h a l f -acted b y L e g a l i s h u against (he to

rison addressed t h e C o l o n i a l Office i n t i m a t i n g t h a t h e had take proceedings which i, on behalf of t h e A l a s a i , a n d a n a c t i o n w a s b r o u g h t in Attorney General, dismissed of Appeal s by the C h i e f Justice. A n a p p e a l to t h e C o u r t

Govern

tern A f r i c a in D e c e m b e r w a s . a l s o d i s m i s s e d , i t b e i n g h e l d : (1) T h e E a s t A f r i c a n P r o t e c t o r a t e is in r e l a t i o n to t h e a foreign which (2) T h e is country in which in the Crown has exercisable though of the with accordance in the with the Crown Foreign the into jurisdiction thereunder. under

Jurisdiction A c t , 1900, and Orders-in-Council Alasai, living Crown, the Protectorate capable and of such protection were

entering

Agreements

Governor,

Agreements

w e r e in f a c t T r e a t i e s a n d , a s s u c h , c l a i m s t h e r e u n d e r a r e not c o g n i z a b l e i n t h e P r o t e c t o r a t e Courts. ol 653. T h e b o u n d a r i e s of t h e M a s a i E e s e r v e as d e f i n e d i n t h e Further Extensions reement of 1911 w e r e s u b s e q u e n t l y a m e n d e d v e r y g r e a t l y t o t h e the Masai Reserve. -antage of t h e M a s a i . 54. T h e first a d d i t i o n w a s t o t h e w e s t of t h e M a r a area w h e r e te 920 square m i l e s p. rthern M a s a i ml it already moved w e r e added in the from by Laikipia the into position the shown on area had T h e principal reason for this extension w a s t h a t , w h e n extension who (1) In the t h e Trans Mara A rea. the of
7

Southern K e s e r v e w h i c h h a d b e e n p r o v i d e d f o r t h e i r u s e , they occupied Southern Masai

en Mara the K.

ached into it w i t h t h e i r f l o c k s a n d h e r d s , so t h a t t h e a c c o m m o d a n p r o v e d insufficient f o r t h e m a n d t h e e x t e n s i o n across t h e granted. Reports on this T r a n s - M a r a region submitted by

-ector of A g r i c u l t u r e , t h e D i r e c t o r of P u b l i c W o r k s , M r . J . . M a n a g e r of t h e G o v e r n m e n t F a r m , a n d M r . C . 0 ' N . zing land in the Protectorate, exceedingly re to the effect t h a t i t c o n s i s t e d of o n e m i l l i o n a c r e s o f t h e well-watered :e.rior to t h e f o r m e r N o r t h e r n E e s e r v e . Dement. I t w a s sparsely

Chaplin finest and

occupied

the r e m n a n t s of t h e S i r i a s e c t i o n , w h o a r e n o t m e n t i o n e d in t h e

MASAI PART IICHAPTER I]

PROVINCE THE MASAI ACH

6 5 5 . T h e G o v e r n o r , i n v i e w of t h e e m i n e n t desirability of e l u d i n g a l l t h e M a s a i i n o n e r e s e r v e , felt c o m p e l l e d to recounrn t h a t t h i s f u r t h e r a r e a b e a l l o t t e d t o t h e M a s a i , a n d it w a s accof i n g l y i n c l u d e d i n t h e b o u n d a r i e s as d e f i n e d b y P r o c l a m a t i o n dat t h e 2 3 r d of J u l y . 1 9 1 2 . T h e b o u n d a r i e s of t h e e x t e n d e d area d e s c r i b e d in t h e P r o c l a m a t i o n w e r e of a p r o v i s i o n a l character. ; w e r e subsequently slightly modified. (2) In the Kilimanjaro Area. 6 5 6 . A f u r t h e r a d d i t i o n t o t h e r e s e r v e w a s m a d e later so as i n c l u d e t h e M a s a i of t h e L a i t o k i t o k , w h o h a d f o r m a n y years h a b i t e d t h e a r e a o n t h e n o r t h e r n slopes of M o u n t Kilimanjaro t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e R o m b o R i v e r . T h e s e M a s a i w e r e forme i n c l u d e d in t h e S e y i d i e ( n o w C o a s t ) P r o v i n c e a n d h a d been m i n i s t e r e d f r o m T a v e t a . T h i s e x t e n s i o n a d d e d 3,730 square mi 6 5 7 . F u r t h e r s m a l l e r , b u t n o t i n c o n s i d e r a b l e , additions to r e s e r v e w e r e m a d e on t h e M a u i n v i e w of t h e special request of i M a s a i b e f o r e s i g n i n g t h e 1 9 1 1 A g r e e m e n t , t h a t as m u c h as possil of t h e a r e a k n o w n as t h e " P r o m i s e d L a n d " , f o r w h i c h applicati h a d b e e n m a d e b y M r . P o w y s C o b b , s h o u l d b e g i v e n to t h e m . Th, m i n o r e x t e n s i o n s c o m p r i s e d 327 s q u a r e m i l e s . Note.The is, therefore, The miles for Population and Stock. t o t a l of t h e s e areas is 1 5 , 1 7 7 s q u a r e m i l e s . T h T h e balari 11,797 square m i l e s , w h i c h gazetted. exchange mentioned in secti circumcision has not is the t o t a l area of i h a v e b e e n e x c l u s i o n s a m o u n t i n g t o 380 s q u a r e m i l e s . M a s a i R e s e r v e as at p r e s e n t Kinangop the Masai, present figure the That

(3) Extensions in the M a u Area.

696 b e l o w , w h i c h p r o v i d e d , o n b a l a n c e , a f u r t h e r a r e a of 110 squ been of t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t , since tl completed by the Masai only gazettement. according three to i to i J B e x c h a n g e has n o t y e t b e e n f o r m a l l y 658. T h e l a t e s t official in extent square mile. and population is say is -18,381. density is to

T h e r e s e r v e is 14,797 square mi! therefore that the about average Masai housek

of five p e r s o n s h a s an a l l o w a n c e of o v e r o n e a n d a h a l f square mil of c o u n t r y to i t s e l f . for Veterinary numbers The official e s t i m a t e of t h e n u m b e r of car i n d i c a t e s that t and are probal 1930 is 7 2 0 , 0 0 0 , b u t a m o r e r e c e n t a c t u a l c o u n t m a d e by t Department much in in t h e K a j i a d o excess of that District estimate are

more than a million.

T h e n u m b e r of s h e e p a n d g o a t s is given five, b a s e d o n t h e official estimafc goats and 18 d o n k e y s , but

id'

t h e 1930 e s t i m a t e as 8 2 0 , 4 5 0 a n d t h e n u m b e r of d o n k e y s as 171.8C T h e a l l o w a n c e p e r h o u s e h o l d of is t h e r e f o r e 74 c a t t l e , 85 s h e e p or

Met 6 5 9 . T h e fact t h a t t h e M a s a i h a v e b e e n a b l e t o accumulate a' th m a i n t a i n such v a s t f l o c k s a n d h e r d s in t h e i r r e s e r v e speaks for itse iron.

in all p r o b a b i l i t y c o n s i d e r a b l y m o r e .

398
MASAI 11CHAPTER I] PROVINCE THE MASAI AGREEMENTS

660. I t is i n t e r e s t i n g t o c o m p a r e t h e c o n d i t i o n s in r e s p e c t o f julation d e n s i t y w i t h t h o s e o b t a i n i n g i n K i k u y u a n d K a v i r o n d o . rile in M a s a i a n a r e a of 14,797 s q u a r e m i l e s s u p p o r t s a p o p u l a n of 48,381 a t a d e n s i t y of a b o u t t h r e e to t h e s q u a r e m i l e , t h e ee districts of K i k u y u p r o p e r c o m p r i s e 1,726 s q u a r e m i l e s ( a s etted) s u p p o r t i n g a p o p u l a t i o n , w h i c h a c c o r d i n g t o t h e l a t e s t cial figures n u m b e r s 4 S 9 , 1 5 6 , a t a d e n s i t y o f 283 t o t h e s q u a r e and the t h r e e K a v i r o n d o n a t i v e r e s e r v e s h a v e a n a r e a o f 14 square m i l e s , w i t h a p o p u l a t i o n o f f i c i a l l y stated to be 29,422, and a d e n s i t y of 143 to t h e s q u a r e m i l e ; i t m u s t b e embered, h o w e v e r , that the M a s a i a r e a pastoral t r i b e , w h i l e K i k u y u and K a v i r o n d o a r e m a i n l y a g r i c u l t u r a l . T h e basis o f c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t h e K i k u y u figures g i v e n a b o v e s in N o t e 4 t o s e c t i o n 67. 661. Such g r e a t d i s c r e p a n c i e s c a n n o t b e e x p l a i n e d s i m p l y b y difference in t h e q u a l i t y of t h e l a n d . A l t h o u g h t h e r e are c e r t a i n d and w a t e r l e s s t r a c t s i n t h e A l a s a i c o u n t r y , as is b o u n d t o b e case in so l a r g e a n a r e a , a n d p a r t s a r e f l y - i n f e s t e d , t h e g r e a t e r t of the r e s e r v e i n c l u d e s s o m e of t h e finest a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d toral land i n K e n y a ' , a n d t h e M a s a i a r e p r o b a b l y t h e m o s t althy tribe in A f r i c a , b o t h in t h e m a t t e r of l a n d a n d t h e s t o c k ich they are a b l e t o k e e p o n i t . T h e a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d c o m p a r e s u n f a v o u r a b l y w i t h t h a t in t h e n e i g h b o u r i n g K i k u y u s u b - d i s t r i c t Dagoretti, w h i c h is densely i n h a b i t e d . G62. T h e M a s a i m a k e l i t t l e or n o u s e of t h e i r a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d , e K i k u y u a r e desirous of c u l t i v a t i n g i t a n d a r e in f a c t c u l t i v a t on a small scale o n t h e N g c n g h i l l s a n d o t h e r j d a c e s , b u t o n 'ery p r e c a r i o u s f o r m of t e n u r e .

Comparison with the Population Density in Kikuyu and Kavirondo.

Comparison with Kikuyu in respect of the Quality of tlio Land.

663. I n v i e w of t h e fact t h a t t h e A l a s a i w e r e a d e c a y i n g a n d Cenerous adent race w h e n B r i t i s h a d m i n i s t r a t i o n w a s e s t a b l i s h e d a n d Treatment of the Masai. t the p r o t e c t i o n g i v e n t h e m , in all p r o b a b i l i t y , s a v e d t h e m f r o m aster, it s e e m s c l e a r t h a t t h e y h a v e b e e n t r e a t e d in an u n d u l y erous m a n n e r as r e g a r d s l a n d . A c o m p a r i s o n of t h e s p a r s i t y in ich their r e s e r v e i s i n h a b i t e d w i t h t h e d e n s i t y o b t a i n i n g a m o n g "labouring t r i b e s s h o w s h o w n o t a b l e a d e g r e e of m a l d i s t r i b u t i o n sts, a n d , if it is n o t f a i r to d e s c r i b e t h i s s t a t e of t h i n g s e n t i r e l y the A g r e e m e n t , i t is at l e a s t t r u e t h a t t h e A g r e e m e n t is t h e acipal o b s t a c l e i n t h e w a y of a m e l i o r a t i n g t h e p o s i t i o n . The ole m a t t e r is an e x c e l l e n t i l l u s t r a t i o n of t h e h a r m w h i c h m a y b e e by t h e l o c k i n g u p and p e r m a n e n t e n t a i l of l a n d , a n d b y t o o at a zeal f o r s e c u r i t y at t h e e x p e n s e of f l u i d i t y . 064. U n d e r our first t e r m of r e f e r e n c e w e a r e r e q u i r e d to c o n Effect of the er the needs of t h e n a t i v e p o p u l a t i o n , p r e s e n t a n d p r o s p e c t i v e , Agreements. h respect to l a n d , a n d t h e q u e s t i o n s o f d i s t r i b u t i o n , i n t e r p e n e t r a and fluidity a r e e x t r e m e l y p e r t i n e n t . B u t i n r e s p e c t of a l l

MASAI PART II--CHAPTER, I]

PROVINCE THE MASAI AOKKUI

t h a t p a r t o f t h e M a s a i R e s e r v e to w h i c h the A g r e e m e n t of Kjfl a p p l i e s , t h a t is t o s a y , t h e a r e a s m a r k e d A a n d B on the m l f o l l o w i n g A p p e n d i x N o . 8 , t h e l a n d is d e c l a r e d t o be r e s e r v e d ! t h e e x c l u s i v e use and b e n e f i t of t h e M a s a i t r i b e , and G o v e r n m ! has a g r e e d n o t t o c o n v e y a n y l a n d w i t h i n t h e b o u n d a r i e s , as in t h e A g r e e m e n t , b y l e a s e or g r a n t to a n y p e r s o n w i t h o u t the e l e sent of t h e p a r a m o u n t c h i e f a n d the r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the trill e x c e p t i n g o n l y in the case of l a u d r e q u i r e d for p u b l i c purposes or I m i n i n g . F r o m this it is c l e a r t h a t not o n l y E u r o p e a n s , but e l n a t i v e s of o t h e r t r i b e s a r e p r e c l u d e d f r o n t o b t a i n i n g land in I M a s a i R e s e r v e o n any- r e a s o n a b l e s e c u r i t y , u n l e s s the M a s a i t i n ! s e l v e s a g r e e . T h i s t h e y arc u n l i k e l y to d o . 6 0 5 . A s t r i c t i n s i s t e n c e on t h e l e t t e r of t h e s e clauses would t l o n l y be an i m p e d i m e n t in p r o g r e s s . t o l e a s e s but w o u l d a l s o p r e v e n t the

d fr eiB

--I

s i d e r a b l e a m o u n t of p e a c e f u l p e n e t r a t i o n b y K i k u y u w h i c h is a I n . ! m e m b e r s of t h e i r f a m i l y a l o n g w i t h t h e m , a n d t h e M a s a i hushal as a r e l a t i o n - i n - l a w , s e l d o m or n e v e r o b j e c t s . in n e e d . In

M a n y M a s a i m a r r y K i k u y u w i v e s w h o f r e q u e n t l y bril

this w a y an aJj

cultural settlement b e g i n s and the M a s a i tribe gains a reinforcem! of w h i c h it is g r e a t l y h e l d to i n f r i n g e used f o r t h e exclusive fooling between

B u t t h e s e a r r a n g e m e n t s might I

t h e clause w h i c h r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e l a n d should 1 use a n d b e n e f i t o f the M a s a i t r i b e , and i: were ( o he r e f e r r e d would which object it n o w to the eh: a n d the it possesses
4

p r o b a b l e t h a t , if t h e s e c a s e s , i n s t e a d of b e i n g s e t t l e d on a frier relatidns-indaw, of the of the few and representatives w o u l d lose e v e n tribe, they

agriculturists their very for

g e t her w i t h t h e f o r c e 660. A g a i n , that land It not leased. Native the it

example. w e l l be or t o t h e a d v a n t a g e of a t :
r

may for

required would of the tribe

present

near

future

use should the trii

is b e t t e r

l a n d t o be u s e d t h a n t o lie i d l e , and: the rents. therefore defined The it e l d e r s of may limits be and

Council

receive tribe, that,

h a v i n g n o e x p e r i e n c e i n such m a t t e r s , m a y o b j e c t unreasonably, detriment of and in the k subject interests the within

appropriate

safeguards, there

should be

a power

to over-ride si

o b j e c t i o n s in t h e g e n e r a l i n t e r e s t of t h e t r i b e . p r i n c i p l e of t h e L a n d s be to the

T h i s is an accept

T r u s t O r d i n a n c e in r e s p e c t of other trib: of the Masai to be excluded from

I f it is a r i g h t p r i n c i p l e , as w e a r e c o n v i n c e d t h a t it i s , it can o: disadvantage operation. 667. F r o m an adherence these considerations w e to t h e terms of

4

are satisfied that too ri is n o t in the 1

the ..

Agreement

i n t e r e s t s of t h e M a s a i .

399
MASAI
IICHAPTER I]

PROVINCE
THE MASAI AGREEMENTS

068. W h e n

w e turn

from

t h e i n t e r e s t s of t h e M a s a i a n d

con

.r the i n t e r e s t s o f

o t h e r t r i b e s , i t is c l e a r t h a t t h e

permanent makes able

[tuil of a vast area of l a n d f o r the b e n e f i t of a t r i b e w h i c h

iittle use of it a n d , left to i t s e l f , w o u l d c e r t a i n l y n o t be

keep it, m u s t a p p e a r u n j u s t ; e s p e c i a l l y w h e n o n e , at l e a s t , o f t h e l a b o u r i n g tribes is l i v i n g in a s t a t e w h i c h b o r d e r s on c o n g e s t i o n , ibody w i s h e s to d e p r i v e the M a s a i of t h e i r l a n d , but her., or t o i n d i v i d u a l , n a t i v e s . 669. B e s i d e s t h e leasing of land which they do not require, might re are s e v e r a l a d v a n t a g e o u s e x c h a n g e s which the Masai justification ,'iit arise for r e q u i r i n g t h e m to l e a s e u n u s e d p o r t i o n s of it t o o t h e r

ango w i t h g r e a t p r o f i t to t h e m s e l v e s a n d to t h e C o l o n y a t l a r g e , 1 w e shall r e f e r t o s o m e of t h e m in s e c t i o n s 693-711 b e l o w . Effect of the Kenya Annexation Order-inCouncil.

670. I t m a y p e r h a p s be a r g u a b l e t h a t t h e K e n y a A n n e x a t i o n liler-in-Gouncii d a t e d 11th J u n e , 1 9 2 0 , h a d t h e effect o f r e n d e r i n g i Masai A g r e e m e n t n u l l a n d v o i d . B u t w e a r e n o t so m u c h c o n ned w i t h t h e p o s i t i o n in l a w as w i t h t h e p o s i t i o n in e q u i t y , a n d are fully p e r s u a d e d t h a t t h e M a s a i are in e q u i t y e n t i t l e d to a l l : benefits of the A g r e e m e n t just as i f it w e r e s t i l l in f o r c e . But at does n o t m e a n t h a t t h e A g r e e m e n t c a n n o t be a m e n d e d b y t h e ruination or m o d i f i c a t i o n of c l a u s e s w h i c h are n o t in r e a l i t y b e n e il to t h e 671. W e Masai. h o l d t h a t o u r o b l i g a t i o n t o w a r d s t h e M a s a i is exactly to

same as it is t o w a r d s all t h e o t h e r t r i b e s of K e n y a , n a m e l y , feguards as w i l l e n s u r e t h a t ail t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e s a r e used

Jopose such a m e n d m e n t s of t h e L/ands T r u s t O r d i n a n c e a n d such and veioped to t h e b e s t a d v a n t a g e of the o c c u p a n t t r i b e s , s u b j e c t o n l y tire acquisition o f l a n d f o r p u b l i c p u r p o s e s o r p u r p o s e s e s s e n t i a l to s w e l f a r e of the C o i o n v . we consider ences in the that Masai of I n so f a r as w e a r e successful in relating should be discontinued. be considered doing or is and to t h e special c l a u s e s n o w Keserve to l e a s e s There just

nettling i n v i d i o u s a n d a trifle a b s u r d in t h e p o s i t i o n ular m e t h o d lease or l i c e n c e should for nil-able for o t h e r t r i b e s , but n o t the M a s a i .

that a par

O u r d u t y is

vise a m e t h o d w h i c h is just to a l l o f t h e m , a n d w e shall selves to t h a t task i n t h e apter H I , passim). t h i r d p a r t of our R e p o r t

address

(Bart 111,

672. T h e M a s a i c a n o n l y s t a n d t o g a i n b y t h e e l i m i n a t i o n of guards w h i c h a r e of n o p r a c t i c a l use o r v a l u e to t h e m a n d c a n ly hinder t h e i r p r o g r e s s . I f t h e y r e m a i n in isolation in t h e i r erve, as t h e y w i l l h a v e to do i f it is to be d e v e l o p e d f o r t h e i r dusive use and b e n e f i t , t h e y a r e l i k e l y to s t a g n a t e a n d f u r t h e r wnerate, a n d l a r g e a r e a s o f v a l u a b l e a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d , e i t h e r iirely unused o n a c c o u n t o f fly o r E a s t C o a s t F e v e r or used o n l y

MASAI PART IICHAPTER 1]

PROVINCE THE "MASAI AOHKESII

l o r d e p a s t u r i n g u n e c o n o m i c l i v e stock w i l l r e m a i n e m p t y and, developed. W e h a v e h a d r e l i a b l e e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e fly areas r a p i d l y e x t e n d i n g , a n d t h a t t h e M a s a i b y t h e m s e l v e s c a n n o t hop d e a l w i t h this p r o b l e m , b u t a n i n d u s t r i a l a g r i c u l t u r a l tribe such t h e K i k u y u w o u l d q u i c k l y c l e a r t h e b u s h h a r b o u r i n g the fly; replace it b y cultivation. 6 7 3 . I t is i m p o r t a n t t h a t , if t h e s e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s are c e p t e d b y G o v e r n m e n t a n d if t h e y a r e h e l d , i n h o w e v e r sligh d e g r e e , t o a f f e c t the p r i v i l e g e s w h i c h t h e M a s a i n o w enjoy u n t h e A g r e e m e n t o f 1 9 1 1 , t h e y should b e a p p r i s e d of t h e change; of the reasons for it. 6 7 4 . W e h a v e b e e n m o v e d to w r i t e t h i s c h a p t e r by the nec s i t y o f c a l l i n g a t t e n t i o n t o the m a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of n a t i v e populatt w h i c h w o u l d c e r t a i n l y b e a m e l i o r a t e d i f a l e s s e x c l u s i v e policy * a d o p t e d in the M a s a i R e s e r v e ; t h e o n l y p o i n t to w h i c h we L d i r e c t e d o u r a t t e n t i o n is t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r s e c u r i n g a b e t t e r distrii t i o n of t h n a t i v e p o p u l a t i o n a n d a m o r e e c o n o m i c use of the lai
o

400

CHAPTER
IE MASAI PROVINCE :

II.
SPECIFIC THE L A N D

CERTAIN TRIBE.

PROBLEMS

CONNECTED MASAI

W I T H

675. W e n o w t u r n to an e x a m i n a t i o n o f c e r t a i n specific c l a i m s sh have a c e r t a i n local i m p o r t a n c e but a r e , b y c o m p a r i s o n w i t h more c o m p r e h e n s i v e considerations which character. we have just been ussing, e n t i r e l y of a m i n o r

Certain Claims?

676. T h e Ahisai c l a i m t h e area o n e m i l e in w i d t h o n the s o u t h Claims to "Mile of the r a i l w a y l i n e f r o m A t h i R i v e r T o w n s h i p t o S u l t a n H a m u d o h v i t l n * ' tion, and the t r i a n g l e b e t w e e n C h y u l u , t h e K i b o k o R i v e r a n d Triangle, tan H a m u d . T h e s e a r e a s are k n o w n a s t h e M i l e Z o n e a n d t h e ulu T r i a n g l e a n d it is c o n v e n i e n t t o discuss t h e m b o t h t o g e t h e r . 677. T w o facts e m e r g e c l e a r l y f r o m our e x a m i n a t i o n of t h e ence : t h e l a n d c l a i m e d is not i n c l u d e d in the Agreement ndaries of 1911 or in a n y o t h e r a g r e e m e n t w i t h the M a s a i ; a n d Masai k n o w t h a t it w a s not i n c l u d e d . W e h a v e t h e r e f o r e c o n led that t h e M a s a i c a n n o t c l a i m i t as of r i g h t . 678. W h e n t h e A g r e e m e n t w a s s i g n e d , it w a s c e r t i f i e d that t h e timent w a s e x p l a i n e d to the c h i e f s a n d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the and Pro sai, w h o e n t e r e d i n t o t h e A g r e e m e n t o f t h e i r o w n f r e e w i l l h full k n o w l e d g e of its c o n t e n t s . Grown Advocate, the Secretary to the for Native Affairs, of W. four

T h i s c e r t i f i c a t e w a s s i g n e d InProtectorate. Executive Hemsted, that, Alasai well that began R.

cial C o m m i s s i o n e r s a n d t h e T r e a s u r e r o f t h e 679. E v i d e n c e was given into tncil, w h i c h w e n t the m a t t e r , b y Air.

sub-committee

cer in C h a r g e of t h e A l a s a i f o r m a n y tough in t h e a b s e n c e of w precisely We where the boundary

y e a r s , t o the e f f e c t they knew quite

demarcation, neither lie nor the was,

had b e e n told m a n y t i m e s that it did n o t e x t e n d u p to t h e r a i l y line. h a v e a l s o h a d e v i d e n c e ( p . 1262) t o t h e effect B r o w n e , w h e n District Commissioner, N g o u g , Zone. the It of It jor E . D .

erect beacons t o d e m a r c a t e t h e M i l e 680. I t sai h a v e

has b e e n r e p r e s e n t e d t o us i n s o m e q u a r t e r s t h a t a good claim to t h e area on economic grounds.

tains sources o f w a t e r s u p p l y of c o n s i d e r a b l e v a l u e t o t h e m , ich they h a v e h a d t h e u n i m p e d e d use f o r a n u m b e r o f y e a r s . se areas, p e n d i n g t h e p r o v i s i o n of a n a d e q u a t e a l t e r n a t i v e we r e c o m m e n d the adoption of one of the following

1 entail s o m e h a r d s h i p o n the t r i b e if i t is d e p r i v e d o f t h e u s e of supply, courses

400
CHAPTER II.
MASAI PROVINCE : CERTAIN TRIBE. c l a i m s Certain Specific w i t h Claims. just been SPECIFIC T H E LAND PROBLEMS CONNECTED MASAI t7&! W e W I T H

n o w turn to an e x a m i n a t i o n of c e r t a i n specific considerations which we have

have a c e r t a i n local i m p o r t a n c e but a r e , b y c o m p a r i s o n lore c o m p r e h e n s i v e Ising, entirely of a m i n o r character.

R7G. T h e M a s a i c l a i m t h e area o n e m i l e in w i d t h o n t h e s o u t h Claims to Mile. If the r a i l w a y line f r o m A t h i R i v e r T o w n s h i p t o S u l t a n H a i n u d Zone and Oliyulu In, and t h e t r i a n g l e b e t w e e n C h y u l u , t h e K i b o k o R i v e r a n d Triangle. In H a m u d . T h e s e a r e a s a r e k n o w n a s t h e M i l e Z o n e a n d the Elu T r i a n g l e a n d it is c o n v e n i e n t t o discuss t h e m b o t h t o g e t h e r . 577. T w o facts e m e r g e c l e a r l y f r o m our e x a m i n a t i o n of t h e ice : t h e l a n d c l a i m e d is not i n c l u d e d in t h e Agreement laries of 1911 or in a n y o t h e r a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e M a s a i ; a n d lasai k n o w t h a t it w a s not i n c l u d e d . W e h a v e t h e r e f o r e c o n Id that t h e M a s a i c a n n o t c l a i m it as of r i g h t . 578. W h e n t h e A g r e e m e n t w a s s i g n e d , it w a s c e r t i f i e d that t h e hient was explained to the chiefs and representatives of the and by Pro ii, wdio e n t e r e d i n t o t h e A g r e e m e n t o f t h e i r o w n f r e e w i l l I full k n o w l e d g e of its c o n t e n t s . prown A d v o c a t e , 579. E v i d e n c e Icil, w h i c h the Secretary to the T h i s certificate w a s signed for Native Affairs, of W. four Protectorate. Executive Hemsted. that, Masai well that began R.

li C o m m i s s i o n e r s a n d t h e T r e a s u r e r o f t h e was given the went into matter, by Mr.

sub-committee

\r in C h a r g e of t h e A l a s a i f o r m a n y precisely line. We where the boundary

years, to the effect they knew quite

lgh in t h e a b s e n c e of d e m a r c a t i o n , n e i t h e r h e n o r t h e was,

tad b e e n t o l d m a n y t i m e s t h a t i t d i d n o t e x t e n d u p t o t h e r a i l h a v e a l s o had e v i d e n c e ( p . 1262) t o t h e e f f e c t Zone. the It It E. D. B i 'o\vne, w h e n D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r , N g o u g ' ,

bet b e a c o n s t o d e m a r c a t e t h e M i l e pSO. I t h a s b e e n r e p r e s e n t e d li h a v e a good claim to the

to us i n s o m e q u a r t e r s t h a t area on economic grounds.

Sins sources o f w a t e r s u p p l y of c o n s i d e r a b l e v a l u e t o t h e m , of J they h a v e had t h e u n i m p e d e d u s e f o r a n u m b e r of y e a r s . h lentail s o m e h a r d s h i p o n t h e t r i b e if i t is d e p r i v e d of t h e use of i areas, p e n d i n g t h e p r o v i s i o n of a n a d e q u a t e a l t e r n a t i v e s u p p l y , jwe r e c o m m e n d the adoption of one of the following courses

MASAI PART 11CHAPTER II]

PROVINCE PROBLEMS AND RECOMMEI

w h i c h f o l l o w in the. m a i n t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s of t h e Lands B o a r d a n d of E x e c u t i v e C o u n c i l , b o t h of w h i c h bodies made c inquiries into the position. 6 8 1 . F i r s t l y , if t h e M a s a i so d e s i r e , t h e y should he "iv o p p o r t u n i t y o f t a k i n g o u t a n n u a l leases a t a r e a s o n a b l e rent l e a s e s to be r e n e w a b l e u n t i l such t i m e as equivalent v,a f a c i l i t i e s be m a d e a v a i l a b l e in t h e a d j o i n i n g parts of the R e s e r v e e i t h e r b y b o r i n g or o t h e r w i s e . 6 8 2 . S e c o n d l y , t h e r e a r e w i t h i n t h e c o n f i n e s of the R e s e r v e c o n s i d e r a b l e a r e a s of e x c e l l e n t a g r i c u l t u r a l land, r e m a i n l a r g e l y u n u s e d o w i n g t o t h e p r e v a l e n c e of fly and East f e v e r a n d t h e c o n s e r v a t i v e a d h e r e n c e of the M a s a i to a s: p a s t o r a l m o d e of l i f e . W i t h o u t d o u b t , t h i s l a n d w o u l d be of v a l u e t o o t h e r t r i b e s o r c o m m u n i t i e s w h o m a y r e q u i r e seoi e x p a n s i o n or a g r i c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t . W e c o n s i d e r that ii b e of a d v a n t a g e t o the M a s a i , s h o u l d t h e y be w i l l i n g , to cede o f t h i s l a n d in e x c h a n g e for t h e C h y u l u T r i a n g l e , o r any othe w h i c h t h e y m a y d e s i r e a n d w h i c h m a y be a v a i l a b l e . Sue c h a n g e s , could t h e y b e a r r a n g e d , w o u l d b e of u n d o u b t e d vahii o n l y to t h e M a s a i as a t r i b e , but a l s o to t h e C o l o n y as a v . B u t t h e r e s u l t o f p r e l i m i n a r y i n q u i r i e s m a d e by the oflieei m i n i s t e r i n g t h e t r i b e does n o t e n c o u r a g e us to b e l i e v e thn M a s a i a r e at p r e s e n t w i l l i n g to e n t e r t a i n any such suggestic
7

Masai Claim to Quarter Mile Zone.

6 8 3 . U n d e r t h e b o u n d a r y g a z e t t e m e n t o f 1926. the J! R a i l w a y , t o g e t h e r w i t h all l a n d e x t e n d i n g a ciuarter of a mile t h e c e n t r e l i n e t h e r e o f on b o t h s i d e s , w a s e x c l u d e d from the Reserve. 6 4.

Q

T h i s a r e a w a s i n c l u d e d in t h e A g r e e m e n t in as Council native in 1930, a n d We The merely area nwnits

boundariei E ce!!enc
v

i t s r e - i n c l u s i o n in the r e s e r v e w a s a p p r o v e d b v H i s Governor necessary gazetted Masai Rights over Certain Farms near Ngong. legal machinery. reserve. recommend involved that is

provision t the an apprbxin

38 s q u a r e m i l e s . 685. O n e follows : of the clauses of the 1904 Agreement rer

" I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e f o r e g o i n g , L e n a n a as Chief I a n d his successors to b e a l l o w e d to o c c u p y the land lyi b e t w e e n t h e M b a g a t h i a n d K i s s e r i a n S t r e a m s , from 1 L a m u y u to t h e p o i n t w h e r e t h e s t r e a m s m e e t , with t c e p t i o n of l a n d a l r e a d y o c c u p i e d b y M r . O u l t o n , M r . Met and M r . P a t e r s o n . "
1 7

A c t u a l l y t h e r e w e r e s i x f a r m s p a r t l v c o n t a i n e d in the block of t h e M b a g a t h i L i v e r , and t h e p r o b l e m w h i c h has to be settl w h a t is t h e s t a t u s of t h e o t h e r t h r e e .

MASAI
-CHAPTER II]

PROVINCE
PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

i. U n d e r

the

1911 A g r e e m e n t , t h e N o r t h e r n in the Proclamation Gazelle,

Masai 18th

agreed Masai June, :

2 to the land " b o u n d e d on the east b y the Southern R e s e r v e as defined 7. dated and p u b l i s h e d i n t h e Official '0n ection them es." B y a further clause in t h e 1911 A g r e e m e n t r e s e r v e f o r t h e e x c l u s i v e u s e of t h e M a s a i the the n o r t h o f 1st J u l y , by the

1906." Mbagathi in a

T h e d e s c r i p t i o n in this n o t i c e r u n s , in p a r t , as f o l l o w s t h i s r e s e r v e is b o u n d e d of D o n y o the point Nyuki where . . . thence in a the

r e a m and b y t h e A t h i R i v e r to t h e p e a k direction to

north-easterly River

( S u s w a ) ; thence Mbagathi

Governor

tribe t h e . a r e a on the as the they

e south side o f the U g a n d a R a i l w a y as d e f i n e d a b o v e , a n d a s own on the attached m a p , w h i c h area is coadunate w i t h buthern M a s a i therefore quite Native clear Reserve that . . ." Masai Reserve the. Southern

in t h e 1906 G a z e t t e n o t i c e is s e c u r e d t o t h e M a s a i b y Agreement. 9. T w o points are thus proved : conclusively although ot b e e n r a i s e d b y t h e M a s a i T h e land b e t w e e n Masai named Reserve above. Lenana area. secured

the M b a g a t h i and Kisserian by the A g r e e m e n t

streams is the ex

with

c e p t i o n of t h e l a n d o w n e d i n 1904 b y t h e t h r e e l a n d l o r d s ) T h a t the L a i b o n and h i s successors h a v e r i g h t s of which it was and

occupation in this

0. I t w a s c l e a r l y t h e i n t e n t i o n o f G o v e r n m e n t , w i t h asai a g r e e d , t h a t a l l a l i e n a t e d f a r m s should be excluded from the Masai not. s o u t h of the Reserve, and

Mbagathi

b y an o v e r s i g h t t h a t t h r e e of t h e f a r m s w e r e e x c l u d e d er t h r e e , or p a r t s of t h e m , w e r e 1. S o far as c a n b e a s c e r t a i n e d , p a r t s of t h e f o l l o w i n g e considered as b e i n g w i t h i n the M a s a i R e s e r v e (1) F a r m (2) F a r m (3) F a r m and C h y u l u No. No. No. 193 : 643 acres, 196 : 540 acres, 1 9 7 : 106 a c r e s , freehold. freehold. freehold. to t h e :

farms

2. I n our d i s c u s s i o n of t h e c l a i m b y t h e M a s a i Triangle, we adhered to the

Mile the the

s t r i c t l e t t e r of

ents and i t i s o n l y just t h a t w e s h o u l d a d h e r e t o it

equally

case o f t h e s e f a r m s , w h i c h , a s w e h a v e s e e n , a r e p a r t o f

MASAI PART IICHAPTER II]

PROVINCE PROBLEMS AND BECOMME:

area of w h i c h the M a s a i h a v e , b y A g r e e m e n t , been granted e l u s i v e u s e , a l t h o u g h t h e y t h e m s e l v e s are a p p a r e n t l y unavvat t h e fact. W e r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e L o c a l N a t i v e Council si. r e c e i v e t h e a m o u n t w h i c h w a s p a i d to the G o v e r n m e n t let p u r c h a s e of t h e l a n d ; t h e q u e s t i o n as to w h e t h e r the Laib( e n t i t l e d to s h a r e in it c o u l d t h e n b e i n v e s t i g a t e d . "The Man Forest Exchange Proposal. 693. T h e proposal k n o w n as the M a n F o r e s t Exeliann which full details will he f o u n d in the S e c r e t a r y ' s Pi emanated from the C o n s e r v a t o r of. F o r e s t s , w h o s e sugge was that the Masai should give u p an area of fores! t h e F o r e s t D e p a r t m e n t in e x c h a n g e f o r an area of g r a z i n g o n s o u t h e r n e x t r e m i t y of the E a s t e r n M a t t F o r e s t R e s e r v e . H e t sen ted t h a t t h e g r a z i n g w o u l d ho of b e n e f i t to the M a s a i , while forest land w o u l d he of value, to h i s d e p a r t m e n t . B u t the are g r a s s l a n d w e r e not sufficient to c o m p e n s a t e for the loss of theft, and tin' Conservator of Forests favoured a suggestion P o w y s l a n d , L i m i t e d , that t h e y s h o u l d g i v e up an adjacent of g r a s s l a n d to be t h r o w n i n t o t h e e x c h a n g e , r e c e i v i n g in iv s o m e u n a l i e n a t e d C r o w n l a n d a d j a c e n t to t h e i r K e r i n g e t Esta 694. T h i s subsidiary e x c h a n g e has n o w b e e n effected so t h e p r o p o s a l is n o w that t h e M a s a i s h o u l d r e c e i v e an area of 1 2 a c r e s o f F o r e s t R e s e r v e a n d u n a l i e n a t e d C r o w n l a n d , which is-t a b l e g r a z i n g l a n d , in e x c h a n g e f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 13,245 acre f o r e s t , w h i c h is v a l u e l e s s t o t h e M a s a i . T h e C h i e f N a t i v e Com s i o n e r , the C o m m i s s i o n e r for L o c a l G o v e r n m e n t , L a n d s and S c m e n t , t h e C o n s e r v a t o r o f F o r e s t s , t h e P r o v i n c i a l Gommissio M a s a i , and the P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r , R i f t V a l l e y , have p r e s s e d c o n c u r r e n c e . T h e M a s a i h a v e a g r e e d , provided that a; t o n g u e of forest l a n d of a b o u t 1 , 2 0 0 ' a c r e s , lying b e t w e e n twoa of g r a s s l a n d , c a n be t h r o w n i n t o t h e e x c h a n g e . 6 9 5 . A f t e r c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h the C o n s e r v a t o r of Forests, r e c o m m e n d t h a t this t o n g u e of l a n d b e i n c l u d e d and the exch i m p l e m e n t e d , m a k i n g t h e t o t a l w h i c h t h e M a s a i w i l l receive 1 1 a c r e s . T h e t o n g u e , w h i c h c o n t a i n s v a l u a b l e c e d a r , should be s e r v e d as N a t i v e R e s e r v e F o r e s t R e s e r v e , a n d a road of acres stock should be provided. "The Kinango] Circumcision Area Exchange. 6 9 6 . L a n d h a d b e e n r e s e r v e d in t h e K i n a n g o p under the A g r e e m e n t , in o r d e r that the M a s a i m i g h t p e r f o r m certain cus a r y c i r c u m c i s i o n c e r e m o n i e s in t h a t a r e a . A s this area, conipri a p p r o x i m a t e l y t e n s q u a r e m i l e s , w a s isolated a n d a consider d i s t a n c e f r o m the r e s e r v e , it w a s p r o p o s e d that the Masai sit b e g i v e n l a n d in the K e d o n g V a l l e y , a m o u n t i n g to 118 square i n in e x c h a n g e therefor. T h e A l a s a i L o c a l N a t i v e Council expre f u l l a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e p r o p o s a l a n d t h e e x c h a n g e is in a o p e r a t i o n a t p r e s e n t , w i t h t h e g e n e r a l c o n s e n t of all parties, r e c o m m e n d t h a t it be r e g u l a r i s e d .

MAP ILLUSTRATING POSSIBLE EXCHANGES IN THE NGONG, KEDCNG AND MAU AREAS REFERRING TO SECTIONS 698-7 li OF THE REPORT,

MAP ILLUSTRATING POSSIBLE EXCHANGES IN THE NGONG. KEDONG AND MAU AREAS REFERRING TO SECTIONS 698-71 i OF THE REPORT,

MASAI JICHAPTER HJ

PROVINCE PROBLEMS A N D

RECOMMENDATIONS

697. T h e proposal k n o w n as t h e " C o l v i l e E x c h a n g e " i s t h a t should g i v e up a p o r t i o n of the angle between Masai 1382/2 a n d 4 1 0 / 1 a t N a i v a s h a f o r an e q u i v a l e n t a r e a of F a r m I. B o t h M r , C o l v i l e and t h e l o c a l M a s a i r e s i d e n t s h a v e a s k e d his e x c h a n g e , t o g i v e the M a s a i m o r e c o n v e n i e n t a c c e s s t o t h e M a r n i o n e t , w h i c h flows a l o n g t h e b o u n d a r y of F a r m 1 3 8 2 / 2 . a T e e w i t h the proposal a n d r e c o m m e n d that it b e i m p l e m e n t e d , ureas to be g i v e n a n d taken a r e b e l i e v e d t o b e a b o u t 230 a c r e s acli side. 698. T h e m a p h e r e f o l l o w i n g s h o w s t h r e e a r e a s A , B a n d C , ^1 w i t h v e r t i c a l l i n e s , a n d t h r e e a r e a s D , E a n d F , s h a d e d horizontal lines. T h e f o r m e r s h o w l a n d w h i c h the M a s a i Id be g l a d to h a v e , a n d t h e l a t t e r s h o w l a n d w h i c h t h e y m i g h t ibly b e p r e p a r e d to g i v e u p in e x c h a n g e . T h e d e s c r i p t i o n s a r e ollows : 699. A r e a A c o n s i s t s of t w o f a r m s ( N o s . 373 and 375) a b u t t i n g he M a s a i b o u n d a r y a n d c o m p r i s i n g a b o u t 12.]- s q u a r e m i l e s a n d nling a m i l e s t r e t c h of t h e K e d o n g R i v e r . These two farms, a l i e n a t e d , h a v e been u n o c c u p i e d for s e v e r a l y e a r s . There : l i t t l e dotibt that it is difficult f o r a E u r o p e a n t o m a k e a g on such land as t h i s . T h e M a s a i , in o r d e r t o g e t an e x t r a of t h e r i v e r , r e c e n t l y offered t o p u r c h a s e t h e s e t w o f a r m s , but ice s a t i s f a c t o r y t o b o t h p a r t i e s c o u l d not he r e a c h e d a n d n e g o t i a s were dropped. 700. A r e a B is a part of t h e u n a l i e n a t e d C r o w n l a n d a d j o i n i n g ' f a r m s a n d a b u t t i n g on t h e n o r t h e r n b o u n d a r y of t h e M a s a i erve, w h i c h the M a s a i w o u l d find useful f o r g r a z i n g p u r p o s e s , w h i c h is of l i t t l e use t o t h e E u r o p e a n area i n w h i c h it i s raphically situated. A s s h o w n o n t h e m a p i t is a b o u t 69 s q u a r e

l"\irm 110/1, the "Colvile Exchange."

Possibility of Exchanges or Leases in the Ngong, Kedong and Man Areas.

701. A r e a C is a b o u t .10 s q u a r e m i l e s in e x t e n t a n d is s i t u a t e d s o u t h - w e s t c o r n e r of N d e i y a i n t h e K i k u y u N a t i v e lasiti a l r e a d y have the use of it as a r e s u l t of a Beserve. temporary Masai to

ange w i t h the K i k u y u , as e x p l a i n e d i n s e c t i o n 4 4 8 a b o v e . 702. T h e total of t h e s e a r e a s , w h i c h . i t is s u g g e s t e d t h e be g l a d to a c q u i r e , is a p p r o x i m a t e l y 91-]- s q u a r e m i l e s . 703. I t has been suggested that they F. might be prepared i t ] ) in e x c h a n g e the a r e a s D , E and

7 o l . A r e a s 1) a n d E w e r e v a c a t e d s o m e t w e n t y y e a r s a g o b y Masai on a c c o u n t of the p r e v a l e n c e o f E a s t C o a s t F e v e r , a n d y c a r r y o n l y a sparse p o p u l a t i o n c o m p o s e d f o r t h e m o s t p a r t et-ribalrzed M a s a i , w h o h a v e i n m a n y c a s e s m a r r i e d K i k u y u en and a l s o of a c e r t a i n n u m b e r of p u r e K i k u y u . T h e land een 1.) a n d E a l t h o u g h o f t h e s a m e g e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r , h a s n o t i n c l u d e d in t h e p r o p o s e d e x c h a n g e b e c a u s e t h e M a s a i are in e f f e c t i v e o c c u p a t i o n and t h e p o p u l a t i o n is e x p e c t e d to i n c r e a s e .

MASAI P A R T 11CHAPTER II]

PROVINCE PROBLEMS AND RECOMMEND

7 0 5 . A r e a D is a b o u t 1 6 1 s q u a r e m i l e s a n d is contiguous t K i k u y u E e s e r v e . P a r t of it is a l r e a d y on lease to the Kiktn r e t u r n for A r e a G ; o f t h e t o t a l a r e a about s i x square miles art c l a s s g r a z i n g and f a i r a g r i c u l t u r a l land ; its v a l u e is stated i a b o u t half t h a t of first c l a s s a g r i c u l t u r a l land in t h e neighba K i k u y u R e s e r v e . ' T h e r e m a i n i n g 101- s q u a r e m i l e s a r e good ;t, l a n d b u t of s m a l l a g r i c u l t u r a l v a l u e , and its g e n e r a l value is pa n o t m o r e t h a n o n e - e i g h t h o f first class a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d . No in t h i s area is m o r e t h a n six m i l e s from p e r m a n e n t w a t e r art f o r m a t i o n of t h e soil is f a v o u r a b l e to dam c o n s t r u c t i o n . 7 0 6 . A r e a E h a s a l s o b e e n v a c a t e d , b y t h e M a s a i . I t lies of t h e M b a g a t h i E i v e r b e t w e e n A l b a g a t h i T o w n s h i p Eeserve i p o i n t a l i t t l e t o t h e east of t h e K a p i o E i v e r . A s s h o w n on the it is 6 9 s q u a r e m i l e s . I t is w e l l w a t e r e d . 7 0 7 . A r e a .F, a b o u t e i g h t s q u a r e m i l e s , is a stretch of f a g r i c u l t u r a l land o n the s l o p e s o f the M a n n e a r t h e source W e i k e i E i v e r . T h i s l a n d w a s f o r s o m e y e a r s o c c u p i e d by K t e n a n t s of t h e K a k o n y u k e A l a s a i wdto w e r e c u l t i v a t i n g about a c r e s of first c l a s s a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d a n d r a i s i n g l a r g e c r o p s of a n d p o t a t o e s . T h o u g h n o r m a l l y e n g a g e d as w a g e labourers to y a t e f o r t h e M a s a i , t h e s e t e n a n t s w e r e in actual fact payin f o r t h e r i g h t t o o c c u p y . T h e area w h i c h is c o v e r e d w i t h fore b u s h is n o t o c c u p i e d b y t h e A l a s a i , w h o s e use o f it is restrict a c a t t l e t r a c k l e a d i n g f r o m t h e i r g r a z i n g g r o u n d s o n t h e lower o f t h e M a n , to the h e a d - w a t e r s of the W e i k e i E i v e r . T h e pre K i k u y u t e n a n t s w e r e e v i c t e d a b o u t t h r e e y e a r s a g o for admin t i v e reasons. 7 0 8 . T h e t o t a l of t h e s e t h r e e areas ( D , E a n d F ) , as estin i s a b o u t 9-.U s q u a r e m i l e s , a n d t h e total of t h e a r e a s for which b e e n s u g g e s t e d t h a t the M a s a i w o u l d b e p r e p a r e d to exchange i s 9 1 J square m i l e " , i f t h e r e is a d i f f e r e n c e in v a l u e on eithet i t s h o u l d b e c a p a b l e o f a d j u s t m e n t , and i f t h e r e is a bahir f a v o u r of t h e A f a s a i it c o u l d p e r h a p s be m a d e g o o d to the t h r o w i n g p a r t of t h e C h y u l u T r i a n g l e i n t o the e x c h a n g e . 709. N e v e r t h e l e s s , w e t h i n k it u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e Masai a g r e e to a full e x c h a n g e , a n d in v i e w of t h e difficulties involve r e c o m m e n d t h a t a s e t t l e m e n t be a t t e m p t e d o n t h e f o l l o w i n g Iin (1) T h a t Alasai on a the area C should that be l e a s e d by the Kikuvti

for 99 y e a r s , a n d fair e c o n o m i c

t h e area D

should

be leased

M a s a i t o t h e K i k u y u f o r 9 9 y e a r s , r e n t b e i n g assessed in ea basis. Note.If b o t h t r i b e s p r e f e r i t , the p r e s e n t f r i e n d l y a n m e n t could b e c o n t i n u e d w i t h o u t the n e c e s s i t y of a formal b u t t h e p r i n c i p a l o b j e c t i o n t o t h i s , in o u r e y e s , is that the

1

MASAI XICHAPTER II]

PROVINCE PROBLEMS A N D R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S

(retting

more

and better

land

than

they

are g i v i n g

up, and

er or l a t e r t h e p o s i t i o n m u s t b e r e g u l a r i s e d . (2) T h a t t h e areas E a n d P b e set a p a r t f o r l e a s i n g t o n a t i v e s onus. w h i c h would include clauses for conservation and de leases; m e n t , area E b e i n g e s p e c i a l l y s u i t a b l e f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l -cuts t o b e p a y a b l e to t h e M a s a i L o c a l N a t i v e Council.

( 3 ) T h a t w h e n t h e a r e a s h a v e b e e n so s e t a p a r t , a r e a E be leased as a w h o l e t o G o v e r n m e n t w h i c h s h o u l d t h e n blister i t in t h e s a m e w a y as i s r e c o m m e n d e d f o r " N a t i v e l e a s e [ a r e a s a s d e s c r i b e d in P a r t I I I o f t h e R e p o r t ; b u t t h e a r e a E Id be leased p i e c e m e a l i n t h e m a n n e r in w h i c h t h e P r o v i n c i a l the M a s a i L o c a l Land Jnissioner, a f t e r c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h Id, shall d e c i d e , subject t o v a r i o u s s a f e g u a r d s r e c o m m e n d e d in J I M ( s e c t i o n s 1526 a n d 1 5 4 1 b e l o w ) . Id) T h a t , if t h e M a s a i a g r e e t o t h e f o r e g o i n g r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s Ithey a r e c a r r i e d o u t , t h e n G o v e r n m e n t s h o u l d t a k e s t e p s t o Ire area A f r o m t h e p r e s e n t l e s s e e s , a n d s h o u l d t h e n g r a n t t o l l a s a i a l e a s e of areas A a n d B f o r a p e r i o d o f 99 y e a r s ; p r o that, i n v i e w o f t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s e a r e a s a r e in t h e E u r o p e a n llands, t h e s e a r r a n g e m e n t s s h o u l d n o t b e p u t i n t r a i n , u n t i l a n rtunity h a s b e e n a f f o r d e d t o a c c r e d i t e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e [perm H i g h l a n d s t o e n t e r o b j e c t i o n s (as p r o v i d e d in s e c t i o n

i V u / e . W e d o n o t w i s h this r e c o m m e n d a t i o n claim.

t o b e r e a d in t h e

i that t h e M a s a i h a v e a n y t h i n g i n t h e n a t u r e of a n o p t i o n or [1.0. T h e a b o v e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a r e , t o s o m e e x t e n t , irtter ldent, a n d a r e b a s e d o n t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e M a s a i w i l l . I f , o n the other h a n d , t h e M a s a i do n o t a g r e e , a position rise d e m a n d i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n b y G o v e r n m e n t . T h e first of t h e oing p r o p o s a l s w o u l d c o m e u n d e r t h e h e a d o f an i n t e r - t r i b a l , for w h i c h w e r e c o m m e n d a p r o c e d u r e i n s e c t i o n 14S6 of II!. T h e second w o u l d i n v o l v e setting apart a n d leasing, ts w h i c h w e c o v e r in s e c t i o n s 1 5 2 6 , 1 5 3 1 a n d 1 5 4 1 . I t w i l l sserved t h a t i n t h e first c a s e , t h e final v o i c e i s w i t h t h e tary of S t a t e , w h i l e i n t h e l a t t e r t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d h a s ) a g a i n s t w h i c h t h e r e is n o r e c o u r s e , e x c e p t w h e n t h e p u r p o s e liich t h e , l a n d is r e q u i r e d i s h e l d t o b e a p u b l i c p u r p o s e , i n i case t h e L a n d A c q u i s i t i o n A c t m a y b e a p p l i e d . Eor t h e a stated in the previous chapter (sections 664 to 671 a b o v e ) s ive n o t t h o u g h t it n e c e s s a r y t o p r o v i d e a n e x c e p t i o n a l p r o i in t h e c a s e of t h e M a s a i t r i b e . II. W e a r e s t r o n g l y o f t h e o p i n i o n t h a t e v e r y s t e p s h o u l d b e Tto p r o m o t e e x c h a n g e a n d o t h e r a c c o m m o d a t i o n s w h i c h a r e

MASAI PART I I - C H A P T E R II]

PROVINCE PROBLEMS AND RECOMMEI

c a l c u l a t e d to b r i n g v a c a n t or s p a r s e l y o c c u p i e d land in tin' M R e s e r v e i n t o e f f e c t i v e u s e . M r . S . F . D e c k , P r o v i n c i a l Conn s i o n e r , h a s p u t t h e p o s i t i o n , w i t h g r e a t c l e a r n e s s , in t h e follov p a s s a g e w h i c h w e q u o t e f r o m h i s e v i d e n c e . ( E v i d e n c e , p. 1261 " I t c a n n o t b e t o t h e a d v a n t a g e of the communin g e n e r a l t h a t v a c a n t l a n d s r e s e r v e d for specified t r i b e s shouli left u n p o p u l a t e d w h e n a d j o i n i n g r e s e r v e s are seriously o c r o w d e d . I t is p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e M a s a i w i l l v a c a t e additi a r e a s in t h e n e a r f u t u r e b e t w e e n t h e K i s s e r i a n River K a j i a d o ; a n d it is a d v i s a b l e t h a t G o v e r n m e n t should visn t h i s p o s i t i o n a n d t a k e p o w e r s t o deal w i t h i t . " " 1 c a n n o t see h o w G o v e r n m e n t w i t h o u t the p o w e r ol pulsory acquisition can p o s s i b l y e n s u r e t h a t l a n d , the re a s s e t t h e c o u n t r y p o s s e s s e s , is u t i l i z e d to the b e s t lor native occupation is u n a s s a i l a b l e . But the

advanta

" T h e p r i n c i p l e of r e s e r v i n g c e r t a i n areas for certain t grant a r e a s in p e r p e t u a l be in a p o s i t i o n n u m i t i e s in We pulsory Masai freehold to a community w h i c h may i

to utilize beneficially

t h e land so granted

to m y m i n d , d e f i n i t e l y c o n t r a r y t o t h e i n t e r e s t s o f nativ general." but we do recommend other that land which d o n o t t h i n k t h a t t h e r e is a n y o c c a s i o n f o r r e c o m m e n d i n g acquisition, do not require and w h i c h areas communities are prei

t o d e v e l o p s h o u l d , w h e n a c l e a r n e e d a r i s e s , b e set a p a r t and lea Other possible Leases or Accommoda tions. 712. Other the T r a n s - M a r a possible which the Masai m i g h t arrangi l e a s e o r e x c h a n g e f o r a sufficient c o n s i d e r a t i o n are t h e fly area:

a n d on the T s a v o R i v e r ; also the l o w e r reaches boundary, River it is u

t h e M a r a R i v e r and t h e l o w e r r e a c h e s of t h e S o u t h e r n Uaso Ny O n l y t h e last t w o of t h e s e a r e a s a r e i n t h e A g r e e m e n t sequently. coveted they by would The the be Crown Masai prepared of the land for south of the R o m b o o t h e r t w o b e i n g in p a r t s of t h e r e s e r v e w h i c h h a v e b e e n added: grazing p u r p o s e s , and is likely fly-infe

to c e d e s u b s t a n t i a l on the upper

areas o f waters

but g o o d arable land instead of it. eastern corner reserve

O n e such area lies in the so of the T

R i v e r , t h e u s e o f w h i c h c e r t a i n K a m b a h a v e e n d e a v o u r e d to obi Possible Leas of certain land to the Lumbwa. 7 1 3 . I n t h e n o r t h - w e s t c o r n e r o f t h e M a s a i R e s e r v e then area o f dense forest, Rivers. w h i c h p r o t e c t s t h e h e a d - w a t e r s of the ) This forest, of n e a r l y 200 square mile: which the M a s a i are tin and Kipsonoi acreage of

p r o b a b l y m o r e t h a n is r e q u i r e d f o r t h i s p u r p o s e , and a consider g o o d agricultural l a n d , of it. to m a k e a n y u s e , c o u l d p r o f i t a b l y b e set a s i d e a n d leased to ol w h o a r e prepared t o m a k e u s e of

MASAI
-CHAPTER 11]

PROVINCE
P R O B L E M S AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A he was

f u r t h e r p o i n t w h i c h h a s t o b e c o n s i d e r e d in c o n n e x i o n a gazetted is e v i d e n t Game that Reserve at of the time of the of 1904 game to the

The Gam
R l

the A l a s a i c l a i m s of r i g h t is t h a t a c o n s i d e r a b l e p a r t o f t h e i r tement and still r e m a i n s f 15. I t rushes t h e try, w h i c h available so. the presence and large be herds might prejudicial

'

s p r v e

pasture

lopinent of t h e A l a s a t R e s e r v e as an e f f i c i e n t l y m a n a g e d p a s t o r a l w e h o p e it w i l l u l t i m a t e l y down become. available which steps 7 1 G . T h e g a m e w o u l d n o t o n l y c o n s u m e m u c h of t h e ng, b u t w o i d d also b r e a k fences, and any

be t a k e n t o w a r d s t h e e r a d i c a t i o n of t i c k s w o u l d he n u l l i f i e d .

717. B u t , w i t h m a t t e r s a s e near f u t u r e , the a b o l i t i o n would in o u r o p i n i o n b e tt e v e n b e d e t r i m e n t a l t o

they a r e , and are likely to r e m a i n of t h e G a m e R e s e r v e at t h e p r e s e n t of n o a d v a n t a g e to t h e A l a s a i a n d them.

718. I f t h e a b o l i t i o n of t h e G a m e R e s e r v e w e r e d e c i d e d u p o n probable t h a t E u r o p e a n s w o u l d c o n c e n t r a t e m a i n l y o n l i o n ing, w i t h t h e r e s u l t t h a t t h e n u m b e r of h e r b i v o r o u s g a m e m i g h t pcreased r a t h e r t h a n d i m i n i s h e d . I f , h o w e v e r , t h e M a s a i in e show a d i s p o s i t i o n t o w a r d s i m p r o v e d p a s t o r a l o r a g r i c u l t u r a l iods, a n y o b s t a c l e s w h i c h t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a G a m e R e s e r v e ented s h o u l d n o t be a l l o w e d t o s t a n d in t h e w a y of useful Ilopment a n d t h e G a m e R e s e r v e s h o u l d be l i m i t e d or a b o l i s h e d livcumstances d i c t a t e . M o r e o v e r , w e feel that if our r e c o m dations f o r t h e c o m p u l s o r y r e d u c t i o n of M a s a i stock a r e p u t

force, a s s i s t a n c e s h o u l d b e g i v e n t o t h e A l a s a i in r e d u c i n g t h e ber of g a m e in t h e i r r e s e r v e .

CHAPTER
THE A short tho Eronomic
SC f a n c l

III.
ECONOMIC SUKYE

KAMBA

TB1BE ; A

SHORT

7 1 9 . S i n c e t h e c l a i m s of t h e K a m b a rest p a r t l y on an econ P
a r t l

historical

b a s i s , it

will

be

well

to g i v e a ;

Position

of

a c c o u n t o f the g e n e r a l c o n d i t i o n s o b t a i n i n g a m o n g the tribe bi proceeding

a l u

the K a m b a . The Density of Population.

to a n e x a m i n a t i o n o f p a r t i c u l a r c l a i m s .

7 2 0 . T h e K a m b a P r o v i n c e c o n s i s t s of t w o d i s t r i c t s , Maeli ] K i t u i , and t h e f o l l o w i n g t a b l e s h o w s t h e a r e a , population, d e n s i t y of t h e t w o r e s e r v e s . Area Reserve. Machakos ... Square 2,166 5,911 8,077 1.The figures for 1932, and the official ' .. figures figures in Miles. ' Population. 238,910 152,759 391,669 Densityi Square il

no
26 4S

Kitui Province Note official Native figures

g i v e n f o r a r e a a r e t h e S u r v e y o r Genet f o r p o p u l a t i o n are the Qj for 1932.

Commissioners

2 . O f t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n of t h e M a c h a k o s Distr Note 1 0 , 1 6 5 a r e s t a t e d t o be r e s i d e n t o n E u r o p e a n f a r m s in the disi as s q u a t t e r s . I f a l l o w a n c e is m a d e f o r t h i s f a c t , t h e density in r e s e r v e is r e d u c e d t o 1 0 6 t o t h e s q u a r e m i l e . I t is also estimi t h a t a t l e a s t 2 , 0 0 0 M a c h a k o s K a m b a a n d 6,000 K i t u i Kamba r e s i d e n t o u t s i d e t h e P r o v i n c e , p a r t l y in N y e r i , F o r t Hali E m b u D i s t r i c t s a n d p a r t l y as s q u a t t e r s o n a l i e n a t e d farms in T h i k a s u b - d i s t r i c t ; t h e s e are n o t i n c l u d e d in the census fa given above. 721. very is The Rate of PopiiHtion
a s a

These

figures of in

of

population that, Beserve, owing

density for

are

subject

to reasu

important

qualification the K i t u i

topographical

the distribution this t h e case during 722. P r o m ^

e

the population is far f r o m u n i f o r m . where season to l a c k of

Especc

l a r g e areas are water.

inhabited

the dry figures

s u p p l i e d b y the D i s t r i c t Officers, it app

i n f e r e n c e t h a t t h e K a m b a a r e r a p i d l y i n c r e a s i n g in numl
11

a f a c t w h i c h w e shall b e a r in m i n d w h e n w e c o m e to it cons suit t i o n of t h e v a r i o u s p r o p o s a l s e m a n a t i n g f r o m The Position 'v^nltur and Live Stock.

0 0

the province.

723. W e stock. As

shall n o w

review

briefly

t h e p r e s e n t position in considerably, it

-reserves with regard to agriculture conditions in the t w o c o n v e n i e n t to d i s c u s s t h e m

p r o p e r a n d w i t h r e g a r d to

districts v a r y

separately

TJKAMBA Eg 1 ClIAVTER 1 III]

PROVINCE
ECONOMIC SURVEY

24. I t

should

be mentioned of

at h i s j u n c t u r e

that t h e

Kamba As in or as

t present

p a r t l y a pastoral

t r i b e , and

partly agricultural. stationed figures

licer of t h e D e p a r t m e n t

A g r i c u l t u r e has been

,i'ovince o f r e c e n t y e a r s , u n t i l a b o u t a y e a r a g o , no jof a g r i c u l t u r e in e a c h d i s t r i c t , e m b o d y i n g nplied b y the evidence and m e m o r a n d a ie a t t e m p t e d .

Is of p r o d u c t i o n a r e a v a i l a b l e , and a g e n e r a l n o t e on the c o n d i such i n f o r m a t i o n u s , i s all before that

-25. T e s t s h a v e b e e n m a d e i n t h e M a c h a k o s D i s t r i c t f r o m w h i c h Is been estimated that the average areas cultivated are as

Agrirultun Machakos District.

Ss:

Cultivated man and areas If 2J-2i into use in

per loife.

! productive barren being

acres acres by h a n d .

Cultivated per old native women, n ... f acre ... numbers till \\ in an acres is of the ap certain area to

areas

. figures r e f e r o n l y brought it 0:1s, and area of

to c u l t i v a t i o n that

T h e ox-plough

considerable

is e s t i m a t e d

plough-owners cultivation

; four a c r e s e a c h . inately 1 4 0 , 0 0 0

I t has b e e n c a l c u l a t e d on this b a s i s t h a t actual an amounts acres with additional 70,000

the reserve under acres,

lying area

1726. T h u s , in r e s p e c t o f e a c h f a m i l y i lie f a l l o w . in the

of f i v e , t h e a v e r a g e

c u l t i v a t i o n is a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h r e e a c r e s , w h i l e o n e and a h a l f W i t h o u t d o u b t t h e r e is c o n s i d e r a b l y m o r e District than is generally cultiva and, Machakos realized,

ermore, i t a p p e a r s t o b e of a c o m p a r a t i v e l y h i g h

standard.

r27. T h e e v i d e n c e b e f o r e u s s h o w s t h a t it is g e n e r a l l y c o n ed b y t h o s e w h o a r e in the b e s t p o s i t i o n t o k n o w , t h a t t h e a r e a le present N a t i v e R e s e r v e is sufficient f o r t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l r e I n e n t s o f t h e p e o p l e a t t h e m o m e n t a n d in t h e i m m e d i a t e le; but it h a s b e e n u r g e d b y t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r t h a t jnore d i s t a n t f u t u r e n e e d s of t h e d i s t r i c t in this c o n n e x i o n fire c a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n . W e r e a l i z e t h a t t h e r e m u s t b e c o n Ible a r e a s of a r a b l e l a n d , w h i c h , o w i n g t o the h i l l y n a t u r e o f linn t r y , d o n o t l e n d t h e m s e l v e s r e a d i l y t o c u l t i v a t i o n b y p l o u g h rhich a r e w e l l a d a p t e d to t h e o r d i n a r y h a n d h o e , b u t t h e r e is doubt t h a t l a r g e a r e a s c a n b e t i l l e d b y o x - p l o u g h s . 28. I t may be argued that as the area of the reserve-is and fallow ex with

.240 a c r e s a n d t h e e s t i m a t e d a r e a u n d e r c u l t i v a t i o n

: 210.000 a c r e s , t h e r e is g r e a t o p p o r t u n i t y f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l )11. This argument has c o n s i d e r a b l e f o r c e a n d We a g r e e necessary. erally, b u t q u a l i f i c a t i o n i s

U K A M I? A PART IICHAPTER 111]

PROVINCE ECONO

7 2 9 . I n m a n y p l a c e s t h e n a t u r e of t h e soil d o e s not lemii to e f f e c t i v e a g r i c u l t u r a l use u n d e r p r e s e n t n a t i v e m e t h o d s of J t i o n , but w i t h a n i n c r e a s e d k n o w l e d g e of the principles o f a r m i n g it w i l l b e p o s s i b l e to d e v e l o p c o n s i d e r a b l e areas hi deemed uncuitivable. I m p r o v e d m e t h o d s of c u l t i v a t i o n also; e n a b l e h i g h e r y i e l d s t o b e p r o d u c e d f r o m a r e a s n o w tilled.' 780. A n o t h e r item w h i c h m u s t b e t a k e n i n t o aecoul visualizing future agricultural development in the \j;J d i s t r i c t is t h a t a l a r g e area a m o u n t i n g to t w o or three t h o u s a n d a c r e s is at p r e s e n t u n i n h a b i t e d o w i n g t o tsetse fly] l i k e l y t h a t t h i s a r e a m a y possess c o n s i d e r a b l e a g r i c u l t u r a l potel t i e s , if t h e l a n d is c l e a r e d of fly a n d i f s u i t a b l e methods f a r m i n g are a p p l i e d . But in m a n y parts t h e r e a r e steep hill w h i c h m a y be s u i t a b l e for p l a n t i n g t i m b e r , but d o not peril cultivation.
U

7 3 1 . F u r t h e r , t h e r e h a s b e e n a v e r y c o n s i d e r a b l e anioiil e r o s i o n d u e to o v e r s t o c k i n g , r e c k l e s s c u t t i n g of t i m b e r , and I c a u s e s , t h o u g h w e a r e g l a d to l e a r n that p u b l i c o p i n i o n is b e c o m i n g o p p o s e d to w a n t o n d e s t r u c t i o n of t i m b e r , hut t!]J n a t i v e s a r e p l a n t i n g u p c o n s i d e r a b l e a r e a s . F o r t h i s , both the t h e officers c o n c e r n e d d e s e r v e c r e d i t . O u r g e n e r a l impressioni t o u r t h r o u g h t h e d i s t r i c t w a s t h a t e r o s i o n , t h o u g h serious, s c a r c e l y so g r e a t a s is c o m m o n l y b e l i e v e d . R e c o n d i t i o n i n g sdj s h o u l d p r o v e b o t h p r a c t i c a b l e a n d p r o f i t a b l e in t h e locations! a r e at p r e s e n t e r o d e d .
;

7 3 2 . N o s t a t i s t i c s r e l a t i n g t o a g r i c u l t u r a l production Agriculture in Kitui District. K i t u i D i s t r i c t a r e a v a i l a b l e . T h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r rei that in p o i n t of a r e a t h e r e is a d e q u a t e l a n d f o r future ajfrici) d e v e l o p m e n t , but t h e d i f f i c u l t y is l a r g e l y o n e of water M o r e and better w a t e r facilities are necessary Stock owned by Macliakos Kamba. 7 3 3 . W e shall n o w turn t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the Kami s t o c k o w n e r s , a n d o u r a n a l y s i s w i l l s h o w t h a t t h e p r o b l e m is seta T h e o v e r s t o c k i n g o f t h e M a e h a k o s N a t i v e R e s e r v e in particular b e e n c o m m o n k n o w l e d g e t h r o u g h o u t t h e C o l o n y for some I p a s t , a n d w e f e e l t h a t it is d e s i r a b l e t h a t a full statement ol facts s h o u l d be m a d e . 7 3 4 . I t h a s b e e n e s t i m a t e d t h a t the s t o c k o w n e d by the K in t h e M a e h a k o s D i s t r i c t , i n c l u d i n g t h o s e on f a r m s , ainoun 2 4 8 , 8 0 5 h e a d of c a t t l e a n d 3 1 0 , 3 8 8 s h e e p and g o a t s . In ad; t h e r e a r e s o m e 2 0 , 0 0 0 c a t t l e o w n e d b y s q u a t t e r s on farms oi t h e d i s t r i c t ( e v i d e n c e of t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r , Mr. B u t l e r , p . 1 3 1 9 ) . W e s h a l l e x a m i n e t h e s e f i g u r e s from two p i of v i e w , first, a s t o w h e t h e r t h e n u m b e r o f s t o c k is proportiij to t h e n e e d s of t h e p e o p l e , a n d s e c o n d l y , as to w h e t h e r the a b l e g r a z i n g l a n d is sufficient to c a r r y t h e s t o c k .

407
UKAMiiA illCHAPTER 111] PROVINCE ECONOMIC SURVEY

:io. T h e a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f s t o c k o w n e d b y a f a m i l y o f five i r o x i m a t e l y five h e a d of c a t t l e a n d six a n d a h a l f s h e e n a n d I t is t h u s a p p a r e n t t h a t if, a s w e t h i n k w e m a y f a i r i y d o , c e p t six head of c a t t l e as a r e a s o n a b l e q u o t a for a f a m i l y in li-agricultural t r i b e l i k e t h e K a m b a , t h e n t h e p e o p l e m i g h t have m o r e stock w i t h o u t the n u m b e r o w n e d b y t h e ' a v e r a g e b e i n g u n d u l y h i g h . I t is t h e r e f o r e e r r o n e o u s to a s s u m e t h a t [aohakos K a m b a a r e a n e x c e e d i n g l y w e a l t h y t r i b e as r e g a r d s t h e Sttk a n d t h e M a s a i are v e r y m u c h b e t t e r oil' in t h i s -t, but these bitter arc;, of c o u r s e , a l m o s t e n t i r e l y p a s t o r a l . 6. it should be n o t e d t h a i in a d d i t i o n t o t h e i r c a t t l e , t h e lit possess c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r s o f s h e e p a n d g o a t s . At J i t . h o w e v e r , t h e s e s h e e p a n d g o a t s c a n o n l y b e c o n s i d e r e d in M of m e a t and n o t of m i l k , b e c a u s e t h e p r a c t i c e of d r i n k i n g m i l k is u n c o m m o n . !7. I t c a n n o t be q u e s t i o n e d that a l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n if t h e " b e Typo of Cattle in a c a t t l e are of an u n e c o n o m i c c h a r a c t e r . T h e r e are m a n y ^ achakos s bulls a n d b a r r e n c o w s w h i c h a r e m e r e l y p a r a s i t e s a n d c o u l d D i s t r i c t . ie s l a u g h t e r e d , a n d t h e g r a z i n g , t h e r e b y r e n d e r e d a v a i l a b l e , to s u p p o r t m i l c h c o w s a n d t h e i r c a l v e s . A n i m p r o v e m e n t in uality of t h e s t o c k , e v e n if a c c o m j j a n i e d b y a d i m i n u t i o n in uantity, would r e n d e r m o r e m i l k a v a i l a b l e and i m p r o v e the nd c o n s e q u e n t l y t h e p h y s i q u e of t h e p e o p l e . aa. T h e a c r e a g e a v a i l a b l e in the n a t i v e r e s e r v e f o r e v e r y Grazing (tondi ions of c a t t l e o w n e d b y t h e M a c h a k o s K a m b a a p p e a r s t o b e in t h e "' ncliakos bourhood of f o u r a c r e s . W e r e a c h t h i s figure b y t a k i n g t h e District. area of t h e M a c h a k o s n a t i v e r e s e r v e ( a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1,385,000 d e d u c t i n g 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 a c r e s for f l y - i n f e s t e d areas a n d 1 4 0 . 0 0 0 for l a n d in c u l t i v a t i o n a n d d i v i d i n g t h e r e s u l t b y t h e t o t a l er of c a t t l e o w n e d b y t h e M a c h a k o s K a m b a a s g i v e n in u 734 a b o v e , v i z . a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 6 9 , 0 0 0 . B u t it m u s t b e ibered t h a t t h e r e s e r v e b y i t s e l f is n o t c a l l e d u p o n t o c a r r y u m b e r , but that v e r y c o n s i d e r a b l e r e l i e f is a f f o r d e d b y t h e otiring settled area i n . w h i c h t h e s q u a t t e r s ' c a t t l e a r e k e p t , 1 as b y the p e r m i s s i v e u s e o f t h e Y a t t a P l a t e a u . 1
1

9. A f t e r e v e r y a l l o w a n c e f o r such e x t e r n a l a s s i s t a n c e h a s m a d e , it a p p e a r s to b e t h e c a s e t h a t e a c h h u n d r e d a c r e s in s e r v e , w h i c h is n e i t h e r u n d e r c u l t i v a t i o n n o r f l y - b e l t , h a s to i t stock w h i c h c a n n o t b e f a r s h o r t of t w e n t y c a t t l e a n d t h i r t y and goats. Stock are, h o w e v e r , usually driven i n t o the as after h a r v e s t , w h e r e t h e y o b t a i n a c e r t a i n a m o u n t of a nee. 40. T h e V e t e r i n a r y Officer expressed the opinion in his ce t h a t , at p r e s e n t , in t h e b e s t l o c a t i o n s , o n e h e a d of c a t t l e es about four a c r e s , w h e r e a s in s o m e of t h e w o r s t l o c a t i o n s

I
TJKAMI3A PART IICHAPTER 111] PROVINCE ECONOMIC SHI

a s m u c h as a h u n d r e d a c r e s m a y be n e c e s s a r y . H e consider.-. I i t is r e a s o n a b l e to a s s u m e t h a t at present the a v e r a g e earn c a p a c i t y o f t h e l a n d t h r o u g h o u t the r e s e r v e is o n e head of e: t o t h i r t y a c r e s , a p a r t f r o m t h e s h e e p a n d g o a t s . W e thin!; h i s v i e w s are s o m e w h a t p e s s i m i s t i c ; b u t . in a n y c a s e , it is c-vidj t h a t t h e r e s e r v e is c a r r y i n g s e v e r a l t i m e s the n u m b e r of stock \vf it- can support in its p r e s e n t c o n d i t i o n . 741. Machakos require The economic problem : those which t h e y h a v e are of a use W e thj which presents itself

District

is b r i e f l y many of

T h i s s e m i - p a s t o r a l p e o p l e possess n o m o r e l i v e slock than t (although t y p e ) , b u t , n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g t h i s , they o w n several times m o r e l t h e i r c o u n t r y in i t s p r e s e n t c o n d i t i o n c a n w e l l s u p p o r t . make of recommendations solve the in the next Such chapter. an extension would quic f o r e c o n s i d e r t h a t m o r e g r a z i n g should b e m a d e a v a i l a b l e , and si 7 4 2 . B u t a n i n c r e a s e o f l a n d , g r a n t e d u n c o n d i t i o n a l l y , will itself problem. b e c o m e filled w i t h the n a t u r a l i n c r e a s e of t h e present stock, anc its turn be destroyed by overstocking, alleviated. the K a m b a , of any increase of land wrl of inferior stoek : have b\ the by case of and so t h e situation wo be a g g r a v a t e d rather than 743. In may first by instance b e m a d e on

e c o n o m i c g r o u n d s should b e a c c o m p a n i e d in a reduction the n u m b e r for reconditioning areas w h i c h

a concerted

scheme

destroyed. Stock Owned bv K i t u i Kamba. 7 4 4 . T h e s t o c k in t h e K i t u i D i s t r i c t h a v e n e v e r been count! T h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r e s t i m a t e s t h a t t h e total n u m b e r is sol where between 220,000 and 240,000 cattle and between 400,1 a n d 500,000 s h e e p and g o a t s . 745. ff these that than the K a m b a figures of Kitui T h i s , b e i n g p u r e l y a g u e s s , lnustl

accepted with the utmost reserve. a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y c o r r e c t , it would aprl D i s t r i c t h a v e at least adequate nunill

of s t o c k f o r t h e i r e c o n o m i c n e e d s , a n d are b e t t e r off in this respj their M a c h a k o s more stock brethren. i n f o r m s us that the reservj s u p p o r t , although destroyed through there overstcl than it can well He 743. T h e District Commissioner carrying n o t so m a n y fact that s i g n s of of t h e t h e hind b e i n g

i n g , as in t h e M a c h a k o s D i s t r i c t . some s e a s o n , penetrate, w i t h the native reserve of wnfpr.

a t t r i b u t e s this partly to a n d , d u r i n g the ni o w i n g to ij

n a t i v e s are n o m a d i c are normally

t h e i r stock i n t o parts of the district outs uninhabited

which

ft 8

408
UKAMBA
1T

PROVINCE
ECONOMIC SURVEY

uCHAPTER

III]

747
eI1

V memorandum to will us by It

on L a n d Mr. on R.

T e n u r e among the K a m b a T. Lambert, District the

has

Land Tenure
P

submitted

Officer. printed

"

achakos. idence.

be found

p p . 1 2 9 1 t o 1297 o f

748.' M r . L a m b e r t s t a l e s that e a c h s t o c k - o w n i n g f a m i l y h a s own p a r t i c u l a r g r a z i n g a r e a , v a r y i n g i n s i z e a c c o r d i n g to t h e ulth a n d n u m b e r of the f a m i l y . W e do not t a k e t h i s t o d e n o t e it there is n o l a n d o v e r w h i c h c o m m o n r i g h t s of p a s t u r a g e e x i s t , I rather t h a t special r e s e r v a t i o n s a r e p e r m i t t e d . Such reserva ns are k n o w n as Ific.se ( s i n g . , Kisese), and they seem to be the nature of t e m p o r a r y g r a z i n g a r e a s , r i g h t s in w h i c h l a p s e if i family m o v e s to a n o t h e r p a r t of t h e d i s t r i c t . 749. M r . L a m b e r t s t a t e s t h a t t h e p a r t i c u l a r o b j e c t of t h e item a p p e a r s t o be to s u p p l y t h e f a m i l y g r o u p s w i t h a r e s e r v e orazihg, a n d that Kisese r i g h t s are jealously g u a r d e d and imdaries s t r i c t l y r e s p e c t e d . 750. W e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e s y s t e m m i g h t w i t h a d v a n t a g e b e reloped, f o r t h e r e is no d o u b t that? c o n s i d e r a b l e d i f f i c u l t y e x i s t s controlling the use of p a s t u r e w h e r e a s y s t e m o f c o m m u n a l tzing o b t a i n s . T h i s difficulty is c l e a r l y e x p r e s s e d i n t h e R e p o r t ' the N a t i v e E c o n o m i c C o m m i s s i o n ( U n i o n of S o u t h A f r i c a ) , 2, para. 1 0 5 , w h e r e it is s t a t e d : " I t is n o t p o s s i b l e b y t h e v o l u n t a r y act of i n d i v i d u a l o w n e r s t o b r i n g a b o u t a n y n e c e s s a r y l i m i t a t i o n of t h e n u m b e r s of c a t t l e g r a z i n g on t h e c o m m o n a g e . I f one o w n e r reduces the n u m b e r of h i s c a t t l e a n y o t h e r o w n e r is f r e e c o r r e s p o n d ingly to i n c r e a s e his n u m b e r . "

CHAPTEE
LAND PEOBLEMS OF T H E THEIR has of

IV.
KAMBA. TEIBE AXE

PROPOSALS The Rights and Needs of the Kamba. 751. T h e examine claim The Claim to the Yatta Plateau. the foregoing rights Yatta. and W e

FOR

SETTLEMENT. placed us in and a to position make

survey needs

the

Kamba,

recommendations. to the 752. T h e by the Thika

shall b e g i n w i t h t h e e x a m i n a t i o n of t is a p p l i e d g e n e r a l l y on the south-west to a n area of s t and south hv

t e r m A atta
r

9 4 6 s q u a r e m i l e s of u n a l i e n a t e d C r o w n l a n d , b o u n d e d o n the settled area, AJachakos N a t i v e R e s e r v e , a n d o n t h e n o r t h b y t h e M w e a ex T h e p a r t o f t h i s a r e a which I t is a flat t a b l e l a n d beh

s i o n of t h e K i k u y u N a t i v e R e s e r v e . w e shall r e f e r as t h e Y a t t a P l a t e a u . the The extent of Kamba occupation oi the Yatta before the Protectorate was declared two rivers. 753. O n t h e e v i d e n c e before made ment. of t h e Y a t t a Air. " I C. R. by W. : District Lane,

b e t w e e n t h e A t h i R i v e r a n d t h e A l w i t a S i a n o is t h e l a n d to V

us, i t a p p e a r s t h a t l i t t l e usi p r i o r t o t h e a d v e n t of Gov Provincial Kitui, in Commissio 1S97, h the cou

the K a m b a

formerly

s t a t e d in e v i d e n c e was

Commissioner,

station I opened up. P l a i n s for became Air. C. settled."

T h e n a t i v e s , t h o u g h n o t u s i n g the I

t h e i r c a t t l e at t h a t t i m e , d i d so w h e n

W . H o b l e y stated : " T h e r e w a s n o sign of

native occupation

(on

the I

(1894)."
Colonel Stordy : " F r o m Machakos to Donyo Sabuk and n o r t h [sic

Kitui, the K a m b a Colonel

g r a z e d their flocks a n d was track uninhabited to Kitui

herds." until near a

John Ainsworth : " T h e Y a t t a , which by the : native

indicated Lord

(1892)."

Cranworth "It and entirely Traill(

w a s at t h a t t i m e unoccupied.''

( 1 9 0 5 ) a v e r y g o o d hunting g

Air.

F.

formerly

Provincial

Commissioner)

" I n t h o s e d a y s ( 1 8 9 9 ) t h e K a m b a , b o t h of Machako K i t u i , w o u l d h a v e l a u g h e d at t h e i d e a of t h e i r using the e i t h e r f o r g r a z i n g or a g r i c u l t u r e . "

409
TJKAMBA IICHAPTER IV] PROVINCE PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

754. I t w o u l d s e e m t h a t , i n p r e - G o v e r n m e n t d a y s , t h e g r a z i n g nds o n t h e Y a t t a P l a t e a u p r o v e d a c o n s t a n t b o n e of c o n t e n t i o n veen t h e t r i b e s w h i c h l i v e d i n t h e i r n e i g h b o u r h o o d . Several 3 names c o m m e m o r a t e the struggles w h i c h took place b e t w e e n K a m b a and Masai, e.g. M w a k i n i Plill ( f r o m M w a k i , fire), ;h is t h e n a m e of a h i l l of c o m m a n d i n g e m i n e n c e w h e r e K a m b a on fires used to b e l i g h t e d in o r d e r to w a r n t h e t r i b e of the ouch of t h e M a s a i m a r a u d e r s , a n d M w i t a S i a n o , w h i c h m e a n s tmpty o u t t h e a r r o w s " ( i . e . f r o m t h e q u i v e r ) i n p r e p a r a t i o n [engagement. B o t h these n a m e s are K i k a m b a . for

755. W e h a v e u n f o r t u n a t e l y n o f u r t h e r m a t e r i a l e v i d e n c e c o n ning e a r l y c o n d i t i o n s o n t h e Y a t t a P l a t e a u . O n e t h i n g is tain, t h a t the K a m b a h a d n o t t h e p e r m a n e n t a n d e x c l u s i v e use the a r e a , a n d t h e r e f o r e t h e y h a v e n o t a c o m p l e t e c l a i m o f r i g h t on g r o u n d s of a n c i e n t o c c u p a t i o n , t h o u g h t h e y h a v e a n e b u l o u s im in r e s p e c t o f i n t e r m i t t e n t g r a z i n g o v e r a n i n d e t e r m i n a t e a r e a . Extent to which' the i g i v e n p e r m i s s i o n to g r a z e t h e i r c a t t l e o n t h e Y a t t a P l a t e a u Kamba havo [licence. T h i s p e r m i s s i o n h a s n o t b e e n w i t h h e l d s i n c e 1924, been allowed to use the has s o m e t i m e s b e e n g r a n t e d o n p a y m e n t of g r a z i n g f e e s and Yatta in later lietimes f r e e o f c h a r g e . B u t d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d it h a s a l w a y s vears. 756. E v e r s i n c e 1913 t h e n a t i v e s h j i v e o n n u m e r o u s occasions Jn r e p r e s e n t e d to t h e K a m b a that the land is n o t t h e i r s as of The extent to which the use of the Yatta is necessary tc the Kamba.

757. T h e e c o n o m i c s u r v e y w h i c h w e m a d e i n t h e last c h a p t e r l-.vs t h a t , a l t h o u g h t h e a v e r a g e h o u s e h o l d h a s n o t m o r e c a t t l e are n e c e s s a r y f o r its r e q u i r e m e n t s , t h e r e s e r v e is a l r e a d y o v e r ed, a n d w e are of o p i n i o n t h a t i t c a n n o t b e r e c o n d i t i o n e d tout t h e p r o v i s i o n of m o r e l a n d , a n d a n y s c h e m e f o r i m p r o v e w o u l d be h e a v i l y h a n d i c a p p e d if l a n d of w h i c h t h e K a m b a ady h a v e t h e p e r m i s s i v e use w e r e t o be t a k e n a w a y . T h e last ion o n w h i c h p e r m i s s i o n t o u s e t h e Y a t t a P l a t e a u w a s w i t h n w a s i n 1 9 2 4 , a n d h e a v y m o r t a l i t y of s t o c k e n s u e d , p a r t l y account of s t o c k d i s e a s e s a n d p a r t l y t h r o u g h s t a r v a t i o n . We efore c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e Y a t t a P l a t e a u s h o u l d b e a d d e d t o t h e ha N a t i v e B e s e r v e o n e c o n o m i c g r o u n d s . This will remove a p p r e h e n s i o n o n t h e s c o r e t h a t t h e use of i t m a y a g a i n be ed t o t h e t r i b e . 75S. W e s h a l l n o t p r o p o s e t h a t t h e K a m b a s h o u l d h a v e t h e inder o f t h e Y a t t a as w e d o n o t c o n s i d e r t h a t i t is r e q u i r e d b y on e c o n o m i c g r o u n d s ; m o r e o v e r i t i s , in o u r o p i n i o n , r e q u i r e d tisfy t h e f u t u r e n e e d s of o t h e r n a t i v e s . W e h a v e a l r e a d y p r o il t h a t t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t o f i t b e a d d e d t o t h e K i k u y u N a t i v e rve as a n e x t e n s i o n ( C l a s s B . 1 ) o n e c o n o m i c g r o u n d s , a n d w e deal w i t h t h e e a s t e r n p a r t b e y o n d t h e M w i t a S i a n o at a l a t e r in o u r R e p o r t .

UKAMBA
PAUT IICHAPTER IV]

PROVINCE
PROBLEMS AND RECOMMEND,,

Recommenaa the" Ytma^"1^ Plateau.

7 5 9 . \A/e r e c o m m e n d

t h a t t h e Y a t t a P l a t e a u , a n area of

3 0 0 s q u a r e m i l e s b e t w e e n t h e A t h i a n d M w i C a S i a n o R i v e r s irj p o s i t i o n s h o w n o n t h e s k e t c h p l a n at t h e e n d o f this eliai b e a d d e d t o t h e K a m b a N a t i v e R e s e r v e as an extension (( B . 1) m a d e on e c o n o m i c grounds. 760. W e d o n o t d e n y t h a t t h e K a m b a h a d c e r t a i n claim, h i s t o r i c a l g r o u n d s to a n e x t e n t t h a t t h e y m a d e intermittent p a r t i a l u s e of t h e l a n d , a n d t h i s m i g h t g i v e c o l o u r t o a claim ;j p r o p o r t i o n of t h e l a n d , p e r h a p s a q u a r t e r , should b e added t o t t e r r i t o r y as C l a s s A . W h e n w e d e a l , in t h e t h i r d p a n of R e p o r t , w i t h t h e d i s t i n c t i v e s a f e g u a r d s to be p r o v i d e d for " A " " B . 1 " a r e a s , it w i l l b e a p p r e c i a t e d t h a t t h e d i s t i n c t i o n is not v i t a l , a n d in e i t h e r case an a d e q u a t e security is c o n f e r r e d . Bin c l a i m , n e v e r t h e l e s s , is w o r t h s o m e t h i n g , a n d w e p r o p o s e to sat i t . W h i l e t h e Y a t t a P l a t e a u , in o u r s u b m i s s i o n , s h o u l d be gn: as C l a s s B . 1, w e shall r e c o m m e n d t h a t s a t i s f a c t i o n for the i of r i g h t s h o u l d be f o u n d b y a g r a n t of a f u r t h e r area as Ola; T h e p o s i t i o n of t h i s area w i l l b e s h o w n b e l o w ( s e c t i o n s 783 to7 7 6 1 . W e r e c o m m e n d a s an a b s o l u t e l y essential conditioi t h e a d d i t i o n of t h e Y a t t a P l a t e a u t o t h e K a m b a N a t i v e Res t h a t t h e g r a n t b e a c c o m p a n i e d b y strict c o n d i t i o n s of conserva! a n d t h a t a s c h e m e of u t i l i z a t i o n be f o r m u l a t e d , wdiich should; as it p r i n c i p a l o b j e c t t h e r e c o n d i t i o n i n g of t h e r e s e r v e . 7 6 2 . I t w i l l b e n o t i c e d that w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d the I P l a t e a u to b e a d d e d to t h e " K a m b a N a t i v e R e s e r v e " and s p e c i f i c a l l y t o t h e M a c h a k o s ( U l u ) R e s e r v e o r to t h e K i t u i l\e? T h i s i s b e c a u s e i n t h e t h i r d p a r t of our R e p o r t w e shall re m e n d t h a t , f o r a l l p u r p o s e s of t h e L a n d s T r u s t Ordinance, K a m b a R e s e r v e s s h o u l d b e r e g a r d e d as o n e . ( S c h e d u l e folio section 1510.)

Claim in respect of the Western Boundary between Maehakos and Sultan Hamud.

763. T h e

natives

state

that

since

the

1906

boundary of

r e s e r v e w a s p r o c l a i m e d , a s t r i p of l a n d of v a r y i n g w i d t h has lost to t h e m on their western boundary. although in some places small A s t u d y of t h e maps^ been excised from t h a t t h e n e w b o u n d a r y h a s b e e n of a g i v e - a n d - t a k e character, areas have r e s e r v e , in o t h e r s t h e y h a v e b e e n a d d e d , a n d it w o u l d appear t h e m a p t h a t a n y g a i n or loss o n b a l a n c e is s m a l l . 7 6 4 . A t t h e s a m e t i m e , w e a r e a d v i s e d b y t h e Survey De m e n t t h a t o w i n g to t h e l o o s e w o r d i n g of t h e 1 9 0 6 definition, i p r o v e d i m p o s s i b l e a c c u r a t e l y t o d e l i n e a t e t h e b o u n d a r y on a a n d t h e r e f o r e a n y figures b a s e d o n an a t t e m p t to put it on , must be accepted w i t h the utmost reserve. B u t , owing t g i v e - a n d - t a k e n a t u r e of t h e b o u n d a r y , w e a r e satisfied tha t r i b e as a w h o l e h a s n o g r o u n d for c o m p l a i n t , though po

UKAMBA jjCHAI"TEK IV]

PROVINCE P R O B L E M S AND RECOMMENDATIONS

!-e m a y h a v e been cases of i n d i v i d u a l h a r d s h i p . A s t h e n a t i v e s feared to be dissatisfied w i t h t h e p r e s e n t p o s i t i o n , w e r e q u e s t e d Provincial C o m m i s s i o n e r t o a r r a n g e f o r d e t a i l e d s t a t e m e n t s t o w o r d e d f r o m a n y n a t i v e s w h o felt t h a t t h e y h a d suffered d e f i n i t e by the a l t e r e d - b o u n d a r y . 187 s t a t e m e n t s w e r e r e c o r d e d b y t h e [rict Officers a t M a c h a k o s , a n d a p r e c i s of t h e s e s t a t e m e n t s als in e v i d e n c e ( p p . 1396 to 1 4 1 9 ) . 765. T h e P r o v i n c i a l Its c o m m e n t e d Delusions : (a) T h a t t h e r e w a s m o r e t h a n a d e q u a t e l a n d i n t h e r e s e r v e t o a c c o m m o d a t e the n a t i v e s e v i c t e d b y t h e a l t e r a t i o n of t h e boundaries. (b) T h a t the o c c u p a t i o n of l a n d b e t w e e n the 1906 b o u n d a r y and the present" b o u n d a r y o c c u r r e d i n t h e e a r l y p a r t of this c e n t u r y .
t f

Commissioner,

in f o r w a r d i n g

these

state-

: following

" A f t e r c a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n , I h a v e a r r i v e d at the

(c) T h a t m o s t of the e v i c t e d o c c u p a n t s h a v i n g b e e n b o r n w i t h i n t h e b o u n d a r i e s of t h e p r e s e n t r e s e r v e , as then s t a t e m e n t s s h o w , r e t u r n e d o n e v i c t i o n to t h e p l a c e of their b i r t h . (d) T h a t , t h o u g h s o m e losses of c a t t l e d i d o c c u r as a r e s u l t o f a change from one climate to another, they were nothing like as e x t e n s i v e as a l l e g e d . (e) T h a t t h e a l t e r a t i o n of t h e b o u n d a r y b e i n g o n a g i v e - a n d take basis, e x c e p t for t h e area in t h e v i c i n i t y of A l a c h a k o s , n o i n j u s t i c e w a s suffered b y t h e K a m b a - a s t h e r e s u l t of t h a t a l t e r a t i o n . (/) T h a t , e x c e p t f o r t h e c o u n t r y i n t h e v i c i n i t y of M a c h a k o s , the e v i c t i o n s a l o n g t h e b o u n d a r y e f f e c t e d b y M r . D u n d a s a n d o t h e r s w e r e in t h e n a t u r e of s t e p s t o p r e v e n t t h e encroachment by Kamba across the established boundary. ((/) I t is clear t h a t t h e K a m b a i n t h e v i c i n i t y of A l a c h a k o s suffered s o m e h a r d s h i p t h r o u g h loss of g r a z i n g b y t h e a l t e r a t i o n of t h e 1906 b o u n d a r y . T h e land excluded, a b o u t 3,600 a c r e s is k n o w n as L . O . 1491 a n d w a s c e r t a i n l y used e x t e n s i v e l y f o r g r a z i n g b y t h e K a m b a a f t e r the 1906 b o u n d a r y w a s p r o c l a i m e d .

T h e e v i c t i o n s d e t a i l e d in the s t a t e m e n t s r e l a t e t o a p e r i o d erity y e a r s a g o or m o r e ; a n d it is a w e l l - k n o w n f a c t t h a t t h e istrict C o m m i s s i o n e r s c o n c e r n e d a t t h e t i m e w e r e s t r o n g in t h e pport of n a t i v e i n t e r e s t s a n d w o u l d n o t h a v e s t o o d b y if t h e

TJKAMBA
PART IICHAPTER IV]

PROVINCE
PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDS

n a t i v e s had had to e n d u r e t h e serious losses of stock they allege. H a v i n g w o r k e d in t h e M a c h a k o s D i s t r i c t as Asst D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r d u r i n g 1 9 1 1 , I s p e a k w i t h some s k n o w l e d g e of t h e s e f a c t s . T h a t s o m e h a r d s h i p a n d inconveni o c c u r r e d t h e r e is n o d o u b t , but t h a t h e a v y losses w e r e suffer extremely improbable." 766. W e are in g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e Provincial ( missioner's conclusions. W e c o n s i d e r t h a t w h a t e v e r hardshi a n y , i n d i v i d u a l s m a y h a v e suffered t h r o u g h t h e a l t e r a t i o n o! boundary w i l l be a m p l y c o m p e n s a t e d b y t h e recommends w h i c h w e shall m a k e . Claim to the Area
P a r m i n

7 6 7 . B y a f o r m e r g a z e t t e m e n t of the N a t i v e R e s e r v e boun 1 9 0 0 , the M u a H i l l s a r e s h o w n as part of t h e N a t i v e lies W e . a r e satisfied t h a t t h e l a n d w a s e x t r e m e l y s p a r s e l y occupied t h a t t h e i n c l u s i o n of the M a t u n g u l u H i l l s in t h e N a t i v e lie: w a s g e n e r a l l y u n d e r s t o o d t o b e an e x c h a n g e f o r i t . T h e evid of C o l o n e l A i n s v v o r t h a n d t h e R e v e r e n d C . P . J o h n s t o n leave d o u b t in our m i n d s . 7 6 8 . C o l o n e l A i n s w o r t h w a s t h e I . B . E . A . C o m p a n y ' s Sup t e n d e n t at M a c h a k o s f r o m 1 8 9 2 t o 1S95, a n d subsequently M a j e s t y ' s S u b - C o m m i s s i o n e r in c h a r g e of the U k a m b a Prov a n d in t h a t c a p a c i t y he c o n t i n u e d at M a c h a k o s u n t i l 1899. s t a t e s in h i s m e m o r a n d u m t h a t in t h o s e e a r l y d a y s the n b o u n d a r y w a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y n o r t h f r o m the s t a t i o n (Mach; t h r o u g h K a s i n g a t o t h e s l o p e s in t h e b e n d in t h e hills for: t h e j u n c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e I v e t i a n d t h e M u a h i l l s , then fa short d i s t a n c e o n t h e e a s t e r n s l o p e of Mua, t o a p o i n t where] s t r e a m b e d r u n s out to K a s i n g a ; t h a t with, t h e e x c e p t i o n oft!] s m a l l a r e a t h e M u a h i l l s w e r e n o t in a n y w a y occupied by i K a m b a b e f o r e 1 S 9 5 , in wdiich y e a r , o w i n g t o an outbreak r i n d e r p e s t i n t h e c o u n t r y e a s t of t h e I v e t i m o u n t a i n s , he n p e r m i s s i o n t o t h e I v e t i n a t i v e s t o m o v e t h e i r c a t t l e to that ar a n d t h e r e w a s a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t , w h e n t h e r i n d e r p e s t epides w a s o v e r , the cattle should be m o v e d back. 7 6 9 . T h e R e v . C . P . J o h n s t o n , t h e o l d e s t non-official reside i n K a m b a c o u n t r y , w h o s e e x p e r i e n c e d a t e s f r o m 1 8 9 9 , states t! t h e M u a h i l l s w e r e n o t o c c u p i e d b y t h e K a m b a b e f o r e the staiii at M a c h a k o s w a s b u i l t . " T h e t o p o f t h e I v e t i h i l l s used to b e t h e l i m i t . T ( t h e K a m b a ) c a m e t o l o o k o v e r a n d h a d t h e i r outposts waic] i n g t h e M a s a i a n d w h e n e v e r t h e y h a d t h e opportunity : d r o v e t h e i r c a t t l e d o w n o n t o t h e p l a i n s . I t w a s not until boma w a s e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t t h e y r e a l l y c a m e d o w n on t ' w e s t e r n side . . . w i t h t h e i r kraals a n d t h e i r gardens a i cultivation . . .

U K A M B A l CHAPTER I V ]

PROVINCE P R O B L E M S AND RECOMMENDATIONS

'' T h e y had begun to g o i n t o the M u a hills shortly a f t e r the famine. T h e n during Sir J a m e s H a y e s - S a d l e r ' s t i m e they were m o v e d o u t of t h e M u a h i l l s a n d t h a t w a s t h r o w n o p e n to E u r o p e a n s e t t l e m e n t a n d t h e y w e r e g i v e n t h e t e r r i t o r y i n the n o r t h in p l a c e of t h e M u a h i l l s . " respect of the land given in exchange, Le. the Matungulu

. .

,. ''.

tion, he s t a t e s in his m e m o r a n d u m 'rny first eighteen months in the Mwisuni S t a t i o n in t h e E a n g u n d u

: country were spent at a our line slice Location. Drawing

east and w e s t t h r o u g h t h a t s t a t i o n w o u l d cut off a l a r g e w h a t e v e r at t h a t t i m e (1899).. of a r o u n d night. 20,000. in they In 1900 out to p a s t u r e When this area were

from t h e p r e s e n t r e s e r v e , a n d in t h a t a r e a t h e r e w e r e n o p e o p l e T h i s area has n o w a p o p u l a t i o n they but began they to drive their for cattle at Masai :.' . were brought home

convinced

t h a t all d a n g e r

was past they b u i l t c a t t l e kraals

out t h e r e (1900-01) and shortly

whole v i l l a g e s w e r e m o v e d o u t . " ( E v i d e n c e , p p . 1436-1444'). 770. W e a r e satisfied t h a t t h e a d d i t i o n of t h e M a t u n g u l u loca to t h e N a t i v e E e s e r v e w a s a f u l l set-off f o r a n y s m a l l loss of kts w h i c h m a y h a v e o c c u r r e d on t h e M u a h i l l s , a n d it is n o t e [thy that a r e s o l u t i o n b y t h e M a c h a k o s L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l on 27th J u n e , 1 9 3 2 , i n o r d e r t o d e b a t e m a t t e r s f o r s u b m i s to t h e C o m m i s s i o n c o n t a i n s t h e f o l l o w i n g c l a u s e : " F r o m D o n y o S a b u k t o c r o s s i n g of Machakos-Nairobi R o a d , M u g o n g o n i ( M u v o n g o n i ) E i v e r : t h e r e is n o c o m p l a i n t r e g a r d i n g this s e c t i o n of t h e b o u n d a r y . " 771. O u r r e a s o n f o r i n c l u d i n g t h e m a t t e r i n o u r s u r v e y is t h e lability o f r e m o v i n g a n y m i s a p p r e h e n s i o n . I t is t o b e n o t e d Mr. Johnston considers that t h e K a m b a have been generously Ited w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e a r e a g a z e t t e d as r e s e r v e , t h o u g h h e Iks t h a t t h e y r e q u i r e m o r e g r a z i n g a n d t h a t t h e Y a t t a P l a t e a u lid b e a d e q u a t e i n t h i s r e s p e c t . 772. N g a l e n i F a r m i s a n a r e a o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 100 a c r e s in a

. .

'.

S? "? *
2 1

[nil p a r t of t h e r e s e r v e . T h e K a m b a a l l e g e t h a t w h e n t h e f r e e - .0* 4 9 6 9 K " " grant w a s o r i g i n a l l y applied for by M r . Stuart W a t t , no Iction w a s r a i s e d b y t h e n a t i v e s , b e c a u s e t h e y u n d e r s t o o d t h a t [land w o u l d b e used f o r m i s s i o n p u r p o s e s , a n d t h a t i t w a s in used f o r s u c h p u r p o s e s f o r a n u m b e r of y e a r s . I t i s n o w a farm. 773. T h e K a m b a c l a i m t o t h e l a n d i s n o t d i s p u t e d , b u t t h e nsive a d d i t i o n s w h i c h w e shall p r o p o s e t o b e m a d e t o t h e N a t i v e ' ' ' ';'/'. 3rve in a n o t h e r q u a r t e r ( s e c t i o n 7 9 1 , b e l o w ) w i l l p r o v i d e a d e e compensation to the tribe, and w e have no evidence that any "' ' [ Triduals h a v e b e e n a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d or h a v e special c l a i m s . At
!

XJKAMBA
PAST IICHAPTER IV]

PROVINCE
PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATI

t h e s a m e t i m e w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t , s h o u l d t h i s f a r m e v e r cornel t h e m a r k e t , t h e M a c h a k o s L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l o r a n y indiviij K a m b a o r b o d y o f K a m b a b e a l l o w e d t o bid f o r it equally Europeans. The Momandu Fa nil Exchange. 7 7 4 . D e t a i l s o f t h e M o m a n d u F a r m e x c h a n g e proposal wj w e r e c o m m e n d w i l l b e f o u n d i n the S e c r e t a r y ' s p r e c i s (EviderJ p p . 1 2 8 1 - 1 2 8 2 ) . T h e s u g g e s t i o n is t h a t s o m e 20 a c r e s of L . O . 1.740 be e x c h a n g e d f o r a c o r r e s p o n d i n g area of an out-span, I N o . 3 0 4 , in o r d e r t o p e r m i t of t h e K a m b a d r i v i n g t h e i r stock al a c e r t a i n road w i t h o u t b r e a c h of q u a r a n t i n e r e g u l a t i o n s . A l l pan h a v e a g r e e d t o t h e p r o p o s a l w h i c h a w a i t s p r o v i s i o n of t h e necess l e g a l m a c h i n e r y " , a n d w e r e c o m m e n d that it b e i m p l e m e n t e d . 7 7 5 . T h e b o u n d a r y b e t w e e n the M a c h a k o s D e s e r v e and aii a t e d f a r m s passes o v e r t h e c r e s t of M w a n i H i l l , h a l f of which in t h e D e s e r v e a n d h a l f in L . O . N o . 1758, w h i c h has reverted t h e C r o w n . T h e n a t i v e s ask that t h e b o u n d a r y m a y be adjust) so t h a t t h e w h o l e of t h e lull m a y be i n c l u d e d in t h e reserve, r e a s o n a d d u c e d is t h a t t h e h i l l is sacred t o t h e m a c c o r d i n g to custi a n d is used f o r r e l i g i o u s p u r p o s e s . 77G. T h e c l a i m h a s t h e s u p p o r t of the P r o v i n c i a l Counul s i o n e r a n d , the a d j a c e n t f a r m h a v i n g n o w r e v e r t e d t o the Crotl no p r i v a t e i n t e r e s t s c o u l d b e a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d . F o r these reasol w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e c l a i m b e g r a n t e d , a n d in v i e w of its s i z e t h a t it be a Class A extension.. S o m e 700 a c r e s a r e involved.! Access to Emali Station. 7 7 7 . T h e M a c h a k o s L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l h a s asked that j e x t e n s i o n of t h e N a t i v e D e s e r v e should b e m a d e to include Em T r a d i n g C e n t r e a n d R a i l w a y S t a t i o n w i t h i n t h e M a c h a k o s Katt R e s e r v e . T h e s u g g e s t e d e x t e n s i o n c o n s i s t s of a c o r r i d o r t w o mi! w i d e m e e t i n g t h e r a i l w a y a t p o i n t s a p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e mile w a n d o n e m i l e e a s t of E m a l i S t a t i o n r e s p e c t i v e l y .

Ciaim to M w a n f Hill.

7 7 8 . T h e K a m b a h a v e at p r e s e n t a c c e s s to t h e railway m e a n s of p u b l i c r o a d s , a l t h o u g h t h e i r r e s e r v e h a s n o actual po'j of c o n t a c t . I t is a r g u e d t h a t it w o u l d be a d v a n t a g e o u s for i f u t u r e d e v e l o p m e n t o f E m a l i T r a d i n g C e n t r e t h a t it should I i n c l u d e d in t h e N a t i v e R e s e r v e a n d thus c o m e u n d e r the author] of t h e M a c h a k o s L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l . 7 7 9 . W e a r e in s y m p a t h y w i t h t h e s e a r g u m e n t s and recoj m e n d an ex gratia e x t e n s i o n ( C l a s s A ) of t h e n a t i v e reserve f i n d i c a t e d a b o v e and e m b r a c i n g E m a l i T r a d i n g C e n t r e . T h e tol a r e a so a d d e d w i l l a m o u n t t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h r e e square miles.1 7 8 0 . T h e area o f C r o w n L a n d l y i n g b e t w e e n t h e U l u Purl
, l n t l i s i u o u r v i e w

Crown Land

RaiUvay Emali s u i t a b l e f o r w h i t e s e t t l e m e n t and sliof : between Sultan be e a r m a r k e d f o r t h i s p u r p o s e . N o n a t i v e c l a i m s h a v e been m s p e c t of t h i s a r e a , t h e a l t i t u d e of w h i c h v a r i e s f r o m 3,791 fi Hamud and Email. , , to 4 , 0 2 5 f e e t .
m r e

412
U K A M B A I [ CHAPTER IV] PROVINCE PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

781. A l t h o u g h t h i s l a n d is b e l o w t h e a l t i t u d e w h i c h w e s h o u l d disposed, in g e n e r a l , t o c o u n t as " H i g h l a n d s " f o r t h e p u r p o s e s the s i x t h t e r m of r e f e r e n c e , w e f e e l t h a t in t h i s c a s e a n e x c e p n is justified, p a r t l y b e c a u s e t h e c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s are s u c h as ivive w a r r a n t to t h i s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ; p a r t l y b e c a u s e , if it is n o t duded in t h e H i g h l a n d s it b e c o m e s a s m a l l d e t a c h e d area b e t w e e n e N a t i v e R e s e r v e at E m a i l a n d t h e E u r o p e a n H i g h l a n d s at iltan H a m u d ; and p a r t l y b e c a u s e o u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s i n o t h e r -ections. if a c c e p t e d , w i l l r e q u i r e c e r t a i n sacrifices o f t h e E u r o an H i g h l a n d s a g a i n s t w h i c h t h i s a d d i t i o n w i l l b e a p a r t i a l , oiigh i n a d e q u a t e , off-set. 782. W e r e c o m m e n d that a n area of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 100 s q u a r e ties ( t h e e x a c t st of Emali boundaries remain to at we be determined disposal have by of survey) the to the Tn of should the Crown. possibility in Land to East,
o f E m a 1

'

iking this r e c o m m e n d a t i o n , inba as a site

in m i n d t h e fertilizer

for a b l o o d a n d b o n e If,

factory,

which

ent w e c o n s i d e r t h i s a r e a w o u l d b e r e q u i r e d as a g r a z i n g a r e a in imexion w i t h t h e f a c t o r y . h o w e v e r , it is n o t r e q u i r e d f o r t h i s area i r r e s p e c t i v e of north of in the the map race. railway wdiich should the area there the the DisThe remainde rpose if s h o u l d be a v a i l a b l e a s a p 783. T h e some 5T2 remainder of square The the Crown

land

miles, situated

as s h o w n

Lan^Nort^o the Railway,

lows this c h a p t e r . made N a t i v e

Provincial

Commissioner

and

ct C o m m i s s i o n e r . M a c h a k o s , h a v e p r o p o s e d that t h i s area kumbtiliu N a t i v e R e s e r v e s h o u l d r e v e r t to t h e C r o w n . uld b e a net gain of approximately 123 square

R e s e r v e , and t h a t t h e C h y u l u s u b - l o c a t i o n of The to

this s u b - l o c a t i o n is a p p r o x i m a t e l y 389 s q u a r e m i l e s so t h a t miles [inba. if t h e p r o p o s a l w e r e implemented.

784. T h e p o p u l a t i o n of t h e C h y u l u s u b - l o c a t i o n is a p p r o x i tely 3 , 1 9 4 , a n d it is e s t i m a t e d t h a t at l e a s t 70 p e r c e n t a r e ident outside t h e r e s e r v e o n t h e C r o w n l a n d b e t w e e n t h e r e s e r v e il the r a i l w a y . T h e r e a s o n f o r t h i s is t h a t t h e w a t e r s u p p l y in yulu is i n a d e q u a t e , a n d the n a t i v e s a r e l a r g e l y d e p e n d e n t o n t h e of t h e r a i l w a y p i p e l i n e . T h i s t h e y a p p a r e n t l y e n j o y a t p r e s e n t means of an unofficial a r r a n g e m e n t w i t h t h e R a i l w a y A d m i n i s tion. T h e i r p o s i t i o n is t h e r e f o r e i r r e g u l a r , a n d t h e i r c o u n t r y ospitable, wdiile t h e C h y a l e s u b - l o c a t i o n and t h e C r o w n l a n d , future o f w h i c h w e a r e c o n s i d e r i n g , a r e r e p r e s e n t e d as m u c h ter c o u n t r y . T h e Cln^ale s u b - l o c a t i o n in p a r t i c u l a r is said t o excellent l a n d a n d s p a r s e l y i n h a b i t e d . Therefore, according to A d m i n i s t r a t i v e Officers it w o u l d b e g r e a t l y to t h e b e n e f i t of Chyulu natives t o be m o v e d . 785. A s e c o n d a r g u m e n t i s t h a t t h e p r o p o s a l w o u l d h a v e t h e ft of c o n c e n t r a t i n g a l l t h e K a m b a n o r t h of t h e r a i l w a y l i n e .

U K A M B A PART IICHAPTER IV]

PROVINCE P R O B L E M S AND RECOMMEND.UK

t h u s c o n s o l i d a t i n g t h e M a c h a k o s R e s e r v e a n d f a c i l i t a t i n g the; m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e t r i b e a n d t h e p r o v i s i o n of r o a d s and sot service centres. 786. T h e move, travel admit for n a t i v e s t h e m s e l v e s , w h i l e n o t at p r e s e n t that the great distances, which they are a serious p r o b l e m , full agreement : with and that the the desiring now removal have

water,

t h e i r h o n e y b o x e s f r o m C h y u l u w o u l d n o t p r o v e a g r e a t hardship, 787. W e a r e in P r o v i n c i a l Coinu. sioner, and r e c o m m e n d

( 1 ) T h a t t h e O h y u l u n a t i v e s b e m o v e d n o r t h of t h e raihvai (2) T h a t (3 T h a t 788.- W e eminent move. to the the Chyulu sub-location miles of revert Crown to the land, Crown. which A. by ; natii we;

512 s q u a r e

c o n s i d e r i n g , b e m a d e N a t i v e R e s e r v e , Class compensate the individuals feel for that disturbance any of the

do not c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e r e is a n y o b l i g a t i o n on Gi caused 3,194 Kamba

Should

c o n c e r n e d suffer provision for

u n d u e h a r d s h i p , t h e L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l , in c c compensation. that Government Mission, should o] who own ; of Scotland

s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e s u b s t a n t i a l a d d i t i o n to t h e t r i b a l l a n d , should m a the necessary further with the land, with or 789. W e negotiations intervening between block, by recommend Church a view

to o b t a i n i n g

access f o r the Kami

what will exchange

b e t h e m a i n n a t i v e r e s e r v e a n d t h e Mbwinz otherwise.

790. T h e l a n d t o w h i c h t h e C h y u l u n a t i v e s w o u l d be requir to m o v e is s u b s t a n t i a l l y b e t t e r t h a n t h a t w h i c h t h e y w o u l d vacai and they, in company the with the rest of of the the tribe, and would ga the clos We i materially not than from consolidation that reserve obligation

a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d b e t t e r s e r v i c e s t o b e e x p e c t e d f r o m it. therefore consider the land vacated. there is a n y

to the Chyc

n a t i v e s t h a t the l a n d g i v e n in e x c h a n g e s h o u l d b e g r e a t e r in exte

7 9 1 . B u t in f a c t t h e l a n d to b e a d d e d is g r e a t e r b y 123 squa m i l e s t h a n t h e l a n d t o b e c e d e d , a n d as f a r as a s e t t l e m e n t with t t r i b e is c o n c e r n e d w e r e g a r d t h i s a s a f a i r set-off against the s m losses of r i g h t s w h i c h w e h a v e h a d o c c a s i o n to n o t i c e i n other p a of t h e r e s e r v e . A s f a r as i n d i v i d u a l s a r e c o n c e r n e d w e consid t h a t t h e s e t t l e m e n t is a l s o j u s t , f o r t h e losses of w h i c h coniplai is m a d e a l l r e l a t e t o g r a z i n g l a n d , a n d , a l t h o u g h certain priva r e s e r v a t i o n s of g r a z i n g a r e p o s s i b l e u n d e r t h e Kisese system, it s t i l l , in g e n e r a l , t r u e t o s a y t h a t g r a z i n g i s a c o m m o n rather th a private right. I n a n y case w e do n o t t h i n k that a more j

DIAGRAM THE.

ILLUSTRATING NATIVE

THE.

RECOMMENDATIONS KAMBA

REGARDING RESERVE!

U K A M B A XICHAPTER IV]

PROVINCE PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

ifufion can be f o u n d f o r t h e s e t t l e m e n t of p r i v a t e g r i e v a n c e s aris from such d i s t u r b a n c e as m a y h a v e b e e n caused by t h e a l i e n a 3P of certain l a n d s a g e n e r a t i o n a g o .

^Kuld be divided

792. W e do n o t s u g g e s t t h a t t h e 512 s q u a r e m i l e s to be added i n t o d i s t i n c t a r e a s , of w h i c h 889 s q u a r e m i l e s f l u i d g o to the C h y u l u n a t i v e s a n d 123 s q u a r e m i l e s b e d i r e c t e d Bother purposes i n c o n n e x i o n w i t h g e n e r a l c o m p e n s a t i o n t o t h e %c. T h e r e w o u l d be n o a d v a n t a g e in such a c o u r s e . W e r e c o i n fiul that the land be a s i m p l e a d d i t i o n to t h e t r i b a l t e r r i t o r y , and It the C h y u l u n a t i v e s s h o u l d b e a c c o m m o d a t e d i n i t o r m o v e t o er homes in the r e s e r v e a s m a y s e e m t o t h e m b e s t o r as t h e i r tern of land t e n u r e m a y a l l o w . W e d o n o t d o u b t b u t t h a t p r i v a t e ts in the land w i l l g r o w u p in c o u r s e of t i m e , as t h e m e t h o d of d tenure b e c o m e s m o r e i n d i v i d u a l , and we do n o t a n t i c i p a t e t any special difficulties w i l l a r i s e . 793. T h e r e has been a m i s t a k e in g a z e t t i n g the w e s t e r n g a ^ t t i n g the ndary of t h e K i t u i N a t i v e R e s e r v e . T h e i n t e n d e d b o u n d a r y , Kitui Reserve eved t o c o r r e s p o n d w i t h t h e h i s t o r i c a l c l a i m s o f t h e n a t i v e s , Boundary, owed t h e M a n z i E t u m o E i v e r . B u t t h i s r i v e r w a s w r o n g l y vvn .,in t h e s u r v e y o r s m a p a s b e i n g irf t h e p o s i t i o n p r o p e r l y upied b y t h e M i w o n g o n i E i v e r . T h i s m i s t a k e c o u l d e a s i l y h a v e n rectified w i t h o u t d e t r i m e n t to t h e t r i b e , e x c e p t f o r t h e fact t the s u r v e y o r s m a p h a d b e c o m e t h e " D e p o s i t e d P l a n . " 794. T h e description in Government Notice No. 394 of ober, 1826, w h i c h p r o c l a i m e d t h e r e s e r v e s , m a d e r e f e r e n c e t o deposited plan, and c o n s e q u e n t l y t h i s m i s t a k e n p l a n n o w c o n tttes an a u t h o r i t y w h i c h c a n n o t e a s i l y be set a s i d e , as t h e L a n d s tst O r d i n a n c e n o w s t a n d s . 795. A c c o r d i n g to a m a p d r a w n b y M r . A . M . Champion, vincial C o m m i s s i o n e r , t h e a r e a i n v o l v e d is s i x t y s q u a r e m i l e s , r e c o m m e n d t h a t it b e a d d e d t o t h e K i t u i N a t i v e E e s e r v e . 796. W e h a v e n o w c o m p l e t e d o u r r e v i e w of t h e v a r i o u s p r o b General s peculiar to U k a m b a P r o v i n c e . A s all t h e r e s e r v e s t h e r e i n a r e Recommend a tions. bited b y t h e o n e t r i b e , w e a r e o f o p i n i o n t h a t t h e u t m o s t f r e e of m o v e m e n t s h o u l d b e e n c o u r a g e d , a n d to t h i s e n d w e r e c o m d t h a t o n e r e s e r v e o n l y s h o u l d be g a z e t t e d . T h i s w o u l d i n c l u d e main M a c h a k o s E e s e r v e , ( h e A l b w i n z a o b l o c k o f t h e p r e s e n t intbuliu E e s e r v e and t h e K i t u i R e s e r v e .

C H A P T E R T H E N O R T H E R N VINCES M A N N E R RATION Extent of the Country and Sparsity of Population. 797. 116,959 over one we The square : IN FRONTIER W H I C H BE in the T H E

V. AND LAND AND T U R K AN A REGARDING IN NATIVE p T OC

RECOMMENDATIONS H E L D

SHOULD total laud of

SAFEGUARDS and West Tint Sul;

the area

Northern inhabited

Frontier by the

Provinces, the W e s t itself, be said

exclusive

miles, a n d the mile. the

total native population, If we w e r e to consider to be nearly two

exclusiv Turk and

S u k , is 1 2 0 , 0 3 8 , so t h a t the d e n s i t y of p o p u l a t i o n is to the s q u a r e should find density

T h o s e n a t i v e s c l e a r l y h a v e r i g h t s in the l a n d , but t h e y can . to have e x c l u s i v e r i g h t s . 70S. The population consists sections, of tribes,

Absence of Tribal Boundaries.

of s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t noiul w h i c h cannot be said at present o b s e r v e a n y fixed b o u n d a r i e s ; in t h e ighl of o u r p r e s e n t k n o w l we are e x t r e m e l y d o u b t f u l of the w i s d o m of e s t a b l i s h i n g b o u n d a r i e s , s i n c e t h e y m a y h a v e the resu t of d e n y i n g to a a c c e s s to g r a z i n g lands w h i c h a r e v i t a l to i; . and t o w h i c h il This y i o u s l y r e s o r t e d by a r r a n g e m e n t w i t h its n e i g h b o u r s . ;erious o b s t a c l e in sideration by itself w o u l d constitute on o t h e r grounds p r o c l a m a t i o n of n a t i v e r e s e r v e s , e v e n tribes and appeared desirable. : ) . W h i l e it is c l e a r l y o u r duty to p r o p o s e m e a n s for p r o t e c t i o n of t h e n a t i v e s in t h e secure o c c u p a t i o n of t h e hi nil. a r e a v e r s e f r o m r e c o m m e n d i n g t h a t a n y n a t i v e r e s e r v e s shout this t u n e be d e c l a r e d in e i t h e r t h e T u r k u n a or N o r t h e r n Frop P r o v i n c e s , e x c e p t i n g o n llv in t h e case of W e s t Suk and excepting on y ,t . oLvomo, w i t h w h i c h w o s h a l l d e a l l a t e r . 800. their the In the first place t h e a r e a s are so vast in to an a great a pr lornoi populations that it occupant use be it tribes. can wrong of be to It would.amount is true than that to unjustifiable exclusiv proportion home in may posses: for nom

Inadvisability iof proclaiming the lane! as Native Reserve.

u p of l a n d , if i t w e r e d e v o t e d in p e r p e t u i t y t o t h e country better it

is so arid a n d i n h o s p i t a b l e t h a t it is difficult t o see to put put afford R u t t h e r e m a y b e u n d i s c o v e r e d sources of wealth, unnecessary as obstacles the land such possibilities

pastoralists. would development

minerals or otherwise. propose Trust for the

W h i l e it is c l e a r l y n e c e s s a r y t h a t the n a of Native Reserves under the ami

r i g h t s m u s t lie s a f e g u a r d e d , t h e e l a b o r a t e s a f e g u a r d s w h i c h wi protection would Ordinance be u n w o r k a b l e in such a r e g i o n

inappropriate.

NORTHERN FRONTIER CHAPTER V ]

A N D

TURKANA PROVINCES PROTECTION or N A T I V E

RIGHTS

801. T h e w h o l e of T u r k a n a live described, that but the enerally of character,

is a d e s o l a t e r e g i o n Frontier

of the of

nature while These give the or for quite by

Northern

Province, areas

has a l s o e x t e n s i v e

valuable

sture-land, parts of w h i c h are also s u i t a b l e fur a g r i c u l t u r e . is are w o r t h y of m u c h b e t t e r use than in.

note Hieing

nomadic

tribes can

At

present any

a t t e m p t s to c u l t i v a t e

are frustrated

ie w h i c h the

d e s t r o y s m o s t of t h e c r o p s , a n d t h e n a t i v e s a r e land.

to c o p e w i t h t h e s i t u a t i o n e i t h e r b y d e s t r o y i n g the g a m e do not feed b o u n d to r e s e r v e such land e x c l u s i v e l y joossession either on be the that historical be l e a s e d capital it to or to

802. W e M to

n a t i v e s , since w e do not c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e y h a v e e s t a b l i s h e d a exclusive economic of and insist are non-native to mils, a n d w e Colony dividuals or b e l i e v e t h a t it m i g h t who have in t h e b e s t i n t e r e s t s improve if t h e y

that considerable areas should companies, We do not consider

velop t h e m .

is necessary

at. in e v e r y c a s e , such l e a s e s shorfld o n l y be g r a n t e d ectly b e n e f i c i a l to the natives.

-Dt). T h e e m p l o y m e n t offered on a n y f a r m s w h i c h m a y be sed s h o u l d e n a b l e t h e n a t i v e s in t h e i r n e i g h b o u r h o o d to l i v e a t a sity c o n s i d e r a b l y h i g h e r than t h e i r p r e s e n t a v e r a g e of o n e to square m i l e , a n d it is a l s o to be e x p e c t e d t h a t t h e n a t i v e s iployed o n the f a r m s w i l l l e a r n lessons in p a s t o r a l m e t h o d s w h i c h , lien t h e y r e t u r n to t h e i r h o m e s , t h e y w i l l be a b l e t o turn to g o o d mint. S04. T h i s a r g u m e n t m u s t n o t b e c a r r i e d t o o f a r , a n d it airly be u n j u s t inferior land of to a l i e n a t e t h e b e s t l a n d t o E u r o p e a n s a n d to natives. Although land for the their natives needs, cannot and we to b e p r o t e c t e d would leave claim in have

idiisive r i g h t s , t h e y h a v e a r i g h t occupation sufficient after careful tilled o u r s e l v e s oiild be k e p t 805. O u r

and secured

inquiry that their proper for their use a n d in regard benefit. to the

protection

;es in fact d e m a n d t h a t t h e w h o l e a r e a , g o o d l a n d as w e l l as b a d , predominantly general recommendation Turkarm exceptions not be pre General Reeoniraenda tions concerri ins the land i tlie Turkana and
j

N o r t h e r n F r o n t i e r P r o v i n c e s t h e r e f o r e is t h a t , w i t h ted at s e c t i o n s 8 0 8 a n d 8 1 6 b e l o w , t h e l a n d s h o u l d

tilted N a t i v e R e s e r v e n o r be r e g a r d e d as w h o l l y d e v o t e d t o n a t i v e p o s e s ; b u t t h a t i t s h o u l d b e r e c o g n i z e d as l a n d in w h i c h n a t i v e s ve a p r i o r i n t e r e s t , a n d l e a s e s to n o n - n a t i v e s s h o u l d not be iwed to such an e x t e n t as to j u s t i f y t h e a p p r e h e n s i o n t h a t t h e ives m i g h t n o t h a v e sufficient l a n d r e m a i n i n g f o r t h e i r use. We ther r e c o m m e n d t h a t , a l t h o u g h t h e l a n d s h o u l d not b e N a t i v e serve, t h e p r i o r i t y of n a t i v e i n t e r e s t s should b e s a f e g u a r d e d b y a eial s e c t i o n u n d e r t h e L a n d s T r u s t O r d i n a n c e .

Northern

x rovhiees.

NORTHERN PAHT IICHAPTER V]

FRONTIER

A N D

TURKANA

PROVINCES

PROTECTION

OV
the

NATIVK.

KirC

806. to and the set

This

special should for

section be social

should

deal

with and

quesi Commissio cento

leases : P o w e r aside and. subject

allowed

to the P r o v i n c i a l centres

land

service

trading

t o t h e a p p r o v a l of t h e G o v e r n o r , f o r residential s L e a s e s w h i c h are n o t of t h i s character she with the decision of the Board,

for t o w n s h i p s . Governor of In

be s u b j e c t t o t h e a p p r o v a l of t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d ; save that disagrees State should

:

Secretary The Leroki Plateau. 807. devoted elusion apply the

decide. P l a t e a u t h e r e a r e special, into account, and we h The o

the case of which have

the L e r o k i to be taken

cumstances

a chapter which

(Chapter

V I ) to their consideration.

w e reach Frontier

is t h a t

t h e a b o v e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n she Provinces, at least for i

generally

to the L e r o k i P l a t e a u a s w e l l as to other par and Turkana

Northern

y e a r s to c o m e , b u t t h a t l e a s e s of l a r g e areas t o n o n - n a t i v e s oi L e r o k i P l a t e a u s h o u l d n o t b e a l l o w e d e x c e p t f o r purposes dir beneficial necessary The West Suk. Suk 808. to natives. to We deal. r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e r e s e r v e p r o c l a i m e d for t h e M This is a n will exception to o u r g e n e r a l reo propos T h e reasons for the The ultimate destination of this land t h e l a p s e of m a n y y e a r s is a m a t t e r w i t h w h i c h w e do n o t fun

should r e m a i n .

m e n d a t i o n i n s e c t i o n 799 a b o v e . the boundaries r e c o m m e n d e d

be f u l l y s t a t e d in Chapter V

809. T h e r e a r e t h r e e s m a l l sections of D o r o b o i n h a b u The Mukogodo, the Ndigiri, C r o w n l a n d in t h e N o r t h N y e r i D i s t r i c t t h e Mukogodo. the Ilimwesi N d i g i r i , a n d t h e I l i m w - e s i . A l l t h e s e s e c t i o n s c l a i m to be D o n and the Mumonyot a n d it w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t t h e N d i g i r i a n d I l i m w e s i h a v e aflini Masai. w i t h t h e A l a s a i , w h i l e it has b e e n s u g g e s t e d t h a t the M u k o g i who All speak a distinct l a n g u a g e , m a y h a v e affinity these sections used to range but, the after forests w i t h t h e G; at that t aliena which

c o v e r e d m u c h of t h e l a n d w h i c h h a s s i n c e b e e n a l i e n a t e d as in t h e hills. North To Nyeri District the farms were gradually m o v e d into the general this place c a m e n e i g h b o u r h o o d of t h e M u k o s a sub-clan of

also the M u m o n y o t ,

L a i k i p i a k A f a s a i , w h o w e r e d r i v e n out o f L a i k i p i a b y t h e P u r k i The t o t a l s t r e n g t h of taken these f o u r s e c t i o n s w h i c h w e shal i

t o as t h e M u k o g o d o cattle and 810. 1,695

t o g e t h e r w a s f o u n d , i n a census ta goats e l d e r s , g i v i n g e v i d e n c e before as

in 1 9 3 1 , t o b e 110 m e n , 103 w o m e n , a n d 182 c h i l d r e n ; w i t h sheep and

Their representative

N y e r i , s t a t e d t h e i r d e s i r e t o i n h a b i t o n e r e s e r v e t o g e t h e r , provi t h a t G o v e r n m e n t -should find t h e m a r e s e r v e w h i c h is large enoii

41
NORTHERN j [ CHAPTER V] FRONTIER A N D TTTRKANA PROVINCES RIGHTS PROTECTION OF N A T I V E

We

recommend

(1) T h a t t h e M u k o g o d o a r e a be d e t a c h e d f r o m t h e K i k u y u P r o v i n c e and added to the N o r t h e r n F r o n t i e r P r o v i n c e for the purposes of a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . Note.The d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e e x a c t b o u n d a r i e s c a n safely b e l e f t to G o v e r n m e n t , b u t w e t h i n k t h a t t h e N o r t h N y e r i D i s t r i c t C o u n c i l o u g h t t o be c o n s u l t e d as w e l l as t h e natives c o n c e r n e d . (2) T h a t i n so f a r as the l a n d a d d e d m a y n o t b e sufficient for the n a t i v e s c o n c e r n e d , e i t h e r i n r e s p e c t of a r e a or in respect of w a t e r f a c i l i t i e s , the P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r of t h e N o r t h e r n F r o n t i e r P r o v i n c e s h o u l d m a k e t h e n e c e s s a r y ar r a n g e m e n t s to set a p a r t a sufficient a r e a f o r t h e i r use a n d occupation, witfi particular regard to w a t e r facilities. Note.The q u e s t i o n of a n a d e q u a t e w a t e r s u p p l y is s o m e vvhat difficult a n d a t t e n t i o n is s p e c i a l l y i n v i t e d t o t h e e v i d e n c e of M r . L i n d s a y a n d M r . P u g h ( E v i d e n c e , p p . 1578 t o 1 5 8 8 ) . (3) T h a t w h e n t h e M u k o g o d o c o u n t r y to b e c e d e d b y t h e North N y e r i D i s t r i c t has been added to the N o r t h e r n F r o n t i e r P r o v i n c e it s h o u l d b e c o m e s u b j e c t t o t h e s a m e c o n d i t i o n s as o t h e r l a n d in t h a t p r o v i n c e , t h a t is t o ' s a y , it s h o u l d b e r e c o g n i z e d as a n a r e a in w h i c h n a t i v e s h a v e p r i o r , b u t n o t exclusive r i g h t s . Note.These D o r o b o . as h a s b e e n s t a t e d i n e v i d e n c e , h a v e b e e n " d r i v e n l i k e chaff b e f o r e a w i n d o f p r o g r e s s i o n " , and it m i g h t b e e x p e c t e d t h a t w e s h o u l d n o w r e c o m m e n d a definite r e s e r v e f o r t h e m . B u t they are too small a c o m rnunity to b e t r e a t e d in i s o l a t i o n a n d w e a r e s a t i s f i e d t h a t it is a b e t t e r s o l u t i o n t o c o m b i n e t h e m i n o n e area w i t h t h e Northern Frontier P r o v i n c e in the manner suggested. The safeguards r e c o m m e n d e d f o r t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f n a t i v e r i g h t s should suffice t o g i v e t h e m all r e a s o n a b l e s e c u r i t y . 811. T h e r e a r e a f e w s c a t t e r e d D o r o b o i n t h e L a i k i p i a D i s t r i c t , The Uaso ibly t h e N y a m b i r e D o r o b o l o c a t e d at t h e source of t h e A i n a n g a Nyan^bire r a n d a n o t h e r g r o u p o n t h e T J a s o - N a r o k . W e r e c o m m e n d t h a t Dorobo. be m o v e d i n t o t h e N o r t h e r n F r o n t i e r P r o v i n c e , w h e r e s u i t a b l e mmodation should be found for t h e m .

812. A p a r t f r o m t h e N o r t h e r n F r o n t i e r S o m a l i t r i b e s m e n , The Somalia, e a r e a c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r of a l i e n o r i m m i g r a n t S o m a l i s f r o m a and S o m a l i l a n d , w h o are principally e n g a g e d i n cattle t r a d i n g , se l a t t e r use I s i o l o a n d t h e N a i r o b i C o m m o n a g e as t h e i r m a i n res w h e r e t h e y k e e p l a r g e h e r d s of c a t t l e , a n d a r e i n f a c t hing on C r o w n l a n d . T h e r e a r e a l s o s e v e r a l of t h e m at K i t a l e , 1 and other places.

PART

NORTHERN IICHAPTER V ]

FRONTIER

A N D

TURK ANA PROVINCES PROTECTION OF N A T I V E

K,

8 1 3 . T h e q u e s t i o n of a r e s e r v e tor these S o m a l i s liars b m o o t e d . b u t t h e y a r e n o t n a t i v e s o f t h e C o l o n y ; t h e y a r e forei"r p a y i n g n o n - n a t i v e poll t a x . W h i l e w e c o n s i d e r t h a t they hay, r i g h t t o b e a l l o w e d to b u y l a n d in suitable p l a c e s , w e cannot that they h a v e any claim t o a N a t i v e R e s e r v e . 814. O n this subject w e are impressed by t h e comment m b y t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r , I s i o l o , a t a D i s t r i c t Commission m e e t i n g of t h e N o r t h e r n F r o n t i e r P r o v i n c e in A u g u s t , 1929. w a s s p e a k i n g of t h e p r o b a b l e c o n s e q u e n c e s of g a z e t t i n g a Son R e s e r v e , a n d the m i n u t e r e a d s a s f o l l o w s : " H e p o i n t e d out that K e n y a is r e g a r d e d by the North S o m a l i as an El D o r a d o , a n d t h a t there could he a hat i n f i l t r a t i o n f r o m N o r t h e r n S o m a l i l a n d , and that w i t h i n ten fifteen y e a r s tiie p r o b l e m w o u l d h a v e r e a p p e a r e d in a Lira f o r m ; the area set a p a r t f o r the S o m a l i s w o u l d have pro i n s u f f i c i e n t , a n d t h e S o m a l i s , h a v i n g o b t a i n e d political rin a n d p o w e r , w o u l d t h e n a g a i n d e m a n d c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t: claims." 8 1 5 . W i t h t h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s w e e n t i r e l y a g r e e . W e eoiisi t h a t all l e g i t i m a t e c l a i m s of t h e S o m a l i w i l l he m e t . if i; provided : ( a ) T h a t a n y S o m a l i m a y a p p l y , on e q u a l t e r m s with ol r a c e s , f o r a l e a s e of l a n d i n a n y a r e a w h e r e no spe p r i v i l e g e of r a c e e x i s t s , i . e . a " D " area. T h i s fair a l r e a d y e x i s t s , b u t t h e S o m a l i s h a v e m a d e l i t t l e or n o of i t . " (b) T h a t in r e s p e c t natives would, p r i o r r i g h t s of have the same o f " C " a r e a s , w h i c h are a r e a s in w a c c o r d i n g t o our r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s . 1 t a k i n g u p l a n d on l e a s e , S o m a h s sli p r i v i l e g e s as n a t i v e s .

(c) T h a t , e x c e p t as n o t e d b e l o w , t h e area m a r k e d 2 and t h e m a p f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n S84 b e c o n s t i t u t e d a " C " a Areas excepted from this recommendation are ( i ) such p a r t of a r e a 2 as m a y b e w a n t e d for Alukogodo above); (see recommendation in section

-ii) such p a r t o f a r e a 2 as m a y be r e q u i r e d for veteri p u r p o s e s , a n d p o s s i b l y for a f e r t i l i z e r factory : a (.iii) t h e e a s t e r n e n d of a r e a 4 , as r o u g h l y indicate t h e m a p , such l a n d b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d unsuitabl a " C " area. Note.The b a l a n c e r e m a i n i n g a v a i l a b l e for the a r e a is s o m e 7 0 0 s q u a r e m i l e s , and w e c o n s i d e r that p a r t i c u l a r " C " a r e a wdll p r o v e e x c e p t i o n a l l y suitab S o m a l i s , a n d t h e y s h o u l d be e n c o u r a g e d to avail t s e l v e s of i t .

NORTHERN 11 CHAPTER, V ]

FRONTIER

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PROVINCES OP NATIVE RIGHTS

PROTECTION

816. E i g h t y - s i x s q u a r e m i l e s of t h e N o r t h P o k o m o N a t i v e The North serve are s i t u a t e d in t h e N o r t h e r n F r o n t i e r P r o v i n c e , a n d m u s t j j ^ ? " lurally be e x c e p t e d , a l o n g w i t h t h e W e s t S u k D i s t r i c t , f r o m t h e Reserve. )e of our g e n e r a l r e c o m m e n d a t i o n t h a t t h e r e be n o N a t i v e

0

Province. 817. T h e Game Warden has submitted a m e m o r a n d u m Proposal for a National which he r e c o m m e n d s t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a N a t i o n a l G a m e Came Park. ik in part of t h e N o r t h e r n F r o n t i e r P r o v i n c e i n t h e n e i g h b o u r id of M o u n t M a r s a b i t , t h e M a t t h e w s a n d N d o t o R a n g e s , M o u n t iro. and t h e P l o r r V a l l e y . W e . see n o o b j e c t i o n to t h e p r o p o s a l , does n o t e n v i s a g e that the f e w n a t i v e s w h o i n h a b i t ( h o nirv will b e d i s p l a c e d , b u t n a t u r a l l y il must he s u b j e c t to eguards, w h i c h m u s t p r o v i d e t h a t t h e n u m b e r of a n i m a l s m u s t kept d o w n to a p o i n t a t w h i c h t h e r e is n o d a n g e r of t h e i r s i n " i m p a i r m e n t t o t h e l a n d . T h e r e is h a r d l y a n y c u l t i v a t i o n this c o u n t r y , b u t such as t h e r e i s . n e a r M o u n t M a r s a b i t a n d die e a s t e r n s l o p e s of t h e M a t t h e w s R a n g e , m u s t b e p r o t e c t e d ii d a n g e r . 818. T h e G a m e W a r d e n p o i n t s o u t , w e t h i n k r i g h t l y , t h a t t h e ives w i l l b e b e t t e r oil' in t h e s e r e s p e c t s than if n o G a m e P a r k "eelared. A t j w e s e n t , if e l e p h a n t s o r o t h e r d a n g e r o u s g a m e i n 'ise t o the p o i n t of b e c o m i n g a m e n a c e , t h e r e i s n o b o d y t o deal h t h e m , b u t , if a N a t i o n a l P a r k is d e c l a r e d , a E u r o p e a n w o u l d put i n c h a r g e of i t , a n d i t w o u l d b e p a r t of his d u t y t o d e a l w i t h h matters. 819. T h e G a m e W a r d e n f u r t h e r p o i n t s o u t t h a t such D o r o b o nhabit t h i s l a n d w i l l n e v e r a d v a n c e f r o m t h e i r p r i m i t i v e c o n d i s until t h e y a r e b r o u g h t i n t o c o n t a c t w i t h t h e w h i t e m a n . We w h i m t o t h e e x t e n t of b e l i e v i n g t h a t c o n g e n i a l w o r k i n c o n ion w i t h t h e p a r k c o u l d p o s s i b l y b e f o u n d f o r s o m e o f t h e s e olio, and t h a t t h e y w o u l d b e l i k e l y t o d e r i v e b e n e f i t f r o m such oject and undertaking. s20. T h e v a l u e of a G a m e P a r k as an asset t o t h e C o l o n y ot b e d o u b t e d a n d , p r o v i d e d t h a t n a t i v e i n t e r e s t s are a d e q u a t e l y narded, w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t i t b e p r o c l a i m e d . 821. I n t h e f o l l o w i n g t w o c h a p t e r s w e shall d e a l w i t h t h e A Note on eular q u e s t i o n s of t h e D e r o k i P l a t e a u a n d t h e W e s t S u k the Economic ve R e s e r v e . B u t b e f o r e c o n c l u d i n g t h i s m o r e g e n e r a l s u r v e y ' dsh to a d d a n o t e o n t h e e c o n o m i c p o s i t i o n . W e r e g a r d it as rtant t h a t s o m e t h i n g s h o u l d b e d o n e t o h e l p t h e n a t i v e s of Northern F r o n t i e r a n d T u r k a n a P r o v i n c e s t o m a k e e c o n o m i c of t h e i r l i v e s t o c k . I t is n o t a l t o g e t h e r f a i r t o be c o n s t a n t l y ing t h e m f o r p e r s i s t e n t o v e r s t o c k i n g of t h e i r l a n d a n d f o r ng e v e r y t h i n g in t e r m s of q u a n t i t y r a t h e r t h a n q u a l i t y , if ng i s d o n e t o h e l p t h e m b y t h e p r o v i s i o n of s t o c k r o u t e s and ets.
l o a , t l o n

:erves in t h e N o r t h e r n F r o n t i e r

CHAPTER
T H E SAMBUEU QUESTION LEEOKI The Areas occup ed by the sambiiru. IN

VI.
EELATION TO THl

PLATEAU.

8 2 2 . N o S a m b i i r u N a t i v e E e s e r v e h a s b e e n d e c l a r e d , "bat S a m b u r u h a v e f o r s o m e t w e n t y y e a r s p a s t been inhabiting p l a t e a u k n o w n a s L e r o k i i n the n o r t h e r n part of L a i k i p i a , in a t i o n t o the v e r y m u c h l a r g e r area ( o v e r 4 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 a c r e s ) to the m a n d e a s t t h e r e o f w h i c h t h e y h a v e o c c u p i e d f o r a m u c h l o n g e r per T h e w h o l e o f t h e area is in the N o r t h e r n E r o n t i e r P r o v i n c e , at m a p i l l u s t r a t i n g t h e r e g i o n s a t p r e s e n t o c c u p i e d b y the trib appended t o this chapter. 8 2 3 . T h e c l a i m of t h e S a m b u r u t o L e r o k i m a y b e consid b o t h f r o m t h e h i s t o r i c a l a s p e c t a n d f r o m t h e p o i n t of v i e w o f t present a n d prospective needs as regards g r a z i n g . 8 2 4 . I n c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h e a b o v e it is n e c e s s a r y to give s account of (b) the f o l l o w i n g relevant questions : the Samburu are. (a) W h o

Claims of the Sa.rn.buru.

Questions affecting the Samburu Claims.

H o w t h e y c a m e t o be i n t h e a r e a s t h e y a r e n o w occupy T h e i r p o p u l a t i o n a n d t h e n u m b e r s o f t h e i r l i v e stock. T h e e x t e n t a n d c h a r a c t e r of t h e l a n d t h e y a r e occtipyi: and the degree of its adequacy and suitability to tli requirements. T h e c l a i m s a n d o b j e c t i o n s of o t h e r i n t e r e s t s a n d point; issue.

Ce)
(d)

The Samburu Tribe.

.825. I n t h e first p l a c e w e w o u l d r e f e r to a n a b l e and inter; i n g m e m o r a n d u m p r e p a r e d b y A i r . H . E . B a d e r , w h o was Disti Officer in C h a r g e of t h e S a m b u r u b e t w e e n J u n e , 1 9 2 8 , and Jiinur 1 9 3 1 , a n d w h o b y his c l o s e a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h the t r i b e a n d his cat s t u d y of t h e i r h i s t o r y is w e l l q u a l i f i e d t o s p e a k . 8 2 6 . A i r . B a d e r is o f o p i n i o n t h a t t h e S a m b u r u c o m e of s a m e s t o c k a s t h e A l a s a i , b u t A i r . C o l v i l e , w h o k n o w s the la t r i b e v e r y w e l l , is n o t in e n t i r e a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h i s opinion, l a t t e r g e n t l e m a n c o n s i d e r s t h e t w o t r i b e s a r e o n l y d i s t a n t l y rela if a t a l l , a n d q u o t e d t h e d i f f e r e n c e in t h e clan n a m e s in stippor his v i e w s ; . b u t , in c o n s i d e r a t i o n of a l l t h e e v i d e n c e , w e can c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e S a m b u r u a n d M a s a i a r e c l o s e l y related-on t h e c l a n n a m e s at l e a s t is t h e s a m e , t h e i r p h y s i c a l character!' a n d l a n g u a g e s a r e v e r y s i m i l a r , a n d t h e i r h a b i t s and customs p r o x i m a t e v e r y n e a r l y . M r . E a y m o n d H o o k in h i s memoram s a y s t h a t t h e S a m b u r u and M a s a i a r e c l o s e l y r e l a t e d , and tli t h e o p i n i o n a l s o of A d m i n i s t r a t i v e O f f i c e r s w h o k n o w both tn B u t t h e c l e a v a g e b e t w e e n t h e m o c c u r r e d m a n y y e a r s ago:

NORTHERN II CnAiiKR VI]

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A N D

T U R K A N A

PROVINCES TUB LEROKI PLATEAU

since been w i d e l y s e p a r a t e d , a n d t h e S a m b u r u h a v e p r o b a b l y ie [ u s e d w i t h D o r o b o a n d o t h e r t r i b e s . I n t h e l i g h t of t h e s e M r . Colvile's v i e w s are not very divergent. 827. T h e history of the S a m b u r u as r e l a t e d b y L e n a n a , l a t e m o u n t C h i e f of t h e M a s a i , a n d r e c o r d e d b y M r . T a t e , a f o r m e r inoial C o m m i s s i o n e r , is o f i n t e r e s t a n d is as f o l l o w s : " M a n y y e a r s a g o i n t h e t i m e of M b a t i a n , f a t h e r of L e n a n a , the L a i k i p i a k M a s a i p a s t u r e d t h e i r h e r d s a l l o v e r t h e rass c o u n t r y to t h e w e s t a n d n o r t h - w e s t of K e n y a . A t i m e of d r o u g h t c a m e a n d the b u r n t - u p p l a i n s b e c a m e i n s u f f i c i e n t f o r pasturing so m a n y c a t t l e a n d g o a t s , a n d a m i g r a t i o n w a s d e cided u p o n . T h e L a i k i p i a k migrated farther west over the country w h i c h is still k n o w n b y that n a m e ( L a i k i p i a ) , s o m e of them e v e n r e a c h i n g the B a r i n g o c o u n t r y a n d t h e n c e to the Eldama D a v i n e and G u a s o N g i s h u country, w h e r e they have to a g r e a t e x t e n t lost the i n d i v i d u a l i t y of t h e i r t r i b e a n d b e c o m e m o r e or less m e r g e d w i t h t h e n a t i v e s of t h a t c o u n t r y . T h e E l B u r g o ( P u r k o M a s a i ) , the m o s t p o w e r f u l t r i b e , t o o k N g a t a b u s a n d t h e c o u n t r y s o u t h - e a s t of i t , w h i l e t h e S a m b u r u m a r c h e d n o r t h to the U a s o N y i r o , w h e r e t h e y s t a y e d f o r m a n y years u n t i l r e p e a t e d r a i d s d r o v e t h e m n o r t h . T h e s e people w e r e o r i g i n a l l y L a i k i p i a k , a n d w e r e so c a l l e d f r o m t h e M a s a i word " S a m b u r u b u r " , m e a n i n g a b u t t e r f l y . " i is n o r e a s o n t o s u p p o s e t h a t this story is not s u b s t a n t i a l l y ect as t h e p r o b l e m of t h e S a m b u r u h a d n o t at t h a t t i m e arisen ; E u r o p e a n s h a d e v e n h e a r d of t h e t r i b e , a n d L e n a n a c o u l d h a v e no p o s s i b l e r e a s o n f o r t r y i n g t o m i s l e a d M r . T a t e . 828. P r o m t h e e v i d e n c e of t h e S a m b u r u E l d e r s , it s e e m s t h a t S a m b u r u and L a i k i p i a k M a s a i at o n e t i m e l i v e d t o g e t h e r o n ci, b u t as t h e r e s u l t of a q u a r r e l t h e L a i k i p i a k a t t a c k e d t h e burn and the l a t t e r w e r e d r i v e n to E l B a r t a a n d N y i r o . One ess, a m a n of the a p p a r e n t a g e of a b o u t 6 0 , s a y s t h i s h a p p e n e d re he w a s b o r n . W h e n , s o m e y e a r s l a t e r , t h e L a i k i p i a k w e r e bilated b y t h e P u r k o M a s a i , it is to be b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e buru had not r e t u r n e d t o L e r o k i , as t h e y t o o k no p a r t in t h a t F r o m all t h e e v i d e n c e a n d i n f o r m a t i o n b e f o r e u s , it is c l e a r the S a m b u r u a n d L a i k i p i a k M a s a i w e r e c l o s e l y r e l a t e d , in L e n a n a ' s statement tends to show they w e r e actually a part same p e o p l e . F r o m M r . B a d e r ' s a c c o u n t a n d o t h e r e v i d e n c e , also a p p a r e n t t h a t t h e N j e m p s , w h o i n h a b i t t h e c o u n t r y to t h e and east of L a k e B a r i n g o . a r e of t h e s a m e s t o c k . 329. H o w the S a m b u r u c a m e to be in t h e c o u n t r y t h e y a r e a t Reasons why nt o c c u p y i n g is p a r t l y a n s w e r e d a b o v e . A f t e r t h e y had b e e n Sambnrn ted b y t h e L a i k i p i n k M a s a i , t h e y r e m a i n e d in t h e d i s t a n t the present" in t h e v i c i n i t y of M o u n t N y i r o , M a r s a b i t , a n d E l B a r t a , a n d Areas.
t h e

NORTHERN PART II-CHAPTER VI]

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TURK ANA

PROVINCES

s o e s c a p e d t h e i n t e r n e c i n e w a r s b e t w e e n the v a r i o u s section Masai, but later they were again forced or d r i v e n the Turkana (the and other tribes pressing from reserve 1902 did near not the north. Mr. until

$ sec

southward Neun in
:

in 1897 f o u n d t h e m south of t h e U a s o N y i r o R i v e r n e a r present quarantine to R e n d i l e in Esiolo), b u t meet them journey

h1

T a t e ii he re:

R e t i , much farther b y the M a s a i and 880. T h e y Nyiro. foothills Messrs. them and In

n o r t h , w h e r e t h e y had n o n e a f t e r being r others.

m

a p p e a r t o h a v e turned s o u t h a g a i n in 1901, Captain of the finding of Stigand Leroki some found them

L909 t h e i r v i l l a g e s w e r e f o u n d a t E n g a r e N d a r e south of the the s a m e y e a r north and Archer, alon" hi \ immediately Hope Escarpment,

of t h e m them they

across the [ t o a recogn; b e g a n cros

N y i r o a n d in t h e p r o c e s s of p e n e t r a t i n g f u r t h e r back with the intention confining In 1915 naturally 831. I n determined the frontier. the

s o u t h w a r d s , rut

t h e r i v e r a g a i n , a n d for s o m e t i m e the m o v e m e n t e s c a p e d notio meantime Turkana had established tk s e l v e s a l o n g t h e n o r t h b a n k of t h e U a s o N y i r o , w h i c h t h e Saml h a d p r e v i o u s l y o c c u p i e d , a n d it w a s not until t h e f o r m e r had I removed i n 1 9 2 1 t h a t it w a s p o s s i b l e t o push b a c k t h e latter. fixed b y t h e n a t u r a l l i n e of the IT In the same year (1921) demarcate This' Frori
i

i s

8 3 2 . F r o m t h a t t i m e t h e e a s t e r n p a r t of t h e s o u t h e r n bound of t h e t r i b e w a s r e g a r d e d as west of that natural submitted one of b u t it r e m a i n e d t o c o m p l e t e t h e f r o n t i e r by d e l i m i t i n g a line to boundary. a proposal Kittermaster gazetted as to t h a t e n d , a n d of the

b o u n d a r y k n o w n t h e r e a f t e r as t h e " K i t t e r m a s t e r L i n e . " the boundaries Northern

P r o v i n c e i n 1 9 2 4 , and t h e S a m b u r u h a v e since r e m a i n e d in occr t i o n of t h e r e g i o n to t h e n o r t h and east of i t , i n c l u d i n g the Lei Plateau. 833. T h e officer in c h a r g e of the N o r t h e r n F r o n t i e r Provi
1

h a d in t h e m e a n t i m e a d v o c a t e d a f u r t h e r e x t e n s i o n of t h e Samb c o u n t r y t o t h e s o u t h f o r t h e p u r p o s e of i n c l u d i n g S u g o t a Banya a n d t h e B a l a g a l a n i R i v e r , b u t t h e C o l o n i a l S e c r e t a r y , t o whom matter was referred, intimated in r e p l y that ample acconmn t i o n for t h e S a m b u r u h a d b e e n p r o v i d e d b y t h e t h e n e x i s t i n g hot a r y a g r e e d u p o n b y M e s s r s K i t t e r m a s t e r , C a s t l e - S m i t h and H o i i.e. the "Kittermaster above Line", arid w i t h h e l d are more A his fully approval. reported

834. T h e precis end

movements

(Evidence,

p. 1447 t o 1 4 6 2 ) , i n

which

a l s o a chronoloj

a c c o u n t of t h e a c t i o n t a k e n i s g i v e n . of t h i s chapter.

m a p w i l l b e found at

NORTHERN II CHAPTER VI]

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35. T h e d a t e of t h e r e - o c c u p a t i o n of t h e L e r o k i P l a t e a u b y uniburn is n o t c e r t a i n l y k n o w n . A c c o r d i n g to s o m e a c c o u n t s , ction of t h e m o c c u p i e d t h e a r e a j o i n t l y w i t h t h e M a s a i b e f o r e itter w e r e m o v e d t o the p r e s e n t M a s a i . R e s e r v e i n 1 9 1 1 / 1 2 , I is on record t h a t M r . C h a m i e r , a f o r m e r D i s t r i c t C o m m i s er, t o o k tribute of 5 , 0 0 0 h e a d of c a t t l e f r o n t t h e E l M a s u l a ton of t h e S a m b u r u on L e r o k i in 1 9 1 1 , but t h e M a s a i m o v e m a y begun by t h a t t i m e . I t is p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e P u r k o M a s a i m a y a l l o w e d the S a m b u r u c e r t a i n g r a z i n g f a c i l i t i e s o n L e r o k i , but annot b e l i e v e t h a t t h e y g a v e t h e m p e r m i s s i o n t o o c c u p y t h e is a m a t t e r of r i g h t , o r t h a t t h e r e w a s a n y c o n s i d e r a b l e o c c u p a w h i l e t h e M a s a i w e r e t h e r e . I t is u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e t w o t r i b e s on v e r y f r i e n d l y t e r m s , a n d t h e A l a s a i , w h o n o d o u b t r e g a r d e d Samburu w i t h s u p r e m e c o n t e m p t , as t h e y d o to this d a y , w o u l d inly n o t h a v e a l l o w e d t h e m t h e use o f a n y g r a z i n g w h i c h t h e y ed for t h e i r o w n f l o c k s a n d h e r d s . 36. W e must conclude, therefore, Plateau that after the Samburu move only had the on with In

to re-occupy the L e r o k i tescence of 837. T h e Government sole claim of of

the M a s a i

menced in 1 9 1 1 , but i t is c l e a r t h a t t h e y t h e n d i d so w i t h officers. the the in Samburu Laikipiak view of to Masai all the the Plateau it the fact that t h e y occupied

ical g r o u n d s rests u p o n ears a g o as a s e c t i o n and we cannot

some

or j o i n t l y

concede,

circumstances, Leroki sub

such a c l a i m can be h e l d to be e i t h e r v a l i d o r c o n c l u s i v e . days m i g h t was r i g h t , t h e S a m b u r u w e r e driven f r o m te L a i k i p i a k ntly Alasai. and were quite incapable of iost t e r r i t o r y f r o m occupied the them area. or f r o m

recovering

the P u r k o A l a s a i , w h o

38. A census of t h e p e o p l e a n d s t o c k o n L e r o k i i n 1928 w a s by M r . B a d e r and h i s f i g u r e s a r e a s f o l l o w s : Samburu. owners n ... ten ... Stock. 1,027 763 1,681 1,563 1.5.10 0,574 Tattle S h e e p and Donkeys Camels goats 62,314 49,126 3,318 1S9

Iota.

Total

114,947

39. T h e p o p u l a t i o n f i g u r e s a r e n o t i n d i s p u t e a n d of t h e w e n e e d o n l y c o n c e r n o u r s e l v e s w i t h t h e c a t t l e . A t the t i m e census, it w a s e s t i m a t e d that a p p r o x i m a t e l y half the cattle (1 b y the t r i b e w e r e o n L e r o k i , a n d a s s u m i n g t h i s t o b e

N O R T H E R N PART IICHAPTER VI]

FRONTIER

A N D

T U R K A N A

PROVINCES THE LEUOKI p,

u

c o r r e c t , it f o l l o w s t h a t t h e S a m b u r u a l t o g e t h e r t h e n possessed 1 2 0 , 0 0 0 h e a d . D e t a i l s of o t h e r c o u n t s a n d e s t i m a t e s w i l l be fo i n the precis, and tend to confirm M r . B a d e r ' s figures. 8 4 0 . A r e c e n t c o u n t a n d e s t i m a t e h a s f u r t h e r b e e n made the Veterinary Department. T h e r e s u l t is g i v e n b v the f V e t e r i n a r y O f f i c e r in h i s V / l / 1 6 9 of 2 9 t h A p r i l , 1 9 3 3 , as follow;. SAMBURU Section Males Central Southern Northern 13,560 12,720 9,694 35,994 Females 22,517 21,130 22,069 65,716 Calves 5,212 6,06 6,035 21,000 23,333 20,503 64,836 15.0C0 11,265 22,709 43,994 STOCK CENSUS, 1933. Goats Donfey. 3C 0 .C 2,469 4.267 9,736

Cattle Sheep

17,333

Total Cattle .. . . 119,043 ,, Sheep and Goats. . 113,830 ,, Donkeys . . .. 9,736 Grand Total, Live Stock 242.609

8 4 1 . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e a b o v e it is e s t i m a t e d t h e r e were ?uj 1 0 , 0 0 0 h e a d of c a t t l e in t h e a r e a to t h e east of t h e M a t t h e w s Ban: w h e r e no c e n s u s w a s m a d e , a n d this w o u l d b r i n g t h e total nuinl of c a t t l e i n t h e d i s t r i c t t o 1 2 9 , 0 4 3 . 8 4 2 . A l l t h e a b o v e figures i n c l u d e t h e T u r k a n a cattle on B a r t a , w h i c h a r e e s t i m a t e d a t a b o u t 10,000 h e a d , so the nural o f c a t t l e o w n e d b y t h e S a m b u r u is a p p r o x i m a t e l y 119,000. 8 4 3 . T h e e v i d e n c e o f t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r , Kiiimire a n d of E u r o p e a n f a r m e r s t e n d s t o s h o w t h a t t h e Samburu m a c o m p a r a t i v e l y l i t t l e u s e of t h e D e r o k i P l a t e a u f o r their catt p a r t i c u l a r l y of t h e h i g h e r p a r t s , a n d t h a t t h e c e n s u s of M r . Bai i n 192S i s u n r e l i a b l e . S 4 4 . M r . B a m b e r d o u b t s if t h e r e w e r e 6 , 0 0 0 h e a d on Leroki 1 9 3 0 , a n d M a j o r D u x f o r d a n d t w o o t h e r g e n t l e m e n w h o made r e c e n t i n d e p e n d e n t c o u n t , c o u l d o n l y find a b o u t 2S.000 head thej 8 4 5 . W h i l e i t m u s t be a d m i t t e d t h a t t h e official figure; n a t i v e - o w n e d c a t t l e a r e n o t a l w a y s v e r y r e l i a b l e , and that i c o u n t i n g of t h e m , o w i n g to seasonal a n d o t h e r m o v e m e n t s , i i difficult m a t t e r , w e m u s t c o n c l u d e t h a t M r . B a d e r ' s census i 11 n a n d t h a t of t h e V e t e r i n a r y D e p a r t m e n t in 1 9 3 2 / 3 3 , are npprol m a t e l y a c c u r a t e , a n d i n d i c a t e t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h the Sambif m a k e use of L e r o k t as a g r a z i n g a r e a . T h a t t h e y also use h i g h e r r e g i o n i n t h e n o r t h of t h e p l a t e a u i s a p p a r e n t from

420
NORTHERN II-CHAPTER VI] FRONTIER A N D T U R K A N A PROVINCES THE LEROKI PLATEAU

H l e n c e of M r . S t o n e , P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r , N o r t h e r n F r o n t i e r v i n c e , a n d of M r . C o r n e l l , D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r i n c h a r g e of I S a m b u r u D i s t r i c t . T h e f o r m e r s t a t e s t h a t in J u n e o f last y e a r ) he w e n t a l m o s t to t h e n o r t h e r n e x t r e m i t y of L e r o k i , a n d s a w -e herds of c a t t l e g r a z i n g t h e r e . W e o u r s e l v e s t r a v e l l e d e x t e n gely in L e r o k i a n d o b s e r v e d l i t t l e or n o superfluous g r a z i n g in t h e l a generally, though g a m e a n d locusts m a y to a g r e a t extent %e accounted f o r t h i s c o n d i t i o n ; w e s a w f e w c a t t l e i n t h e h i g h f lades, but c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r s i n t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d of L a k e l i m a . W e n o t i c e d , h o w e v e r , t h a t a g r e a t d e a l of d e s t r u c t i o n w a s ftin- caused to the f o r e s t b y fire and c o n s i d e r t h a t s t e p s s h o u l d be fen to p r e s e r v e i t . 846. I t has b e e n c o n t e n d e d t h a t t h e S a m b u r u , f r o m t h e n a m e letimes a p p l i e d to t h e m " L o i b o r K e n e j i e " (of the White l a t s ) , c o r r u p t e d b y t h e e a r l y t r a v e l l e r s i n t o " P u r k e n e j i e " or tirkenejie"were not originally a cattle-owning tribe, but Jioagh G o v e r n m e n t p r o t e c t i o n h a s d o u b t l e s s e n a b l e d t h e m l a r g e l y increase t h e i r h e r d s of r e c e n t y e a r s , it is c l e a r f r o m V o n H o h n e l ' s k that they possessed l a r g e n u m b e r s of c a t t l e as far b a c k as 17, w h e n C o u n t T e l e k i m e t t h e m on h i s j o u r n e y to L a k e idolf. T h e n a m e s of t w o of t h e m a i n c l a n s a l s o i n d i c a t e t h a t ly h a v e a l w a y s b e e n c a t t l e o w n e r s . 847. T h e p l a t e a u m a y b e s a i d to c o m p r i s e r o u g h l y all t h e h i g h Character of id b e t w e e n t h e s o - c a l l e d K i t t e r m a s t e r and C o r y n d o n l i n e s . T h e the Leroki iitiota of this l a t t e r is u n c e r t a i n , b u t a p p e a r s to f o l l o w t h e f o o t ; of t h e e s c a r p m e n t to the n o r t h . T h e s u r v e y figures of the a g i v e it as 870 s q u a r e m i l e s , of w h i c h only- 300 s q u a r e m i l e s are to be suitable f o r E u r o p e a n s e t t l e m e n t , a n d 130 s q u a r e m i l e s forest. W e h a v e n o t b e e n a b l e to o b t a i n a d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e aining area of 440 s q u a r e m i l e s , b u t it is b e l i e v e d to c o n s i s t jely of b a r r e n , p r e c i p i t o u s , l a v a h i l l s of l i t t l e v a l u e for stock or jiculture. A m o r e d e t a i l e d a c c o u n t of t h e c h a r a c t e r of t h e [teau w i l l be f o u n d i n the p r e c i s .
1 , I a t o a u

84S. E u r o p e a n s c o n s i d e r t h e L e r o k i P l a t e a u or p a r t of i t , to [suitable for c a t t l e a n d m i x e d f a r m i n g , b u t m o r e p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r Sep. I f it b e c a m e a v a i l a b l e f o r s e t t l e m e n t , f a r m s of f r o m 1 0 , 0 0 0 is to 20,000 acres a r e e n v i s a g e d a t first as e c o n o m i c u n i t s , a n d [this basis f r o m 10 to 20 f a r m s w o u l d be a l l o t t e d , of w h i c h s o m e [lit be w i t h o u t w a t e r . 849. A very comprehensive description o L t h e land north and Character of Nor-h'"' ! East o f ' t h e Coryndon
1 T j i n e

t of t h e C o r y n d o n L i n e w i l l be f o u n d i n t h e p r e c i s , b u t w e sidered t h e r e w a s i n s u f f i c i e n t i n f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d i n g i t s s t o c k tying c a p a c i t y a n d of its p o t e n t i a l i t i e s in t h a t r e s p e c t b y i m p r o v jthe w a t e r s u p p l y a n d o t h e r m e t h o d s . W i t h t h e o b j e c t o f o b t a i n I such i n f o r m a t i o n t h e s e r v i c e s of A i r . H o d g e , a n e x p e r i e n c e d

N O R T H E R N PART IICHAPTER VI]

FRONTIER

A N D

T U R K A N A

PROVINCES THE LEROKI 1 ,,

W

D i s t r i c t O f f i c e r , M r . L a n g r i d g e , a R e c o n d i t i o n i n g O f f i c e r , and j M c C o n n e l , a H y d r a u l i c E n g i n e e r of t h e P u b l i c W o r k s Dept m e n t , were obtained. T h e a b o v e officers m a d e e x t e n s i v e tours t h e area a n d t h e i r r e p o r t s w i l l be f o u n d in t h e e v i d e n c e ; they t o t h e e f f e c t t h a t t h e c o u n t r y is insufficient t o c a r r y t h e stock wh u s e it a n d t h a t , i n f a c t , i t is so s e r i o u s l y o v e r s t o c k e d that signs d e n u d a t i o n a n d soil e r o s i o n h a v e a l r e a d y a p p e a r e d . T h e ai g e n e r a l l y is d e s c r i b e d a s b a r r e n in t h e e x t r e m e , m u c h of it is f i n f e s t e d a n d its s t o c k - c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y v e r y l o w . M r . McCon: w a s of o p i n i o n t h a t t h e p r o v i s i o n of a d d i t i o n a l . w a t e r supplies wa b e of l i t t l e v a l u e , a n d w o u l d , in f a c t , t e n d t o a c c e n t u a t e the ov s t o c k i n g e v i l . M r . H o d g e a n d M r . L a n g r i d g e c o n s i d e r e d the o s t r u c t i o n of t h r e e or f o u r d a m s w o u l d b e b e n e f i c i a l , but would m a t e r i a l l y add t o the a v a i l a b l e g r a z i n g . 8 5 0 . I n s p i t e of t h e e v i d e n c e of c e r t a i n E u r o p e a n s who in s o m e k n o w l e d g e of t h e c o u n t r y , to t h e effect t h a t it w o u l d , or co b e m a d e , w i t h o u t m u c h e x p e n s e , to c a r r y all t h e Samburu st i n c l u d i n g t h o s e w h i c h a r e o n L e r o k i , w e f e e l w e c a n n o t disres t h e v i e w s a n d o p i n i o n s of t h e a b o v e o f f i c e r s , a n d t h e y are, mo: o v e r , c o n f i m e d b y M r . B a d e r a n d o t h e r officers w h o h a v e been c h a r g e of t h e d i s t r i c t . M r . G l e n d a y , in c o m m e n t i n g on the hi e x t e n t of t h e a r e a , p o i n t e d out t h a t it w a s futile to discuss it t e r m s of a c r e s . Suggested Alternative Areas for the Saniburu. 8 5 1 . I n v i e w of t h e c o g e n t a n d i n s i s t e n t c l a i m s of Europe? t o L e r o k i , a n d the. f a c t t h a t it m i g h t w e l l b e r e g a r d e d as \Yh H i g h l a n d s t h o u g h n o t r e c o m m e n d e d a s such b y t h e sub-Cominiti o f E x e c u t i v e C o u n c i l s i t t i n g in 1929, G o v e r n m e n t h a s endeavoti. t o find s o m e a l t e r n a t i v e a r e a s , in w h i c h the S a m b u r u and the eat w h i c h a r e n o w o n t h e p l a t e a u could be a c c o m m o d a t e d without NIT' h a r d s h i p t o t h e t r i b e . W e shall r e v i e w t h e v a r i o u s reconmien tions which h a v e been m a d e . 8 5 2 . A t a r o u n d t a b l e c o n f e r e n c e h e l d i n 1928 details of W I L w i l l be f o u n d i n t h e p r e c i s , a r e s o l u t i o n w a s passed to the ell t h a t an a r e a i n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t of t h e N o r t h e r n F r o n t i e r Provi w a s c a p a b l e of m a i n t a i n i n g t h e s t o c k w h i c h n o w m a k e s use of r e g i o n b e t w e e n the K i t t e r m a s t e r a n d C o r y n d o n l i n e s . I n reg t o t h e e x t e n s i o n of s e t t l e m e n t a r e a s in t h e n o r t h , it was fart a g r e e d at the c o n f e r e n c e t h a t G o v e r n m e n t b e u r g e d to seel a p p r o v a l of t h e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e t o t h e p r o p o s a l to renmr p a r t of t h e S a m b u r u t r i b e as e a r l y a s p o s s i b l e , presumably im i n g t h e r e b y t h a t the S a m b u r u be r e m o v e d f r o m t h e L e r o k i Plate

( I ) Round Table Conference.

8 5 3 . S i r E d w a r d G r i g g , w h i l s t in L o n d o n in July (2) Sir Edward Grigg's f o l l o w i n g y e a r , f o r w a r d e d a r e p o r t of the m e e t i n g to the Secret Reeommenda o f S t a t e , w i t h c e r t a i n r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s to the effect that tions of 1929. S a m b u r u s h o u l d r e t u r n t o t h e i r a r e a on t h e U a s o N v i r o , but

NORTHERN

FRONTIER

A N D

T U R K A N A

PROVINCES THE LEROKI PLATEAU

JIT

IICHAPTER

VI]

in r e p l y i n t i m a t e d t h a t f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n w a s r e q u i r e d llor (fore h e w o u l d d e c i d e w h e t h e r or n o t t h e p r o p o s a l s should be [itner p u r s u e d ; he a s s u m e d t h a t t h e u n a l i e n a t e d C r o w n l a n d l y i n g it her the south of t h e Q u a r a n t i n e R e s e r v e w o u l d b e i n c l u d e d in t h e Samburu area. discussions took place and the Provincial Com (3) Suggestion F r o n t i e r P r o v i n c e , suggested that : land situated by a in t h e few North inhabited hundred in a d d i t i o n Provincial Commissioner, $5.4- F u r t h e r

ssioner, N o r t h e r n

[the I s i o l o q u a r a n t i n e a r e a of s o m e 450 s q u a r e m i l e s , t h e f o l l o w areas b e a l l o t t e d t o t h e S a m b u r u (a) A considerable Nyeri District area at of Crown present

D o r o b o p o s s e s s i n g up to 5,000 h e a d o f (/;) F o u r f a r m s in the N o r t h N y e r i les and 60 s q u a r e m i l e s 355. T h e various respectively. for extensions District,

stock.

le. D i r e c t o r of S u r v e y s g a v e t h e a r e a s of t h e a b o v e a s 540 s q u a r e proposals of land for the ' The 1930

e

biburu in s u b s t i t u t i o n f o r t h e L e r o k i P l a t e a u w e r e e x a m i n e d b y Committee c o n s i s t i n g of : (1) M r . C. O . G i l b e r t , A c t i n g Surveyor General. Department. (2) M r . L . E . W h i t e h o u s e of t h e E d u c a t i o n Mulligan, a Veterinary Officer. 1930. and a s u i n Their ultimate or were Leroki more no refer that any the precis. of

'

(3) C a p t a i n

; C o m m i t t e e r e p o r t e d on elusion w a s t h a t of the icient teau. s56. H i s her a c t i o n Excellency was taken, areas to they

the 22nd F e b r u a r y . unable number

iv of t h e i r f i n d i n g s w i l l b e f o u n d in t h e were the contained within their

to r e c o m m e n d terms of cattle on

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limitative C o m m i t t e e s h o u l d r e v i e w t h e w h o l e s i t u a t i o n , b u t decided whole q u e s t i o n t o this Commission.

857. T h e c a s e f o r t h o s e w h o c l a i m t h a t L e r o k i is E u r o p e a n The Claims of lilands a n d s h o u l d be a v a i l a b l e f o r a l i e n a t i o n t o E u r o p e a n s m a y Other Interests I , . , .. and the Points [ v he s t a t e d as f o l l o w s : issue
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T l i a t t h e S a m b u r u are m e r e l y e n c u m b e r e r s of the a n d a r e u n l i k e l y t o use it to e c o n o m i c a d v a n t a g e , v, E u r o p e a n s w o u l d d e v e l o p it and m a k e it an econo; asset. T h a t the S a m b u r u make little use of Leroki, t t i c u l a r l y of the h i g h e r p a r t s , for g r a z i n g , and that i c o u n t s a n d e s t i m a t e s of c a t t l e w h i c h d o u s e it are itit i n e x c e s s of t h e a c t u a l n u m b e r s . ( e ) T h a t t h e S a m b u r u , a p a r t f r o m L e r o k i , h a v e ample 1; f o r t h e i r r e q u i r e m e n t s , w h i c h could b e m a d e , w i t h cert i m p r o v e m e n t s in t h e w a t e r s u p p l y , t o c a r r y many ox s t o c k t h a n it n o w d o e s , a n d do not n e e d t h e plateau e c o n o m i c g r o u n d s ; a l s o t h a t t h e y w e r e n o t original c a t t l e - o w n i n g t r i b e , u i d h a v e o n l y b u i l t u p their he; of r e c e n t years. examine the arguments in the order nan shall

Examination of Arguments. (a) The Ques tion whether an Under standing existed.

858. W e above :

( a ) T h e r e s e e m s to us to be s o m e force in t h e contention tit G o v e r n m e n t i n t e n d e d t h e area t o be a v a i l a b l e f o r w h i t e settleiiie: a f t e r t h e r e m o v a l of the M a s a i . M r . A l e x a n d e r A r m s t r o n g sta in h i s e v i d e n c e that t h e L a n d Office i n f o r m e d h i m i n 1910 that t M a s a i w e r e b e i n g r e m o v e d f r o m L a i k i p i a in o r d e r to make roc f o r w h i t e s e t t l e m e n t , a n d w e t h i n k t h e r e is l i t t l e d o u b t that Eis peans generally w e r e under that impression. S 5 9 . T h i s i m p r e s s i o n w a s p r o b a b l y r e i n f o r c e d b y a letter tvb w a s s e n t out f r o m t h e L a n d Office in J u n e , 1909 ( L . O . File It? p a r t 3) i n v i t i n g E u r o p e a n s w h o had land or c l a i m s to land in S o u t h e r n U a s o N y i r o a r e a to s u r r e n d e r such l a n d r i g h t s in exchan for a l t e r n a t i v e l a n d " w i t h i n t h e p r e s e n t N o r t h e r n M a s a i or i t s v i c i n i t y . " 8 0 0 . I n r e p l y to a q u e s t i o n in P a r l i a m e n t by Sir Eob; Hamilton in 1 9 2 0 . t h e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e i n t i m a t e d tha G o v e r n o r h a d r e p r e s e n t e d t h a t t h e area c o n c e r n e d had net p r o p e r l y b e e n S a m b u r u c o u n t r y , b u t had b e e n i n t e n d e d for Et p e a n s e t t l e m e n t b y the M a s a i u n d e r the 1 9 1 1 A g r e e m e n t . S 6 1 . O n 1st N o v e m b e r , 1 9 2 7 , H i s E x c e l l e n c y the Govern r e c e i v e d a d e p u t a t i o n of t h e e l e c t e d m e m b e r s of L e g i s l a t i v e Count T h e l a t e L o r d D e l a m e r e said t h a t , h a v i n g k n o w n Sir DOE S t e w a r t v e r y w e l l i n d e e d a n d h a v i n g h a d m a n y conversations wi h i m on this a n d o t h e r s u b j e c t s , t h e r e h a d n e v e r been any doi w h a t e v e r in h i s m i n d , n o r h a d a n y t h i n g o c c u r r e d to create sucl d o u b t , a s t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e l a n d w a s d e f i n i t e l y vacated for I p u r p o s e of E u r o p e a n s e t t l e m e n t . M r . 0 ' S h e a corroborated t v i e w , h a v i n g t a k e n p a r t in t h e t r a n s a c t i o n r e l a t i n g to the sun-en of s o m e of t h e f a r m s ( i . e . t h o s e s u r r e n d e r e d w h e n the South Masai Reserve was enlarged).

422
NORTHERN IICHAPTER VI] FRONTIER A N D T U R K A N A PROVINCES THE LEROKI PLATEAU

862. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d t h e m o t i v e w h i c h a c t u a t e d t h e M a s a i o n s e n t i n g to m o v e is r e c o r d e d i n t h e p r e a m b l e to t h e A g r e e m e n t 911 to h a v e b e e n " T h a t it is i n t h e b e s t i n t e r e s t s of t h e i r t r i b e the M a s a i should i n h a b i t o n e a r e a . " I n c o n t r a s t to t h e nnble t o the 1 .)04 A g r e e m e n t , n o a l l u s i o n w a s m a d e t o w h i t e lenient.
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863. T h e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e , in a d e s p a t c h d a t e d t h e 3 0 t h 1925, a n d a g a i n in a d e s p a t c h i n J u l y , 1 9 2 9 , r e p u d i a t e d a n y gestion t h a t t h e r e h a d e v e r b e e n a n y u n d e r s t a n d i n g or u n d e r ni'- that L e r o k i w o u l d b e m a d e a v a i l a b l e f o r E u r o p e a n s e t t l e t. 864. A l t h o u g h t h e S a m b u r u w e r e in o c c u p a t i o n of L e r o k i in or soon a f t e r , t h e q u e s t i o n of E u r o p e a n c l a i m s t o it w o u l d appear to h a v e b e e n p r e s s e d u n t i l 13 y e a r s l a t e r , w h e n t h e l a t e B e r k e l y C o l e , in a l e t t e r d a t e d t h e 1 7 t h A l a y , 1 9 2 4 , a d d r e s s e d he C o l o n i a l S e c r e t a r y , c o n t e n d e d t h a t t h e A l a s a i w o u l d not h a v e ed as p e a c e a b l y as t h e y did if t h e y had t h o u g h t t h e y w e r e ing the l a n d to t h e S a m b u r u i n s t e a d o f m a k i n g i t a v a i l a b l e f o r te s e t t l e m e n t . Northern Alasai Eeserve as (b) The Area a r e e x t r e m e l y v a g u e a n d i l l i", c h the Understanding . . . ned; t h e y are g i v e n as t h e L o r o g h i ( L e r o k i ) m o u n t a i n s on t h e referred. Hi, and L a k e K i s i m a o n t h e e a s t , a n d so w o u l d a p p e a r t o e x c l u d e 865. T h e boundaries of the ribed in t h e 1904 A g r e e m e n t
0 u l u J 0

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first l i n e of the e s c a r p m e n t t o t h e s o u t h , a p p r o x i m a t e l y Line is, was intended. of the Leroki the g r e a t e r part Plateau is

h e is c o r r e c t ' in excluded the would was

the r e s e r v e i n t e n d e d in t h e A g r e e m e n t , b u t o t h e r s t h i n k e of m o u n t a i n s in t h e n o r t h e r n e x t r e m i t y of t h e P l a t e a u gree w i t h them. By proclamation in 1906 that

e accurately d e s c r i b e t h e L e r o k i A l o u n t a i n s , a n d w e a r e i n c l i n e d reserve nded t o t h e n o r t h a n d e a s t b y p u r e l y g e o g r a p h i c a l l i n e s object of this l a r g e e x t e n s i o n clear, and it is p r o b a b l e nal c h a r a c t e r o n l y . by 1 9 0 9 , w h e n e escarpment. pean settlement which is

hown o n the m a p as t h e b o u n d a r i e s of t h e o l d A l a s a i E e s e r v e . to t h e a g r e e m e n t b o u n d a r i e s intended t h a t it w a s t o b e of a p r o occupation foothills for old the

T h e A l a s a i m a d e n o use of it t o t h e n o r t h , Stigand found grounds that well them it w a s on the part of as

r as is k n o w n , a n d t h e S a m b u r u w e r e c e r t a i n l y in Captain on the

T h i s a r e a is a l s o c l a i m e d as b e i n g a v a i l a b l e it c o u l d n o t be d e s c r i b e d

ai R e s e r v e , t h o u g h lands."

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Note.The b o u n d a r i e s of n a t i v e r e s e r v e s a t t h a t time to h a v e b e e n f i x e d in a s o m e w h a t h a p h a z a r d a n d i n d e f i n i t e m, e . g . t h e b o u n d a r i e s o f the K i k u y u R e s e r v e as d e f i n e d by proi tion d a t e d 1st J u l y , 1 9 0 6 , e x t e n d e d to t h e U a s o N y i r o and ini s o m e 7,000 s q u a r e m i l e s of c o u n t r y w h i c h i s not K i k u y u teni 8 6 6 . I t d o e s not s e e m p r o b a b l e t h a t G o v e r n m e n t could r e g a r d e d t h e d r y c o u n t r y a n d b a r r e n w a s t e s to t h e n o r t h as si for w h i t e o c c u p a t i o n , or e v e r i n t e n d e d it for t h a t purpose M a s a i d i d n o t m a k e use of it a n d it w a s i n h a b i t e d b y other U n f o r t u n a t e l y t h e b o u n d a r i e s of the M a s a i R e s e r v e are so a n d i l l - d e f i n e d in t h e A g r e e m e n t that it is i m p o s s i b l e to say a r e a t h e y c o m p r i s e d . I t is p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e area included of t h e L e r o k i P l a t e a u , but w e c o n s i d e r G o v e r n m e n t , in lixin " K i t t e r m a s t e r L i n e " as t h e l i m i t of n a t i v e o c c u p a t i o n and a h a r y of the N o r t h e r n F r o n t i e r P r o v i n c e , e f f e c t e d a fair and a b l e c o m p r o m i s e ; it left a v a i l a b l e f o r a l i e n a t i o n all but i p o r t i o n of wdiat c o u l d h a v e b e e n M a s a i c o u n t r y u n d e r the tei the A g r e e m e n t w h i c h w a s suitable for E u r o p e a n s . (c) The Argument 8 6 7 . T h e q u e s t i o n of t h e S a m b u r u c l a i m to L e r o k i has d i s c u s s e d i n s e c t i o n s 823-837 a b o v e , a n d w e a g r e e t h a t on his about g r o u n d s t h e i r c l a i m is not a v e r y s t r o n g o n e . W h a t e v e r claim Samburu Encroachment. m a y h a v e h a d d a t e s back b e f o r e t h e t i m e of E u r o p e a n adini t i o n . H o w e v e r l o g i c a l it m i g h t s e e m to s a y to t h e S a m b u r u , d i d n o t o c c u p y t h i s l a n d w h e n w e c a m e , b u t y o u d i d occupy 1 b i t , a n d t h e r e f o r e y o u m u s t g o b a c k t h e r e , " such a course wo i m p o s s i b l e , b e c a u s e t h a t a r e a is n o w o c c u p i e d b y o t h e r tribe n o G o v e r n m e n t w o u l d c o n t e m p l a t e t h e c o n t i n u a l m o v i n g of f o r such r e a s o n s .

(d) The Economic Argument.

8 6 8 . O n e c o n o m i c g r o u n d s , w e a g r e e g e n e r a l l y that Euro] w o u l d be a b l e t o u s e the l a n d to b e t t e r a d v a n t a g e than the I i n t h e i r p r e s e n t s t a t e o f d e v e l o p m e n t , but L e r o k i is son: r e m o t e f o r m i x e d f a r m i n g , a n d if s u r v e y e d for sheep far s e e m s to b e c o n t e m p l a t e d , t h e area w o u l d i n t h e early di s e t t l e m e n t suffice o n l y f o r 20 f a r m s at t h e m o s t . Under o c c u p a t i o n it c a n a n d d o e s s u p p o r t s o m e 6,000 A f r i c a n s witli flocks a n d h e r d s , a n d t h e S a m b u r u do sell c o n s i d e r a b l e numl s h e e p ; t h e D i s t r i c t has b e e n l o n g in q u a r a n t i n e f o r cattle.
7

8 6 9 . W e do n o t f e e l w e can support an a r g u m e n t that b o n e c o m m u n i t y is a b l e t o m a k e b e t t e r use of l a n d than an t h e f o r m e r m u s t necessarily- h a v e i t , h o w e v e r essential it it for the latter. 870. M a j o r Tyndall has supplied information r s u r v e y e d u n a l i e n a t e d f a r m s in L a i k i p i a a n d t h e r e is a further a r e a s o u t h of t h e K i t t e r m a s t e r L i n e w h i c h u n d e r our reconim t i o n w i l l b e a v a i l a b l e f o r E u r o p e a n s ; t h e a d d i t i o n thereft

423
NORTHERN II-CHAPTER FRONTIER A N D TURK A N A PROVINCES Tun LEROKI PLATEAU VI]

I 21)0,000 a c r e s on L e r o k i omic situation.

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to affect t h e

$71. T h e q u e s t i o n of t h e u s e m a d e of L e r o k i f o r g r a z i n g p u r s by t h e S a m b u r u has b e e n discussed u n d e r t h e h e a d i n g of llation and s t o c k , a n d t h e r e i s l i t t l e to a d d . W e m u s t a s s u m e at least 50,000 h e a d of c a t t l e a r e g e n e r a l l y g r a z i n g o n L e r o k i ddition to l a r g e n u m b e r s o f s h e e p , g o a t s a n d d o n k e y s , a n d from forest a n d t h e p r e c i p i t o u s lava c o u n t r y to t h e n o r t h a n d the area a v a i l a b l e f o r g r a z i n g is l i m i t e d to a b o u t 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 w h i c h is a p p r o x i m a t e l y f o u r a c r e s t o a b e a s t . I t cannot, lore, be said t o b e u n d e r s t o c k e d . s72. T h e c h a r a c t e r of t h e l a n d o c c u p i e d b y t h e S a m b u r u , a p a r t (e) That the Sainburu have L e r o k i , h a s b e e n e x a m i n e d a b o v e . A s t h e v i e w s e x p r e s s e d so Hieient been so w i d e l y divergent regarding the s u i t a b i l i t y a n d land without Leroki. uacy o f t h e area f o r t h e w h o l e o f t h e S a i n b u r u t r i b e , w e c o n vd t h a t t h e q u e s t i o n r e q u i r e d v e r y c a r e f u l i n v e s t i g a t i o n , a n d o i m n e n d a study of t h e r e p o r t s a n d e v i d e n c e of M e s s r s H o d g e . gridge and M c C o n n e l . w h o w e r e especially detailed t o m a k e iiiplete an e x a m i n a t i o n of t h e c o u n t r y as p o s s i b l e . T h e i r v i e w s in t h e m a i n s u p p o r t e d b y all a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a n d m i l i t a r y i s w h o h a v e b e e n in c h a r g e o f t h e S a m b u r u or N o r t h e r n tier P r o v i n c e , w h o , w i t h o u t e x c e p t i o n , c o n s i d e r e d t h a t L e r o k i essential t o t h e n e e d s o f t h e S a m b u r u : s o m e o f t h e m , i n f a c t , lgly a d v o c a t e d ermaster Line. must a further addition of land t o t h e south of t h e

873. W e c o n s i d e r t h e o p i n i o n s a n d v i e w s of t h e s e officers

nil o v e r t h o s e of t r a v e l l e r s , s p o r t s m e n a n d o t h e r s , w h o m e r e l y L'(1 t h r o u g h t h e c o u n t r y a n d w h o s e k n o w l e d g e of it was s l i g h t , who possibly s a w it under of unusually growth will favourable n o t support conditions, rain it for a for any ough t h e r e I period, m a y be a g o o d of g r a s s a f t e r

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h of t i m e and i t soon w i t h e r s and dies. S74. G o v e r n m e n t h a s v e r y f u l l y i n v e s t i g a t e d the p o s s i b i l i t y of Conclusion regarding "g a l t e r n a t i v e l a n d f o r L e r o k i , a n d in v i e w o f t h e e v i d e n c e Alternative reports w h i c h w e have r e c e i v e d w e a r e c o n v i n c e d t h a t t h e r e Areas. o a l t e r n a t i v e a r e a s w h i c h w o u l d p r o v i d e a n a d e q u a t e or suit e x c h a n g e . I n a n y case it s h o u l d b e m e n t i o n e d t h a t t h e w h o l e e I s i o l o q u a r a n t i n e w o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n a v a i l a b l e , a n d it is able t h a t s o m e of t h e l a n d s u g g e s t e d w i l l in t h e n e a r f u t u r e b e eel f o r o t h e r p u r p o s e s . 375. T h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e p r e s e n t a n d p r o s p e c t i v e n e e d s o f t h e Other aspects niru a s r e g a r d s g r a z i n g h a s b e e n discussed f r o m s e v e r a l p o i n t s of the Samburu Question. iw i n t h e f o r e g o i n g p a r t s o f this c h a p t e r , but t h e r e a r e s o m e T aspects that require e x a m i n a t i o n .

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o c c u p y p a r t of w h a t is r e c o g n i z e d as S a m b u r u c o u n t r y , hav r i g h t or r e a s o n t o be t h e r e , a n d s h o u l d be r e m o v e d . T h e histon t h e s e T u r k a n a is briefly as f o l l o w s : 8 7 7 . D u r i n g the p e r i o d of t h e w a r t h e y p e n e t r a t e d to the n c b a n k of t h e U a s o N y i r o a n d f o r c e d t h e S a m b u r u to the soutli t h a t r i v e r . I n J u l y , 1 9 1 9 , S i r E d w a r d N o r t h e y d i r e c t e d as foiloi " S t e p s m u s t b e t a k e n to w a r n the S a m b u r u at o n c e that they n o t be a l l o w e d to k e e p t h e i r s t o c k south of the U a s o N y i r o o n no a c c o u n t m u s t t h e y be a l l o w e d to b u i l d v i l l a g e s . A s soon w e h a v e d r i v e n , as w e m u s t d o , t h e T u r k a n a i n v a d e r s bad t h e i r o w n c o u n t r y , t e l l t h e S a n i b u r u t h a t the last n a m e d will f o r c i b l y e j e c t e d f r o m t h e s o u t h of t h e r i v e r . L i m i t s must be o n the n o m a d i c t r i b e s . " 8 7 8 . A n a c c o u n t of t h e a c t i o n s t a k e n a n d of t h e reason.; a l l o w i n g t h e m t o r e t u r n a n d o c c u p y t h a t part o f t h e Samburu p i n g g r o u n d s k n o w n as E l B a r t a w i l l be f o u n d in t h e precis. T h a v e r e m a i n e d in t h e S a m b u r u D i s t r i c t e v e r s i n c e , and appear have e n c r o a c h e d b e y o n d the E l B a r t a P l a i n s . 8 7 9 . T h e r e is r e a s o n to b e l i e v e the T u r k a n a h a v e a claim t h e a r e a k n o w n as t h e E l B a r t a P l a i n s , f o r C a p t a i n Stigand for t h e m t h e r e 2 1 y e a r s a g o , a n d it w o u l d e n t a i l c o n s i d e r a b l e hard o n t h e m to m o v e t h e m i n t o the S u g o t a v a l l e y or the Turk c o u n t r y . W e h a v e , in o t h e r p a r t s of o u r R e p o r t , visualized in p e n e t r a t i o n b y t r i b e s as b e i n g g e n e r a l l y d e s i r a b l e as a remedy m a l d i s t r i b u t i o n , a n d w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e T u r k a n a be al!o t o r e m a i n in t h e d i s t r i c t , b u t w e c o n s i d e r t h e i r m o v e m e n t s b e m o r e s t r i c t l y c o n t r o l l e d t h a n is a p p a r e n t l y the case at presen ( 6 ) Tsetse F l y . 8 8 0 . T h e r e is n o d o u b t f r o m t h e e v i d e n c e t h a t large area t h e S a m b u r u c o u n t r y a r e " f l y " i n f e s t e d , b u t it has been st; t h a t t h e c a t t l e of t h e t r i b e a r e , t o s o m e e x t e n t at least, ininiun "fly". W e w o u l d h e s i t a t e t o e x p r e s s a n y o p i n i o n on this la p o i n t , a n d it s e e m s p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e r e a r e different varietie "fly" w i t h d i f f e r e n t d e g r e e s of v i r u l e n c e . W e h a v e it on a u t h o r i t y of A i r . B a d e r t h a t d u r i n g t i m e s of d r o u g h t the Sam a r e f o r c e d to g r a z e p a r t of t h e i r s t o c k in fly-infested a r e a s , and t h e i r losses f r o m t r y p a n o s o m i a s i s a r e c o n s i d e r a b l e . W e eons fly-infestation is a s e r i o u s f a c t o r i n d i m i n i s h i n g t h e g r a z i n g vain the Saniburu country. (c) Game. 881. The w h o l e of t h e S a m b u r u c o u n t r y , i n c l u d i n g Lerok

'

" G a m e R e s e r v e " , b u t w e u n d e r s t a n d it is p r o p o s e d to exclude l a t t e r a r e a . T h e e f f e c t of g a m e on t h e g r a z i n g and water sn is p r o b a b l y n o t v e r v s e r i o u s , and t h a t is t h e o p i n i o n of the 0 W a r d e n , Captain Ritchie. G a m e p r e s e r v a t i o n and stock w o u l d , h o w e v e r , a p p e a r to b e s o m e w h a t i n c o m p a t i b l e , and alth

NORTHERN
I R

FRONTIER

A N D

T U R K A N A

PROVINCES RIGHTS

CHAI-TEB

VI]

PROTECTION ot- N A T I V E

have n o d e s i r e t o i n t e r f e r e w i t h C a p t . E i t c h i e ' s d e s i r e for a ational P a r k " in t h a t a r e a , w e c o n s i d e r the S a m b u r u a r e i t l e d to s o m e c o n s i d e r a t i o n in r e s p e c t of i t . 882. W e c o n s i d e r t h e figure of 1 2 0 , 0 0 0 r e p r e s e n t s a p p r o x i On Wealth of the Samburu. tely the n u m b e r of c a t t l e o w n e d by t h e S a m b u r u , a n d t h e y h a v e o i a r " e n u m b e r s ot s h e e p a n d g o a t s . O n t h e basis t h a t t h e p o p u ion is 12,000 it f o l l o w s t h a t t h e y h a v e 10 h e a d of c a t t l e p e r ividual and t h e y m u s t be c o n s i d e r e d t o be a w e a l t h y t r i b e in t h i s jpect. I t has b e e n a r g u e d t h a t t h e y do n o t n e e d so l a r g e an ount of stock for t h e i r s u p p o r t , a n d t h a t t h e n u m b e r s m i g h t b e siderably r e d u c e d w i t h a d v a n t a g e to t h e m s e l v e s , a n d t h e c o u n t r y y o c c u p y . W e a g r e e w i t h the v i e w t h a t t h e S a m b u r u w o u l d be ter off, a n d t h a t t h e i r c o u n t r y w o u l d b e n e f i t if l a r g e n u m b e r s of ir u n e c o n o m i c beasts w e r e d i s p o s e d o f , b u t e v e n if t h e i r c a t t l e e reduced b y 30 p e r c e n t or 4 0 p e r c e n t , L e r o k i or s o m e o t h e r zin ' area w o u l d still be n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e m on e c o n o m i c g r o u n d s ; y could n o t a l l be p a s t u r e d in t h e a r e a , a p a r t f r o m L e r o k i , w i t h seriously i n c r e a s i n g t h e o v e r s t o c k i n g p o s i t i o n w h i c h a l r e a d y ts. I n M r . B a d e r ' s o p i n i o n t h e S a m b u r u in 1930 h a d n o m o r e k than w a s n e c e s s a r y for t h e i r r e q u i r e m e n t s u n d e r p r e s e n t c o n ons and t h e r e is n o e v i d e n c e t o s h o w t h a t t h e y h a v e m a t e r i a l l y eased, if at a l l , s i n c e t h a t t i m e , b u t he a g r e e s t h a t t h e y w o u l d better off w i t h f e w e r a n d b e t t e r c a t t l e ; a n d w e c o n s i d e r t h a t sures to r e d u c e the numbers of uneconomic beasts are essary.
n

8S3. T h e w h o l e p o s i t i o n a n d fly s u m m a r i z e d a s u n d e r : Historical Claims.

our

recommendations

may

be

Summary

(1) T h e c l a i m of t h e S a m b u r u to L e r o k i o n h i s t o r i c a l g r o u n d s s upon the fact t h a t t h e y o c c u p i e d the a r e a as a p a r t of or thy w i t h t h e L a i k i p i a k M a s a i s o m e GO o r m o r e y e a r s a g o , a n d rned t h e r e t o w i t h t h e t a c i t c o n s e n t of t h e G o v e r n m e n t a b o u t year 1 9 1 1 . (2) T h a t t h e i r f o r m e r g r a z i n g g r o u n d s in t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d larsabit m o u n t a i n , t o w h i c h t h e y w e n t a f t e r t h e i r d e f e a t b y Laikipiak, are n o l o n g e r available for t h e m . T h e y h a v e , in o u r o p i n i o n , o n l y a s l i g h t c l a i m t o L e r o k i o n above g r o u n d s , a n d if t h i s w e r e t h e o n l y r e a s o n f o r g r a n t i n g them w e s h o u l d n o t c o n s i d e r it s u f f i c i e n t . Claims of Europeans.

(1) W h i l e w e a p p r e c i a t e t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e w a s a g e n e r a l ensus of o p i n i o n a m o n g E u r o p e a n s t h a t t h e M a s a i w e r e r e d f r o m L a i k i p i a in o r d e r to p r o v i d e l a n d f o r E u r o p e a n s e t t l e t in t h a t a r e a , a n d w e t h i n k t h a t t h a t w a s a l s o i n t e n d e d b y

NORTHERN PART IICHAPTER VI]

FRONTIER

AND

TURKANA PROVINCES PROTECTION OF NATIVE

KI

IIE

G o v e r n m e n t a t t h e t i m e , w e c a n n o t a c c e p t t h e c o n t e n t i o n thai i w h o l e o f t h e old M a s a i R e s e r v e a s d e f i n e d in the A g r e e m e n t o r P r o c l a m a t i o n . . . w a s d e f i n i t e l y set a s i d e for t h a t purpose. ( 2 ) W e a r e u n a b l e to r e c o m m e n d that the S a m b u r u should r e m o v e d f r o m L e r o k i a n d t h e l a n d b e leased to European.- sol, b e c a u s e t h e l a t t e r m i g h t be a b l e to use it to better econoti a d v a n t a g e in the f u t u r e . (3) W e for grazing, there. (4) W e c o n s i d e r t h a t the S a m b u m c o u n t r y as apart n, L e r o k i is i n c a p a b l e o f s u p p o r t i n g m o r e c a t t l e than now make t. of it, a n d is, in f a c t , a l r e a d y s e r i o u s l y o v e r s t o c k e d . ( 5 ) W e a g r e e w i t h t h e c o n c l u s i o n of t h e 1930 c o m m i t t e e tl t h e s u g g e s t e d a l t e r n a t i v e a r e a s a r e insufficient to accommodate S a m b u r u s t o c k w h i c h is g r a z e d o n L e r o k i . Recommendations. 884. O u r final recommendations a r e as f o l l o w s : find and that that Leroki they is e x t e n s i v e l y keep used b y about half the San their eat normally

( a ) T h a t t h e " K i t t e r m a s t e r L i n e " be k e p t as one of t b o u n d a r i e s of t h e N o r t h e r n F r o n t i e r P r o v i n c e subject a n y m i n o r a d j u s t m e n t s w h i c h G o v e r n m e n t m a y const! n e c e s s a r y , a n d t h a t all t h e l a n d t o t h e north and east i t , i n c l u d i n g t h e L e r o k i P l a t e a u , b e r e s e r v e d for nati use a n d o c c u p a t i o n f o r such a t i m e as m a y b e necessa W e d o n o t at p r e s e n t r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e area d e c l a r e d n a t i v e r e s e r v e f o r r e a s o n s w h i c h w e state Chapter V o u t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e N o r t h e r n Front Province generally. (b) T h a t t h e b o u n d a r y be d e m a r c a t e d in such a manner t! there can b e n o mistake as to its whereabouts.

( c ) T h a t t h e f o r e s t a r e a o n L e r o k i b e d e m a r c a t e d and decla. to be G o v e r n m e n t F o r e s t E e s e r v e . ( d ) T h a t n o l e a s e s t o n o n - n a t i v e s s h o u l d b e a l l o w e d on Let e x c e p t f o r s u c h p u r p o s e s as a r e of d i r e c t benefit to i n a t i v e s (e.g. a c r e a m e r y w i t h a r e a s o n a b l e amount l a n d f o r g r a z i n g p u r p o s e s ) , p r o v i d e d t h a t p l o t s for p poses of a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , t r a d i n g , o r social service slio be a l l o w e d , a n d also s m a l l p l o t s for r e s i d e n t i a l purpo uot e x c e e d i n g fifty a c r e s . ( e ) T h a t s u c h a r e a t o t h e n o r t h and east of t h e Coryndon L as G o v e r n m e n t c o n s i d e r s n e c e s s a r y , s h o u l d , subject a d e q u a t e p r o t e c t i o n o f n a t i v e r i g h t s a n d interests, be a s i d e as a " N a t i o n a l P a r k " u n d e r t h e supervision of Game Department.

MAP
(a)

/LLU5TRATING
line features of

The Killermasfer and Coryndon and other topographical mentioned in Pari IT Chapter.ET the Report Theproposed"C"area L easehold Area) Sec 3/5 (c) and the Report. mentioned Sec/879

(b)

(Native in (a) of

426

CHAPTER V I I .
THE LAND PROBLEM (TURKANA OF TH K WEST SUK. .

PROVINCE).

85. T h e l a n d p r o b l e m o f t h e W e s t S u k i s t h e s a m e w h i c h The Nature of s w i t h m o n o t o n o u s f r e q u e n c y a m o n g a l m o s t all t h e p a s t o r a l Problem. T h e l o v e of a c c u m u l a t i n g l i v e s t o c k f o r its o w n s a k e wifch " a r d to q u a l i t y or m a r k e t value, h a s p r o d u c e d a s t a t e of t h i n g s by the c o u n t r y is h e a v i l y o v e r s t o c k e d a n d is d e t e r i o r a t i n g , t t e m p t to find a r e m e d y b y a n a d d i t i o n of f u r t h e r l a n d w o u l d nit-less unless it is a c c o m p a n i e d b y o t h e r r e m e d i a l m e a s u r e s i w i l l g o to the r o o t of t h e e v i l a n d e d u c a t e or f o r c e t h e e to have more respect for their land and t o r e g u l a t e the ers and i m p r o v e t h e q u a l i t y o f c a t t l e w h i c h t h e y k e e p o n i t .
t l l e

36. I t two ion

is c l e a r , lines; first, permit, allow short

therefore, better an

that of

solution methods, belter

must and

be

sought if the be will

pastoral until survey

secondly, can

nstances and t or 887. A

addition

pasture-land

to r e l i e v e

a respite

those of

methods

enforced. preliminary the e c o n o m i c p o s i t i o n

rate t h e s e p o i n t s , a n d w e c a n t h e n p r o c e e d t o o u r r e c o m m e n d n

'88. T h e sis of

area

of t h e

district

is in t h e s h a p e o f by a central range

a pestle and of the hills. It Hills;

The Area and ^nsvty^of

two

plains

separated

es i t s e l f n a t u r a l l y i n t o f o u r p a r t s , v i z . (a)

the Northern

IC S o u t h e r n H i l l s ; ( c ) t h e E a s t e r n P l a i n , a n d (d) w h o l e , and er d e t a i l . n interesting d by Mr. economic M. survey of shall subsequently consider the four

Western in

W e shall b e g i n w i t h s o m e g e n e r a l r e m a r k s a b o u t t h e d i s t r i c t sections

the d i s t r i c t h a s b e e n District

sub

E.

Hyde

Clarke,

Commissioner Suk and as

ence, p p . 1736 to 1 7 5 5 ) . ave r e l i e d p r i n c i p a l l y are, If. however, Clarke two has on

I n the f o l l o w i n g paragraphs in w h i c h the figures which between : of his district a r e 1,812 square extent of is area figures he has supplied.

er a short account o f t h e e c o n o m i c p o s i t i o n of t h e W e s t discrepancies estimated B u t the 1,315 his figures

1 figures w h i c h it is n e c e s s a r y t o e x p l a i n Hyde the square m i l e s ; t h e S u r v e y o r G e n e r a l ' s for t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e . warn river,

figures square

are to a large miles in

filed b y t h e f a c t t h a t c e r t a i n l a n d t o t h e n o r t h a n d w e s t approximately extent,

PART

NORTHERN FRONTIER IICHAPTER V I I ]

A N D

T U R K A N A

PROVINCES XHK \y

c o u n t e d o f f i c i a l l y as p a r t of t h e W e s t gazetted as n a t i v e reserve, a point has c o v e r e d i n a f o o t n o t e . .

Suk D i s t r i c t , thou- , j
1 ;0

which

the

S u r v e y o r Ge,

M r . H y d e C l a r k e h a s e s t i m a t e d t h e p o p u l a t i o n at 24,000 official figure f o r 1 9 3 1 is 2 4 , 7 8 8 . I n t h e c o u r s e of 1932 some t h o u s a n d of t h e p o p u l a t i o n m i g r a t e d t o U g a n d a , hut it does n a p p e a r w h e t h e r t h e m o v e i s p e r m a n e n t o r n o t , a n d for the pi of a p p r a i s i n g t h e e c o n o m i c s i t u a t i o n it is s a f e r to w o r k on the' of t h e 1931 f i g u r e s . T h e s e points b e i n g noted, w e 889. T h e f o l l o w i n g the population : find M r . Hyde Clarke's ii the densi;

to b e s u f f i c i e n t l y a c c u r a t e t o alford a b r o a d s u r v e y of the positii table shows approximately

Sectio n Section Northern Hills. . Southern Hills. . Eastern Plain . . Western Plain . .

Area Square Miles 1,400 400 600 900 3,300

Population 5,400 9,100 1,100 8,400 24,000

Density per Square Mile 4 23 2 9 7

S 9 0 . T h e e x p o r t s of s t o c k a m o u n t e d in 1931 to some c a t t l e , 8,000 s h e e p a n d g o a t s a n d 50 d o n k e y s o f a total val a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 , 5 7 5 . S i n c e t h e w o r l d d e p r e s s i o n set in. tra g h e e a n d h i d e s h a s p r a c t i c a l l y c e a s e d o w i n g t o the fall in p T h e r e i s , h o w e v e r , a c o n s i d e r a b l e t r a d e in tobacco wlii b a r t e r e d w i t h t h e T u r k a n a for s h e e p a n d g o a t s . Conditions in the Northern 8 9 1 . T h e N o r t h e r n S u k h i l l s c o m p r i s e t h e Cheineiongi S e k e r r r a n g e s n o r t h of t h e M a r i c h P a s s . T h e p e o p l e are n P l i l l S u k p r o p e r , b u t a r e n a t i v e s w h o h a v e b e e n driven the p r e s s u r e of t h e i r f o r m e r e n e m i e s , t h e K a r a m o j o n g on the we: t h e T u r k a n a o n t h e e a s t , a n d h a v e s i n c e b e e n k e p t there b Administration. T h e y l i v e on t h e e d g e of t h e area for the p a r t a n d g r a z e t h e i r s t o c k , n o t o n t h e h i l l s w h i c h are tinsti b u t o n t h e n o r t h e r n e x t e n s i o n o f t h e e a s t e r n a n d western T h e hills t h e m s e l v e s a r e d e s c r i b e d b y t h e D i s t r i c t Commissip " a r i d , r o c k y , b a r r e n a n d p r e c i p i t o u s a n d c o v e r e d o n l y with valueless alike for g r a z i n g and a g r i c u l t u r e . " H e does not t h a t a n y s c h e m e f o r c o n d i t i o n i n g w o u l d s u c c e e d , n o r does h s i d e r t h a t a n y t e r r i t o r i a l e x p a n s i o n is piossible, as the surro' a r e a s a r e also i n h a b i t e d b y p a s t o r a l n a t i v e s w h o s e gnu inadequate.

NORTHERN I-CHAMEB

FRONTIER

A N D

T U R K A N A

PROVINCES THE WEST SUK

VII]

2. T h e t o t a l l i v e s t o c k in t h e N o r t h e r n H i l l s is e s t i m a t e d b y istrict C o m m i s s i o n e r a t 7 4 , 0 0 0 c a t t l e , 9 5 , 0 0 0 s h e e p a n d g o a t s 500 d o n k e y s . T h i s g i v e s a n a v e r a g e of 68 c a t t l e , 8 8 s h e e p ats a n d 5 d o n k e y s f o r e a c h h o u s e h o l d of five p e r s o n s . T h i s is btedly a g r e a t m a n y m o r e t h a n a r e necessary f o r t h e s u p p o r t n a t i v e s as p a s t o r a l i s t s .

7

3. T h e S o u t h e r n H i l l s , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 0 0 s q u a r e m i l e s in Conditions in tho Southern c o m p r i s e t h e S o n d a n g e a n d p a r t of t h e C h e r a n g a n i r a n g e s . Hills. 4. I t is t h e m o s t t h i c k l y p o p u l a t e d area of t h e S u k R e s e r v e , sing s o m e 6,000 a g r i c u l t u r i s t s , as w e l l as 3 , 1 0 0 p a s t o r a l i s t s , nsity b e i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 3 t o t h e s q u a r e m i l e . N o in ion is a v a i l a b l e as t o t h e e x t e n t of a g r i c u l t u r e , b u t t h e D i s t r i c t issioner e s t i m a t e s t h e s t o c k as f o l l o w s : 3 0 , 0 0 0 c a t t l e , 6 0 , 0 0 0 and g o a t s a n d 700 d o n k e y s . T h e r e a r e o p e n s p a c e s of g r a s s a l t e r n a t i n g w i t h d e n s e f o r e s t o r b u s h , wdrile t h e r a i n f a l l is constant i n t h e r e g i o n of 4 0 i n c h e s p e r a n n u m . 5. I n t h e o p i n i o n o f t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r , t h i s area be m a d e m u c h m o r e u s e f u l b y t h e p r o v i s i o n of v e t e r i n a r y s w h i c h s h o u l d be d i r e c t e d t o d e s t o c k i n g a n d i m p r o v i n g t h e of t h e stock a n d t o t h e p r o p e r u t i l i z a t i o n o f t h e p a s t u r e , ilture s h o u l d b e s t r o n g l y e n c o u r a g e d i n this p a r t of t h e t. 6. T h e n u m b e r of s t o c k o w n e d b y t h e p a s t o r a l i s t s p e r h o u s e 3 approximately eir e c o n o m i c 48 h e a d of cattle and 96 sheep and goats, j a i n m u s t be r e g a r d e d a s c o n s i d e r a b l y m o r e t h a n requirements. necessary

7. T h e E a s t e r n P l a i n c o n s i s t s of s o m e 600 s q u a r e m i l e s . T h e The Eastern Plain. is r o c k y , b a r r e n a n d t h i c k l y c o v e r e d w i t h t h o r n b u s h , w h i l e user v e g e t a t i o n n e a r the r i v e r s is h e a v i l y i n f e s t e d w i t h t s e t s e f t h e 600 square m i l e s it i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t s o m e 400 a r e sted, a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y t h e r e m a i n i n g 2 0 0 s q u a r e m i l e s a r e o v e r - g r a z e d , r e s u l t i n g i n c o n s i d e r a b l e m o r t a l i t y of stock t a r v a t i o n , a n d also f r o m t r i p a n o s o m i a s i s i n t h e case of stock enter t h e f l y - b e l t i n t h e i r s e a r c h f o r p a s t u r e . 8. T h e l i v e stock o n t h e E a s t e r n P l a i n i s e s t i m a t e d at S,000 22,000 s h e e p a n d g o a t s a n d 700 d o n k e y s , g i v i n g a n a v e r a g e ead of c a t t l e a n d 1 0 0 s h e e p a n d g o a t s t o a h o u s e h o l d . This ur o p i n i o n , in e x c e s s of t h e i r r e q u i r e m e n t s . 9. I n t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r s v i e w s o m e i m p r o v e m e n t ible b y m e a n s of i r r i g a t i o n s c h e m e s a n d t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of W e h a v e n o i n f o r m a t i o n as t o w h a t i n t h i s r e s p e c t c a n b e lor w h a t w o u l d b e t h e p r o b a b l e c o s t , b u t t h e m a t t e r should stigated. N o expansion a p p e a r s possible, nor d o w e consider able.

N O R T H E R N PAHT-II-CHAPTER

FRONTIER

A N D TURKANA

PROVINCES T H E WB

V I I ]

BIT

-The, Western * '

a l n

' -

9 0 0 . " T h e W e s t e r n P l a i n c o m p r i s e s 9 0 0 s q u a r e miles. r a p i d l y b e c o m i n g c o v e r e d w i t h d e n s e t h o r n s c r u b , w h i c h ha (tor t h e g r a s s t o such an e x t e n t t h a t , e x c e p t f o r a s h o r t t i m e afte ;u c r a i n s , g r a z i n g is n o w a l m o s t n o n - e x i s t e n t . I t w a s apparent Ibis o n e t i m e a v a l u a b l e g r a z i n g ' g r o u n d , b u t t h e f a t a l overstockb n o w r e n d e r e d i t a l m o s t w o r t h l e s s , a l t h o u g h i t is still capal ,st .en / being reconditioned. 901. T h e live
a

stock

is estimated

at 106.000

cattle, 1 3

s h e e p a n d g o a t s a n d 4,000 d o n k e y s , g i v i n g a u a v e r a g e o f 83 o f c a t t l e a n d 101 s h e e p a n d g o a t s to a h o u s e h o l d of f i v e perso: Tiie Cattle in 'tt!"7*tira.

t(l

9 0 2 . I f w e t a k e a s a basis t h a t t h e a v e r a g e n u m b e r of-: necessary f o r the support o f a pastoral family is t w e n t y .

fl

a l t h o u g h o p i n i o n s differ, i s a h i g h f i g u r e , it f o l l o w s t h a t in all d i v i s i o n s o f S u k t h e n a t i v e s o w n s e v e r a l t i m e s m o r e stock thai essential f o r their needs. W e w i l l n o w t u r n t o considerationc a v a i l a b l e g r a z i n g i n o r d e r t h a t w e m a y d i s c o v e r w h e t h e r the p s

is sufficient to c a r r y t h e s t o c k . 9 0 3 . " L e a v i n g sheep) a n d g o a t s o u t of c o n s i d e r a t i o n io 't m o m e n t , w e find t h e n u m b e r o f a c r e s a v a i l a b l e p e r head off is as f o l l o w s : itAcreage per head Northern Southern Pastern Western Hills Hills Plains Plains ... ... ... ... ... ... oj Si 16 5-J,, ,, Plain Cattle 12 a p p r o x i m a t e l y

til

( T h e fly-infested 400 square miles on the Eastern not been taken into account.)

9 0 4 . W h e n w e t a k e i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e f a c t s : (1) that of t h e s t o c k b e l o n g i n g t o t h e i n h a b i t a n t s of t h e Northern g r a z e o n t h e E a s t e r n a n d W e s t e r n P l a i n s ; ( 2 ) t h a t large are) t h e c o u n t r y a r e u n s u i t a b l e f o r g r a z i n g a t a l l , a n d ( 3 ) that i g o a t s a n d d o n k e y s i n v e r y l a r g e n u m b e r s a l s o use t h e pasture, c a n n o t a v o i d t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t i s g r o s s l y overstoci n o t o n l y f a r b e y o n d t h e c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y of t h e l a n d , but als b e y o n d t h e essential needs o f the people. pp evidence o f D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r a n d o u r o w n o b s e r v a t i o n s during our through t h e district s h o w t h a t t h e c o u n t r y i s rapidly 1 d e s t r o y e d , a n d d e n s e t h o r n scrub i s r e p l a c i n g g r a s s y plains.
r e

9 0 5 . T h i s o v e r s t o c k i n g h a s a l r e a d y h a d o n e v e r y serious sequence. S h o r t a g e of g r a z i n g i n t h e r e s e r v e has driven the o v e r t h e U g a n d a b o r d e r , a n d c a u s e d s e r i o u s friction witli Ivaramojonjr.

NORTHERN

FRONTIER

A N D

T U R K A N A

PROVINCES

KH-CHAVTER V I I ]

THE WEST SUK

Hffinous n u m b e r s of s t o c k w h i c h t h e S u k h a v e b e e n a l l o w e d t o BBnulate, and t h e p r o b l e m t h e r e b y c r e a t e d is e x t r e m e l y s e r i o u s .

;

H9O6.

We

find

it

difficult

to

speak

with

moderation

of

the

people

who

were

previously

agricultural are

becoming

more recom-

oral e v e r y y e a r . Hgl [(rt) A n

U r g e n t measures are r e q u i r e d and w e s h o u l d b e m a d e a s to and action should This how the on

action on t h e f o l l o w i n g l i n e s : investigation pasture whatever well land can best b e r e c o n d i t i o n e d a n d t h e u s e of t h e g r a z i n g be controlled, lines appear be taken practicable. investigation might

be c o n d u c t e d b y t h e P r o v i n c i a l the area infested area. with tsetse

Commissioner. fly ,
7

b) Such action as m a y b e p o s s i b l e s h o u l d b e t a k e n t o r e d u c e and so increase the grazing

c) E f f o r t s should b e m a d e t o r e a w a k e n t h e m o r i b u n d t e n d e n c y of t h e S u k t o p r a c t i s e a g r i c u l t u r e . \d) I m m e d i a t e s t e p s s h o u l d b e t a k e n t o r e d u c e t h e n u m b e r stock. i d t e 1 . T h e s e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s s h o u l d be r e a d i n c o n j u n c t i o n t h e m o r e g e n e r a l s u r v e y on

r

of

t h e s u b j e c t of o v e r s t o c k i n g w h i c h the W e s t 1029

iffer in C h a p t e r X of t h e t h i r d p a r t of o u r E e p o r t . \ ote 2 . W e h a v e a l s o r e c o m m e n d e d t h e i n c l u s i o n of
in o n e r e s e r v e w i t h o t h e r t r i b e s (see

sections 1028 and

The Question of adding Sine w h e t h e r t h e r e is any l a n d w h i c h i t w o u l d b e p r a c t i c a b l e Land to the hseful t o add to t h e W e s t S u k N a t i v e E e s e r v e . T w o p r o p o s a l s West Suk Reserve. been m a d e . (1) From ttnalienated 60S. T h e first p r o p o s a l i s t h a t 10,770 a c r e s b e a d d e d t o t h e Crown Land. pe, n a m e l y , six u n a l i e n a t e d f a r m s n u m b e r e d r e s p e c t i v e l y L . O . &07. W e n o w turn t o t h e o t h e r side of t h e p r o b l e m , a n d m u s t
7

2035. 2*037, 2 , 0 3 9 , t w o p a r t s of L . O . j 2,038.

2,033 and a part

of

T h e r e i s n o s u g g e s t i o n t h a t t h e S u k h a v e a n y c l a i m of le land, small and the of proposal land, is advanced as

7

right

simply it does

on to

economic less than

ads.

R e g a r d i n g i t i n t h a t l i g h t w e c a n n o t see t h a t t h e a d d i t i o n a piece amounting

' cent of the t o t a l a r e a of t h e r e s e r v e , c o u l d m a k e a n y a p p r e c i idiffeience to the situation. jhave seen for ourselves M o r e o v e r , w e h a v e it in that contiguous land evidence has Suk the which

i t l y b e e n added t o t h e r e s e r v e h a s n o t b e e n u s e d b y t h e [to t h e fact that this land is higher and colder than

By appreciable e x t e n t , o w i n g t o t h e i n c i d e n c e of s t o c k d i s e a s e ,

NORTHERN RAM II-CHAX-TER V I I ]

FRONTIER

A N D

T U R K A N A

PROVINCES T H E \\
E:

adjacent parts of t h e reserve. that a n y g o o d object w o u l d extension. Possible Alteration of the S u k Karamoja Boundary.
r

F o r t h e s e r e a s o n s w e d o not: b e s e r v e d b y recommendino

9 0 9 . A p r o p o s a l p u t f o r w a r d f o r o u r c o n s i d e r a t i o n is the an adjustment of t h e i n t e r - c o l o n i a l b o u n d a r y , t h e distria T u r k a n a a n d W e s t S u k i n K e n y a a n d K a r a m o j a i n Uganda & he included under o n e administration. 9 1 0 . T w o r e a s o n s h a v e b e e n u r g e d in f a v o u r of the propos ( a ) A s d i v i d e d b y t h e official b o u n d a r y , K e n y a has more i t s s h a r e of p e r m a n e n t w a t e r , w h i l e U g a n d a has - I s u p e r f l u o u s g r a z i n g . A m a l g a m a t i o n u n d e r o n e adit t r a t i o n w o u l d e n s u r e u n i t y a n d s y m p a t h y of control (6) B y i n t e r p e n e t r a t i o n a n d i n t e r - m a r r i a g e t h e Suk are r a b e c o m i n g absorbed by t h e K a r a m o j o n g .

9 1 1 . B y a r e c e n t a g r e e m e n t of a t e m p o r a r y character 1,315 s q u a r e m i l e s of t h e W e s t S u k D i s t r i c t w h i c h is north w e s t of t h e S w a m r i v e r ( m e n t i o n e d i n s e c t i o n 8SS above) i a d m i n i s t e r e d f r o m K a r a m o j a . T h i s a g r e e m e n t w a s reached bet of c o n s t a n t t r e s p a s s b y t h e S u k o v e r t h e official boundary consequent friction w i t h the K a r a m o j o n g . 9 1 2 . I n o u r o p i n i o n t h i s p r o p o s a l , as i n v o l v i n g an alterati a c o l o n i a l b o u n d a r y , is o u t s i d e o u r t e r m s of r e f e r e n c e and we n o r e c o m m e n d a t i o n , b e y o n d r e m a r k i n g t h a t , i n t h e circtunsta it a p p e a r s t o m e r i t serious c o n s i d e r a t i o n . T h e m a t t e r is o e n m u t u a l a r r a n g e m e n t b e t w e e n the G o v e r n m e n t s concerned a a n S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e f o r t h e C o l o n i e s . W e h a v e , however r e q u e s t e d b y H i s H x c l l e n c y t h e G o v e r n o r of K e n y a Colony to careful c o n s i d e r a t i o n t o t h e e c o n o m i c r e q u i r e m e n t s of the S u order that t h e K e n y a and U g a n d a G o v e r n m e n t s may b possession o f t h e f a c t s . 9 1 3 . T h e f o r e g o i n g p a g e s s h o w , i n o u r o p i n i o n , irrefu t h a t t h e W e s t S u k R e s e r v e is v e r y h e a v i l y o v e r s t o c k e d , and is l i t t l e d o u b t t h a t , s h o u l d it b e d e c i d e d t o a d h e r e to the b o u n d a r y , e c o n o m i c p r e s s u r e w i l l c o n t i n u e t o d r i v e the'Su t r e s p a s s o v e r t h e b o r d e r , unless t h e n u m b e r s of t h e i r stock are considerably reduced.

429
CHAPTER
THE RIFT V A L L E Y

VIII.
PEOVINCE.

1914. T h e land p r o b l e m s w i t h w h i c h w e h a v e t o deal i n t h e The Land V a l l e y P r o v i n c e a r e t h o s e o f t h e TJasin G i s h u M a s a i the s of Irot ( E a s t S u k ) , t h e N j e m p s , t h e N o r t h e r n K a m a s i a , t h e lliern K a m a s i a a n d the D o r o b o . I t w i l l be c o n v e n i e n t t o discuss in that o r d e r , b u t first i t w i l l be w e l l t o p r e s e n t in t a b u l a r a statement s h o w i n g the populations and t h e d e n s i t y p e r ^e m i l e , t h e D o r o b o b e i n g e x c e p t e d . .
P r o b l e m

Reserve

Area Square Miles 79 1,640 250 900 653 3,522

Population

Density per Square Mile 18 4 9 22 20 13

II

jasin Gishu Masai. . jokwot tjemps lorth Kamasia jouth Kamasia j Over all . .

1,431 7,350 2,262 20,368 12,887 44,298

(to near est unit est unit

fi
**

31

Note.The District Commissioner, Banngo, in submitting the population figures for Pokwot, Njemps and Kamasia, states that a wide margin of error must be allowed. The figures for areas have been worked out by the Survey Department and the totals agree with those given in the Surveyor GeneraFs analysis of areas for 1932. 1915. I t is d e s i r a b l e t h a t w e s h o u l d p r e f a c e o u r r e m a r k s w i t h id to the U a s i n G i s h u M a s a i b y a brief s t a t e m e n t of their Dry, taken f r o m M r . S a n d f o r d ' s H i s t o r y o f t h e M a s a i . 1)16. I n 1860 t h e U a s i n G i s h u M a s a i i n h a b i t e d t h e P l a t e a u ed after t h e m . T h e y w e r e d e f e a t e d in battle b y other M a s a i [the t r i b e w a s a l m o s t d e s t r o y e d , e x c e p t f o r a f e w s c a t t e r e d lants. S o m e of t h e s e r e m n a n t s e v e n t u a l l y w e n t t o t h e E a v i n e , \ t o N a n d i a n d o t h e r s to K i t o s h i n N o r t h K a v i r o n d o . Those ed in t h e E a v i n e r e n d e r e d c o n s i d e r a b l e a s s i s t a n c e t o G o v e r n in the e a r l y d a y s o f a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d a c q u i r e d a c e r t a i n nt of w e a l t h . . 917. I n 1904, w h e n l a r g e t r a c t s of l a n d i n t h e E a v i n e D i s t r i c t being a l i e n a t e d t o E u r o p e a n s e t t l e r s , t h e t h e n D i s t r i c t C o m oner advised G o v e r n m e n t t h a t g r e a t i n j u s t i c e w a s b e i n g d o n e e Uasin Gishu M a s a i . T h e L a n d Officer t h e r e u p o n reserved the land a v a i l a b l e s o m e 9,000 a c r e s . The Uasin Gishu Masai.

THE PART I I - C H A P T E R VIII]

M E T

VALLEY

PROVINCE P R O B L E M S AND RECOMMKNU

9 1 8 . A f t e r t h e . N a n d i E x p e d i t i o n i n 1906 it w a s decide m o v e to t h e " R a v i n e s o m e of t h o s e U a s i n G i s h u M a s a i who g o n e to l i v e w i t h t h e N a n d i . " T h i s w a s d o n e , w i t h t h e result the area b e c a m e v e r y congested. R e p r e s e n t a t i o n s w e r e mail t h e D i s t r i c t O f f i c e r , a n d i n 1909 a n d 1910 f o u r f a r m s on the! r i v e r , a g g r e g a t i n g 2 3 , 9 0 0 acres w e r e r e a c q u i r e d b y Government t h e M a s a i w e r e i n f o r m e d t h a t t h e y m i g h t o c c u p y these areas, i n c r e a s e d a r e a d i d n o t , h o w e v e r , p r o v e sufficient a n d in 1912; 1 7 , 5 0 0 a c r e s w e r e a c q u i r e d f r o m C a p t a i n ( n o w M a j o r ) Grogt e x c h a n g e f o r an a r e a o n t h e A t h i p l a i n s . T h e a r e a surrender) C a p t a i n G r o g a n w a s t o b e used a s an e x t e n s i o n t o t h e Uasin G Masai Reserve. 9 1 9 . C o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r s of t h e s e p e o p l e h a v e already m t o t h e m a i n M a s a i R e s e r v e , a n d it h a s b e e n p r o p o s e d that r e m a i n d e r s h o u l d a l s o be m o v e d . 9 2 0 . T h e t h r e e a r e a s o c c u p i e d b y t h e m a r e n o t gazetted c r e s e r v e s , a n d the G o v e r n o r in a d e s p a t c h t o t h e S e c r e t a r y of? i n 1926 g a v e t h e f o l l o w i n g r e a s o n s f o r n o t so g a z e t t i n g them: ( 1 ) T h e m i n c o n v e n i e n t s i t u a t i o n i n r e s p e c t of e a c h other. ( 2 ) T h e i r i n s u f f i c i e n c y to s u s t a i n t h e i r p r e s e n t stock p p o t i o n , so t h a t trespass u p o n t h e n e i g h b o u r i n g Euro: f a r m s h a d f o r l o n g b e e n a m a t t e r of i n c r e a s i n g l y freer occurrence. ( 3 ) T h e f a c t t h a t t h e l a n d i s of l o w a n d subject to droughts. c a t t l e c a r r y i n g cap?., main II to make

( 4 ) T h e b r i g h t e r p r o s p e c t s of a f u t u r e i n t h e R e s e r v e if t h e n a t i v e s c o u l d b e p e r s u a d e d m o v e voluntarily. The Governor a d d e d t h a t he d i d n o t p r o p o s e

compulsion.

9 2 1 . T h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n i n v o l v e d is o n l y s o m e 1,431 mt o w n i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y 6,300 h e a d of c a t t l e a n d 5,200 sheep goats. R a t h e r l e s s t h a n half a r e a n x i o u s to m o v e , while rai m o r e than half desire to remain w h e r e they are. 9 2 2 . T h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r , M a s a i , considers that I c o u l d b e a c c o m m o d a t e d w i t h o u t g r e a t d i f f i c u l t y in t h e Trans-1 r e g i o n - of t h e M a s a i N a t i v e R e s e r v e , a n d t h e M a s a i t r i b e raise objection to receiving them, although certain details req consideration. 9 2 3 . W e a g r e e w i t h t h e r e a s o n s a d v a n c e d f o r t h e m o v e and r e i n f o r c e d i n o u r o p i n i o n b y t h e e v i d e n c e w h i c h w e h a v e heard I a d m i n i s t r a t i v e officers a n d s e t t l e r s of e x p e r i e n c e , a n d although n a t i v e s c o n c e r n e d a r e d i v i d e d i n o p i n i o n , w e f o u n d n o t h i n g in I e v i d e n c e t o s u g g e s t t h a t t h e y w o u l d n o t b e e q u a l l y happy in

THE II-CHAPTER VIJ I ]

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g - M a r a a r e a , w h i c h offers in t h e n e x t g e n e r a t i o n . r off along with we the main shall

brighter prospects of expansion We consider that they of the their own of Government claims order. the we have will be body tribe, and

for far we

imend that they be m o v e d b y )24. A l t h o u g h review ips, and K a m a s i a Native

P o k w o t , Claims of the Pokwot, c o m e Njemps and e c o n c l u s i o n o n t h e g e n e r a l g r o u n d s w h i c h w i l l b e e x p l a i n e d i n Kamasia Native I I I of o u r R e p o r t t h a t i t is in t h e b e s t i n t e r e s t s of a l l t h e s e Reserves. t h a t t h e y should b e c o m b i n e d t o g e t h e r i n o n e r e s e r v e , Reserves separately, igh such combination would be without prejudice tribal to any rights of be is e rights o VI of g r o u p s , f a m i l i e s , or individuals and

be a d e q u a t e l y s a f e g u a r d e d of P a r t I I I passim). the larger we unit

( s e c t i o n s 1 4 4 6 , 1796 a n d

Chapters

B u t w h e n w e shall w r i t e b e l o w which we shall r e c o m m e n d whose reserve to

rea b e i n g a d d e d t o t h e " N a t i v e R e s e r v e " , w e s h a l l b e u n d e r to m e a n t any ularly d, a l t h o u g h shall i n d i c a t e though made the tribe for to the particular

addition, designed.

as a w h o l e ,

25. W e b e l i e v e t h a t t h e s e a r r a n g e m e n t s w i l l b e i n the w i s h e s of t h e n a t i v e s . sentatives that boundaries, they but did not would We w e r e told in a by certain baraza desire r i g i d

conformity by to of their inter inter mutual We should

adherence amount for

prefer

ation a n d r e c i p r o c a l g r a z i n g

arrangements

their

subject of c o u r s e , t o c o n t r o l e all possible encouragement.

the Administration.

full a g r e e m e n t a n d s u g g e s t t h a t such i n t e r p e n e t r a t i o n 26. T h e s e p r o p o s a l s w i l l b e f u r t h e r below ( s e c t i o n s 1028 a n d 1 0 2 9 ) . 27. W e shall now examine square on the

e x p a n d e d in a later pas of the of the East o r The Pokwot Claim to Churo. EscarpSuk

case on

ot, as t h e y a r e g e n e r a l l y c a l l e d . of a p p r o x i m a t e l y The claim is 127 based

T h e y lay claim to Churo, an Laikipia recent

miles

grounds

occupation,

mic n e c e s s i t y a n d p r e s e n t 28. T h e evidence the available Mr.

possession. on H. the L. history Mood, of Churo is d e District (l) The

0 3

v conflicting. s occupied

The Pokwot area.

allege that they

themselves have

j ^ ! ; " "

'

Assistant

issioner, i n a m e m o r a n d u m "Tax was collected

w r i t t e n in 1925 said : Pokwot (Suk) residents of It

from

huro f r o m 1902-1909 i n k i n d a n d f r o m 1 9 1 0 - 1 9 2 4 i n c a s h .

ill t h e r e f o r e b e seen t h a t t h e P o k w o t o c c u p a t i o n of C h u r o h a s eeu p e r m a n e n t a n d c o n t i n u o u s s i n c e t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e istrict from Baringo."

T H E PART I I C H A P T E R V I I I ]

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VALLEY

PROVINCE

P R O B L E M S AND RECOMJIKX^IBJ-JI]

9 2 9 . O n p a g e 4 0 8 of J o s e p h T h o m s o n ' s b o o k " T h r o u g h H l a n d " w e r e a d i n r e f e r e n c e t o t h e y e a r 1884 : "The portionis greater quite part of Laikipiaand owing, in a that uninhabited, d e g r e e , to

9L feat;

the f: iocke 192 si

'

d e c i m a t i o n of t h e M a s a i of t h a t p a r t , t h r o u g h t h e i r intern! w a r s a f a c t t h a t h a s c a u s e d t h e m t o r e t r e a t f r o m t h e nortl d i s t r i c t s , w h i c h a r e in d a n g e r o u s p r o x i m i t y t o t h e Wa-suk 930. A s against this V o n Holmel recounts ( T e l e k i , Vol. p . 5 6 , t h e y e a r b e i n g 1888) :-

9: far

Jnorir " T h i s n e i g h b o u r h o o d , as w e l l as t h a t p a s s e d through d a y b e f o r e , w a s q u i t e u n i n h a b i t e d , a n d b o r e t h e n a m e of! e A L o l B o r n g i s h u , o r t h e " S p r i n g of t h e " W h i t e O x e n . " ake 9 3 1 . W e h a v e it in e v i d e n c e t h a t L a r e L o l Borngishu j; later s a m e as C h u r o . tarvs 932. M r . C. H . A d a m s , w h o L a i k i p i a in 1909-1910, states : "Churo on the v e r y Alasai were rich and w a s in L a i k i p i a . w as D i s t r i c t
7

Commission! [lroug

w a s o c c u p i e d b y M a s a i a n d n o t b y Suk,

lo,oo wh giep

T h e r e w a s f r i e n d l y c o n t a c t w i t h other t e d g e of t h e L a i k i p i a P l a t e a u , b e c a u s e the P. Besei orderly and

d i s c i p l i n e d p e o p l e ; they -pe m G o v e r n m e n t res 9 3 3 . M r . E . B . H o s k i n g , w h o w a s D i s t r i c t Commission lut i: 1 9 1 6 - 1 9 1 8 , s t a t e s t h a t h e h a d n e v e r h e a r d of C h u r o at all, win. ;educ w a n t e d o n l y to a v o i d t r o u b l e wdth c u r i o u s , if d i d or if the P o k w o t by M r . m a d e as m u c h use of it as t h e y say t h e m i n cash f r o m tax was collected from Mood.

a very

1910-19ilk!

stated a b o v e

t se

9 3 4 . T h e o n l y c o n c l u s i o n w h i c h , i n o u r v i e w , c a n he jus; o n t h e e v i d e n c e is t h a t t h e P o k w o t h a v e used t h e r e g i o n f o r ai s i d e r a b l e t i m e , a t l e a s t o n o c c a s i o n s , as a r e s e r v e of g r a z i n g in t: of d r o u g h t . T h e y c a n n o t t h e r e f o r e b e said t o h a v e a com c l a i m t o i t , a l t h o u g h t h e y h a v e u n d o u b t e d l y b e e n permitte o c c u p y it f o r m a n y y e a r s . (2) The Basfs

0 m l G

935. W e

must

now

examine

the

matter

in

the

liglii

economic needs. T h e e s t i m a t e d n u m b e r of l i v e stock which P o k w o t p o s s e s s is 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 c a t t l e a n d 2 7 5 , 0 0 0 s h e e p and goat a v e r a g e a l l o w a n c e of 68 c a t t l e a n d 187 s h e e p a n d g o a t s to a fat] of five, w h i c h i s g r e a t l y i n e x c e s s o f t h e i r r e q u i r e m e n t s . The: n o a d e q u a t e m a r k e t in w h i c h t h e y could dispose of the sur e v e n w e r e they n o t p r e v e n t e d b y q u a r a n t i n e regulations, h a v e n o w b e e n in f o r c e f o r a n u m b e r o f y e a r s ; and even if so m a r k e t e x i s t e d , t h e i r d e g e n e r a t e s t o c k is of v e r y little r al nr v a l u e . I t w i l l t h e r e f o r e b e s e e n t h a t t h e c a t t l e w h i c h is surpfa t h e i r r e q u i r e m e n t s is of v e r y l i t t l e use t o t h e m in present c i o t i o n s , w h i l e it is r u i n i n g t h e l a n d .
T

o n

ft

THE !L
T

RIFT

V A L L E Y

PROVINCE P R O B L E M S AND RECOMMENDATIONS

JI

CHAPTER V I I I ]

936. bked 1929

Beyond is v e r y :

question

the

country

is

unable

to

support

so

t a n u m b e r of l i v e s t o c k . ill-watered.

T h e r e s e r v e in a d d i t i o n t o b e i n g o v e r The Provincial Commissioner wrote

" T h e p l a i n f a c t m u s t be f a c e d t h a t h u m a n l i f e c a n n o t b e supported in t h e P o k w o t N a t i v e B e s e r v e as i t is n o w 937. AVe c o n s i d e r ftrmous numbers of that this is an o v e r s t a t e m e n t , stock, far in excess found of of their situated." in the and that needs,

far as the B o k w o t h a v e a p o o r s t a n d a r d o f l i f e it is d u e t o By h a v e b e e n a l l o w e d t o a c c u m u l a t e .
Assistant

which

I t is o n r e c o r d t h a t i n 1925 the country of had between and of as died "devoid cattle grazing

District Churo,

Commissioner and the "bones

i Baringo,

Nginyawo

er, and c o v e r e d

with

which

v a t i o n " ; a n d it h a s b e e n s t a t e d i n e v i d e n c e t h a t d u r i n g t i m e s o f ght t h e n e e d f o r w a t e r i s so g r e a t t h a t s o m e t i m e s as m a n y l O head of P o k w o t OO present b o u n d a r i e s of t h e r e s e r v e . 938. I t w o u l d t h e r e f o r e a p p e a r t h a t an e x t e n s i o n of t h e P o k w o t ;erve is a d v i s a b l e , i n o r d e r t h a t a d d i t i o n a l w a t e r i n g f a c i l i t i e s m a y made a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e u s e of t h e n a t i v e s a n d i n o r d e r t o p r o v i d e Jjserve of g r a z i n g to e n a b l e a r e c o n d i t i o n i n g s c h e m e t o be c a r r i e d in t h e e x i s t i n g r e s e r v e . A t t h e s a m e t i m e a v e r y c o n s i d e r a b l e iction in t h e n u m b e r of t h e i r s t o c k is n e c e s s a r y . 939. A f t e r h e a r i n g t h e e v i d e n c e , i n c l u d i n g t h a t of M r . H . llby, t h e Acting Provincial : (See Commissioner (Evidence, [teg.) w e r e c o m m e n d section (2) T h a t tion 23 E. Recommeada, c a t t l e c r o w d i n t o C h u r o , w h i c h is o u t s i d e

p . 1910,

(1) T h a t C h u r o be g a z e t t e d a s N a t i v e B e s e r v e , C l a s s B 2 . above.) should b e subject and, natural t o c o n d i t i o n s of that, where a fence

the grant and

utiliza there be

control,

in particular, boundary,
T

is n o w e l l - d e l i n e d of the L a i k i p i a

should

e r e c t e d t o p r e v e n t t r e s p a s s by t h e P o k w o t in t h e d i r e c t i o n settled area. (3) T h a t r e n t s o r g r a z i n g f e e s s h o u l d b e p a i d , t o f o r m t h e nucleus of a f u n d for r e c o n d i t i o n i n g t h e r e s e r v e , a n d to pay t h e cost of c o n s t r u c t i n g a n d m a i n t a i n i n g t h e f e n c e .

r

(-1) T h a t t h e area so a d d e d b e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 130-150 s q u a r e miles, but for t h e purposes of the schedules w h i c h f o l l o w section 1510 b e l o w t h e a r e a i s t a k e n a t 140 s q u a r e m i l e s . Note.We inmendation consider be on left our that to part; the but precise we determination without think any the that of the idaries s h o u l d Government particular District

T H E PART I I C H A P T E R VIII]

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C o u n c i l c o n c e r n e d s h o u l d b e c o n s u l t e d as w e l l as t h e natives, various T h e Njemps. it suggestions which have been made appear The or at pp. 1 7 7 0 , 1 8 3 3 ; 1 9 1 1 , 1 9 2 4 a n d 1925 of 940. W e and the Evidence. figures goats he
a

n o w c o m e to t h e N j e m p s E e s e r v e . 27 head of cattle out and at 60 fifteen

t h a t a n . a v e r a g e h o u s e h o l d of five p e r s o n s h a s 405 acres availal possesses of At first sheep acres allowance cattle. provision grave writes pasture working for set per

s i g h t t h e r e f o r e it w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t v e r y gen made has the N j e m p s . in. The But, like other t Comtniss o v e r s t o c k e d t h e i r l a u d , w i t h t h e result District

has b e e n

they have persistently deterioration :

" M o s t of t h e i r p r e s e n t c o u n t r y is v e r y b a r r e n and i c a l l y n o g r a s s i s t o b e s e e n i n t h e l o w - l y i n g a r e a s , thoug flats a r o u n d t h e L a k e c o u l d e a s i l y p r o d u c e g o o d grazi g i v e n a c h a n c e . T h e r e is an a l m o s t t o t a l lack of grazing a b l e for c a t t l e , a n d , if a n y i m p r o v e m e n t s c h e m e s a i s u c c e e d , i t is e s s e n t i a l t o r e s t t h e a r e a s d u r i n g t h e peri reconditioning.'' 9 4 1 . A n a r e a of s o m e 78 s q u a r e m i l e s t o t h e east of the pr N j e m p s N a t i v e R e s e r v e t o w a r d N g e l e s h a i s c l a i m e d b y the b o t h o n h i s t o r i c a l g r o u n d s a n d on g r o u n d s of e c o n o m i c needs a g r e e m e n t w a s r e a c h e d i n 1 9 2 1 b e t w e e n t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r of I a n d t h e C h i e f N a t i v e C o m m i s s i o n e r t h a t t h e area should be for a d d e d to t h e r e s e r v e . T h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r at the o n the strength of this a g r e e m e n t , i n f o r m e d the Njemps accordingly. T h e a r e a w a s n o t h o w e v e r , i n c l u d e d in the re a s g a z e t t e d i n 1 9 2 6 , t h e C h i e f N a t i v e C o m m i s s i o n e r furnishin following explanation : " T h e r e a s o n is t h a t it i s n o t c o n s i d e r e d t h a t the s h o u l d b e a d d e d t o t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e u n t i l t h e formalitit p u b l i c a t i o n of t h e d e t a i l s f o r p u b l i c c r i t i c i s m h a d been t t a k e n . A s c h e d u l e o f s u c h a r e a s is n o w b e i n g prepared 1 L a n d O f f i c e a n d w i l l , i t is h o p e d , s h o r t l y be published, w h i c h , p r o v i d e d n o i n s u r m o u n t a b l e p u b l i c objection is recei final n o t i c e w i l l b e g a z e t t e d i n c l u d i n g t h e s e areas in reserves." 9 4 2 . T h e n a t i v e s h a v e c l a i m e d t h e a r e a ; t h e i r c l a i m has a d m i t t e d by G o v e r n m e n t , a n d t h e y w e r e officially informed s they would be granted the land. We recom years ago that

t h a t i t s h o u l d b e g r a n t e d t o t h e m a s N a t i v e E e s e r v e , Class B 943. W e either c o n s i d e r t h a t w i t h t h e e x t e n s i o n a b o v e recomme or economic grounds, and a l t h o u g h we

t h e N j e m p s w i l l h a v e a l l t h e f a c i l i t i e s w h i c h t h e y can justly on historical

THE JT CHAPTER V I I I ]

RIFT

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PROVINCE PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

ct p r o p o s e a f u r t h e r e x t e n s i o n of t h e r e s e r v e in t h i s n e i g h b o u r the use of it is not i n t e n d e d p r i m a r i l y f o r t h e N j e m p s , ,he K a m a s i a . 44. W e We shall r e v e r t to this subject in section but 969

t a k e t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y of s t a t i n g e x p l i c i t l y t h a t i n o u r Govern

there is n o o b l i g a t i o n e i t h e r m o r a l or o t h e r w i s e u p o n

to p r o v i d e u n l i m i t e d g r a z i n g f o r s t o c k o w n e r s of a n y r a c e , a n d he p r a c t i c a l r e m e d y f o r o v e r s t o c k i n g d o e s n o t l i e i n l i m i t l e s s sions, but r a t h e r in the provision of outlets, the culling of The K a m i ) Tl?e Historical Basis, nomic s t o c k , a n d s t r i c t c o n t r o l of t h e p a s t u r e a v a i l a b l e . 45. T h e K a m a s i a l a y c l a i m t o t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t of t h e f o r e s t e k n o w n as t h e G r o g a n as K i l o m b e h i l l , f r o m C o n c e s s i o n , a n d a l l t h e f o r e s t as f a r there south t o the M o l o r i v e r , crossing s t r i p of Crown and

aver at o r a b o u t t h e L o w e r M o l o t r a d i n g c e n t r e , a n d t h e n c e lai and t h e n c e n o r t h w a r d s i n c l u d i n g t h e ted l a n d . 46. T h e e v i d e n c e b e f o r e us p r o v e s d e f i n i t e l y t h a t in t h e e a r l y die K a m a s i a f the M a s a i . did not l i v e on t h e e a s t of the M o l o river : for T h e f o l l o w i n g extracts m a y be quoted

Mr. F. W. Baillie : " W h e n in M a y , 1904, I shot o v e r the otmtry it w a s c o m p a r a t i v e l y w e l l g r a s s e d c o u n t r y , a n d t h e nry c a t t l e g r a z i n g w e r e M a s a i c a t t l e , w h o m o v e d , a c c o r d i n g t o he t i m e of y e a r , i n t o t h e h i l l s o n t h e e a s t . " Mr. D. Faiccus : " I n 1906 t h e r e w e r e n o K a m a s i a at all n y w h e r e east of the M o l o R i v e r . T h e p i e c e of c o u n t r y e a s t of le M o l o r i v e r a n d s o u t h of L a k e H a n n i n g t o n was not evmanently i n h a b i t e d b y a n y n a t i v e s , but w a s definitely oked u p o n b y t h e M a s a i as t h e i r c o u n t r y , a n d w a s s p a s odically o c c u p i e d b y t h e m , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n w e t c o l d w e a t h e r , hen t h e y c a m e d o w n f r o m t h e L a i k i p i a E s c a r p m e n t . " Marian Ahamcd (a S w a h i l i w h o s e r v e d w i t h L u g a r d ) : T h e K a m a s i a w e r e at t h a t t i m e i n t h e h i l l s . T h e y d i d n o t down into the plains, w h e r e there w a s grass, because t h e y ere a f r a i d of t h e M a s a i . "
r

7. W e t h e r e f o r e f i n d as a f a c t t h a t , u n t i l t h e y w e r e g r a n t e d e of it b y G o v e r n m e n t , t h e K a m a s i a h a d n o c l a i m t o t h e liich t h e y n o w o c c u p y e a s t of t h e M o l o R i v e r . 8. S o f a r as t h e c l a i m t o t h e G r o g a n c o n c e s s i o n a r e a is ned, t h e g e n e r a l q u e s t i o n of n a t i v e r i g h t s in t h i s a r e a w a s bject of i n q u i r y b y M r . E . W . I s a a c , P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s in 1923. W e s h a l l h a v e o c c a s i o n t o m e n t i o n t h i s i n q u i r y our discussion of t h e c l a i m s m a d e b y n a t i v e s o f t h e E l g e y o M r . Isaac found, as a fact, that certain K a m a s i a had rights L e m b n s Eorest. T h e s e rights w e r e defined, and the n a m e s

THE PART II-CHAPTER VIII]

RIFT

VALLEY

PROVINCE PROBLEMS AND RECOMMEND.

m.

o f t h e r i g h t - h o l d e r s m e n t i o n e d i n a f o r m a l i n s t r u m e n t signed i G o v e r n o r , a n d u n d e r t h e t e r m s o f M a j o r G r o g a n ' s l i c e n c e no fi r i g h t s c a n b e o b t a i n e d p e n d i n g t h e e x p i r y of t h e concession. 9 4 9 . I n t h e o p i n i o n of t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r the Kan; claim to the farms adjoining Ravine, between "It is including the Uasin G Commit;; areas a n d the block of f a r m s stated in his memorandum: t h e E l d a m a a n d Kara, extremely doubtful ii

r i v e r s , i s in all p r o b a b i l i t y v a l i d , b u t t h e P r o v i n c i a l Kamasia do now. ment, Nakuru formerly Masai

o c c u p i e d as l a r g e a n area i n t h e south as; over-ran the greater Any part of any of the p ;

B e f o r e t h e a r r i v a l of t h e w h i t e m a n a n d settled Got c a t t l e a n d sheepi. o t h e r t r i b e s i n t h e vicinit T h i s opinion, east of the )] lost to

the

suitable for

must have kept m a i n l y

t o t h e hills a n d c o m e down, t o

plains o n l y w h e n the M a s a i did n o t need t h e m . " the Kamasia did not occupy any any land to the

c o n s o n a n c e w i t h t h e o t h e r e v i d e n c e c i t e d a b o v e , w h i c h shows and, in which our o p i n i o n , now use. land which they. may have

w e s t of t h a t r i v e r is m o r e t h a n c o m p e n s a t e d b y t h e additional they Tt c a n n o t t h e r e f o r e b e said t h a t they! any claim of r i g h t t o an e x t e n s i o n shall now examine of t h e i r r e s e r v e s . whether they have any e

950. W e (2) The Ba"r?

0 m

based o n e c o n o m i c needs. 951. T h e Northern Kamasia '

C m

a r e r e l a t i v e l y p o o r i n cattle. five cattle with i be 111. are well supplied to

S '

if * h e

figures on the acres

are to b e trusted, approximately other hand per they

household; number of

a n d g o a t s , t h e a v e r a g e p e r h o u s e h o l d b e i n g e s t i m a t e d as fifty, available
7

household

appears

m u c h of t h e l a n d is r o c k y a n d p r e c i p i t o u s . e n c e a d d u c e d t h e country ment. action. 952. T h e 953. T h e 914 It above is case of t h e detailed by figure stated Southern analysis. given for the We is c a p a b l e do not consider that

A c c o r d i n g to the t

of s o m e agricultural devi

t h e p o s i t i o n c a l l s f o r any s p Kamasia is m o r e population difficult in s c e

deserves a more

already the

District

Commissioner

to includ

n u m b e r of K a m a s i a twenty
7

w h o a r e l i v i n g as s q u a t t e r s on alienated t h e r e s e r v e , shov less.

is t h e r e f o r e p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e d e n s i t y of 954. T h e

t o a s q u a r e m i l e , is i n r e a l i t y s o m e w h a t

p e o p l e t h e m s e l v e s a r e i n c l i n e d t o be pastoral ra F r o m t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r s estimate,

than agricultural.

a v e r a g e n u m b e r of. l i v e s t o c k o w n e d b y a f a m i l y of five is app m u t e l y 12 h e a d of c a t t l e a n d 4 6 s h e e p a n d g o a t s .

THE IICHAPTER V I I I ]

RIFT

VALLEY

PROVINCE PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

955.

T h e a c r e a g e a v a i l a b l e p e r h e a d of c a t t l e is a p p r o x i m a t e l y would clearly be ample were the country The in

e, w h i c h e country

itiou, b u t , as t h e e v i d e n c e s h o w s , so d e p l o r a b l e h a s t h e b e c o m e t h a t i t is e n t i r e l y i n a d e q u a t e . it. his m e l a n c h o l y to d e s c r i b e c o n d i t i o n w e shall discuss b e l o w , b u t w e

The Acreage available per Head of state Cattle. good have General Condition of the Reserve.

reasons

56. T h e f o l l o w i n g is a n e x t r a c t f r o m a m e m o r a n d u m 28 b y t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r :

written

" T h e h i l l s a r e v o l c a n i c a n d c a r r y b u t l i t t l e s o i l ; at t h e ime of m y v i s i t to t h e a r e a o n 1 7 t h - 2 0 t h M a y , a f t e r g o o d r a i n s ad f a l l e n , t h e r e w a s p r a c t i c a l l y n o g r a s s e i t h e r o n t h e p l a i n s r in t h e h i l l s . A f t e r t h e r a i n p o o l s h a v e d r i e d , t h e r e is no -ater of a n y s o r t b e t w e e n S o l a i a n d t h e r i v e r M o l o , a d i s t a n c e f s o m e 18 m i l e s . I n the district w h i c h w e are discussing teep r o c k y e s c a r p m e n t s h a v e t o b e c l i m b e d , o v e r w h i c h t h e -eakened c a t t l e c a n s c a r c e l y s t a g g e r a n d o f t e n d i e in d o i n g -o." ng ': '
:

. opinions recorded on his files. Native of

. by The following

57. T h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r s u p p o r t e d h i s s t a t e m e n t various xcerpts : r in C h a r g e , K e r i o P r o v i n c e , t o C h i e f 3-9-24 : "The lany evsonal Kamasia Preserve of is v e r y short it, grazing can and

Commissioner, in

parts incapable observation."

producing

as I

vouch

from

Inspector to Senior V e t e r i n a r y "From my observation of eserve o v e r q u i t e a l a r g e s grazing for A. E . " I

O f f i c e r , N a k u r u , 2-6-25 : the condition in Kamasia far c a n o n l y s t a t e t h a t so non-existent." farm This this

area, I

c a t t l e is c o n c e r n e d t h i s is

S m i t h t o t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r of L a n d s , 26-1-26 : f o r w a r d m y a p p l i c a t i o n t o h a n d b a c k p a r t of m y from for trespassing. M y reasons for this application are : grazing their stock, and

o the K a m a s i a R e s e r v e . ibe is n o t o r i o u s l y casion."

t is i m p o s s i b l e t o k e e p t h e K a m a s i a short of

auses t h e m t o r u n t h e i r c a t t l e o n t h e f a r m s on e v e r y

possible

el A . I . L e a n to P L E . W a r d & C o . , 19-2-26 : "The aterless, wners attle." of Kamasia and starving Reserve and pay cattle is not fines only will over-stocked not prevent they t o lose all but is of warnings native their

disregarding a fine

orders, than

being

pinion t h a t

it is b e t t e r t o

THE PART I I C H A P T E R VIII]"

RIFT

VALLEY

PROVINCE PROBLEMS A N D RECOMMF.:

W.

B.

Aubrey,

Esq.

to

the

Assistant

District

C o m mi-

Kabarnet,

4-4-28 : starvation." an Agric 1 9 2 9 , a n d ex)

" P e r s o n a l l y I d o n o t b l a m e t h e K a m a s i a at all for t o s a v e t h e i r s t o c k f r o m d e a t h and f r o m 958. I n Officer was agreement consequence sent t o with the of this the examine district by in memorandum

description

given

the P r o v i n c i a l C c

sioner, a n d made 959. but the Since

various two

recommendations. successful are in L.O. bore-holes have been inai

then,

pumping

facilities

our o p i n i o n A

entirely

and should be i m p r o v e d . Mr. W . H. Eangridge,

1168 h a s b e e n s e t aside as Reconditioning ( He has do: b y lack of in 1930.

lick and g r a z i n g area for t h e K a m a s i a . was appointed

celient w o r k , but has been severely handicapped increased. 9 6 0 . T h e r e is s o m e d i f f e r e n c e condition of

W e a r e of o p i n i o n t h a t t h e v o t e f o r this w o r k s h o u l d b e const! of o p i n i o n as t o h o w the f T h e v i e w g e n e r a l l y 1over-stockin; goats, E. B. rathei Dal; H e attr

the reserve came about.

E u r o p e a n f a r m e r s l i v i n g in t h e v i c i n i t y is that that he considers This the is damage not land to be by a due the to Eev.

c h i e f c a u s e , a v i e w w h i c h is s u p p o r t e d b y M r . L a n g r i d g e , \vl cattle. the opinion of held to

m i s s i o n a r y w h o h a s l i v e d i n t h e r e s e r v e since 1 9 1 9 . denudation the sudden

meteorological c stockec

s h o r t l y b e f o r e h e a r r i v e d , a n d i n s u p p o r t of h i s o p i n i o n state he fenced in a p i e c e o f land, which he kept lightly f r o m b e a r i n g g r a s s t w o f e e t h i g h i t b e c a m e a b a r r e n patch oi 961. W e largest m a i z e in A p p e n d i x have called for the rainfall records for Sols

K a b a r n e t a n d a l s o f o r N a k u r u , a n e i g h b o u r i n g a r e a a n d one producing No. 10. districts in t h e Colony. certainly d o not T h e y are s They support Mr. I

in h i s c o n c l u s i o n , b u t i t is i n t e r e s t i n g years, which may perhaps account

to n o t e t h a t h e arriv the i m p r e s s i o n lie

K e n y a s o o n a f t e r 1916 a n d 1 9 1 7 , w h i c h w e r e t w o exceptional! for received. 962. O u r conclusion o n t h e m a t t e r is t h a t over-st ( e s p e c i a l l y b y g o a t s ) a g g r a v a t e d b y t h e locust i n f e s t a t i o n duiii p a s t five y e a r s is m a i n l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e p r e s e n t situatioi a n y case it is u n q u e s t i o n a b l e t h a t , e c o n o m i c a l l y speaking r e s e r v e i n its p r e s e n t c o n d i t i o n is a d e q u a t e n e i t h e r f o r the p n o r f o r t h e f u t u r e n e e d s of t h e K a m a s i a , a n d d e t e r m i n e d etlbr needed to recondition it.
:

THE RIFT
II CHAPTER Vl.ll]

VALLEY

PROVINCE
PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

3. T h e r e m e d y a p p e a r s t o l i e in t h r e e d i r e c t i o n s : I m [ate c u l l i n g ol' s t o c k w h i c h w o u l d effect an a p p r e c i a b l e a n d [lv r e d u c t i o n of n u m b e r s ; s e c o n d l y , t h a t g o a t s s h o u l d b e r e to c e r t a i n a r e a s ; t h i r d l y , s o m e o t h e r a r e a m u s t b e f o u n d reserve f o r g r a z i n g to e n a b l e p o r t i o n s of t h e l a n d t o b e r e s t e d r e c o n d i t i o n e d , a n d t o s i m p l i f y t h e t a s k of t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n eping" h u n g r y s t o c k f r o m t h e a r e a s w h i c h a r e b e i n g r e s t e d , a n d encroaching on to n e i g h b o u r i n g f a r m s . (i-1. T h e reserve is not cattle beyond than it hope does of regeneration, and of a and better milk; areas,

1 u l t i m a t e l y b e a b l e , if a d e q u a t e m e a s u r e s are t a k e n , to c a r r y my or e v e n more now The natives will gain correspondingly now remains of to find the the in m e a t a n d extension available

tv.

1955. I t have

necessary facilities

fve h a v e five r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s t o m a k e in this c o n n e x i o n the effect increasing secured b y

which
to the be

tsia b y s o m e 122 s q u a r e m i l e s , of w h i c h 23 s q u a r e m i l e s w o u l d temporary facility lease, w h i l e the rest w o u l d ( to t h e r e s e r v e . 1 [966. T h e s e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s are m a d e in the confidence If t h i s is d o n e , t h e place. will But, only that

irnment w i l l d e v i s e a n d a p p l y ining to t h e K a m a s i a R e s e r v e .
tiled l a n d while reconditioning addition of are t a k e n . t h e

e n e r g e t i c a l l y a s c h e m e of r e c o n extensions from such the to if no to

b of g r e a t s e r v i c e in a l l o w i n g t h e s t o c k t o b e r e m o v e d e takes extra land add

of d e v a s t i o n a n d c o m p l i c a t e t h e p r o b l e m .

I t is i m p o s s i b l e

Iterate t h e siiime for

87. W e

u r g e n c y of t h e n e e d f o r a c o m p r e h e n s i v e a n d staying the destruction that the

active

and improving the reserve. to be evacuated by the

(1) The L a n d 1, Evacuated by the Uasin te. use of t h e K a m a s i a , e x c e p t t h a t E l d a l a t h i l l , a n a r e a of Gishu Masai. Iximately f i v e s q u a r e m i l e s c o n t a i n i n g v a l u a b l e c e d a r , s h o u l d Gishu M a s a i be a d d e d to t h e N a t i v e R e s e r v e as C l a s s B otected a s a f o r e s t reserve. The b a l a n c e to be added.to the r e s e r v e is a p p r o x i m a t e l y C8. I f l a ied by one is the above 74 s q u a r e m i l e s . is adopted are there will be sur 488, but 23 (2) The Block of Farms between the Kamasia Reserve and the Area now occupied by the TJasin Gishu iNIasai.

recommend

land

recommendation Native We Reserve. recommend these

farms

on the E s a g i r i R i v e r

which

will be practically L.O. Nos. are alienated some

Kamasia occupied. for

They that

190, 5 2 4 9 , 5 2 7 6 , 6 2 6 2 , 5461 a n d negotiations leasing

493. " A l l farms,

Government comprising

should allow situa be

m i l e s , f r o m t h e o w n e r s f o r a p e r i o d of t e n y e a r s , a n d amasia t h e use of t h e m , at t h e e n d of w h i c h t i m e t h e may be reviewed. We do not anticipate that they

will

riill

n n. u ..

THE PART I I C H A P T E R V I I I ]

RIFT

VALLEY

PROVINCE P R O B L E M S AND RECOMMIT

p e r m a n e n t l y n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e K a m a s i a b u t , on t h e evidence] us, it would time. (3) A further Extension. 9 6 9 . I t h a s b e e n s u g g e s t e d t o us t h a t b e y o n d or soutlnn the extension of 78 s q u a r e m i l e s , w h i c h w e h a v e recommend s e c t i o n s 941-2 a b o v e t o b e a d d e d to' t h e r e s e r v e f o r t h e use c N j e m p s , a f u r t h e r a r e a m i g h t be f o u n d f o r t h e u s e of the Kan T w o d i f f e r e n t p r o p o s a l s h a v e b e e n m a d e in t h i s c o n n e x i o n and i s so far n o c l e a r agreement between administrative officers w h i c h of t h e m is t h e b e t t e r : o n e p r o p o s a l is t h a t t h e extensi m a d e e a s t w a r d a n d t h a t l a n d be a d d e d o n t h e t o p of t h e escarp between Ngalesha and the source of the Mukatan r i v e r , an o t h e r is t h a t i t be m a d e f u r t h e r t o t h e s o u t h b y t h e addition o f e a s t w a r d of t h e s o u t h e r n e n d of t h e N j e m p s W e position square shall not attempt and to we decide between that extension. the t w o prop appear that they may be required for a consit],

b u t w e c o n s i d e r t h a t a f u r t h e r e x t e n s i o n s h o u l d b e m a d e in th or t h e other, miles be a d d e d recommend approximate; cm. as C l a s s B 1, m a k i n g the whole

u p t o 100 s q u a r e m i l e s . B u t i f it is f o u n d be no objection to

O u r o b j e c t i n m a k i n g t h e recommenc t h e N j e m p s t o occupy there s

1

i s t h a t m o r e l a n d s h o u l d be a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e use of the Kn a m o r e convenient for any mutually l a n d a n d v a c a t e o t h e r hand i n f a v o u r of t h e K a m a s i a satisfactory may

(4) L . O . 1168.

arrangement

be reached by 970. I j . 0 . 1168

the Provincial (920 acres)

Commissioner. been set a s i d e as a s a I t p r o v i d e s acee

has

a n d g r a z i n g a r e a f o r t h e K a m a s i a , a n d f e n c e d i n order to pre trespass b y n a t i v e stock on adjoining L a k e Solai. tion made of M r . secure Lynn Watt, 1929. Agricultural It and we farms. T h i s a r e a w a s o r i g i n a l l y s e t a s i d e on the recomme O f f i c e r , w h o m a d e a si; this access shod recommend A. therefore is d e s i r a b l e t h a t

of t h e r e s e r v e in

to the

Kamasia,

this area be g a z e t t e d N a t i v e R e s e r v e , Class

9 7 1 . T h e r e i s a p i e c e of l a n d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 960 acre (5) L a n d East of the Lembus e x t e n t t o t h e east o f t h e L e m b u s P o r e s t . I t w a s m a r k e d on Forest. p l a n s as f o r e s t r e s e r v e , but has n e v e r b e e n g a z e t t e d as sncl i s i n f a c t t r e e l e s s a n d t h e r e f o r e n o t r e q u i r e d b y t h e P o r e s t De ment. I t is i n o c c u p a t i o n b y t h e K a m a s i a a n d w e recommend A. it b e added as N a t i v e R e s e r v e , Class The Dorobo.

9 7 2 . T h e D o r o b o a r e , o f c o u r s e , n o t c o n f i n e d to the Rift V Province, here. We provinces. a n d it i s o n l y deal with the the Mau other section w h i c h n e e d concer under their appro sections

THE H CHAPTER V I I I ]

RIFT

VALLEY

PROVINCE PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

973. T h e

passing

of

the

game

and

forest

laws

interfered induce no of his

the p r i m i t i v e m o d e of l i f e l e d b y t h e D o r o b o , a n d efforts h a v e made by the A d m i n i s t r a t i o n with varying success t o to b e c o m e useful m e m b e r s of n a t i v e s o c i e t y . has b e e n r e s e r v e d f o r t h e i r u s e . rest r e s e r v e s , b u t ol. exception ts to t h e p r e s e n c e of T h e y have been

uraged to a c q u i r e s t o c k a n d to c u l t i v a t e , b u t u n f o r t u n a t e l y is t a k e n by the Conservator

T h e y l i v e , for t h e most part, stock in areas under

native-owned

On the other h a n d , under present conditions they

cannot stock. hav

be e x p e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e t o l i v e i n t h e f o r e s t s w i t h o u t 74. T h u s t h e y p r e s e n t a d e f i n i t e p r o b l e m . ncouraged t h e m to abandon

-

Government, pursuits,

their p r i m i t i v e

should

specific p r o v i s i o n f o r t h e n 75. I t m u s t b e s t a t e d uture of t h e s e p e o p l e .

land requirements. has been fully alive

that G o v e r n m e n t

r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s ; a c o m m i t t e e w a s f o r m e d i n 1929 t o c o n s i d e r T h i s committee reported in July, 1931, the s it w a s c o n s i d e r e d t h a t t h e subject c a m e w i t h i n o u r t e r m s of ence, it w a s d e c i d e d n e i t h e r t o p u b l i s h n o r t o i m p l e m e n t t pending the action taken o n our Report. stands the is

76. W e h a v e r e a d t h e r e p o r t of t h i s c o m m i t t e e , w h i c h feel that action should be taken more without delay

idence, and are in g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t w i t h i t s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s , because action em w i l l c e r t a i n l y ned. se. 77. T h e e v i d e n c e a n d m e m o r a n d a w h i c h h a v e b e e n , and t h e v a r i o u s show that , in a greater or official less of documents number degree, the with to of which the we a considerable Dorobo submitted have are in had con the the such become difficult the longer

T h e n u m b e r of D o r o b o - o w n e d s t o c k is d e f i n i t e l y on t h e

various

tribes is

- which have native reserves allotted 1 recommendation liated. We Dorobo

to their use, and that

committee

s should b e m o v e d t o t h e r e s e r v e s of t h e t r i b e s t o w h i c h t h e y are i n f u l l a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h i s r c o m m e n d a t i o n . The Ma Section, 8. W h e n t h e D o r o b o c o m m i t t e e r e p o r t w a s d r a f t e d , t h e M a t t of t h e D o r o b o a m o u n t e d i n all t o s o m e 3 7 9 p e r s o n s o w n i n g head of c a t t l e . f people have T h e e v i d e n c e before us s h o w s that t h e n u m slightly, and the the numbers and of the cattle Masai, forest have and area, A n u m b e r of t h e s e D o r o b o

erably, i n c r e a s e d s i n c e t h a t t i m e . liated with the N a n d i ,

Lumbwa,

mittee have r e c o m m e n d e d that any w h o cannot be absorbed ese t r i b e s should be m o v e d t o t h e C h e p a l u n g u District. south-east of S o u t h L u m b w a

THE PART I I C H A P T E R V I I I ]

RIFT

VALLEY

PROVINCE PROBLEMS AND RECOMMEND

979. but w e should be

We a r e of

are in general a g r e e m e n t opinion as that, in to so f a r whether native

w i t h t h i s recommend! as is p o s s i b l e , would the D to c prefer

consulted or

they

Chepalungu 980. likely side along with the We

into another

reserve. c i t i z e n s if t h e y already and for advanced this live si some

agree with

t h e c o m m i t t e e t h a t t h e D o r o b o are useful have who

to progress and b e c o m e communities road of orderly

progress,

reason, ai.

others, w e do not r e c o m m e n d

t h a t a n y p a r t of C h e p a l u n g u sli

b e g a z e t t e d a s p e c i a l D o r o b o D e s e r v e , but t h a t it should be * t o t h e L u n r i b w a N a t i v e D e s e r v e , a n d w e c o n s i d e r t h a t any he: who may be m o v e d to Chepalungu should be g i v e n every oi t u n i t y of m i n g l i n g w i t h the L u m b w a n o t so m u c h w i t h the o

o f u l t i m a t e a b s o r p t i o n i n v i e w , b u t r a t h e r t h a t t h e y m a y lear e x a m p l e g r a d u a l l y t o t a k e a n a c t i v e p a r t in t h e affairs of t h e disi 981. We d o n o t see h o w a n y m o v e of t h e D o r o b o can ecjttii M a n y oft

b e c a r r i e d out w i t h o u t s o m e e x p e n s e t o G o v e r n m e n t .

h a v e g o o d c l a i m s o f r i g h t t o t h e a r e a s w h e r e t h e y n o w reside, t h e i r r e m o v a l , a l t h o u g h for t h e i r o w n b e n e f i t , is also governed largely out due by dictates of administrative We wish to convenience. lay particular Further;! stress on t h e y a r e t a x p a y e r s , a n d as s u c h , s h o u l d suffer n o disturbance\ compensation. n e c e s s i t y f o r a r r a n g i n g t h a t t h e D o r o b o a r e f e d , u n t i l such tin. they can m a k e n e w a r r a n g e m e n t s . 932. T h e y m i g h t f u r t h e r be gra one y e a r s e x e m p t i o n f r o m hut and poll tax. Another matter which will require careful consider;
1

is t h e f a c t t h a t C h e p a l u n g u is a n E a s t C o a s t F e v e r area, ana D o r o b o - o w n e d s t o c k r e m o v e d f r o m a " c l e a n " a r e a w i l l in a i l ] ability die on reaching their destination. G o v e r n m e n t should i a r r a n g e m e n t s to o b v i a t e t h i s , and w e suggest that the D o r o b o ; m i g h t b e e x c h a n g e d , t h r o u g h G o v e r n m e n t , for i m m u n e anima The T i n e t Sub-Section. 9 8 3 . T h e r e is o n e s e c t i o n of t h e M a n D o r o b o w h i c h is u ; known a s t h e T i n e t , w h o a p p e a r to h a v e b e t t e r c l a i m s than they are. They reside in the south-eastern S o m e of to r e m a i n w h e r e native tribe, and a great m a n y

F o r e s t , d o n o t a p p e a r to h a v e a n y v e r y c l o s e association witli are s t r o n g l y o p p o s e d t o m o v i n g . a p p e a r t o h a v e r e s i d e d in o r n e a r t h e s o u t h - e a s t e r n M a n Fore? years. 9 S 4 . B u t w e are satisfied t h a t it is i n their o w n intere they should be m o v e d . T h e y a r e tit p r e s e n t confined to l i m i t e d a r e a , w h i c h c a n n o t w e l l be e x t e n d e d and w h i c h w i l be q u i t e i n a d e q u a t e f o r t h e m s e l v e s a n d t h e i r s t o c k and.

MAP ILLUSTRATING THE RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING THE SUK. NJEMPS AND K AIM AS IA NATIVE RESERVES

THE
T

RIET

VALLEY

PROVINCE PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

JJ

CHAPTER

VIII]

hat w e m a y t e r m t h e i r i n s u l a r p o s i t i o n , t h e y c a n n o t r e c e i v e 'r f a i r share o f t h e s o c i a l s e r v i c e s p r o v i d e d b y G o v e r n m e n t . We rstand f u r t h e r t h a t t h e r e is c o n s i d e r a b l e traffic i n s t o c k b e ti t h e m a n d t h e L u m b w a . T h e L u m b w a c a t t l e are i n f e c t e d h E a s t Coast f e v e r , w h i l e t h o s e of t h e T i n e t D o r o b o a r e h i g h l y c e p t i b l e . I t is t h e r e f o r e v e r y p r o b a b l e t h a t it i s o n l y a q u e s t i o n i m e , should t h e T i n e t D o r o b o r e m a i n w h e r e t h e y a r e , b e f o r e r cattle w o u l d b e c o m e infected w i t h E a s t Coast fever w i t h strops r e s u l t s to t h e m s e l v e s a n d t o a less d e g r e e t o t h e n e i g h i n g E u r o p e a n f a r m s in t h e M o l o D i s t r i c t . 9S5. T h e y s p e a k a l a n g u a g e c l o s e l y a k i n hepalungu: Note.The various extensions r e c o m m e n d e d illustrated i n t h e m a p h e r e f o l l o w i n g . in this chapter to L u m b w a and we

that, once t h e y h a v e settled d o w n , t h e y should be quite

happy

CHAPTER,

IX.
pi

THE

NZOIA

PROVINCE.

( a ) THE ELGEYO AND MABAKWET.

986. T h e - N z o i a gazetted Elgeyo i n 1928 under and Alarakwet. administrative boundary is o b s e r v e d Nandi Native Reserves. 987. A n Province contains the native the titles of the Elgeyo, Marakwet, A

reset I

I n t h i s c h a p t e r w e shall c o n s i d e r only-I

b e t w e e n te I h

t w o t r i b e s , a n d t h e r e f o r e t h e y a r e s h o w n s e p a r a t e l y i n t h e table I population, area, and density w h i c h follows. density T h i s i s useful asil

i l l u s t r a t i o n of t h e f a c t t h a t t h e E l g e y o l i v e i n c o n d i t i o n s of grea:J t h a n t h e A l a r a k w e t , b u t i t w o u l d b e a m i s t a k e to re^l between them and reciprocity AREA AND in respect of tl

t h e t w o t r i b e s as c o m p l e t e l y i n d e p e n d e n t a n d t h e r e i s i n fact m J u interpenetration TABLE use of g r a z i n g g r o u n d s . OF P O P U L A T I O N , DENSITY. Density per Square Mile

Total area of the Reserve

Estimated Population

E/geyo :In native use Native Reserve Forest .. 389 23 732 20 1,164 Note 16,173 18,037 34,265 4! 25 29

Marakwet:

In native use Native Reserve Forest

1.The

estimates

of area

correspond

with

those girl

by the Surveyor A oie

r

General in h i s Analysis for 1932. population for figures a r e t h e official estimates pel and can be accepted Chief purpose. The Naiii

2.The the

vided

by

District estimate

Commissioner the present dated

sufficiently 34,341. Note reserve. from District their

accurate

Commissioner's

2nd J u n e ,

1 9 3 3 , s h o w s a total I

3.The There reserve

figures

relate

only

to population numbers of of

living in tog natives abseil

are also

considerable

as s q u a t t e r s ;

i n t h e case

t h e Elgeyo 'M to 4,000.

Commissioner estimates that they amount

THE NZOIA
IICHAPTER IX]

PROVINCE
T H E E L G E Y O AND MAHAKWET

988. I n o r d e r t h a t t h e n e e d s of t h e E l g e y o a n d M a r a k w e t m a y hp b e t t e r a p p r e c i a t e d w e s h a l l o f f e r a b r i e f a c c o u n t of t h e
110 JRI.

ner in w h i c h t h e y

live.

989. T h e E l g e y o c o u n t r y is v e r y p r e c i p i t o u s . T h e r e is a s m a l l ) at t h e t o p of t h e e s c a r p m e n t w h i c h is e x c e l l e n t g r a z i n g l a n d . ; n o t used f o r a g r i c u l t u r e t o a n y c o n s i d e r a b l e e x t e n t b e c a u s e i t io cold f o r t h e c r o p s w h i c h t h e n a t i v e s f a v o u r . B e l o w t h a t t h e r p m e n t falls s t e e p l y t o t h e T e m b a c h l e d g e , w h i c h i s v e r y n a r but c o n t a i n s l a n d s u i t a b l e b o t h f o r g r a z i n g a n d a g r i c u l t u r e , w that again the scarp drops d o w n to t h e K e r i o V a l l e y w h e r e t l o w - l y i n g p l a i n is i n h a b i t e d b y t h e M u t e i s e c t i o n , i n w h i c h re f o o d c r o p s are v e r y i n d i f f e r e n t l y c u l t i v a t e d . 990. S o f a r as c a n b e g a t h e r e d from the evidence and toranda w h i c h w e h a v e r e c e i v e d o n t h e s u b j e c t o f l a n d , i t w o u l d ar t h a t a g r i c u l t u r a l p l o t s a r e i n d i v i d u a l l y o w n e d . T h e b o u n d between these plots are usually m a r k e d b y stones, w h i c h i n tselves a r e o f t e n i n c o n s p i c u o u s , b u t w h i c h are w e l l k n o w n t o ratives c o n c e r n e d . I t a p p e a r s t h a t c u l t i v a t i o n r i g h t s a r e s o m e s b a r t e r e d f o r h o n e y , b u t w h e t h e r such t r a n s a c t i o n s a r e r e rable or not is a p o i n t w h i c h h a s n o t b e e n m a d e c l e a r . 991. G r a z i n g r i g h t s a r e c o m m o n to t h e t r i b e a s a w h o l e . Any ?e can g r a z e h i s s t o c k a n y w h e r e i r r e s p e c t i v e of l o c a t i o n . Modi ion is p r o b a b l y d e s i r a b l e in o r d e r t h a t t h e use of p a s t u r e m a y on t r o l l e d . 992. T h e t r i b e is said t o o w n 1 8 , 8 5 5 c a t t l e , 1 6 , 9 3 7 s h e e p a n d )5 g o a t s , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e e s t i m a t e s u b m i t t e d i n e v i d e n c e , h g i v e s a n o m i n a l a v e r a g e o f 13 a c r e s a v a i l a b l e f o r e a c h h e a d t i l e . B u t a l a r g e e x t e n t of t h e c o u n t r y , p r o b a b l y n o t l e s s t h a n arter, c o n s i s t s of p r e c i p i t o u s l a n d wdnch i s u s e l e s s for g r a z i n g tittle a n d t h e r e a r e a l s o 2 2 s q u a r e m i l e s w h i c h are n a t i v e \-e f o r e s t . T h e l a n d a v a i l a b l e a n d s u i t a b l e for g r a z i n g is t h u s :ed t o a b o u t n i n e a c r e s p e r h e a d . W h e n w e t a k e i n t o c o n ition t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e a r e a l s o u p w a r d s of t h i r t y t h o u s a n d i and g o a t s t o b e c a r r i e d , it is c l e a r t h a t t h e l a n d is f u l l y ed. T h e difficulty of t h e s i t u a t i o n is a g g r a v a t e d b y t h e f a c t h e r e a r e e s t i m a t e d to b e s o m e 2 0 , 0 0 0 E l g e y o c a t t l e a n d 4 0 , 0 0 0 ' and g o a t s b e i n g h e r d e d b y s q u a t t e r s o n a l i e n a t e d l a n d . If :ontracts of t h e s e s q u a t t e r s e x p i r e and i f t h e m s t o c k h a s i n quence t o r e t u r n t o t h e r e s e r v e , t h e r e w i l l b e i n s u f f i c i e n t re a v a i l a b l e . 193. A n d y e t it c a n n o t b e s a i d t h a t t h e E l g e y o h a v e a c c u m u cattle in e x c e s s of t h e i r n e e d s , since t h e a v e r a g e w e a l t h p e r h o l d is o n l y six c a t t l e a n d t h i r t e e n s h e e p a n d g o a t s . I t i s ifore e v i d e n t t h a t t h e y r e q u i r e m o r e p a s t u r e .

Economic Condition of THFL HUCRAVN the Elgeyo and Marakwet. The Elgeyo

THE PART I I C H A P T E R IX]

NZOIA

PROVINCE THE ELGEYO AND JIJ

994. T h e c o u r s e o f d e v e l o p m e n t f o r t h i s t r i b e is clearly . t h e l i n e s of m i x e d f a r m i n g . T h e r e a r e c o n s i d e r a b l e possibiliti a g r i c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t a n d s o m e p r o g r e s s h a s a l r e a d y been n A s h o r t a g e of g o o d a r a b l e l a n d h a s s o m e t i m e s b e e n alleged', bu t r u t h is r a t h e r t h a t , o w i n g t o t h e i r lack of s k i l l , t h e n a t i v e s a n m a k i n g f u l l use of t h e i r r e s o u r c e s . M u c h of t h e l a n d is d i f a n d r e q u i r e s f o r its d e v e l o p m e n t a g r e a t e r d e g r e e o f skill thai n a t i v e s y e t p o s s e s s , b u t , as b e t t e r m e t h o d s a r e l e a r n t , more w i l l b e t a k e n i n t o c u l t i v a t i o n , a n d b e t t e r y i e l d s w i l l b e obta I n t h i s C o n n e x i o n w e i n v i t e a t t e n t i o n to t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l K e p o : t h i s d i s t r i c t p r e p a r e d b y t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l O f f i c e r , M r . C . Malie c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r and District C n i i s s i o n e r w h i c h s t a n d s i n e v i d e n c e ( E v i d e n c e , p p . 1971 to IS I n o n e of the m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t p a r a g r a p h s of a m o s t intern r e p o r t he s t a t e s : " T h e E l g e y o - M a r a k w e t R e s e r v e f r o m b e i n g a lane p o v e r t y a n d s e m i - s t a r v a t i o n m i g h t w e l l b e c o m e a countr plenty and comparative wealth. T h e n a t i v e s themselves at p r e s e n t t h e s t u m b l i n g b l o c k a n d t h e i r improvement g e n e r a l h e a l t h m u s t b e c o n s i d e r e d t h e first s t a g e in develo: t h e r e s o u r c e s of t h e r e s e r v e . " 995. M e a n w h i l e t h e p o s i t i o n is t h a t t h e n a t i v e s are very j a g r i c u l t u r i s t s a n d stock, f a r m e r s , a n d w e h a v e t o consider i a d d i t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s in r e s p e c t of l a n d m i g h t h e l p t o ameliorate t position. T h e Marakwet. 996. I n A l a r a k w e t a n a v e r a g e h o u s e h o l d h a s 126 acres o f : a v a i l a b l e t o i t s u s e , a n d possesses 4 c a t t l e a n d 23 s h e e p a n d go so t h a t , o n f i g u r e s , t h e r e w o u l d be m o r e t h a n t w e n t y acres e a c h h e a d of c a t t l e . E v e n a f t e r w r i t i n g t h i s f i g u r e d o w n cons: a b l y to a l l o w for t h e l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n of u n u s a b l e land (whic: s c a r c e l y as g r e a t as in E l g e y o ) t h e r e is n o t h i n g i n t h e c a l c u l a t o suggest that the M a r a k w e t have insufficient land. 997. I n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s w e shall p r o p o s e that cer a d d i t i o n a l g r a z i n g l a n d s s h o u l d be m a d e a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e u s e of E l g e y o a n d t h e A l a r a k w e t ( i n c l u d i n g t h e C h e r a n g a n i ) . But w i s h t o e m p h a s i z e t h e f a c t t h a t , w h i l e t h e s e f a c i l i t i e s should b g r e a t s e r v i c e , t h e l a n d p r o b l e m s of t h e s e t r i b e s c a n n o t be s i m p l y b y a d d i t i o n of t e r r i t o r y . P e r m a n e n t i m p r o v e m e n t can b e a t t a i n e d b y t h e l e a r n i n g of a b e t t e r a g r i c u l t u r a l and past p r a c t i c e , a m a t t e r of s p e c i a l i m p o r t a n c e in so difficult a countr
7

Claims by the Elgeyo. (1) Rights in the Grogan Concession.

998. T h e E l g e y o c l a i m o n h i s t o r i c a l g r o u n d s t h e right t o ? t h e i r flocks a n d h e r d s i n t h e l a n d k n o w n as t h e G r o g a n Conces a f o r e s t of s o m e 328 s q u a r e m i l e s . T h e r e a s o n for t h e " G r o g a n C o n c e s s i o n " is t h a t c e r t a i n r i g h t s in t h e area have c e d e d t o M a j o r E . S. G r o g a n b y a c o n c e s s i o n w h i c h expire 1957.

I
THE IICHAPTER IX] NZOIA PROVINCE T H E E L G E Y O A N D JIAHAKWET

1999. T h e E l g e y o a l l e g e that t h e y h a v e a l w a y s used t h e pasture in this a r e a , a n d s t a t e t h a t , a b o u t t h e t i m e w h e n G o v e r n m e n t ed, : t h e K a m a s i a a l s o s t a r t e d to g r a z e t h e i r c a t t l e in t h e hern b l o c k , w h i c h is k n o w n as t h e L e m b u s F o r e s t . 1000. W h e n t h e c o n c e s s i o n w a s g r a n t e d to M a j o r G r o g a n a se w a s i n s e r t e d in t h e d e e d ' s a f e g u a r d i n g n a t i v e r i g h t s as t h e y led at c e r t a i n d a t e s i n r e s p e c t of p a r t i c u l a r a r e a s d e f i n e d o n t h e attached t o the d o c u m e n t , but it w a s p r o v i d e d that t h e ernor s h o u l d c a u s e s u c h r i g h t s t o b e a s c e r t a i n e d a n d d e f i n e d in a r e a s o n a b l e period. 1001. T o t h i s e n d M r . E . W . I s a a c , t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s sr c o n d u c t e d a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n a n d f o u n d as a f a c t t h a t , w h i l e Kaniasia a n d c e r t a i n D o r o b o h a d r i g h t s of g r a z i n g s t o c k , r e s i d , cutting fuel, e t c . , in the L e m b u s F o r e s t , the E l g e y o had n o ;s e i t h e r t h e r e o r a n y w h e r e e l s e i n t h e a r e a of t h e c o n c e s s i o n , jrnment a c c e p t e d M r . I s a a c ' s r e p o r t , a n d t h e r i g h t s of t h e lasia a n d D o r o b o a n d t h e n a m e s of t h e i n d i v i d u a l right ers w e r e o f f i c i a l l y r e c o g n i z e d a n d d e f i n e d in a f o r m a l i n s t r u t signed b y the G o v e r n o r in D e c e m b e r , 1923. I n c o n s e q u e n c e Ids d e f i n i t i o n t h e E l g e y o w e r e m o v e d a n d t h e K a m a s i a a n d ibo w e r e a l l o w e d t o r e m a i n . T h i s d i s c r i m i n a t i o n r a n k l e s w i t h E l g e y o to t h i s d a y . 1002. A l t h o u g h a memorandum prepared by M r . E. D. king a n d M r . J u x o n B a r t o n m a k e s o u t a s t r o n g c a s e i n f a v o u r le E l g e y o , w h i c h is s u p p o r t e d b y a m e m o r a n d u m b y t h e p r e s e n t net C o m m i s s i o n e r , it m u s t b e p r e s u m e d t h a t M r . I s a a c g a v e matter c a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n a n d t h a t h i s finding, w h i c h w a s pled b y G o v e r n m e n t , w a s b a s e d on a f u l l v i e w of t h e e v i d e n c e able. I n h i s e v i d e n c e g i v e n t o t h e C h a i r m a n in E n g l a n d , h e i explicitly that in the early days t h e r e w e r e n o E l g e y o l i v i n g he top of t h e e s c a r p m e n t . 1003. W e t h e r e f o r e a c c e p t it a s a f a c t t h a t t h e E l g e y o h a v e n o d h i s t o r i c a l c l a i m to t h e a r e a u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . ,1004. I n a n y c a s e , t h e n a t i v e r i g h t s i n t h e G r o g a n C o n c e s s i o n been officially d e f i n e d , a n d , i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e t e r m s of icence, n o f u r t h e r r i g h t s c a n b e o b t a i n e d u n t i l t h e c o n c e s s i o n es in 1 9 5 7 . 1005. T h e F o r e s t D e p a r t m e n t has p o w e r t o issue g r a z i n g ces in o p e n f o r e s t g l a d e s , a n d s o m e E l g e y o h a v e t a k e n out s u c h ces, t h o u g h n o p e r m a n e n t r i g h t s a r e t h e r e b y c r e a t e d . We a m e n d t h a t the F o r e s t D e p a r t m e n t s h o u l d g i v e p r e f e r e n c e t o hdgeyo in t h i s r e s p e c t i n so f a r as m a y b e p o s s i b l e . 1003. I n 1 9 5 7 , vo on e c o n o m i c it m a y b e grounds. advisable to grant rights to the

THE PART I I - C H A P T E R IX]

NZOIA

PROVINCE THE

7j I /
E L G E Y O AND MAKAKI

(2) The Eldoret W a t e r Supply and Tomeiyo Exchange Proposals.

1 0 0 7 . W e h a v e s e e n t h a t t h e E l g e y o w i l l i n all probabil r e q u i r e m o r e g r a z i n g in t h e n e a r f u t u r e and t h a t it is undesiral t h a t t h e i r s t o c k s h o u l d b e g r e a t l y r e d u c e d in n u m b e r s , althou t h e r e i s m u c h r o o m f o r a n i m p r o v e m e n t in q u a l i t y . A n excharT of l a n d s h a s b e e n p r o p o s e d b y w h i c h t h e E l g e y o w o u l d recel c o n s i d e r a b l y m o r e g r a z i n g , t h e G r o g a n C o n c e s s i o n m o r e hard woo a n d t h e source of t h e E l d o r e t W a t e r S u p p l y w o u l d be protect T h e d e t a i l s a r e v e r y f u l l y s e t o u t in the S e c r e t a r y ' s precis p p . 1 9 3 1 t o 1938 of t h e p r i n t e d e v i d e n c e t o g e t h e r w i t h a statemi of t h e v a r i o u s o p i n i o n s a n d s u g g e s t i o n s wdiich h a v e been advano A v e r y l a r g e m e a s u r e o f g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t h a d already b t secured before this C o m m i s s i o n w a s appointed. I t w a s propof that t h e E l g e y o s h o u l d g i v e u p : Area A Area B f o r e s t l a n d ( l a r g e l y ' scrub) forest l a n d ( h a r d w o o d ) (hardwood) ... ... ... Total ... ... ... ... 2,919 38-1 1,630 4,933

A r e a C forest l a n d

all of w h i c h a r e in t h e g a z e t t e d N a t i v e R e s e r v e , in e x c h a n g e ft Area D grazing land ... 3.850 acres, gazetted FoJ Reserve. subject Major G r o g a r f s 0] cession. Area E grazing land Total 1008. M a j o r the able be Elgeyo Local G i o g a n ' s consent Native We Council consider ... 1,129 4,979 acres acres been secured, favj Crown land.

has a l r e a d y it fair t o all We

h a s p a s s e d a resolution

to the proposal.

p a r t i e s , and the map

obviously

to the a d v a n t a g e of the E l g e y o . (The proposal chapter.) No.

r e c o m m e n d thaj in

implemented.

is i l l u s t r a t e d

a p p e a r s a t t h e e n d of t h i s (3) L . O . 1869. above Crown been

1 0 0 9 . A r e a E , w h i c h t h e E l g e y o w o u l d r e c e i v e as a result nf e x c h a n g e , is p a r t of L . O . land surveyed for to us i n made evidence 1 8 6 9 . a p i e c e of A of unalienl a l i e n a t i o n as a f a r m . that the rest suggestion I

t h i s l a n d , na

2 , 8 2 9 a c r e s ( t h e wdiole area b e i n g 3,958 a c r e s ) , s h o u l d be addej the E l g e y o N a t i v e R e s e r v e i n o r d e r t o p r o v i d e a d d i t i o n a l gra I t i s g o o d p a s t u r e l a n d a n d , in v i e w of t h e u e e d s of the E!ge\j t h i s r e s p e c t a n d t h e f a c t t h a t t h e F o r e s t D e p a r t m e n t is considerable n u m b e r of mend them from the L e m b u s that 1. that the suggestion be adopted, and those

movi

F o r e s t , w e rel 2,829

be a d d e d to t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e as Class B

440
THE IJICHAPTER I X ] NZOIA PROVINCE T H E E L G E Y O AND M A R A K W E T

" 1010. A s m a l l p o r t i o n of t h i s l a n d m a y b e r e q u i r e d f o r e x c h a n g e roses i n c o n n e x i o n w i t h a p r o p o s e d e x c h a n g e b e t w e e n the ive E e s e r v e a n d M e s s r s . T a y l o r a n d W a l l i s ' f a r m , t h e o b j e c t of !i w o u l d b e t o s e c u r e a m o r e c o n v e n i e n t b o u n d a r y . This ter is c o v e r e d in t h e S e c r e t a r y ' s p r d c i s , a n d a s k e t c h m a p is ided a t p a g e 1938 of t h e E v i d e n c e .
r

1011. T h e E l g e y o c l a i m t h a t t h e c o u n t r y in t h e v i c i n i t y of e S e r g o i t h a s a l w a y s b e e n t h e i r s a n d t h e y ask f o r p e r m a n e n t ss to t h e l a k e i t s e l f . 'he D i s t r i c t "The straight Commissioner writes : . . . mark to a cairn i n Sergoit, thence on the mark shore and the by of the with gave badly lake few first He were a

acc^taLake Sergoit and Grazing in the

vicinity.
boundary line due is g a z e t t e d thus : west to low-water by that

icinity of t h e m o s t e a s t e r n p o i n t o f L a k e that l a k e , t h e n c e northerly of

low-water

astern b a n k of t h e A r o b u k u t c h E i v e r the s o u t h e r n b o u n d a r y 1012. I t tribe, a n d L.O. 876."

to its intersection Government which is The

can safely b e p r e s u m e d that w h e n its stock a constant w ater

T

Elgeyo a c c e s s t o L a k e S e r g o i t it d i d so w i t h a v i e w t o supply, ired as t h e r e a r e n o o t h e r times d r i e s u p a n d t h e n gs iu t h e s o u t h - w e s t 1013. T h e opean t o s that B98) : "At the time the Europeans came the first evidence these the visit before of sources in the vicinity.

affording

no w a t e r r e m a i n s apart from A. is of of C. BZoey, who on the was

corner. Mr. the parts, interest this point.

advent

Government

Elgeyo

tied t o the f o r e s t a n d d i d n o t use t h i s l a n d .

H e adds ( E v i d e n c e , s i g n of stock

i w s a f e w g o i n g o n t o t h e S e r g o i t s i d e of t h e f o r e s t w i t h a v e r y strong b o d y of M o r a n t o g u a r d t h e m , a n d e v e n t u a l l y t h e m o v e jment got bigger Sergoit cattle." Earamojong and extended into for the of any Plateau and they was there [watered at Lake, but the w h o l e that country

iiioccupied b e c a u s e i t w a s u n s a f e

natives to b e

itli t h e i r
liders.

anger w a s p r e s u m a b l y f r o m b a n d s of N a n d i a n d

toil. I t w o u l d t h e r e f o r e a p p e a r t h a t s i n c e G o v e r n m e n t
jElgeyo h a v e w a t e r e d t h e i r s t o c k a t L a k e it their c l a i m is 1015. T h e admitted. are i n us h i s a veterinary assurance reserve, and the that there is a n Sergoit, and to

came this

springs gives

Chief under to

rinary Officer

ling t h a t i n t i m e s o f d r o u g h t t h e n a t i v e s s h o u l d b e a l l o w e d

THE PART I I C H A P T E R IX]

XZOIA

PROVINCE T H E E L G E Y O AND V. \

use t h i s w a t e r , a n d thai, t h e n e c e s s a r y a r r a n g e m e n t s w o u l d bent I n v i e w of t h i s a s s u r a n c e w e d o n o t c o n s i d e r it n e c e s s a r y to rec mend The Claim. . i i.:' '.'. ., :'; . Cherangam , Marakwet. any alteration of b o u n d a r y are . in t h i s the part. section of . . 1016. T h e Cherangani . . northern

T h e y c l a i m an area o f s u r v e y e d f a r m s , s o m e alien in t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e K a p t i o n salt-]

and s o m e still u n a l i e n a f e d ,

T h e y advance t w o reasons : ( 1 ) T h a t t h e l a u d u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n w a s occupied b y tl b e f o r e the a d v e n t of G o v e r n m e n t . ( 2 ) T h a t w i t h o u t m o r e l e v e l l a n d at a l o w e r altitude i difficult for t h e m to m a k e h e a d w a y a s agriculturists 1017. T h e e v i d e n c e is t h a t a t o n e t i m e t h e C h e r a n g a n i nat w e r e f o r e s t - d w e l l e r s w h o d i d n o t o w n s t o c k , a n d c u l t i v a t e d onl\ a small scale. five officers and forests When Government their to utmost to stock-owning b e c a m e e s t a b l i s h e d , adminii persuade and them to forsake When ; cultivating. did take

acquired stock, they w e r e used t h e K a p t i o n salt-lick.

a l l o w e d t o l i v e on a l i e n a t e d farms,

1 0 1 8 . T h e C h e r a n g a n i h a v e s o m e c l a i m o n t h e ground of u s e r , a n d t h e l a n d is f o r t u n a t e l y f o r t h e m o s t p a r t unalienata 1019. H a v i n g h e a r d t h e e v i d e n c e of M r . A . C . H o e y ai P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r a n d h a v i n g o u r s e l v e s v i s i t e d the q u e s t i o n w e h a v e f o r m e d t h e o p i n i o n , w i t h w h i c h the Prov C o m m i s s i o n e r a g r e e s , t h a t n e i t h e r o n g r o u n d s of right e c o n o m i c g r o u n d s a r e t h e n a t i v e s e n t i t l e d t o q u i t e so lar a d d i t i o n o f t e r r i t o r y in t h i s n e i g h b o u r h o o d as M r . H o e y h g e s t e d . I t m a y b e s t a t e d w i t h c o n f i d e n c e t h a t s o m e of the est of t h e e c o n o m i c p o s i t i o n of t h e M a r a k w e t a n d t h e state of c o u n t r y , w h i c h a r e o n r e c o r d i n official h i e s a n d h a v e been br to o u r n o t i c e , are u n d u l y pessimistic. 1020. W e following recommend that the 1. N o . 2202 we 2 2 1 3 ; t h e n c e by the v N o . 6 6 7 8 ; thence the K a p t i o n sa No lauds enclosed within

boundary Prom

and comprising

approximately

12 squat

be a d d e d t o t h e r e s e r v e as C l a s s B the northern the easternmost beacon on L . O .

b e a c o n on L . O .

b o u n d a r y of f a r m L . O . N o . 2 2 0 2 , L . O . N o . 3043 and L 2 2 0 4 to t h e e a s t e r n m o s t p o i n t of L . O . general southerly direction to include

t h e n c e s o u t h e r l y t o t h e n o r t h e r n b o u n d a r y of L . O . thence easterly by of L . O . to the western that boundary of L.G. to t h e

north-western

2225 ; t h e n c e b y t h e n o r t h e r n b o u n d a r y of th; boundary N o . 3047 a n d 2210;

THE jr CHAPTER I X ]

NZOIA

PROVINCE T H E E L G E Y O AND M A R A K W E T

northerly of

by

the boundaries

of

these

farms

to t h e

present

reserve b o u n d a r y ; departure. the l a n d s o a d d e d position is s h o w n 1021 j' l o c a t i o n of of E l g e y o .

thence by t h e reserve boundary to the point t o t h e r e s e r v e is n n a l i e n a t e d on the m a p which i i the i\,r i Marakwet follows Crown land;

this

chapter.

T h e K i b u s w a a n d K a p c h e m u t w a L o c a t i o n s c o m p r i s e t h e Claim for Crazing by " f , Kibuswa and . Kapchemutwa t h a t t h e i r o l d b o u n d a r y r a n as f a r w e s t a s Locations. northern

N a t i v e G t h e ;

Itiotl

horn

i. Reserve

T pi and the

The n a t i v e s c l a i m it r e s e r v e lienation i Native Council

l l l o i b e n r i v e r , a n d i n c l u d e d t h e area b e t w e e n t h e r i v e r a n d t h e boundary. of land Forest They allege that t h e y h a v e lost a c o n a n d also They to the creation of t h e the . . hie a m o u n t o f g r a z i n g " l a n d e a s t of t h e M o i b e n r i v e r o w i n g t o as f a r m s Reserve. because are prepared to waive

part of t h e c l a i m receives

of t h e r e v e n u e s w h i c h of t i m b e r royalties,

the Local but they

on account

[he l a n d a l i e n a t e d a s f a r m s . 1022. A r a p K a m u s s e i n , a n a t i v e w i t n e s s , i n f o r m s u s t h a t t h e y to o c c u p y t h i s l a n d e a s t of t h e M o i b e n , b u t w e r e d r i v e n o u t K a r a m o j o n g raiders about 1875. M r . H o e y , w h o hunted a leal o v e r it f r o m 1 9 0 6 o n w a r d s , s t a t e s t h e r e w e r e n o n a t i v e s ent t h e r e , b u t g i v e s e v i d e n c e o f h a v i n g m e t K a r a m o j o n g r a i d e r s snce, p . 1 9 9 4 ) .

1

1023. M r . W . P . L a w , w h o h a s h a d a f a r m in this since 1919 s t a t e d ( E v i d e n c e , p . 1982) :

neighbour

. A m a t t e r of t w e l v e o r f o u r t e e n y e a r s a g o t h e r e w e r e n o Elgeyo n a t i v e s o r M a r a k w e t n a t i v e s on t h e s o u t h side of t h e pherangani H i l l s at a l l . T h e r e w a s a chief called C h e p l a l a m and h e l i v e d a c t u a l l y i n t h e f o r e s t , b e i n g t h e f u r t h e s t o u t 51geyo c h i e f i n t h e a r e a . I n those d a y s t h e r e w e r e M a s a i naming a b o u t i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f M r . R i d l e y ' s f a r m . " 024. I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e r e m a y h a v e b e e n s o m e h a r d s h i p 1 b y t h e a l i e n a t i o n o f l a n d i n t h e v i c i n i t y , b u t in v i e w o f t h e :oe w h i c h w e h e a r d f r o m M r . H o e y a n d M r . L a w , w e c o n that i t i s m o s t u n l i k e l y t h a t t h i s w a s s o . 025. A claim has been made by t h e M a r a k w e t the District Officers t o an a r e a concerned, Claim re Boundar
C l y e t

Jriroximately 1 0 0 s q u a r e m i l e s o f t h e i r r e s e r v e t h e u s e o f w h i c h liy a l o c a l a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n [liven t o t h e " W e s t S u k . B'i-26. I n Bore this point of fact, the external boundaries only of t h e and HSuk and M a r a k w e t N a t i v e Reserves have been gazetted, a n d boundary is a m a t t e r for internal adjustment,

"

S u t

'

THE PART I I C H A P T E R IX]

NZOIA

PROVINCE T H E ELGEYO AND MAIIAKV

d o e s n o t c o m e w i t h i n our t e r m s of r e f e r e n c e , but if it had done, w e s h o u l d h a v e b e e n q u i t e satisfied as t o the justice of t arrangement. the ReHef afforded.
6 11 0 f

" ' Y recommend t i o n s i s t h a t t h e E l g e y o a n d M a r a k w e t b e t w e e n t h e m g a i n appro; m a t e l y 24J s q u a r e m i l e s of g r a z i n g l a n d , w h i l e about 7 f squa m i l e s of f o r e s t l a n d are s u r r e n d e r e d . A m a p i l l u s t r a t i n g th e x t e n s i o n s a p p e a r s at t h e e n d of t h i s c h a p t e r .

1 0 2 7 T h e e x t e l l t o f t h e r e l i e t a f f o , d e d b

Reoommendaa Conu?inaWon of certain Reserves.

0 s Q n s

1 0 2 8 . A p a r t f r o m t h e s e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w i t h r e g a r d to exi i ' c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e s e t r i b e s c a n do m u c h t o h e l p each ot b y m e t h o d s of p e a c e f u l i n t e r p e n e t r a t i o n . A m o n g k i n d r e d peo] such a s t h e E l g e y o , M a r a k w e t , E a s t S u k , W e s t S u k , N j e m p s a K a m a s i a , f r i e n d l y a r r a n g e m e n t s b e t w e e n t r i b e s , g r o u p s and d i v i d u a l s s h o u l d n o t be difficult. With t h e p o l i t i c a l side a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o u r R e p o r t is n o t c o n c e r n e d , b u t in respect of la a d m i n i s t r a t i o n w e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e c r e a t i o n of s m a l l mutually i e l u s i v e r e s e r v e s , w h e r e r a c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s d o n o t require the is p r o b a b l y a m i s t a k e . W h e r e t h e c u s t o m of a t r i b e admits m e m b e r s of o t h e r t r i b e s or g r o u p s c o m i n g in as t e n a n t s w e const t h a t so g r e a t a n aid to f l u i d i t y and ease of d i s t r i b u t i o n should encouraged. W e a r e i n c l i n e d t o t h i n k t h a t t h e gazettement small reserves operates in a contrary direction. W h i l e there p o s s i b l y n o i n t e n t i o n t h a t t h e b o u n d a r i e s should b e interpreted b a r r i e r s a g a i n s t a r e a s o n a b l e d e g r e e of p e a c e f u l penetration tl h a v e , in p r a c t i c e , a r e s t r i c t i v e e f f e c t . W e b e l i e v e t h a t it would t o t h e a d v a n t a g e of t h i s g r o u p of t r i b e s ( n a m e d a b o v e ) that t h s h o u l d s h a r e a c o m m o n r e s e r v e , t h e i n t e r n a l b o u n d a r i e s behve t h e m b e i n g a m a t t e r of a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d e t e r m i n a t i o n . W e treat tl s u b j e c t i n m o r e d e t a i l i n P a r t I I I of our R e p o r t , but w e desire s t a t e in t h i s p l a c e t h a t w e c o n s i d e r t h a t a f r e e m o v e m e n t betws t h e s e t r i b e s w o u l d p r o m o t e f r i e n d l y r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n them a t l e a d to a m o r e e c o n o m i c d i s t r i b u t i o n .
w e

1029. W e tribes.

recommend

t h a t t h e r e b e o n e r e s e r v e f o r all ill

Map regarding Reserves Additions Class

Illustrating the Elgeyo to Native thus Reserve thus

Native

recommendation and Reser/e Marakwef under -. -under.

A shewn

Additions Class
\

to Native shewn
trom

Bl

Exclusions

Reserve

shewn

thus .

443

C H A P T E R X.
THE (b) NZOIA PE0V1NCE.

T H E NANDI AND THE E L GONYT.

1030. W e shall first discuss the N a n d i . T h e i r e c o n o m i c c o n d i The Economic Condition of may he useful as a p r e l u d e t o t h e discussion o f t h e i r c l a i m s . the N a n d i . 1031. T h e t o t a l a r e a of t h e N a n d i N a t i v e R e s e r v e is a p p r o x i ely 757 s q u a r e m i l e s . T h i s i n c l u d e s o n e s q u a r e m i l e r e s e r v e d a t o w n s h i p a n d s i x t y s q u a r e m i l e s of l a n d e i t h e r a l i e n a t e d o r aside f o r a l i e n a t i o n ( h e . t h e K i p k a r r e n f a r m s a n d t h e K a i m o s i s, r e s p e c t i v e l y 4 3 J square m i l e s a n d 16& s q u a r e m i l e s ) . T h e ainder o f t h e l a n d is i n n a t i v e o c c u p a t i o n a n d a m o u n t s t o (59G re m i l e s . The area of the Nandi Native Reserve.

1032. T h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n is e s t i m a t e d t o b e 4 2 , 9 3 3 , a c c o r d Density of the Population. to t h e C h i e f N a t i v e C o m m i s s i o n e r ' s figures for 1932. T h e ity of p o p u l a t i o n o n t h e l a n d d e v o t e d t o n a t i v e u s e i s t h e r e f o r e 'oximatefy 6 2 t o t h e s q u a r e m i l e . T h e r e are, however, some 1 N a n d i l i v i n g as s q u a t t e r s o u a l i e n a t e d l a n d ; i f t h e s e n a t i v e s . e r e t u r n e d t o t h e r e s e r v e t h e d e n s i t y w o u l d t h e n b e c o m e 73 t o square m i l e . 1033. T h e N a n d i , a l t h o u g h p r i m a r i l y a p a s t o r a l t r i b e , p r a c t i s e Agricultural Development culture o n a s m a l l scale. N o figures a r e a v a i l a b l e t o s h o w t h e in N a n d i . nt of t h e i r p r o d u c t i o n b u t w e a r e i n f o r m e d t h a t a p p r e c i a b l e titles o f m a i z e , m i l l e t , s w e e t p o t a t o e s , b e a n s a n d p u m p k i n s produced. A f e w n a t i v e s possess o x - p l o u g h s , b u t t h e g e n e r a l of t h e p e o p l e a r e o p p o s e d t o t h e u s e o f o x e n f o r t h i s p u r p o s e . 1034. I t is e s t i m a t e d t h a t t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f stock i n t h e Number of Stock owned ve is a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 h e a d of c a t t l e a n d 1 6 0 , 0 0 0 s h e e p by the N a n d i . floats. T h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r i n h i s o r i g i n a l m e m o r a n d u m a greater n u m b e r of cattle, but i n a subsequent letter h e p o i n t e d that, s i n c e t h e v i s i t of t h e C o m m i s s i o n , i n o c u l a t i o n a g a i n s t o-pneumonia h a s b e e n i n p r o g r e s s , a n d f r o m t h e figures o f inoculated h e considers h i s o r i g i n a l e s t i m a t e should b e r e to t h e n u m b e r s h o w n a b o v e . I t f o l l o w s f r o m t h e p o p u l a t i o n that t h e a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f s t o c k o w n e d b y a f a m i l y o f five hteen h e a d of c a t t l e a n d n i n e t e e n s h e e p a n d g o a t s , if these ties a r e c o r r e c t . 035. B u t t h e q u e s t i o n of s q u a t t e r stock h a s t o b e c o n s i d e r e d , iling t o t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l C e n s u s , 1 9 3 2 , t h e n u m b e r of stock 1 by squatters i n t h e N z o i a P r o v i n c e , a m o u n t s t o 113,926 and 1 0 4 , 6 6 9 s h e e p a n d g o a t s . T h e l a r g e m a j o r i t y o f s q u a t t e r s i province are N a n d i and t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r considers he stock i n c l u d e d i n t h i s figure b u t o w n e d b y o t h e r t r i b e s is

Tllh; N Z O L A PART I I C H A P T E R A]

PROVINCE THE XANDI

AM, I

c o u n t e r b a l a n c e d b y t h e N a n d i s q u a t t e r stock in o t h e r distt tliis s t o c k w e r e r e t u r n e d to t h e r e s e r v e , w i t h t h e i r o w n a v e r a g e n u m b e r of stock o w n e d b y each f a m i l y w o u l d bei h e a d of c a t t l e a n d 26 s h e e p a n d g o a t s , w h i c h w e c o n s i d e r e x c e s s of t h e i r r e q u i r e m e n t s . -vvaflab? Stock. for 1 0 3 6 . W e shall n o w e x a m i n e h o w far t h e r e s e r v e can to be o v e r - s t o c k e d . T h e a c t u a l a r e a a v a i l a b l e , e x c l u s i v e o for e a c h h e a d of c a t t l e is a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2.97 a c r e s , but th does n o t t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t l a n d w h i c h is used f o r agriculti poses a n d f o r p a s t u r i n g s h e e p a n d g o a t s , o r l a n d w h i c h i b e s u i t a b l e f o r g r a z i n g . I f a l l t h e s q u a t t e r c a t t l e w e r e reti t h e r e s e r v e , t h e a c r e a g e a v a i l a b l e w o u l d be r e d u c e d t o 1.31 i of c a t t l e . 1 0 3 7 . O u t of t h e 696 s q u a r e m i l e s of l a n d " i n n a t i v e t i o n " t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r t e l l s us t h a t 156 square n u n d e r f o r e s t , l e a v i n g n o m o r e t h a n 540 s q u a r e m i l e s to accou t h e c a t t l e , e v e n if n o d e d u c t i o n be m a d e f o r h o m e s t e a d s cultivated land. T h i s w o u l d m e a n , if t h e e s t i m a t e of ( c o r r e c t , t h a t t h e l a n d is a t p r e s e n t c a r r y i n g a p p r o x i m a l head to every acres. T h i s t e n d s to s h o w t h e high i c a p a c i t y of t h e l a n d , as w e h a v e it in e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e an g r a z i n g a v a i l a b l e is c o n s i d e r a b l y d i m i n i s h e d b y g r a s s fire a r e s t a r t e d b y t h e n a t i v e s in o r d e r t o b u r n t h e c o a r s e grass w o u l d n o t b e t h e case if t h e l a n d w e r e s t o c k e d t o i t s full car 1038. T h e over-stocking. general condition of the b e a s t s is g o o d . ;

y i e l d s a t i s f a c t o r y , a n d t h e r e are f e w , if a n y , s i g n s of erosiot T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e r e s e r v e is a b l e to c; p r e s e n t q u a n t i t y of s t o c k , b u t c l e a r l y , on t h e r e t u r n of Ian h e r s of s q u a t t e r s t o c k , c u l l i n g a n d o t h e r i m p r o v e d m e t h o d s ol husbandry will become - 1039. T h e evidence K a p s a b e t , is interesting. necessary. of He Mr. FT. C. Guy. Stock Inspt Nandi is of o p i n i o n t h a t t h e suffice.

c a n s u p p o r t o n e h e a d o f c a t t l e t o t h r e e a c r e s , a n d t h a t with u s a s e e v e n less t h a n t h r e e a c r e s m i g h t 1 0 4 0 . T h e N a n d i h a s s h o w n h i m s e l f t o b e . b y comparis o t h e r n a t i v e s , an i n t e l l i g e n t s t o c k f a r m e r a n d . as the g n e x c e l l e n t a n d t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e c a t t l e g o o d , h i s f u t u r e would to l i e p r i m a r i l y on p a s t o r a l l i n e s . B u t t h e r e s e r v e contains the b e s t a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d in t h e C o l o n y , and it is c l e a r tha e c o n o m i c r e s u l t s wdll b e s e c u r e d b y t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of " f a r m i n g than b y simple r e l i a n c e on stock-raising and. a p a o t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , g r o w t h of p o p u l a t i o n w i l l c o m p e l . t h e a of t h i s m e t h o d . B u t e v e r y effort s h o u l d be m a d e t o prese pasture, a n d i m p r o v e t h e q u a l i t y of t h e n a t i v e s t o c k .

THE 11CHAVTKH A J

NZOIA

PROVINCE Tun

N A N D I AND E L

GONYI

K i l l . E e g a r d b e i n g h a d t o t h e n a t u r e of t h e c o u n t r y a p o p u l a density of o n l y s i x t y - t w o t o t h e s q u a r e m i l e m u s t be c o n s i d e r e d and, i f b e t t e r a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d p a s t o r a l m e t h o d s a r e t a u g h t , i t s p r o b a b l e t h a t , as i n K i k u y u , a p o p u l a t i o n of t h e o r d e r of t h r e e red t o t h e s q u a r e m i l e c o u l d comfortably be supported. The ence in t h e N a n d i N a t i v e R e s e r v e of 156 s q u a r e m i l e s of f o r e s t , is not p r o t e c t e d f o r e s t , is a n i n d i c a t i o n , if o n e w e r e n e e d e d , h me n a t i v e s are not p r e s s e d f o r l a n d , a n d p r o b l e m s a r i s i n g f r o m
the

Capacity of suppor^a^ Large Population,

i v e!' p o p u l a t i o n are n o t l i k e l y to arise f o r m a n y y e a r s to c o m e . 1112. T h e r e d o e s not id t e n u r e a m o n g s t which have been appear to be any clearly defined there would into t h e any by not appear and G. system to be did con An B. to of Markets for
l o c n c e

^f xtind?.

1111

"

the N a n d i , a n d , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e mentor submitted, possibly in Aldai. We

p r o p r i e t o r y r i g h t s in l a n d , e x c e p t ml it n e c e s s a r y l o ntly est ing do not memorandum to w h i c h Nandi for t h e i r by we inquire closely ourselves was invite to commit

subject, W.

definite Major

opinion.

submitted attention well

ingfonl. 043. T h e ets both

(Evidence, pp.2045 situated in respect has the

art! r e a s o n a b l y working on

produce a n d their labour neighbouring be m e n t i o n e d

supply, w h i l e the farms is that conlri reserve there It is irtove

ience gained substantially 044. A ceii point

to t h e a d v a n c e m e n t of t h e t r i b e . which should

in q u a r a n t i n e for s o m e y e a r s , and t h e N a n d i h a v e should the land be taken to f a c i l i t a t e survey of the

been s o m e w h a t h a m p e r e d in s e l l i n g t h e i r s u r p l u s s t o c k . able that e a r l y action 015. W e e tribe have offered of i)l c a t t l e , e i t h e r b y s t o c k r o u t e s or above may of otherwise.

short be the

economic shall now

Examination cp j^ *
a n t

lions in o r d e r t o afford a b a c k g r o u n d a g a i n s t w h i c h t h e c l a i m s in r e s p e c t studied. claims. We etl t o a d e t a i l e d e x a m i n a t i o n

047. T h e b o u n d a r y of t h e N a n d i N a t i v e R e s e r v e w a s o r i g i n a l l y (1 in 1 9 0 7 . t h e p r o c l a m a t i o n r e f e r r i n g liefs of lready the tribe at t h e close been leased were before gazetted the in of I t w a s subsequently d boundaries to it "as accepted by in and of these included the punitive operations was proclaimed, the agreement

Nandi Claim Farms.

nnd^SSr

found that some of t h e l a n d reserve The 1910 a f t e r

andi c h i e f s h a d b e e n 07.

obtained.

area enclosed b y

tl b o u n d a r i e s w a s s o m e 7 0 s q u a r e m i l e s l a r g e r t h a n t h a t d e f i n e d 04S. T h e K i p k a r r e n a n d K a i m o s i f a r m a r e a s w e r e i n c l u d e d in alive r e s e r v e boundaries of 1910. both in the proclamation of 1907 he p r o c l a m a t i o n

THE PART I I - C H A P T E R X]

NZOIA

PROVINCE Tut; N A N D I AND LIT

I'

1 0 4 9 . I n t h e N a n d i P o l i t i c a l R e c o r d B o o k t h e f o l l o w i n g WML a p p e a r s u n d e r t h e d a t e of N o v e m b e r , 1907 : " D e p u t a t i o n o f $Hf e l d e r s i n f o r m e d t h a t the l a n d is t h e i r s f o r e v e r . " T h e r e ivKK t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h i s a s s u r a n c e w a s g i v e n o n t h e o c c a s i o n v. * ..-85 R i g h t H o n o u r a b l e W . S. W i n s t o n C h u r c h i l l v i s i t e d t h e ne a s U n d e r - S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e f o r t h e C o l o n i e s .

is

NamliB

1 0 5 0 . I n r e s p e c t of t h e r e v i s i o n of b o u n d a r i e s in L91l lie e D e p u t y D i r e c t o r of S u r v e y s in h i s l e t t e r C/G64 of 2 0 t h Septet jntii 1910, w r o t e : " W i l l y o u k i n d l y supply m e w i t h information "nts t h e b o u n d a r i e s of t h e N a n d i R e s e r v e a c c o r d i n g to t h e Trean t e r e d i n t o b y t h e B r i t i s h G o v e r n m e n t a n d t h e c h i e f s and . concerned?" T h e S e c r e t a r i a t i n r e p l y f u r n i s h e d t h e requin f o r m a t i o n , and m a d e no c o m m e n t o n the w o r d i n g of the I D i r e c t o r s letter. 1051. P r o m Nandi were of these quotations and f r o m a particularly formal o t h e r i n f o r m a l io: and were i t a i n e d i n official r e c o r d s i t is c l e a r t h a t t h e s e a g r e e m e n t s \vi character, nature of a p l e d g e g i v e n to the tribe. 1 0 5 2 . P o r s o m e r e a s o n w h i c h is n o t f u l l y e x p l a i n e d the e n c e of t h e a g r e e m e n t a p p e a r s t o h a v e b e e n o v e r l o o k e d . In 1 9 1 2 , G o v e r n m e n t a p p r o v e d of t h e a l i e n a t i o n of 17 h square i n t h e K a i m o s i a r e a , w h i c h w a s i n c l u d e d i n t h e N a n d i $' R e s e r v e b o t h b y t h e a g r e e m e n t of 1907 a n d t h e a g r e e m e n t of T h e e x t e n t of t h i s l a n d , w h i c h i s n o w a l i e n a t e d as f a r m s , is a[ m a t e l y 1 6 i s q u a r e m i l e s , a n d t h e r e m a i n d e r h a s r e v e r t e d to i occupation. 1 0 5 3 . I n 1 9 1 9 , t h e e x i s t e n c e of t h e a g r e e m e n t s t i l l b e i i y l o o k e d , t h e C h i e f N a t i v e C o m m i s s i o n e r i n f o r m e d t h e Governo a h u n d r e d s q u a r e m i l e s of N a n d i N a t i v e R e s e r v e could, be a lie f o r S o l d i e r S e t t l e m e n t f a r m s , t h e r e b e i n g a m p l e r o o m in the re i n g p a r t o f t h e r e s e r v e t o a c c o m m o d a t e t h e w h o l e of the tribe. A s a r e s u l t of t h i s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n 1291 square mi l a n d in t h e K i p k a r r e n area w e r e s u r v e y e d i n t o f a r m s : allotinei c e e d e d u n d e r t h e S o l d i e r S e t t l e m e n t S c h e m e , a n d a numl f a r m s w e r e a l i e n a t e d on 9 9 9 y e a r l e a s e s . C o m p e n s a t i o n at the o f R s . 50 a h u t w a s p a i d t o a l l n a t i v e s d i s t u r b e d . 1054. also that The Cogle k
l n e

Istru

S h o r t l y a f t e r a l i e n a t i o n h a d b e g u n , i t w a s realized so l a r g e an a r e a an effort to could not reach a be taken out of the re: fair to all exi

s u c h a c t i o n w a s n o t i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e u n d e r t a k i n g of 1910, without h a r d s h i i J to the 1055. I n Nandi. settlement fixed, g e n e r a l l y knot

interests in the I v i p k a r r e n area a line w a s

t h e C o g l e L i n e , w h i c h h a d t h e effect of r e t u r n i n g t h e grea' of t h e l a n d t o t h e N a n d i f o r a l l p a t h o s e s , l e a v i n g 431 squa

445
THE NZOIA
II-CHAPTER X ]

PROVINCE
T H E N A N D I AND E L G O N Y I

e farm block. the N g o r o i n

B y a small subsequent to t h e N a n d i , salt-lick.

modification that

a further might

acres w e r e r e t u r n e d

in o r d e r

they

]056. W h i l e t h e w h o l e o f t h e l a n d t o t h e w e s t o f t h e C o g l e reverted to t h e N a n d i f o r all purposes, i t w a s ordered under notions issued b y t h e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e t h a t t h e f a r m b l o c k t o east of t h e l i n e , b o t h a l i e n a t e d a n d n n a l i e n a t e d l a n d , s h o u l d "nue t o b e r e g a r d e d a s a n i n t e g r a l p a r t o f t h e r e s e r v e ; t h a t a l l or s i m i l a r p r o c e e d s d e r i v e d f r o m a l i e n a t i o n m u s t b e e x p e n d e d le b e n e f i t of t h e N a n d i ; a n d t h a t n o f u r t h e r a l i e n a t i o n i n t h i s was t o b e p e r m i t t e d w i t h o u t t h e a p p r o v a l o f t h e S e c r e t a r y o f 057. T h e p r e s e n t small a d j u s t m e n t position involving is that about the Kipkarren adjustment block ( a s T h e Total j^nTLost ^
11

ded b y t h e C o g l e L i n e a n d t h e N g o r o i n

and one about The alienated.

ten acres) contains

quare m i l e s , o f w h i c h 33J- s q u a r e m i l e s h a v e b e e n

K a i m o s i b l o c k c o n t a i n s 16-J- s q u a r e m i l e s , a l l a l i e n a t e d . is t h e r e f o r e a b o u t s i x t y s q u a r e m i l e s .

of l a n d w i t h d r a w n f r o m n a t i v e o c c u p a t i o n b y r e a s o n o f t h e s e The Compensation received for nrent w a s .-2,485, r e p r e s e n t i n g a t o t a l d i s t u r b a n c e of 4 9 7 h u t s Disturbance, 058. W h e n the Kipkarren farms were alienated, compensa T h e K a i m o s i block w a s virtually paid. Receipts by
W i l

at B s . 50 a h u t w a s p a i d t o a l l n a t i v e s d i s t u r b e d ; t h e t o t a l d i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1,500 n a t i v e s .

labited, a n d t h e r e i s n o r e c o r d o f a n y c o m p e n s a t i o n ed on t h e K a i m o s i e Nandi Local farms from Council.

059. A l l r e n t s r e c e i v e d o n t h e K i p k a r r e n f a r m s a n d a l l r e n t s 1923 o n w a r d s h a v e b e e n p a i d This arrangement hadthe before Native

Rent,

val of t h e S e c r e t a r y

of S t a t e , a n d w e m a y t a k e i t t h a t t h e h a d spent t h e rents on they were not

i w a s , i n t h e first p l a c e , t h a t n o N a t i v e C o u n c i l e x i s t e d and i n t h e s e c o n d , t h a t G o v e r n m e n t vements in t h e area concerned, lly e a r m a r k e d f o r t h a t p u r p o s e . although

W e find n o t h i n g t o b e d u e T h e r e is t h e r e f o r e Receipts, by way of Stand Premia.

N a n d i i n r e s p e c t o f t h e r e n t s p a i d b e f o r e 1923 a n d s i n c e t h a t he r e n t s h a v e b e e n p a i d t o t h e m a n n u a l l y . ise of c o m p l a i n t i n r e s p e c t o f r e n t s . 080. I n t h e case o f K i p k a r r e n t h e f a r m s w e r e a l i e n a t e d u n d e r ldier S e t t l e m e n t S c h e m e a n d w e r e o f t w o c l a s s e s , A a n d B . t h e case o f a l l class B f a r m s a n d s y n d i c a t e f a r m s a s t a n d um of 1 an a c r e w a s fixed b u t w a s a f t e r w a r d s w a i v e d . acreage of such f a r m s a l i e n a t e d w a s 1 1 , 2 4 5 . lass A f a r m s w e r e a l l o t t e d w i t h o u t s a l e . T h e t o t a l o f t h e m ,795 a c r e s ; t h e y w e r e i n n o w a y i n f e r i o r a n d w e r e p e r h a p s The

THK

NZOIA

PROVINCE

nr
1'AKT II

n ,n

VI

T H E N A N D I AND KI. (;,

(JHAI'TKH A. I

s l i g h t l y s u p e r i o r t o t h e 13 f a r m s ; a m i the assessment for stand premia perhaps a little more per acre.

if a c h a r g e had been Dim

w o u l d p r o b a b l y h a v e been

A b o u t 1924 t w o f a r m s t o t a l l i n g 713 a c r e s w e r e alienated a t h e p r o c e e d s , t o t a l l i n g .-4,200-10-0, w e r e p a i d t o t h e N a n d i ho N a t i v e . C o u n c i l . A n d i n 192") c e r t a i n e x t e n s i o n s t o e x i s t i n g fan a m o u n t i n g to 653 a c r e s w e r e g r a n t e d f o r s u m s t o t a l l i n g 55G-15 a n d p a y a b l e in t e n a n n u a l i n s t a l m e n t s , w h i c h a r e handed io t N a n d i L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l as t h e y a c c r u e . In t h e c a s e o f K a i m o s i t w o f a r m s w e r e a l i e n a t e d in 1913 a s t a n d p r e m i a a m o u n t i n g to .-430 w e r e p a i d t o G o v e r n m e n t . Sixto f a r m s w e r e a l i e n a t e d u n d e r t h e S o l d i e r S e t t l e m e n t S c h e m e of If) b u t t h e s t a n d p r e m i a , w h i c h w o u l d h a v e a m o u n t e d t o 12,250 the w h o l e of t h e m , w o r e w a i v e d . I n 4925 o n e o t h e r farm w a l i e n a t e d a n d in that case ( h e stand p r e m i u m w a s 1 , 0 5 0 v.! b e i n g p a i d b y f e n a n n u a l i n s t a l m e n t s , w h i c h a r e h a n d e d over t h e N a n d i L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l as t h e y a c c r u e . 1061. T h e might suggest addition t h a t if of (he foregoing had figures fixed is 35,527, a Government s t a n d premia on

the farms, including the " A ' ' m e u t , and the Chief

f a r m s , a n d i f it h a d insisted on p? A i r . G . A'. Maxw in fact advance

h a d paid t h e s u m s r e c e i v e d t o t h e N a n d i . then tb Native Commissioner in 1924, did

t h e sum w h i c h t h e N a n d i w o u l d h a v e r e c e i v e d .

a r g u m e n t of t h i s kind a n d c l a i m e d f o r t h e N a n d i t h e full amount t h e stand p r e m i a assessed o n t h i s b a s i s . 1 0 6 2 . A l t h o u g h w e a g r e e that the w h o l e circumstances m o s t u n f o r t u n a t e and t h a t e v e r y c o n s i d e r a t i o n is d u e to the Nan we, a r e satisfied that t h e r e a s o n f o r w a i v i n g tire stand premia \ t h e i n a b i l i t y of G o v e r n m e n t t o c o l l e c t t h e m , a n d t h e r e is no do b u t t h a t , at t h e t i m e w h e n t h e f a r m s w e r e a l i e n a t e d , there wa g e n e r a l i m p r e s s i o n t h a t t h e y w e r e m o r e v a l u a b l e than they w s u b s e q u e n t l y f o u n d t o b e . U n l e s s t h e c h a r g e s h a d b e e n waived v e r y s u b s t a n t i a l l y r e d u c e d , a l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n of t h e farms wo h a v e had to be surrendered. T h e r e f o r e , e v e n if w e accept p r i n c i p l e t h a t t h e w h o l e o f t h e s t a n d p r e m i a w e r e due to N a n d i a n d s h o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n w a i v e d w i t h o u t compensation, a m o u n t d u e w o u l d b e v e r y m u c h less t h a n t h e t o t a l w h i c h the b figures would suggest. 1 0 6 3 . T h e e v i d e n c e a s t o c o m p e n s a t i o n p a i d for disturbs s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e r e w e r e o n l y s o m e five h u n d r e d h u t s on the w 1 2 9 s q u a r e m i l e s o r i g i n a l l y s u r v e y e d f o r t h e K i p k a r r e n farms, a l t h o u g h t h e r e m a y h a v e b e e n s o m e f a m i l i e s w h o m o v e d witl c l a i m i n g c o m p e n s a t i o n , i t is c l e a r t h a t h a b i t a t i o n w a s extrei s p a r s e a n d t h a t t h e o n l y r e a l use w h i c h t h e N a n d i m a d e of

446
THE II-CHAVTEB X] NZOIA PROVINCK THE N A N D I AND E I . GONYI

js as o c c a s i o n a l p a s t u r e f o r

cattle.

A s for

the K a i m o s i area

we

jiikl n e v e r h a v e s u p p o s e d , a p a r t f r o m t h e A g r e e m e n t , t h a t i t w a s indi c o u n t r y a t a l l , o r i n d e e d t h a t a n y t r i b e c o u l d h a v e ic b e t w e e n the Kavirondo and the Nandi. Evidence given by the N a n d i . exercised y p e r m a n e n t r i g h t s t h e r e , s i n c e i t w a s i n t h e n a t u r e of a buffer 1064. T h e e v i d e n c e g i v e n t o us b y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e N a n d i I K a p s a b e t s h o w s t h a t , w h i l e t h e y r e g a r d t h e q u e s t i o n of t h e jjkarren f a r m s as t h e i r o n e s e r i o u s g r i e v a n c e , t h e y a r e m o r e c o n ned w i t h t h e l o s s o f c e r t a i n s a l t - l i c k s t h a n w i t h a n y o t h e r a s p e c t the m a t t e r . T h e f o l l o w i n g a r e e x t r a c t s f r o n t the E v i d e n c e idence, p p . 2 0 7 4 , 2075 a n d 2 0 7 7 ) .

" A t t h e t i m e of t h e fighting t h e G o v e r n this w a s our b o u n d a r y : T h e E u r o p e a n s w i l l be on it a n d y o u w i l l b e o n t h e o t h e r s i d e of it . . . T h e b o u n d a r y has b e e n p u s h e d b a c k u n t i l it n o l o n g e r t a l l i e s with w h a t w e w e r e s h o w n b e f o r e . ' "

ment told us that side of

Amp Chepkigcn :

" W h e r e the E u r o p e a n s are l i v i n g up on be our l a n d . W e do not m i n d about t h a t , but we w o u l d l i k e t o h a v e t h e s a l t - l i c k c a l l e d K i k o m b w o t . There ; a n o t h e r sliamba c a l l e d K i m o n g t h a t w e c l a i m . W e w a n t t h e dt-lick c a l l e d K a p k e n e r o i . "

the farms used to

A rap Chemoi :

A rap Koko : " I a g r e e w e a l w a y s k e p t t o t h e f o r e s t a n d w e do not c l a i m t h a t w e e v e r o c c u p i e d t h e o p e n p l a i n s . . . I am prepared to a d m i t t h a t t h e g r a z i n g l a n d s o u t i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of A l e s s o s w e r e n o t o u r s a t a l l . We h a v e no v e r y r e a l c o m plaint to m a k e e x c e p t in r e g a r d t o K i p k a r r e n . " 10(55. I n v i e w of a l l t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s w e d o n o t c o n s i d e r Recommenda ilie true loss to t h e N a n d i w a s a n y t h i n g l i k e as g r e a t as w o u l d tion regarding Compensation. ear. T a k i n g into c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e f a c t t h a t t h e y h a v e b e e n Ipensated t o t h e e x t e n t of 2 , 4 8 5 f o r d i s t u r b a n c e a n d a r e r e c e i v Itand premia t o the total a m o u n t of 2,807 and rents a m o u n t i n g pally to -310, w e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e N a n d i w o u l d h e a d e q u a t e l y fliensated b y a p a y m e n t of 5 , 0 0 0 a s a c o m p r e h e n s i v e c o m p e n s a for the e x t e n t of t h e loss s u f f e r e d b y t h e m t h r o u g h t h e actions w h i c h w e h a v e d e s c r i b e d . 1066. T h e p o s i t i o n i n r e g a r d to r e n t s s h o u l d r e m a i n u n c h a n g e d the L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l s h o u l d c o n t i n u e t o r e c e i v e t h e m a s e; also t h e r e m a i n i n g i n s t a l m e n t s of s t a n d p r e m i a w h i c h a r e heing p a i d t o t h e m b y i n s t a l m e n t s ; a l s o a n y s t a n d p r e m i a or j which m a y a c c r u e f r o m f u r t h e r l e a s e s of l a n d i n t h e K a i m o s i C i p k a r r e n b l o c k s . B u t t h e p a y m e n t of t h e 5 , 0 0 0 s h o u l d be led to i n c l u d e t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n o f a n y c l a i m i n r e s p e c t of t h e I received b y G o v e r n m e n t a s s t a n d p r e m i a f o r t h e t w o f a r m s ted i n 1 9 1 3 .

T H E PART I I C H A P T E R X ]

NZOIA

PROVINCE T H E N A N D I AND KJ. (JJ

1067. W e the Nandi

recommend

that

the

compensating as f r o m

payment the date

5 , 0 0 0 b e m a d e b y i n s t a l m e n t s , a n d b e r e g a r d e d as a loan made to Government, bearing interest t h i s B e p o r t b u t n o t p r e v i o u s l y , a n d t h a t t h e r e p a y m e n t of the] w i t h i n t e r e s t a n d a m o r t i z a t i o n b e c a r r i e d o u t o n t h e same basi if i t w e r e a l o a n b o r r o w e d f r o m t h e K e n y a L a n d Recommendation for a Modification ol the Coirle Line. 1068. W e r e c o m m e n d a modification t o b e d r a w n as f o l l o w s : p
n e

Bank. Lino

of

the C o g l e

" S t a r t i n g at t h e n o r t h - e a s t c o r n e r of L . O . N o . 4 1 3 t h e n c e w e s t e r l y a l o n g t h e n o r t h e r n b o u n d a r y to its 10 11 w e s t e r n b e a c o n ; t h e n c e n o r t h e r l y t o t h e n o r t h - e a s t e r n cornei L . O . N o . 6 9 6 0 ; t h e n c e w e s t e r l y a l o n g its n o r t h e r n boundary t h e C o g l e L i n e ; t h e n a l o n g t h e C o g l e L i n e to the w e s t e r n c o r n e r of L . O . N o . 6 9 5 8 ; t h e n c e n o r t h e r l y to I s o u t h - w e s t e r n c o r n e r of L . O . N o . 3160 so as to include K a p k e n e r o i s a l t - l i c k ; t h e n c e n o r t h e r l y a l o n g t h e boundary! L . O . N o . 3 1 6 0 a n d 3159 t o t h e s o u t h e r n m o s t corner of LI N o . 6 9 5 7 ; t h e n c e n o r t h - w e s t e r l y a l o n g t h e southern bonndl of L . O . N o . 6957 t o t h e C o g l e L i n e ; t h e n c e a l o n g the Ccf L i n e (as a m e n d e d ) to N g e n g i l i l s a l t - l i c k so as to include 1 s a l t - l i c k i n t h e r e s e r v e ; t h e n c e i n a n o r t h e r l y direction all t h e dry w a t e r c o u r s e t o t h e p r e s e n t b o u n d a r y of the resenj T h i s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n , as i l l u s t r a t e d i n t h e m a p following I p a g e , w o u l d h a v e t h e effect of r e s t o r i n g t h r e e s q u a r e miles to rial use t o g e t h e r w i t h valuable salt-licks. I t w o u l d i n v o l v e the acqJ T w o o f the three fai w h i l e t h e o w n e r of t i o n of t h r e e f a r m s i n t h e s o u t h - w e s t c o r n e r of t h e allotment, t h e r e m a i n d e r of t h e f a r m s a r e u n a l i e n a t e d . equal value in the block marked Sarora, b e l o n g t o o n e o w n e r , w h o is w i l l i n g to e x c h a n g e t h e m for lam t h i r d f a r m h a s e x p r e s s e d h i s r e a d i n e s s to e x c h a n g e i t for unalieni C r o w n land in t h e N o r t h N y e r i 1069. T h e r e is a salt-lick District. on L . O . No. 3117 w i t h regard

w h i c h w e h a v e seen t h e o w n e r , M r . E . L . Nandi that could obtain the the salt-lick. But by on the

N e s t o r , since it seej investigation District we fcj

p o s s i b l e t h a t a n e x c h a n g e of l a n d c o u l d b e a r r a n g e d by which! suggestion advanced Comniii

( E v i d e n c e , p p . 2 0 7 8 - 2 0 7 9 ) w o u l d n o t h a v e effected its purpose,! it appears that h e h a d been m i s i n f o r m e d salt-lick. effected mend below). For this reason we make satisfactory in exchange third as t o t h e position ofl butf a r r a n g e d , it could w e shall red 1474 and no r e c o m m e n d a t i o n ,

could be subsequently of our Repeat

under the provision for the part

exchanges which (sections

Map illustrating to be excluded a ^at/able defined to Naf/i/e (/Reference for

the areas from /he area alienation ' 1068

as

recommended alienated or as rewerf

to Europeans and to

by the Cop/e tine occupation Section

of/he

Reporfj

THE IICHAPTER X ]

NZOIA

PROVINCE T H E N A N D I AND E L GONYI

1070. O u r t h i r d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n is t h a t , w h e n t h e b o u n d a r y the K i p k a r r e n f a r m a r e a h a s b e e n a m e n d e d , t h e r m a l i e n a t e d l a n d ide i t should be a v a i l a b l e f o r a l i e n a t i o n t o E u r o p e a n s . Our r e a s o n f o r t h i s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n is t h a t w e t h i n k t h a t t h e a m e n d m e n t of the l i n e i n t h e m a n n e r p r o p o s e d w i l l fulfil t h e lurements of t h e N a n d i , a n d w e c o n s i d e r t h a t n a t i v e a s w e l l as i-native i n t e r e s t s w i l l b e s e r v e d b y t h e a l i e n a t i o n of t h e r e m a i n d e r the b l o c k . F r o m t h e p o i n t of v i e w of t h e E u r o p e a n s the karren b l o c k , t h o u g h r e d u c e d i n s i z e t o 62 s q u a r e m i l e s , w o u l d nine a c o n s o l i d a t e d b l o c k o f s e t t l e m e n t , a n d w i t h t h e e l i m i n a t i o n 'slitnds of u n a l i e n a t e d l a n d s , a p o s s i b l e source o f f r i c t i o n b e t w e e n ive a n d n o n - n a t i v e w o u l d be r e m o v e d . F r o m t h e p o i n t of v i e w the n a t i v e s , t h e e x i s t e n c e of t h i s b l o c k of f a r m s o n l a n d w h i c h 'n excess o f t h e i r p r e s e n t r e q u i r e m e n t s i s an e c o n o m i c asset n o t v because of t h e r e n t s , b u t a l s o b e c a u s e of t h e e m p l o y m e n t vided. I t can s c a r c e l y b e d e n i e d t h a t t h e p r e s e n c e of t h i s iparatively s m a l l b l o c k o f E u r o p e a n s e t t l e m e n t w i l l e x e r t a n eational e f f e c t w h i c h w i l l be of g r e a t b e n e f i t t o t h e N a n d i in development of t h e i r country. 1071. W e h a v e e n d e a v o u r e d t o m a k e p r o p o s a l s w h i c h a r e just Comments upon the ill e x i s t i n g i n t e r e s t s , a n d w e b e l i e v e t h a t w e h a v e d o n e so. B u t Justice of the ce in a m a t t e r of t h i s k i n d f a i r - m i n d e d m e n m a y differ a s t o w h a t Recommenda onId b e d o n e , w e c o n s i d e r t h a t a f e w s u p p l e m e n t a r y o b s e r v a t i o n s r e q u i r e d , i n o r d e r t h a t o u r r e a s o n s m a y be m a d e q u i t e c l e a r .
t l 0 n s

1072. C r i t i c s of o u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w i l l p r o b a b l y b e o f t w o sses, t h o s e w h o t h i n k t h e m t o o g e n e r o u s to t h e N a n d i a n d t h o s e o think t h e m n o t g e n e r o u s e n o u g h . T o t h e f o r m e r class it m a y ear, t h a t s i n c e t h e N a n d i t h e m s e l v e s h a v e n e v e r r a i s e d t h e stion of s t a n d p r e m i a , it w a s n o t n e c e s s a r y f o r us t o deal w i t h T o t h e m w e r e p l y t h a t t h e n a t i v e s a r e in t h e p o s i t i o n of w a r d s G o v e r n m e n t , a n d t h e r e f o r e it w o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n r i g h t i f t h e ie had n o t b e e n r a i s e d o n t h e i r b e h a l f , a n d i t is a p o i n t w i t h ich w e w e r e c l e a r l y b o u n d t o d e a l . 1073. O n the other side we may anticipate the N a n d i criticism to the to : et t h a t t h e a g r e e m e n t lonoured i n t h e l e t t e r . (1) I n t h e years first old, and made with i n 1910 o u g h t

T h i s criticism merits a detailed reply other parties besides the Nandi

place t h e m a t t e r s under c o m p l a i n t are

twelve have We be

acquired rights w h i c h are equally entitled to respect. do n o t c o n s i d e r t h a t g r i e v a n c e s of l o n g s t a n d i n g c a n i n g t h e status would Nandi. not in quo ante. our

put r i g h t s i m p l y b y a s e t t i n g b a c k of t h e (dock a n d r e s t o r S u c h a r e t u r n , i f it w e r e p o s s i b l e , be to the advantage of the opinion

THE PART I I - C H A P T K R XJ

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( 2 ) W e d o not find t h e a g r e e m e n t of 1907 o r t h e subser a g r e e m e n t of 1910 t o h a v e b e e n t r e a t i e s . T h e first these a g r e e m e n t s w a s m a d e a f t e r the N a n d i rebels b u t it w a s in no sense a t e r m or c o n d i t i o n of peace, w a s a d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e l a n d w h i c h t h e N a n d i tribe shoi i n h a b i t as a r e s e r v e , a n d t h e r e is e v i d e n c e t h a t a proii; w a s g i v e n t h a t the l a n d should b e t h e i r s " f o r eve B u t t h e r e w a s n o c o n s i d e r a t i o n ou t h e o t h e r side, and c a n n o t s u b s c r i b e to the v i e w t h a t G o v e r n m e n t she, n e v e r d e p a r t f r o m such an a g r e e m e n t in any cirai s t a n c e s . B u t in e q u i t y t o w a r d s t h e N a n d i there b e no d e p a r t u r e w h i c h is t o t h e i r d i s a d v a n t a g e nr. t h e r e is such a d e p a r t u r e , c o m p e n s a t i o n is dire. ( 3 ) W e c o n s i d e r t h a t the o r i g i n a l a l i e n a t i o n s w e r e to the a d v a n t a g e of t h e N a n d i in t h a t t o o m u c h l a n d was a a t e d , and v a l u a b l e s a l t - l i c k s w e r e t a k e n f r o m them. ] t h e a m e n d m e n t m a d e b y t h e C o g l e L i n e substantia r e d u c e d t h e g r i e v a n c e a n d t h e f u r t h e r r e d u c t i o n which h a v e p r o p o s e d , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e r e t u r n o f furthers l i c k s , should r e m o v e it a l t o g e t h e r . W e c o n s i d e r the le i n g of the r e m a i n d e r o f t h e l a n d t o E u r o p e a n s to e c o n o m i c a l l y t o t h e b e n e f i t of t h e N a n d i , n o t only beca o f t h e financial p r o f i t s w h i c h t h e y w i l l r e c e i v e in rent; stand p r e m i a , b u t a l s o b e c a u s e of t h e e m p l o y m e n t p v i d e d and t h e a d v a n c e m e n t in a g r i c u l t u r a l and par skill w h i c h is l o b e e x p e c t e d as a c o n s e q u e n c e . W satisfied t h a t t h e r e is a m p l e r o o m in the N a n d i Nat R e s e r v e for its p r e s e n t p o p u l a t i o n and a n y increas e x p e c t e d for g e n e r a t i o n s to c o m e .
r

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t h e L a n d B o a r d in r e c o m m e n d i n g the L a n d s that time. (4) On the other hand it

t h e g r a n t i n g of lea in operation

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O r d i n a n c e t h a t l e a s e s t o n o n - n a t i v e s s h o u l d generally for short except terms. They a r e l i m i t e d t o thirty-three ye; that in s p e c i a l c a s e s l e a s e s f o r 99 years may t h i s p r o v i s i o n is c l e a r l y t h a t , while i years a particular for the it is i m p o s s i b l e piece of 1

i s s u e d , s u b j e c t t o t h e a p p r o v a l o f t h e S e c r e t a r y of Si; T h e reason for possibly is not support for likely of the p o s s i b l e t o s a y t h a t f o r a p e r i o d of t h i r t y - t h r e e year; ninety-nine to be natives, required maintenance t o say that

9 9 9 y e a r s t h e l a n d w i l l n o t be r e q u i r e d .

449
THE NZOIA
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T H E N A N D I AND E L GONYI

1074. F o r t h e s e r e a s o n s w e c o n s i d e r t h a t 9 9 9 y e a r l e a s e s o u g h t to h a v e been i s s u e d , a n d w e h a v e g i v e n c o n s i d e r a t i o n to t h e lion w h e t h e r w e should r e c o m m e n d that negotiations be led w i t h the l e s s e e s f o r c o n v e r t i n g t h e m t o 9 9 y e a r l e a s e s i n ru for c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n v a l u e . B u t t h e b a l a n c e pvument is a g a i n s t this c o u r s e . W e d o n o t t h i n k t h a t i t w o u l d ikely to p r o v e of a n y s u b s t a n t i a l b e n e f i t t o t h e N a n d i or t h a t - w o u l d b e a n y b e t t e r off in r e s p e c t o f a n y n e g o t i a t i o n s w h i c h arise m a n y y e a r s h e n c e . O n t h e o t h e r b a n d t h e l o s s of p u b l i c deuce w h i c h w o u l d u n d o u b t e d l y r e s u l t f r o m s o unusual a c o n on w o u l d h a v e a n u n f o r t u n a t e effect o n t h e e c o n o m i c p o s i t i o n o f ountry. A p r i n c i p a l o b j e c t of t h i s C o m m i s s i o n is t o p r o v i d e a e land p o l i c y , a n d , a l t h o u g h w e t h i n k t h a t l e a s e s f o r a s h o r t e r would h a v e b e e n p r e f e r a b l e , w e are f i r m l y of t h e o p i n i o n t h a t a t t e m p t to a l t e r t h e m a t t h i s d a t e w o u l d b e u n w i s e , a n d w e ot r e c o m m e n d i t . 1075. F a r m L . O . N o . 1371 (2914 a c r e s ) f o r m s a t r i a n g l e The Nandi Boundary ii ss the M u k o n g R i v e r ; t h e N a n d i a s k t h a t t h e b o u n d a r y b e the South sted so t h a t t h e r i v e r s h o u l d b e t h e b o u n d a r y . T h e n a t i v e s iOast. i that t h i s t r i a n g l e w a s i n f a c t p u r c h a s e d f r o m t h e o w n e r s o m e s a g o f o r a h u n d r e d h e a d of c a t t l e , b u t w e h a v e b e e n u n a b l e t o in a n y f u r t h e r e v i d e n c e in t h e m a t t e r . T h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r c o n s i d e r s it d e s i r a b l e t h a t t h i s stment s h o u l d b e m a d e if i n a n y w a y p o s s i b l e , a n d p o i n t s o u t the M u k o n g R i v e r h a s a c o n s i d e r a b l e v o l u m e of w a t e r in i t for n i n e m o n t h s i n e a c h y e a r i s n o t f o r d a b l e . W e r e c o m m e n d G o v e r n m e n t s h o u l d i n v e s t i g a t e t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s of e f f e c t i n g adjustment. 1076. W e n o w t u r n t o t h e e x a m i n a t i o n of t h e l a n d p r o b l e m s Laud Problem other t r i b e of t h e N z o i a B r o v i n c e , n a m e l y , t h e E l G o n y i . T h i s of the El Gonyi. w h i c h is also c a l l e d t h e E l g o n i or K o n y i , a p p e a r s t o be o f D o r o b o stock a n d in t h e o p i n i o n of t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r , e, is d e s c e n d e d f r o m t h e o r i g i n a l S e r i k w a . T h e y are r e l a t e d e U a s i n G i s h u M a s a i , w h o a r e said t o b e of t h e s a m e o r i g i n . Cardale L u c k s a y s t h e E l G o n y i h e a d m a n , A r a p K a s i s i , gs to a g r o u p o f D o r o b o of w h o m t h e U a s i n G i s h u w e r e a Wcording to A r a p K a s i s i , the E l G o n y i w e r e raided several by t h e M a s a i a t t h e t i m e w h e n t h e U a s i n G i s h u M a s a i w e r e dated b y o t h e r s e c t i o n s of t h e t r i b e ; t h e y a l s o suffered ly at t h e h a n d s o f t h e N a n d i a n d K a r a m o j o n g . A s t h e r e s u l t ese w a r s a n d r a i d s , m a n y of t h e E l G o n y i f l e d i n t o M a l a k i s i utosh i n t h e N o r t h K a v i r o n d o D i s t r i c t , a n d o t h e r s r e m a i n e d gon M o u n t a i n . I n M r . C a r d a l e L n c k ' s o p i n i o n t h e E l G o n y i dying race.

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the AA\"rrfto H A ^ Occupied.

* y o c c u p i e d t h e neighbourly f M o u n t E l g o n a n d t o h a v e e x t e n d e d as f a r as M o i b e n , Kapen^r a n d t h e G h e r a n g a n i h i l l s , w i t h E i t a l e as a c e n t r e , but w e have tl e v i d e n c e of M r . S c a l l y t h a t wdien t h e E u r o p e a n f a r m s in the Tra N z o i a w e r e s u r v e y e d , t h e y W " e r e l i v i n g a b o v e t h e l i n e of the fan o n t h e s l o p e s of M o u n t E l g o n , a n d t h a t n o n e of t h e m was d : possessed w h e n t h e alienations took p l a c e .
1 0 7 7 T h e E 1 G o n i c l a i m fco l l a v e

M r . C a r d a l e L u c k says t h a t A r a p E a s i s i a n d h i s people ha o w n e d M o u n t E l g o n f o r t h o u s a n d s o f y e a r s , a n d , w h e n the h t e c t o r a t e w a s d e c l a r e d i n 1 8 9 5 , t h e r e is n o r e a s o n t o suppose ft i n h a b i t e d a n y o t h e r p a r t of t h e c o u n t r y , a l t h o u g h it is probat t h e y o c c u p i e d a m u c h l a r g e r a r e a j o i n t l y w i t h t h e Uasin Gist M a s a i before the latter w e r e annihilated.
!

I n v i e w of a l l t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s , w e d o n o t consider that a c l a i m t o l a n d b e y o n d t h e m o u n t a i n r e g i o n n e e d b e considered, The Country they now Occupy. e n 1078. T h e areas : farms in the Mount Elgon region of the Kit District. (2) On the moorlands a b o v e the forest the E i t o s h the About 1,900 Location in of Sabei country Uganda. to b e in a r e a ( 1 ) , where ft H A b o u t 700 a r e i n area (2). W F with are it a sub-headman in the in Sabei Eenya would of tli b e l t o n M o u n t Elgc E a v i r o n d o Distrs (3) I n (4) I n 1'opulation. the N o r t h (1) O n following El Gonvi are now reported to be living in f

jryzg.

are r e p o r t e d Half

are squatters on European f a r m s . t h e y are forest under own, that Ntoek. a North and the Apart total 5,200. El Gonyi are squatters. Eavirondo from the

t h e t r i b e a r e s a i d t o b e in area I country is appro

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5,600 r e s p e c t i v e l y i n a r e a s ( 1 ) a n d ( 2 ) , a n d if t h o s e in area (3* relatively to-day would follow a total s o m e 35,000 head. This mean 5.

that i

p o s s e s s 7 c a t t l e p e r h e a d , or 35 p e r f a m i l y u n i t of

T h e y d o n o t a p p e a r to p o s s e s s v e r y l a r g e n u m b e r s of sli and g o a t s t h o u g h w e h a v e n o figures e x c e p t i n r e s p e c t of area w h e r e , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e A s s i s t a n t C o n s e r v a t o r of E o r e s t s . Ekio t h e y h a d 1,824 s h e e p in 1 9 3 3 , b u t n o g o a t s . T h e y are not, 1 ; e v e r , p e r m i t t e d t o k e e p g o a t s i n t h i s a r e a on a c c o u n t of the d m a t h e s e a n i m a l s are l i k e l y t o d o in t h e s u r r o u n d i n g forest, but I probably have a considerable' number elsewhere.

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The above figures, w h i l e o p e n t o c r i t i c i s m , are a sufficient ication of t h e w e a l t h of t h e E l G o n y i i n l i v e s t o c k , a n d t h e r e is doubt t h a t t h e i r o n e i d e a is t o a m a s s as m u c h as p o s s i b l e pective o f t h e i r n e e d s o r of t h e c a p a c i t y o f t h e l a n d a t their, posal to c a r r y i t . 1081. I t must be admitted that the E l G o n y i have a strong o ^ d to the m o u n t a i n o n h i s t o r i c a l g r o u n d s , b u t i n v i e w of t h e i r Claims, robo o r i g i n , t h e u s e t h e y h a d o f it c a n n o t h a v e b e e n v e r y g r e a t , it w a s p r o b a b l y u s e d m a i n l y f o r h u n t i n g a n d t h e c o l l e c t i o n of ey. B u t , u n l i k e m o s t of t h e D o r o b o c l a n s , t h e y a p p e a r t o h a v e inally o w n e d c a t t l e w h i c h , h o w e v e r , t h e y h e l d v e r y p r e c a r i o u s l y a to t h e r a i d i n g p r o c l i v i t i e s of t h e i r m o r e p o w e r f u l n e i g h b o u r s , p r o b a b l y possess m a n y m o r e c a t t l e a t p r e s e n t t h a n at a n y during t h e i r p r e v i o u s h i s t o r y , a n d t h e p r o b l e m b e f o r e us is t o sider h o w far t h e i r c l a i m s c a n b e m e t in a r e a s o n a b l e a n d ible m a n n e r . P a r t of t h e a r e a t h e y o r i g i n a l l y o c c u p i e d is n o w ised w i t h i n t h e N o r t h K a v i r o n d o D i s t r i c t ; a p a r t h a s b e e n ted f o r E u r o p e a n s e t t l e m e n t ; a n o t h e r p a r t is n o w forest -e, and t h e r e m a i n d e r is in t h e U g a n d a P r o t e c t o r a t e . Colonel ins s t a t e s in e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e E l G o n y i m o v e a b o u t i n t h e s e and d o as t h e i r h e a d m a n , A r a p K a s i s i , d o e s . Colonel ins s a y s A r a p K a s i s i s o m e t i m e s g o e s u p t h e m o u n t a i n , s o m e to U g a n d a , s o m e t i m e s s q u a t s o n a E u r o p e a n f a r m , a n d ever h e g o e s h e c l a i m s is t h e h o m e o f his a n c e s t o r s .
f x L n a t i o n

T h e E l G o n y i d e s i r e a c o u n t r y of t h e i r o w n , b u t it i s h a r d l y ible to c o n s i d e r t h e s e c l a i m s t o a v a s t area of c o u n t r y f o r t h e sive use of a s m a l l a n d p o s s i b l y d y i n g t r i b e .

r

082. T h e p o l i c y of t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i s t o m o v e t h e E l The i off t h e f a r m s , w h e r e t h e y a r e an e m b a r r a s s m e n t t o t h e - opean s e t t l e r s a n d t o G o v e r n m e n t , a n d w h e r e i t i s c l e a r l y n o t heir o w n i n t e r e s t s t h a t t h e y s h o u l d be p e r m i t t e d t o r e m a i n . The District Commissioner has already persuaded a large ier of t h e m t o m o v e w i t h t h e i r s t o c k i n t o U g a n d a , b u t d o u b t s U g a n d a G o v e r n m e n t is w i l l i n g t o t a k e a n y m o r e . H e s t a t e s lias m o v e d 200 f a m i l i e s w i t h a b o u t 5,000 h e a d o f c a t t l e i n t o nda, a n d t h a t t h e r e a r e a n o t h e r 2,500 c a t t l e r e a d y t o g o , b u t euted f r o m d o i n g so b y q u a r a n t i n e r e s t r i c t i o n s . W e h a v e n o i n ation as t o w h e t h e r a n y m o r e of t h e E l G o n y i c a n b e a c c o m ited in U g a n d a .
A

r e a s

Alienated

1083. W e are i n f o r m e d b y t h e C o n s e r v a t o r of F o r e s t s t h a t rallies o f t h e E l G o n y i are l i v i n g on t h e m o o r l a n d s a b o v e t h e belt o n M o u n t E l g o n , a p p a r e n t l y i n t h e p o s i t i o n o f f o r e s t tters. T h i s a r e a is u n d e r s t o o d to i n c l u d e n o f o r e s t a n d is n o t ed or p o s s i b l e f o r a f f o r e s t a t i o n , b u t t h e C o n s e r v a t o r o f F o r e s t s tiers i t n e c e s s a r y t h a t his D e p a r t m e n t s h o u l d h a v e c o n t r o l

The Forest JUOUII^EIEOD

THE PART I I - C H A P T E R X ]

NZOIA

PROVINCE T H E N A N D I AND

over

it

in

order

to

preserve

the

surrounding by

forest. the

There

w i d e l y d i v e r g e n t v i e w s as t o t h e e x t e n t o f t h e a r e a . estimates before us w e consider t h a t m a d e Forests this to be the most reliable. 4,500 He acres estimates are in

O f the varii Conservator the area to

4 0 , 0 0 0 a c r e s , a n d p r o d u c e d a m a p i n s u p p o r t of h i s statement, total approximately the T r a n s y"z District. T h e g r e a t e r p a r t of t h e area is s i t u a t e i n the N o r t h Kavtroi District forest The but a smaller part of is i n Trans has Nzoia; i t is all gazed to prev reserve. Conservator Forests taken measures carry. of stock to W

over-stocking, and considers the present number m a n y as t h e l a n d can r e a s o n a b l y b e e x p e c t e d t o The El G o n y d are o n l y p e r m i t t e d the authority of t h e t h e area w i t h Forest

t o r e s i d e a n d k e e p stock D e p a r t m e n t , and t h

cattle are r e q u i r e d to be b r a n d e d . The Kitosh Location. 1084. W e living in the have Kitosh evidence location of the that in about the half the El Gonyi Dist Tendetti)

North

Kavirondo (Arap

under Chief M a r u n g a , but w i t h a sub-headman their o w n . ant room farms, might El with The Uganda Area. but be the The the Conservator any of Provincial difficulty area Gishu only the there for some Uasin squatters w h o all

F o r e s t s c o n s i d e r s t h e r e is a u b a r e m o v e d off thought th cattle conjunct then Nyanza,

Commissioner,

in a c c o m m o d a t i n g to be Masai. in had regard of moved to

Gonyi

in this

are understood

living in

1085. T h e Uganda Kitale, s i d e of who

evidence that he

the

El

G o n y i on Commission with a'

b o r d e r is, t h a t

the District 200

stated

families

5,000 h e a d of c a t t l e i n t o t h e S a b e i c o u n t r y . to a c c e p t such n u m b e r s of t h e E l there. Summary of Position. 10S6. W i t h dispossessed unless t h e Mount District of the possible any exception they of

F r o m t h i s we del be accommodi

t h a t t h e t w o t r i b e s a r e c l o s e l y r e l a t e d , a n d t h a t U g a n d a is wil G o n y i as can

the

alienated

farm:

t h e K i t a l e D i s t r i c t , it d o e s n o t a p p e a r t h a t t h e E l G o n y i have' land to w h i c h are in that in e q u i t y and jus Some Eavird Kavii e n t i t l e d , b u t t h e y h a v e n o c o u n t r y w h i c h t h e y c a n c a l l their o Sabei country others Uasin comes within are merged Masai category. the a North North s q u a t t e r s o n f a r m s , s o m e are f o r e s t s q u a t t e r s o n t h e moorland Elgon with and the Gishu under

headman.

451
T H E [j CHAPTER X ] NZOIA P R O V I N C E THE N A N D I AND E L GONYI

We

have heard for only

no

complaints and

that

the

first

group have if they Gonyi wish on

not to We the

eient l a n d therefore 1087. Our

grazing, concern

for

agriculture with

ivate, a n d t h e s a m e a p p l i e s t o t h o s e i n t h e S a b e i c o u n t r y . ourselves are the E l ile f a r m s a n d i n t h e f o r e s t r e s e r v e o n M o u n t recommendations Elgon.

as f o l l o w s :

lUvoiomencla

(1) T h a t t h e p o l i c y of t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of m o v i n g t h e E l G o n y i f r o m t h e a l i e n a t e d f a r m s s h o u l d be c o n t i n u e d unless t h e y b e c o m e s q u a t t e r s u n d e r t h e usual a g r e e m e n t , but t h a t t h e q u e s t i o n of c o m p e n s a t i o n b e c o n s i d e r e d . W e r e c o m m e u d that such o f t h e m a s h a v e r e s i d e d in t h e f a r m area c o n t i n u o u s l y f o r a p e r i o d of t h r e e y e a r s or t h e r e a b o u t s shall r e c e i v e c o m p e n s a t i o n , a n d t h a t all n a t i v e r i g h t s r e s e r v e d i n t h e l e a s e s in r e s p e c t of e a c h area s h o u l d t h e r e a f t e r h e e x t i n g u i s h e d . T h e degree of d i s t u r b a n c e a m o n g such a n o m a d i c r a c e w o u l d not b e very g r e a t , and w e consider the administration should d e c i d e w h a t is f a i r c o m p e n s a t i o n . (-2) T h a t t h e U g a n d a Government be approached on the q u e s t i o n of a c c o m m o d a t i n g m o r e of t h e E l G o n y i in its t e r r i t o r y a n d , if t h e y c a n b e a c c e p t e d , t h a t t h o s e w h o are m o v e d off' t h e f a r m s b e g i v e n t h e o p t i o n o f g o i n g t h e r e or i n t o t h e N o r t h K a v i r o n d o D i s t r i c t , o r , if t h e r e is r o o m for t h e m , o n t o t h e m o o r l a n d s of M o u n t E l g o n . That the moorland forest be area, on some Mount of in the the 40,000 Elgon El acres in Kenya for the as to in who and

above whole Class this

the area A area be to

belt

be reserved and that Deserve claim are

the use and

occupation included the E l

Gonyi,

Kavirondo have and We to

land. consider on in Gonyi grounds, of a strong that historical the they

W e equity should have

e n t i t l e d to the use of it. position eviction. obtain special

do n o t t h i n k squatters, there reside

they

registered

permission

who are liable to

W e f u l l y a p p r e c i a t e t h e a r g u m e n t s of t h e C o n s e r v a tor o f F o r e s t s f o r r e t a i n i n g t h e a r e a as F o r e s t D e s e r v e a n d c o n s i d e r it h a s b e e n w e l l m a n a g e d , p a r t i c u l a r l y in r e g a r d to t h e o v e r - s t o c k i n g q u e s t i o n , under his super vision. B u t w e c a n n o t a g r e e t h a t so l a r g e an area o f g r a z i n g l a n d c a n p r o p e r l y b e r e g a r d e d as f o r e s t r e s e r v e , and in our opinion the s u r r o u n d i n g forest, s t r e a m s and s p r i n g s can b e e q u a l l y w e l l p r o t e c t e d if if c e a s e s to b e

286
. , PAUT I I - C H A P T E R
R R

THE
V N

NZOIA

NJ

PROVING! T H E N A N D I AND Er. Cos

f o r e s t r e s e r v e a n d b e c o m e s n a t i v e r e s e r v e in the u u s s e n s e u n d e r t h e c o n t r o l o f t h e P r o v i n c i a l Commissions w h o w i l l h a v e a t h i s d i s p o s a l t h e a d v i c e a n d assistan of t h e C o n s e r v a t o r o f F o r e s t s a n d h i s officers i m a t t e r s r e l a t i n g t o t h e p r o t e c t i o n of t h e f o r e s t . We over the see n o reason area, subject why to the C o n s e r v a t o r of Fore d i r e c t i o n of i s h o u l d n o t , i n p r a c t i c e , c o n t i n u e t o e x e r c i s e supervisi the general Provincial them C o m m i s s i o n e r , b u t i t s i n c l u s i o n in the No,

K a v i r o n d o R e s e r v e f o r t h e u s e o f t h e E l G o n y i will s e c u r i t y of t e n u r e , a n a r e a w h i c h t h e y desire their o w n , a n d , in we met. conjunction their w i t h our oil will

1

can call been

recommendations, adequately

consider

claims

452

CHAPTER
THE NYANZA

XL

PROVINCE.

THE ADEQUACY OF THE THREE KAVIRONDO RESERVES TO THE NEEDS OF THE OCCUPANT TRIBES.
[088. T h i s and the f o l l o w i n g t h r e e c h a p t e r s w i l l he d e v o t e d t o T h e iand p r o b l e m s of t h e N y a n z a P r o v i n c e . I n t h e p r e s e n t c h a p t e r p j shall discuss t h e q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r t h e N a t i v e R e s e r v e s of t h e K a v i r o n d o d i s t r i c t s , c o m p r i s i n g a t o t a l a r e a of 7,114 s q u a r e are a d e q u a t e t o t h e n e e d s o f a p o i m l a t i o n , e s t i m a t e d a c c o r d to the C h i e f N a t i v e C o m m i s s i o n e r ^ e s t i m a t e d a t e d 2 n d J u n e , to be 1,029,422 p e r s o n s . Question i
s e t

1089. N o r t h K a v i r o n d o i s i n h a b i t e d a l m o s t e n t i r e l y b y a S c m Account her of c l o s e l y a l l i e d t r i b e s , wdio a r e u s u a l l y k n o w n c o l l e c t i v e l y j^i^itine e Bantu K a v i r o n d o . T h e r e i s , h o w e v e r , a s m a l l c o l o n y of Tribes, w h o a r e of N i l o t i c o r i g i n , in t h e l o c a t i o n s o f B u h o l o , W a n g a , South M a r a m a . W i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n of t h e S a m i a l o c a t i o n tral K a v i r o n d o is a l m o s t entirely Luo; while in South irondo t h e b u l k of t h e p o p u l a t i o n a r e e i t h e r L u o or K i s i i , t h e being a B a n t u t r i b e i n h a b i t i n g t h e h i g h l a n d s i n t h e v i c i n i t y the D i s t r i c t h e a d q u a r t e r s . T h e s e t r i b e s differ c o n s i d e r a b l y in try a n d a t t a i n m e n t s , b u t i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s h o r t discussion of economic position it w i l l be necessary t o g e n e r a l i z e .
G

1.090. V e r y full e c o n o m i c s u r v e y s of t h e icts h a v e b e e n p r e p a r e d b y M e s s r s . M . H .

three K a v i r o n d o Grieve, Agricul-

Sources of
I n f o r r a a t i j a

Officer, K a k a m e g a , A. S. H a r t l e y , A g r i c u l t u r a l Officer, tral K a v i r o n d o a n d M a j o r C. E . V . B u x t o n , D i s t r i c t C o m m i s er. S o u t h K a v i r o n d o , and stand in evidence (Evidence, 206-2220, 2247-2260, 2348-2366). In addition to these eys, statistics of p o p u l a t i o n a n d d e n s i t y w e r e p r e p a r e d b y R. F . P a l e t h o r p e a t o u r r e q u e s t , wdiile he w a s a c t i n g as our taut S e c r e t a r y . T h e s e t a b l e s w i l l a l s o b e f o u n d in t h e p r i n t e d ence. 1091. T h e first p o i n t t h a t s t r i k e s us is t h e v e r y l a r g e p o p u l a t i o n The ese r e s e r v e s . T h e p o s i t i o n is t h a t r a t h e r m o r e t h a n o n e - t h i r d tlan e total p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e C o l o n y is i n h a b i t i n g r a t h e r less t h a n hirtieth p a r t o f i t s t o t a l a r e a . 1092. L a r g e n u m b e r s of t h e K a v i r o n d o , b o t h B a n t u and ic, g o out to w o r k o u t s i d e t h e i r r e s e r v e a n d t h e C h i e f R e g i s t r a r atives i n f o r m s its t h a t t h e a v e r a g e n u m b e r so e m p l o y e d anted t o 51,494 in 1 9 3 1 . I n c o n t r a d i s t i n c t i o n t o t h e K i k u y u other t r i b e s , t h e y d o n o t , in g e n e r a l , l e a v e t h e i r r e s e r v e p e r jntly, nor do t h e y b r i n g t h e i r f a m i l i e s w i t h t h e m w h e n t h e y Popula
of t l , e

THE PART I I C H A P T E R XI]

NYANZA

PROVINCE THE K A V I H O N D O UESEI

g o out as l a b o u r e r s , w h i l e v e r y f e w r e s i d e on n o n - n a t i v e estate; s q u a t t e r s , so t h a t t h e l a r g e m a j o r i t y of t h e 5 1 , 4 9 4 out at w irk h a v e a c t i v e a s s o c i a t i o n s w i t h t h e i r h o m e s , a n d a r e include ! in population figures. 1093. T h e r a t e of i n c r e a s e of p o p u l a t i o n a p p e a r s to vary, The Rate of Increase of tho s i d e r a b l y in t h e t h r e e d i s t r i c t s , t h e final figures g i v e n by 1'opulation. Administrative Officers who h a v e s u b m i t t e d m e m o r a n d a 1*1 0.8 p e r c e n t a n n u a l l y i n C e n t r a l K a v i r o n d o , 1.2 per c e n t in Y. K a v i r o n d o and 1.5 p e r c e n t in S o u t h K a v i r o n d o , as against l.fi cent estimated for K i k u y u . T h e officers c o n c e r n e d m a k e it n c l e a r t h a t these figures c a n o n l y b e t a k e n as a p p r o x i m a t e , but r a t i o s m a y be a c c e p t e d as b e i n g r e a s o n a b l y a c c u r a t e , f o r there been a considerable migration of recent years from C m K a v i r o n d o t o S o u t h K a v i r o n d o . w h i c h w o u l d a c c o u n t for g r e a t e r i n c r e a s e in t h e l a t t e r d i s t r i c t a n d t h e s m a l l figure sin for the former. Uneven Distribution of the Population. 1094. tion to The density the of t h e p o p u l a t i o n v a r i e s g r e a t l y peak being reached in from I ? !.\( of .!,

location, mile.

Bunyorc figure

Kavirondo) where per s q u a r e

it is said t o a t t a i n t h e a b n o r m a l

1095. T h e soil in this r e g i o n is e x c e e d i n g l y f e r t i l e , and i s u m a b l y t h e n a t i v e s r e a l i z e t h a t a s m a l l area under cultivation 1 J ; w i l l y i e l d as m u c h as a l a r g e r a r e a e l s e w h e r e . B u t e v e n if t! s o , t h e r e are o b v i o u s d a n g e r s to h e a l t h in a p o p u l a t i o n with, if a n e l e m e n t a r y k n o w l e d g e of h y g i e n e b e i n g c o n g r e g a t e d in so g a d e n s i t y , a n d a m o r e e v e n d i s t r i b u t i o n s h o u l d be ehconraj F o r t u n a t e l y t h e r e a r e l a r g e a r e a s of c u l t i v a b l e , but not cultiva l a n d e l s e w h e r e i n t h e d i s t r i c t , a n d t h e r e f o r e i t w o u l d seem, wit! e n t e r i n g i n t o d e t a i l s of l a n d t e n u r e , t h a t r e l i e f f r o m c o n g e ; could b e afforded b y penetration i n t o other locations where s l a n d c a n be f o u n d . Agriculture Kavirondc. in than 1096. us q u i t e direction Central The clearly agricultural that though in the sections people are the of the economic is in and survey the oppo agricultural rat Nyakatch Kavirond

definitely tendency Kano

pastoral,

possibly North

in K i t o s h Kavirondo,

Kavirondo,

and the L u o agricultural.

l o c a t i o n s of

South

a w h o l e are definitely

1097. T h e r e a r e t w o p o i n t s i n t h e s u r v e y s w h i c h strike! f o r c i b l y ; first, t h e a v e r a g e y i e l d p e r a c r e is e x t r e m e l y small, b a d r e g a r d t o t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e l a n d a n d t h e f a c t that a large p i t ! i t w i l l y i e l d a t least t w o c r o p s p e r a n n u m ; and secondly, a m o u n t of p r o d u c e s o l d p e r h o u s e h o l d is a l s o s m a l l , a n n u m ! o n l y t o s o m e S h . 12 in N o r t h K a v i r o n d o . T h e s e points art! c o n s i d e r a b l e i m p o r t a n c e w h e n c o n s i d e r e d in c o n n e x i o n with

THE IICHAPTER X I ]

N Y A N Z A

PROVINCE THE

KAVIIIONDO

RESERVES

r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e p r o s p e c t i v e p o p u l a t i o n , f o r t h e y s h o w increased s k i l l s h o u l d e n a b l e t h e s a m e l a n d t o s u p p o r t a v e r y h l a r g e r p o p u l a t i o n a t a h i g h e r s t a n d a r d of l i f e . 109S. W e believe that the p o s s i b i l i t i e s of obtaining increased Possibility of *"gjlg

5 e d

per a c r e a r e v e r y g r e a t . T h e d e t a i l s of t h e m e a s u r e s w h i c h ild be a d o p t e d in o r d e r t o i m p r o v e p r e s e n t c o n d i t i o n s s c a r c e l y w i t h i n our t e r m s of r e f e r e n c e , b u t a r e t h e c o n c e r n of t h e artment of A g r i c u l t u r e . T r i b e s w h o s e m e t h o d s of a g r i c u l t u r e not g r e a t l y c h a n g e d w i t h i n l i v i n g m e m o r y c a n n o t b e e x p e c t e d J to a s s i m i l a t e n e w i d e a s , b u t t h e w o r k of t e a c h i n g m u s t g o v teadily a n d u n c e a s i n g l y , a n d it m u s t a l w a y s b e b o r n e in m i n d better m e t h o d s of c u l t i v a t i o n a r e e s s e n t i a l in o r d e r t o c o n s e r v e resources of t h e s o i l . 1099. W e m a y p r e s u m e t h a t c h a n g i n g c o n d i t i o n s w i l l n e c e s c some c a p i t a l e x p e n d i t u r e on t h e p a r t of t h e n a t i v e s in o r d e r btain i n c r e a s e d y i e l d s . 1100. I n o r d e r t h a t t h e y m a y be in a p o s i t i o n to m e e t such ntliture, it i s n e c e s s a r y t h a t t h e i r p u r c h a s i n g p o w e r i n o t h e r the a v a i l a b l e b a l a n c e o f t h e f a m i l y b u d g e t b e i n c r e a s e d , can t h i s i n c r e a s e o f p u r c h a s i n g p o w e r b e o b t a i n e d ? 1101. T w o m e t h o d s at o n c e s u g g e s t t h e m s e l v e s . A n i n c r e a s e d ge can b e p l a n t e d and c a s h c r o p s of a n e c o n o m i c c h a r a c t e r be e n c o u r a g e d . T h e r e is n o d o u b t t h a t t h e r e a r e m a n y such w e l l s u i t e d to K a v i r o n d o . A n y measures t a k e n to stimulate action of c a s h c r o p s w i l l b e e s p e c i a l l y v a l u a b l e , a n d w i l l c o n :te g r e a t l y t o t h e r e v i v a l o f t r a d e a n d t h e p r o s p e r i t y of t h e res. 1102. A t p r e s e n t t h e g r e a t e s t s o u r c e of i n c o m e i s t h e T market, and it is necessary to remember that -e e a r n i n g s of t h e n a t i v e s b y s a l e of p r o d u c e a r e external the very men the

considerably

merited b y t h e w a g e s e a r n e d a n d r e m i t t e d b y t h e y o u n g leave t h e r e s e r v e t o w o r k f o r E u r o p e a n s , a n d r e c e n t l y b y ng up of p a r t s of t h e c o u n t r y t o 103. M e m o r a n d a ussioners o f tenure. We have been mining. t o us b y t h e the

submitted

District of ap

the three

Kavirondo

districts o n

subject

Land Tenure in K a v i r o n d o .

h a v e also r e a d t h e r e p o r t by Mr. in of E.

of t h e C o m m i t t e e B. Hosking, to We

ed to i n q u i r e i n t o t h e s y s t e m of l a n d t e n u r e o b t a i n i n g in N o r t h r o n d o , and er, on the a memorandum difficulties of District imple addi both experienced the endeavouring informed

t the recommendations heard the evidence opean and native 6, 2 4 0 1 ) .

Committee.

have in

of a n u m b e r

witnesses,

(Evidence, pp.

2285-2288, 2292-2299, 2347,

THE PAIIT I I C H A P T E R X I ]

N Y A N Z A

PROVINCE T H E K A V I R O N D O JT IS

1 1 0 4 . Tt a p p e a r s t h a t l a n d t e n u r e in all t h e K a v i r o n d o hj.. is b a s e d o n t h e c l a n s y s t e m . T h e L u o , p e r h a p s e v e n more other tribes, seem to e x p e r i e n c e a difficulty in distingufc b e t w e e n t h e o w n e r s h i p of l a n d a n d t h e p o s s e s s i o n of political p c a n d d i s p u t e s a b o u t l a n d b o u n d a r i e s a i e n o t so m u c h conct w i t h t h e l a n d i t s e l f as w i t h t h e q u e s t i o n of w h o is t o be head or r u l e r o f a l o c a t i o n o r s e c t i o n ; w e h a d c o n s i d e r a b l e difficult m a k i n g t h e m u n d e r s t a n d t h a t w e w e r e n o t c o n c e r n e d with matters. 1 1 0 5 . But. t h e e m e r g e n c e of l a n d p r o b l e m s , as such, and d e v e l o p m e n t of a m o r e p r i v a t e f o r m of r i g h t - h o l d i n g are t e x p e c t e d , and s i g n s of t h e m a r e a l r e a d y a p p a r e n t . F r o m a p t e of t h e e v i d e n c e a n d m e m o r a n d a , w e h a v e f o r m e d t h e general t h a t t h e s y s t e m s a r e s u f f i c i e n t l y e l a s t i c in t h e m s e l v e s t o permit r e a s o n a b l e f r e e d o m of m o v e m e n t in t h e p o p u l a t i o n , whiles; t a n e o u s m i g r a t i o n s f r o m c o n g e s t e d i n t o l e s s c o n g e s t e d local s h o u l d in a l a r g e m e a s u r e p r e v e n t a n y p r o b l e m s of local con^e: from becoming acute. T h i s v i e w is s h a r e d b y the Provi; Commissioner. llOfi. Modifications in t h e s y s t e m of t e n u r e m a y be expe,

to a large e x t e n t ,

look

to c o m e itself

accommodates task of the There

to

about

spontaneously to

as the native and and it vril soiner

changing officers

conditions, observe

the

administrative may

to guide.

also b e occasions w h e n made.

it b e c o m e s neces

t o r e g u l a t e , a n d i n t h e t h i r d p a r t of o u r R e p o r t w e shall con: the m a n n e r in w h i c h r u l e s s h o u l d b e

1107. W h i l e in o u r R e p o r t likely task wish of to proper to lay

r

w e s t a t e o u r o p i n i o n t h a t a g r a d u a l advance s o m e of t h e m a i n difficulties whicl the detailed study on of the the of question spot. Bit officers

m o r e p r i v a t e f o r m of t e n u r e is to b e w e l c o m e d , a n d w h i l e elsew we mention the be e n c o u n t e r e d , to

administrative for the

stress on t h e fact importance the

t h a t t h e q u e s t i o n of land tenn development the rese tribes. to is answer directed, for our t h e specific qiie; namely, "hi

fundamental among

especially Adequacy of the Reserve-, ^o

agricultural now attempt analysis

1108. W e which our

must

economic The

K a v i r o n d o R e s e r v e s a d e q u a t e for t h e p r e s e n t a n d future needs o population?" quite areas made. into clearly of use surveys are submitted extensive fly-infested consideration s a r a b l e land w of w h i c h swamps. no us T h e r e are also 1 that there t r a c t s of country, of

have not yet been brought under cultivation. swamp) land a n d We by clearing of

a n t i c i p a t e t h a t t h i s l a n d w i l l in t h e future be broi bush and draining

THE fl CHAPTER X I ]

NYANZA-

PROVINCE THE KAVUIONBO RESERVES

109. T h e g e n e r a l o p i n i o n e x p r e s s e d b y E u r o p e a n w i t n e s s e s , iding a d m i n i s t r a t i v e officers a n d m i s s i o n a r i e s , is t h a t n o e x t e n of t h e r e s e r v e s is n e c e s s a r y a t p r e s e n t . W e i n v i t e special ition to t h e e v i d e n c e of t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r and jdeacon O w e n . W e accept this v i e w and express the general sion that t h e K a v i r o n d o R e s e r v e s a r e a d e q u a t e f o r t h e n e e d s ie n a t i v e s . 1110. I t is p o s s i b l e t h a t i n t h e m o r e d i s t a n t f u t u r e t h e r e m i g h t l o n g e s t i o n , if g e n e r a l c o n d i t i o n s , a p a r t f r o m p o p u l a t i o n , r e m a i n ley a r e , B u t w e a r e c o n f i d e n t t h a t t h e a d v a n c e t o b e e x p e c t e d ricultural s k i l l a n d p r a c t i c e wdll i m p r o v e at o n c e t h e s t a n d a r d e and t h e c a p a c i t y of t h e r e s e r v e t o c a r r y a g r e a t e r p o p u l a t i o n , ugh it a p p e a r s t h a t t h e r a t e of p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e is s o m e high, w e d o n o t a p p r e h e n d t h a t a n y p r o b l e m s a r e l i k e l y t o in this c o n n e x i o n w h i c h c a n n o t b e s o l v e d b y a n i n t e r n a l d i s rion. W e find n o r e a s o n to b e l i e v e t h a t , w i t h i n a n y p e r i o d it is n e c e s s a r y f o r us t o c o n t e m p l a t e , g r o w t h o f p o p u l a t i o n outstrip t h e g r o w i n g c a p a c i t y o f t h e c o u n t r y , w h e n p r o p e r l y ped, t o s u p p o r t t h e g r e a t e r n u m b e r s .

CHAPTER
THE N Y A N Z A

XII.
PEOVINCE.

(b)
The Specific Claims of the Kavirondo Districts.

CLAIMS OF EIGHT IN THE KAVIRONDO DISTBICTS.

1111. W e n o w p r o c e e d t o t h e discussion of specific c l a i m g r i e v a n c e s of t h e n a t i v e s o f the K a v i r o n d o d i s t r i c t s . The s t r i k i n g t h i n g a b o u t t h e m is t h a t t h e y a r e so f e w a n d so c o m p tively unimportant. I t is n o s m a l l t r i b u t e t o G o v e r n m e n t these n a t i v e s , w h o s e n u m b e r s are m o r e than a million, s h h a v e so l i t t l e a b o u t w h i c h t o c o m p l a i n . 1112. N e v e r t h e l e s s w e d e r i v e d t h e i m p r e s s i o n during o u r t o K a v i r o n d o t h a t t h e r e is s o m e f e e l i n g of u n r e s t w i t h regan l a n d . I t is n o t w e l l f o u n d e d , e x c e p t p o s s i b l y i n so far as the h, of t h e g o l d - m i n i n g i n d u s t r y i s c o n c e r n e d . B u t it c a n n o t a s c r i b e d e n t i r e l y to t h i s c a u s e , a n d t h e f e e l i n g of uneasiness e q u a l l y a p p a r e n t in C e n t r a l K a v i r o n d o , w h i c h h a s n o t been o p to prospecting. I t is t r u e t h a t c e r t a i n s m a l l a r e a s of land i b e e n a c q u i r e d f o r G o v e r n m e n t , m i s s i o n a r y a n d t r a d i n g purpc b u t a l m o s t e v e r y e x c l u s i o n or a l i e n a t i o n h a s b e e n m a d e in that the natives themselves might reap the benefits.

Claim by the Kanyakwar Clan.

1113. T h e n a t i v e s o f t h e K a n y a k w a r c l a n ( L u o ) claim lan, t h e K i s u m u a n d K a n o l o c a t i o n s of C e n t r a l K a v i r o n d o and i n K i s u m u t o w n s h i p . I n so far as t h i s c l a i m r e l a t e s to the i r e s e r v e , it d o e s n o t c o m e w i t h i n o u r t e r m s of r e f e r e n c e , ft m a t t e r o f i n t e r n a l a d j u s t m e n t w h i c h at p r e s e n t c o m e s w i t h i n p u r v i e w of t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d . W e shall discuss the w o r ' of t h e o r d i n a n c e a n d m a k e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s t h e r e o n in P a r t of t h e E e p o r t , a n d w e n e e d n o t c o n c e r n o u r s e l v e s further wit!; c l a i m of t h e K a n y a k w a r , e x c e p t i n so f a r as K i s u m u townslii concerned. 1114. I n connexion w i t h t h i s c l a i m , a m e m o r a n d u m by C. W . H o b l e y , w h o a c t u a l l y f o u n d e d t h e G o v e r n m e n t station i is of g r e a t i n t e r e s t . H e w r i t e s : " W h e n w e e s t a b l i s h e d t h e first K i s u m u station on n o r t h side of t h e K i s u m u i n l e t , w e d i d s o w i t h the frie a c q u i e s c e n c e of t h e K i s u m u g r o u p of t r i b e s m e n ; no vii w e r e r e m o v e d , n o shambas w e r e o c c u p i e d b y our buildin b y the b a z a a r . " " L a t e r , h o w e v e r , t h e C h i e f E n g i n e e r ( o f the Bail d e c i d e d t o m a k e t h e t e r m i n u s o n t h e south side. This t a i l e d t h e r e m o v a l of t h e G o v e r n m e n t s t a t i o n t o t h e same as t h e r a i l w a y t e r m i n u s . I w a s t h e r e f o r e instructed a 1 9 0 0 t o l a y o u t a t o w n s h i p o n t h e r o c k y r i d g e where E

Claim t o Kisumu Township.

THE IICHAPTER X I ]

N Y A N Z A

PROVINCE THE KAVIRONDO RESERVES

now s t a n d s . T h e r i d g e w a s c o v e r e d w i t h t h o r n b u s h , a n d I saw n o t r a c e w h a t e v e r of h u m a n h a b i t a t i o n , p a s t o r p r e s e n t . . . I once d i d h e a r a s t o r y t h a t a v e r y l o n g t i m e p r e v i o u s l y s o m e natives h a d l i v e d s o m e w h e r e o n t h a t r i d g e , b u t t h e y h a d a l l died of a d e a d l y d i s e a s e , said t o b e l i k e p l a g u e . " Lllo. E v i d e n c e from Swahili who came to Kisumu e the r a i l w a y r e a c h e d t h e r e b e a r s o u t t h i s s t a t e m e n t . even

L116. I t t h e r e f o r e a p p e a r s c e r t a i n t h a t t h e r e c a n b e n o s o u n d to t h a t p a r t o f t h e t o w n s h i p w h i c h f o r m s t h e r o c k y r i d g e joking V i c t o r i a N y a n z a but i t is p o s s i b l e t h a t t o s o m e e x t e n t e rights existed in o t h e r p a r t s of t h e township. L117. T h e t o w n s h i p b o u n d a r i e s w e r e first g a z e t t e d in 1 9 0 3 , comprised t h e e i r c u m f e i e n c e o f a c i r c l e t w o a n d a h a l f m i l e s dius, w i t h its c e n t r e at t h e C o l l e c t o r ^ office. T h e t o t a l a r e a , ding w a t e r , w a s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 2 , 5 6 6 a c r e s . T h i s position ned u n t i l 1 9 2 3 , w h e n c o n s i d e r a b l y m o d i f i e d b o u n d a r i e s w e r e ted, r e d u c i n g t h e a r e a t o 6,980 a c r e s . T h i s has b e e n f u r t h e r tied, a n d t h e a r e a is n o w 4,780 a c r e s , i n c l u d i n g p a r t o f K i s u m u
-

11118. T h i s l a s t m o d i f i c a t i o n 1,380 adding linery. 1.119. C o m m e n t i n g on acres, which of

f r e e s a n a r e a of l a n d of proposes of the to add

approxi to the legal

Government the absence

[ral K a v i r o n d o N a t i v e R e s e r v e , b u t h a s h i t h e r t o b e e n p r e c l u d e d because necessary

this proposal,

the P r o v i n c i a l

Commis

in 1930 w r o t e : " I t h i n k i t c a n s a f e l y b e said t h a t a l l l a n d o w n e d t r i b a l l y iy the K a v i r o n d o w i l l u n d e r t h e p r o p o s e d s c h e m e b e e x c l u d e d torn t h e t o w n s h i p a n d i n c l u d e d i n t h e r e s e r v e . P r a c t i c a l l y a l l he n a t i v e s r e m a i n i n g i n t h e n o w d i m i n i s h e d t o w n s h i p a r e nmigrants f r o m o t h e r l o c a t i o n s . " 120. I t is t h e r e f o r e l i k e l y t h a t t h e n a t i v e c l a i m s o n g r o u n d s lit w i l l b e s a t i s f i e d b y t h i s a d d i t i o n . B u t there is another I which d e s e r v e s c o n s i d e r a t i o n : K i s u m u is t h e m a r k e t t h r o u g h i most of t h e n a t i v e p r o d u c e f r o m K a v i r o n d o p a s s e s . Those 3 who live near t h e township are adjacent to their m a r k e t m s e q u e n t l y t h e t o w n s h i p i s of m o r e b e n e f i t t o t h e m t h a n t o living i n m o r e r e m o t e p l a c e s . I n a d d i t i o n t h e y b e n e f i t f r o m msiderable m a r k e t f o r p e r i s h a b l e g o o d s s u c h as e g g s , m i l k , hich t h e t o w n s h i p a f f o r d s , a n d i t is safe t o a s s u m e t h a t i f atives h a v e b e e n d i s t u r b e d b y t h e c r e a t i o n of t h e t o w n s h i p , have s e t t l e d i n t h e v i c i n i t y a n d a r e d e r i v i n g advantage
Q

g!y

THE PAHT I I C H A P T E R X I ]

N Y A N Z A

PROVINCE THE KAVIRONDO

1 1 2 1 . I f t h e s e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a r e i m p l e m e n t e d , w e feel t h e n a t i v e s w i l l h a v e b e e n t r e a t e d n o t o n l y j u s t l y , b u t generot T h e p a r t i c u l a r c l a i m s of t h e K a n y a k w a r c l a n i n t o w h i c h w e ! i n q u i r e d a t l e n g t h a p p e a r t o u s t o h a v e n o f o u n d a t i o n snfficiei w a r r a n t us i n p r o n o u n c i n g i n t h e i r f a v o u r . The Bantu Claim t o . 1 1 2 2 . T h e B a n t u c l a i m t o M a s a n a i s , i n e f f e c t , the exr f d e s i r e t h a t t h e M a s a n a V a l l e y s h o u l d b e included in N o r t h K a v i r o n d o N a t i v e R e s e r v e , t h e n a t i v e s of w h i c h are lat B a n t u , the boundary b e t w e e n N o r t h and Central Kavirondo b i adjusted accordingly. T h e n a t i v e s h a v e lost n o l a n d ; they at. p r e s e n t l i v i n g i n a n a t i v e r e s e r v e a n d t h e r e is n o proposal; t h e y s h o u l d b e m o v e d . T h i s c l a i m i s t h e r e f o r e purely- an ints m a t t e r , a n d , e x c e p t i n so far as it i n v o l v e s t h e g e n e r a l quest it t h e m a n a g e m e n t a n d c o n t r o l of n a t i v e l a n d s , w h i c h is fully cussed i n P a r t I I I , d o e s n o t c o m e w i t h i n o u r p u r v i e w .
S 1 0 n 0 a

Claim to Land formerly Haserw^ * '

1 1 2 3 . T h e r e is a n area of l a n d of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 900 aciv M a s e n o n e a r t h e b o u n d a r y b e t w e e n N o r t h a n d C e n t r a l Kavirc w h i c h i s c l a i m e d b y t h e n a t i v e s . I t w a s a l i e n a t e d originally: company in which missionaries w e r e i n t e r e s t e d , called I A f r i c a n I n d u s t r i e s L i m i t e d , a n d w a s u l t i m a t e l y b o u g h t had G o v e r n m e n t i n 1 9 2 6 . O n i t s r e p u r c h a s e , it w a s n o t added to r e s e r v e , b u t w a s u s e d as a G o v e r n m e n t S o c i a l S e r v i c e Centre n o w c o n t a i n s a V e t e r i n a r y T r a i n i n g C e n t r e , a L o c a l N a t i v e Cm seed f a r m , and a m o d e l v i l l a g e .
7

1124. T h e "The

Provincial

Commissioner

remarks

land w a s originally
7

c l a i m e d b y n a t i v e s of -Hun; ( C e n t r a l Kaviroi it." were r allow the land the laud of

(North K a v i r o n d o ) and S e m e and S a g a m 1125. S o m e p e n s a t e d by remain. Government the These of the natives
7

a n d t h e r e m u s t alway s h a v e b e e n d i s p u t e s a b o u t resident left, on while the on compiany were and

others w e r e them.

removed

acquisition

and compensation

was paid to

1126. I t a p p e a r s f r o m t h e e v i d e n c e o f M r . Bf. 0 . S a M a n a g e r of E a s t A f r i c a n I n d u s t r i e s , L t d . since 1 9 0 3 . to bei d o u b t f u l w h e t h e r any of t h e s e n a t i v e s h a d o c c u p i e d the land to t h e a d v e n t o f t h e B r i t i s h G o v e r n m e n t .

7

1 1 2 7 . W h e t h e r t h e o r i g i n a l a l i e n a t i o n w a s a m i s t a k e or IX n o t n o w r e l e v a n t ; i f it w a s , G o v e r n m e n t has r e c t i f i e d it a m u s i n g t h e a r e a as a social s e r v i c e c e n t r e . T h e e s t a t e is now used f o r t h e b e n e f i t of t h e n a t i v e s , a n d t h o s e n a t i v e s who l i v i n g i n t h e i m m e d i a t e v i c i n i t y r e a p t h e g r e a t e s t advantage, t h e r e f o r e r e c o r d our v i e w t h a t G o v e r n m e n t h a s f u l l y met if! ewer n a t i v e c l a i m s t h e r e may h a v e b e e n b y t h e re-acquisition t h e l a n d , a n d b y u s i n g i t f o r t h e b e n e f i t of the n a t i v e s thenisel W e w o u l d s u g g e s t , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e l a n d should be form
7

56
THE N Y A N Z A
JT CHAPTER X I I ]

PROVINCE
THE KAVIRONDO RESERVES

] t o t h e r e s e r v e , a n d i t c a n t h e n b e r e g a r d e d as s e t a p a r t purpose of a social service centre (vide Part III, 1526 a n d 1541).

for

sections

1128,. T h e L u o c l a i m t h e l a n d i n Y a l a t o w n s h i p as t h e i r o w n . claim h a s t w o a s p e c t s , f i r s t l y , a g e n e r a l o b j e c t i o n b y t h e Ires to t h e s e t t i n g a p a r t of t h e t o w n s h i p a r e a a n d , s e c o n d l y , a iciilar o b j e c t i o n t o t h e u t i l i z a t i o n of p a r t o f t h a t t o w n s h i p f o r purpose of a R o m a n C a t h o l i c m i s s i o n s c h o o l . 1129. T h e g e n e r a l r e m a r k s w e h a v e m a d e c o n c e r n i n g t r a d e o w n s h i p s in o u r d i s c u s s i o n of K i s u m u t o w n s h i p a p p l y w i t h force h e r e . Y a l a t o w n s h i p is a p r o s p e r o u s c e n t r e of t r a d e in Imiddle of a n i n t e n s e l y c u l t i v a t e d a n d f e r t i l e a r e a a n d it is of benefit t o t h e n a t i v e s t o h a v e t h i s r e a d y m a r k e t . The amity of t h e g o l d f i e l d s is b r i n g i n g i n c r e a s e d p r o s p e r i t y . 130. A g a i n , t h e e r e c t i o n of a l a r g e m i s s i o n s c h o o l is a l s o of ilerable b e n e f i t to t h e l o c a l n a t i v e s ; i n d e e d , t h a t is its s o l e i. I t is r e c o r d e d t h a t c o m p e n s a t i o n h a s b e e n p a i d t o a n y es r e s i d i n g o n t h e t o w n s h i p l a n d w d i i c h w a s a l i e n a t e d t o t h e on, a n d w e t h e r e f o r e c a n n o t a d m i t t h a t t h e i r c l a i m is r e a s o n N o r e a l h a r d s h i p h a s b e e n suffered a n d c o n s i d e r a b l e a d v a n t iave a c c r u e d t o the n a t i v e s . T h e l a n d h a s n o t b e e n e x c l u d e d the n a t i v e r e s e r v e . 1131. T h e n a t i v e s c l a i m t h r e e I n d i a n f a r m s a t K i b o s w h e r e it

Claim by Luo township

Claim t o ^
S

1 t h e r e w e r e in t h e p a s t s o m e 37 n a t i v e bo)naf,, a n d t h e y of * ^ e R a t t w a y represent t h a t s o m e 6 0 v i l l a g e s w e r e m o v e d f r o m I n d i a n f a r m s between M i w a n i a n d about 40 v i l l a g e s f r o m . A i r . N e y ' s farm at Kisumu and gori. A l l t h i s l a n d i s n o r t h of t h e r a i l w a y . 1132. T h e R e v . H . W . I n n i s , w h o h a s b e e n a m i s s i o n a r y in rondo c o u n t r y since 1 9 0 6 , i n f o r m s us t h a t at t h a t t i m e t h e r e no n a t i v e s b e t w e e n t h e r a i l w a y a n d t h e N a n d i E s c a r p m e n t , was a n e u t r a l z o n e i n t o w h i c h b o t h N a n d i a n d L u o w e r e to e n t e r . T h i s is b o r n e o u t to s o m e e x t e n t b y M r . J a i r o O m o n d i , a n a t i v e w i t n e s s w h o h a s b e e n in G o v e r n m e n t in K i s u m u since 1 8 9 9 . H e s t a t e s t h a t t h e E u o used t o into t h e a r e a w h e n t h e N a n d i w e r e i n a c t i v e , b u t as s o o n as were a n y h o s t i l i t i e s t h e y p r o m p t l y r e t r e a t e d s o u t h of t h e f. Il33. T h e r e is d e f i n i t e e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e r a i l w a y w a s m a d e lodern b o u n d a r y a n d t h a t a n y n a t i v e s w h o h a d c o m e t o l i v e I of t h e l i n e w e r e m o v e d b a c k in o r d e r t o m a k e w a y f o r t h e f a r m s w h i c h w e r e m a d e a v a i l a b l e f o r a l i e n a t i o n in 1 9 0 3 . 134. T h e f a c t a p p e a r s t o b e t h a t t h i s l a n d w a s a n e u t r a l :n N a n d i and Kavirondo; accordingly we find that i have n o g o o d c l a i m to i t . zone the

THE NYANZA
PABT I I - C H A P T E R XII]

PROVINCE
THE KAVIRONDO RE

Claim to Maxwell's Farm (L.O. 653).

1135. A n a p p l i c a t i o n w a s s u b m i t t e d i n J u l y , 1906, b y I B r i t i s h E a s t A f r i c a n C o r p o r a t i o n f o r 2 , 2 7 0 a c r e s f o r cotton i n g , a n d for t h e e c o n o m i c e d u c a t i o n of t h e n a t i v e s , and i n permission to occupy, pending survey, was granted. The v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r p r o t e s t e d on t h e g r o u n d t h a t t h e l a n d a l r e a d y , as t o t h e g r e a t e r p a r t , i n t h e o c c u p a t i o n of the n a t A f t e r s o m e n e g o t i a t i o n s it w a s d e c i d e d t h a t , o n a c c o u n t o f n; r i g h t s , o n l y s o m e 473 a c r e s could b e t a k e n u p . This area s u b s e q u e n t l y c o n v e y e d t o M r . d a m e s M a x w e l l , the present ho 1136. A n e x a m i n a t i o n of t h e r e c o r d s at K i s u m u r e v e a l s g r e a t t r o u b l e w a s t a k e n to a s c e r t a i n t h e e x t e n t o f n a t i v e o c c u r n on the land and t o exclude it f r o m the area granted, a n d s i g n i f i c a n t t h a t t h e l a n d f i n a l l y c o n v e y e d w a s o n l y about a p a r t o f the l a n d for w h i c h a p p l i c a t i o n h a d b e e n m a d e . Wo e l u d e t h e r e f o r e t h a t n o s u b s t a n t i a l r i g h t s o f i n d i v i d u a l na o b t a i n e d in t h a t p a r t . B e n t is p a i d t o t h e C e n t r a l K a v i r L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l , and w e consider t h a t n o further actioi G o v e r n m e n t is n e c e s s a r y i n r e s p e c t o f t h i s l a n d . B u t b e c a u s e f a r m is an i s l a n d i n t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e , w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t , s h o u l d c o m e i n t o t h e m a r k e t , t h e L o c a l N a t i v e Council o r b o d y of L u o or an i n d i v i d u a l L n o s h o u l d b e p e r m i t t e d t o !::J it, e q u a l l y w i t h n o n - n a t i v e s .

Claim to a Mill Plot on Kisiani River.

1137. T h e r e is a s m a l l p l o t of f i v e a c r e s ( L . O . N o . 4660) on t e m p o r a r y l i c e n c e a t K i s i a n i b y t h e w i d o w of t h e l a t e K E a r n . I t i s an i s l a n d in t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e a n d is claimed b; natives. T h e L o c a l N a t i v e Council has recommended that t e m p o r a r y occupation licence should not b e e x c h a n g e d f o r a 1 b u t should be c a n c e l l e d . 1138. T h e c a n c e l l a t i o n o f t h e t e m p o r a r y occupation is a m a t t e r f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n b y t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r , anl d o n o t p r o p o s e t o f e t t e r h i s d i s c r e t i o n b y m a k i n g a n y recomml t i o n . T h e a r e a i n v o l v e d i s s m a l l , a n d p o s s i b l y cancellation l i c e n c e w o u l d c a u s e c o n s i d e r a b l e h a r d s h i p t o the licensee.

Mkenda Swahili Settlement.

1139. the are u s e of not

T h e A l k e n d a or N y a n g o r i Swahili entirely and other Coast

Swahili

S e t t l e m e n t i s atil Commission! The resij an assortme

of 215 a c r e s s e t a s i d e in 1904 b y t h e B r o v i n c i a l detribalized but Swahilis, are

natives.

Mohammedan

n a t i v e s of v a r i o u s t r i b e s . Swahilis be removed.

T h e L u o , w h i l e nol

f e r r i n g a n y c l a i m o n h i s t o r i c a l g r o u n d s , s t a t e t h a t it is their] a n d ask t h a t t h e 1140. We

c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e l a n d o c c u p i e d b y this

settlJ

s h o u l d be r e g a r d e d as an a r e a set a p a r t i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t i l l v i s i o n w h i c h w e shall r e c o m m e n d f o r t h e s e t t i n g apart of lag s p e c i a l p u r p o s e s i n t h e t h i r d part o f our Eeport.

457
THE II-CHAPTER XII] N Y A N Z A PROVINCE THE KAVIRONDO RESERVES

1141. S o m e of t h e f a r m s o n t h e K i p k a r r e u R i v e r i n t h e T r a n s The North in D i s t r i c t , to t h e n o r t h of t h e N a n d i R e s e r v e a r e c l a i m e d b y ^ a r m s " " natives of N o r t h K a v i r o n d o . B e f o r e t h e a l i e n a t i o n o f t h i s l a n d District C o m m i s s i o n e r w r o t e : " T h e r e a r e s o m e t w e l v e M a s a i ires in t h i s area a n d o n e or t w o K a v i r o n d o v i l l a g e s . T h e p r e s e n t piers s t a t e t h a t t h e y h a v e m o v e d o u t o f the N o r t h K a v i r o n d o and h a v e t w i c e p a i d h u t t a x o n t h e i r s i t e s . "
6

1142. T h e o b v i o u s c o n c l u s i o n f r o m t h i s is t h a t t h e rondo n a t i v e s h a v e n o c l a i m t o t h i s p a r t i c u l a r a r e a .

North w e r e South Kavirondo m a k e Natives. Summary of the Claims oF Right reviewed above.

1143. T h e n a t i v e s w h o a p p e a r e d b e f o r e u s at K i s i i lie in t h a t t h e y h a d n o s p e c i f i c c l a i m s or c o m p l a i n t s t o regard t o l a n d .

1144. T h e p a r t i c u l a r q u e s t i o n o f m i n i n g l e a s e s i n K a k a m e g a [receive a t t e n t i o n in t h e n e x t c h a p t e r , a n d a g a i n i n s e c t i o n s to 1594 of P a r t I I I of o u r R e p o r t , i n w h i c h w e shall d e a l [ m i n i n g q u e s t i o n s g e n e r a l l y as t h e y affect t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e s . 1145. I n r e g a r d to t h e m a t t e r s e x a m i n e d i n t h e p r e s e n t ter our c o n c l u s i o n is t h a t t h e K a v i r o n d o h a v e n o c l a i m of r i g h t ii can j u s t i f y a n y e x t e n s i o n t o t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e s b e y o n d t h a t ised i n r e s p e c t of K i s u m u t o w n s h i p . W h a t e v e r claims the rondo m a y h a v e h a d o n t h e g r o u n d of b e i n g d e p r i v e d of us s m a l l p a t c h e s of l a n d f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f t r a d i n g c e n t r e s , cms, e t c . a p p e a r s t o us t o h a v e b e e n m o r e t h a n a m p l y c o m ited b y t h e f a c t t h a t t h e y h a v e b e e n a b l e t o u t i l i z e t h e f o r m e r :al buffer z o n e s b e t w e e n l o c a t i o n s , w h i c h w e r e f o r m e r l y b a t t l e lids a n d w e r e l e f t u n c u l t i v a t e d a n d u n u t i l i z e d a s t h e y t h e m j? a d m i t . M o r e o v e r t h e a r e a s a l i e n a t e d h a v e b e e n m a i n l y u s e d lie b e n e f i t of t h e K a v i r o n d o t h e m s e l v e s .

A1 U

CHAPTER XIII.
THE NYANZA PROVINCE.

uo

Special ^
8

Treatment of the K a k a m e g a f i n i n g Area,

s l e a s e s a n d o t h e r m a t t e r s c o n n e c t e d w i t h m i n i n g w i l l be foiim i c t h e t h i r d p a r t of our R e p o r t ( s e c t i o n s 1558 t o 1 5 9 4 ) . B u t we gj^jer s p e c i a l r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s t o b e n e c e s s a r y in the casf is K a k a m e g a , b e c a u s e t h i s is t h e o n l y area i n w h i c h t h e necessit 6ro i s s u i n g m i n i n g leases is l i k e l y to a r i s e b e f o r e l e g i s l a t i o n in s e q u e n c e of our R e p o r t has b e e n i n t r o d u c e d , a n d because we tl t h a t a n y n a t i v e w h o s e c a s e arose w h i l e t h e L a n d s T r u s t Old in; le w a s u n a m e n d e d has t h e r i g h t to h a v e it s e t t l e d a c c o r d i n g to l a O r d i n a n c e as it t h e n s t o o d . B u t if h e c o n s i d e r s , as w e d o , that -re o w n p r o p o s a l s as m a d e in P a r t I I I offer b e t t e r t e r m s , he s! h a v e t h e b e n e f i t of t h e m , at h i s o p t i o n .

pp ffe ret ( c ) M INING L EASES IN THE KAKAMEGA D ISTRICT. 1 1 4 6 . O u r g e n e r a l r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s o n t h e subject oi' inn e

1 1 4 7 . A difficulty i n p u t t i n g t h i s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n into prac: 11 0 a r i s e s f r o m t h e f a c t t h a t n o t h i n g i n t h e o r i g i n a l ordinance c i s e l y c o v e r s t h e q u e s t i o n , a n d w e h a v e h a d t o consider m e t h o d o f s e t t l e m e n t is b e s t i n a c c o r d w i t h t h e p r i n c i p l e s ai t h e t e r m s of t h e O r d i n a n c e . 1148. T h e s e considerations guided us i n m a k i n g , at r e q u e s t of t h e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e , t h e f o l l o w i n g I n t e r i m Re d a t e d 2 2 n d M a r c h , 1 9 8 3 . T h e first t h r e e p a r a g r a p h s expressed d e s i r e to c o n f i n e o u r s e l v e s to t h e s u b j e c t of K a k a m e g a and to le t h e m o r e g e n e r a l q u e s t i o n t o s t a n d o v e r u n t i l our full Report. 1 f o l l o w i n g is a v e r b a t i m q u o t a t i o n o f t h e b o d y of t h e I n t e r i m Ee[ ( p a r a g r a p h 4 to t h e e n d ) :
r

" W h e n t h e q u e s t i o n of t h e g r a n t of m i n i n g leases in Na; R e s e r v e s a r o s e , it w a s f o u n d i m p r a c t i c a b l e t o g r a n t such lei u n d e r t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f t h e N a t i v e L a n d s T r u s t Ordinance, 1 8 w i t h r e g a r d t o l e a s e s , a n d it w a s t h e r e f o r e d e c i d e d that the c p r a c t i c a b l e c o u r s e w o u l d b e to e x c l u d e a n y a r e a s c o m p r i s e d in si leases f r o m the reserve. " N o p e r m a n e n t e x c l u s i o n of s u c h l a n d w a s r e q u i r e d but mer an e x c l u s i o n so l o n g a s t h e l e a s e e x i s t e d ; e x c l u s i o n s of a temper n a t u r e w e r e n o t p r o v i d e d for b y t h e o r d i n a n c e , and it was t h a t f u r t h e r difficulties w o u l d a r i s e in p r a c t i c e i n adding a sir p i e c e of l a n d t o t h e r e s e r v e e a c h t i m e a l e a s e w a s granted. " I n t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s , as a p u r e l y t e m p o r a r y measure! w i t h o u t p r e j u d i c e t o a n y r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w h i c h w e might IK or a n y a c t i o n w h i c h t h e G o v e r n m e n t m i g h t s u b s e q u e n t l y decide t a k e u p o n o u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s , t h e N a t i v e L a n d s T r u s t (Ameij m e n t ) O r d i n a n c e , 1932, w a s passed.

THE IICHAPTER XIII]

N Y A N Z A

PROVINCE KAKAMEGA MININO LEASES

" W e w e r e consulted, b e f o r e t h e p a s s i n g of t h e a m e n d i n g o r d i n and r a i s e d n o o b j e c t i o n t o it a s a t e m p o r a r y m e a s u r e , as i t ared t o us t h a t , i f a n y a c t i o n w e r e t a k e n u n d e r i t , t h e n a t i v e s ted w o u l d b e t r e a t e d i n a p e r f e c t l y f a i r m a n n e r a n d w o u l d i n )e as g e n e r o u s l y , if n o t m o r e g e n e r o u s l y , t r e a t e d t h a n w o u l d ie case w i t h a E u r o p e a n u p o n w h o s e p r o p e r t y g o l d was fcvered. " W e are n o w i n a p o s i t i o n , in t h e l i g h t of t h e e v i d e n c e w h i c h nee b e e n o b t a i n e d , t o s t a t e t h e g e n e r a l l i n e s u p o n w h i c h w e s e t h a t t h e q u e s t i o n as r e g a r d s m i n i n g i n N o r t h K a v i r o n d o be s e t t l e d . t i n d e r o u r s e v e n t h t e r m of r e f e r e n c e w e a r e a s k e d t o r e v i e w caking of t h e N a t i v e L a n d s T r u s t O r d i n a n c e , 1 9 3 0 , a n d t o ecommendations without involving any departure from t h e iples of t h a t O r d i n a n c e ; w e f e e l t h a t t h e a m e n d i n g O r d i n a n c e wise r e l i e v e s us o f o u r duty t o d o t h i s .
7

Soon a f t e r b e g i n n i n g we c a m e ; it to the

t o g i v e t h i s subject that, a

detailed

considera had begun of the any appointed, purposes

conclusion place any of in

as p r o s p e c t i n g

K a k a m e g a area before our C o m m i s s i o n had been was taking well-populated taken for Kavirondo pie, m a j o r or Reserve, minor, land mining Trust

part

il as f a r as p o s s i b l e b e t a k e n s t r i c t l y i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h the N a t i v e be held Lands which c o u l d c o n c e i v a b l y on a n y reasonable a

Ordinance, grounds we reserve,

derlie or b e e m b o d i e d i n t h a t o r d i n a n c e ; i n t h a t c a t e g o r y place t h e p r o v i s i o n t h a t , i f l a n d i s e x c l u d e d f r o m Idetl t o t h a t r e s e r v e . We therefore consider that an addition should be made

a in l a n d e q u a l i n e x t e n t and a s f a r a s p o s s i b l e e q u a l i n v a l u e to the

erve of a n a r e a e q u a l i n v a l u e a n d e x t e n t t o t h e s u m of ikely t o b e e x c l u d e d i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e b y m i n i n g l e a s e s . We h a v e m a d e i n q u i r i e s as t o w h e t h e r a n y l a n d is , and w e a r e o f o p i n i o n t h a t t h e b e s t s o l u t i o n of t h e be t h e f o l l o w i n g native forest : here is i n t h e r e s e r v e c l o s e t o t h e N o r t h K a v i r o n d o reserve of approximately 58,000 onsultation w i t h kjov the C o n s e r v a t o r of F o r e s t s w e

available problem mining and made be

.ious to t h e r e s e r v e w h i c h m i g h t b e a d d e d t o i t ; t h e c h o i c e i s

acres,

recommend

portion of t h i s l a n d b e t a k e n o u t of t h a t r e s e r v e a n d essed b y North mining leases, and Reserve. that in lieu thereof forest, a be

a n y n a t i v e s in t h e N o r t h K a v i r o n d o a r e a w h o m a y R e s e r v e , wdiich is a C r o w n

portion added

Elgon F o r e s t

Kavirondo

THE PART I I C H A P T E R XIII]

N Y A N Z A

PROVINCE KAKAMEGA MINDJO U

" I t is a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t at t h e m a x i m u m t e n m i n i n g leases n o c a s e e x c e e d i n g fifty a c r e s , a r e l i k e l y t o b e t a k e n out durinn n e x t y e a r , i n v o l v i n g a t t h e m o s t s o m e five h u n d r e d acres; r e c o m m e n d t h e r e f o r e t h a t a n a r e a of fifteen h u n d r e d acres be m a v a i l a b l e i n t h e N o r t h K a v i r o n d o F o r e s t R e s e r v e to p r o v i d e ara -all c o n t i n g e n c i e s w h i c h c a n r e a s o n a b l y b e f o r e s e e n , and that a r e a a d d e d t o t h e r e s e r v e f r o m t h e E l g o n F o r e s t R e s e r v e sh( b e of n o t less e x t e n t a n d as far as p o s s i b l e of e q u a l value to: taken from the N o r t h K a v i r o n d o Forest E e s e r v e . "The far f r o m be l a n d f r o m t h i s l a t t e r f o r e s t a r e a , t h u s m a d e available t h e l a n d w h i c h t h e y w o u l d b e l e a v i n g and w o u l d b e . t o use this land but as a n d when a m i n i n g leas

d i s p o s s e s s e d n a t i v e s , w o u l d b e i n t h e i r o w n n a t i v e r e s e r v e and a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d ; n o n a t i v e s o t h e r t h a n t h o s e dispossessed sh allowed g r a n t e d , any same custom lease. rights over n a t i v e d i s p o s s e s s e d b y such l e a s e should be given over it which he enjoyed under native lav

a r e a e q u a l i n s i z e t o t h a t w h i c h h e h a d l o s t a n d should enjoy t h e land w h i c h h e occupied any crops which b e f o r e t h e grant of he w a s u n a b l e to r

I n a d d i t i o n he s h o u l d r e c e i v e full c o m p e n s a t i o n for his buildings, for

and other food land. " W e also the his h o m e "As and that

f o r d i s t u r b a n c e , a n d a l s o a sufficient s u m t o e n a b l e h i m to pure' for his f a m i l y u n t i l h e w a s a b l e t o r e a p crops f r o m his

consider individual we have

that

the

a b o v e proposals both

compensate suffered,

t r i b e f o r a n y loss w h i c h it m i g h t b e t h o u g h t t o h a v e i n s t e a d of o n e at a d i s t a n c e f r o m seen a b o v e , the N a t i v e permanent exclusion. to c o n t e m p l a t e it.

n a t i v e , w h o g a i n s t h e use of an area clos L a n d s T r u s t Orditi; f r o m a rest a r e of opi But, we

-appears o n l y

exclusion

i s s i l e n t as t o t e m p o r a r y

if l a n d is o n l y t e m p o r a r i l y addition were also of

excluded from a temporary

a r e s e r v e it w Then

b e a full c o m p l i a n c e w i t h t h e s p i r i t of t h e o r d i n a n c e if the eo ponding character. .an a d d i t i o n of l a n d f o r a p e r i o d of t i m e c o i n c i d e n t w i t h that m i n i n g l e a s e w o u l d m e e t t h e c a s e , t o g e t h e r w i t h , at t h e expiit of t h e l e a s e , a p e r m a n e n t a d d i t i o n of s u c h l a n d i n respect of w h i c h h a d b e e n p e r m a n e n t l y d e s t r o y e d b y m i n i n g operations dt the l e a s e , assessed o n a generous b a s i s , h a v i n g r e g a r d to tlit - c o n v e n i e n c e in w o r k i n g t h e l a n d c a u s e d b y t h e p r e s e n c e of ni -areas a n d loss of amenities.

" T h e q u e s t i o n t h u s arises w h e t h e r t h e l a n d t o b e added tc reserve of should be added p e r m a n e n t l y leases. or only d u r i n g the can mining

THE rj CHAPTER X I I I ]

N Y A N Z A

PROVINCE KAKAMEGA MINING LEASES

" A s w e have stated a b o v e , w e consider that a temporary addi would b e i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e s p i r i t o f t h e 1930 O r d i n a n c e , unless t h e l a w b e a g a i n t e m p o r a r i l y a m e n d e d t h e r e is n o linerv u n d e r i t to p r o v i d e f o r a t e m p o r a r y a d d i t i o n . " T h e r e f o r e , i n all t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s of t h e c a s e , a n d h a v i n g (1 to t h e c o m p a r a t i v e l y ' s m a l l a r e a of l a n d i n v o l v e d , w e r e c o m d that t h e l a n d i n t h e E l g o n F o r e s t R e s e r v e b e a d d e d t o t h e h K a v i r o n d o R e s e r v e , as n a t i v e F o r e s t R e s e r v e . Such an ion c o u l d , w e p r e s u m e , b e m a d e b y t h e G o v e r n o r under n 15 of t h e 1930 O r d i n a n c e , a f t e r t h e C e n t r a l B o a r d h a d ed a n d c o n s e n t e d u n d e r s u b - s e c t i o n ( 1 ) of t h a t s e c t i o n to t h e sion of such a r e a s of l a n d n o t e x c e e d i n g i n a l l 1,500 a c r e s in a k a m e g a m i n i n g a r e a s as m i g h t b e c o m e t h e s u b j e c t of m i n i n g It m i g h t b e a r g u e d t h a t t h e p r o p o s a l w o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n lit t o t h e n o t i c e of t h e n a t i v e s c o n c e r n e d u n d e r t h e first so to s e c t i o n 15 ( 1 ) , as it w o u l d n o t b e k n o w n a t t h e t i m e I natives w o u l d be c o n c e r n e d . W e suggest that t h e difficulty t be o v e r c o m e b y b r i n g i n g i t t o t h e n o t i c e of n a t i v e s l i k e l y to ncerned, a n d , w h e n a n y p a r t i c u l a r l e a s e i s c o n t e m p l a t e d , by b r i n g i n g it t o t h e n o t i c e o f t h o s e a c t u a l l y c o n c e r n e d . " W h e n a l e a s e is finally d e t e r m i n e d , t h e l a n d w i l l b e at the sal of t h e C r o w n , w h i c h as a g e n e r a l r u l e w o u l d p r e s u m a b l y se of i t b y s a l e or o t h e r w i s e to t h e L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l individual natives. Tf it is c o n s i d e r e d t h a t t h e s e p r o p o s a l s c o u l d n o t be c a r r i e d jjh u n d e r e x i s t i n g l e g i s l a t i o n , w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e a m e n d sw s h o u l d p r o v i d e f o r t e m p o r a r y e x c l u s i o n s f r o m a n d a d d i to iion ties cy a r e s e r v e ; if t h a t be d o n e , w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t the a n d a d d i t i o n of l a n d t o t h e r e s e r v e i n r e s p e c t of m i n i n g i n N o r t h K a v i r o n d o s h o u l d t a k e e f f e c t o n l y d u r i n g the of m i n i n g l e a s e s .

It w i l l b e o b s e r v e d t h a t if o u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s b e f o l l o w e d ddition t o t h e r e s e r v e w o u l d b e a n a d d i t i o n of n a t i v e f o r e s t e a n d t h a t , as t h e d i s p o s s e s s e d n a t i v e s w o u l d be a c c o m ed on l a n d i n t h e r e s e r v e a n d n o t i n t h e a r e a a d d e d to it,, lurbance as r e g a r d s n a t i v e o c c u p a t i o n w o u l d b e c a u s e d w h e n ditional a r e a of n a t i v e f o r e s t r e s e r v e r e v e r t e d to t h e C r o w n expiration of the m i n i n g leases. We d e s i r e t o e m p h a s i z e t h a t t h e a b o v e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s - only t o m i n i n g l e a s e s w h i c h m a y b e g r a n t e d in t h e N o r t h ndo m i n i n g a r e a p r i o r t o a n y a c t i o n w h i c h G o v e r n m e n t m a y iter c o n s i d e r a t i o n of o u r R e p o r t , a n d t h a t t h e y are m a d e a f t e r into account the conditions r e g a r d i n g that area a n d t h e stances w h i c h e x i s t a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e . "

CHAPTER XIV.
THE (d) NYANZA PROVINCE.

T h e Claims made by the Lumbwa.

T H E LAND PROBLEMS OF THE SOUTH LUMBWA LISTKICII 1149. T h e c l a i m s m a d e b y t h e L v i m b w a a m o u n t , i n effecl a n a l l e g a t i o n t h a t a g r e a t p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e i r g r a z i n g grounds f been taken away from them and alienated to Europeans, u n d i s p u t e d a n d w e m a y m e n t i o n t h a t t h e S o t i k f a r m e r s very fj a d m i t t h a t t h e l a n d t h e y n o w o c c u p y , a m o u n t i n g t o some I3i acres, w a s f o r m e r l y used b y t h e L u m b w a . 1150. The Lumbwa make have an e x c e l l e n t war- r e c o r d a n d I t is i m p o s s i b l e t o assess t h e l a n d of \ use i n t e r m s o f a c r e s , b u t there

generous treatment. they can n o longer

d o u b t t h a t i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e a r e a n o w o c c u p i e d b y t h e S o t i k h\ t h e y g r a z e d t h e i r flocks a n d h e r d s o v e r o t h e r c o n s i d e r a b l e areal 1151. T h e rights which they exercised o v e r t h i s land v,vJj a n e b u l o u s c h a r a c t e r ; at t i m e s t h e y o c c u p i e d i t , a n d at t i m e s \M n o d o u b t , d r i v e n a w a y b y t h e A l a s a i or o t h e r t r i b e s . I t is of c o i l i m p r a c t i c a b l e to r e c o g n i z e t h a t n o m a d i c t r i b e s such as t h e Lunilfi a n d A l a s a i c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d t o h a v e c l a i m s of r i g h t t o a l l I h e l l over which they m a y i n t h e past have roamed a n d grazed t H which I flocks a n d h e r d s . o f pasture-land, satisfy their just B u t they h a v e a r i g h t to a reasonable allow! a n d w e shall m a k e a r e c o m m e n d a t i o n claims in this respect.

1152. T h e r e a p p e a r t o h a v e b e e n t w o m a i n reasons for I Reasons for the Alienation a l i e n a t i o n o f t h e S o t i k f a r m s . I n t h e first p l a c e t h e f a r m s ' of the Sotik i n t e n d e d t o b e a buffer z o n e b e t w e e n t h e L u m b w a and i Farms. K a v i r o n d o , b u t t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e officers c o n c e r n e d do not sider t h a t t h e d e s i r e d r e s u l t s h a v e b e e n a c h i e v e d . Secondly, alienation w a s p a r t o f a g e n e r a l p o l i c y t o depastoralize Lumbwa. T h e r e w a s , a n d i s , c o n s i d e r a b l e d i f f e r e n c e of opit a m o n g a d m i n i s t r a t i v e officers as t o w h e t h e r t h i s course w a s jus a b l e . B u t w h e t h e r i t w a s j u s t or o t h e r w i s e , it c e r t a i n l y does s e e m t o h a v e h a d t h e d e s i r e d effect o n t h e p a s t o r a l proclivities the n a t i v e s , as is s h o w n by t h e f a c t t h a t t h e L u m b w a n u m b e r s of t h e i r c a t t l e o n t h e a l i e n a t e d f a r m s as w e l l a s in j reserve. Alienation of South.of the Nyando River,
r

1 1 5 3 . T h e a l i e n a t i o n of t h r e e f a r m s at A l u h o r o n i on the scj side of t h e N y a n d o R i v e r ( L . R . N o . 3 9 7 7 , 3 9 7 8 , 3979) wa: mitted b y G o v e r n m e n t to h a v e been a mistake. L . R . N o . c o n t a i n s t h e C h e m a t u m s a l t - l i c k , a n d t h e use of this lick

460
THE jr CHAPTER X I V ] N Y A N Z A PROVINCE SOUTH LUMHWA DISTRICT

siderable v a l u e t o t h e n a t i v e s , who h a v e laid c l a i m t o i t . The ice of t h i s c l a i m has b e e n e x e m p l i f i e d b y G o v e r n m e n t r e t a i n i n g lick w i t h an a c c e s s c o r r i d o r f o r t h e L u m b w a , t h o u g h t h e jives h a v e not y e t b e e n a l l o w e d to use i t . T h e D i s t r i c t C o m ioner i n his m e m o r a n d u m , m a k e s t h e f o l l o w i n g c o m m e n t : "The gesture may lie magnanimous, but it is a mixed fence land by the o n Economic Conditions. blessing, as n a t i v e s w i l l h a v e t o e r e c t and m a i n t a i n t h e at c o n s i d e r a b l e expense." mistake, we be are definitely and not from of the opinion Native 1154. T h e r e is m u c h f o r c e i n t h i s a r g u m e n t , a n d a s t h e ittedly w a s a l i e n a t e d b y any necessary out of fence the [eminent of the deal should general erected maintained

revenue,

ierment F u n d , a n d t h a t t h e n a t i v e s s h o t d d t h e n b e a l l o w e d salt-lick. above are the c l a i m s advanced b y the D u m b w a we now turn to the consideration of grounds; area 1155. T h e

their

lomic . n e e d s . 1156. T h e of t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e in n a t i v e o c c u p a t i o n The is a p p r o x i m a t e l y 8 2 1 s q u a r e m i l e s , t h e r e m a i n i n g n i n e is of t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e b e i n g a l i e n a t e d o n l e a s e . sons, or an a v e r a g e d e n s i t y iquatters. a return farmers le near ,1157. I t lent As of squatters' squatters to is e s t i m a t e d b y the D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r t o c o n s i s t of of 8 4 t o t h e s q u a r e m i l e . can be determined time a an some to to extent extent In at there a r e s o m e 3,815 n a t i v e s r e s i d i n g o n n e i g h b o u r i n g contracts might mixed take on d u e n o t i c e b e i n g g i v e n , t h e r e is at a n y place We lid be e m b a r r a s s i n g t o t h e r e s e r v e . are t a k i n g t o Area and s q u a r e Population.

popula 67,942 addi farms any

possibility which the and,

h a v e evidence that

farming

fore, t h e r e t u r n of s o m e of t h e i r s q u a t t e r s is l i k e l y t o e v e n t u a t e future. is generally land admitted not only that for their the Lumbwa h a v e Agricultural b u t L a n d in South Lumbwa. consideration; needs, strides increas

agricultural

present

for a n y f u t u r e

period w h i c h can be taken into Commissioner informs us

egli t h e D i s t r i c t

that great available.

been m a d e i n a g r i c u l t u r e a n d p l o u g h i n g is b e c o m i n g p o p u l a r , t h e r e is still a d e q u a t e arable l a n d

o w n e d Scoek C o m m i s Conditions in South ir e s t i m a t e s t h a t t h e n u m b e r o w n e d b y e a c h f a m i l y u n i t is t e n Lumbwa. of c a t t l e a n d t e n s h e e p a n d g o a t s . The figure cannot be ie L u m b w a natives in the r e s e r v e , but the District led as b e i n g m u c h m o r e t h a n a g u e s s , b u t i t is a g u e s s opinion. by lerson w h o is b e s t q u a l i f i e d t o e x p r e s s an

158. N o c o u n t a p p e a r s t o h a v e b e e n m a d e o f t h e s t o c k

THE PART II-CHAPTER XIV]

N Y A N Z A

PROVINCE SOUTH LUMBWA l)i

1 1 5 9 . T h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r h a s c o m p i l e d a utiltz t a b l e of the r e s e r v e , w h i c h , if c o r r e c t , w o u l d s h o w t h a t the la; o v e r - s t o c k e d . I t is as f o l l o w s : Cultivated Produce Fallow land. use af acres per unit unit Total Forestry. Existing Forestsnot a t 1/40 of acre much per economic unit ... use 36,801 386 37,-250 Aflorestation ... unit 19,301 15,-111 11,580 46,322 for sale and seed at 1 a c r e p e r

Household

l a n d a t 33J- p e r

Total Pastoral. P e r u n i t 10 h e a d of c a t t l e a t 3 a c r e s p e r b e a s t Per unit 10 head of sheep and goats (at 5 per acre) Total

463,230 30.S82 494,112

Summary.
Agriculture Forestry Pastoral Total Less land available Deficit 46,322 37,250 494,112 577,Gt4 517,361 60,323 ;

1 1 6 0 . B u t w e d i d not- o b s e r v e a n y s i g n s of o v e r - s t o c k i n g di o u r t o u r t h r o u g h t h e r e s e r v e , a n d it w o u l d i n f a c t appear that l a n d i s a b l e t o c a r r y i t s p r e s e n t q u o t a of s t o c k . T h e r e are s 3 5 , 0 0 0 c a t t l e a l t o g e t h e r b e i n g h e r d e d b y s q u a t t e r s on alien f a r m s , and if a n y s u b s t a n t i a l p r o p o r t i o n of t h e s e is returned toJH r e s e r v e u n d e r c o n d i t i o n s as t h e y a r e , c o n g e s t i o n w o u l d ceriaMJ result. 1 1 6 1 . W e m u s t h o w e v e r p o i n t o u t t h a t t h e L u m b w a methHj of a g r i c u l t u r e a r e p a r t l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r a n y a p p a r e n t shortagffl g r a z i n g w h i c h m a y e x i s t . I t is t h e i r c u s t o m t o scratch up a p H

461
THE IICHAPTER XIV] N Y A N Z A PROVINCE SOUTH LUMBWA DISTRICT

and o n w h i c h t h e y p l a n t w i m b i f o r o n e s e a s o n o n l y . - to b u s h . vth of small Were steps t a k e n which to keep their it i s n o w

When of

the this be

is r i p e t h e y m e r e l y c u t off. t h e h e a d s a n d l e a v e t h e l a n d t o g o land clear bush w i t h c o v e r e d , it w o u l d

'e i n t o as fine g r a z i n g l a n d as e x i s t s a n y w h e r e a n d c o u l d p r o b ' carry all t h e s q u a t t e r c a t t l e t h a t a r e n o w o u t s i d e t h e r e s e r v e . 1162. T h e g e n e r a l c o n c l u s i o n of o u r a n a l y s i s o f e c o n o m i c ns m u s t ssary, it be that, while no increase or not of an agricultural increase of is a r g u a b l e whether con is land

grazing would or

is d e s i r a b l e f o r t h e p r e s e n t r e s e r v e p o p u l a t i o n , but it is c e r t a i n any g e n e r a l m o v e m e n t f o r t h e r e t u r n o f s q u a t t e r s t o c k serious d i s t u r b a n c e unless either an a d d i t i o n were made

arge a r e a s of l a n d i n t h e r e s e r v e , a t p r e s e n t u s e l e s s o n a c c o u n t e weeds and bush g r o w i n g on i t , w e r e c l e a n e d u p and c o n v e r t e d -ass. 1163. A m o s t i n t e r e s t i n g m e m o r a n d u m h a s b e e n s u b m i t t e d lr. I . Q . O r c h a r d s o n o n t h e s u b j e c t of l a n d t e n u r e a m o n g s t L u n i b w a . H e r e p r e s e n t s t h a t all l a n d is t h e p r o p e r t y of t h e as a w h o l e a n d t h a t i n d i v i d u a l p r o p e r t y i s o n l y a c q u i r e d b y i w o r k . I f a m a n c u l t i v a t e s a field, t h e field d o e s n o t b e c o m e but t h e p r o d u c e g r o w n o n it d o e s , a n d n o o n e e l s e h a s a n y to t h a t p i e c e of l a n d as l o n g as i t is u s e d f o r c u l t i v a t i o n . It parent t h a t t h e t r i b e h a s n o t n e a r l y r e a c h e d t h e s t a g e w h e n klual o w n e r s h i p of l a n d c a n e m e r g e . il "s t Lumbwa
1 o u n n u r e

1164. G r a z i n g r i g h t s a r e c o m m u n a l , as i n d e e d a r e t h e g r a z i n g s of m o s t p o s t o r a l t r i b e s . T h i s system does not lend itself 'ly to c o n t r o l of n u m b e r s of s t o c k a n d u s e of p a s t u r e . 1165. I n o u r v i e w a s t r o n g case e x i s t s f o r a n e x t e n s i o n t o H o w the umbwa N a t i v e E e s e r v e o n g r o u n d s of r i g h t , i n c o m p e n s a t i o n ^ o u H ^ b e ^ i e t he land f o r m e r l y o c c u p i e d b y t h e m w h i c h t h e y h a v e l o s t . It "cult to assess i n t e r m s of a c r e s , b u t t h e S o t i k f a r m s a n d t h e south o f t h e N y a n d o a m o u n t i n all t o s o m e t h i n g o v e r 2 0 0 e miles, and the L u m b w a undoubtedly had rights over a g o o d rtion of t h i s l a n d . I t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e s e r i g h t s a r e s t d l ive u n d e r s e c t i o n 86 o f t h e C r o w n L a n d s O r d i n a n c e a n d , i f s o , ases of t h e f a r m s w o u l d p r o v e m u c h l e s s v a l u a b l e t h a n h a s to b e e n t h o u g h t t o b e t h e c a s e . W e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e c l a i m m e t b y t h e p r o v i s i o n of a s u i t a b l e b l o c k a d d i t i o n of l a n d t o eserve a n d t h a t , t h e r e a f t e r , a n y r i g h t s u n d e r s e c t i o n 86 c a n bly b e e x p u n g e d . 166. I t r e m a i n s t o d e c i d e w h a t a r e a s h o u l d b e g r a n t e d . W e seen t h a t t h e L u m b w a c a n n o t b e h e l d t o b e e n t i t l e d t o t h e area o v e r w h i c h t h e y g r a z e d t h e i r flocks a n d h e r d s , e v e n w e r e rticable f o r it t o be r e t u r n e d t o t h e m . compensate Area,

THE PART II-CHAPTER XIV]

N Y A N Z A

PROVINCE SOUTH L U M B W A DISH

Proposals regarding Chopalungu.

1167. T h e 1168. I t 71 are coloured

District

Coriirriissioner approximately Its section

has recommended

that

a r e a k n o w n as C h e p a l u n g u be a d d e d to t h e N a t i v e comprises partially map forest-covered. following District position is

Eeserve. shown on illustrates is

164 s q u a r e m i l e s , of w h which

2152,

recommendations. 1169. T h e Commissioners recommendation dorsed by t h e present P r o v i n c i a l years both as D i s t r i c t viding C o m m i s s i o n e r , a n d b y M r . (',

D o b b s , C . M . G . , O . B . E . , w h o w a s i n c h a r g e of t h e tribe forma C o m m i s s i o n e r a n d P r o v i n c i a l Commission to the L u m b w a for t h e l a n d which' I t is t h e i r c o n t e n t i o n t h a t this a d d i t i o n w o u l d b e e q u i t a b l e as i a fair recompense b e e n a l i e n a t e d , a n d w o u l d m e e t t h e e c o n o m i c n e e d s of the tribe. 1170. A s o m e w h a t d i f f e r e n t p r o p o s a l w a s m a d e by the Ct m i t t e e w h i c h sat in 1929 to c o n s i d e r t h e D o r o b o question. C o m m i t t e e r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t a n y of t h e w e s t e r n g r o u p of Dor: w h o c o u l d n o t b e a c c o m m o d a t e d i n t h e N a n d i or M a s a i Eese^ s h o u l d b e s e t t l e d in a p a r t of t h e C h e p a l u n g u f o r e s t area, w" h o w e v e r s h o u l d n o t c o n s t i t u t e a s e p a r a t e D o r o b o Eeserve, s h o u l d be a d d e d t o t h e L u m b w a E e s e r v e . I t w a s anticipated i t h e s e l o c a t i o n s w o u l d b e k n o w n as t h e D o r o b o locations, j C o m m i t t e e e x p r e s s e d g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t w i t h a suggestion m b y t h e C o n s e r v a t o r of F o r e s t s t o t h e e f f e c t t h a t Chepalungu s e h b e d i v i d e d , a p a r t b e i n g a d d e d t o t h e L u m b w a N a t i v e Eeserve g e n e r a l i r t i l i z a t i o n , a p a r t as n a t i v e f o r e s t r e s e r v e , and the mainder b e i n g m a d e available for European settlement. Various Objections. 1171. to the grounds. white The The local of first unofficial Chepalungu European to the been community native is opps

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t h a t t h e E u r o p e a n c o m m u n i t y m i g h t h a v e s c o p e f o r expansion. 1 1 7 2 . A g a i n s t t h i s m a y b e o p p o s e d t h e n a t i v e c l a i m , which a r e n o w s e e k i n g to s a t i s f y . T h e r e is a l s o t h e spieeial argument' C h e p a l u n g u is t h e L u m b w a a p i a r y , a n d a v e r y l a r g e trade in 1 m e s t i m a t e d t o a m o u n t t o S h . 6 0 , 0 0 0 a n n u a l l y , e m a n a t e s therein I f C h e p a l u n g u w e r e a l i e n a t e d , t h e n a t i v e s w o u l d b e deprived of; t r a d e a n d t h e i r g r i e v a n c e w o u l d b e i n c r e a s e d i n s t e a d of allevia; 1 1 7 3 . A s u b s i d i a r y o b j e c t i o n r a i s e d b y t h e E u r o p e a n s is f i n t h e e v e n t of a n y serious d i s t u r b a n c e o r d i s o r d e r , t h e Sotik f a w o u l d b e i n a n e x c e e d i n g l y difficult p o s i t i o n geographically. Chepalungu w e r e native reseiwe. W e do n o t consider that' objection has v e r y much force. C h e p a l u n g u c a n obviously

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1174. I n r e g a r d to t h e f u r t h e r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s of t h e s a m e linittee that 29,190 acres should be m a d e a v a i l a b l e for E u r o s e t t l e m e n t , w e h a v e t o o b s e r v e t h a t t h e e v i d e n c e b e f o r e us s that t h e a m o u n t of s t o c k o w n e d b y t h e D o r o b o w h o m it is sed to m o v e i n t o C h e p a l u n g u is c o n s i d e r a b l y l a r g e r t h a n w a s ed t o b e t h e c a s e b y t h e C o m m i t t e e a n d m o r e l a n d w i l l fore h e r e q u i r e d f o r t h e i r a c c o m m o d a t i o n , w h i c h w o u l d i n v o l v e responding d i m i n u t i o n o f t h e l a n d a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e L u m b w a . therefore c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e a m o u n t o f l a n d r e c o m m e n d e d b y C o m m i t t e e f o r a l i e n a t i o n t o E u r o p e a n s m u s t be d i m i n i s h e d , ugh t h e r e is s o m e f o r c e i n t h e n c o n t e n t i o n t h a t t h e d i s t r i c t as ands i s o n t h e s m a l l s i d e t o a l l o w o f t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of ieries a n d o t h e r f a c i l i t i e s f o r c o - o p e r a t i v e m a r k e t i n g . 175. I n r e g a r d t o t h e p r o p o s a l m a d e b y t h e C o m m i t t e e a n d Conservator of E o r e s t s t h a t a p a r t o f C h e p a l u n g u b e a d d e d lie n a t i v e r e s e r v e a s a n a t i v e f o r e s t r e s e r v e , w e h a v e e v i d e n c e e effect t h a t i t is l o w g r a d e f o r e s t w i t h m a n y o p e n g l a d e s a n d e not i m p r e s s e d w i t h t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r t h i s s t e p , a l t h o u g h w e that t h e v a l u a b l e t i m b e r i n i t o u g h t t o b e p r e s e r v e d .
-

B176. A f t e r w e i g h i n g t h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t jumbwa c l a i m c a n b e s t b e m e t i n c o n i u n c t i o n w i t h t h e D o r o b o , as f o l l o w s : 1) T h a t t h e w h o l e of t h e l a n d k n o w n as C h e p a l u n g u w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n of a n a r e a n o t e x c e e d i n g 1 0 , 0 0 0 a c r e s , w h i c h would be available for alienation t o Europeans, be g a z e t t e d as L u m b w a N a t i v e E e s e r v e , Class A . That G o v e r n m e n t should may consider advisable moved into Chepalungu tions in sections 978 to r e s e r v e i n it s u c h l o c a t i o n s as i t f o r t h e use o f D o r o b o w h o a r e a s a r e s u l t of o u r r e c o m m e n d a 982 above.

Recommenda * L ? regarding Chepalungu.

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T h a t G o v e r n m e n t s h o u l d t a k e s u c h s t e p s as i t m a y c o n sider n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e p r o t e c t i o n of v a l u a b l e t i m b e r i n C h e p a l u n g u and i n particular should c o n s e r v e t h e forest at t h e h e a d w a t e r s of t h e M o g o r r i v e r .

That t h e E u r o p e a n area b e selected by t h e administrative authorities in consultation with the local European community. A Comment on the above Recommenda cions.

(7. T h e a b o v e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s d i f f e r i n s o m e r e s p e c t s f r o m iposal of t h e 1929 C o m m i t t e e a n d t h a t p u t t o us b y t h e [M! C o m m i s s i o n e r a n d D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r , a n d w i l l i n

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f a c t a l l o w t h e use of a l a r g e r a m o u n t of l a n d f o r t h e L u m b w a a L o r o b o t h a n w a s c o n t e m p l a t e d in e i t h e r of t h e m .

1 1 7 8 . W e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h i s s e t t l e m e n t of t h e L u m b w a claii w i l l b e j u s t a n d s a t i s f a c t o r y to t h e L u m b w a , a n d w i l l also be t h e b e s t i n t e r e s t s of t h e E u r o p e a n c o m m u n i t y . W i t h the full sett] m e n t of t h e L u m b w a c l a i m s w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t a n y rights o c c u p a t i o n o n t h e S o t i k f a r m s or e l s e w h e r e w h i c h m a y hither h a v e b e e n p r o t e c t e d u n d e r s e c t i o n 86 of t h e C r o w n L a n d s Ordi a n c e , 1 9 1 5 , o r t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g p r o v i s i o n s of t h e C r o w n Lan O r d i n a n c e , 1 9 0 2 , shall b e h e l d t o h a v e c o m e to an e n d , and t h t h e r e w i l l b e n o h a r d s h i p if t h e y a r e e x p u n g e d . 1 1 7 9 . I f our r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s in r e g a r d t o Chepalun^u a a c c e p t e d , w e see n o r e a s o n w h y t h e r e m a i n i n g C r o w n land district should not be a l i e n a t e d . The K i b e i t Bitein SaltLick. 1180. salt-lick. take from no rights T h e L u m b w a h a v e a s k e d f o r a c c e s s t o the K i b e i t Bit W e see n o r e a s o n w h y t h e y s h o u l d n o t be permittedJ it such salt a s t h e y r e q u i r e , p r o v i d e d t h a t they are; to take their stock there.

Application for 1 8 1 1 . I t is d e s i r e d b y t h e E u r o p e a n f a r m e r s at Sotik that a Township at 5,000 a c r e s i n t h e n a t i v e reserve a r e a of approximately Sotik. C h e m a g e l should be excised for t o w n s h i p purposes. 1 1 8 2 . T h e y a l l e g e t h a t i n r e c e n t y e a r s a t o t a l area of 1 3 , 0 0 0 a c r e s w h i c h h a d b e e n e a r m a r k e d f o r E u r o p e a n settlemi w a s i n c l u d e d in t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e p o s s i b l y i n e r r o r . We m a d e i n q u i r i e s a t t h e L a n d Office a n d find t h a t such was not c a s e , t h e l a n d i n q u e s t i o n h a v i n g a l w a y s b e e n i n n a t i v e occupat 1183. A t t h e s a m e t i m e , w e e n t i r e l y a g r e e t h a t a towns! C h e m a g e l w o u l d b e m o s t ' d e s i r a b l e , a n d w e r e c o m m e n d that p r o v i d e d . . W e a r e of o p i n i o n , h o w e v e r , t h a t 5,000 acres are t h a n a r e n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e p u r p o s e , a n d t h a t at t h e outside l j a c r e s , o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y t w o s q u a r e m i l e s , should be ample foi reasonable township requirements. 1 1 8 4 . T h e g e n e r a l q u e s t i o n of t o w n s h i p s w i l l be considerej P a r t I I I of o u r E e p o r t a n d w e w o u l d m e r e l y m e n t i o n in this t h a t w e a r e n o t i n f a v o u r of e x c i s i o n , b u t c o n s i d e r that town; s h o u l d b e a d m i n i s t e r e d as i n t e g r a l p a r t s of n a t i v e reserves, L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l r e c e i v i n g a n y n e t profits remaining w o r k i n g e x p e n s e s h a v e b e e n p a i d . W e c a n see n o good reasoj t h i s case f o r a d e p a r t u r e f r o m t h e g e n e r a l recommendation w e shall m a k e . 1 1 8 5 . S o t i k P o s t , w h i c h w a s s e t a p a r t f o r a township,j t h e r e f o r e n o l o n g e r b e r e q u i r e d f o r t h a t p u r p o s e , and will -able f o r a l i e n a t i o n .

63

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1186. T h e N a t i v e R e s e r v e s of t h e C o a s t P r o v i n c e p r o c l a i m e d The N a t i v e G o v e r n m e n t N o t i c e N o . 394 of 1926 a r e s h o w n u n d e r t h e Gazetted. ^ Iwmg t i t l e s : t h e N o r t h P o k o m o N a t i v e R e s e r v e ; t h e C e n t r a l [ no N a t i v e R e s e r v e ; t h e S o u t h P o k o m o N a t i v e R e s e r v e ; t h e oi h Nyika N a t i v e R e s e r v e ; the South N y i k a N a t i v e R e s e r v e ; Native R e s e r v e s i n t h e D i g o D i s t r i c t o t h e r t h a n t h e N y i k a ve R e s e r v e . T h e T a v e t a , D a b i d a a n d S a g a l l a ' N a t i v e R e s e r v e s originally g a z e t t e d as p a r t o f t h e U k a m b a P r o v i n c e , b u t , for nistrative p u r p o s e s , h a v e s i n c e b e e n t r a n s f e r r e d to t h e C o a s t , shall discuss all t h e s e r e s e r v e s in t h e o r d e r n a m e d , e x c e p t that lliall c o n s i d e r t h e C e n t r a l a n d S o u t h e r n P o k o m o t o g e t h e r . 1187. T h e N o r t h P o k o m o N a t i v e R e s e r v e , t h o u g h p r o c l a i m e d e of t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e s o f t h e C o a s t P r o v i n c e , is i n c l u d e d tdministrative p u r p o s e s as p a r t of t h e N o r t h e r n F r o n t i e r iuce. I t is 119 s q u a r e m i l e s i n e x t e n t . T h e p e o p l e a r e k n o w n ie Central a n d S o u t h e r n P o k o m o as t h e " K o r o k o r o " a n d h a v e affinity w i t h t h e m . T h e l a n g u a g e w h i c h t h e y s p e a k is o f t h e itic g r o u p , w h i l e t h e C e n t r a l a n d S o u t h e r n P o k o m o speak a lage p r a c t i c a l l y i d e n t i c a l w i t h S w a h i l i . T h e a r e a r e s e r v e d t o liorokoro i s b e l i e v e d t o b e a d e q u a t e ; n o e v i d e n c e t o t h e c o n lias b e e n a d v a n c e d , a n d t h e o n l y o b s e r v a t i o n w h i c h w e h a v e ako is t h a t , w h i l e w e s h a l l r e c o m m e n d t h a t a l l t h e o t h e r ; reserves of t h e C o a s t P r o v i n c e b e r e g a r d e d c o n s t r u c t i v e l y e ie r e s e r v e , it w o u l d p r o b a b l y be b e t t e r t h a t t h e N o r t h e r n mo should r e m a i n s e p a r a t e , so t h a t its f u t u r e m a y i n n o w a y ejudiced a s t o w h e t h e r , f o r g e n e r a l a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p u r p o s e s , be r e g a r d e d as p a r t o f t h e C o a s t or as p a r t of t h e N o r t h e r n ier P r o v i n c e . 188. T h e C e n t r a l a n d S o u t h e r n P o k o m o N a t i v e R e s e r v e s ise a l t o g e t h e r 157 s q u a r e m i l e s , w h i l e t h e p o p u l a t i o n , as in t h e A n n u a l R e p o r t f o r 1 9 3 2 , is 1 1 , 3 6 5 , g i v i n g a d e n s i t y to the s q u a r e m i l e . 9. T h e C e n t r a l R e s e r v e c o n s i s t s of t w o b l o c k s a n d t h e [em R e s e r v e of s e v e n b l o c k s , g i v i n g a n a v e r a g e s i z e of 17 miles p e r b l o c k . T h e s m a l l s i z e of t h e s e b l o c k s m i g h t t the c o n c l u s i o n t h a t i n s u f f i c i e n t p r o v i s i o n h a s b e e n m a d e for expansion, a n d t h a t p o s s i b l y t h e m o r e f a v o u r e d b l o c k s m i g h t e congested. 90. T h e p r o b l e m w h i c h p r e s e n t e d i t s e l f i n d e c i d i n g w h a t should b e g a z e t t e d as n a t i v e r e s e r v e s f o r t h e P o k o m o w a s sparse p o p u l a t i o n w a s s p r e a d f o r s o m e h u n d r e d s of m i l e s all p^g North Native" Reserve,

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a l o n g t h e b a n k s of t h e l o w e r T a n a r i v e r . A l i n e d r a w n parall t h e b a n k s a n d a b o u t a h u n d r e d y a r d s b a c k w o u l d i n c l u d e praj c a l l y t h e w h o l e of t h e i r g a r d e n s e x c e p t such a s a r e m a d e by s i d e of l a k e s w h i c h are f o r m e d w h e n t h e r i v e r is in flood.

1 1 9 1 . I t w o u l d c l e a r l y h a v e b e e n i m p o s s i b l e t o reserve w h o l e r i v e r f r o n t a g e of so g r e a t a n e x t e n t of t h e largest p o t e n t i a l l y t h e m o s t v a l u a b l e r i v e r i n t h e C o l o n y for t h e exclud use a n d b e n e f i t of a s m a l l n a t i v e t r i b e . T h e p l a i n s through w h j t h e r i v e r r u n s c a n n o t b e a g r i c u l t u r a l l y d e v e l o p e d w i t h o u t irrij t i o n , a u d i t is g e n e r a l l y b e l i e v e d t h a t v e r y e x t e n s i v e a r e a s , u s e l e s s , c o u l d b e r e n d e r e d p r o d u c t i v e b y l a r g e companies u j a d e q u a t e r e s o u r c e s . I t is n o d i s p a r a g e m e n t o f t h e P o k o m o , c o m p a r e v e r y f a v o u r a b l y w i t h o t h e r n a t i v e s i n agricultural attaj m e n t , t o s t a t e t h a t the p r o p e r d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e s e plains is qd b e y o n d t h e i r c a p a b i l i t i e s . B u t , if l a r g e c o m p a n i e s c o u l d b e i n d n l to t a k e a n i n t e r e s t , t h e i r p r e s e n c e w o u l d b e of g r e a t advantage! t h e P o k o m o in p r o v i d i n g a l o c a l m a r k e t f o r t h e i r produce and t h e i r l a b o u r . I t is also p r o b a b l e t h a t s o m e s c h e m e of co-operatl c o u l d b e d e v i s e d b y w h i c h a c o m p a n y w o u l d m a n a g e inigatj w o r k s , b u t t h e a c t u a l g r o w i n g o f t h e c r o p s w o u l d b e left in I h a n d s of t h e n a t i v e s . S u g a r c a n e a n d r i c e a r e a t p r e s e n t the ml successful e c o n o m i c c r o p s ; l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s of b a n a n a s a n d tobacco are also g r o w n . 1192. The P o k o m o k e e p n o c a t t l e , b u t h a v e f r i e n d l y arran

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464
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THE n-CHAPTER X V ]

COAST

PROVINCE NATIVE RESERVES

[mlation w h i c h w o u l d b e a l m o s t c e r t a i n t o r e s u l t . jr it in d e t a i l .

B u t it w i l l

be

Tny y e a r s b e f o r e

such a s i t u a t i o n o c c u r s , a n d w e n e e d n o t

con

11.95. I n v i e w of t h e l a r g e a m o u n t o f g o o d a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d i idle on t h e T a n a B i v e r , w e h a v e c o n s i d e r e d t h e a d v i s a b i l i t y [constituting a " C " a r e a ( N a t i v e L e a s e h o l d a r e a ) t h e r e . While think t h a t n a t i v e g r o u p s m i g h t w e l l b e a s s i s t e d a n d e n c o u r a g e d ipply for leases of b l o c k s of l a n d t o b e h e l d o n g r o u p t e n u r e i n manner w h i c h w e d e s c r i b e in s e c t i o n s 1880 t o 1935 b e l o w i n lin"' w i t h the m e t h o d of t e n u r e i n " C " a r e a s , w e c o n s i d e r t h a t status o f the l a n d i t s e l f s h o u l d b e " D " , i . e . t h a t i t s h o u l d b e irea in w h i c h n o s p e c i a l p r i v i l e g e of r a c e a p p l i e s , a n d t h a t t h e r e jkl be n o r e s t r i c t i o n as r e g a r d s e i t h e r i n i t i a l g r a n t s or as t o isfer b e t w e e n r a c e s . 1L96. T h e Northern Nyika Native Beserve A comprises 2,349 The Northern ^5gy
V e N a t ! V t t

ire m i l e s , a n d h a s a p o p u l a t i o n of 9 0 , 0 4 7 .

considerable pro-

ion of this p o p u l a t i o n is k n o w n t o b e l i v i n g i n t h e C o a s t s t r i p kle the c o n f i n e s of t h e r e s e r v e , b u t e v e n if t h e y w e r e a l l t o irn the d e n s i t y w o u l d o n l y b e 3 8 t o t h e s q u a r e m i l e . The ot-ry, t h o u g h s o m e w h a t a r i d a n d u n a t t r a c t i v e , is n o t u n f e r t i l e , ,, if a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d p a s t o r a l m e t h o d s a r e i m p r o v e d , i s u n jbtedly c a p a b l e of s u p p o r t i n g a l a r g e r p o p u l a t i o n .

1197. T h e D i s t r i c t O f f i c e r a t M a l i n d i c o n s i d e r s t h a t t h e N y i k a l a c l a i m to a n e x t e n s i o n of t h e i r r e s e r v e n o r t h w a r d s , so as t o e ide the s e t t l e m e n t s of D o l o l o , K a m b e , D a k a c h a , L a f i t i , A d u Sameta, w h i c h c o n t a i n a t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n of 1,828 p e r s o n s , of ini 97 a r e S a n y e a n d t h e r e m a i n d e r N y i k a . T h e a l t e r a t i o n of idary w h i c h h e p r o p o s e s w o u l d a d d 4 1 4 s q u a r e m i l e s t o t h e jrve. 119S. B y able ated the District of Officer's five own showing is the to to density have In the of im 1917 Sanye,

lation in this a r e a is u n d e r percentage since the this reserve

to the square m i l e , and a con believed were gazetted. to the

population boundaries Adu, mostly

i were o n l y

34 h u t s at

belonging

now t h e r e are 102 h u t s , m o s t l y

belonging

Nyika.

1199. T h e N y i k a a r e n o t o r i o u s l y a p e o p l e w h o h a v e a f o n d n e s s opening up new There settlements would to for themselves be beyond their on this re, and s o m e o f t h e m h a v e e v e n p e n e t r a t e d as far as N g a o Tana B i v e r . sserve clearly no justice in petty boundaries include every settlement of

extending

* and so s e c u r e l a r g e t r a c t s of i n t e r v e n i n g l a u d t o t h e u s e a n d 1 of t h e t r i b e f o r e v e r , t o t h e e x c l u s i o n of a l l o t h e r i n t e r e s t s . 200. W e a r e s a t i s f i e d t h a t t h e s e t t l e m e n t r e a c h e d i n 1926 by

jtoclamation o f t h e r e s e r v e b o u n d a r i e s w a s a f a i r s e t t l e m e n t of

T H E PART I I C H A P T E R X V ]

COAST

PROVINCE NATIVE RES 5RV

t h e N y i k a c l a i m s o n t h e n o r t h b a n k of t h e S a b a k i R i v e r , wln h a d f o r m e d t h e subject of t h e M a l i n d i I n q u i r y in 1916, and w find n o r e a s o n t o r e o p e n t h e q u e s t i o n .

c

1 2 0 1 . W e c o n s i d e r t h a t , if t h e n a t i v e s of A d u and the otk s e t t l e m e n t s n a m e d c a n s h o w b e n e f i c i a l o c c u p a t i o n , they nu^lit a l l o w e d t o t a k e a l e a s e of sufficient l a n d f o r t h e i r requirement H a v i n g r e g a r d t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e is n o p r e s e n t d e m a n d for if, l a n d i n a n y o t h e r q u a r t e r a n d t h a t it is of l i t t l e i n t r i n s i c value. \ s u g g e s t t h a t a v e r y l o w r e n t a l w o u l d suffice. T h e Southern N y i k a Native Reserve. 1 2 0 2 . T h e S o u t h e r n N y i k a N a t i v e R e s e r v e is understood b e r e s e r v e d f o r t h e use a n d b e n e f i t of t h e D i g o and D u r u m a tribe a l t h o u g h it is n o t so s t a t e d in t h e g a z e t t e m e n t . T h e total area 1,825 s q u a r e m i l e s . T h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n of D i g o and Durum n a t i v e s l i v i n g i n t h e D i g o D i s t r i c t , of w h i c h t h i s r e s e r v e forms p a r t , is 4 9 , 6 5 3 . A n u n s p e c i f i e d n u m b e r of t h e m l i v e outside tl S o u t h N y i k a N a t i v e R e s e r v e e i t h e r in t h e n a t i v e reserves of t! C o a s t s t r i p or o n p r i v a t e l a n d , b u t e v e n if t h e y w e r e all living t h e S o u t h N y i k a R e s e r v e t h e d e n s i t y w o u l d o n l y be 27 t o the sqita m i l e . I t is a f a c t t h a t a b o u t a t h i r d of t h e w h o l e area is covet b y t h e T a r u d e s e r t , b u t t h e r e m a i n i n g t w o - t h i r d s contain lar; s t r e t c h e s of l a n d s u i t a b l e for a g r i c u l t u r e ^ a n d t h e reserve is fa] a d e q u a t e t o t h e n e e d s of t h e p r e s e n t p o p u l a t i o n . A n y increase b e e x p e c t e d in t h e n e x t g e n e r a t i o n c a n e a s i l y b e accommodated, r e a s o n a b l e a t t e n t i o n is g i v e n t o t h e i m p r o v e m e n t of agricnltur methods. 1 2 0 3 . A c l a i m h a s b e e n p r e f e r r e d on b e h a l f of t h e Duruma r i g h t s i n t h e M w a c h i V a l l e y . I n t h e c o u r s e of e v i d e n c e given to a t W a a in t h e D i g o D i s t r i c t o n 1 4 t h D e c e m b e r , 1 9 3 2 , a Dunn w i t n e s s n a m e d C h a r l e s M w a k i p u l i s t a t e d : " T h e r e is a n a r e a c a l l e d ' M w a m d u d u ' in the Mwae V a l l e y , w e s t of t h e r a i l w a y , w h i c h h a s b e e n g i v e n to India w i t h o u t o u r c o n s e n t . W e h a d c o c o - n u t p l a n t a t i o n s there f which w e received no compensation." The District Commissioner, M r . C. T . D a v e n p o r t , explained tl g e n e r a l l y sou t h e D u r u m a r e g a r d e d as t h e i r s m u c h of t h e l a n d alienated by G e r n m e n t o n t h e b a n k s of of M a z e r a s s t a t i o n . the river M w a c h i l y i n g w e s t of t h e r a i l w a y b e t w e e n M i r i t i n i a n d a p o i n t s o m e miles sou H e a d d e d t h a t m u c h of t h e l a n d alienated h n o t b e e n d e v e l o p e d , a n d s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e n a t i v e s should be giv c e r t i f i c a t e s of i n t e r e s t in r e s p e c t of t h e i r h u t s . 1204. M r . J . D . G . T r o u g h t o n , D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r , Tave w h o h a d p r e v i o u s l y s e r v e d in D i g o D i s t r i c t , stated in his evidence: " I n t h e e a r l y d a y s i n t h e M w a c h i V a l l e y n e a r Mazera l a r g e area of l a n d w a s a l i e n a t e d c h i e f l y , I b e l i e v e , to India

The Mwaehi Valley Claim.

465
THE IICHAPTER X V ] COAST PROVINCE N A T I V E RESERVES

without m u c h r e g a r d to n a t i v e r e q u i r e m e n t s or n a t i v e o c c u p a tion . . - T h e r e i s , so far a s I can r e m e m b e r , p r a c t i c a l l y n o non-native d e v e l o p m e n t on t h i s a l i e n a t e d l a n d , b u t a c o n s i d e r able a m o u n t h a s b e e n used b y t h e n a t i v e s f o r a l o n g t i m e , and t h e r e is a l o t of n a t i v e c u l t i v a t i o n in t h e M w a c h i V a l l e y to this d a y . " 1205. F u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e p o s i t i o n h a s b r o u g h t t o l i g h t following facts : By an a g r e e m e n t d a t e d 4 t h J u n e , 1 9 0 8 , n i n e D u r i u n a e l d e r s , (a) The Agree iorting to be " t h e - e l d e r s of t h e D u r u m a t r i b e " s i g n e d an a g r e e - " ' t with G o v e r n m e n t by w h i c h in r e t u r n f o r a p a y m e n t of a I a d r u p e e s t h e y s u r r e n d e r e d " a l l t h e r i g h t s o f t h e said t r i b e sn of any a n d e v e r y m e m b e r t h e r e o f " in c e r t a i n a r e a s of l a n d w h i c h uled " t h e t w e l v e h o m e s t e a d p l o t s o n t h e b a n k s of t h e M w a c h i , p r o v i d e d t h a t if a n y of t h e D u r u m a " o w n e r s " s h o u l d b e red by t h e G o v e r n m e n t l e s s e e s t o q u i t t h e i r p r e s e n t h o l d i n g s stop c u l t i v a t i n g , " t h e y s h o u l d be d u l y c o m p e n s a t e d . "
u n t o l 1 9 0 8

Under t h e s a m e a g r e e m e n t t h e y a l s o c e d e d t h e i r r i g h t s t o t h e ichi F o r e s t ance a n d Reserve and t o a p l o t o f t w e l v e a c r e s l e a s e d to a people Tonks, s u b j e c t t o t h e s a m e p r o v i s o as t o c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r dis subject to a s p e c i a l p r o v i s o t h a t t h e D u r u m a id retain t h e r i g h t t o v i s i t t h e t w o " k a y a s " or s a c r e d p l a c e s on l n of M r . T o n k s a n d h a v e access t o b u r i a l g r o u n d s o n a n y of d ireas c e d e d . 1206. T h e m a p f o l l o w i n g t h i s p a g e s h o w s t h e p r e s e n t p o s i t i o n . area a f f e c t e d b y t h e M w a c h i V a l l e y a g r e e m e n t , as a p a r t f r o m
J

( o ) T h e Present Position on the L a n d .

t '' i have acres on lease T h e r e a r e also the owners in

brest r e s e r v e , is s o m e 8 , 3 1 0 a c r e s , of wdiich 4 , 9 7 9 a c r e s alienated b y t h e C r o w n on f r e e h o l d a n d 1,648 while 1,6S3 a c r e s a r e u n a l i e n a t e d C r o w n l a n d . .1,657 a c r e s w h i c h r to h a v e b e e n have Titles been by the adjudicated agreement, to old u n d e r t h e L a n d

O r d i n a n c e , but t h i s l a n d d o e s n o t 1908,

affected

lie l a n d w a s o r i g i n a l l y t a k e n u p i n t h e r u b b e r b o o m of was soon abandoned by t h e title

ivhen r u b b e r f a i l e d ,

holders.

[Indian o w n e r of L . O . o plot n itants. (L.O. No.

1 0 3 1 / 1 h a s p l a n t e d s o m e c o c o - n u t s and On a portion of L . O . No. 1017 a Duruma ap

lending t h e m , and there h a s b e e n s o m e d e v e l o p m e n t on the 1271). aco-nuts r e m a i n , said to h a v e b e e n p l a n t e d b y f o r m e r jo be o c c u p y i n g t h e v a l l e y i n i n c r e a s i n g n u m b e r s . t laissioner w r i t e s "These ared w i t h : are c u l t i v a t i n g the land extensively com reserve." people

B u t w h i l e the title holders have left, the D u r u m a

T h e District

m o s t o t h e r p a r t s of t h e i r

THE PART I I C H A P T E R X V ]

COAST

PROVINCE N A T I V E RKSEE

A c c o r d i n g t o i n f o r m a t i o n s u p p l i e d b y t h e D i s t r i c t Commissio t h e r e a r e n o f e w e r t h a n 416 f a m i l i e s i i v i n g o n t h e s e farms, a d d i t i o n t h e r e a r e 94 h u t s b e l o n g i n g to n a t i v e s of o t h e r tribes, d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e h u t s is s h o w n i n t h e D i s t r i c t Commissions m e m o r a n d u m w h i c h a p p e a r s a t p. 2608 of t h e E v i d e n c e . ( c ) Ciroum 1 2 0 7 . T h e D u r u m a e l d e r s w e r e c e r t a i n l y a t a disadvant stances in i n t h e discussion r e g a r d i n g c o m p e n s a t i o n s i n c e t h e alienation of which the 1D08 T h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r stai Agreement was l a n d h a d a l r e a d y t a k e n p l a c e . 3ii ade. o n i n f o r m a t i o n d e r i v e d f r o m t h e D u r u m a , that t h e y t w i c e reft) t h e offer of t h e t h o u s a n d r u p e e s , b u t finally a c c e p t e d it "beer t h e y c o n s i d e r e d i t b e t t e r to t a k e wdiat w a s offered r a t h e r than 1 , everything." I n t h e c o u r s e of e v i d e n c e in a l a n d r e g i s t r a t i o n case in Mon,b; in 1 9 2 1 , M r . G . H . O s b o r n e , t h e n D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r , stated " P r o p e r i n q u i r y h a d n o t b e e n m a d e as t o t h e native tic b e f o r e a l i e n a t i o n , and t h e c o m p e n s a t i o n w a s t h e result of s" alienation." (d) L a n d Titles 1 2 0 8 . I n c a u s e N o . 1/c of 1 9 2 2 , t a k e n b e f o r e t h e Kecorder Cause 1/c of T i t l e s , o n e L u c a s A l g a n d i , a D u r u m a n a t i v e , c l a i m e d the piece 1922. l a n d k n o w n as L . E . N o . 1 0 3 7 , 1,631 a c r e s in e x t e n t , o n the gro t h a t it w a s D u r u m a c o u n t r y a n d t h a t h e h a d i n h e r i t e d it accord t o D u r u m a c u s t o m . T h e E e v . J . B . G r i f f i t h s g a v e e v i d e n c e ins p o r t of h i s c l a i m ; t h e E e c o r d e r f o u n d it t o b e g o o d , and freels t i t l e w a s issued a c c o r d i n g l y . T h i s l a n d i s s i t u a t e d in the Mwa V a l l e y a n d a d j o i n s b o t h t h e f o r e s t r e s e r v e a n d t h e block oecuj b y t h e t w e l v e h o m e s t e a d p l o t s . T h i s is c o r r o b o r a t i v e evidence i t h e l a n d w a s D u r u m a c o u n t r y . E v e n a p a r t f r o m t h i s evidence, m a p i t s e l f w o u l d c r e a t e a s t r o n g p r e s u m p t i o n t o t h a t effect : Na! r e s e r v e f l a n k s t h e M w a c h i V a l l e y o n b o t h sides a n d it would s t r a n g e if t h e v a l l e y itself, w h i c h c o n t a i n s t h e m o s t fertile land, not also n a t i v e c o u n t r y . Recommenda 1 2 0 9 . W e a r e u n a b l e t o m a k e a d e f i n i t e recommendation tions regarding t h e s e t t l e m e n t of t h e D u r u m a c l a i m s in t h e M w a c h i Valley, -the Mwachi h a d c e r t a i n r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n , but impor Vallev. e v i d e n c e h a s c o m e t o h a n d a t t h e last m o m e n t , a n d w e feel t e v e n n o w , w e h a v e n o t a l l t h e i n f o r m a t i o n b e f o r e us which w w a r r a n t u s i n r e a c h i n g a f i n a l c o n c l u s i o n . W e h a v e therefore fined o u r s e l v e s t o a s u m m a r y of t h e f a c t s as p r e s e n t e d to us and i n v i t e s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n t o t h e e v i d e n c e w h i c h w i l l be foun p p . 2602 t o 2 6 0 9 of t h e p r i n t e d r e c o r d . W e are satisfied that grot e x i s t f o r a s p e c i a l i n q u i r y , a n d w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t it might ably be undertaken by the E r o v i n c i a l Commissioner. The Mwache Eorest ^Exchange. 1210. T h e M w a c h i f o r e s t w a s o r i g i n a l l y s e c u r e d to the Fo D e p a r t m e n t b y an a g r e e m e n t d a t e d J u n e , 1 9 0 8 , a n d signed by D u r u m a e l d e r s p u r p o r t i n g t o c o n t r a c t on b e h a l f of the tribe. D

468

T H E COAST
LICHAPTER XV]

PROVINCE
NATIVE RESERVES

rrns of t h i s a g r e e m e n t t h e t r i b e s u r r e n d e r e d " a l l t h e r i g h t s of aid t r i b e a n d e v e r y e thousand vidence. 211. A p a r t ation w a s lainty 212. A from the difficulty created by the reservation by the of rupees, member but thereof" was a on c e r t a i n areas reservation of which certain led t h e " a r e a m a r k e d a s F o r e s t R e s e r v e " f o r a there . which are described consideration

in t h e S e c r e t a r y ' s p r e c i s at p . 2 5 2 4 of

. there w a s t h e f u r t h e r d i f f i c u l t y t h a t t h e b o u n d a r y o f the f o r e s t so i l l - d e f i n e d has as t o b e and by described are now Surveyor in this -al as u n i n t e l l i g i b l e . which in l a r g e in 1 9 2 8 . numbers. was proposed suggested for the that area the D i s t r i c t and " B " "C". Commissioner, should here former He the Forest D e p a r t m e n t marked The two T h e n a t i v e s t o o k a d v a n t a g e of t h e g e n e r a l prevailed squatting

solution

der t h e t w o a r e a s m a r k e d ing, in r e t u r n ive s e t t l e m e n t .

" A "

on the m a p ,

contain t h e t w o s a c r e d p l a c e s or K a y a s , a n d m o s t o f t h e a r e a

213. U n d e r t h i s p r o p o s a l , t o w h i c h t h e C o n s e r v a t o r of F o r e s t s !ie P r o v i n c i a l Commissioner both agreed, the F o r e s t : Depart vvould g i v e u p t o t h e S o u t h N y i k a N a t i v e B e s e r v e

A ores
Area Area " A " " B " Total ould g e t f r o m t h e r e s e r v e : Area " C " Cite D u r u m a gly in f a v o u r Local of this Native Council has 2,000 acres expressed itself as 504 1,446 1,950

proposal.

214. T h e p r o p o s e d e x c h a n g e i s p r a c t i c a l l y o n a n a c r e f o r a c r e T h e r e a p p e a r t o b e t w o r e l e v a n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n s in r e s p e c t of

On t h e o n e h a n d it m i g h t b e c l a i m e d o n b e h a l f o f t h e n a t i v e s if t h e e x c h a n g e is t o b e on t h i s b a s i s , t h e n t h e y should r e t a i n in r i g h t s in the Area " C " since they already have certain s in t h e A r e a s " A " and " B " . " A " land

On t h e o t h e r h a n d , i t a p p e a r s t o b e a f a c t t h a t t h e A r e a s ' B " w h i c h the n a t i v e s w o u l d g e t , are better agricultural the a r e a " C " w h i c h t h e y w o u l d surrender.

T H E COAST
PART I t - C H A P T E R XV]

PROVINCE
N A T I V E RESEHVJ

1215. W e balanced

consider that these t w o considerations may each other, and that the exchange

fair

against

is equitabl J

a n d t o the a d v a n t a g e b o t h of the t r i b e a n d of the F o r e s t Department T h e c h i e f a d v a n t a g e of the e x c h a n g e t o t h e n a t i v e s is that they h a v e a c l e a r l y u n d e r s t o o d b o u n d a r y , w h i c h w o u l d i n c l u d e their til s a c r e d places in t h e r e s e r v e , and w e a c c o r d i n g l y r e c o m m e n d that 1 be implemented. 1216. T h e r e a r e t h r e e s m a l l n a t i v e s e t t l e m e n t s in t h e area " ( I w h i c h w o u l d b e s u r r e n d e r e d . W e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e L o c a l Natii C o u n c i l m a y j u s t l y b e c a l l e d u p o n to p a y a n y n e c e s s a r y conn t i o n f o r d i s t u r b a n c e , b o t h to t h e m a n d t o a n y o t h e r n a t i v e s who n. h a v e to be m o v e d as a r e s u l t of t h e a g r e e m e n t . The Taveta Native Reserve. 1217. T h e square mile. swamp, dry Taveta Native Deserve c o m p r i s e s 16 square T h e p o p u l a t i o n is e s t i m a t e d at 3 , 3 6 7 , g i v i n g a d e n s i t y of 73 tc T h e c o u n t r y has b e e n s t a t e d in e v i d e n c e to cons', bush, Swamp Forest Dry History of the Taveta. bush Grazing forest ... ... and ... ... pasture ... ... land in the followin

proportions : 11,720 acres 3,680 9,200 1,840 acres acres acres

1218. S o f a r as can b e a s c e r t a i n e d , t h e h i s t o r y of the Tav b e f o r e the d a y s of t h e B r i t i s h A d m i n i s t r a t i o n is t h a t t h e y dwelti t h e r i c h a n d f e r t i l e L u m i D i v e r f o r e s t , a n d h a d t o k e e p their eatl in t h e i r h u t s o w i n g t o t h e p r e v a l e n c e of fly a n d f e a r of the Masai A f t e r the P r o t e c t o r a t e h a d b e e n d e c l a r e d , t h e y b e g a n to graze t l j stock more in the open. 1219. A r c h d e a c o n " A Maynard, w h o has lived :
:

i n t h e district

t h e past 37 y e a r s , s t a t e d in h i s e v i d e n c e in t h e o p e n .

c e r t a i n n u m b e r h a v e k e p t t h e i r e a t t l e in h u t s and so.J T h e y h a v e n o t f e a r e d t h e M a s a i since I cauief 1S96."

the country, which was in

1220. I t t h e r e f o r e a p p e a r s t h a t t h e c l a i m of t h e T a v e t a to m o p a s t u r e l a n d c a n n o t b e s u p p o r t e d o n h i s t o r i c a l g r o u n d s of long ai c o n t i n u o u s u s e , b e c a u s e t h e y w e r e i n f a c t p r e v e n t e d f r o m using: land by the M a s a i . B u t t h e y a r e on f i r m e r g r o u n d w h e n they clai t h a t t h e y o u g h t , on e c o n o m i c g r o u n d s , t o b e p r o v i d e d w i t h pastu l a n d sufficient f o r t h e i r n e e d s . The Stock owned by the Taveta. 1221. T h e 9,036 total number of stock owned five by the Taveta !i r e c e n t l y b e e n c o u n t e d a n d t h e f i g u r e s a r e 3,532 h e a d of cattle ai sheep and goats, i.e. a p p r o x i m a t e l y family. h e a d of cattle a 13 s h e e p a n d g o a t s p e r

DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING E X C H A MWACHI FOREST

AS R E C O M M E N D E D .

THE
N G E

Additions
To face section 1215.

to Native

Reserve

under

Ciass A shewn ihus thus

Jzxctusion from Native Reserve

shewn

oo

46
T H E COAST
IICHAPTER XV]

PROVINCE
N A T I V E RESERVES

1222. A l t h o u g h V e t e r i n a r y I n s p e c t o r H a s s a n t o l d us t h a t a The Need derable part of the a r e a s h o w n as s w a m p is g o o d g r a z i n g , w e for more Pastureland. der t h a t the g r a z i n g l a n d is i n a d e q u a t e f o r t h e n e e d s of t h e S t o c k c a n n o t he p a s t u r e d in t h e f o r e s t g l a d e s b e c a u s e of t h e nee of tsetse fly, a n d w e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e r e is a g o o d c a s e f o r ddition of p a s t u r e l a n d to t h e r e s e r v e . 1223. T h e c l a i m is s u p p o r t e d e local E u r o p e a n r e s i d e n t s . 1224. T h e r e on : t h e T a v e t a have by Administrative Officers and

a n The Need for an Upland Area for use of its m a l a r i o u s c h a r a c t e r a n e f f o r t is b e i n g m a d e to i n d u c e Residential to l e a v e it a n d l i v e on t h e p l a t e a u a b o v e , a n d f o r t h i s p u r p o s e Purposes. is, besides, another reason for r e c o m m e n d i n g their h o m e s chiefly in the forest, but an e x t e n s i o n i s c o n s i d e r e d to b e 1225. T h e p r o p o s a l necessary. where make each is t h a t t h e i r g a r d e n s s h o u l d r e m a i n

are in t h e f o r e s t g l a d e s , b u t t h a t t h e y t h e m s e l v e s s h o u l d homes on t h e h i g h e r l a n d , to w h i c h they w o u l d return ing. -developed they because of the unhealthy nature of the

I t h a s b e e n s t a t e d in e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e p e o p l e a r e p h y s i c a l l y country inhabit.

1226. T h e m a p f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n 1235 s h o w s t h e e x i s t i n g

T a v e t a Consideration e R e s e r v e a n d t h e v a r i o u s a d d i t i o n s w h i c h h a v e b e e n p r o p o s e d . of Possible Additions. Burious s h a p e o f t h e R e s e r v e w i l l at o n c e c h a l l e n g e a t t e n t i o n , the the specified have also the result of giving

it w i l l c l e a r l y b e of a d v a n t a g e if a n y a d j u s t m e n t s m a d e f o r purposes a l r e a d y e a more convenient 1227. W i t h shape.

this end in v i e w a proposal w a s advanced b y consists of forest a n d agricultural exchanged for the area marked

Mr. " A " is

. M a r c h a n t , D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r , t h a t the area m a r k e d the m a p , w h i c h sely p e o p l e d , table f o r be " B " ,

land and

which and

grazing.

1228. T h e T a v e t a t h e m s e l v e s d o n o t f a v o u r t h i s p r o p o s a l , than t h e y w o u l d g a i n , s i n c e A r e a land, w h i l e " B " valuable for 1229. W e grazing. " A " is v e r y g o o d

Bnd o u r s e l v e s i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e i r v i e w t h a t t h e y w o u l d l o s e agricul is of a v e r y r o c k y c h a r a c t e r a n d n o t p a r t i c u

are m o r e impressed w i t h a n o t h e r of M r . has the support of the Provincial

Marchanfs the

osals, w h i c h

Commissioner

the p r e s e n t D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r . Ided t o t h e r e s e r v e . ative B e s e r v e , C l a s s T h e y comprise "B.1".

I t is to t h e effect t h a t t w e n t y - t w o square

marked " D " on t h e m a p , w h i c h are g o o d pasture l a n d , should miles, se r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e y b e a d d e d t o t h e T a v e t a N a t i v e B e s e r v e

TH E PART I I - C H A P T E R X V ]

COAST

PROVINCE NVTIVF

1230. I n Native recommend

order to consolidate the small near the Taveta corridor Township marked with " E "

northern the main on the

"isla bloc

Reserve that

m a p be

from adjoining C r o w n land. for cattle. We recommend

T h e V e t e r i n a r y I n s p e c t o r h a s infom that this corridor, approximately f "B.1".

us t h a t it w o u l d b e p o s s i b l e to c l e a r i t of fly a n d so t o provide act s q u a r e m i l e s , be N a t i v e R e s e r v e , C l a s s

1 2 3 1 . I t w i l l b e o b s e r v e d t h a t , if t h i s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n c e p t e d , L . R . N o . 4 8 8 1 ( M e s s r s . S e d g w i c k a n d G b o d w i l l i e ) vii a n i s l a n d , s u r r o u n d e d o n t w o sides b y n a t i v e r e s e r v e , on a t b y a b l o c k h e l d b y t h e C h u r c h M i s s i o n a r y S o c i e t y w h i c h is treat f o r p r a c t i c a l p u r p o s e s as if it w e r e n a t i v e r e s e r v e , and on f o u r t h b y t h e c o r r i d o r . T h e r e w o u l d t h e r e f o r e a p p e a r to be a " c a s e f o r t h e p u r c h a s e of t h i s l a n d f o r a d d i t i o n t o t h e n a t i v e rose W e u n d e r s t a n d t h a t t h e o w n e r s a r e p r e p a r e d t o n e g o t i a t e for d i s p o s a l . W h i l e w e do n o t f e e l t h a t t h e r e is a n y obligation G o v e r n m e n t to a c q u i r e t h i s l a n d , w e u n d e r s t a n d t h a t there i c o n s i d e r a b l e s u m of u n c l a i m e d m o n e y in c o m p e n s a t i o n for v d a m a g e o n d e p o s i t w i t h t h e T e i t a L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l , earmar! f o r e x p e n d i t u r e a t T a v e t a . S o m e o f t h i s m i g h t w i t h advantage s p e n t on t h e a c q u i s i t i o n of L . R . N o . 4 8 8 1 . L.R. 4881. Result of the Reeommenda tions. 1232. T h e solidated into r e s u l t of one block these and recommendations, will have acquired if accepted, I a sufficiency b e t h a t t h e r e s e r v e , t h o u g h s t i l l o f a n a w k w a r d s h a p e , w i l l be ci g r a z i n g l a n d a n d a n e x p a n s e o f o p e n c o u n t r y m o r e h e a l t h y for n a t i v e s t o i n h a b i t t h a n t h e i r , p r e s e n t h o m e s in t h e f o r e s t . Development o ie eserve. ^
r e a (

1 2 3 3 . A w o r d m u s t b e said on t h e s u b j e c t of d e v e l o p m e n t . j
0

M a s a i i n t h e p a s t , b y c o n f i n i n g t h e T a v e t a t o a nan

s p a c e , f o r c e d t h e m t o a n a g r i c u l t u r a l r a t h e r t h a n a pastoral mi of l i f e , a n d it is i m p o r t a n t t h a t t h e i r a g r i c u l t u r a l h a b i t s should m a i n t a i n e d a n d t h e d e g r e e of s k i l l b e i m p r o v e d . a large amount rich and fertile. and onions are T h e Taveta It of c u l t i v a t i o n i n t h e f o r e s t , w h e r e t h e soil is v C o n s i d e r a b l e q u a n t i t i e s of b a n a n a s , m a i z e , be; grown, especially the first named. W h i l e th

a c t i v i t i e s s h o u l d b e e n c o u r a g e d , i t i s a l s o n e c e s s a r y t o ensure t t h e f o r e s t i s n o t w a n t o n l y d e s t r o y e d , a n d w e u n d e r s t a n d from Conservator the forest 1234. the part of l e n d s itself beyond the of E o r e s t s t h a t r u l e s a r e i n c o n t e m p l a t i o n t o regttl without A interfering with the legitimate needs t h e c u t t i n g of s a p l i n g s , w h i c h s h o u l d m a t e r i a l l y assist in preserv agriculture. point to which by w e desire t o d r a w is m a r k e d a t t e n t i o n is " A " on the it is probal it t o the if the native reserve which to d e v e l o p m e n t unaided capacity

irrigation, and that

of n a t i v e s t o d e v e l o p

D I A G R A M I L L U S T R A T I N G THE R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S REGARDING THE-TAVETA NATIVE R E S E R V E

AdditionsC/ass
To face section 1235.

to Native Reserve thus.

under

Bi shoi:n

D I A G R A M I L L U S T R A T I N G THE. R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S REGARDING THE-TAVETA NATIVE R E S E R V E

Additions C/as 5 Bh
To jace section

to Nat/Ve Reserve
sf?oi:

under

n fhus,,. *

1235.

THE -CHAPTER X V ]

COAST

PROVINCE NATIVE RESERVES

,is;age. W e s u g g e s t t h a t G o v e r n m e n t s h o u l d c o n s i d e r t h e a d bility a n d p r a c t i c a b i l i t y of i n v i t i n g t h e n e i g h b o u r i n g e s t a t e , t h e ndini H a r b o u r W h a r f a n d E s t a t e s C o m p a n y , to e n t e r i n t o s o m e i " e m e n t f o r p r o v i d i n g "the n e c e s s a r y i r r i g a t i o n w o r k s o n s o m e of a g r e e m e n t m u t u a l l y s a t i s f a c t o r y t o t h e m s e l v e s a n d t h e 1.-235. W h i l e w e do n o t m a k e a n y d e f i n i t e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n , w e f o p i n i o n t h a t , if a w o r k a b l e s c h e m e c o u l d b e d e v i s e d , i t w o u l d ( great a d v a n t a g e , n o t o n l y to t h e c o m p a n y a n d to t h e n a t i v e s , also to t h e C o l o n y as a w h o l e . 1236. W e shall n e x t e x a m i n e t h e l a n d p r o b l e m s of t h e D a b i d a T h e a r e a is a p p r o x i at
-

ve R e s e r v e , i n h a b i t e d b y t h e T e i t a t r i b e . lv 200 square m i l e s , a n d 74. The d e n s i t y is e for t h i s t y p e of therefore country. During

the t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n i s e s t i m a t e d 198 to t h e squaz e m i l e a

The Dnbida, Native Reserve.

high The Rate of increase of Population.

1237. T h e e v i d e n c e w h i c h w e h a v e h e a r d on t h e r a t e of i n c r e a s e pulation is r e m a r k a b l e . to the District no ase has b e e n the past three years, accord the per average cent. annual Over rate of of any a period Commissioner, less t h a n 4 . 5 7

een y e a r s i t w o r k s o u t at 4.26 p e r c e n t , w h i c h is so h i g h as t o cry u n l i k e l y , a n d is m u c h in e x c e s s of t h e r a t e s h o w n b y tribe. T h e r e is n o e v i d e n c e of a n y a p p r e c i a b l e immigration,

statistics k e p t a t t h e B u r a R o m a n C a t h o l i c M i s s i o n , w h i c h a r e bly m o r e a c c u r a t e t h a n t h o s e r e l a t i n g t o t h e r e s e r v e as a w h o l e , an a n n u a l r a t e of i n c r e a s e o f 3.66 p e r c e n t i n a p a r t of ve w h i c h is g e n e r a l l y r e g a r d e d as u n h e a l t h y . 238. I t is difficult t o f i n d an a d e q u a t e e x p l a n a t i o n of so h i g h e of i n c r e a s e . We do not consider that the figures can be ted e n t i r e l y at t h e i r f a c e v a l u e , b u t w e a c c e p t t h e g e n e r a l c o n n that a h i g h r a t e o f i n c r e a s e 239. L a n d ting. In among the Teita within t h e c l a n t e r r i t o r y fact, prevails. by of p r i v a t e between c l a n s , Land Tenure among the Teita. natives tenure appears t o be o w n e d sales o f land the

t h e r e is a s y s t e m

it is s a i d t h a t

irnes o c c u r , a n d a r e r e c o g n i z e d b y t h e t r i b e ( c o m p a r e E v i d e n c e , (32, 2749 t o 2 7 5 6 ) . t has b e e n s t a t e d i n e v i d e n c e t h a t c l a n b o u n d a r i e s r a d i a t e a n d p r o c e e d as f a r a s t h e l a n d c a n be u t i l i z e d . 240. almost n e g l i g i b l e , a n d t h e a v a i l a b l e m i l k s u p p l y is v e r y s c a n t y . as Agricultural and Pastoral Conditions. Ml. A s a g r i c u l t u r i s t s t h e T e i t a d i s p l a y c o m m e n d a b l e i n d u s t r y . ,beans and p o t a t o e s a r e t h e p r i n c i p a l c r o p s , w h i l e c o n s i d e r a b l e ties of E u r o p e a n v e g e t a b l e s a n d s o m e f r u i t s a r e a l s o g r o w n . T h e n u m b e r s of s t o c k o w n e d b y t h e T e i t a a r e so f e w from

T H E COAST
PART I I C H A P T E R X V ]

PROVINCE
NATIVE 1U:
3E

1242. portion of

I t is g e n e r a l l y c o n s i d e r e d t h a t t h e a m o u n t of arable 40 p e r c e n t of c o n s i s t s of t h e t o t a l a r e a , a considerable slopes and forest, ft which precipitous

does not exceed

adopts t h i s e s t i m a t e , t h e a v e r a g e a c r e a g e a v a i l a b l e p e r f a m i l y aino t o 6.19 o n l y , a n d , p a r t i c u l a r l y t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h e rapid ra i n c r e a s e a n d t h e p r o g r e s s i v e n a t u r e o f the p e o p l e , w e a r e of opi that t h i s is i n a d e q u a t e f o r t h e t r i b e . 1243. I t has been rains. rains The only, s t a t e d in evidence that, o w i n g to cold

d a m p n e s s , m a i z e does not g r o w natives therefore and in the plains

w e l l in t h e hills d u r i n g the during the long rains. This

p l a n t i t in t h e hills d u r i n g the i foothills.

strengthens their claim

to l a n d in t h e

1 2 4 4 . I t i s p r o b a b l e t h a t i m p r o v e d m e t h o d s w i l l enable i l a n d n o t n o w c o n s i d e r e d c u l t i v a b l e t o be b r o u g h t u n d e r cultiva a n d t h e l a n d u n d e r c u l t i v a t i o n t o g i v e b e t t e r y i e l d s , b u t , eve: w e a r e satisfied t h a t a n e x t e n s i o n is r e q u i r e d . Specific Claims. Claim by Wateita to VVundanvi Estate (L.O. 924). 1245. A f t e r this p r e l i m i n a r y survey, w e t h e e x a m i n a t i o n o f specific c l a i m s . s h a l l n o w procei

1246. T h e T e i t a c l a i m W u n d a n y i E s t a t e , w h i c h is an i of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1,288 a c r e s i n t h e h e a r t o f t h e n a t i v e reser 1247. T h e h i s t o r y of t h e e s t a t e is t h a t in 1 9 0 3 t h e M i s s i o n s A i d S o c i e t y a p p l i e d f o r an a r e a of a p p r o x i m a t e l y m i l e s i n D a b i d a f o r t h e p u r p o s e of c u l t i v a t i o n . I n t h i s the e v i d e n c e of t h e V e n . A r c h d e a c o n M a y n a r d , on w h o s e S o c i e t y t o o k u p t h e l a n d , is i n t e r e s t i n g . H e s t a t e s : "It was an Industrial with Mission object attached of to Indu two s conn advii

the C the C

Missionary Alissionary

Society

the

helping

S o c i e t y in i t s w o r k b y t a k i n g u p l a n d and hi T h i s land w a s originally t h e people i

the natives to cultivate better. hills.

11

t o t h e S o c i e t y f o r t h a t p u r p o s e , of h e l p i n g

124S. T h e

S o c i e t y w a s g r a n t e d t h e a r e a k n o w n as W u n l

a n d a n u n c o n d i t i o n a l t i t l e i n f e e s i m p l e w a s i s s u e d in 1906.

1 2 4 9 . W e a r e q u i t e satisfied t h a t t h e r e w a s s o m e native oil t i o n o n t h e e s t a t e a t t h e t i m e a n d t h a t , i n f a c t , m o s t of it, I all, was The Rev. and "owned" following V. V.

b y t h e n a t i v e s a c c o r d i n g to T e i t a custom I are extracts from (referring evidence :

Verbi

to W u n d a n y i ) : Here

"There natives."

were some claims . . .

t h e l a n d was I

n o t h i n g w a s paid f o r it either t o G o v e r n m e n t

or I

I
II-CHAPTER

KENYA

LAND

COMMISSION

REPORT

321

THE X V ]

COAST

PROVINCE NATIVE RESERVES

Mr.

C.

W.

Hob ley : submit that its approval w a s unfortunate for

T h i s g r a n t c o v e r s o n e of t h e f e w fiat a r e a s i n t h e m o u n tain m a s s , a n d I Teita Yen. tribe." Archdeacon "We knew Maynard, t h a t it w a s . . . who has been resident in the was was be w a s e v e n at t h e t i m e o f its a l l o t m e n t of g r e a t v a l u e t o t h e

vicinity for m a n y years : ' o w n e d ' by natives and that [what w e w a n t e d T h e i d e a w a s t o d e v e l o p t h o s e p a r t s of

Hand t h a t w e r e n o t Required t h a t w a s
ompensated."

being used, being used,

and,
then

if a n y p i e c e of those people

land
would

250. T h e I n d u s t r i a l M i s s i o n s A i d S o c i e t y t r a n s f e r r e d i t s t i t l e st A f r i c a n I n d u s t r i e s , L i m i t e d , i n 1 9 0 6 , t h e y e a r in w h i c h t h e old t i t l e w a s first g r a n t e d . I n 1916 t h i s c o m p a n y sold t h e ty t o W u n d a n y i , L i m i t e d , w h i c h i n 1922 l e a s e d it to M a j o r Drury f o r t e n y e a r s . T h i s l e a s e ' e x p i r e d o n 31st D e c e m b e r , J.251. I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e m a n a g e r ' s h o u s e a n d g a r d e n , t h e e s t a t e Ides a s m a l l g o l f c o u r s e , a n d 173 a c r e s of c o f f e e in b e a r i n g . T h e finder of t h e e s t a t e is t h i c k l y o c c u p i e d a n d c u l t i v a t e d b y t h e ies, w h o a r e n o t r e g i s t e r e d as s q u a t t e r s , b u t l i v e t h e n o r m a l l i f e Stives in a r e s e r v e . D e v e l o p m e n t of t h e l a n d b y t h e f r e e h o l d e r s Saused s o m e d i s t u r b a n c e of t h e n a t i v e s . 1252. A p e r m i t t o o c c u p y p e n d i n g s u r v e y w a s issued i n 1902 (ras c o n v e r t e d i n t o a f r e e h o l d g r a n t in 1 9 0 6 ; i n t h e i n t e r v a l it appear t h a t t h e q u e s t i o n of n a t i v e r i g h t s o n t h e l a n d w a s

oked.
253. W e find as a fact t h a t t h e n a t i v e s h a v e a g o o d c l a i m t o T h e freehold was granted r e n d e r e d it liable t o sale to in be n on g r o u n d s of historical use. d to a c o m p a n y , which transfer dustrial M i s s i o n a r y b o d y , a n d i n t h e s a m e y e a r i t w a s t r a n s ent of l i q u i d a t i o n . I t is n o w d e v e l o p e d f o r p r i v a t e p r o f i t . The

3 are a n x i o u s t o dispose of t h e p r o p e r t y t o G o v e r n m e n t ,

jthey

r e c o g n i z e t h a t if t h e e s t a t e i s o f f e r e d o n t h e o p e n m a r k e t , T h e p r i c e a s k e d is ; 5 , 0 0 0 ; it is c l a i m e d t h a t to m a k e a profitable sale, but been

ginal p o l i c y of u t i l i z i n g t h e l a n d f o r t h e b e n e f i t of t h e n a t i v e s cease t o e x i s t . es n o t r e p r e s e n t a n a t t e m p t

e sum is a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e a m o u n t w h i c h h a s a c t u a l l y p the d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e e s t a t e .

I ;f. T h e c a s e f o r t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f t h i s l a n d a p p e a r e d t o us ii stron g a n d a m a t t e r of such u r g e n c y t h a t , o n 1 4 t h F e b r u a r y , W s u b m i t t e d t o G o v e r n m e n t an i n t e r i m r e c o m m e n d a t i o n e

T H E PART I I - C H A P T E R X V ]

COAST

PROVINCE NATIVE HKSE

advising that the estate should be purchased adhere to that r e c o m m e n d a t i o n .

without

delay,

1 2 5 5 . W e f u r t h e r r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e w h o l e area (1,288 : b e a d d e d t o t h e B a b i d a N a t i v e E e s e r v e as Class A l a n d . The of t h e h o m e s t e a d a n d b u i l d i n g s m i g h t c o n v e n i e n t l y be set apart a n a t i v e social s e r v i c e c e n t r e .

Claim to Land 1 2 5 6 . T h e T e i t a c o m p l a i n t h a t , w h i l e t h e i r p r e s e n t reseni on the Plains m a i n l y c o n f i n e d t o t h e h i l l s , t h e y u s e d i n t h e past to cultivatj and Foothill?. t h e p l a i n s a n d f o o t h i l l s w h i c h n o w f o r t h e m o s t p a r t lie beyond, c o n f i n e s of t h e i r r e s e r v e . 1 2 5 7 . W e h a v e i n d e p e n d e n t e v i d e n c e as to t h e general u this statement. Evidence of Mr. C. W. Hoblcy (Memorandum) :

" T h e T e i t a p e o p l e i n t h e w e t s e a s o n p l a n t e d m a i z e mi flats i m m e d i a t e l y s u r r o u n d i n g t h e r a n g e . T h i s cultivation i e x t e n d e d m o r e t h a n a f e w h u n d r e d y a r d s f r o m the base mountains." Evidence "The foothills." of Mr. G. R. lived W. on Lane the : hills and cultivated :

natives

Evidence of Hindi bin Hamisi, a S w a h i l i w h o was attache! T h o m s o n ' s safari a n d w h o l a t e r s e r v e d w i t h E o r d Lugaraj t h e l a t e S i r E . J a c k s o n :- "The plains Teita the in the Dabida and in Hills some had their houses I cultiil v i l l a g e s o n t o p o f t h e h i l l s , b u t t h e y h a d t h e i r cultivation orj below foothills p a r t s they finished." Lake Railway ,s'J considerable distances a w a y f r o m the foothills, returning; in the e v e n i n g s w h e n their w o r k w a s The Report :'of the Mombasa-Victoria (1893)

" T h e i r v i l l a g e s . . . are s i t u a t e d on the h i l l t o p s , &ni\ c u l t i v a t e all t h e s m a l l v a l l e y s w h e r e soil a n d w a t e r are i together. T h e i r c u l t i v a t i o n e x t e n d s t o t h e l o w e r slopes oi the surrounding plains." hills and into character. Claim to part of L . R . 3880, Teita Concessions.

1 2 5 8 . I t w i l l b e n o t e d t h a t a l l t h e a b o v e e v i d e n c e is genei I t is e v i d e n t t h a t t h e T e i t a c u l t i v a t e d i n the plainij Maynard is m o r e explicit parts of in his evidf it (Teita J f o o t h i l l s , b u t d o e s n o t p a r t i c u l a r i z e as t o a n y p r e c i s e locality. 1259. A r c h d e a c o n and states : "To cession The my land) knowledge have Valley considerable b e e n c u l t i v a t e d f o r t h e last 35 years! h a s b e e n c u l t i v a t e d for four miles j

Mwatate

of t h e r a i l w a y f o r y e a r s . "

THE IICHAPTER X V ]

COAST

PROVINCE N A T I V E RESERVES

-260. T h e a l i e n a t e d l a n d i n p l a c e s g o e s r i g h t i n t o t h e f o o t h i l l s , yen a p a r t f r o m t h i s e v i d e n c e t h e r e w o u l d b e s t r o n g p r e s u m p hat the T e i t a m a d e u s e of it f o r c u l t i v a t i o n . 2(51. A t the present day there is c o n s i d e r a b l e cultivation by Voi no eita at t h e n o r t h - e a s t e r n But on t h e r e s t of e n d of L . R . N o . 3880, Teita Con

as, L t d . , e x t e n d i n g f o r p e r h a p s h a l f a m i l e s o u t h of t h e the concession separately. t h e r e is p r a c t i c a l l y

jlion b y t h e T e i t a , as a p a r t f r o m t h e K a s i g a o , a n a l l i e d t r i b e , case w i l l be c o n s i d e r e d

262. T h a t is n o t to s a y t h a t t h e T e i t a n e v e r h a d m o r e use of n this, b u t w e shall r e c o m m e n d an extension to the reserve ther q u a r t e r w h i c h w i l l b e m o r e t h a n sufficient t o c o m p e n s a t e aim in t h a t r e s p e c t , a n d w e n e e d c o n s i d e r a t t h e m o m e n t only aims of t h e T e i t a w h o are s t i l l i n o c c u p a t i o n . ea of l a n d a p p r o x i m a t e l y W " on the the m a p which Teita We recommend egotiations b e o p e n e d w i t h t h e c o m p a n y ' f o r t h e s u r r e n d e r of three square miles in e x t e n t at the follows the section 1271. whole of the T h i s , as land now we in east c o r n e r o f t h e c o n c e s s i o n i n t h e g e n e r a l p o s i t i o n s h o w n as e, will tion b y include piractically o n this

estate.

263. F o r a r e a s o n w h i c h w e s h a l l e x p l a i n b e l o w ( s e c t i o n 1269) nsider i t just t h a t the c o m p a n y should b e r e q u i r e d to m a k e a urrender of t h i s 164. P a r t of the land. Teita Concessions is also inhabited by ' winch fell into the The Claim of
t h e K a a i

o, w h o s e h i s t o r y is b r i e f l y as f o l l o w s : hey o r i g i n a l l y lived on Kasigao mountain,

a o

hands d u r i n g t h e G r e a t W a r .

I t s p o s i t i o n is s h o w n o n t h e

65. T h e

Kasigao

natives

were

suspected

of

treachery

and for

sported b y G o v e r n m e n t t o M a l i n d i D i s t r i c t . ley w e r e p e r m i t t e d strative reasons, to return to the Teita were hills not allowed Mwatate. they

A t t h e e n d of t h e D i s t r i c t , but to settle These at hills their are Con

home a t K a s i g a o , b u t w e r e r e q u i r e d t o l i v e o n t h e s l o p e s of mbe a n d Zongoloni near on t h e l a n d w h i c h has s i n c e b e e n a l i e n a t e d t o T e i t a s, and t h e i r p o s i t i o n is s h o w n on the map). '6. T h e rights lease to Teita Concessions contains specific refer actual them

the p r o v i s i o n of s e c t i o n 86 of t h e C r o w n L a n d s of t h e K a s i g a o a n d t h e T e i t a

Ordinance,

w h o w e r e in

ion w e r e c l e a r l y p r o t e c t e d , t h e a r e a s i n o c c u p a t i o n b y eemed t o b e e x c l u d e d f r o m t h e l e a s e .

THE PART I I C H A P T E R X V ]

COAST

PROVINCE NATIVE

1 2 6 7 . W h e n t h e c o n c e s s i o n a i r e s d i s c o v e r e d t h e e x t e n t 61 O c c u p a t i o n , t h e y a p p l i e d f o r a f u r t h e r g r a n t o f 10,000 acres p e n s a t i o n , a n d a n e x t e n s i o n of a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h i s aerea g r a n t e d a t a s t a n d p r e m i u m of S h . 2 p e r a c r e . T h i s l a n d is as L . R . N o . 6924. 1 2 6 8 . W e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e b e s t 2'racticable settlement K a s i g a o c l a i m at t h i s d a t e i s t h a t t h e c o m p a n y should su t h e a r e a o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 1 s q u a r e m i l e s s h o w n on the n marked " X " . I t i n c l u d e s t h e p r e s e n t h o u s e s of the Kasij. p r o v i d e s t w o a c c e s s e s t o w a t e r a n d is j o i n e d t o t h e m a i n res a c o r r i d o r . I t i s n o t p r a c t i c a b l e to r e c o m m e n d t h a t the land I: t h e h i l l s a n d t h e M w a t a t e r i v e r s h o u l d b e g i v e n u p to the 1 b e c a u s e i t is a l r e a d y f u l l y d e v e l o p e d u n d e r s i s a l , but w e c t h a t t h e a r e a w h i c h w e r e c o m m e n d t o be s u r r e n d e r e d would their just c l a i m s . R e f e r e n c e to t h e m a p illustrating these proposals will i s m a l l a r e a e x t e n d i n g n o r t h w a r d s f r o m the north-w^est corner as b e i n g r e c o m m e n d e d f o r i n c l u s i o n in t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v i r e a s o n f o r t h i s is t h a t t h e r e a r e a f e w p a t c h e s of n a t i v e cul in t h i s v i c i n i t y . W i t h o u t w i s h i n g t o d e f i n e t h e e x a c t bound t h e a r e a t o b e a d d e d w e a r e o f o p i n i o n t h a t t w o h u n d r e d ac suffice i n t h e j j e n e r a l p o s i t i o n s h o w n in t h e m a p . 1 2 6 9 . S i n c e t h e o r i g i n a l l e a s e t o t h e c o m p a n y w a s cone b y s e c t i o n 8 6 of t h e C r o w n L a n d s O r d i n a n c e , it is clear th; in o c c u p a t i o n b y t h e n a t i v e s w e r e d e e m e d t o b e excluded ft l e a s e , a n d t h e r e i s t h e r e f o r e n o i n j u s t i c e in r e q u i r i n g that thej be excised. B u t u n d e r s e c t i o n 3 1 ( 5 ) o f t h e 1902 Ordina c o m p a n y w o u l d b e j u s t i f i e d i n a s k i n g f o r a r e d u c t i o n of ren
7

1 2 7 0 . T h e p r i n c i p a l d r a w b a c k of t h e s o l u t i o n r e c o m m e t h a t t h e K a s i g a o l a n d w i l l n o t b e c o n s o l i d a t e d w i t h the r e s e r v e , e x c e p t b y a c o r r i d o r . B u t w h e n t h i s a r e a has been g as n a t i v e r e s e r v e , t h e y w i l l h a v e an asset w h i c h could, d e s i r e a n d t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d a n d G o v e r n m e n t agree, c h a n g e d f o r o t h e r l a n d of e q u a l v a l u e , w h i c h c o u l d be take t h e C r o w n l a n d c o n t i g u o u s e i t h e r t o t h e D a b i d a or S a g a l l a Et B u t w e c o n s i d e r t h a t , as a C o m m i s s i o n , w e h a v e dischan d u t y if w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e y b e g i v e n t h e area to which o p i n i o n , t h e y h a v e a r i g h t . A n y s u b s e q u e n t a d j u s t m e n t s could a p p r o p r i a t e l y b e c o n d u c t e d b y G o v e r n m e n t w i t h o u t any r e c o m m e n d a t i o n o n our p a r t . 1271. Since the above recommendations, b l o c k a d d i t i o n s w h i c h w e s h a l l r e c o m m e n d to b e in a n o t h e r q u a r t e r , w i l l c o m p l e t e l y s a t i s f y all c o n s i d e r t h a t n o i n j u s t i c e w i l l b e caused t o t h e v i d e d t h a t on t h e c o m p l e t i o n of t h e s u r r e n d e r together w m a d e to the claims of rit n a t i v e s if it b y the com]

DIAGRAM

ILLUSTRATING NATIVE

THE

RECOMMENDATIONS THE D A B I DA

REGARDING RESERVE Additions to Native Reserve under Class ft shewn thus Reserve

Alienated Land within the Native

475
T H E COAST PROVINCE
NATIVE RESERVES

IjI-Chapteb X V ]

[reas s p e c i f i e d a n d w i t h t h e i r a d d i t i o n t o t h e r e s e r v e a l l c l a i m s section S6 s h o u l d b e b e c o n s i d e r e d to be s a t i s f i e d , a n d t h e Inder of t h e e s t a t e p a s s u n e n c u m b e r e d i n t o t h e h a n d s of the

[-272- W e shall n o w e x a m i n e w h a t f u r t h e r l a n d o u g h t to b e Reoommenda to t h e r e s e r v e i n o r d e r t o satisfy t h e c l a i m m a d e on t h e tions regarding leal g r o u n d t h a t t h e t r i b e o n c e h a d t h e use o f t h e l a n d n o w ^t-ensions lien to i t , a n d a l s o t h e g e n e r a l c l a i m f o r m o r e p a s t u r e l a n d o n lounds of e c o n o m i c n e e d . jj73. T h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r has r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t s o m e square m i l e s of l a n d c o m p r i s e d i n t h e a r e a s s h o w n as Y l , Jd Y 3 o n t h e m a p b e a d d e d t o t h e N a t i v e D e s e r v e o n t h e (d that t h e n a t i v e s h a v e r i g h t s o n t h e m a n d a r e still in u n bd o c c u p a t i o n . T h i s p r o p o s a l is s u p p o r t e d b o t h b y t h e l o c a l e Scial E u r o p e a n s a n d b y t h e n a t i v e s , a n d w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t [three a r e a s b e a d d e d a s N a t i v e l a n d s , Class A . W e a l s o i n c l u d e r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n t h e s m a l l a r e a of C r o w n l a n d b e t w e e n Y 3 ie S a g a l l a N a t i v e R e s e r v e , s i n c e its a d d i t i o n w o u l d l i n k u p galla a n d D a b i d a R e s e r v e s . T h i s is s h o w n as Y"4 on t h e m a p , iniprises a p p r o x i m a t e l y f o u r s q u a r e m i l e s . iii. T h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r h a s also p r o p o s e d , w i t h t h e t of t h e unofficial w i t n e s s e s , t h a t t h e a r e a m a r k e d "Z" ting t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y 160 square m i l e s , be a d d e d to t h e [ R e s e r v e . I t i s n o t d e n i e d t h a t t h e r e is a n d a l w a y s h a s b e e n t i e r a b l e a m o u n t of n a t i v e o c c u p a t i o n in t h a t p a r t of t h e a r e a lis a d j a c e n t t o t h e h i l l s , a n d t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r p o i n t s It the a d d i t i o n h e p r o p o s e d w o u l d n o t o n l y i n c l u d e e x i s t i n g 1 occupation, b u t w o u l d p r o v i d e a d e q u a t e o p p o r t u n i t y for lexpausion. A l t h o u g h l a r g e p a r t s of this area a r e f l y - i n f e s t e d , \K also s u i t a b l e for p a s t u r i n g c a t t l e a n d c o u l d b e u s e d f o r ose, t h u s e n a b l i n g t h e p e o p l e t o a c q u i r e m o r e s t o c k .

3. N o t w i t h s t a n d i n g t h a t t h e p r o p o s a l has b e e n p u t f o r w a r d ausly, w e h e s i t a t e t o r e c o m m e n d so l a r g e an e x t e n s i o n as n a t i v e r e s e r v e . T h e c l a i m s of r i g h t i n c l u d e t h e v a l l e y s Jie d i s t a n c e i n t o t h e p l a i n s , a n d w e c o n s i d e r t h a t a g e n e r a l i of t h e b o u n d a r y of t h e r e s e r v e t o e m b r a c e t h a t p a r t of t h e vhich is m a r k e d Z / l ou t h e m a p w o u l d satisfy a l l s u c h This l a n d w e r e c o m m e n d t o b e a d d e d as C l a s s A . I t w o u l d general a d v a n c e m e n t o f t h e l i n e b y a n a v e r a g e d i s t a n c e of safely t w o m i l e s a n d e m b r a c e a p p r o x i m a t e l y -11 s q u a r e IThe r e m a i n d e r o f a r e a Z ( i . e . t h a t p a r t of i t w h i c h is m a r k e d lthe m a p ) w e r e c o m m e n d t o b e a d d e d as p r o v i s i o n a l n a t i v e lander C l a s s B 2 a n d t o be c o n v e r t e d p r o g r e s s i v e l y i n t o B 1, Iitives c l e a r i t o f b u s h in t h e fly-infested parts and exter lihe fly. T h i s l a n d is a p p r o x i m a t e l y 119 s q u a r e m i l e s .

T H E PART IICHAPTER X V ]

COAST

PROVINCE N A T I V E KM

Effect of the 1 2 7 6 . T h e e f f e c t of t h e s e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s , if a c c e p t e d , Recommenda t h a t t w o h u n d r e d s q u a r e m i l e s w o u l d b e a d d e d t o t h e D a b i d a N -tions regarding E e s e r v e , if w e i n c l u d e b o t h t h e a r e a r e c o m m e n d e d t o b e added the Dabida Native v i s i o n a l l y a n d also t h e a r e a r o u n d S e m b e H i l l t o be r e s e r v e d fo Reserve. E a s i g a o . T h e i t e m s a r e as s h o w n b e l o w :
w : E

Recommended

to

be added

as Native

Reserve,

Class

A.

Wundanyi

Estate

... ... ... ... ...

... ... ... ... ...

Square miles (approximately ... 2 ... ... ... ... ... 3 11 20 4 41 81

A r e a m a r k e d \V Area marked X . Area Area marked Y l , marked Y 4 Zl

Y 2 and Y 3

Area marked

Recommended to be Native Reserve.

added-

as

Provisional 119 Total 200 square:

1 2 7 7 . It' t h e w h o l e a r e a , i n c l u d i n g t h e p r o v i s i o n a l D C I ! O t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t , t h e r e s e r v e w o u l d b e a l m o s t e x a c t l y dot I f t h e p r o v i s i o n a l a r e a be l e f t o u t of a c c o u n t , t h e a d d i t i o n , incl o f t h e a r e a r e c o m m e n d e d f o r t h e E a s i g a o , a m o u n t s to an of t h e p r e s e n t D a b i d a E e s e r v e b y 40-J- p e r c e n t , a n d a reduetil t h e p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y to 165 t o t h e scjuare m i l e . T h i s won:: b e a h i g h figure, a n d j u s t i f i e s t h e p r o v i s i o n a l e x t e n s i o n of a : 1 1 9 s q u a r e m i l e s b e i n g m a d e p e r m a n e n t , if t h e n a t i v e s prove! n e e d of i t b y c o n d u c t i n g a v i g o r o u s c a m p a i g n t o d e s t r o y thef

fly.
1 2 7 8 . T h e o n l y losses t o be set off a g a i n s t t h e s e gains t h e T e i t a a n d E a s i g a o w o u l d c e a s e t o h a v e a n y r i g h t s in 1 t h e r e m a i n i n g area o f t h e T e i t a C o n c e s s i o n s o r e l s e w h e r e the reserve boundaries. 1279. T h e r e still r e m a i n t w o m i n o r r e s p e c t of t h e D a b i d a N a t i v e E e s e r v e . Minor Adjustment of Boundary near Voi River Bridge, m a t t e r s f o r discus

1 2 8 0 . A m i n o r b o u n d a r y a d j u s t m e n t is s u g g e s t e d ne. E i v e r B r i d g e , b y w h i c h t h e N a t i v e E e s e r v e w i l l l o s e less thi a c r e s , a n d g a i n a s t r i p a m o u n t i n g t o a b o u t s i x t y - f i v e acres. adjustment has been approved b y E x e c u t i v e Council, a a n a w a i t s t h e l e g a l i z a t i o n of a m e t h o d b y w h i c h s u c h exchange be e f f e c t e d . T h e a d j u s t m e n t is r e c o m m e n d e d .

476
THE
l
T

COAST

PROVINCE
N A T I V E RESERVES)

U-CHAPTEH

XV]

t h a t Native Claim in Respect of t h e the Kedai. lve D e s e r v e , a n d t h a t t h e q u a n t i t y l e f t i n t h e s t r e a m d o e s n o t 1281. D u r i n g o u r v i s i t t o V o i n a t i v e w i t n e s s e s c o m p l a i n e d Fibre Estate is d i v e r t i n g water from a stream Kedai in

tiuit of i r r i g a t i o n of n a t i v e matter and it was

shambas.
investigated considerable was the the that there were

1282. A t o u r r e q u e s t t h e D i r e c t o r o f P u b l i c W o r k s discovered mlarities. ppaiiy "am for The company's issued permit to

was invalid, the water a n y a u t h o r i t y at all, and the natives not t o use

g drawn from

a stream without orders

apparently irrigation.

L2S3. T h e D i r e c t o r of P u b l i c W o r k s h a s p r o p o s e d a s e t t l e m e n t ivliich t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r h a s a g r e e d . proposal w i l l 1281. T h e company a n d the natives. T h e y consider that between p r o v i d e an e q u i t a b l e d i v i s i o n o f w a t e r

S a g a l l a N a t i v e D e s e r v e c o m p r i s e s 82 s q u a r e m i l e s Proposed Extension of a p o p u l a t i o n of 3,1)87 p e r s o n s , g i v i n g a d e n s i t y of 48.6 t o t h e the Sagalla ire m i l e . I n o u r o p i n i o n t h e r e s e r v e is a m p l y sufficient f o r its Native Reserve. ibitants, a n d n o e v i d e n c e i n a c o n t r a r y s e n s e h a s b e e n o f f e r e d . 285. N e v e r t h e l e s s an a p p l i c a t i o n h a s b e e n m a d e t o e x t e n d t h e Hndaries t o M a u n g u rve. 1286. T h i n k i n g t h a t s u c h a n e x t e n s i o n m i g h t p o s s i b l y offer a iion to t h e t h o r n y p r o b l e m o f t h e E a s i g a o , w e r e q u e s t e d t h e rict C o m m i s s i o n e r t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s , a n d h e i n ted t h e area i n c o m p a n y w i t h t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l officer f o r t h e ;t P r o v i n c e . T h e i r r e p o r t , w h i c h is p r i n t e d w i t h t h e e v i d e n c e , c l e a r l y t h a t t h e a r e a b e t w e e n S a g a l l a a n d M a u n g u is w a t e r while M a u n g u i t s e l f h a s n o p e r m a n e n t w a t e r s u p p l y . I t w o u l d efore b e useless f o r t h e K a s i g a o . T h e y r e c o m m e n d , h o w e v e r , Maungu H i l l should b e m a d e n a t i v e r e s e r v e , because it includes ir p r o p o r t i o n of a r a b l e l a n d , c a p a b l e of b e i n g d e v e l o p e d b y ves but u n l i k e l y o n a c c o u n t o f t h e l a c k of w a t e r t o p r o v e a t t r a tor a n y i n d u s t r i a l e n t e r p r i s e . While w e a c c e p t t h e r e p o r t g e n e r a l l y , w e c a n n o t r e c o m m e n d the a r e a b e g a z e t t e d n a t i v e r e s e r v e , b u t w e see n o o b j e c t i o n t o i s s i o n t o c u l t i v a t e b e i n g g r a n t e d o n t e m p o r a r y l i c e n c e or l e a s e . 1287. A s m a l l a d j u s t m e n t is n e c e s s a r y o n t h e b o u n d a r y b e t w e e n Sagalla N a t i v e D e s e r v e a n d t h e B r i t i s h E a s t A f r i c a ' C o r p o r a estate a t Y o i , d u e t o t h e V o i D i v e r , w h i c h is t h e g a z e t t e d ary, h a v i n g a l t e r e d i t s c o u r s e d u r i n g r e c e n t y e a r s . A g i v e - a n d loundary h a s b e e n a g r e e d u p o n b y all p a r t i e s , b u t it c a n n o t zetted as t h e r e is n o l e g a l m a c h i n e r y t o c o v e r t h e g i v e - a n d - t a k e , d j u s t m e n t is r e c o m m e n d e d . Adjustment of Boundary between Sagalla Native R eserve and Voi Sisal Estate. S t a t i o n so as t o i n c l u d e M a u n g u H i l l i n t h e

THE PART IICHARTER X V ]

COAST

PROVINCE NATIVE RESEnvt

Na,tive Reserves of the H i g o District othei than the N y i k a Native. Reserve.

1 2 8 8 . S e v e n t e e n s m a l l n a t i v e r e s e r v e s , c o m p r i s i n g 77 square a r e g r o u p e d u n d e r t h e s o m e w h a t c u m b r o u s t i t l e of " N a t i v e in t h e D i g o D i s t r i c t o t h e r t h a n t h e N y i k a N a t i v e E e s e r v e . " r e i g h t s m a l l e s t of t h e m c o n t a i n o n l y 573 a c r e s a l t o g e t h e r , o ::\\\ r a v e r a g e of 72 acres e a c h , and y e t t h e y a r e , q u a i n t l y enough, c l a i m e d a s r e s e r v e s for e v e r f o r t h e u s e a n d b e n e f i t of the t r i b e s of t h e C o l o n y f o r w h i c h t h e y h a v e r e s p e c t i v e l y b e e n reservcdH

mJ eH i l Hsr e cevH PJ hH pJg rS c n tvl ai f

1 2 8 9 . T h e h i s t o r y of t h e s e r e s e r v a t i o n s is as f o l l o w s . I n Knap the E a s t A f r i c a n E s t a t e s , L i m i t e d , o b t a i n e d a lease from the of 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 a c r e s , s u b s e q u e n t l y r e d u c e d t o 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 a c r e s . U n d e r tliK t e r m s of t h e O r d i n a n c e l a n d in t h e a c t u a l o c c u p a t i o n of natives a f l t h e t i m e of t h e issue of t h e l e a s e w a s d e e m e d t o b e e x c l u d e d . H

Co B rw

1290. A t t h e r e q u e s t of t h e E a s t A f r i c a n E s t a t e s and icSl g e n e r a l c o n v e n i e n c e t h e S u r v e y o r G e n e r a l c a u s e d a r e a s to b d e n e m a r c a t e d to c o r r e s p o n d as c l o s e l y as c o u l d b e a s c e r t a i n e d with t h H areas over which the native rights existed, and they w e r e i n c h n k l in t h e g a z e t t e m e n t of n a t i v e r e s e r v e s i n 1 9 2 6 . 1 2 9 1 . T h e b o u n d a r i e s g a z e t t e d h a v e n o t b e e n o b s e r v e d by natives, but they have spread themselves out over m u c h wider a n d are c u l t i v a t i n g a n d g r a z i n g t h e i r g o a t s i n d i s c r i m i n a t e l y or outside the reserves according to their individual preference. tB h

aeB ra f

insidH

1292. I n such c i r c u m s t a n c e s i t w o u l d b e i d l e to a t t e m p t t givRj o p o p u l a t i o n - d e n s i t i e s , b u t i t is b e y o n d q u e s t i o n t h a t s o m e r e s e r v e s , n o t a b l y P u n g u - A I z i c h e n d a a n d W a a - A I z i c h e n d a , ae r km c o m i n g v e r y c o n g e s t e d . T h i s is n o t b e c a u s e of n a t u r a l increase irB t h e p o p u l a t i o n b u t b e c a u s e of t h e a t t r a c t i v e i n f l u e n c e bit A l o n i b a s a in d r a w i n g p o p u l a t i o n f r o m t h e m a i n r e s e r v e s i s o l a t e d f r a g m e n t s w h i c h a r e in c l o s e r p r o x i m i t y to t h e t o w n . H 1 2 9 3 . T h e D i g o L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l h a s s u b m i t t e d a petiti g t o t h e G o v e r n o r r e q u e s t i n g an e x t e n s i o n o f t h e s e r e s e r v e s .

r

o t eM f hs

e et d x re i t t eB no hJ
Fin

W e do n o t c o n s i d e r t h a t tiny g o o d case c a n b e m a d e o t u e x t e n d i n g t h e m . T h e f a c t t h a t D i g o n a t i v e s l e a v e t h e i r o w n (So;;:M N y i k a ) reserve and crowd into t h e coast strip provides no r e a s o n f o r G o v e r n m e n t to a p p r o a c h t h e E a s t A f r i c a n E s t a t e s wt; M i! v i e w to b u y i n g a n y m o r e l a n d f o r t h e u s e of such n a t i v e s . bB \ i f t h e n a t i v e s of t h e s e r e s e r v e s o r a n y o f t h e m w i s h to m o r e l a n d , w e see n o r e a s o n w h y a n y i n d i v i d u a l w h o desires :H d o so s h o u l d n o t n e g o t i a t e w i t h t h e E a s t A f r i c a n E s t a t e s fr H o l e a s e , o r w h y a n y g r o u p of such n a t i v e s should n o t form selves into a corporate body and apply collectively. We d o n l t h i n k t h a t a l e a s e o n t r i b a l l i n e s is t o be r e c o m m e n d e d , w e t h i n k t h a t t r i b a l t e n u r e in t h e c o a s t a l s t r i p is a l r e a d y a n d t h a t t h e a r e a so o c c u p i e d s h o u l d n o t b e e x t e n d e d very good reason.

aeui E dq a

oti ! ban

t eH hu ben ea H ao at n mi H o witlrH

Pie

47
T H E COAST
IT I I - C H A P T E R X V ]

PROVINCE
NATIVE RESERVES

1294. T h e r e is a p i e c e o f c o m m o n a g e , s i x h u n d r e d a c r e s in tent, a d j o i n i n g t h e P u n g u - M z i c h e n d a N a t i v e R e s e r v e . I t w a s S r e o r i g i n a l l y as g r a z i n g c o m m o n a g e a n d as l a n d w h e r e n a t i v e s ev d ght g a t h e r p a l m l e a v e s f o r m a k i n g b a s k e t s , b u t h u t s h a v e n o w len built o n it a n d i t is b e i n g t r e a t e d b y t h e n a t i v e s as i f i t w e r e live r e s e r v e f o r a l l p u r p o s e s . 1295. T h e r e s e e m s t o b e s o m e d i f f e r e n c e of o p i n i o n b e t w e e n t h e n a t i v e s a n d t h e n a t i v e s l i v i n g at L i k o n i as t o w h e t h e r t h e 1(1"is r e s e r v e d m o r e e s p e c i a l l y f o r t h e o n e g r o u p o r t h e o t h e r , a n d I are at p r e s e n t u s i n g i t . S i n c e a l l a r e D i g o n a t i v e s , w e r e c o m (na that t h e l a u d b e i n c l u d e d i n t h e P u n g u - M z i c h e n d a N a t i v e e r v e , w h i c h is p a r t of t h e D i g o c o u n t r y a l t h o u g h d e t a c h e d f r o m main block. T h e question of p r i v a t e r i g h t s i n it should be [tied in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h n a t i v e l a w a n d c u s t o m , t h e P r o v i n c i a l I n m i s s i o n e r t a k i n g s u c h a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s t e p s as m a y b e n e c e s s a r y lifeguard t h e i n t e r e s t s of t h e L i k o n i p e o p l e .
0ngu

Commonage adjoining tho PunguMzichenda Reserve.

1296. T h i s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n m a y a p p e a r t o b e a t v a r i a n c e w i t h other r e c o m m e n d a t i o n w h i c h w e h a v e m a d e , n a m e l y , t h a t n a t i v e rves in t h e c o a s t a l s t r i p s h o u l d n o t b e e x t e n d e d w i t h o u t g o o d jse. B u t w e consider that in this case g o o d cause e x i s t s , since t h e j a r e c o m m e n d e d to b e added is already, to all i n t e n t s and purposes, live r e s e r v e , a n d i t i s a d v i s a b l e t h a t t h e p o s i t i o n s h o u l d b e r e g u zed i n t h i s m a n n e r . 1297. T h e p l a i n s b e t w e e n t h e P o k o m o c o u n t r y t o t h e w e s t of The Galla. Tana B i v e r are i n h a b i t e d by G a l l a tribes w h o o r i g i n a l l y c a m e In A b y s s i n i a . T h e s e G a l l a , t h o u g h o n c e n u m e r o u s , a r e n o w o n l y l e five or s i x t h o u s a n d s t r o n g a n d a r e n o m a d i c p a s t o r a l i s t s . T h e y jin o v e r t h e w h o l e o f t h e s e p l a i n s as f a r as t h e b o r d e r s of t h e ni D i s t r i c t . A l t h o u g h t h i s a r e a is l o o s e l y k n o w n as G a l i a c o u n no r e s e r v e h a s b e e n set a p a r t f o r t h e i r u s e . S i n c e t h e d e n s i t y Ivhicli t h e y i n h a b i t t h e l a n d is u n d e r o n e t o t h e s q u a r e m i l e , i t Id n o t b e p r a c t i c a b l e to m a k e a r e s e r v e f o r t h e m , b u t w e r e c o m ld t h a t t h i s l a n d s h o u l d b e t r e a t e d o n t h e s a m e f o o t i n g as w e e recommended for the Northern Frontier Province and

1 2 9 8 . W e h a v e n o w c o n c l u d e d o u r e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e s p e c i f i c Tho Claim of (its o f t h e v a r i o u s n a t i v e r e s e r v e s of t h e C o a s t P r o v i n c e . T h e r e Mohommed bin Uweki o t h e r c l a i m in r e s p e c t o f t h e c o a s t h i n t e r l a n d w h i c h o u g h t Shoo. aps t o b e m e n t i o n e d , if o n l y b e c a u s e o f t h e t r o u b l e t o w h i c h pplicant h a s p u t h i m s e l f i n p r e s e n t i n g h i s c a s e . A f t e r t r a c i n g lliistory of h i s t r i b e , t h e W a k w a v i , f o r s o m e t w o h u n d r e d y e a r s ho a p p l i c a n t , o n e M a h o m m e d b i n U w e k i S h o o , c o m e s t o t h e \i of h i s n a r r a t i v e , w h i c h is t h a t h e h i m s e l f , t h o u g h b o r n as a son t h e C o a s t , is a c t u a l l y t h e h e i r of t h e c h i e f of t h e t r i b e , a n d Ikiims in h i s o w n r i g h t all t h e l a n d o v e r w h i c h t h e t r i b e i s a l l e g e d

T H E COAST
PART I I - C H A P T E R X V ]

PROVINCE
NATIVE RESERVR

b y h i m t o h a v e h e l d s w a y w h e n at t h e z e n i t h of its p o w e r . This i n c l u d e s a l a r g e p a r t of t h e M a s a i a n d K a m b a R e s e r v e s , t h e whole) of t h e T a v e t a , D a b i d a a n d S a g a l l a R e s e r v e s , m o s t of the South NyikJ R e s e r v e , t h e w h o l e of K i l i m a n j a r o a n d t h e C h a g g a country and M o s h i . T h e c l a i m a n t h i m s e l f a d m i t s t h a t t h e t r i b e had already lost i t s p o w e r a n d n e a r l y t h e w h o l e of i t s t e r r i t o r y b e f o r e t h e Britisli G o v e r n m e n t a p p e a r e d ; his f a t h e r h a d b e e n d e p o s e d b y a r i v a l head m a n a n d h i s m o t h e r h a d b e e n s o l d as a s l a v e .

T h e s t o r y , w h i c h s t a n d s at p p . 2540-2551 of t h e E v i d e n c e , J n o t w i t h o u t i n t e r e s t as a n a r r a t i v e , b u t t h e c l a i m is clearly in] s u p p o r t a b l e a n d it is a m a z i n g t h a t it s h o u l d h a v e b e e n seriously put forward. I t i l l u s t r a t e s t h e c o m p l e t e i n a b i l i t y , w h i c h w e have n o t i c e d in s e v e r a l p l a c e s , t o d i s t i n g u i s h b e t w e e n a c l a i m to have e x e r c i s e d s o v e r e i g n p o w e r a n d a c l a i m t o t h e p r o p r i e t o r s h i p of land A General 1 2 9 9 . W e r e c o m m e n d t h a t a l l t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e s of the Goastl Recommenda P r o v i n c e , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n of t h e N o r t h P o k o m o N a t i v e Reserve tion regarding b e p r o c l a i m e d c o l l e c t i v e l y a s o n e r e s e r v e t o b e k n o w n as the Coasj the Reserves of the Coast P r o v i n c e N a t i v e R e s e r v e , a l t h o u g h t h e c o m p o n e n t u n i t s are terrij Province. torially disconnected. T h e o b j e c t of t h i s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n is f a c i l i t a t e i n t e r p e n e t r a t i o n b e t w e e n t r i b e s a n d g e n e r a l l y to permr. m o r e f r e e d o m of m o v e m e n t in w h a t e v e r d i r e c t i o n e c o n o m i c advati t a g s m a y s u g g e s t . T h e r i g h t s of o c c u p a n t t r i b e s w o u l d be adequate^ s a f e g u a r d e d . L a n d t e n u r e a m o n g e a c h t r i b e a n d t h e recognition e p r i v a t e r i g h t s in l a n d w o u l d b e b a s e d u p o n n a t i v e l a w and custom as it is or m a y b e c o m e , m o d i f i e d b y n a t u r a l p r o c e s s or b y r u l e ; am e a c h a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d i s t r i c t w o u l d h a v e i t s o w n l o c a l l a n d board. 1 3 0 0 . T h e a r g u m e n t i n f a v o u r of c o m b i n i n g t h e n a t i v e reserve! i n t o f e w e r a n d l a r g e r u n i t s w i l l b e m o r e f u l l y discussed in the thirl part of the R e p o r t .

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CHAPTER
THE COAST

XVI.

PROVINCE.

(b) T H E TEN M I L E STRIP. 180.1. W e h a v e n o t , f o r t u n a t e l y , t o d e a l w i t h a l l t h e l a n d p r o b Scope of thems of t h e C o a s t b e l t , b u t o n l y w i t h s u c h a s e i t h e r f a l l d i r e c t l y Chapter. ithin our t e r m s of r e f e r e n c e o r w h i c h h a v e t o b e r e v i e w e d b e c a u s e ey m i g h t in s o m e w a y affect o r q u a l i f y o u r g e n e r a l r e c o m ,-ndations. 1302. A conception which will be found t o underlie a n d per tribally held riite t h e w h o l e o f o u r R e p o r t i s t h a t t h e l a n d i n t h e C o l o n y c a n c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g classes : l a n d t o b e o c c u p i e d n a t i v e s as n a t i v e l a n d s , o r a s n a t i v e r e s e r v e s , o r as l a n d nropeans have a special privilege (the European o n lease

nerally f o r n a t i v e t r i b e s ( e . g . T u r k a n a ) ; s e c o n d l y , l a n d i n w h i c h Highlands) ; primarily the to irdly, l a n d 1303. I n t o b e set a p a r t f o r a l i e n a t i o n a r e a s ) ; and lastly the residue we already stated respect of

lives ( n a t i v e l e a s e h o l d ummendation,

the residue. in section

g e n e r a l A General Recommenda 25 o f t h e tion that no port a n d shall s t a t e a g a i n in m o r e d e t a i l b e l o w ( s e c t i o n 1 4 7 1 ) , Racial Privilege at t h e r e s h o u l d b e n o r a c i a l r e s t r i c t i o n s . B y f a r t h e m o s t i m should apply. rtant area t o w h i c h t h i s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n w o u l d a p p l y is t h e are m a k i n g as w e h a v e ast, a n d it is n e c e s s a r y t o c o n s i d e r h o w f a r t h e p o s i t i o n is a l r e a d y :npromised, a n d w h e t h e r p e r h a p s s o m e m o d i f i c a t i o n m a y b e n e c e s ry in o u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n i n o r d e r t o b r i n g it i n t o m o r e p r a c t i c a l iation w i t h e x i s t i n g f a c t s . 1304. I n so f a r as e x i s t i n g t i t l e s a r e c o n c e r n e d t h e r e a r e o n l y Exceptions or Special Cases. few p o i n t s i n w h i c h t h e q u e s t i o n o f r a c i a l p r i v i l e g e m i g h t b e :med t o a r i s e : (1) W e are i n f o r m e d that t h e r e are a f e w leases issued t o E u r o p e a n s o n M o m b a s a I s l a n d w i t h restrictive clauses against non-Europeans. any m a n n e r originally board. Our general recommendation made above should n o t b e r e a d a s p r e j u d i c i n g t h i s issue o r s i m i l a r issues i n whatever. Arabs trust lands (2) L a r g e areas of land w e r e g r a n t e d t o t h e M a z r u i as b l o c k s o f l a n d v e s t e d i n t h e M a z r u i this arrangement the whole ownership originally Although created now

a racial Mazrui passed

p r i v i l e g e o v e r a l a r g e e x t e n t of t h e C o a s t i n f a v o u r o f Arabs, practically into t h e p r i v a t e of these l a n d s h a v e of individual Arabs,

w h o are en

titled t o sell o r l e a s e t h e m w i t h o u t d i s t i n c t i o n of r a c e .

THE PAHT II-CHAPTER XVI]

COAST

PROVINCE NATIVE RESERVES

( 3 ) T h e r e a r e s o m e a r e a s , e v e n o u t s i d e t h e n a t i v e reserves w h e r e a s p e c i a l n a t i v e p r i v i l e g e a p p l i e s . S u c h are P u m w a n i , M i j o m b o n i , M i d a , T e z o , M a v u e n i , a n d M i r i t i n i , comprisino a l t o g e t h e r 1 3 , 6 9 8 a c r e s . T h e s e c a s e s w i l l b e r e v i e w e d below" (4) A t extent. M p e k a t o u i , s o u t h - w e s t of L a m a , t h e r e is a special

r e s e r v e f o r t h e A r a b a n d S w a h i l i p e o p l e of L a m u , 5,600 acres in T h e r e is a l s o t h e A r a b a n d A f r i c a n R e s e r v e at Wassin. ( 5 ) T h e r e a r e c e r t a i n c o m m o n a g e s n e a r M o m b a s a , the L i k o n i a n d o t h e r c o m m o n a g e s , t h e o r i g i n a l i n t e n t i o n of which a p p e a r s f r o m t h e c o n t e m p o r a r y r e c o r d s t o h a v e b e e n that thev should be r e s e r v e d e x c l u s i v e l y for n a t i v e use. 1 3 0 5 . T h e a b o v e list s h o w s i n s t a n c e s i n w h i c h s o m e degree of racial qualification Titles Committee in matters where is d i s c e r n i b l e . The list is p r o b a b l y n o t exhatis tive, but, especially h a v i n g r e g a r d to t h e f a c t t h a t a Coast Laml

is n o w s i t t i n g , w e d o n o t c o n c e i v e t h a t more is some point of principle is i n v o l v e d . 3, 4 and and No more

r e q u i r e d of us t h a n t h a t w e s h o u l d m a k e c l e a r o u r g e n e r a l attitude n e e d b e w r i t t e n r e g a r d i n g t h e o t h e r c a t e g o r i e s i n t h e l i s t , but some observations the

t

are required native

in regard the

to N o s .

5, namely, Arab

six

special

reserves,

Alpekatoni

Wassin

and African

c o m m u n a l reserves, and the L i k o n i

commonasie,

1 3 0 6 . T h e s i x s p e c i a l r e s e r v e s c o m p r i s e o n e r e s e r v e for ex s l a v e s , o n e f o r M a h a j i or c o n v e r t s t o I s l a m , a n d f o u r for detribalized natives. T h e Tezo Reserve

0

1307. T h e

present

position

in

regard

to

the

Tezo

ex-slave

r e s e r v e i s t h a t l a r g e n u m b e r s o f N y i k a n a t i v e s h a v e d r i f t e d into it a n d a r e i n h a b i t i n g i t e x a c t l y a s i f it w e r e p a r t of t h e i r o w n native r e s e r v e , w h i l e t h e e x - s l a v e s a r e a d y i n g a n d d w i n d l i n g population. Such descendants of their as t h e y origin may have will not desire a perpetual reminder or w i s h to b e surrounded e x c l u s i v e l y by

o t h e r e x - s l a v e s o r t h e i r d e s c e n d a n t s , a n d n o o b j e c t i o n t o the incur s i o n of t h e N y i k a h a s b e e n r a i s e d . ought to be regularized, and we O n t h e o t h e r h a n d t h e position do not think that Government

s h o u l d a c q u i e s c e i n wdiat is v i r t u a l l y a n u n a u t h o r i z e d extension by t h e N y i k a of t h e i r r e s e r v e . 1308. W e r e c o m m e n d t h a t , w h e n o p p o r t u n i t y p e r m i t s , private shall r e c o m m e n d f o r n a t i v e lease l e a s e h o l d t i t l e s h o u l d b e issued t o t h e o c c u p a n t s e i t h e r individually or o n g r o u p t e n u r e such as w e h o l d a r e a s i n a l a t e r p a r t of o u r R e p o r t ( s e c t i o n s 1880-1935 below). W e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e r e s h o u l d b e s p e c i a l c l a u s e s t o r e g u l a t e succes s i o n , a n d t h a t t h e r e s h o u l d b e n o r e s t r i c t i o n s o n t r a n s f e r between races.

479
T H E COAST
[PART I I - C H A P T E R XVI]

PROVINCE
NATIVE RESERVES

1309. T h e r e s e r v e a t M i d a w a s d e c l a r e d t o b e f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f that never in the of

tahaji or c o n v e r t s t o I s l a m , b u t a r e s e r v a t i o n e x c l u s i v e l y t o attempted. The from a Mida Reserve i s , in effect, that practically most

hiss c a n h a r d l y h a v e b e e n c o n t e m p l a t e d , a n d h a s c e r t a i n l y een inguishable native reserve except

The Mahaji Reserve at Mida.

Inhabitants a r e M o h a m m e d a n s . 1310. T h e reserves for

W e r e c o m m e n d t h e issue of p r i v a t e detribalized natives at Pumwani, There

.sehold t i t l e s w i t h n o r e s t r i c t i o n s o n t r a n s f e r b e t w e e n r a c e s . llijoinboni, The Four Reserves f o r Detribalized s no a c c e p t e d t e s t of d e t r i b a l i z a t i o n a n d i n p r a c t i c e a n y n a t i v e i s Natives. jllowed to g o a n d l i v e i n t h e s e a r e a s , w h i c h a r e , i n e f f e c t , c o m Mavueni, and Miritini comprise 11,177 a c r e s . unal r e s e r v e s . The perpetuation of such a form of tenure that is the

arty n o t a d v i s a b l e o n t h e C o a s t , a n d w e [resent r e s i d e n t s b e g r a n t e d p r i v a t e l e a s e h o l d
then needs. lend, in v i e w If of the purpose for which

recommend title to land land was

sufficient recom originally should

t h e r e is a residue o f l a n d left o v e r , w e the

nted t h a t ntives, b u t

it b e leased to suitable applicants w h o are

detribalized

t h a t t h e r e b e n o r e s t r i c t i o n on. t r a n s f e r , w h i c h

a l l o w e d i r r e s p e c t i v e l y of r a c e o r c l a s s . 1311. I n 1 9 2 5 , 5,600 a c r e s of l a n d w e r e set a s i d e a t ,inm, A r a b dssioner. and Swahili" or Mpekatoni of we Com The Mpekatoni and Wassin Reservations.

ar L a m u i n o r d e r t h a t l e a s e s m i g h t b e i s s u e d t o t h e " p e o p l e a t t h e d i s c r e t i o n of t h e D i s t r i c t has i n now fact been issued, cease. No lease licence and

commend t h a t t h e r e s e r v a t i o n

1312. T h e

e x t e n t of the W a s s i n

Arab and African communal first A r a b pioneers arrived

The Wassin African"

R e s e r v e 1

serve is

46 s q u a r e m i l e s , a n d t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f i t s c r e a t i o n a r e to tradition the

follows : A c c o r d i n g ven g e n e r a t i o n s a g o .

Communal

Wassin Island under the leadership of o n e , Seyid Sheikh, about A t first t h e y c u l t i v a t e d o n l y o n t h i s i s l a n d farms to the Shimoni peninsula, where This origin. interit later extended their

ey f o u n d a s m a l l t r i b e o f u p - c o u n t r y p e o p l e a l r e a d y s e t t l e d . ibe, k n o w n l o c a l l y as t h e S e g e j u , is s a i d t o b e o f K i k u y u of t h e i r m e m b e r s h a v e e m b r a c e d I s l a m a n d c o n s i d e r a b l e w i t h t h e A r a b s has taken p l a c e . 1313. In 1926 t h e Provincial the Commissioner idea of and the

Janiage

District in

immissioner, D i g o , aich t h e A r a b s a n d

evolved

a communal

reserve

Segeju could reside and farm in 1929.

perpetuity,

leir r e c o m m e n d a t i o n w a s a c c e p t e d b y G o v e r n m e n t a n d t h e r e s e r v e is g a z e t t e d i n D e c e m b e r ,

1314. I n v i e w , of c e r t a i n c o m p l a i n t s M r . J u s t i c e D i c k i n s o n w a s Dinted a C o m m i s s i o n e r t o h o l d a j u d i c i a l i n q u i r y a n d r e c o m Jnded t h a t w i t h i n t h e a r e a o f t h e c o m m u n a l r e s e r v e t h e A r a b

THE PART IICHAPTER XVI]

COAST

PROVINCE NATIVE

RESERVI

c l a i m a n t s should b e p e r m i t t e d t o b r i n g t h e i r i n d i v i d u a l claims f r e g i s t r a t i o n of t h e i r h o m e s a n d f a r m s b e f o r e t h e R e c o r d e r of Title: and he added :

(

"It

a p p e a r s to m e

t h a t , if

t h e c o m m u n a l r e s e r v e is pr

s e r v e d f o r t h e w h o l e a r e a , a n d t h e i n d i v i d u a l p r o p e r t i e s of tli A r a b s , w h i c h are adjudicated in their favour, are delimited o n of i t , n o i n j u r y w i l l o c c u r t o t h e A r a b s ' n e i g h b o u r s , whilst a t h e s a m e t i m e t h e A r a b r i g h t s w h i c h t h e y h a v e acquired wi be protected by registration." 1 3 1 5 . T h e p o s i t i o n w o u l d a p p e a r t o b e t h a t w h e n the in d i v i d u a l h o m e s t e a d s of t h e A r a b c l a i m a n t s h a v e b e e n defined a n e x c l u d e d f r o m t h e a r e a , t h e r e s e r v e w i l l be a c o m m o n . 1316. W e d o n o t w i s h t o m a k e a n y c r i t i c i s m of t h e genera p o l i c y of t h e A r a b a n d A f r i c a n c o m m u n a l r e s e r v e . T h e experiniet w a s m a d e o n t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n of t h e p r o v i n c i a l administratic a n d m u s t be g i v e n a c h a n c e o f s u c c e s s , h o w e v e r s l e n d e r it ma a p p e a r . B u t w e r e c o m m e n d s t r o n g l y t h a t t h e c o m m u n a l nature t t h e r e s e r v a t i o n s h o u l d n o t b e so i n t e r p r e t e d as t o preclude tl. c r e a t i o n a n d r e c o g n i t i o n of p r i v a t e r i g h t s . W e h a v e recommende i n r e s p e c t of t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e s u p - c o u n t r y t h a t an a d v a n c e to m o r e p r i v a t e f o r m of t e n u r e o u g h t t o b e e n c o u r a g e d . I n t h e absent of such r i g h t s n o t o n l y is a p r o p e r e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t impossible b u t t h e soil wdll i n e v i t a b l y suffer d e t e r i o r a t i o n t h r o u g h misuse. Tt c o n c e p t i o n of a n a t i v e r e s e r v e a s a " c o m m o n " h a s a l r e a d y becorr. a n a n a c h r o n i s m a m o n g t h e m o r e a d v a n c e d of t h e u p - c o u n t r y tribe arid s h o u l d c e r t a i n l y n o t b e t o l e r a t e d o n t h e C o a s t a m o n g peopl w h o c l a i m t o h a v e r e a c h e d a m o r e a d v a n c e d d e g r e e of civilizatior 1317. W e recommend therefore that, as opportunity occur a n e q u i t a b l e s c h e m e s h o u l d b e f o r m u l a t e d b y w h i c h t h e l a n d shoulc i n p r o c e s s of t i m e , pass i n t o p r i v a t e o w n e r s h i p . necessary titles only, tribe. The Likoni Commonage. and but at in first, the transfer course of of holdings the to W a s s i n for this I t m a y be four Arabs and Sege; shod f o r p r o t e c t i v e p u r p o s e s , t o r e s t r i c t t h e issues; time need restriction

disappear

and transfer

b e p e r m i t t e d w i t h o u t r e s t r i c t i o n of race (

1 3 1 8 . T h e L i k o n i c o m m o n a g e w a s o r i g i n a l l y r e s e r v e d for Di; n a t i v e s l i v i n g in t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d o n t h e c o n d i t i o n t h a t it shod b e u s e d b y t h e m f o r d e p a s t u r i n g g o a t s a n d f o r t h e collection ( l e a v e s f o r m a k i n g b a s k e t s . T h e n a t i v e s t h e m s e l v e s l i v e d on adjoit i n g l a n d w h i c h w a s a f t e r w a r d s c o n v e y e d t o t h e m in p r i v a t e title but the c o m m o n a g e r e m a i n e d c o m m o n . T h e n e x t development w a t h a t m o s t of t h e m sold t h e i r l a n d , i n s o m e c a s e s t o n a t i v e s and i: o t h e r s t o n o n - n a t i v e s , a n d o p i n i o n s differ as t o w h o a r e t h e persor w h o n o w have rights on the c o m m o n a g e . T h e p o i n t has beej

480
T H E UT II-CHAPTKU. XVI] COAST PROVINCE NATIVE RESERVES

roiight t o o u r n o t i c e , but w e a r e n o t av^are t h a t a n y p r a c t i c a l faculty has y e t a r i s e n i n r e s p e c t o f n a t i v e r i g h t s , such as m i g h t for a r e c o m m e n d a t i o n f r o m t h i s C o m m i s s i o n . 1319. S i n c e s o m e d e g r e e of r a c i a l p r i v i l e g e e x i s t s in t h e a b o v e and since w e propose no immediate or drastic reversal of icy, it f o l l o w s t h a t o u r g e n e r a l r e c o m m e n d a t i o n t h a t t h e r e s h o u l d no racial d i s c r i m i n a t i o n o n t h e C o a s t i n r e s p e c t of t h e 1 transfer of land must be qualified in a certain principle. holding But they degree. Comment on tlio above Cases.

'se a r e a s a r e so s m a l l in c o m p a r i s o n t o t h e w h o l e C o a s t t h a t old n o t affect its validity as a g e n e r a l

1320. T h e r e a r e h o w e v e r a f e w c l a i m s w h i c h , if a d m i t t e d . J t t l d modify the situation p r o f o u n d l y . T h e s e are such c o m m u n a l n i s as t h o s e of t h e t w e l v e t r i b e s a n d of t h e L a m u A r a b s . 1321. M e m o r a n d a h a v e b e e n s u b m i t t e d o n b e h a l f of t h e " T h r e e ibes" and on behalf of the " T w e l v e T r i b e s " , w h i c h actually in de n i n e o t h e r t r i b e s a n d t h e t h r e e t r i b e s . T h e s e a r e t h e r e m n a n t s ncient i m m i g r a n t tribes w h o c a m e to the country around iiubasa at s o m e d a t e b e f o r e t h e l a t e r h i s t o r i c a l w a v e of A r a b i m r a t i o n . T h e i r c l a i m s w i l l b e f o u n d at p p . 2 5 6 1 - 2 5 6 7 , 2 5 7 3 - 2 5 7 8 the p r i n t e d e v i d e n c e , a n d a m o u n t t o a r e q u e s t t h a t this C o m m i s should r e c o m m e n d t o G o v e r n m e n t " t h a t e x i s t i n g C r o w n l a n d s m a i n l a n d s o u t h b e e s t a b l i s h e d as c o m m u n a l r e s e r v e l a n d f o r t h e ee t r i b e s a n d t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d s o n m a i n l a n d n o r t h b e a l i e n d to t h e n i n e t r i b e s i n t h e s a m e w a y . " T h e c o n t e x t m a k e s c l e a r H the c l a i m t o t h e n o r t h e x t e n d s f r o m M o m b a s a t o T a k a u n g u also e m b r a c e s t h e a n c i e n t s e t t l e m e n t s of I v i l i f i , G e d d e , a n d l i n d i ; t h e c l a i m t o t h e s o u t h i s u n d e r s t o o d t o e x t e n d as f a r as i, t h e t o t a l o f b o t h c l a i m s b e i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y f o r t y m i l e s b y miles. 1322. I n 1 9 1 1 t h e M o m b a s a - T a k a u n g u b l o c k a n d t h e M o m b a s a :\ block w e r e g a z e t t e d as a r e a s i n r e s p e c t of w h i c h a l l l a n d c l a i m s st be s u b m i t t e d f o r a d j u d i c a t i o n w i t h i n six m o n t h s . T h e c l a i m question w a s n o t s u b m i t t e d , p o s s i b l y b e c a u s e a c l a i m b y the ree T r i b e s t o l a n d o n M o m b a s a I s l a n d h a d a l r e a d y b e e n adjudi ;d b y t h e R e c o r d e r of T i t l e s a n d h a d b e e n r e j e c t e d , a j u d g m e n t eh h a d s u b s e q u e n t l y b e e n u p h e l d b y t h e C o u r t o f A p p e a l ( L a w orts, V o l . V , 1 9 1 3 - 1 9 1 4 ) . W h e t h e r t h i s w a s t h e r e a s o n o r n o t , ilaim t o l a n d o n t h e m a i n l a n d w a s m a d e o n b e h a l f e i t h e r of t h e ee T r i b e s o r t h e N i n e T r i b e s o r t h e t w o i n c o m b i n a t i o n . I t is now c o m p e t e n t f o r t h e a p p l i c a n t s t o s u b m i t it e x c e p t a s a l a t e n c o g n i z a b l e at t h e d i s c r e t i o n o f t h e G o v e r n o r i n C o u n c i l . We no r e a s o n t o r e c o m m e n d t h a t s u c h d i s c r e t i o n b e e x e r c i s e d . 1323. I t a p p e a r e d t o us n e c e s s a r y t o s p e a k p l a i n l y t o t h e s e [le, a n d , a f t e r w e h a d h e a r d t h e e v i d e n c e of K h a m i s M o h a m e d The Claim of the Twelve Tribes.

T H E COAST
PART II-CHAPTER XVI]

PROVINCE
NATIVE REM

b i n H a m i s a n d S u d i b i n A l i B a s h i r , t h e t w o r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of 1 A f r o - A s i a n A s s o c i a t i o n , w h o a p p e a r e d b e f o r e us i n support of tl, claim, the Chairman m a d e the f o l l o w i n g announcement : " I t s e e m s t o us t h a t t h i s is r e a l l y a c l a i m t h a t you at s o v e r e i g n s o f t h e c o u n t r y a n d t h a t t h e S u l t a n of Z a n z i b a r In n o c l a i m t o i t , a n d t h a t t h e r i g h t s h e g a v e t o t h e Governmer w e r e not of any v a l u e . " " I t i s q u i t e c l e a r t h a t t h e i n d i v i d u a l s a n d v i l l a g e s w h o co s i d e r e d t h e y h a d c l a i m s h a v e p u t f o r w a r d t h e i r c l a i m s , whit h a v e b e e n l i s t e n e d t o b y t h e C o u r t w h o s e d e c i s i o n w a s obtaine a n d t h e y h a d t h e r i g h t of a p p e a l t o t h e H i g h C o u r t a n d also t the P r i v y Council. T h i s is m e r e l y a c l a i m t h a t w e shou! r e c o g n i z e y o u as t h e r u l e r s of t h i s p a r t of t h e c o u n t r y and S u l t a n ' s flag s h o u l d be p u l l e d d o w n . . . " " I t s e e m s t o m e t h a t y o u h a v e h a d a v e r y g o o d opporttinit of putting forward all y o u r c l a i m s a n d h a v i n g t h e m careful; considered. The Claim of the L a m u Arabs. The A r e a under Claim. T h e r e is n o r e a s o n a n d n o r i g h t o n our part t o .

b e h i n d t h e d e c i s i o n of t h e s e C o u r t s . " 1 3 2 4 . T h e t h r e e A r a b t r i b e s of L a m u , k n o w n as t h e Yum B a r n a o , a n d K i n a m i t e , i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h t h e A r a b t r i b e s of Shell: M a t o n d o n i , a n d K i p u n g a n i a n d t h e S w a h i l i p e o p l e of L a m u Islau, h a v e a d d r e s s e d t o us a j o i n t m e m o r a n d u m l a y i n g c l a i m to some 2 1 s q u a r e m i l e s o f t e r r i t o r y l y i n g w h o l l y w i t h i n t h e area former k n o w n as t h e W i t u S u l t a n a t e . T h e c l a i m a n t s , of w h o m n o n e live i t h e a r e a c l a i m e d , a r e w i l l i n g t o a d m i t a r e s e r v a t i o n of rights i f a v o u r of t h e f r e e d s l a v e s a n d o t h e r p e r s o n s w h o a r e resident Ilia t o t h e n u m b e r of a b o u t 2,546 ( t h e figure g i v e n b y t h e Senior Con m i s s i o n e r in 1 9 2 4 ) . T h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f a d u l t m a l e A r a b s in 19': w a s 28S a c c o r d i n g t o t h e P o l l T a x r e g i s t e r , so t h a t t h e claim worl out r o u g h l y a t a s q u a r e m i l e e a c h , e v e n if a l l t h e A r a b s of Lam a r e a s s o c i a t e d in t h e c l a i m .

Dates at which 1 3 2 5 . T h e l a n d w h i c h t h e y c l a i m i s l a n d o n w h i c h they hat Applications n e v e r l i v e d a n d n e v e r i n t e n d t o l i v e ; b u t t h e y c l a i m that the were made. f o r m e r l y c u l t i v a t e d i t b y m e a n s of s l a v e l a b o u r . 1 3 2 6 . T h e L a n d s T i t l e s O r d i n a n c e w a s a p p l i e d t o the Wit S u l t a n a t e in 1915 a n d o p p o r t u n i t y w a s g i v e n t o all persons to lodt c l a i m s t o a n y r i g h t s i n t h e l a n d w h i c h t h e y m i g h t b e l i e v e themselve t o h a v e . W i t h f e w e x c e p t i o n s , t h o s e A r a b s w h o h a d shambas thei l o d g e d t h e i r c l a i m s , w h i c h w e r e d u l y a d j u d i c a t e d . N o commira; c l a i m w a s m a d e u n t i l 1 9 1 9 , w h e n t h e p e r i o d a l l o w e d f o r the lodgin of c l a i m s h a d a l r e a d y e x p i r e d . 1 3 2 7 . O n b e i n g i n f o r m e d t h a t t h i s c l a i m w a s l a t e , the applicant] a s k e d l e a v e t o file i t o u t o f - ' t i m e . T h i s r e q u e s t b e i n g refused t h e A c t i n g L a n d O f f i c e r , ' t h e y a d d r e s s e d a p e t i t i o n t o the Actiiij

481
THE U-CHAPTER X V I ] COAST PROVINCE NATIVE RESERVES

crnor i n A u g u s t , 1 9 1 9 , a n d s a n c t i o n w a s g i v e n f o r l a t e a p p l i c a gjns to b e f i l e d . filed, B u t it a p p e a r s t h a t , i n f a c t , n o c o m m u n a l Commissioner seem from having.given orders affidavit. the Arabs claim that the Provincial hardly

i separate c l a i m m u s t b e supported b y a separate I32S. I t w o u l d

t h e records that

d have a n y cause of c o m p l a i n t in this r e g a r d , since A i r . I s a a c , n n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r , h a s l e f t i t o n r e c o r d t h a t at o n e t i m e h e jered to t r e a t w i t h t h e s e A r a b s o n c o m m u n a l l i n e s , a n d t h e y r e f u s e d ie g r o u n d t h a t " e v e r y o n e o w n e d t h e i r shambas joint t e n u r e . " Provincial Aloreover, on a subsequent Commissioner in 1924, the Chief and there w a s before his Kathi gave inquiry held

Billion t h a t c o m m u n a l ividuals and with

r i g h t s could n o t b e c l a i m e d b u t that " a l l actually cultivated by boundaries."

t could b e c l a i m e d w o u l d b e t h e shambas definite

1329. W h a t e v e r t h e r e a s o n m a y b e n o c l a i m o n c o m m u n a l l i n e s in fact l o d g e d w i t h t h e R e c o r d e r o f T i t l e s in 1 9 1 9 . 1330. T h e n e x t a Government n Sultanate I. d a t e of s i g n i f i c a n c e notice i s 1 9 2 1 . I n J u l y of i n t h e Official from that - . w a s published within Gazette August, being A Departmental

mg t h a t a l l a p p l i c a t i o n s f o r l a n d w e s t o f L a m u a n d n o r t h of t h e must be made six months informed T h e District Commissioner rightly the applicants

the n o t i c e d i d n o t r e f e r t o t h e m , t h e l a n d u n d e r c l a i m lin t h e W i t u Sultanate a n d n o t n o r t h of i t .

.1.331. T w o y e a r s l a t e r ( J u l y , 1 9 2 3 ) t h e c l a i m a n t s s e n t a f u r t h e r lion to t h e G o v e r n o r claiming that t h e District Commissioner that 1 advised t h e m w r o n g l y i n 1 9 2 1 . T h e G o v e r n o r then ruled

[land i n q u e s t i o n s h o u l d n o t b e a l i e n a t e d by- g r a n t o r c o n c e s s i o n , fce the A r a b s w e r e w r o n g l y i n f o r m e d t h a t t h e y n e e d n o t s u b m i t us.' 1332. T h i s r e s u l t e d i n t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r , C o a s t , t h e Mr. A . J . M a c l e a n , b e i n g luiry. His finding instructed to hold a departmental September, they they has b e e n printed w i t h t h e evidence ( p p . 2623

5) and w a s r e c o r d e d i n h i s l e t t e r " N o . 1425 of 2 5 t h \i. in w h i c h t h e f o l l o w i n g p a s s a g e o c c u r s : "Asked the s a m e

as t o w h y , i n v i e w o f t h e a r g u m e n t s m a d e , as t h e y lodged their individual claims,

did n o t a p p l y f o r t i t l e t o t h i s l a n d as t r i b a l o r c o m m u n a l l a n d at time -(leaded i g n o r a n c e , b u t s t a t e d t h a t a s s o o n as t h e y f o u n d o u t heir m i s t a k e t h e y h a d n e v e r c e a s e d t o p e t i t i o n e a c h 1 in t u r n . " I alleged i g n o r a n c e i s h a r d t o r e c o n c i l e w i t h t h e s t a t e m e n t w h i c h lliave q u o t e d b y M r . I s a a c . Governor

T H E RAUT II-CHAPTER. XVI]

COAST

PROVINCE NATIVE RESERVES

1 3 3 3 . T h e l e t t e r p r o c e e d s , a l i t t l e l a t e r : " T h e D i s t r i c t Coin u i i s s i o n e r w a s p e r f e c t l y c o r r e c t in i n f o r m i n g t h e c l a i m a n t s that the n o t i c e i n t h e g a z e t t e r e f e r r e d to ( i . e . G o v e r n m e n t N o t i c e 641 of 1921) d i d n o t affect t h e c l a i m s to a n y l a n d w i t h i n t h e Sultanate of W i t u . . . T h e c l a i m a n t s t h e r e f o r e w e r e not w r o n g l y i n f o r m e d , and c o n s e q u e n t l y such i n f o r m a t i o n c a n n o t be used as the basis of an e x c u s e f o r n o t l o d g i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s i n t i m e . A s I h a v e previous s h o w n , t h e D a n d T i t l e s O r d i n a n c e w a s a p p l i e d to the Sultanate of W i t u i n 1915 and it w a s n o t u n t i l f o u r y e a r s l a t e r t h a t the claimants p r e p a r e d t h e i r c l a i m . " I n m y o p i n i o n the a p p l i c a n t s can prove no l e g a l o r m o r a l r i g h t s o v e r t h e l a n d c l a i m e d a n d n o case has been m a d e o u t f o r t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h e i r c l a i m s u n d e r section 17 (2) of t h e D a n d T i t l e s O r d i n a n c e , 1 9 0 8 , b y H i s E x c e l l e n c y t h e Governor i n C o u n c i l . T h i s o p i n i o n is b o r n e o u t b y e v e r y officer w h o has in the past d e a l t w i t h t h i s c l a i m . I a d v o c a t e , h o w e v e r , t h a t a portion of t h e l a n d r e f e r r e d t o s h o u l d b e set a p a r t as a r e s e r v e f o r the people of D a m u f o r c u l t i v a t i o n p u r p o s e s . B y p e o p l e of D a m u I include all c l a s s e s a n d not a n y p a r t i c u l a r f a m i l y or t r i b e . " Argument regarding JLate Admis sion of Claim. 1 3 3 4 . T h e p o i n t f o r o u r d e c i s i o n is w h e t h e r w e o u g h t to recom m e n d t h a t t h e G o v e r n o r s s a n c t i o n s h o u l d b e g i v e n f o r t h e admission of t h i s a p p l i c a t i o n o u t of t i m e f o r a d j u d i c a t i o n in t h e D a n d Titles Court. S u c h a course c o u l d b e j u s t i f i e d e i t h e r on f o r m a l grounds if it c o u l d b e s h o w n t h a t f o r s o m e c a u s e , such as w r o n g a d v i c e given b y a D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r , t h e c l a i m a n t s h a v e not h a d a proper o p p o r t u n i t y of p r e s e n t i n g t h e i r c l a i m ; o r o n g e n e r a l grounds of e q u i t y , if w e c o n s i d e r e d t h a t t h e g r o u n d s of t h e c l a i m were so s t r o n g as t o d e m a n d c o n s i d e r a t i o n , e v e n t h o u g h t h e t i m e for making c l a i m s is p a s t . 1335. W e d i s p o s e s of t h e posing so. I t that c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r s inquiry first point, and. w e cannot did not that have the find a n y cause for sup opportunity of the applicants ample

p r e s e n t i n g t h e i r c l a i m at t h e p r o p e r t i m e , if t h e y had desired to do is m o r e o v e r noteworthy present claim is not the s a m e as t h a t w h i c h w a s p u t f o r w a r d in 1919 a n d 1923 and before t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r in 1 9 2 4 . Arab sioner tribes only and was opposed by the Arabs of Sheila, w h o T h a t c l a i m w a s b y t h e Lanui the Provincial now Commis are associated w i t h tin before

c l a i m a n t s i n t h e p r e s e n t c l a i m , w h i c h h a s n o w b e e n presented fo t h e first t i m e in t h i s f o r m , a m a t t e r of e i g h t e e n y e a r s t o o late. 1 3 3 6 . O n g r o u n d s of e q u i t y a f t e r a c a r e f u l perusal of the e v i d e n c e b e f o r e u s , w e c a n n o t find a n y g r o u n d for recommending that the application be entertained. T h o s e i n d i v i d u a l s w h o had shamba c l a i m s b r o u g h t t h e m a n d h a d t h e m a d j u d i c a t e d , and if ther a r e s t i l l a n y shamba c l a i m s w h i c h h a v e n o t y e t been brought r h a v e n o t y e t b e e n a d j u d i c a t e d w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t l a t e application

482
T H E LIT 11-OHAPTKH X V I ] COAST PROVINCE NATIVE RESEHVES

Itennined.

iionld b e a l l o w e d a n d t h a t t h e c l a i m s s h o u l d b e f i n a l l y h e a r d a n d B u t this c o m m u n a l claim does n o t only This c o m p r i s e all i n d i v i d u a l c l a i m s b u t e x t e n d s a l s o o v e r all t h e b u s h a n d w a s t e nil m a k i n g an a r e a o f 275 s q u a r e m i l e s . This communal w e hold to b e at been i disposal of t h e C r o w n . iding 1337. that it s h o u l d claim could have date.

ule in 1 9 1 5 , b u t w a s n o t m a d e , a n d w e s e e n o r e a s o n f o r r e c o m

be entertained

a t this

W e have already

dealt, in section 1311 a b o v e , w i t h the

-commendation m a d e b y M r . M a c l e a n i n t h e l a s t p a r a g r a p h o f h i s uling. 1338. I t is c e r t a i n t h a t o t h e r c l a i m s t o l a n d o n t h e C o a s t , b o t h such T h e r e are some areas w h e r e claims ^ " e r Claims
0 1

dividual a n d c o m m u n a l , w i l l b e l o d g e d , a n d t h e r e a r e m a n y liius w h i c h a w a i t a d j u d i c a t i o n .

,ve been a d j u d i c a t e d a n d o t h e r a r e a s w h e r e t h e y h a v e n o t , a n d i t iccessary to m a k e t h e p o s i t i o n c l e a r b y a s h o r t d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e nd Titles

it.

Ordinance

and

the

action

which

has been

taken The Ordinance,

lld;T

1339.

I n 1 9 0 8 , w i t h t h e t w o - f o l d o b j e c t of s e c u r i n g t h e r i g h t s of Titles Ordinance w a s enacted. Court T h i s O r d i n a n c e set freehold

ate o w n e r s a n d of d e t e r m i n i n g t h e p o s i t i o n a n d e x t e n t o f C r o w n l i d , the L a n d i Land les. Titles to hear l a n d claims a n d to issue at the expiry of t h a t p e r i o d certain to Coastal claims

T h e period w i t h i n w h i c h claims m i g h t be lodged w a s limited unclaimed were w a s declared such The a provision by that late claims under proclamation of t o p o r t i o n s of conditions. strip. proceeded con Island a n y area

all l a n d own land (finance 1310.

own l a n d , w i t h

to be admissible

was applicable T h e survey

a n d has

iii a p p l i e d at v a r i o u s t i m e s t o t h e w h o l e a n d adjudication

uously, first in M o m b a s a D i s t r i c t a n d t h e n f u r t h e r a f i e l d , a n d b y 2-1 p r a c t i c a l l y a l l c l a i m s h a d b e e n a d j u d i c a t e d jpept tki Takaungu river, township; Malindi in t h e area in M o m b a s a Kilifi area i District; in t h e area b e t w e e n M o m b a s a D i s t r i c t a n d T a k a u n g u , d between in the and the the except township; about

mil of t h e T a n a D i v e r ; a n d i n t h e W i t u claims died. south of M o m b a s a in D i g o

S u l t a n a t e . T h e w o r k of had not yet been

udication w a s p r o c e e d i n g n o r t h o f t h e S a b a k i D i v e r a n d a t L a u r a , District

1341. I n t h a t y e a r t h e e c o n o m i c s i t u a t i o n n e c e s s i t a t e d t h e eessa of We it Coast title work then in progress, a n d it h a s n o t reduced of scale. finding out of been Jsible t o r e s u m e it s i n c e e x c e p t impressed that on a much

a r e so m u c h

with

t h e necessity that

e and f o r a l l w h a t lands

lands are at t h e disposal we recommend

of t h e C r o w n and t h e Office of adjudication

are private,

;order of T i t l e s b e r e s u m e d , a n d t h a t mid p r o c e e d energetically.

the work

T H E COAST
PAKT II-CHAPIEK XVI]

PROVINCE.
NATIVE RBSKUVI

Reeommenda .lions regarding Communal Claims, and Communal Tenure generally.

1343. Our

general

recommendation

in

regard

to

commuiia ow oflf

c l a i m s is t h a t t h e y s h o u l d n o t be a d m i t t e d f o r adjudication completed, but applications t h a t i n a r e a s still a w a i t i n g a d j u d i c a t i o n be admissible on the same footing consideration.

t i m e i n a r e a s i n w h i c h t h e a d j u d i c a t i o n o f c l a i m s h a s a l r e a d y been] communal as pri\ should

claims and should be entitled to the same 1344. I n disposal of December, not b e

t h e c a s e of w a s t e or p u b l i c l a n d s w h i c h are at Crown by virtue of the Agreement dated J It]! G r e a t B r i t a i n a n d Z a n z i b a r , w e recoinj special r e a s o n s e x i s t . We would noti

the

1895, b e t w e e n unless v e r y

m e n d t h a t c o m m u n a l r e s e r v e s , b e i n g g e n e r a l l y u n e c o n o m i c , shoul created h o w e v e r , d e b a r t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f l e a s e s o f l a n d o n g r o u p or fai t e n u r e , p r o v i d e d t h a t a c l e a r m e t h o d of i n h e r i t a n c e a n d b e c o m i n g e x c e s s i v e l y s u b - d i v i d e d or f r a g m e n t e d . 1 3 4 5 . W h i l e m o s t of t h e n a t i v e s l i v i n g o n t h e C o a s t beloiu tribes in the hinterland for w h i c h reserves have been h a v e n o such r e s e r v e s in K e n y a . They
r

succession

e x i s t s , a n d t h a t a d e q u a t e s a f e g u a r d s a r e p r o v i d e d a g a i n s t the lan?

proclaimed!

t h e r e a r e s o m e , e s p e c i a l l y t h e d e s c e n d a n t s o f i m p o r t e d slaves, whi are truly detribalized Thf l i v e , f o r t h e m o s t p a r t , as t e n a n t s o n C r o w n o r p r i v a t e land or irS t h e six sjiecial " r e s e r v e s " to w h i c h w e h a v e already referred. is n o t t h e c r e a t i o n o f r e s e r v e s , b u t t h e s a f e g u a r d i n g o f t h e right t e n a n t s , w h e r e such s a f e g u a r d s a r e f o u n d t o b e n e c e s s a r y , and till simplification of t h e procedure for the acquisition and transfer l a n d , s o t h a t t h e c o s t of a c q u i r i n g s m a l l p r i v a t e h o l d i n g s m a y not bj unduly swelled by charges for survey and registration. T h e B a j u n , h o w e v e r , are a special case. They inhabit princij m o s t p r a c t i c a l f o r m o f a s s i s t a n c e w h i c h can b e g i v e n t o such native!

p a l l y t h e m a i n l a n d t o t h e n o r t h of L a m u , a n d t o s o m e extent ma; b e s a i d t o b e l i v i n g i n a t r i b a l c o n d i t i o n , a l t h o u g h t h e y have n r e s e r v e of t h e i r o w n . for many years. In A t p r e s e n t t h e y h a v e p l e n t y of land to cult these circumstances we need m a k e no mor v a t e a n d i t h a r d l y s e e m s l i k e l y t h a t a n y p r a c t i c a l difficulty will avis definite r e c o m m e n d a t i o n t h a n t h a t t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e officers C B O a n d it is know

c e r n e d s h o u l d s t u d y t h e p o s i t i o n w h i c h w i l l b e c o m e clearer wlie private c l a i m s in this area have been adjudicated w h a t l a n d i s at t h e d i s p o s a l of t h e C r o w n . A s i n o t h e r parts of th

C o a s t w e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e e n d in v i e w s h o u l d be t h e emergent".: a r e g u l a r i z e d , t h o u g h n o t e l a b o r a t e , s y s t e m of p r i v a t e tenure eitliel We are satisfied that the perpetuation of t r i b a l conditions on til

on i n d i v i d u a l or g r o u p l i n e s , but w i t h a c l e a r m e t h o d of succession! Coast is u n d e s i r a b l e a n d w o u l d b e d e t r i m e n t a l t o progress.

48 9
THE J['.vHT I I - C H A P T E R X V I ] COAST PROVINCE NATIVE RESERVES

1846. O u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n r e g a r d i n g p r i v a t e c l a i m s i s t h a t t h e kvork of a d j u d i c a t i o n b e p u s h e d f o r w a r d . [Land T i t l e s O r d i n a n c e s h o u l d low sitting. There first W h e t h e r or not the present b e a m e n d e d is a m a t t e r w h i c h of t h e present

Reeommenda prfvato C1a1ms

S

"nd Private '5,?"" aiiy

r l

[ic l e a v e ' i n the h a n d s of t h e C o a s t L a n d T i t l e s C o m m i t t e e w h i c h is is c e r t a i n l y r o o m f o r c r i t i c i s m

I r d i n a n c o o n t h e g r o u n d s t h a t t h e v a l u e of p r i v a t e l a n d s i n r e m o t e :as is not such as t o j u s t i f y t h e e l a b o r a t e a n d e x p e n s i v e m a c h i n e r y ivided to g o v e r n such m a t t e r s as t h e issue of p r i v a t e t i t l e or t h e ninsfer or succession of property. The cost of survey alone is prohibitive. 1347. I t is c l e a r t o us t h a t t h e w o r k of r e g i s t e r i n g s m a l l p r i v a t e ims is n e c e s s a r i l y e x p e n s i v e , - a n d w i l l n o t b e w o r t h t h e m o n e y if ithin a f e w y e a r s of t h e issue o f t h e t i t l e t h e l a n d b e c o m e s s u b iivided i n t o m i n u t e f r a g m e n t s t h r o u g h i n h e r i t a n c e . Tana E i v e r s u g g e s t s t h a t in E x p e r i e n c e on some t h e c o u r s e of a g e n e r a t i o n

Boldings b e c o m e h o p e l e s s l y c o m p l i c a t e d i n r e s p e c t o f t h e d e t e r m i n a jion of t h e s h a r e s of c o - h e i r s , a c o n d i t i o n of affairs w h i c h i s e x c e e d gly d e t r i m e n t a l t o successful c u l t i v a t i o n . port w e h a v e o c c a s i o n ibdivision and ould e s p e c i a l l y c o m m e n d iod of nforced. lease preliminary fragmentation, and these I n v a r i o u s p a r t s of are matters which our we In and that t o a l l u d e t o t h e d a n g e r s of uneconomic

t o t h e a t t e n t i o n of t h e C o m m i t t e e . regulations ought to be made

u' o p i n i o n t h i s is a q u e s t i o n w h i c h c a n n o t b e s h e l v e d , b u t , a f t e r a study, I n l a n d w h i c h is a t t h e d i s p o s a l of t h e C r o w n , as a p a r t should be granted without adequate safeguards against

om land w h i c h m a y b e c l a i m e d a s of r i g h t , w e r e c o m m e n d mthorized subdivision.

W h e t h e r p r i v a t e tenure for natives should b e conceived preferfily on the l i n e s of i n d i v i d u a l t e n u r e o r o f g r o u p o r f a m i l y t e n u r e m a t t e r f o r s p e c i a l s t u d y . W e offer s o m e o b s e r v a t i o n s o n t h i s l i e s t i o n i n t h e t h i r d p a r t of t h e E e p o r t ( s e c t i o n s 1 3 9 8 - 1 4 0 9 , 1 6 5 0 , 180-1935).

* '

1348. W a k f l a n d s a r e s p e c i a l c a s e s , a n d h a v e s p e c i a l p r o b l e m s ;their o w n , w i t h w h i c h w e h a v e n o t c o n s i d e r e d it n e c e s s a r y t o iicern o u r s e l v e s . T h e y s h o u l d b e u n d e r s t o o d t o b e e x c l u d e d f r o m e scope of o u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s .

Wakf ' "

a T , s

1349. T h e s p e c i a l f a c i l i t i e s w h i c h e x i s t f o r n a t i v e s i n t h e C o a s t f a c i l i t i e s for t f ip in r e s p e c t of l a n d a r e , first, t h e s e v e n t e e n n a t i v e r e s e r v e s m R jo D i s t r i c t , t o t a l l i n g 77 s q u a r e m i l e s ; s e c o n d l y , t h e six s p e c i a l Land, live areas m e n t i o n e d in s e c t i o n . 1304 ( 3 ) a b o v e a n d c e r t a i n c o m inages set a p a r t f o r n a t i v e s . . T h i r d l y , t h e r e a r e e x t e n s i v e l a n d s j which n a t i v e s l i v e u n d e r a k i n d of p e r m i s s i v e t e n u r e , as f o r fiance t h e l a n d i n h a b i t e d b y t h e B a j u n t o t h e n o r t h of L a m u .
e s p e c 0

T H E PART IICHAPTER XVI]

COAST

PROVINCE N A T I V E RESEUVJJ

1 3 5 0 . T h e r e a r e at p r e s e n t v e r y f e w n a t i v e s w h o h o l d land o j t i t i e , b u t o u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s t h a t o n t h e C o a s t g e n e r a l l y native s h o u l d h a v e t h e s a m e r i g h t s a s o t h e r r a c e s to t a k e up l a n d introduce n o n e w p r i n c i p l e . T h e f a c i l i t y a l r e a d y e x i s t s , ancl i t is reasonabli t o s u p p o s e t h a t , as t h e n a t i v e s a d v a n c e in c i v i l i z a t i o n , t h e y will b, m o r e r e a d y to a v a i l t h e m s e l v e s o f i t . Native "Tenants on tho Coast Mainland. 1 3 5 1 . T h e g r e a t m a s s of t h e n a t i v e s o n t h e C o a s t a r e not livin o n t h e i r o w n l a n d o r o n l a n d e s p e c i a l l y r e s e r v e d t o t h e m , but ar' s i m p l y o c c u p y i n g l a n d o n s u f f e r a n c e w h e r e t h e y can find a place a m w h e r e n o b o d y o b j e c t s . S o m e of t h i s l a n d is C r o w n l a n d , s o m e privat, l a n d , a n d s o m e is land a w a i t i n g adjudication. 1352. T h e usual native means. tenants Arab for and other owners and local custom of p r i v a t e l a n d of "lending" follow th Mahommedan t h e i r land i

cultivation or building

p u r p o s e s ; a n d near tli

t o w n s a n d v i l l a g e s t h e l a n d is k e p t u n d e r c l o s e c u l t i v a t i o n by thi S u c h t e n a n c y is t e r m i n a b l e at w i l l , b u t t h e n a t i v e tenan present position on the mainland is satisfacton is e n t i t l e d t o r e a p h i s c r o p a n d r e m o v e t h e m a t e r i a l of h i s house. 1353. T h e b e c a u s e as a g e n e r a l r u l e t h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n l a n d l o r d and tenan is on a s e n t i m e n t a l r a t h e r t h a n a c o m m e r c i a l basis. and freedmen of A r a b landlords continue M a n y ex-slave to l i v e o n t h e estates i B u t the tenac of affairs to I

t h e i r l a t e m a s t e r s , a n d a s e n s e of p r o t e c t i o n o n t h e o n e h a n d andi o b l i g a t i o n o n t h e o t h e r s t i l l subsists t o s o m e e x t e n t . is l i a b l e t o b e t u r n e d off a t a n y reaping prove his c r o p . We on have unsatisfactory density Native ' Tenants on Mombasa Island. time found this condition w i t h o u t c o m p e n s a t i o n afte

i n p a r t s of K i k u y u , a n d w e suspect t h a t i t will ah the Coast, w h e n i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n and ft increase.

unsatisfactory of p o p u l a t i o n

1 3 5 4 . V e r y f e w n a t i v e s o w n l a n d i n M o m b a s a I s l a n d , but thei are large n u m b e r s w h o o w n houses. owned trary from by A r a b s . in a written agreement M o s t of t h e s e a r e b u i l t on lat the tenant is regarded, i I n t h e a b s e n c e o f s p e c i a l c o n d i t i o n s t o the coi

M o h a m m e d a n l a w , as t h e a b s o l u t e o w n e r o f his b u i l d i n g as distim t h e l a n d o n w h i c h it s t a n d s . has the right The the to r e m o v e I t is n o t c u s t o m a r y t o charge his house b u t is n o t of the Deeds entitled i land bein recordic rent for tenant does, t h e r i g h t of o c c u p a t i o n ; u p o n r e c e i v i n g n o t i c e to quit tt tenant-owner purchaser in o f a h o u s e m a y , a n d frequent; tenancy of sale. case

compensation. mortgage to transferred

or sell h i s h o u s e , t h e

m o r t g a g e s o r s a l e s a r e g e n e r a l l y p r e p a r e d i n A r a b i c a n d are regi; t e r e d u n d e r t h e R e g i s t r a t i o n of D o c u m e n t s 1355. N a t i v e houses in Mombasa are Ordinance. not confined to lan

o w n e d b y A r a b s , b u t in s o m e c a s e s h a v e b e e n b u i l t o n land owne

T H E ,HT I I - C H A P T E R X V I ]

COAST

PROVINCE NATIVE RESERVES

v E u r o p e a n s o r I n d i a n s , or o n l a n d a t t h e d i s p o s a l of t h e -he n a t i v e itreements jisteredi ceeding householders under no one which of rights year. the T o w n Planning are tenants can at he will, the and, they occupy land are for

Crown, the

although a

sometimes period

leasehold

conferred

1.356. A f t e r

S c h e m e had been enacted

in

- 6 rapid d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e i s l a n d f o l l o w e d , a n d i t b e c a m e n e c e s 2 iv to c o n s i d e r h o u s i n g s c h e m e s f o r n a t i v e s . 1357. D e v e l o p m e n t o n t h e l i n e s of a n a t i v e l o c a t i o n o n G o v e r n ent l a n d w a s i m p r a c t i c a b l e , b o t h f o r uses. financial reasons and other A p l o t a t M a k u p a h a d b e e n s e t a s i d e f o r such a p u r p o s e ,

it it w a s soon d i s c o v e r e d t h a t n a t i v e s p r e f e r r e d t o m a k e t h e i r o w n angements, a n d t h e s c h e m e t o f o r m a n a t i v e location w a s a l l o w e d lapse. 1358. T h o p r o b l e m wdiich t h e n c o n f r o n t e d t h e T o w n Planning

thority w a s h o w a d e q u a t e h o u s i n g f o r n a t i v e s c o u l d b e p r o v i d e d , isential c o n d i t i o n s t o b e f u l f i l l e d w e r e t h a t t h e s c h e m e s h o u l d n o t II for a h e a v y G o v e r n m e n t s u b s i d y a n d so p a u p e r i z e t h e n a t i v e s ; it the n a t i v e s s h o u l d b e e n c o u r a g e d t o b u i l d a n d o w n t h e i r uses; t h a t e native; nuneration the that houses the must be up to a standard should and by which be finally way be own would

tisfy t h e H e a l t h A u t h o r i t y w i t h o u t b e i n g b e y o n d t h e r e s o u r c e s of terms the to the be landlord available; should sufficiently that of the rent rnctive, so t h a t which ukl n o t b e m o r e land would

landlord

receive

than the native could reasonably

expected

py a
1359. T h e s o l u t i o n f o u n d w a s a s t a n d a r d p a t t e r n l a y - o u t , p r o ig sub-plots for n a t i v e houses, w h i c h w e r e required to be con n icted in a c c o r d a n c e with a standard design. A certain and degree prevent lay it latitude w a s a l l o w e d t o a v o i d e x c e s s i v e u n i f o r m i t y i)tiate a c c e s s . It

dship, a n d t h e l a y - o u t s w e r e d e s i g n e d t o a l l o w of o p e n s p a c e s a n d is a c o n d i t i o n of a p p r o v a l of such v i l l a g e shall n o t sell a n y s that t h e l a n d o w n e r s u b - p l o t or s u b - l e a s e

a period e x c e e d i n g a y e a r . 1360. T h e solution has proved acceptable to the landowners

ohave n o p a r t i c u l a r d e s i r e t o sell or l e a s e f o r l o n g p e r i o d s , r e a l i z that in p r e s e n t c i r c u m s t a n c e s t e n a n c y a t w i l l g i v e s an i m m e d i a t e adequate r e t u r n , a n d t h a t such t e n a n c y c a n b e t e r m i n a t e d w h e n tniore a d v a n t a g e o u s m e t h o d s o f d i s p o s i n g o f t h e i r l a n d p r e s e n t mselves. 1361. O n e may be disposed to doubt It may whether the system is

illy s a t i s f a c t o r y

to the tenant.

seem a harsh

provision

T H E PAUT II-MDHAITBK X V I ]

COAST

PROVINGE NATIVE RES

that, while standard,

the house may be

w h i c h h e builds must c o n f o r m evicted at the end of only one

to a ce year,

he

p r i n c i p a l r e c o u r s e in such c i r c u m s t a n c e s is to m o r t g a g e the hi a c o n d i t i o n of affairs w h i c h is p e r h a p s u n l i k e l y t o be p e r m a n satisfactory. ' 1 3 6 2 . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d it h a s t o be r e m e m b e r e d that na I f they wdiere c a n b u y l a n d , a n d b u i l d f o r t h e m s e l v e s ; or places, though they will become fewer, as t e n a n t s a t w i l l u n d e r t h e old condition

in " M o m b a s a a r e n o t f o r c e d to t a k e u p t h e s e s u b - p l o t s . the means they are still-many may g o on

living

t h e y m a y b e c o m e l o d g e r s in t h e h o u s e s of o t h e r s ; or t h e y m a y t h e i s l a n d a n d l i v e m o r e c h e a p l y on t h e m a i n l a n d , as m a n y d o . c ing each-morning a r e beinu' f r e e l y been railway. 1363. I n all the circumstances w e consider that the am to their w o r k . I n v i e w of all t h e s e alterm houses i t is s o m e t r i b u t e t o t h e s u c c e s s of t h e s c h e m e t h a t t h e s e sub taken u p , a n d m a n y standard pattern in the area between Makupa built, especially r o a d inn

m e n t s m a d e f o r t h e h o u s i n g of t h e n a t i v e po2ruIation at M o a are satisfactory at p r e s e n t . of. i m p e n n a n e n c e T h e r e h a s , of n e c e s s i t y , t o b e an ele f in a n y such s c h e m e , b e c a u s e , if t h e t o w n

.its p r o m i s e of g r o w t h t h e r e is e v e r y i n d i c a t i o n t h a t t h e o p e r a f e c o n o m i c l a w s w i l l f o r c e t h e less w e l l - t o - d o e l e m e n t of the pc tion, o f , w h a t e v e r r a c e , t o s e e k h o u s e s o n t h e m a i n l a n d whev I t is n e c e s s a r y t o b e a r in mind g r o u n d - r e n t s w i l l b e less h i g h .

t h e i s l a n d o n l y c o n t a i n s s o m e t h r e e t h o u s a n d odd a c r e s . . B u t a l t h o u g h t h e p r e s e n t p o s i t i o n m a y b e a c c o u n t e d satisfa it is p r o b a b l e t h a t a d d i t i o n a l s e c u r i t y f o r t e n a n t s w i l l be req as i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n i n c r e a s e s . and that very few evictions W h i l e w e u n d e r s t a n d t h a t at pr to l a n d l o r d and te it is c o n c e i v a b l e tl take place, :the a r r a n g e m e n t s are mutually satisfactory

s u d d e n l a r g e i n c r e a s e in l a n d v a l u e s w o u l d c a u s e a p r o f o u n d eh W e t h e r e f o r e r e c o m m e n d a c a r e f u l i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e position a. v i e w to a s c e r t a i n i n g whether additional security for teuai r e q u i r e d , a n d , i f s o , o n w d i a t l i n e s it c o u l d b e Lodging Houses. provided.

1 3 6 4 . I t w o u l d b e a m i s t a k e t o c o n s i d e r t h e p r o b l e m of a molation of private for n a t i v e s in a t o w n The bulk of such as M o m b a s a s o l e l y in reside houses. the native population

-the i s l a n d a r e l o d g e r s , a n d i t m a y w e l l h a p p e n t h a t i n t h e futi w i l l b e t h e c o r r e c t d e v e l o p m e n t a n d c o n t r o l of l o d g i n g houses r t h a n , private d w e l l i n g s that w i l l chiefly e n g a g e the attention o authorities. ..

485
T H E COAST
IICHAPTER XVI]

PROVINCE
NATIVE RESERVES

tar

1365. O n e of t h e m o s t s t r i k i n g f e a t u r e s of t h e C o a s t , e s p e c i a l l y

janitively d e n s e p o p u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t e s i t s e l f . T h i s is t h e m o r e r e a r a l in v i e w of t h e h i g h p e r c e n t a g e w h i c h m u s t b e a c c o u n t e d a k be i floating p o p u l a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g s o m e t h o u s a n d s of n a t i v e s e n g a g e d

ilic

Bistojbution of the n e i g h b o u r h o o d o f M o m b a s a , i s t h e e a s e w i t h w h i c h a c o m - Population.

Jeniporarily o n c o n t r a c t s a n d a n a l m o s t e q u a l l y l a r g e n u m b e r of Kibarua o r d a y - l a b o u r e r s . I t is a m o s t r e m a r k a b l e circumstance t a the p o p u l a t i o n , c o m p o s e d in a g r e a t m e a s u r e of ht detnbalized N tv s is a b l e t o c o m e a n d g o w i t h so l i t t l e d i s t u r b a n c e . A n d i t is ai e i j s c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e C o a s t h a s at p r e s e n t g o o d r e a s o n t o b e ut : nc t w i t h i t s a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r t h e a c c o m m o d a t i o n of n a t i v e s . o tn

PART THE P R O B L E M S

III

COMPREHENSIVELY

CONSIDERED

CHAPTEE
THE G E N E R A L NATIVE CONDITIONS IN USE OE

I.
OBTAINING OE IN THE

RESERVES

RESPECT LAND.

THE

1368. A l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n of o u r R e p o r t h i t h e r t o h a s b e e n Purpose of tl rated t o d e s c r i b i n g t h e c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e i n d i v i d u a l n a t i v e P [ewes of e a c h p r o v i n c e . B u t at t h i s s t a g e w e t h i n k t h a t i t w i l l b e idvantage t o offer a g e n e r a l s u r v e y of s o m e w h a t w i d e r s c o p e , ocommendations, both general and particular, w i l l then b e in p r o p e r p e r s p e c t i v e i n t h e r e l a t i o n w h i c h t h e y b e a r t o t h e lem as a w h o l e .
a t e r

1309. I t i s o b v i o u s t h a t w e c a n n o t u s e f u l l y m a k e r e c o m m e n d a - Present and' s c o n c e r n i n g t h e p r e s e n t a n d f u t u r e n e e d s of t h e n a t i v e s , u n l e s s * - '''' irst m a k e clear h o w t h e y use the land w h i c h t h e y h a v e already, what a r e t h e g e n e r a l c o n d i t i o n s o b t a i n i n g i n t h e r e s e r v e s i n sect of t h e d e n s i t y a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e p o p u l a t i o n , t h e d e g r e e attainment i n a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d p a s t o r a l s k i l l , a n d t h e p r o b l e m s are a r i s i n g i n r e s p e c t of t h e t e n u r e of l a n d . . H e r e a n d t h e r e , kissing, w e s h a l l m a k e s u g g e s t i o n s f o r a m e l i o r a t i o n , b u t a c o m jliensive s t a t e m e n t of o u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s r e g a r d i n g t r i b a l l a n d s t h e m a n n e r i n w h i c h they s h o u l d b e h e l d a n d u s e d w i l l b e J e r v c d for discussion i n t h e chapter w h i c h f o l l o w s .
t t t u r e N c 7

1370. A l l t h e e v i d e n c e b e f o r e u s p o i n t s t o a h i g h r a t e of p * * j ^ ; , ease a m o n g t h e n a t i v e p o p u l a t i o n , a n d w e c a n n o t d i s c e r n a n y increase . ' reason f o r e x p e c t i n g a n y s l a c k e n i n g of t h e r a t e w i t h i n t h e two d e c a d e s . I t a p p e a r s m o r e l i k e l y t h a t i t w i l l i n c r e a s e as a ilt of t h e i m p r o v e d c o n d i t i o n s of l i f e . I t h a s b e e n s u g g e s t e d t o ;hat t h e l a t e r m a r r i a g e s , w h i c h m a y b e e x p e c t e d t o o c c u r a s a of m i s s i o n t e a c h i n g , a n d p o s s i b l y a l s o as a c o n c o m i t a n t of a flier s t a n d a r d of l i f e , m a y c a u s e d e c l i n e i n t h e r a t e of i n c r e a s e , having r e g a r d t o t h e f a c t t h a t at p r e s e n t m a r r i a g e s c o m m o n l y
u o n 1 011

iff b e f o r e t h e a g e o f m a t u r i t y i s f u l l y r e a c h e d , w e a r e n o t c o n ceil that a r e t a r d a t i o n by- a y e a r o r t w o , w h i c h is a l l t h a t can b e leeted, w o u l d h a v e t h a t r e s u l t . F o r a n y d e c r e a s e w h i c h t h e r e be in t h e b i r t h - r a t e w a l l p r o b a b l y b e m o r e t h a n c o u n t e r a c t e d m increase i n t h e s u r v i v a l - r a t e b o t h a m o n g c h i l d r e n a n d among' Ithers. 1371. Since it appears that the
7

population

is likely

to g o on

Need for sj[f

a s e

(reusing r a p i d l y , a n d s i n c e t h e r e a r e p r a c t i c a l l i m i t s t o t h e e x t e n lof b o u n d a r i e s , t h e n e c e s s i t y i s c l e a r f o r a p o l i c y a n d p r o g r a m m e leh w i l l a i m a t a n i n c r e a s e of s k i l l i n t h e u s e of l a n d , so t h a t This Isame land can be m a d e to support a larger population.

ON PRESENT P A E T I I I - C H A P T E R 1]

CONDITIONS

I N NATIVE

RESERVES

does not only m e a n agricultural and

that the people

s h o u l d be e d u c a t e d in that they

bettj shoulj

pastoral m e t h o d s , but demands

a l s o b e a b l e to d i s t r i b u t e t h e m s e l v e s t o t h e b e s t a d v a n t a g e , a require! m e n t w h i c h i n s o m e of i t s i m p l i c a t i o n s p o s t u l a t e s a skilful Govern! m e n t n o t less t h a n a s k i l f u l Evidence of Maldistribu tion of Population. 1372. The need for people. distribution and the difficulty a better

a c c o m p l i s h i n g i t w i l l a t o n c e b e a p p a r e n t f r o m t h e f o l l o w i n g fhnire of a r e a s a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n , w h i c h a r e b a s e d o n t h e S u r v e y o r G e n e r a l ' analysis dated 31st D e c e m b e r , 1932, and t h e Chief N a t i v e c i r c u l a r of 2 n d J u n e , 1 9 3 3 . fy, in the in case the of mixed reside Where native Coimni s i o n e r ' s e s t i m a t e of p o p u l a t i o n f o r t h e s a m e y e a r , a s s h o w n i n hi T h e official f i g u r e s d o n o t a l w a y s sped districts, h o w and been how many in in of the populatio: many the settled ares

reserve have

official

returns

incomplete

t h i s respect, on

c a l c u l a t i o n h a s b e e n b a s e d o n o t h e r e v i d e n c e , a n d particularly th, memoranda submitted 1373. 3,007,645. (exclusive uneven. 4.i) Very Sparsely Inhabited -- Areas.
J

to us b y D i s t r i c t estimate area of and for

Commissioners. native population milej therefore

The The of

official total

the total

the

C o l o n y is 2 1 9 , 7 3 0 square over a l l is

water

area),

the density

l i t t l e u n d e r 14 t o t h e s q u a r e m i l e . 1374. Nearly two-thirds of

B u t t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n is e x t r e m e ! the total area is i n h a b i t e d at T h e total are, the Kim

a v e r a g e d e n s i t y of l e s s t h a n o n e t o t h e s q u a r e m i l e . kana, the and Tana to 138,942 "Extension Eiver from Uganda",

of u n s u r v e y e d C r o w n l a n d i n t h e N o r t h e r n F r o n t i e r P r o v i n c e , Tur a n d t h e p a r t s of of the Districts which a r e n o t n a t i v e r e s e r v e s , amount: cent w h o l e , and tlieu

s q u a r e m i l e s , o r 63 p e r

a r e c o n s i d e r a b l e u n i n h a b i t e d s t r e t c h e s i n o t h e r p a r t s of the Colour N o n e o f t h e a b o v e a r e a s a r e i n c l u d e d in t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e s , (ii) The Native Reserves. 1375. mately population 1376. T h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e s a r e 4 8 , 1 4 9 s q u a r e m i l e s , or a p p r o x i l of t h e w h o l e a r e a of t h e C o l o n y . them is a p p r o x i m a t e l y The nativj inhabiting 2 , 5 8 7 , 0 0 0 , or 8 6 p 22 p e r c e n t

c e n t o f t h e w h o l e , a n d t h e d e n s i t y is 54 t o t h e s q u a r e m i l e . Of this area, the three K i k u y u a n d the three EavirondJ] The popul;

districts comprise b e t w e e n country, one statement living in

t h e m 8,856 square m i l e s . total of which of is

t i o n is 1 , 5 1 8 , 5 7 8 , or a p p r o x i m a t e l y h a l f t h e e n t i r e p o p u l a t i o n of thj t w o areas the of approximate!; Such twenty-fifth part the whole land t h e country.

is a p t t o b e m i s l e a d i n g u n l e s s a l l t h e f a c t o r s are takei t o c o m p a r e t h e s e area is t h e n found t h a t tin comprise 1 8 pei the g a z e t t e d and the reserves. Kikuyu It

into account, and it is a juster comparison w i t h t h e r e s t of three Kavirondo three

reserves

488
ON PRESENT ,i I I I - C H A P T E R I] CONDITIONS I N NATIVE RESERVES

t of the w h o l e a r e a of t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e s ; t h e n

population

com the for

cs 50 p e r c e n t of t h e w h o l e n a t i v e r e s e r v e p o p u l a t i o n , a n d nsiiy is 171 t o t h e s q u a r e m i l e , as a g a i n s t a n a v e r a g e o f 27 rest of t h e r e s e r v e s .

Pi77. T h e g r e a t e s t c o n t r a s t to b e f o u n d b e t w e e n n e i g h b o u r i n g les is the c a s e of t h e K i k u y u a n d t h e M a s a i . T h e a r e a of t h e ei- K i k u y u r e s e r v e s as g a z e t t e d ( i . e . w i t h o u t M w e a ) is 1,726 are m i t e s , i n h a b i t e d at a n a v e r a g e d e n s i t y of 2 8 3 t o t h e s q u a r e w h i l e M a s a i , as g a z e t t e d , is 11,797 s q u a r e m i l e s , i n h a b i t e d at average d e n s i t y of 3 to t h e s q u a r e m i l e . A n d yet the M a s a i miry c o n t a i n s v e r y e x t e n s i v e a r e a s of gooel a r a b l e l a n d as w e l l a o r m o u s a r e a s of p a s t u r e . 1378. T h e r e m a i n d e r of t h e C o l o n y i s 32,(339 s q u a r e m i l e s . T h e ive p o p u l a t i o n i n h a b i t i n g sity 9 to t h e s q u a r e m i l e . Alienated Forest Coast land i t is a p p r o x i m a t e l y 296,000, and Square ... ... ... ... ... ... ... Surveyed for Crown land alienation unsurveyed purposes the Miles. 10,345 1,530 1,284 15,649 273 558 in Causes of t h e ^^tributton "
1

(iii)- The (?Q\ ?

01 TIL0R

T h i s land comprises :

reserves freehold

Reserves for townships and other public 1379. W h e n ility and o t h e r f a c t o r s say this is n o t which affect

every allowance has been m a d e for differences

the matter, the conclusion exists, tribes on the and fchey had tribe the its or Government, generally the

ot be a v o i d e d t h a t a n o t a b l e d e g r e e of m a l d i s t r i b u t i o n to i m p u t e of them the any blame. around have mere king, set t r i b a l b o u n d a r i e s e found, a n d f e w e of constriction. But the areas w h e r e fixation of

legitimate

complaint

boundaries

prevention of i n t e r - t r i b a l w a r s , n e c e s s a r y i, have h a d t h e effect of i n t r o d u c i n g " r i g i d arallel i n n a t i v e e x p e r i e n c e .

actions though barriers wdiich

I n former times, a powerful

able to a m a s s m u c h l i v e s t o c k a n d r o a m o v e r a w i d e gth of the tribe. When a change be of fortune to came

territory. and

-ien also w o u l d b e w o n i n r a i d s a n d w o u l d h e l p t o r e c r u i t er started to decline, it w o u l d liable lose its cattle also, and

fof t h e m t h r o u g h t h e a t t a c k s of m o r e p o w e r f u l n e i g h b o u r s , w h o ained n o t o n l y u p o n l i v e s t o c k b u t o n w o m e n ss the t r i b e w o u l d lation w e r e find i t p r u d e n t method, his r o u g h - a n d - r e a d y under the to c o n s t r i c t i t s b o u n d a r i e s ,

the stock and t h e land and

redistributed.

380. B u t w i t h t h e i m m u n i t y c o n f e r r e d b y t h e p r o t e c t i o n of m e n t j v a s t h e r d s of l i v e s t o c k h a v e g r o w n u p b e h i n d t h e frontiers, a n d t h e h u m a n p o p u l a t i o n is a l s o i n c r e a s i n g . And

ON

PRESENT I]

CONDITIONS

I N

NATIVE

RESERVES

PART I I I C H A P T E R

i t i s p r o b a b l y t h e c a s e t h a t , w h e r e t h e p o p u l a t i o n is thickest, it i n c r e a s i n g m o s t r a p i d l y , b e c a u s e of t h e b e t t e r s e r v i c e s in the wai o f r o a d s a n d m a r k e t s , h e a l t h s e r v i c e s , a n d o t h e r a m e n i t i e s wit] w h i c h i t i s l i k e l y to b e p r o v i d e d . Methods of securing better distribution. 1 3 8 1 . D r a s t i c r e m e d i e s f o r s e c u r i n g a b e t t e r distribution an n o t o p e n t o u s . T o t a k e s u r p l u s t e r r i t o r y f r o m o n e t r i b e and ghi i t t o a n o t h e r t r i b e is a s t e p o n l y j u s t i f i a b l e i n e x t r e m i t i e s , whit! h a v e n o t a r i s e n a n d m a y n e v e r a r i s e . T o e f f e c t a s i m i l a r result a p r o c e s s of i n t e r - t r i b a l l e a s e m a y be m o r e p r a c t i c a b l e , and v, w o u l d n o t r u l e it o u t as a m e t h o d s h o u l d c i r c u m s t a n c e s e v e r require i t . B u t if c a r r i e d o u t w i t h o u t t h e g o o d w i l l of b o t h t r i b e s , it niigl c a u s e a n e s t r a n g e m e n t b e t w e e n t h e m a n d t e n d t o p r e v e n t peace! interpenetrattou. I t is t h e r e f o r e a m e t h o d r e q u i r i n g g r e a t camioi in its application. L e a s e s o f e x t e n s i o n a r e a s o u t s i d e t h e resetv a r e a l s o a p o s s i b i l i t y for w h i c h w e h a v e p r o v i d e d . 1 3 S 2 . B u t t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s of a t r i b e e x t e n d i n g its territory 1 l e a s e of c o n t i g u o u s l a n d a r e v e r y l i m i t e d . W h i l e i n t e r - t r i b a l lease! w o u l d b e difficult to n e g o t i a t e , l e a s e s i n o t h e r a r e a s w o u l d often r u l e d o u t b y t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h a t t h e r e i s n o c o n t i g u o u s unalier] ated Crown land available. 1383. I n its R e p o r t the H i l t o n - Y o u n g : Commission lias state! ( p a g e 347) i n c o n n e x i o n w i t h - t h e q u e s t i o n of l a n d b e i n g taken fro: one tribe and added to another " T h e d e c i s i o n t o b e t a k e n in such c a s e w o u l d be a matti of first c l a s s i m p o r t a n c e , d e m a n d i n g t h e d i r e c t consideration! G o v e r n m e n t , w h i c h c o u l d n o t d i v e s t i t s e l f of sole responsibility a n d i t d o e s n o t s e e m fitting t h a t t h e G o v e r n m e n t should del g a t e t h e a u t h o r i t y f o r s u c h a p u r p o s e t o a B o a r d of the natu w h i c h i t is p r o p o s e d t o set u p u n d e r t h e B i l l . " 1384. W e c o n c u r w i t h t h e a b o v e o p i n i o n a n d consider tk t h e t r u s t v e s t e d i n t h e B o a r d s h o u l d r e l a t e t o t h e i n t e g r i t y of tl n a t i v e l a n d s as a w h o l e . T r i b a l f r o n t i e r s i n s i d e p r o c l a i m e d nat; reserves w o u l d be the concern of G o v e r n m e n t . A d e q u a t e seeurit; b o t h t o t h e t r i b e a t l a r g e a n d t o t h e r i g h t - h o l d e r s in particnli w o u l d b e f o u n d b y a p r o v i s i o n t h a t t h e s y s t e m of land tenure i a n y t r i b a l a r e a s h o u l d b e b u i l t u p o n t h e b a s i s of its o w n natii customs.
1

1385. T h e " The

following ten years

passage after

from

Professor of

E.

H.

Brooke

History of Native Policy in South Africa

1852-53 Location were devoted to mainly tribes to

( p a g e 5 7 ) is apposite : t h e Commission ( Bi administration. them.

the Report quiet

steps w e r e b e i n g taken Lands the

. . . t o w a r d s t h e l e g a l securing of tl inhabiting T h e fir

s c h e m e . . . w a s t h e g r a n t i n g of s e p a r a t e t i t l e s for each trill

48
ON PRESENT CONDITIONS I N NATIVE RESERVES

,,t I I I - C H A P T E R I ]

location, t h e l a n d to b e a l i e n a t e d b y t h e C r o w n t o s e p a r a t e hoards of t r u s t e e s . S u c h a t r u s t w a s c r e a t e d b y i n d e n t u r e of the 2 7 t h M a y , 1 8 5 8 , i n r e s p e c t o f t h e t r i b e ( t h e A r n a t u l i ) o c c u pving" t h e U m n i n i l o c a t i o n : u n d e r t h e n a m e of t h e U m n i n i Trust i t still e x i s t s . . . . B u t o n m a t u r e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n it w a s decided n o t t o p r o c e e d w i t h t h e s c h e m e , w h i c h w o u l d h a v e taken f r o m G o v e r n m e n t t h e p o w e r of r e a l l o c a t i n g l a n d b e t w e e n tribes."

7

1386. I t is w i t h the s a m e p u r p o s e of a v o i d i n g t o o p e r m a n e n t ail t h a t w e s h a l l r e c o m m e n d t h a t f u t u r e e x t e n s i o n s m a d e t o r e s e r v e s f r o m t i m e t o t i m e o n e c o n o m i c g r o u n d s should n o t permanently g u a r a n t e e d , b u t s h o u l d b e a d d e d b y m e a n s of l e a s e terms w h i c h w o u l d p r o v i d e an a d e q u a t e s e c u r i t y , s u b j e c t t o liable c o n d i t i o n s of u s e r a n d d e v e l o p m e n t . 1387. W e h a v e seen t h a t t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s of i n t e r - t r i b a l a d nients a r e v e r y l i m i t e d , b u t t h e c h a n c e s a r e m o r e h o p e f u l f o r a etration b y i n d i v i d u a l s . B y t h i s m e a n s , s u r p l u s m e m b e r s of a ested t r i b e m a y b e a b l e t o find s o m e r e l i e f b y g o i n g t o l i v e as ants in t h e t e r r i t o r y o f a n o t h e r t r i b e , i n t o w h i c h t h e y w i l l ntually b e a b s o r b e d . B u t it is c l e a r t h a t e v e n t h i s m e t h o d h a s limits, s i n c e n o t r i b e w i l l b e w i l l i n g t o r e c e i v e s t r a n g e r s in such Bnbers as t o t h r e a t e n i t s o w n i n t e g r i t y , a n d o n e is f o r c e d b a c k [the c o n c l u s i o n t h a t , a l t h o u g h t h e s e f a c i l i t i e s m a y b e v e r y u s e f u l , primary task of e v e r y t r i b e is t o d e v e l o p i t s o w n t e r r i t o r y t o i t s ulvantage. 1388. " N o s u b s t a n t i a l i m p r o v e m e n t in a g r i c u l t u r e c a n b e Conditions icted u n l e s s t h e c u l t i v a t o r h a s t h e w i l l t o a c h i e v e a b e t t e r s t a n - b e t t e r " * of l i v i n g . . . . O f a l l t h e f a c t o r s m a k i n g f o r p r o s p e r o u s Development Jieulture, t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t i s t h e o u t l o o k of t h e p e a s a n t h i m - ?/ ^J ( B e p o r t of t h e R o y a l C o m m i s s i o n o n A g r i c u l t u r e i n I n d i a .
1 0 1 0

m.)

13S9. E d u c a t i o n and d e m o n s t r a t i o n a r e b e i n g u n d e r t a k e n t o tend, a n d a g o o d deal o f p r o g r e s s i s a l r e a d y t o b e n o t i c e d in t h e e agricultural districts. T h e m o d e l small h o l d i n g at the S c o t t icultural L a b o r a t o r i e s is a s t r i k i n g e x a m p l e , a n d is t h e m o r e a d m i r e d b e c a u s e i t t e a c h e s t h e n a t i v e t h a t , if h e w a n t s a her standard of l i f e , h e m u s t w o r k f o r i t , a n d s h o w s h i m h o w [to so. D e m o n s t r a t i o n s o f m o d e l h o u s i n g a n d t h e l i k e s h o u l d be a c c o m p a n i e d b y a p r a c t i c a l l e s s o n of t h i s s o r t ; o t h e r w i s e merely t e a c h t h e n a t i v e to b e d i s c o n t e n t e d w i t h h i s l o t w i t h o u t ifing h i m t h e m e a n s o f i m p r o v e m e n t . T h e first c o n d i t i o n o f [ress in t h e r e s e r v e s i s t h a t t h e n a t i v e s s h o u l d b e b r o u g h t t o ize that a h i g h e r s t a n d a r d is w i t h i n t h e i r g r a s p if t h e y w i l l w o r k Itain i t and b e p r e p a r e d to a c c e p t g u i d a n c e .

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1390. I n c o n s i d e r i n g t h e p r e s e n t d e g r e e of a t t a i n m e n t , w e sh first r e v i e w b r i e f l y t h e c o n d i t i o n s o b t a i n i n g a m o n g those tvil w h o s e l a n d i s i n h a b i t e d at a d e n s i t y w h i c h is b e g i n n i n g to ciul p r o b l e m s of l a n d t e n u r e t o a p p e a r . T h e p r i n c i p a l e x a m p l e s a r e tl t h r e e K i k u y u d i s t r i c t s ; t h e t h r e e K a v i r o n d o d i s t r i c t s ; t o s o m e el t e n t , t h e T e i t a d i s t r i c t ; a n d s o m e of t h e s m a l l r e s e r v e s o n Coast. T h e i r d i s t i n c t i v e f e a t u r e is t h a t a n y c o m p r e h e n s i v e [ g r a m m e of i m p r o v e m e n t i n a g r i c u l t u r a l or p a s t o r a l practice mil be d e p e n d e n t o n c o n s i d e r a t i o n s of t h e w a y i n w h i c h t h e land i s hi] and occupied. 1391. A s a g e n e r a l s t a t e m e n t of t h e d e g r e e of achievement.[ m a y b e said that n a t i v e s , w h o f o r m e r l y c u l t i v a t e d for subsistenJ n o w c o n s u m e o n l y a b o u t h a l f o f w h a t t h e y g r o w , a n d sell t h e rej S e e d - r a i s i n g a n d d e m o n s t r a t i o n h a v e e f f e c t e d in s o m e p l a c e s ! c o n s i d e r a b l e i m p r o v e m e n t i n t h e yueld of c r o p s p e r a c r e , b u t t o u r o f t h e s e r e s e r v e s h a s r e v e a l e d to us u n d o u b t e d e v i d e n c e o f ; ! d e t e r i o r a t i o n , a s c r i b a b l e i n a l a r g e m e a s u r e t o a f a i l u r e on t h e of t h e n a t i v e s t o d i g d e e p e n o u g h o r t o m a n u r e . A n d t h i s deterioj t i o n , if it c o n t i n u e s u n c h e c k e d , w i l l c o u n t e r a c t t h e progress wlii is b e i n g m a d e i n o t h e r d i r e c t i o n s , a n d m u s t u l t i m a t e l y d e c r e a s e 1 yield.
7

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M a j o r G r o g a n t o l d us : " W i t h r e g a r d t o t h e K a v i r o n d o c o u n t r y , I w a s v e r y mil s t r u c k b y t h e o b v i o u s d e n u d a t i o n a n d w a s t e of l a n d that] g o i n g on t h e r e . Y o u can see it v e r y w e l l from the a i r . l a n d p r a c t i c a l l y g o e s p i n k o v e r l a r g e a r e a s , a n d w i s e peoj leave it a l o n e . " A n d the p i c t u r e w h i c h h e d r e w of c e r t a i n p a r t s of the Kikrl c o u n t r y w a s e q u a l l y g l o o m y . B u t t h e D i r e c t o r of A g r i c u l t u r e staj specifically t h a t h e w a s " n o t p r e p a r e d t o s u b s c r i b e to such a l a r m i s t v i e w " , w h i c h h e c o n s i d e r e d t o b e v e r y g r e a t l y exaggerate H e stated :
7 7

" I s h o u l d say t h e r e is n o e v i d e n c e of a d e c r e a s i n g y i e l d l c r o p s g r o w n . I n f a c t , t h e r e is a g r e a t d e a l of e v i d e n c e of i p r o v e m e n t i n t h e y i e l d , d u e t o b e t t e r c u l t i v a t i o n in t h e easel s o m e n a t i v e s a n d d u e to t h e use of b e t t e r seed in t h e easel large n u m b e r s of natives. S p e a k i n g b r o a d l y , I should t h e r e is n o e v i d e n c e of d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n t h e t h i r t e e n years I kj k n o w n the r e s e r v e s . " Speaking " of the K i k u y u D e s e r v e s , he said :

G e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g , I see n o e v i d e n c e of the soil bel w o r n o u t . a n d I d o not t h i n k t h e r e is a n y r e a s o n to be umlj apprehensive about the future. T h e n a t i v e s themselves

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improving t h e i r m e t h o d s and adopting practices w h i c h t h e officers of m y D e p a r t m e n t r e c o m m e n d . . . . N a t i v e m e t h o d s should n o t b e r e a d i l y c o n d e m n e d , a n d as a m a t t e r of f a c t t h e y return t o t h e soil a l a r g e a m o u n t of n i t r o g e n a n d h u m u s i n t h e course of a y e a r . S u c h v a r i a t i o n s in t h e n a t i v e m e t h o d a s a r e being b r o u g h t a b o u t b y t h e efforts of t h e D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i culture a r e a l o n g t h e l i n e s o f n o t c h a n g i n g t h e s y s t e m i n so f a r as the v a r i a t i o n of c r o p s g r o w n is c o n c e r n e d , b u t r a t h e r t o g e t the s a m e c r o p s g r o w n in a b e t t e r f a s h i o n a n d in p r o p e r r o t a tion." Mi-. W o l f e , Acting D i r e c t o r of A g r i c u l t u r e , said :

" I a m c e r t a i n l y o f ojrinion t h a t i n t h e c l o s e l y s e t t l e d p a r t s of the n a t i v e r e s e r v e s w h e r e s h i f t i n g c u l t i v a t i o n is at a n e n d or c o m i n g t o a n e n d , t h e r e is g o i n g to b e soil e x h a u s t i o n , a n d sooner or l a t e r t h e r e a r e g o i n g t o b e s e r i o u s d i f f i c u l t i e s u n l e s s a r e m e d y is f o u n d . " Mr. C. W . H o b l e y , ted in e v i d e n c e : CM.(I., s p e a k i n g of the T e i t a Eeserve,

" I v i s i t e d T e i t a at i n t e r v a l s d u r i n g m y s e r v i c e , a n d I w a s greatly s t r u c k b y t h e p r o g r e s s i v e d e s t r u c t i o n of t h e c u l t i v a b l e area d u e to soil e r o s i o n d u r i n g a p e r i o d of t h i r t y y e a r s , e n t i r e l y caused b y t h e u n f o r t u n a t e m e t h o d s e m p l o y e d b y t h e n a t i v e s . "

, H o b l e y r e t i r e d in 1 9 2 1 , and it w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t t h e iloyed h a v e t o s o m e e x t e n t Ive y e a r s . Dr. D . B e l l , w h o h a s b e e n s t a t i o n e d a m o n g t h e T e i t a f o r throe y e a r s , s t a t e s in h i s e v i d e n c e : " their T h e T e i t a as a p e o p l e a r e v e r y p r o g r e s s i v e . T h e y more i m p r o v e d i n t h e c o u r s e of methods the last

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" T h e T e i t a a r e q u i c k t o f o l l o w a g o o d e x a m p l e , a n d if profitable a g r i c u l t u r e is d e m o n s t r a t e d b e f o r e t h e i r e y e s , t h e y readily f o l l o w s u i t . " 1393. T h e t e a c h i n g o f - t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l officers is h a v i n g g o o d ;t. and t h e r e a r e a l r e a d y n u m b e r s of a d v a n c e d n a t i v e s w h o s e rior s k i l l m a y b e e x p e c t e d to c o m m u n i c a t e i t s e l f t o t h e r e s t , some d i s t r i c t s t h e r e a r e a l r e a d y i n e x i s t e n c e s t a n d i n g s u b mittees of t h e N a t i v e C o u n c i l s w h i c h d e a l w i t h a g r i c u l t u r a l eets, w h i l e e n c o u r a g i n g e x p e r i m e n t s a r e b e i n g m a d e , e s p e c i a l l y jkuyn, i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of c o - o p e r a t i v e m a r k e t i n g . 139-1. I n t h e a r e a s w h i c h w e n o w h a v e u n d e r r e v i e w K a v i r , K i k u y u , T e i t a w e see n o r e a s o n t o t a k e a n y a l a r m i s t v i e w the q u e s t i o n o f soil d e t e r i o r a t i o n e i t h e r t h r o u g h mistaken

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m e t h o d s of c r o p p r o d u c t i o n or t h r o u g h e x c e s s i v e accumulations ( l i v e s t o c k . W h i l e t h e n a t i v e s suiter f r o m f a i l u r e to d i g d o w n or t m a n u r e s u f f i c i e n t l y , t h e r e i s i n o t h e r r e s p e c t s m u c h t o b e eon m e n d e d i n t h e i r m e t h o d s , a n d t h e " s t a t i c r o t a t i o n " w h i c h the a c h i e v e b y m e a n s of i u t e r p l a n t i n g is f a r p r e f e r a b l e to t h e pcrsistet p l a n t i n g of a s i n g l e c r o p , w h i c h h a s c h a r a c t e r i z e d s o m e forms i n d u s t r i a l a g r i c u l t u r e in E u r o p e a n a r e a s . B u t i t c a n n o t be denis t h a t s e r i o u s d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f t h e s o i l e x i s t s i n m a n y p a r t s of the r e s e r v e s , a n d t h e p r o b l e m w i l l d e m a n d c l o s e a t t e n t i o n by tl a g r i c u l t u r a l officers.
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1395. O v e r s t o c k i n g d o e s n o t e x i s t i n t h e s e d i s t r i c t s in . m a r k e d a d e g r e e as t o c a l l f o r s p e c i a l c o m m e n t , b u t there at e v i d e n c e s o f i t i n N d e h y a , a n d i n s o m e o t h e r p a r t s o f K i k u y u ; th. w a s p a r t i c u l a r l y s t r e s s e d b y D r . L e a k e y ( E v i d e n c e , p p . 688-692).

:

1396. A s t o t h e n u m b e r s o f s t o c k in K i k u y u , w e quote tl f o l l o w i n g f r o m t h e e v i d e n c e o f S e n i o r C h i e f K o i n a n g e , o n e ot ffc m o r e p r o g r e s s i v e of the K i k u y u c h i e f s : " A l l t h e c o u n t s t h a t a r e m a d e of t h e s h e e p a n d stock b t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l D e p a r t m e n t a r e p u r e l y i m a g i n a r y , becaus - w e k e e p b a c k t h e t r u e n u m b e r w h i c h w e p o s s e s s , f o r fear tli; w e shall b e t o l d t h a t w e h a v e g o t t o o m a n y . "
:

1 3 9 7 . I n o u r o p i n i o n , t h i s r e m a r k a p p l i e s to t h e reserves i g e n e r a l , e x c e p t f o r a f e w c a s e s i n w h i c h a c t u a l c o u n t s have bee m a d e b y t h e V e t e r i n a r y ' D e p a r t m e n t i n c o n n e x i o n w i t h inoculatio or a s a c h e c k o n e s t i m a t e d n u m b e r s : i n such cases i t has alma i n v a r i a b l y b e e n f o u n d t h a t t h e e s t i m a t e s a r e w e l l b e l o w the actui numbers. rProblems of L a n d Tenure ^
A 1 r e t ! o s o

1 3 9 8 . T h e q u e s t i o n of d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d t h e c o r r e c t method i h o l d i n g l a n d i s t h e o u t s t a n d i n g p r o b l e m in t h e s e a r e a s . T h e popui: t i o n is a l r e a d y l i v i n g , i n s o m e l o c a t i o n s , a t a d e n s i t y at which m a n m a y b e p r e v e n t e d b y p r e s s u r e o f h i s n e i g h b o u r s f r o m extendic t h e a r e a of h i s c u l t i v a t i o n w i t h o u t f r a g m e n t i n g i t , a n d , w h i l e tb m a y h a v e t h e a d v a n t a g e of i n d u c i n g a m o r e i n t e n s i v e cultivatio it i s n o t t o b e e x p e c t e d t h a t n a t i v e c u s t o m w i l l r e a d i l y accommoda: i t s e l f or p r o v i d e a m e a n s o f s o l v i n g p r o b l e m s of l o c a l congestk w h i c h a r e o u t s i d e t h e r a n g e of t r i b a l e x p e r i e n c e . I f subdivision a t f r a g m e n t a t i o n a r e a l l o w e d t o c o n t i n u e u n c h e c k e d , h o l d i n g s threat; to b e c o m e u n e c o n o m i c . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , if s u b d i v i s i o n is pi. v e n t e d , a l a n d l e s s class m a y a p p e a r a t a t i m e w h e n alternatit m e a n s of e m p l o y m e n t c a n n o t r e a d i l y b e f o u n d in t h e r e s e r v e , a n at l e a s t a t e m p o r a r y l i m i t h a s b e e n r e a c h e d t o t h e c a p a c i t y of tl E u r o p e a n area to a c c o m m o d a t e more labourers. 1 3 9 9 . B u t f o r t h e successful p r o s e c u t i o n o f a g r i c u l t u r e it i s ! no m e a n s necessary that, every man should h e a landowner.- 1

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t, it is q u i t e c e r t a i n t h a t a d v a n c e d a g r i c u l t u r e c a n n o t b e c o n ;ted on t h o s e l i n e s , a n d i t is w o r t h w h i l e to m e n t i o n t h a t in iiiiiurk, t h e m o s t a g r i c u l t u r a l of all E u r o p e a n c o u n t r i e s , o n l y -tilths of t h e p o p u l a t i o n a r e d i r e c t l y e m p l o y e d i n a g r i c u l t u r e , e other b u s i n e s s e s , a g r i c u l t u r e r e q u i r e s o r g a n i z a t i o n , a n d e v e n h the l i m i t e d d e g r e e o f o r g a n i z a t i o n w h i c h i s p o s s i b l e t o n a t i v e s the p r e s e n t s t a t e of t h e i r d e v e l o p m e n t , t h e r e s h o u l d be m a n y are e m p l o y e d i n t h e d e r i v a t i v e i n d u s t r i e s of c a r t i n g a n d m a r ,2 and i n p r e p a r i n g p r o d u c e f o r t h e m a r k e t . T h e n a g a i n , t h e r e lustries w h i c h a r e less d i r e c t l y d e r i v e d , s u c h as t h e p r o f e s s i o n s c h o o l m a s t e r , or t h e j u d i c i a l e l d e r , or t h e t r i b a l p o l i c e m a n , . , having in themselves no connexion w i t h agriculture, are iieless s u p p o r t e d b y f u n d s d e r i v e d f r o m t h a t s o u r c e . 100. T h e r e have always been industries of a kind in tribal ex

d t h e p r o f e s s i o n s of t h e s o o t h s a y e r , t h e w i t c h - d o c t o r a n d t h e . a n d t h e m a k e r s of s t o o l s , p i p e s , i n s t r u m e n t s , e t c . , a r e 3. o c e n t r e s h a v e a d d e d m a t e r i a l l y to t h e l i s t . 5; m a n y owners of ploughs T h e f o s t e r i n g o f v i l l a g e i n d u s t r i e s a n d t h e g r o w t h o f social T h e r e are already to plough on few a

siaerable n u m b e r s of n a t i v e s h o p k e e p e r s a n d t r a d e r s a n d a f e w and carts, ready cs or t o t r a n s p o r t p r o d u c e f o r a s h a r e of t h e p r o c e e d s ; a liters a n d m a s o n s , a n d o n e o r t w o n a t i v e s w h o h a v e ivorks, or wdio d i g sand or murrum; and here and

started there Be fatten

e turned n u r s e r y m a n and raising seedling trees f o r sale. tho o r d i n a r y muhoi, or t e n a n t , t h e r e a r e a f e w "herdsmen" ing f o r h i r e , a n d m a n y w h o undertake to

labour-tenants

in r e t u r n f o r a s h a r e of t h e i n c r e a s e . 1401. B u t i t c a n n o t b e said t h a t a n y of t h e s e c l a s s e s a r e w h o l l y cited b y t h e p r o f e s s i o n s w h i c h t h e y h a v e a d o p t e d , a n d t h e f o o d e family is supplied f r o m are n o t in a large the gardens which the w o m e n supported by the tillage of cul the . B r o a d l y s p e a k i n g , t h e r e a r e as y e t n o n a t i v e s i n t h e r e s e r v e s measure

1402. T h e p o i n t is i m p o r t a n t b e c a u s e of t h e b e a r i n g w h i c h DII the p r o b l e m of s u b d i v i s i o n o f h o l d i n g s . oil is n o t r e g a r d e d as t h e on a n ber to here. overcrowded buy the Such fluidity farm out others only means are w i l l i n g and seek of to livelihood, allow one and of

it co

I n civilized countries their at

alternative

employment natives

is u n a t t a i n a b l e

among Kenya

stage, b o t h b e c a u s e of t h e u n d e v e l o p e d s t a t e of i n d u s t r i e s a n d se of t h e h a b i t s a n d c u s t o m s of t h e p e o p l e . 1403. C o n s e q u e n t l y , if of local c o n g e s t i o n the present tendencies continue, prob threaten to become acute, and attention

ited t o t h e v a r i o u s m e m o r a n d a w h i c h s t a n d in e v i d e n c e o n t h e

ON

PRESENT I]

CONDITIONS

I N

NATIVE

RESERVES

PART I I I C H A P T E R

s u b j e c t . T h e n e c e s s i t y f o r b u i l d i n g u p o n a n a g r i c u l t u r a l found; I t i o n a n d f o s t e r i n g d e r i v a t i v e i n d u s t r i e s lies at t h e r o o t of til matter. U n t i l t h a t h a s b e e n d o n e , it s e e m s u n l i k e l y that diretl s t e p s t a k e n t o p r o t e c t h o l d i n g s a g a i n s t u n e c o n o m i c subdivide I could h a v e m u c h effect. 1404. F r a g m e n t a t i o n , problem attack. of its o w n , as a p a r t from subdivision, of and is p r o b a b l y susceptible

is a sped I

a m o r e dire I

T h e m a t t e r has b e e n c o v e r e d sufficiently

in t h e part of or I

R e p o r t w h i c h deals w i t h t h e K i k u y u i s t h r e a t e n e d in p a r t s of 1405. S e c u r i t y for Kavirondo. tenants

( s e c t i o n s 507-516 above!), anI

w e also h a v e it in e v i d e n c e t h a t a p a r a l l e l s t a t e of affairs exists (I

is a n o t h e r

matter

which

requir, I

a t t e n t i o n , a n d , as f a r as K i k u y u is c o n c e r n e d , w e r e c o r d our defini; o p i n i o n , w i t h w h i c h t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e officers of t h e p r o v i n c e ha; expressed their concurrence, t h a f m o r e s e c u r i t y is necessary.

1406. C o n g e s t i o n is n o t y e t m o r e t h a n a l o c a l phenomena e x i s t i n g in a f e w p a r t s of t h e s e r e s e r v e s . A s h a s just b e e n indicate a g r e a t e r v a r i e t y of e m p l o y m e n t w o u l d t e n d b y itself to relic; c o n g e s t i o n in r e s p e c t of t h e n u m b e r of c u l t i v a t o r s ou the lan, B u t t h e r e a r e also m e a s u r e s w h i c h w o u l d t e n d t o distribute tl c u l t i v a t o r s to b e t t e r a d v a n t a g e . Firstly^, t h e b e t t e r provision r o a d s a n d l o c a l m a r k e t s a n d t r a d i n g c e n t r e s m a y i n d u c e a slacks i n g of t h e e c o n o m i c p u l l t o w a r d s t h e m a i n c e n t r e s . S e c o n d l y , t! i n t r o d u c t i o n of h i g h e r p r i c e d c r o p s or a n i m p r o v e m e n t in the quali; o f c r o p s m a y e n a b l e a n e c o n o m i c use t o b e m a d e of l a n d which n o w l e f t d e r e l i c t b e c a u s e of i t s d i s t a n c e f r o m m a r k e t s or f r o m otlis c a u s e s . T h i r d l y , t h e d i s t i n c t i o n d r a w n b e t w e e n t e n a n t s and rigli h o l d e r s m u s t n o t d i f f e r e n t i a t e a g a i n s t t e n a n t s t o such an cxtc; t h a t r i g h t - h o l d e r s w i l l b e u n w i l l i n g t o l e a v e c o n g e s t e d areas at t a k e ujr l a n d a s t e n a n t s i n m o r e s p a r s e l y o c c u p i e d areas elsewhere 1407. A l o s t of t h e s e p o i n t s h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n c o v e r e d in tl p a r t of o u r R e p o r t w h i c h d e a l s w i t h t h e K i k u y u , a n d w e shall not; further into detail h e r e . B u t w e w i s h t o e m p h a s i z e our opinic t h a t t h e p r o b l e m is e s s e n t i a l l y o n e of e d u c a t i n g t h e people in tl b e t t e r u s e of t h e i r l a n d . I t is a m a t t e r w h i c h t h e Administrate m u s t u n d e r t a k e w i t h t h e c o - o p e r a t i o n of all D e p a r t m e n t s workit i n t h e r e s e r v e s . T h e w o r k d o e s n o t b e g i n a n d e n d w i t h the educ t i o n of t h e i n d i v i d u a l ; t h e t r i b a l a u t h o r i t i e s h a v e also to be ii s t r u c t e d . B r e s s u r e o f p o p u l a t i o n a n d a c c u m u l a t i o n of l i v e stock a c r e a t i n g p r o b l e m s w h i c h c a n n o l o n g e r b e s o l v e d b y t h e rough-am r e a d y m e t h o d s of t r i b a l i s m , w h i c h i n c l u d e d fighting and the period i n c i d e n c e of f a m i n e a n d d i s e a s e a m o n g t h e m a c h i n e r y of correctio N e w r e m e d i e s w i l l h a v e t o b e d e v i s e d , a n d t h e crucial point w h e t h e r n a t i v e c u s t o m c a n b e a d a p t e d t o e m b r a c e t h e m . Son

492
ON PRESENT I] CONDITIONS IN NATIVE RESERVES ItK H I - C H A P T E R

[odifications due of t h e lev b e c o m e

will more

come

about

spontaneously

by

the

practices

of

advanced

natives being lead us to

copied expect

by others that the

until land natur

general. history does not

1-108-. B u t

oblerns of a n y p e o p l e c a n be s e t t l e d b3- a s p o n t a n e o u s e v o l u t i o n of stoni, a n d s o m e d i r e c t i o n b y a u t h o r i t y is n e c e s s a r y . lv and properly, the tribal elders and native Very councils will be

luctant t o e n t e r u p o n i n n o v a t i o n s of w h i c h t h e y h a v e n o judging t h e v a l u e . ch c i r c u m s t a n c e s at G o v e r n m e n t We

experi in

ee, and w i l l t u r n a d e a f e a r t o a d v i c e of w h i c h t h e y h a v e n o m e a n s do n o t s u b s c r i b e to t h e d o c t r i n e t h a t should n e v e r intervene; we Government hold rules.

s h o u l d t a k e a n d use t h e p o w e r s t o m a k e and planning, and of

the s y s t e m of l a n d t e n u r e s h o u l d b e b a s e d o n n a t i v e c u s t o m , [should b e b u i l t u p b y f o r e t h o u g h t j tide. Nobody fcking r u l e s t o p r o t e c t [equate s a f e g u a r d s fctiviction lequate s t u d y , regulated provide the after has ever disputed the propriety for economic crop production not regard Government or to

t h e soil against exhaustion

or t o o r d e r itself as

of n o x i o u s w e e d s , a n d w e c a n see n o r e a s o n w h y , Government should

equally

le to g u a r d a g a i n s t t h e still m o r e i n s i d i o u s , b e c a u s e l e s s o b v i o u s , Ils w h i c h a r i s e f r o m an u n e c o n o m i c f r a g m e n t a t i o n [[adjustment in t h e s y s t e m of l a n d t e n u r e . 1409. I n the case of the K i k u y u and possibly may the Teita, prove to the be ;k a d d i t i o n s of t h e -land o r other ... an u n j u s t m e t h o d o f d e a l i n g w i t h t e n a n t s o r f r o m a n y

which

we

have

recommended

table p l a c e s in w h i c h a n y p r o j e c t e d m o d i f i c a t i o n s m i g h t b e t r i e d

! ive

wrimentally b e f o r e t h e y are a p p l i e d t o tiny p a r t of t h e e s t a b l i s h e d reserve. now turn to t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the conditions in The less pop^Jj^a Reserves, T h e y r a n g e in d e n s i t y being without among regard the to .1410. W e

t less d e n s e l y p o p u l a t e d n a t i v e r e s e r v e s . labont 3 t h e 1411. T h e Embu, proclivity Nandi, to and

In the M a c h a k o s A k a m b a a t 1 1 0 t o t h e s q u a r e m i l e t o t h e M a s a i Lumbwa stock Ire thickly p o p u l a t e d . accumulate Inomic a d v a n t a g e is m a n i f e s t a m o n g n e a r l y a l l t h e s e t r i b e s .

1412. A t t e m p t s h a v e b e e n m a d e t o p e r s u a d e t h e m t o h a b i t s of ed f a r m i n g , n o t e n t i r e l y w i t h o u t s u c c e s s . ' E v e n t h e M a s a i h a v e small w a y , to g r o w lucerne for their stock, and own some will many mixed also s h o w i n g a d a w n i n g i n t e r e s t in g r o w i n g c r o p s f o r t h e i r requirements. bo o t h e r w i s e at t h e ling. same T h e L u m b w a and the N a n d i are m a k i n g than time predominantly to persuade pastoral to for a great of

un. in a v e r y

Kress, b u t it is n o t t o be s u p p o s e d t h a t a n y of t h e s e t r i b e s

Irs. T h e m o s t h o p e f u l m e t h o d is t o m a k e t h e m b e t t e r p a s t o r a l i s t s them methods

ON

PRESENT 1]

CONDITIONS

I N

NATIVE

RESERVES

PART I I I C H A R T E R

1 4 1 3 . A m o n g t h e N a n d i , L n m b w a , C h e r a n g a n i , a n d a fey o t h e r s , t h e r e s u l t s of o v e r s t o c k i n g a r e n o t y e t a p p a r e n t , and it j p o s s i b l e t h a t , a t t h e m o m e n t , t h e s e r e s e r v e s a r e n o t overstocked B u t t h e s a m e f a c t o r s w h i c h l e a d t o u s e l e s s a c c u m u l a t i o n s of livi s t o c k a r e p r e s e n t h e r e as e l s e w h e r e , n a m e l y b r i d e p r i c e and tl n a t i v e s y s t e m s of b a r t e r a n d e x c h a n g e , u n d e r w h i c h account k e p t n o t o n l y o f t h e a n i m a l s e x c h a n g e d h u t of t h e i r p r o g e n y ata B u t , s i n c e t h e t i m e f a c t o r is n o t y e t p r e s s i n g a m o n g t h e s e tribe t h e r e is e v e r y h o p e t h a t a p r o g r a m m e of e d u c a t i o n in b e t t e r methoi of a n i m a l husbandry would achieve good results. 1 4 1 4 . T h e K a m b a of M a c h a k o s D i s t r i c t a r e suffering fro: r e c k l e s s o v e r s t o c k i n g in t h e p a s t , a n d t h e i r p o s i t i o n t o - d a y is mo difficult. T h e i r r e s e r v e h a s d e t e r i o r a t e d to such a n e x t e n t tha until i t has b e e n r e c o n d i t i o n e d , it c a n n o t c a r r y e v e n t h e nnmbei w h i c h t h e p e o p l e m i g h t r e a s o n a b l y r e q u i r e , b u t u l t i m a t e l y , if prop, t r e a t m e n t is a p p l i e d , it s h o u l d b e a b l e to d o so. 1 4 1 5 . I t is e n c o u r a g i n g t o n o t e t h a t t h e K a m b a themselvi a r e s h o w i n g s o m e a p p r e c i a t i o n of t h e s i t u a t i o n a n d a desire to co; With i t , a l t h o u g h e f f o r t s in t h i s d i r e c t i o n f a l l f a r short of the neei M o r e e s p e c i a l l y in t h e M a c h a k o s D i s t r i c t , t h e K a m b a h a v e large] e x t e n d e d t h e area of t h e i r c u l t i v a t e d l a n d , a n d h a v e also mac c r e d i t a b l e e f f o r t s t h r o u g h t h e i r N a t i v e C o u n c i l s t o p l a n t trees o t h e b r o w s a n d s l o p e s of h i l l s , a n d t h e r e b y c h e c k off-scouring of tl h i l l s i d e s . T o t h e s a m e e n d , t h e y h a v e a l s o b e e n persuaded to a t e m p t s o m e h e d g i n g or d i t c h i n g a l o n g c o n t o u r l i n e s . Rudimentai t h o u g h t h e s e e f f o r t s m a y b e , t h e y a r e h o p e f u l s i g n s . A n d w e also It; it in e v i d e n c e t h a t fines h a v e b e e n i n f l i c t e d b y t r i b u n a l elders ft t h e o f f e n c e s o f c u t t i n g d o w n t r e e s s o t h a t g o a t s m a y e a t the lean a n d f o r s t r i p p i n g t h e b a r k off t r e e s t o m a k e r o p e s . 1416. I n r e s r e c t of w a t e r c o n s e r v a t i o n , t h e i r efforts h a v e be; e q u a l l y p r a i s e w o r t h y , a n d m a n y e x c e l l e n t darns h a v e b e e n mar both in the M a c h a k o s and K i t u i D i s t r i c t s . T h e i r e x a m p l e migii w e l l b e f o l l o w e d in other reserves. 1 4 1 7 . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e M a c h a k o s N a t i v e R e s e r v e is deterioni ing rapidly through methods on overstocking, are education and while better it is a d m i t t e d th we fear of that, anira educational reliance ultimately the best,

is p l a c e d

alone,

methods

h u s b a n d r y w i l l n o t b e l e a r n t u n t i l t h e d a m a g e is i r r e p a r a b l e . 141S. W h e n The w e t u r n t o t h e r e s e r v e s of t h e S u k , t h e Njemp is o n e of a l m o s t u n r e l i e v e d gloo n o r e g a r d f o r t h e ruinatic but devote their lives eyes, to show absolutely before their and the Saniburu, the position people appear is g o i n g on which ing

a m a s s i n g v a s t h e r d s of u n e c o n o m i c l i v e s t o c k , w h i c h a r e fast tu their country into a desert.

ON

PRESENT I]

CONDITIONS

IN

NATIVE

RESERVES

tai I I I - C H A P T E R

1419. A f u l l d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e p o s i t i o n a n d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s lr remedies a r e g i v e n in a s p e c i a l c h a p t e r o n t h e p r o b l e m c r e a t e d overstocking ( C h a p t e r X of t h i s P a r t ) . I t is n o t t h e r e f o r e n e c e s to discuss t h e q u e s t i o n h e r e , b u t , b e c a u s e t h a t c h a p t e r c o n c e n ites m a i n l y on t h e t w o f a c t o r s of t h e l i v e s t o c k a n d t h e l a n d , i t

fV

iy be w e l l in this p l a c e t o a d d a n o t e o n t h e h u m a n a s p e c t a n d ashler the n a t i v e v i e w p o i n t . F o r i t w i l l n o t b e d e n i e d t h a t , w h a t er e m e r g e n c y m e a s u r e s m a y b e n e e d e d , t h e o n l y u l t i m a t e s o l u t i o n die p r o b l e m lies i n t h e w i l l i n g n e s s of t h e n a t i v e h i m s e l f to c o jrate in his o w n s a l v a t i o n . 1120. T h e e d u c a t i o n a l e n d i n v i e w m a y b e e a s i l y s t a t e d . e lesson w i l l h a v e (id- w o r d s , w h e n ,aiiity of his ilizes t h a t , jtect his b e e n l e a r n t as soon he has r e g a r d The other to the as t h e a v e r a g e quality will be rather learnt Half is in the he to the these cattle in in native than when

uly to take o n e g o o d c o w i n e x c h a n g e f o r t w o b a d c o w s , o r , cattle. half

in o r d e r the first in

to h a v e g o o d c a t t l e , h e m u s t first make native of thing to be done is t o

take steps eliminate to l e a r n

pasture. it h a r d f o r t h e n a t i v e s social life. W e may other

1121. C l e a r l y Isons, a n d t h e goats o c c u p y ices : (a) W h e n

trial reasons, w h i c h

of t h e m is the peculiar position w h i c h notice

four

return

bride-price

or a n y

debt payable

l i v e s t o c k i s c l a i m e d , t h e r e t u r n i s ou t h e b a s i s of a b e a s t for a beast, although (in Kamba With fixed goats. made price t h e r e is g e n e r a l l y a tariff one cow two bulls whereby :

and K i k u y u )

ten is the a

certain trifling exceptions, no distinction a good beast and a wife a bad o n e , and if cows is, for i n s t a n c e , four be accepted marriage the meat even as may It and

between for

bull, a l m o s t a n y four c o w s w i l l d o , and no lesser n u m b e r , however (6) I f a cow calved, another that (c) M o s t good, would received the cow hide may in and quittance. dies be before it has and returned, c o w s as price

be d e m a n d e d . regard

is t h e r e f o r e value,

natural worth the

natives cases in

should

barren

something

more

than their apparent

the n a t i v e courts relate to cattle, and

c o u r t f e e s a r e assessed

ad valorem
fixed

o n t h e b a s i s of a tariff This gives a kind

under w h i c h a c o w has a another. i'A V e r y large so numbers that, in of

value.

of official s u p p o r t t o t h e v i e w t h a t o n e c o w is as g o o d as cattle are held a in some would form not of feel to

trust, himself

many

cases,

man

justified

in k i l l i n g a b e a s t , e v e n if h e w i s h e s

d o s o , w i t h o u t a f a m i l y g a t h e r i n g to s a n c t i o n i t .

ON

PRESENT I]

CONDITIONS

I N

NATIVE

RESERVES

PAIIT I I I C H A P T E R

1 4 2 2 . I t w o u l d b e h a r d to d e s c r i b e t h e a t t i t u d e of a nativ t o w a r d s h i s c a t t l e . I t d o e s n o t a m o u n t to v e n e r a t i o n , but catt' o r g o a t s p l a y a p a r t i n m o s t c e r e m o n i a l t r a n s a c t i o n s , a n d perhat a c q u i r e a h i n d of r e f l e c t e d s a n c t i t y . S u c h at least w a s the ophii of t h e S o u t h A f r i c a n E c o n o m i c C o m m i s s i o n , 1930-32 (cf. sectio 3 3 ) , a n d i n s t a n c e s c o u l d b e q u o t e d t o s u p p o r t such a v i e w . B w e a r e o n surer g r o u n d if w e say t h a t t h e n a t i v e c u s t o m , frequent'; e x e m p l i f i e d , b y w h i c h a m a n w h o p a r t s w i t h p r o p e r t y retains c e r t a i n i n t e r e s t i n t h a t p r o p e r t y e v e n a f t e r i t h a s l e f t h i m , creati so m a n y i n t e r e s t s a n d c o n t i n g e n t i n t e r e s t s t h a t it is general difficult f o r a m a n t o d i s p o s e of c a t t l e w i t h o u t p r o l o n g e d consult; tion. B u t t h e f r e e r c i r c u l a t i o n of m o n e y a n d t h e institution . m a r k e t s a r e a l r e a d y h a v i n g t h e i r e f f e c t , a n d t h e s e v a r i o u s rcstri H o n s a n d i n h i b i t i o n s a r e n o t so s t r o n g as t h e y w e r e .
c

1 4 2 3 . I t is o b v i o u s that w e c a n n o t , as a C o m m i s s i o n , say ho f a r o r h o w q u i c k l y i t m a y b e p o s s i b l e to m o d i f y t h e s e customs ai p r a c t i c e s w i t h o u t i m p o s i n g an u n d u e s t r a i n o n n a t i v e institution W e m e r e l y call a t t e n t i o n t o t h e m a s e x p l a i n i n g , i n s o m e degra t h e r e l u c t a n c e o f t h e n a t i v e s t o e s t e e m t h e i r c a t t l e b y qualit rather than by quantity. 1 4 2 4 . T h e m o r e t h e o p e n m a r k e t c a n b e m a d e a v a i l a b l e for t! native custom General Cmiaitions obtaining the
0f

stock,

the

more

quickly

these

artificial

values

of

natit

w i l l lie c o u n t e r a c t e d .

1 4 2 5 . T h e p u r p o s e w i t h w h i c h t h i s c h a p t e r is w r i t t e n does n o b l i g e us to d e s c r i b e t h e p a r t i c u l a r p r o b l e m s of e v e r y r e s e r v e . Tl essential points h a v e the now been considered and in order, of We future n a m e l y , t! adyancemeu h a v e semi th expansion f in a mo population, density, distribution degree

in

Reserves,

a n d t h e uses to w h i c h t h e l a n d h a s b e e n p u t . laud, many and there should be ample that the room for are

t h e d e n s i t y o v e r a l l is b y n o m e a n s i n e x c e s s o f t h e c a p a c i t y of tl years, provided people instructed

e c o n o m i c use of t h e l a n d a n d t h a t a b e t t e r d i s t r i b u t i o n of populati: is secured. and we population tration certain made A t p r e s e n t , a notable d e g r e e of a position which is almost of a over all is sparse, a m a j o r i t y grappling The reserves with m a l d i s t r i b u t i o n exh: paradox. W h i l e t. t h e n a t i v e s are livir of local we congestion propose to 1 ease tl have

in areas w h i c h are h e a v i l y p o p u l a t e d . is already districts. to native various will

C o n s e q u e n t l y , the Admin: which some

problems in

additions help

d e g r e e . to

situation. tribal

B u t a r e m e d y p r o m i s i n g m o r e p e r m a n e n t results is to! permit, by so t h a t a natural any flow tendency may not of the population

f o u n d i n k e e p i n g t h e a s s e t s i n l a n d as l i q u i d as circumstances at security redistribute itself be u n d u l y imped

in its operation.

A l o r e i m p o r t a n t e v e n t h a n t h i s is t h a t t h e popu!

t i o n s h o u l d l e a r n t o m a k e a c o r r e c t u s e of t h e l a n d w h i c h it has.

494
O N PRESENT I] CONDITIONS I N NATIVE RESERVES lirr IIICHAPTER

1426. W e t h e r e f o r e p r o c e e d e d t o t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e e s s e n p r o b l e m s as t h e y p r e s e n t e d t h e m s e l v e s , firstly i n t h e m o r e occupied, and a somewhat significant territory concerns distinction is that of was the the has the more also made.

iavily p o p u l a t e d r e s e r v e s , a n d a f t e r w a r d s i n t h o s e w h i c h a r e m o r e arsely

mnd. 127. T h e imarily most densely nor populated but iikuyu, a n d t h e r e w e f o u n d t h a t t h e c r u c i a l p r o b l e m w a s agricultural pastoral, t h e fact of itself neither

with

Islein o n w h i c h t h e l a n d i s h e l d . [ival. a n d h a s [ople h a v e incentrated to d o w i t h the yet Infcly p r e v e n t e d practice without that

T h e s e c o n d p r o b l e m is a g r i c u l that increased shifting the skill population while for a We cultivation, necessary of the soil.

hardly method

acquired

exhaustion direction

iiieed a n e e d f o r a b e t t e r o r g a n i z a t i o n of m a r k e t i n g , a n d iat c r e d i t a b l e efforts i n so. and Teita, the two populations are already

observed

being

.ol)lems of o v e r s t o c k i n g i n t h e r e s e r v e p r o p e r a r e n o t y e t s e r i o u s , [it m a y b e c o m e 1.128. I n Kavirondo next in

fcf of d e n s i t y , p r o b l e m s o f l a n d h o l d i n g h a v e a l s o b e g u n t o a p ar. b u t n o t t o t h e s a m e e x t e n t . T h e p r i m a r y r e q u i s i t e of d e v e l o p production, lont is a n i n c r e a s e in a g r i c u l t u r a l s k i l l a n d a g r e a t e r a minor order. 1.-129. B u t ; "fly" w h e n w e c o m e t o t h e less populous areas, w e s i m i l a r c a u s e ) , a n d i s such gravity. degeneration When attitude to be is as t o o u t w e i g h find all at o v e r s t o c k i n g i s a l m o s t u n i v e r s a l or some [her p r o b l e m s i n ( e x c e p t w h e r e i t is p r e v e n t e d

with t h e K i k u y u , p r o b l e m s c o n n e c t e d w i t h l i v e s t o c k a r e as y e t

1130. I n t h e s e a r e a s t h e r e h a s b e e n a p r o g r e s s i v e

rattle a n d l a n d , t h r e a t e n i n g a d e g e n e r a t i o n o f t h e p e o p l e . ie natives c a n b e t a u g h t t o f o r s a k e t h e i r s e m i - r e l i g i o u s

wards c a t t l e a n d r e g a r d t h e m as i t e m s in t h e f o o d s u p p l y , w h i c h [quires t o b e a u g m e n t e d b y o t h e r k i n d s of d i e t , t h e y w i l l b e g i n low in n u m b e r s a n d in s k i l l . -increasingly a p p r e c i a t e d . ant t h a t i t m a y Following on t h a t , the lesson w i l l as T h e n e e d f o r a v a r i a t i o n of d i e t w i l l to plant special stock-feed,

be expedient

m in t h e case of g o a t s b y t h e K i k u y u . e 1131. O n a c o m p r e h e n s i v e v i e w of t h e w h o l e p o s i t i o n , w e find IOII g r o u n d s f o r b e l i e v i n g t h a t t h e n a t i v e p o p u l a t i o n is a d v a n c i n g " numbers a n d c a p a c i t y i n a l l b u t a v e r y f e w of t h e r e s e r v e s , a n d are e n c o u r a g e d t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h i s a d v a n c e , as i t p r o c e e d s , w i l l iid to a m o r e e c o n o m i c o u t l o o k . B u t t h i s i s n o t t h e c a s e i n d i s t r i c t s [cli as K a m a s i a , w h i c h h a v e b e c o m e so d e v a s t a t e d a s t o c r e a t e t h e f that t h e p o p u l a t i o n w i l l n o t b e a b l e t o m a i n t a i n i t s e l f e v e n a t existing d e n s i t y , a n d , s i n c e t h e p r o c e s s is c u m u l a t i v e i n i t s e f f e c t ,

ON

PRESENT I]

CONDITIONS

IN

NATIVE

RESERVES

PART I I I C H A P T E R

m a y u l t i m a t e l y bo t h r e a t e n e d w i t h e x t i n c t i o n . T h e imperativB n e c e s s i t y f o r a p o l i c y a n d p r o g r a m m e of r e c o n d i t i o n i n g , whic m u s t i n c l u d e t h e r e d u c t i o n of l i v e s t o c k , is t h e r e f o r e o b v i o u s . Tti w i t h n o w i s h t o d i s p a r a g e t h e v a l u a b l e w o r k w h i c h h a s already bee d o n e b y a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d d e p a r t m e n t a l officers a n d b y Nativ C o u n c i l s in t h i s f i e l d t h a t w e r e c o r d o u r o p i n i o n t h a t t h e urgency ( the p r o b l e m calls l o r still m o r e i n t e n s i v e effort. 1 4 3 2 . I n oui- s u r v e y o f K i k u y u p r o b l e m s i n P a r t I of th R e p o r t , w e i n d i c a t e d t h a t i n o u r o p i n i o n t h e p r o b l e m of intern; d e v e l o p m e n t a n d c o n t r o l is of an i m p o r t a n c e a n d i n t r i c a c y whic d e m a n d s t h e a t t e n t i o n of a l l d e p a r t m e n t s o p e r a t i n g i n t h e natii r e s e r v e s , c o - o r d i n a t e d u n d e r t h e g e n e r a l d i r e c t i o n of t h e Provinci C o m m i s s i o n e r . T h e p r e s e n t m o r e g e n e r a l s u r v e y of all t h e reservi reinforces that conclusion.

CHAPTER II.
I E G E N E R A L L I N E S PROPOSED EOR T H E SOLUTION H OE T H E N A T I V E L A N D P R O B L E M .
1-133. T h e l a n d i n w h i c h w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e n a t i v e s s h o u l d re f a c i l i t i e s h a s a l r e a d y b e e n classified a t s e c t i o n 22 of t h e ort. E o r e a s e of r e f e r e n c e , w e r e p e a t t h e t a b u l a t i o n b e l o w , a n d have a d d e d m o r e d e s c r i p t i v e d e t a i l .

Class A.-The i^resent n a t i v e r e s e r v e s , p l u s t h e a d d i t i o n s w h i c h w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d to b e m a d e as C l a s s A , m i n u s such a r e a s a s w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d t o b e s u r r e n d e r e d i n c a s e s of e x c h a n g e . T h e s e l a n d s s h o u l d r a n k f u l l y as n a t i v e r e s e r v e s . Class B.Land r e c o m m e n d e d to be added to the native eserves, but under special conditions. T h e s e w o u l d be added !o fulfil c e r t a i n e c o n o m i c n e e d s , a n d w e shall a l l u d e t o t h e m as N a t i v e R e s e r v e s C l a s s B.
T h i s class is subdivided into B l and B 2 , the f o r m e r b e i n g and w h i c h w e r e c o m m e n d t o be a d d e d b e c a u s e t h e t r i b e a p pears l i k e l y t o h a v e p e r m a n e n t n e e d of i t , a n d t h e l a t t e r being land w h i c h w e r e c o m m e n d t o b e a d d e d t o fulfil a. n e e d w h i c h appears t o b e o f a m o r e t e m p o r a r y c h a r a c t e r .

Class C.Land t o b e set a p a r t f o r a l i e n a t i o n o n l e a s e t o natives, w h e t h e r as g r o u p s , families or individuals. Pi ovided hat leases t o n o n - n a t i v e s s h o u l d b e a l l o w e d a n d e v e n e n oouraged in c a s e s in w h i c h f l i c L a n d B o a r d a g r e e s t h a t such i course w o u l d b e of m o r e b e n e f i t l o n a t i v e i n t e r e s t s g e n e r a l l y than t h a t t h e l a n d s h o u l d b e l e a s e d d i r e c t l y t o n a t i v e s ; a n d provided t h a t , w h i l e t h e r e is a m p l e r o o m , s h o r t l e a s e s m a y b e granted to n o n - n a t i v e s for a n y purpose w i t h the consent of t h e Board.
-

Class D.Areas in w h i c h natives will have equal with o t h e r r a c e s i n r e s p e c t of t h e a c q u i s i t i o n of l a n d .

Note.Classes chapter. basis. Classes C A and B relate to land which

rights be

will

native r e s e r v e s , a n d s c h e d u l e s w i l l b e g i v e n at t h e e n d of t h i s and D of relate to facilities on a Class D A will non-tribal in as A s c h e d u l e of l a n d s r e c o m m e n d e d t o b e C l a s s C a n d a lands under that Class be found be known

general d e s c r i p t i o n

Chapter V I I I .
1134. W e ive L a n d s . recommend Reserves T h i s p o i n t is c o v e r e d in f u r t h e r recommendations

(sections 1635-1649).

ON THE PART I I I C H A P T E R

GENERAL II]

LINES

OF

ACTION

PROPOSED

1435. W e

recommend

further

that

Class E l

lands he kiiowil U n d e r our rccom

a s N a t i v e R e s e r v e s , h u t n o t as N a t i v e L a n d s ; a n d t h a t Class ft l a n d s b e k n o w n as T e m p o r a r y N a t i v e R e s e r v e s . m e n d a t i o n s , C l a s s B l a n d w i l l n o t , as i n t h e c a s e of C l a s s A land c e a s e t o b e C r o w n l a n d , a n d w e t h i n k - i t r i g h t t h a t a distinction ii name should emphasize the distinction in fact, between the lam to w h i c h the natives have a c l a i m on historical g r o u n d s and tha

w h i c h h a s b e e n g i v e n t o t h e m b y G o v e r n m e n t o n e c o n o m i c grounds T h a t C l a s s C l a n d s b e k n o w n as N a t i v e L e a s e h o l d A r e a s . T h a t a l l t h e a b o v e c l a s s e s of as N a t i v e A r e a s . land be k n o w n comprehensive!

1436. I f o u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a r e a d o p t e d , t h e s e t e r m s will k i n c o m m o n use a n d b e r e a d i l y u n d e r s t o o d . to Certain Governing Considera tions. the designations Reserves. A, Bl, B2, and C, M e a n w h i l e , f o r the pat and refer to them p o s e s of t h i s R e p o r t , it w i l l b e b e s t if, a s a g e n e r a l r u l e , w e keei Native

1 4 3 7 . T h e r e a r e c e r t a i n g o v e r n i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n s of an import a n c e w h i c h d e m a n d s a t t e n t i o n in t h i s p l a c e ; o t h e r w i s e the genew n a t u r e of o u r p r o p o s a l s w i l l not b e c l e a r .

Security for 1 4 3 8 . N a t i v e l a n d s , C l a s s A , c a n b e c o n s i d e r e d as a whole, o N a t i v e Lands. Class " A " . t h e y c a n b e c o n c e i v e d i n t h e i r c o m p o n e n t p a r t s as p a r t i c u l a r native lands reserved for particular native tribes. 1439. R e g a r d i n g duties to b e U) to m a i n t a i n the them as a whole, we recommend that th

discharged by

the B o a r d

under

t h e trust should lie:

i n t e g r i t y of t h e b o u n d a r i e s a g a i n s t a n y alters b e m a d e u n d e r t h e Ordinance a t a k e s u p o n our Report or the Secretary o is not Iioim boundaries the Governor the

l i o n e x c e p t s u c h as m a y l a w f u l l y (ii) to m a k e if the representations area comprised to

a m e n d e d by any action which G o v e r n m e n t State, within

" a d m i n i s t e r e d , m a n a g e d , d e v e l o p e d a n d c o n t r o l l e d " for the use air b e n e f i t of t h e n a t i v e s as p r o v i d e d i n t h e O r d i n a n c e . administration, volve Board as a would be management, trust certain We in have development of and separate purposes. upon Government B u t the actua woidd de though th veto foi control and

directly, that shall

powers this

intervention and

protective Ordinance argument.

shall r e c o m m e n d sense

t h e L a n d s Trust give support inj

amended

1440. W e that Native

s h a l l f u r t h e r r e c o m m e n d , w i t h s u p p o r t i n g argument Class A cease to be Crown lands and b(

Reserves

s t y l e d N a t i v e L a n d s , s u b j e c t t o a d e q u a t e s a f e g u a r d s to protect tht rights and p o w e r s of Government.

O N T H E G E N E R A L L I N E S OF A C T I O N
jmi I I I C H A P T E R II]

PROPOSED

1441. T h e t r u s t w h i c h t h e B o a r d w o u l d h a v e to d i s c h a r g e , i n , pect of t h e b o u n d a r i e s , m i g h t c o n c e i v a b l y i n v o l v e t h e i r p r o t e c n even a g a i n s t t h e G o v e r n m e n t of K e n y a . T h e r e f o r e i t m u s t b e rotected a g a i n s t t h e c o n t i n g e n c y t h a t G o v e r n m e n t m i g h t a m e n d Ordinance a t w i l l a n d t h e r e b y a l t e r t h e c o n d i t i o n s of t h e t r u s t . \. r e c o m m e n d t h e r e f o r e t h a t a n O r d e r i n C o u n c i l b e s o u g h t t o -otet-t a g a i n s t a m e n d m e n t t h o s e c l a u s e s of t h e O r d i n a n c e w h i c h : 1 declare t h e e x t e r n a l b o u n d a r i e s of N a t i v e R e s e r v e s , Class A ; id (ii) d e f i n e t h e c o n d i t i o n s o n w h i c h such b o u n d a r i e s m a y b e tered or a m e n d e d .
s ie

1442. W e n o w t u r n t o t h e o t h e r a s p e c t o f t h e m a t t e r , a n d Oj) I " Respect ourd t h e s e a r e a s in t h e i r c o m p o n e n t p a r t s . A s t h e O r d i n a n c e is i'! * .

e

Lonipcjient

present c o n s t i t u t e d , t h e s e c o m p o n e n t s a r e t h e l a n d s s t a t e d to b e Units. espeotively r e s e r v e d " t o p a r t i c u l a r t r i b e s . Such a reservation for ever" s e e m s t o us u n w i s e . W e a r e f u l l y a l i v e to t h e v a l u e of Istering t r i b a l l o y a l t i e s a n d p r o t e c t i n g t r i b a l i n s t i t u t i o n s , b u t w h e n lelook a t t h e m a t t e r p u r e l y f r o m t h e s t a n d p o i n t of l a n d , t o o r i g i d entail o u g h t t o be a v o i d e d , a n d ^the t e r m s of t h e t r u s t s h o u l d )i he s u c h ;ts t o d e p r i v e G o v e r n m e n t of t h e p o w e r t o m a k e [jiistments, h o w e v e r r a r e l y it m a y b e t h a t t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r t h e m ill arise. 1143. I n t h i s c o n n e x i o n , w e w o u l d a g a i n r e f e r to the p a s s a g e bat Professor E . H . B r o o k ' s History of Native Policy in South [mat, w h i c h is q u o t e d i n s e c t i o n 1 3 8 5 . 1444. B u t w e n e e d n o t l o o k as f a r a s S o u t h A f r i c a f o r e x a m p l e s embarrassments which a permanent e n t a i l of specific lands It reserve as

specific

t r i b e s m a y c a u s e ; t h e r e is n o l a c k of t h e m i n K e n y a .

right to b e w a r n e d a n d t o s e e k f o r a m e t h o d w h i c h w i l l

tribes a full a n d present g a z e t t e d ,

ies, and

Government a n u l t i m a t e p o w e r of a d j u s t m e n t , w h i l e adequate security. Eegarding

preserving

the reserves

w e find t h a t s o m e of t h e m f o l l o w t r i b a l b o u n d S o m e t r i b e s h a v e m o r e than o n e r e s e r v e , three separate, though any attempt at to least con define three

s o m e do not.

for i n s t a n c e t h e K i k u y u , f o r w h o m

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Itinct t r i b e s . A f t e r h e a r i n g e v i d e n c e , w e a r e satisfied t h a t t h e s e jisions a r e n e i t h e r l o g i c a l n o r c o n v e n i e n t . W e find t h a t i t is Itter to k e e p t h e u n i t s a s l a r g e a s p o s s i b l e , o n l y s e t t i n g b o u n d a r i e s p t s o m e c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t r i b a l s e c u r i t y or a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c o n ee nienee a p p e a r s t o d e m a n d i t .

1145. T h e r e i s n o a b s o l u t e n e c e s s i t y t h a t o u r l a n d u n i t s s h o u l d respond w i t h administrative or p o l i t i c a l boundaries. Neverthe and s. a g e n e r a l c o r r e s p o n d e n c e is d i c t a t e d b o t h b y c o n v e n i e n c e

ON THE GENERAL LINES PART I I I C H A P T E R I I ]

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a l s o b y t h e f a c t t h a t a d m i n i s t r a t i v e b o u n d a r i e s o f t e n d e l i m i t tribj f r o n t i e r s . W h e n s e v e r a l t r i b e s , h a v i n g t h e s a m e or a s i m i l a r svstei of l a n d t e n u r e , are i n c l u d e d in t h e s a m e p r o v i n c e , w e consldi that t h e y s h o u l d b e g r o u p e d i n t h e s a m e l a n d u n i t , unless there s o m e s t r o n g r e a s o n to t h e c o n t r a r y . 1446. A l l t h a t such a g r o u p i n g w o u l d c o n n o t e is that tl c u s t o m s r e g a r d i n g t h e t e n u r e of l a n d e x i s t i n g - w i t h i n t h e grot iire t h e s a m e or s i m i l a r a n d c o u l d b e d e v e l o p e d a l o n g s i m i l a r line; a l t h o u g h it is p o s s i b l e that w h e n m o d i f i c a t i o n s a r e introduced 1 : r u l e , it. m i g h t s o m e t i m e s b e f o u n d t h a t special r u l e s m i g h t hat t o b e a p p l i e d t o s o m e s p e c i a l a r e a w i t h i n t h e u n i t in o r d e r to su t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of s o m e p a r t i c u l a r s u b - t r i b e , g r o u p or sectioi B u t t h e r e is n o n e e d t o r e g a r d e i t h e r t h e units t h e m s e l v e s o r il s e p a r a t e g r o u p s w i t h i n t h e u n i t s as e x c l u s i v e l y r e s e r v e d to the i n h a b i t a n t s , a n d r e a s o n a b l e i n l e r p e n e t r a t i o n is d e s i r a b l e . An s p e c i a l c u s t o m s (as t h e y a r e o r as t h e y m a y b e c o m e , e i t h e r tUrdus s p o n t a n e o u s e v o l u t i o n o r as a r e s u l t of" m o d i f i c a t i o n s ) w o u l d gover t h e s i t u a t i o n i n r e g a r d t o t h e a d m i s s i o n of n a t i v e s of o t h e r groti] or t r i b e s , a n d p r o v i d e a r e a s o n a b l e s e c u r i t y a n d a sufficient d e g h of e x c l u s i v e p o s s e s s i o n f o r t h e o c c u p a n t t r i b e . 1447. A f u l l list of the u n i t s w h i c h w e r e c o m m e n d f o r g a z e i u m e n t in p l a c e of t h e e x i s t i n g r e s e r v e s as n o w g a z e t t e d w i l l be foun i n T a b l e I a t t h e e n d of t h i s c h a p t e r , b u t t h e f o l l o w i n g t w o instance m a y b e g i v e n h e r e as e x a m p l e s : (a) T h e r e s e r v e s n o w s e p a r a t e l y g a z e t t e d as t h e H a l l , N y e r i (together w i t h the E m b u and B e s e r v e s , a l o n g w i t h Class A additions as t o b e g a z e t t e d as a s i n g l e u n i t r e s e r v e d as of t h e K i k u y u t r i b e . K i a m b u , Fci Meru) Nath recommendei Native Land

(6)

T h e r e s e r v e s n o w s e p a r a t e l y g a z e t t e d as the Machako - N a t i v e B e s e r v e a n d t h e K i t u i N a t i v e B e s e r v e , a l o n g wit C l a s s A a d d i t i o n s as r e c o m m e n d e d , to b e g a z e t t e d as s i n g l e u n i t as N a t i v e B a n d s of t h e K a m b a t r i b e . r e g a r d t o t h e s e lands. Firstly b o u n d a r i e s b e a l t e r e d ? Am t o b e s u b d i v i d e d b e t w e e n tli them?

1448. T w o p o i n t s c l e a r l y a r i s e i n h o w , if a t a l l , c a n t h e i r e x t e r n a l secondly, h o w are these large units several tribes and groups resident in

1 4 4 9 . W e h a v e t o c o n s i d e r t h e c o n t i n g e n c y t h a t the tribe a t r i b e s i n h a b i t i n g o n e of t h e s e u n i t s m i g h t b e d i m i n i s h e d in m i n i b e r s , w h i l e t h e t r i b e o r t r i b e s i n h a b i t i n g a n e i g h b o u r i n g unit miglii increase. I n e x t r e m e c a s e s , an a l t e r a t i o n o f b o u n d a r y might h r e q u i r e d , a n d in so i m p o r t a n t a m a t t e r G o v e r n m e n t would havi t o r e t a i n a full r e s p o n s i b i l i t y a n d c o u l d n o t r e s i g n the function t( a , B o a r d . O n t h e o l h e v h a n d , w e t h i n k t h a t t h e B o a r d ought to b f

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M e express au opinion. W e t h e r e f o r e r e c o m m e n d t h a t if oveinment s h o u l d e v e r d e e m i t n e c e s s a r y t o a d d t o t h e t e r r i t o r y one unit b y d i m i n i s h i n g t h e t e r r i t o r y of a n o t h e r u n i t , t h e L a n d s rust B o a r d s h o u l d b e c o n s u l t e d , a n d t h e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e , if h e trees w i t h G o v e r n m e n t , s h o u l d s e e k a n O r d e r in C o u n c i l e f f e c t i n g Be alteration.

1 0

1150. I n t h e c a s e of m i n o r a d j u s t m e n t s of s u c h b o u n d a r i e s , w e iiier t h a t it should be within the power of the Governor to Jt.'t the n e c e s s a r y a l t e r a t i o n s . 1451. I n r e g a r d t o a d j u s t m e n t s w h i c h m a y h a v e t o b e m a d e tween t h e b o u n d a r i e s of t h e t r i b e s o c c u r r i n g in t h e s a m e u n i t mbu a n d S o u t h N y e r i ) , w e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e G o v e r n o r s h o u l d ide. I n o u r o p i n i o n , i t is n o t a m a t t e r w i t h i n t h e p u r v i e w of Lands T r u s t B o a r d , b e c a u s e a n a d j u s t m e n t of p o l i t i c a l b o u n d es does n o t affect p r i v a t e r i g h t s .

152. O u r r e a s o n f o r r e c o m m e n d i n g t h a t a r e a s a d d e d to n a t i v e Security of ervcs on t h e g r o u n d s o f e c o n o m i c n e e d s s h o u l d b e u n d e r C l a s s B L a n d s ^ l desire t o k e e p t h e c o u n t r y ' s a s s e t s in l a n d a s fluid a s p o s s i b l e a to e n s u r e t h a t t h e l a n d i s p r o p e r l y a n d e f f i c i e n t l y u t i l i z e d . 1453. T h e r a p i d r i s e a n d d e c l i n e i n t h e s t r e n g t h of f a m i l i e s or nips a m o n g polygamous peoples is notorious, and where the stein of b r i d e - p r i c e p r e v a i l s i t i s l i k e l y t o b e s t i l l m o r e ie relative s t r e n g t h of t r i b e s a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y t h e i r land m a y be subject to rapid fluctuation, a n d it w i l l marked. therefore

requirements

1
B

;be p r u d e n t t o l o c k u p t h e l a n d t o o r i g i d l y a g a i n s t t h e p o s s i b i l i t y redistribution. T h e r e f o r e there must be no suggestion that, be to a n a t i v e r e s e r v e as C l a s s B ever, but the permanency of land the . ..; "* r,,
1

ise an a r e a of l a n d is g i v e n and b e n e f i t of

satisfy a n e c o n o m i c n e e d , i t i s o f n e c e s s i t y t o b e d e v o t e d t o t h e the tribe for

Dcatiou s h o u l d d e p e n d u p o n t h e d u r a t i o n of t h e n e e d . 14-54. T h e r e is a n o t h e r r e a s o n w h y t h e C r o w n s h o u l d n o t d i v e s t of its the will rights need over such land. all We cannot too in the for making such grants subject -' Jf i r r e v o c a b l y

mgly e m p h a s i z e conditions w h i c h

protect the land against misuse, and, carry.

[ticular, o v e r s t o c k i n g s h o u l d b e p r e v e n t e d b y a l i m i t a t i o n of nher of s t o c k w h i c h t h e a r e a i s a u t h o r i z e d t o

1455. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , s e c u r i t y m u s t b e f o u n d f o r t h e n a t i v e s occupy a n d d e v e l o p t h e l a n d . be t a k e n a w a y J145G. A f t e r land w h i c h from them T h e r e must be no fear that due consideration we the have tribe for it the without

Its and i n t e r e s t s of t h e g r o u p s w h i c h h a v e b e e n u s i n g i t . considering we find to these factors, be required by recommended concerned to Ibdivision of C l a s s B i n t o C l a s s B l a n d B 2 , t h e f o r m e r c o n s i s t i n g

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fulfil a n e e d w h i c h is l i k e l y t o b e p e r m a n e n t ; a n d t h e latter col s i s t i n g of l a n d r e q u i r e d f o r s o m e s p e c i a l n e e d , w h i c h m a y prove-I b e o n l y t e m p o r a r y in c h a r a c t e r . W e r e c o m m e n d that Class 11 s h o u l d b e adeled to t h e r e s e r v e u p o n c o n d i t i o n s , w h i l e Class 11 l a n d s h o u l d b e l e a s e d to t h e t r i b e . I n b o t h c a s e s , t h e r e should 11 s t r i c t c o n d i t i o n s of c o n s e r v a t i o n a n d u s e . 1457. I n r e s p e c t of l a n d n o w p r o p o s e d b y us to be Class I - w e r e c o m m e n d a l o w r e n t a l p e r h a p s a p e p p e r c o r n . I n respect I a n y f u r t h e r l a n d w h i c h it m a y s u b s e q u e n t l y b e c o m e desirable I a d d t o n a t i v e r e s e r v e s w e c o n s i d e r t h a t , w h e t h e r t h e y be added I C l a s s 131 or as C l a s s 132, r e n t s h o u l d lie c h a r g e d o n an econoitl basis. 1158. T h e a r e a s n o w r e c o m m e n d e d t o b e B l a n d B 2 are shot I in s c h e d u l e s a t t a c h e d t o t h i s c h a p t e r . .1459. C l a s s B l l a n d s s h o u l d , in o u r o p i n i o n , be under fl p r o t e c t i o n of t h e L a n d s T r u s t - B o a r d . T h e y should not be dim'. I i s h e d or t a k e n a w a y w i t h o u t t h e c o n s e n t of t h e B o a r d , exceptr o n l y t h a t a n a p p e a l s h o u l d l i e to t h e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e , w h o shot be a b l e , if h e c o n s i d e r s t h a t sufficient c a u s e e x i s t s , to override t v e t o of t h e B o a r d . B u t , s a v i n g t h i s p r o t e c t i o n , t h e clauses retro! i n g t h e t e r m s a n d c o n d i t i o n s u p o n w h i c h t h e t e n u r e m a y be to m i n u t e d s h o u l d n o t b e m a t t e r s e m b o d i e d in t h e O r d e r in Count s i n c e it is d e s i r a b l e t h a t f r e e d o m b e p r e s e r v e d t o a m e n d such ten a n d c o n d i t i o n s as c o n v e n i e n c e a n d t h e g e n e r a l o b j e c t s in view n: dictate. 1 4 6 0 . L e a s e s of C l a s s B 2 l a n d s h o u l d b e t e r m i n a b l e by ' G o v e r n o r w i t h t h e a p p r o v a l of t h e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e ; provii that the L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d should be consulted. Class C Lands ' 1 4 6 1 . W e c o n s i d e r t h a t N a t i v e L a n d s . C l a s s C , should be Leasehold a p a r t to b e l e t o n l e a s e in b l o c k s or i n d i v i d u a l p l o t s . B e n t s wo Areas). b e p a i d t o g e n e r a l r e v e n u e , b u t w o r e c o m m e n d t h a t , while t: would not be definitely e a r m a r k e d , a g e n e r a l o b l i g a t i o n should r e c o g n i z e d t o u s e t h e m f o r t h e i m p r o v e m e n t of t h e s e areas. 1 4 6 2 . I n r e c o m m e n d i n g t h e p r o v i s i o n of such areas w e have m i n d p r i m a r i l y t h r e e c l a s s e s of p e r s o n s f o r w h o m t h e y would useful : (a) A d v a n c e d of holding. ( 6 ) R e t u r n e d l a b o u r - t e n a n t s f r o m a l i e n a t e d a r e a s , w h o . biiv l i v e d f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s a w a y f r o m t h e c o n t r o l of tribali may find it difficult either to be re-accommodated lack of room for in their ( themselves reserve, through natives land in the reserves they who might be desit as a pro renting which could develop

t h e i r s t o c k , o r b e c a u s e a t r i b a l l i f e is n o l o n g e r congei

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(c) " D e t r i b a l i z e d " n a t i v e s w h o a r e l o o s e l y a t t a c h e d t o t o w n s , and w h o should be r e m o v e d from t h e m and offered t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s of g o i n g to l i v e in t h e r e s e r v e w i t h w h i c h t h e y h a v e m o s t a f f i n i t y , o r of t a k i n g u p l a n d i n t h e s e b l o c k s , if t h e y c a n afford t o do so. 1463. It cannot in t h e be supposed that native life in Kenya can will

ways be conducted o n tribal lines, and gradual progress ivate t e n u r e obably be reserves, which by allowing is e m i n e n t l y some of the facilitated more

towards advanced

desirable,

live:-; t o g a i n e x p e r i e n c e i n t h i s w a y . 1 4 0 4 . W e a l s o h a v e t o e n v i s a g e the p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t whole nilies or g r o u p s , e s p e c i a l l y f r o m a m o n g t h e l a n d l e s s mbari of om w e h a v e h e a r d m u c h i n t h e K i a m b u d i s t r i c t , m a y e n r o l m s e l v e s as c o r p o r a t e b o d i e s a n d a p p l y f o r c o m p a r a t i v e l y l a r g e des, which they would then subdivide a m o n g themselves accord to p r i n c i p l e s to b e c o v e r e d in t h e c l a u s e s of t h e l e a s e , w h i c h a l l h a v e to p r o v i d e f o r a r e c o g n i z e d m e t h o d of s u c c e s s i o n a n d eguard t h e t i t l e a g a i n s t e x c e s s i v e s u b d i v i s i o n . 1 4 6 5 . B u t w h e n a l l is s a i d , i t w i l l still b e t h e c a s e , f o r m a n y B t o c o m e , t h a t t h e b u l k of t h e n a t i v e s r e q u i r e the s h e l t e r o f bal life a n d w i l l p r e f e r t o r e m a i n i n t h e r e s e r v e s . W e m a y t a k e as d o u b t f u l w h e t h e r , i n t h e e a r l y y e a r s of t h e s c h e m e , t h e niber of a p p l i c a t i o n s w i l l b e v e r y l a r g e , but it is r e a s o n a b l y tain t h a t t h e n u m b e r s w i l l g r o w as c o n g e s t i o n in t h e m o r e p o p u s r e s e r v e s increases. W e are therefore faced w i t h the position t, if our r e s e r v a t i o n s u n d e r C l a s s C a r e v e r y e x t e n s i v e , it m a y many y e a r s b e f o r e t h e b l o c k s a r e t a k e n u p , w h i l e if t h e y a r e illy r e s t r i c t e d t h e y w i l l n o t p r o v i d e an a d e q u a t e o u t l e t f o r t h e "re.' 1 4 6 6 . I t m i g h t b e c o n t e n d e d t h a t f o r an i n c r e a s i n g p o p u l a t i o n o u t l e t could u l t i m a t e l y be sufficient, but w e oppose to that t h e sideration t h a t " C " a r e a s a r e i n t e n d e d t o p r o v i d e f o r n e e d s eh are e s s e n t i a l l y o f a t r a n s i t i o n a l n a t u r e , n a m e l y , t h e n e e d s of ives w h o a r e j u s t e m e r g i n g f r o m t r i b a l i s m a n d s t i l l r e q u i r e cin! p r o t e c t i o n . B u t , w h e n i n p r o c e s s o f t i m e n a t i v e s p a s s t h a t e, t h e y m a y a p p r o p r i a t e l y b e r e q u i r e d t o t a k e t h e i r c h a n c e i n petition w i t h o t h e r r a c e s in " D " a r e a s , in w h i c h l a n d w o u l d freely b o u g h t a n d s o l d w i t h o u t r a c i a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n . I t there appears t o b e o u r d u t y t o m a k e such p r o v i s i o n as p r o m i s e s t o ce for a t l e a s t o n e o r t w o g e n e r a t i o n s , a f t e r w h i c h G o v e r n m e n t h a v e t o c o n s i d e r , in t h e l i g h t o f e x p e r i e n c e g a i n e d , w h e t h e r her e x t e n s i o n s o f " C " a r e a s a r e n e c e s s a r y , o r w h e t h e r t h e is r i p e f o r a l l o w i n g a f r e e m a r k e t i n l a n d i n " C " a n d "D" s alike.

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PROPOSED

PART I I I C H A P T E R

1467. B e a r i n g t h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n m i n d , w e h a v e propos t h a t b l o c k s t o t a l l i n g 939 s q u a r e m i l e s , as d e t a i l e d in t h e schedt g i v e n in s e c t i o n 1879 b e l o w , b e set a p a r t a s " G " a r e a s f o r allocati to n a t i v e s o n l e a s e . B u t in o r d e r t h a t t h i s m a y n o t r e n d e r idle t, b a l a n c e of l a n d n o t i m m e d i a t e l y r e q u i r e d , w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d t h a t l e a s e s s h o u l d b e a l l o w e d t o n o n - n a t i v e s f o r a n y purpose whi t h e B o a r d c o n s i d e r s t o b e in t h e n a t i v e i n t e r e s t . W h i l e ordina a g r i c u l t u r a l o r g r a z i n g l e a s e s s h o u l d b e o n a s h o r t - t e r m basis, Ion t e r m l e a s e s m i g h t r e a s o n a b l y b e a l l o w e d in c a s e s w h e r e major wor! a r e to b e u n d e r t a k e n , a s , f o r i n s t a n c e , a w a t e r s c h e m e or so s c h e m e o f ' l a r g e scale p r o d u c t i o n w h i c h t h e B o a r d a g r e e s to beneficial to the natives. 1 4 6 8 . T h e t e r m s a n d c o n d i t i o n s o n w h i c h l a n d in " C " are: s h o u l d b e m a d e a v a i l a b l e t o n a t i v e s w i l l r e c e i v e careful consider t i o n in C h a p t e r V I I I b e l o w . I t w i l l be sufficient in t h i s place a l l u d e to t h e f i n a n c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h a t , w h i l e i n t h e initial stag it w i l l b e e a s y t o find s u i t a b l e l a n d w i t h o u t m u c h e x p e n s e , in i! l a t e r s t a g e s it m a y b e f o u n d t h a t e x p e n s i v e w o r k s a r e r e q u i r e d befo m o r e l a n d c a n b e r e n d e r e d s u i t a b l e . I t w i l l t h e r e f o r e b e right f G o v e r n m e n t f r o m t h e o u t s e t t o h a v e r e g a r d t o t h e s e potenti d e v e l o p m e n t s , a n d c o n s i d e r h o w t h e s c h e m e , i n g e n e r a l , can financed, a n d w h e t h e r t h e h o l d i n g s c a n b e e x p e c t e d t o provide r e t u r n , e i t h e r d i r e c t l y or i n d i r e c t l y , f o r t h e m o n e y spent upon ther Security Chii
V e

for
n d S

1 4 6 9 . We

r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e b o u n d a r i e s of t h e areas reeo.

''C"

m e n d e d t o b e C l a s s C l a n d s ( N a t i v e L e a s e h o l d A r e a s ) should p r o c l a i m e d u n d e r t h e O r d e r i n C o u n c i l , so t h a t t h e y m a y not d i m i n i s h e d o r e x t e n d e d w i t h o u t t h e a u t h o r i t y of a further Order C o u n c i l , e x c e p t t h a t e x c h a n g e s s h o u l d b e p e r m i s s i b l e , if the Boa: agrees. T h e d e v i s i n g of t e r m s a n d c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r w h i c h leas t o n a t i v e s s h o u l d b e g r a n t e d b o t h i n g e n e r a l a n d particular cas w o u l d b e a task f o r w h i c h G o v e r n m e n t w o u l d b e responsible as m a t t e r of. i n t e r n a l m a n a g e m e n t , a n d t h e B o a r d w o u l d not be eo c e r n e d . B u t n o l e a s e t o a n o n - n a t i v e s h o u l d b e g r a n t e d witho t h e c o n s e n t of t h e B o a r d , e x c e p t t h a t t h e C h i e f N a t i v e Comm s i o n e r s h o u l d h a v e p o w e r to a c t t o r t h e B o a r d i n m i n o r matters t h e s a m e e x t e n t a s , u n d e r o u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n , h e w o u l d have n a t i v e r e s e r v e s (see r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s i n C h a p t e r V I b e l o w ) . 1470. L a n d s claimed. They in Class D would not need the t o be specially p and Protector;

r,and9, Class " D " .

are all

the lands in

Colony

( o t h e r t h a n T u r k a n a a n d the N o r t h e r n F r o n t i e r ) w h i c h are neitl r e c o m m e n d e d t o b e E u r o p e a n H i g h l a n d s or N a t i v e L a n d s , Clas A, B o r C , n o r a l r e a d y d e d i c a t e d i n s o m e m a n n e r i n v o l v i n g so. a s , f o r i n s t a n c e , the M a z r u i la. Coast. d e g r e e of racial discrimination, on the

ON

T H E

GENERAL

LINES

OF

ACTION

PROPOSED

ill-CHAPTBH I I ]

'L471. I n a l l " D " Jung u p l a n d j

r

areas, natives should have the same right While it w o u l d or to any to advice in not of Lands, in discriminating

of be

on lease as o t h e r persons. prior consideration by the

f o r the

Commissioner

between other being in often the be ' which

ipiicauts, t o g i v e veil to native

to natives

ution o f t h e p u b l i c ,

there would b e no objection District

applicants

Commissioners It would for to a

s e r v e s , s o t h a t t h e a p p l i c a t i o n s c o u l d b e p u t in a f o r m ev would b e l i k e l y t o b e f a v o u r a b l y inite b o d y -cly l a r g e with block, perpetual to be regarded. and imd s u i t a b l e f o r a g r o u p of n a t i v e s t o e n r o l succcsssion administered lease. under Classes A and B

t h e m s e l v e s as a c o r apply compara which terms

according

jiiid b e c o v e r e d i n t h e 1472.

Our recommendations is e x p e c t e d

cover the

Further
F a c

esent a n d i m m e d i a t e f u t u r e n e e d s o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n l i v i n g in t h e serves, a n d i t that instruction in b e t t e r agricultural and apart where found and, future jthods w i l l e n a b l e t h e l a n d t o c a r r y a n i n c r e a s e d p o p u l a t i o n , to a l a r g e e x t e n t , s o l v e t h e p r o b l e m s o f t h e m o r e d i s t a n t ;o: Additional for facilities will be afforded of land by by the areas in set lifer " C " ider " D " for alienation to natives on lease and t h e natives B u t lands under C and D the shelter of what

'

l l l t i e 9

opportunities areas will be life,

the acquisition

privilege o f r a c e e x i s t s . the p o p u l a t i o n , w h o eady die exists, it

re s u i t a b l e f o r c o m p a r a t i v e l y a d v a n c e d n a t i v e s t h a n f o r t h e b u l k still r e q u i r e to tribal general ee t h e r e a r e s o m e r e s e r v e s i n w h i c h a d e g r e e o f l o c a l is n e c e s s a r y in the consider for or for available o r s h o u l d b e f o u n d population hanges if 1473. isses A, W e D need should recommend be arise. that, w h e n in any the of boundaries any these be by classes of the lease. that any of of lands in be Additions t o Reserves effecting a better congestion facilities or distribution additions

reserves,

effecting

and C have been proclaimed, may required subject

subsequent

exten-

ns w h i c h ineil.

should

de by t h e G o v e r n o r ,

to the approval

Legislative

Such additions should n o r m a l l y

The a b o v e p a r a g r a p h torieal r i g h t , a subject held, to b e ich should finally be

is n o t t o b e r e a d in t h e sense be made additions which on to are

fusions t o t h e l a n d c a n h e n c e f o r t h settled; the only

the grounds Class A

w h i c h , if o u r D e p o r t i s a c c e p t e d , are those

should lands to

contemplated adjustments. that

incidental

lianges o r p e t t y 1474. W e

recommend the

exchanges

should n o r m a l l y to make

be

by ex the first

Exchanges,

tual l e a s e ,

Governor

being

empowered

such

n g e s , subject to t h e c o n s e n t of t h e L a n d s

T r u s t B o a r d and

,'islativo C o u n c i l ; p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e l a n d t o b e l e a s e d m u s t

ON PART

THE

GENERAL II]

LINES

OF

ACTION

PROPOSED

IIICHAPTER

b e s e t a p a r t and b e s u b j e c t t o t h e p r o c e d u r e a n d safeguards whicj w e shall p r e s e n t l y r e c o m m e n d ( s e c t i o n s 1 5 2 6 , 1531 a n d 1541) to o b s e r v e d b e f o r e l a n d in a n a t i v e r e s e r v e c a n b e s e t - a p a r t or leas.: 1475. I n e x c e p t i o n a l c a s e s , if i t is d e s i r e d t h a t t h e exchang b e o n a m o r e p e r m a n e n t b a s i s , w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t , if the loc: n a t i v e s h a v e b e e n c o n s u l t e d a n d if t h e L o c a l N a t i v e Council, t!i L o c a l L a n d B o a r d , t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d , t h e G o v e r n o r and tli L e g i s l a t i v e C o u n c i l a l l a g r e e , t h e n it s h o u l d b e possible for tl: e x c h a n g e to b e m a d e b y p r o c e s s of p e r m a n e n t exclusion an compensatory addition. 1476. B e f o r e a n y l a n d in a n a t i v e r e s e r v e is e x c l u d e d or lease f o r t h e p u r p o s e of a n e x c h a n g e , i t is first n e c e s s a r y t h a t any ri '. h o l d e r s o r o t h e r n a t i v e s r e s i d e n t o n t h e l a n d s h o u l d be compens; T h i s s h o u l d be d o n e b y t h e m e t h o d d e s c r i b e d i n section t o i l (sit! s e c t i o n s 5-9) b e l o w f o r t h e s e t t i n g a p a r t of hind and the payment i compensation. lnter penetration between Tribes. 1 4 7 7 . A l l u s i o n h a s a l r e a d y b e e n m a d e in s e v e r a l places to peao ful p e n e t r a t i o n b e t w e e n t r i b e s , e s p e c i a l l y as a result of inte marriage. W e r e g a r d t h i s as t h e m o s t useful m e t h o d of dis-.tr a t i o n . I t also g e n e r a l l y t e n d s t o r a i s e the avc bating the l e v e l of a t t a i n m e n t , s i n c e it l e a d s t o a p o o l i n g of i d e a s , and tribe g a i n e x p e r i e n c e of e a c h o t h e r ' s m o d e of l i f e . I t m a y occasion;; h a p p e n t h a t p e n e t r a t i o n t a k e s p l a c e so r a p i d l y a n d in such numb a s t o c o n s t i t u t e a r e a l o r i m a g i n e d m e n a c e to t h e security of o c c u p a n t t r i b e , a n d it is t h e r e f o r e e v i d e n t t h a t p o w e r must r e s e r v e d t o t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r t o put a stop to a u t h o r i z e d m o v e m e n t s a t such p e r i o d s . W h i l e recourse to si m e a s u r e s m i g h t f r e q u e n t l y b e n e c e s s a r y in t h e m o r e r e m o t e an. u n c i v i l i z e d p a r t s of t h e C o l o n y , t h e " n e e d for such a c t i o n among th m o r e a d v a n c e d t r i b e s s h o u l d b e of r a r e o c c u r r e n c e . 1478. W e 1479. T h e that, when ineffective affirm as a p r i n c i p l e of the that the m a x i m u m before the of fluidii

c o m p a t i b l e w i t h security should b e a l l o w e d . weight evidence Commission native tribes are a l l o w e d free i n t e r c o u r s e , they find t r i b e s , a n d tends to di

modus vivendi,
courage peaceful

b u t t h a t a n y t h i n g in t h e n a t u r e of a buffer area penetration. T h e s a m e t h i n g a p p l i e s to too tribes.

in p r e v e n t i n g c o n f l i c t s b e t w e e n

rigi

a n e n f o r c e m e n t of b o u n d a r i e s b e t w e e n

1480. W h i l e t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n of f a m i l i e s o r i n d i v i d u a l s of or t r i b e i n t o t h e t e r r i t o r y o f a n o t h e r m a y f r e q u e n t l y cause administr f i v e e m b a r r a s s m e n t of a m i n o r k i n d , s u c h , f o r i n s t a n c e , as a dill c u l t y in k e e p i n g h u t - t a x r e g i s t e r s , t h e a d v a n t a g e s of securing a moi fluid d i s t r i b u t i o n a r e such as d e c i d e d l y t o o u t w e i g h any such coi s i d e r a t i o n , a n d w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t , u n l e s s t h e occupant tril

ON T H E G E N E R A L L I N E S OF A C T I O N
j -,
i n

PROPOSED

I i [ClIAl-TKU

II]

ejects, p e a c e f u l i n t e r p e n e t r a t i o n s h o u l d n o t b e p r e v e n t e d . The ircc of tliese r e m a r k s w i l l b e c l e a r w h e n i t is r e a l i z e d t h a t , w h i l e iereserves as a w h o l e a r e s p a r s e l y p o p u l a t e d , t h e g e n e r a l a v e r a g e -.'-iy in t h e t h r e e K i k u y u a n d t h r e e K a v i r o n d o d i s t r i c t s , w h i c h bntain b e t w e e n t h e m m o r e t h a n h a l f of t h e t o t a l n a t i v e p o p u l a t i o n the C o l o n y , is 170 t o t h e s q u a r e m i l e . 1181. W e go so f a r as to assert that interpenetration is the ost hopeful of all t h e m e t h o d s f o r s e c u r i n g a m o r e , e v e n inmigrarits
5: K'.

distribu leases, nb also other

i t is n o t so l i k e l y t o c a u s e r e s e n t m e n t as i n t e r - t r i b a l who penetrate with in small groups will B u t - t h e p r o c e s s is s l o w , t h e p r o b l e m direct We methods more is u r g e n t , a n d results

become are

d more Iqiured.

immediate

shall n e x t e x a m i n e t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of e x t e n d i n g t r i b a l land. land and a n o t h e r has m o r e other, W Inter-tribal

0 0 F O S

frriiory b y a d d i t i o n s o f a d j a c e n t I 1483. I f one Lit

t r i b e has i n s u f f i c i e n t

r e q u i r e s , it a p p e a r s to h a v e b e e n c o n t e m p l a t e d in t h e L a n d s Legislative

lust O r d i n a n c e t h a t t h e o n e t r i b e s h o u l d l e a s e l a n d to t h e teen d e s c r i b i n g t h e l e a s e h o l d clauses of t h e B i l l in the us speech : "

nci! on t h e 1 2 t h M a y , 1 9 2 8 , t h e G o v e r n o r s t a t e d , in t h e c o u r s e 1 h a v e d e a l t so f a r w i t h t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e r e s e r v e s may not It of I prove them largo may any enough prove for to too a greatly deal large with and in the rich their in the is e q u a l l y necessary possible

now g a z e t t e d possibility

creased p o p u l a t i o n . that some for e f f e c t i v e

u s e as a w h o l e b y . . .

i n c r e a s e of it m a y

tribal p o p u l a t i o n .

am c o n v i n c e d

that this

contingency be met In

must b e m e t a s s q u a r e l y as t h e o t h e r : a n d first p l a c e , t h e t r i b e o w n i n g s p a r e l a n d m a y bers of a n o t h e r 1484. A l t h o u g h the O r d i n a n c e

Alias

more t h a n o n e w a y b y t h e l e a s e h o l d c l a u s e s in t h e B i l l . lease it to tribe for development."

mem present

i t is c l e a r f r o m ill-adapted to b e to

t h e a b o v e p a s s a g e t h a t l e a s e s The such a purpose. for the Section land, is 10

ween t r i b e s w e r e c o n t e m p l a t e d , t h e m a c h i n e r y r m o v i d e d f o r t h e m was t h a t t h e r e n t shall b e be expected not be fixed at t h e " h i g h e s t a m o u n t t h a t obtained having to may the the it is section 7 pro reason which And by

Leasehold unsuitable to Inter-tribal

L e a s e s

reasonably 33 that land

lard to all t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s of may

the c a s e , " w h i l e " unless any there

leased apart grant

ieve that t h e n a t i v e s of t h e t r i b e f o r w h i c h such l a n d h a s b e e n rved w i l l derive benefit, the from of revenue lease." lie t h e r e f r o m ,
i

from

such

le section it is p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e l e a s e m a y n o t t a k e p l a c e if j! i ; b e i n g b e n e f i c i a l l y lie lease. occupied b y t h e s a i d n a t i v e s , o r if jlv to be r e q u i r e d f o r t h e i r use a n d s u p p o r t d u r i n g t h e

currency

ON THE PART H I C H A P T E R

GENERAL LINES II]

OE ACTION

PROPOSED

1 4 8 5 . I t d o e s n o t s e e m to b e e q u i t a b l e t h a t if a t r i b e wi to l e t a p i e c e of l a n d t o a n o t h e r t r i b e a t s o m e t h i n g less than thj h i g h e s t r e n t w h i c h c a n r e a s o n a b l y b e e x p e c t e d to b e obtained t h e l a n d , i t s h o u l d b e p r e c l u d e d f r o m d o i n g s o . S e c o n d l y , a hi w o u l d s e l d o m a d m i t t h a t it w a s l i k e l y t o e n j o y a n y b e n e f i t s , ap f r o m r e v e n u e , b y l e a s i n g any. p a r t of i t s t e r r i t o r y t o a n o t h e r tr T h i r d l y , it w o u l d b e q u i t e i m p o s s i b l e t o s a y t h a t t h e land was " l i k e l y to b e r e q u i r e d f o r t h e u s e a n d s u p p o r t of t h e tribe durinj the c u r r e n c y of t h e l e a s e " , s i n c e n o d a t e c o u l d b e assigned to final determination. T h e R e p o r t of t h e C o m m i s s i o n on Clo U n i o n o b s e r v e s : " I t c o u l d h a r d l y b e m a d e o n a n y b u t a perm n e n t b a s i s , f o r it w o u l d b e a m a t t e r of g r a v e difficulty to displace p o p u l a t i o n w h i c h h a d c o m e t o r e l y o n t h e o c c u p a t i o n of the area fcj the n o r m a l c o n d u c t of its l i f e . " The N e e d for Special Clauses. I486. T o r these reasons, it is c l e a r that special clauses tribe;]

have to be m a d e to g o v e r n Young resign Commission them to the (p. 347)

the question to t h e effect Trust Board.

of l e a s e s b e t w e e n that We

a n d w e a r e i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e o p i n i o n e x p r e s s e d b y the H i G o v e r n m e n t musl consider final that thj voice; retain direct responsibility Lands i n such m a t t e r s arid could not fit tin,

Board shoidd be consulted, but should not have the rest w i t h t h e S e c r e t a r y of The Termina 6ion of Inter-tribal Leases. State.

the G o v e r n o r a n d t h e B o a r d a r e n o t a g r e e d , t h e final decision slioull

1 4 8 7 . I n r e g a r d t o t h e t e r m i n a t i o n of a n i n t e r - t r i b a l lease, a g r e e w i t h t h e H i l t o n - Y o u n g C o m m i s s i o n t h a t i t w o u l d be diflicult but w e b e l i e v e t h a t m u c h c a n b e d o n e b y a p r o g r e s s i v e advancement t o w a r d s i n d i v i d u a l t e n u r e . P r o b a b l y t h e b e s t k i n d of lease woulj be o n e w h i c h is r e v i s a b l e a t s o m e w h a t f r e q u e n t i n t e r v a l s , eael r e v i s i o n s h o w i n g a p r o g r e s s i v e d e v o l u t i o n f r o m t h e t r i b e toward! t h e i n d i v i d u a l . I n t h e first s t a g e , t h e l e a s e is ( f o r practical puf p o s e s ) f r o m o n e t r i b e t o a n o t h e r , b u t g r a d u a l l y it m i g h t be change! i n t o a l e a s e b e t w e e n c e r t a i n g r o u p s of t h e o n e t r i b e and certail g r o u p s of t h e o t h e r , a n d u l t i m a t e l y d e s c e n d t o f a m i l i e s and possil individuals. A t t h e l a s t s t a g e , it c e a s e s t o b e a m a t t e r of tvibj c o n c e r n , a n d w o u l d s i m p l y b e a c a s e of c e r t a i n i n d i v i d u a l s of orj t r i b e h o l d i n g l e a s e s f r o m c e r t a i n i n d i v i d u a l s of t h e other tribe c o n d i t i o n s c o n f o r m a b l e t o t h e uses a n d c u s t o m of l a n d tenure t a i n i n g i n t h a t t r i b e . P r o c e s s e s of t r a n s f e r w o u l d c o m e into operl t i o n , a n d an e c o n o m i c d i s t r i b u t i o n of p o p u l a t i o n w o u l d take placj regardless of tribal origin. 1488. T h e s e processs. developments are. of course, far in the futurl

b u t w e d o n o t t h i n k t h a t i t i s t o o s o o n to c o n t e m p l a t e them as] I n m a k i n g t h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s , w e h a v e in m i n d primarif tribes. the m o r e advanced

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;cp.-; to r e - a c q u i r e t h e l a n d b e f o r e l e t t i n g i t t o t h e t r i b e , s i n c e i t is referable t h a t t h e t r i b e s h o u l d h o l d t h e l a n d as f r o m m not f r o m l any individual. Government

1-192. W e r e c o m m e n d s t r i c t c o n d i t i o n s o f c o n s e r v a t i o n a n d u s e , Inch w o u l d n a t u r a l l y b e t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n in fixing the int. T h e p o i n t of g r e a t e s t i m p o r t a n c e is t h a t t h e a r e a s h o u l d be veloped to t h e b e s t a d v a n t a g e as a n asset of t h e C o l o n y . 1493.

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1(94. I f t h e l a n d i n r e s p e c t o f w h i c h t h e a p p l i c a t i o n is m a d e situated i n t h e E u r o p e a n H i g h l a n d s , t h e s a m e g e n e r a l c o n d i t i o n s wild a p p l y , b u t i t is c l e a r t h a t t h e E u r o p e a n c o m m u n i t y w o u l d ve to b e c o n s u l t e d , a n d s o m e p r a c t i c a l m e a n s w o u l d h a v e t o b e vised, w h e t h e r t h r o u g h t h e D i s t r i c t C o u n c i l s or o t h e r w i s e . In is ease t h e r e f o r e , w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t a g r e e m e n t s h o u l d b e s o u g h t tween t h e G o v e r n m e n t , as r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e C o l o n y as a w h o l e , d accredited r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e E u r o p e a n c o m m u n i t y . 1495. If agreement cannot be reached, the question which through

esents it-self i s w h e t h e r , i f a t a l l , t h e l e a s e c a n b e f o r c e d (spite o f t h e o p p o s i t i o n of t h e E u r o p e a n community.

1496. I n a n o t h e r p a r t of t h e D e p o r t w e shall m a k e a r e c o m lendation t h a t t h e e x t e r n a l b o u n d a r i e s of t h e a r e a in w h i c h a ropean p r i v i l e g e o b t a i n s s h o u l d b e p r o c l a i m e d u n d e r O r d e r i n luncil. T h i s w o u l d , i n t h i s r e s p e c t , p l a c e i t i n a p o s i t i o n i n w h i c h is c o m p a r a b l e w i t h a n a t i v e r e s e r v e , a n d i t m a y w e l l b e a r g u e d tt the c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r w h i c h n a t i v e s s h o u l d b e a b l e to o b t a i n a se of l a n d i n t h e E u r o p e a n H i g h l a n d s s h o u l d c o r r e s p o n d w i t h conditions u n d e r w h i c h E u r o p e a n s a r e a b l e t o o b t a i n a l e a s e i native r e s e r v e s . According to the recommendations which w e making t o r e g u l a t e l e a s e s i n n a t i v e r e s e r v e s , i t w i l l b e p o s s i b l e , sufficient n e e d a r i s e s , f o r l e a s e s t o b e g r a n t e d t o E u r o p e a n s e v e n the n a t i v e s c o n c e r n e d a n d t h e E o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l o b j e c t , b u t I not b e p o s s i b l e if t h e D a n d B o a r d o b j e c t s . T h e analogy

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d e m a n d s t h a t , it' t h e n e e d w e r e s u f f i c i e n t l y u r g e n t , a lease t, n a t i v e s of l a n d in t h e W h i t e H i g h l a n d s m i g h t b e f o r c e d throng a g a i n s t t h e w i s h e s of t h e o w n e r of t h e l a n d ( p o s s i b l y b y t h e aj.pl c a t i o n of t h e L a n d A c q u i s i t i o n A c t ) , or a g a i n s t t h e w i s h e s of th D i s t r i c t C o u n c i l , b u t n o t in f a c e of a n y o b j e c t i o n by accredite r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e w h o l e of t h e E u r o p e a n H i g h l a n d s . W e cor s i d e r t h a t t h i s a r g u m e n t is f a i r to b o t h p a r t i e s , a n d recommen that the above procedure be adopted. Summary of Facilities. 1 4 9 7 . I n t h e f o r e g o i n g p a r a g r a p h s w e h a v e d e s c r i b e d the faci i t i e s w h i c h w e r e c o m m e n d on t r i b a l l i n e s , b y e x t e n s i o n s of nativ r e s e r v e s , a n d h a v e e x p l o r e d the p o s s i b i l i t i e s of leases to tribes eitht i n t e r - t r i b a l l y or o t h e r w i s e ; a n d the p o t e n t i a l i t i e s of interpene t i o n . W e h a v e also r e c o m m e n d e d f a c i l i t i e s o n n o n - t r i b a l lines o u r p r o p o s a l s u n d e r C l a s s e s C a n d D . I n o r d e r t h a t the neccssit f o r t h e t w o hitter classes m a y b e c l e a r e r , w e shall n o w add a not on t h e p r o b l e m p r o v i d e d b y t h e e x i s t e n c e in the E u r o p e a n Big] l a n d s of a l a r g e n u m b e r id' n a t i v e l a b o u r - t e n a n t s o r s q u a t t e r s . Fi in o u r j u d g m e n t , it is f o r this c l a s s of n a t i v e t h a t t h e chief utilit of " ( " ' a n d " D " a r e a s w i l l b e f o u n d , so t h a t t h e question of at c o m m o d a t i n g t h e m a f t e r d i s c h a r g e f r o m t h e f a r m s m a y be moi easily settled. 1 4 9 8 . T h e r e e x i s t s o u t s i d e t h e r e s e r v e s a s q u a t t e r popula w h i c h c a n n o t b e f a r s h o r t of 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 p e r s o n s , or 3 0 , 0 0 0 familie f i v e . W h i l e the r e s e r v e s as a w h o l e a r e a b l e t o a c c o m m o d a t e t o w n n a t u r a l i n c r e a s e , t h e s e s q u a t t e r s ( o f w h o m o v e r two-thirds at K i k u y u ) c a n n o t in all c a s e s b e a c c o m m o d a t e d in t h e r e s e r v e s v o u t v e r y g r a v e e m b a r r a s s m e n t , b o t h as r e g a r d s the individuals an t h e i r s t o c k ; t h e d i f f i c u l t y as r e g a r d s t h e i n d i v i d u a l s b e i n g m; c a u s e d b y the s y s t e m of l a n d t e n u r e , p a r t i c u l a r l y in K i k u y u . 1 r e s p e c t of t h e s q u a t t e r s w h o a r e not K i k u y u , t h e embarrassmcr a r i s e s n o t so m u c h in r e g a r d to t h e s q u a t t e r s t h e m s e l v e s as the h e r d s of l i v e s t o c k . I t w o u l d b e rash to r e l y on the settled b e i n g a b l e , as a p e r m a n e n t c o n d i t i o n , to a b s o r b m o r e squatiei t h a n a r e n o w r e s i d i n g t h e r e , a n d tire n u m b e r s of their stock c e r t a i n l y h a v e to be r e d u c e d . 1 4 9 9 . T h e r e is t h e r e f o r e a p r o b l e m h o w t h e natural men of t h e s q u a t t e r s is to b e a c c o m m o d a t e d . T h e m a g n i t u d e of d i f f i c u l t y w i l l b e r e a l i z e d w h e n w e say t h a t it w o u l d be possible f. 6 0 0 s q u a t t e r f a m i l i e s of f i v e t o l e a v e t h e s e t t l e d area y e a r l y , an f o r t h e loss t o b e m a d e g o o d b y a, n a t u r a l i n c r e a s e of 2 per cenj w h i c h is not an u n r e a s o n a b l y h i g h e s t i m a t e in t h e circumstances 1 5 0 0 . A t p r e s e n t , m o s t s q u a t t e r s , w h e n t h e y l e a v e the Bet tl a r e a , w o u l d p r o b a b l y p r e f e r t o r e t u r n to t h e i r r e s e r v e s rather th, t a k e u p l a n d on s o m e f o r m of p r i v a t e t e n u r e in an alternate a r e a ; e v e n if it w e r e m a d e a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e m . B u t the m o r e tin

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)tliis, t h e g r e a t e r t h e s t r a i n o n t h e r e s e r v e s , a n d e s p e c i a l l y o n t h e , ee K i k u y u R e s e r v e s , w h i c h a r e a l r e a d y d e n s e l y p o p u l a t e d . As g y e a r s pass a n d t h e r e s e r v e s fill u p , it w i l l b e i n c r e a s i n g l y difficult - n a t i v e s , w h o h a v e b e e n l o n g a b s e n t , t o r e t u r n and c u l t i v a t e o r iJ room f o r t h e i r s t o c k in t h e i r r e s e r v e s . T h e i n c r e a s e d i n d i v i d lism a n d i n d e p e n d e n c e of m i n d w h i c h t h e y w i l l h a v e a c q u i r e d in j settled a r e a s w i l l i n c l i n e t h e m t o seek p l a c e s w h e r e t h e y can id land on p r i v a t e t i t l e , if such c a n b e f o u n d .
r ;

1501. W e feel t h a t in e q u i t y an o b l i g a t i o n e x i s t s t o p r o v i d e intive l a n d ( n o t in t h e H i g h l a n d s , w h e r e a special p r i v i l e g e Europeans o b t a i n s ) in w h i c h such n a t i v e s c o u l d t a k e u p l a n d line f o r m of p r i v a t e r i g h t o n r e a s o n a b l e t e r m s . S u c h a r e a s w e Be to p r o v i d e b y o u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s r e g a r d i n g N a t i v e L e a s e Areas, Class C. 1502. A p o i n t o f p a r a m o u n t i m p o r t a n c e m u s t n o w he m a d e . I n chapter w e h a v e d e s c r i b e d t h e l i n e s on w h i c h w e p r o p o s e t h a t nitive l a n d p r o b l e m s h o u l d b e s o l v e d , in so far as t h e p r o v i s i o n n d is c o n c e r n e d . B u t n o p r o v i s i o n of hind c o u l d , b y i t s e l f , bly s o l v e t h e p r o b l e m . T h e c r u c i a l p o i n t is h o w t h e l a n d is to sed. 1 5 0 3 . T h i s c h a p t e r is i n t e n d e d o n l y as a p r e l i m i n a r y s u r v e y , h the s u b s e q u e n t c h a p t e r s w i l l a m p l i f y . W e shall t h e r e f o r e intent in t h i s p l a c e to m e n t i o n t h e p o i n t . B u t r e c o m m e n d a designed t o p r o t e c t the land f r o m misuse w e regard as f o r m i n g --sential a p a r t of o u r d u t i e s as r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r the p r o ; of l a n d . B o t h of t h e m a r c e q u a l l y " n e e d s of n a t i v e s in 'ct of l a n d " . 1504. T h e r e a r e t w o p r i n c i p l e s b y w h i c h i n o u r o p i n i o n a n y Summary system m u s t b e j u d g e d , n a m e l y , s e c u r i t y a n d f l u i d i t y , a n d it Chapter, v v n l i a l t h a t t h e r e s h o u l d b e a p r o p e r b a l a n c e b e t w e e n the t w o . f e e l t h a t t h e p r e s e n t s y s t e m in K e n y a , as e m b o d i e d in t h e ve L a n d s T r u s t O r d i n a n c e , l a y s t o o g r e a t an e m p h a s i s o n ity in so far as t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e s a r e c o n c e r n e d . T h e s e c u r i t y l e d a m o u n t s , in e f f e c t , to a p e r m a n e n t e n t a i l to d e f i n i t e t r i b e s even t o u n i t s of t r i b e s . I n t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s w h i c h c a l l e d t h e mance i n t o b e i n g , it w a s r i g h t t h a t s e c u r i t y s h o u l d b e a c c o r d e d prior e m p h a s i s , a n d in m a k i n g o u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r t h e ement of c l a i m s o f r i g h t w e a l s o h a v e g i v e n i t first p l a c e in o u r id. B u t w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e s e v e r i t y of t h e e n t a i l to p a r ir t r i b e s s h o u l d b e m i t i g a t e d b y a l i b e r a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n w h i c h id a d m i t of a p e a c e f u l p e n e t r a t i o n b y g r o u p s or f a m i l i e s o f r tribes t o t h e u t m o s t e x t e n t w h i c h n a t i v e c u s t o m and t h e fity of t h e o c c u p a n t t r i b e p e r m i t s . W h e n w e c o m e to t h e ircments w h i c h a r e b a s e d on e c o n o m i c n e e d s , w e h a v e en oured t o l a y t h e stress o n f l u i d i t y . W h e n f a c i n g a n u n c e r t a i n of Development j ^]g
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f u t u r e , w e c o n s i d e r it m o s t i m p o r t a n t t h a t t h e task of Governmeni in f u t u r e y e a r s s h o u l d n o t b e c o m p r o m i s e d b y a p r e m a t u r e lockim u p o f t h e c o u n t r y ' s a s s e t s in l a n d . T h e y m u s t be k e p t as fluid ai is c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e s e c u r i t y o f t h e d e v e l o p i n g o c c u p i e r s . Whili e v e r y p r e c a u t i o n m u s t be t a k e n t o s a f e g u a r d t h e i r r i g h t s , w e do no c o n s i d e r it necessai-y or d e s i r a b l e t h a t e x t e n s i o n s m a d e to nativi r e s e r v e s on e c o n o m i c g r o u n d s s h o u l d b e a c c o m p a n i e d b y a n y gnat a n t e e of a b s o l u t e p e r m a n e n c y . 1 5 0 5 . W e can c o n c e i v e a t r i b e so d e c r e a s i n g in n u m b e r s tha t h e l a n d w o u l d n o l o n g e r b e e c o n o m i c a l l y n e c e s s a r y for them a n d , i n t h a t c a s e , f a c i l i t i e s s h o u l d b e a v a i l a b l e t o p e r m i t of it development by other people. 1506. "Furthermore, When tribalism tribalism cannot be for considered ever for as neces

s a r i l y p e r m a n e n t in i t s e l f , b u t is m e r e l y a s t a g e in social evolution vanishes, land reserved a particula t r i b e i s m e a n i n g l e s s . W h i l e t h e r e f o r e w e h a v e t a k e n c a r e t o reeom m e n d t h e r e s e r v a t i o n of a d e q u a t e l a n d f o r t h e p r e s e n t and immodiat f u t u r e n e e d s of e a c h t r i b e , a n d h a v e p r o v i d e d f o r t h e contingent:; t h a t a t r i b e m a y n e e d to e x t e n d its b o u n d a r i e s still f u r t h e r by mean of t h e G o v e r n o r s p o w e r t o a d d t o r e s e r v e s o r b y m e a n s of a triba lease, w e have devoted equal attention " C " or " D " t o t h e p r o v i s i o n of mean a r e a s on l e a s e . If It is clea w h e r e b y i n d i v i d u a l s m a y , sq t o s p e a k , h i v e off f r o m t h e tribe, am g o a n d t a k e u p l a n d in both t h a t t h e w h o l e p r o b l e m t u r n s o n t h e u s e t o w h i c h t h e land is pul in t h e s e a r e a s a n d a l s o i n t h e r e s e r v e s . t h e reserves ai d e v e l o p e d u n d e r i m p r o v e d m e t h o d s of a g r i c u l t u r e a n d stock-farmin t h e y w i l l c a r r y a l a r g e r p o p u l a t i o n a n d t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s in the wa of " C " areas w i l l p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y b e less. S i m i l a r l y , if the part of t h e " C " a r e a s i n u s e a r e w e l l d e v e l o p e d , t h e r a i s i n g of revenu

for further d e v e l o p m e n t w i l l b e easier. 1507. B u t w e b e l i e v e t h a t it w i l l n o t b e p o s s i b l e f o r the nativi to be develop found the " C " areas to entirely large unaided. companies Problems either to of watt s u p p l y a n d c o n s e r v a t i o n h a v e t o be c o n s i d e r e d , a n d it w i l l probabl beneficial allow take u *eases o n t e r m s o r to e n t e r into contracts which w i l l ensure th

d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e r e s o u r c e s i n t h e b e s t i n t e r e s t s o f t h e natives. 1508. T h e d e v e l o p m e n t require very considerable of p a r t s of t h e s e a r e a s w i l l , we feai But it is probabl and tin

capital

expenditure. present

t h a t b e f o r e t h e s e p a r t s a r e r e q u i r e d t h e n a t i v e p o p u l a t i o n will hai increased considerably beyond capital. its proportions, increase in population and prosperity will, we h o p e , simplify tl

r a i s i n g of t h e n e c e s s a r y

ON
l T

THE

G E N E R A L LINES H ]

OF ACTION

PROPOSED

]JICHAPTER

1500. I t m a y a p p e a r t o s o m e t h a t t h e n a t i v e l e a s e h o l d a r e a s unnecessarily l a r g e , b u t o n t h e e v i d e n c e b e f o r e u s w e c o n s i d e r in to b e j u s t i f i e d . T h e r e a r e l i k e l y t o b e c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r s natives l i v i n g o u t s i d e t h e r e s e r v e s , e i t h e r i n t o w n s o r a s l a b o u r ant-'' o u f a r m s , w h o m a y find i t difficult t o r e - a c c o m m o d a t e piuselves in t h e r e s e r v e s , a n d f o r w h o m a l t e r n a t i v e p r o v i s i o n h a s he m a d e . T h i s is a p r o b l e m w h i c h i s l i k e l y t o i n c r e a s e in m a g n i le with t h e p a s s a g e of t i m e , a n d h a s o c c u p i e d a f o r e m o s t p l a c e our m i n d s i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e e x t e n t of t h e a r e a s w h i c h w e siller n e c e s s a r y t o set a p a r t u n d e r C l a s s C. 1510. O u r f o u r t h t y p e of l a n d . C l a s s D , is l a n d i n w h i c h tial g r a n t s a n d t r a n s f e r s s h a l l b e m a d e a b s o l u t e l y i r r e s p e c t i v e race. T h i s m e t h o d p r o v i d e s a f r e e m a r k e t i n l a n d a n d t h e xiiiium o f fluidity, a n d it i s a m e t h o d t o w h i c h t h e n a t i v e s m a y expected i n c r e a s i n g l y t o r e s o r t as t h e y a d v a n c e in c i v i l i z a t i o n 1 experience.

T A B L E I.
SHOWING THE U N I T S OF " N A T I V E LANDS " AS W E RECOMMENDED T H A T THEV S H O U L D BE CONSTITUTED

Serial No. I Name of of Native I Native Land Land Unit! Unit

Comprising

Present Land Land extent oi Recommend Recommend Native ed to be added ed to be ex Reserves as Class / cl nded Con cerried Area Ref. Area ! Ref. So. M . Sq. M Sec. 463 and 562 Sq.M. Sec.

Resultant area of Native Lands

Percentage of Increase (to nearest unit).

Sq. M . 6,152

K I K U Y U .*.

To comprise the South Nyeri, Fort Hall, Kiambu, Embu and Meru Native Reserves plus Class A additions as recommended (minus an area recom mended to be ceded (71 acres).

5,237

865

MASAI

To comprise the Masai Native Reserve 14,797 as gazetted plus areas recommended to be added as Class A , minus areas recommended to be ceded To comprise the Native Reserves of the 8,077 Machakos and Kitui Districts plus areas recommended to be added as Class A minus areas recommended to ! be ceded. To comprise the Suk, Kamasia, Njemps, Elgeyo and Marakwet Native Re serves, plus areas recommended to be added as Class A minus areas recom7,73;

173

634 695 696 697 774 775 779 7.3 795 970 971 1,007

31

694 696 697

14,944

KAMBA

576

339

737

8,264

KERIO

,007

7,736

- -

KAVIRONDO

To comprise the North, Central and South Kavirondo Native Reserves plus Class A additions as recom mended. To comprise the Belgut, Buret and Sotik Native Reserves, plus areas recom mended to be added as Class A . 830 143

1,111 l,0o7 (3) 1,127 1.169 1.176

7.1E0

1%

LUMBWA ..

973

18%.

S5 o

NORTH POKOMO

To comprise the North Pokomo Native Reserve. To comprise the Taveta, Dabida, Sag alla, Central Pokomo. Southern Po komo, North Nyika and Sooth Nyika Native Reserves and all the Native Reserves in the Digo District, plus Class A additions as recommended.

119

119

t1%

COAST

4,752

1,255 1,262 1,265 1,275 1,295

4,310

o o
423 50,940 3%

49,466

1,902

o
S 3

The area of 7.733 square miles includes 1,315 square m i l s north of the Swam River, which are in use as Native Reserve, though not so-gazetted. Their inclusion is subject to the considerations mentioned at sections 911 and 912 of the Report. The remainder, if these 1.315 square miles are deducted, is 43,151 square miles. Actually the area of the Native Reserves -is nt present gazetted is given by the Survey Department as 43,149 square miles. The discrepancy is insignificant and we have not troubled to trace the error in our figures.

o
C O

55

ZJ1

ON

THE

GENERAL II]

LINES

OP

ACTION

PROPOSED

PART I I I C H A P T E R

TABLE
SHOWING THE UNITS OF " N A T I V E NATIVE

II.
T O G E T H E R W I T H T H E AREAS PROVISIONAL

LANDS "

RECOMMENDED

TO BE " N A T I V E

RESERVES" AND "

RESERVES."

Uni t of " NativeUnit NativeLands " to whic h Land s which the Native Re the Nativ e Reserves o r Provi serves Provisional Native sional Nativ e Reserves are Reserves ar e recommended recommended to b e attached attache d

Areas recommended to be added as Native Reserves Class B. 1. Sq. Miles Section Reference

Areas recommended to be added as Pro visional Reserves Class B. Sq. Miles

2.

Section Reference

Total Total i recommended recommended to be added a added s Nativ e Rescrvt Native Rescrvt o r Provisional Provisional Nativ e Resent Native Resent

(1) (2) (3) (4)

KIKUYU MASAI KAMBA KERIO

383

542

383

300 190

759

3C0
140 939

942 967 969 1.C09 1,020

330 J

(5) (6)

NANDI KAVIRONDO ..

(7) L U M B W A (8) NORTH

POKOMO (9) COAST 22* 1,229 1,230 119 1,275

14! j 1,155

896

259

--

TABLE SHOWING THE TOTAL AREAS 'Also, R E C O M M E N D E D TO BE N A T I V E

III. N A T I V E R E S E R V E S ; OR PROVISIONAL N A T I V E RESERVES. %

LANDS;

FOR COMPARISON, T H E T O T A L

A R E A S OF T H E RESERVES AS N O W E X I S T I N G .

Unit of Native Land

Extent of Extent of Native Re Native Lands, serves Class Bl Class A

Extent of Total of Class Provisional A , Bl and B2 Native Reserves Class B2 Square Miles Square Miles 6,535 6,535 14,944 14,944 8,564 8.066 \ 757 7,160 978 119 4,951 i 52,095

Total area of the correspondingcorrespondingReserves as now Reserves now existingexistingSquare Miles 5,237 5,237 14,797 14,797 8,077 7,733 757 7,114 830 119 4,752 49,466

Tota l Total Increase Increase

Percentage ' of Increase

Square Miles
(1) (2) (2 ) (3) (3 ) (4) (4 ) (5) (5 ) (6) (6) (7) (7 ) (8) (8 ) (9) (9 ) KIKUYU.. MASAI KAMBA K E R IO IO NANDI LUMBWA NORTH POKOMO COAST .. .. .. ..

Square Miles 333 300 190J

Sq. Miles 1,243 1,243 147 147 487 333 \ i -A - 1 u 6-0 4-3 23-6 ;

KAVIRONDO

6,152 14,944 8,264 7,736 757 . 7,180 973

:

140

66
148

0-9 17-8

119 4,810 50,940 .

"22\
896

119 259

199 A 2,629

-4-1 5-3

ON T H E G E N E R A L L I N E S O r ACTION
PA11T III OHAFIBR II]

PROPOSED

SCHEDULE OF ADDITIONS TO NATIVE RESERVES

RECOMMENDED.

Class A.
Additions XJ.O. to the K i k u y u 388/1, Section Section Native Reserve.Mwea, areas extension L.O. to llo(j 463 ( 1 ) ; various 4 6 3 ( 2 ) : an compris

21,000 acres, gazetted Additions Zone to

in the Men

a r e a b y a r e v e r s i o n t o t h e 1 0 2 5 b o u n d a r i e s as provisional] (Section 560). the Masai Native Reserve.-The Quarter Mil

(Section

6 8 4 ) ; an a r e a o f g r a z i n g l a n d at the south ( S e c t i o n 696)

e r n e x t r e m i t y o f t h e E a s t e r n M a n F o r e s t E e s e r v e (Sectioi 6 9 5 ) ; - an a r e a o f l a n d in t h e K e d o n g V a l l e y a portion Additions of Mr. Colvile's Native farm (Section 697). of L . O . 174J the Eailwa Etum

to t h e K a m b a (Section

Eeserve.Part (Section land of n o r t h of of

(Section tension in an

774); Alwani Hill

7 7 5 ) ; t h e E m a l i ex ( S e c t i o n 783)

7 7 9 ) ; certain

the g e n e r a l extension

neighbourhood in the

Makindu

neighbourhood

the M a n z i

Eiver Additions

(Section 793). to the Kerio Native Eeserve.L.O. 1108 (Seetio

9 7 0 ) ; a n a r e a o f l a n d t o t h e e a s t o f L e m b u s F o r e s t (Sec t i o n 9 7 1 ) ; p a r t o f L . O . 1 8 6 9 a n d p a r t o f t h e G r o g a n Con cession ( S e c t i o n 1007). Native Reserve.-Part (Section of the pre

A d d i t i o n s to the K a v i r o n d o sent area of Kisumu on M o u n t E l g o n Additions

Township

1 1 1 8 ) ; an are

( S e c t i o n 1 0 8 7 ) ; A l a s e n o ( S e c t i o n 1127). N a t i v e Eeserve.Chepalungu, 1176). Estat Conces marke (Sectio wit

to t h e L u m b w a

the e x c e p t i o n of 10,000 acres (Section Additions sions, 7,1 on to the Coast two at (Sections Native areas Section

Eeserve.Wundanyi on the land of the of Teita area 1268); Native

(Section

1255);

Ltd.

1262 and

the m a p the

1 2 7 1 ; a piece

cominonag

adjoining 1295).

Pungu-AIzichenda

Reserve

Class B l .
A d d i t i o n s to the K i k u y u N a t i v e R e s e r v e . A n j thern p a r t of t h e Y a l t a Additions to the K a m b a
s

area in the r . o f l

(Section 542). Reserve.The Yatta h'

; , i r t

Native

'H

(Section 759).

506
ON ,
T

THE

GENERAL 11]

LINES

OE ACTION

PROPOSED

111CHAPTBH

A d d i t i o n s to t h e K e r i o N a t i v e R e s e r v e . A n a r e a c o n t i g u o u s to the N j e m p s country (Section 9 4 1 ) ; a further area con t i g u o u s t o t h e a b o v e ( S e c t i o n 9G9) ; t h e l a n d t o b e e v a c u ated b y the U a s i n G i s h u M a s a i , w i t h the e x c e p t i o n of E l d a l a t H i l l ( S e c t i o n 9 6 7 ) ; part of L . O . 1869 ( S e c t i o n 1009) ; a n e x t e n s i o n i n t h e C h e r a n g a n i a r e a ( S e c t i o n 1 0 2 0 ) . Additions " D " them. Class Temporary Temporary B2. Native R e s e r v e . - A n Reserve.An exten area addition lo t h e . K e r i o extension to the Coast Native Reserve,-Two areas marked between

on the m a p at section

1235, a n d a c o r r i d o r

s i o n in t h e C h u r o a r e a ( S e c t i o n 9 3 9 ) . to the Coast N a t i v e

m a r k e d Z / 2 o n t h e m a p at Section 1271, Temporary L e a s e . T h e r e a t S e c t i o n 96*8. is a. r e c o m m e n d a t i o n i n t h i s r e g a r d

SCHEDULE OF EXCLUSIONS EKOM NATIVE RESERVES RECOMMENDED.

Exclusions f r o m the M a s a i N a t i v e R e s e r v e . C e r t a i n forest l a n d in c o n n e x i o n w i t h t h e M a u F o r e s t e x c h a n g e ( S e c t i o n 6 9 4 ) ; the K i n a n g o p circumcision area (Section 6 9 6 ) ; cer tain l a n d contiguous to M r . C o l v i l e ' s f a r m ( S e c t i o n 697). Exclusion f r o m the K a m b a R e s e r v e . T h e Chyulu sub-location of the K i k i i m b u l i u N a t i v e R e s e r v e ( S e c t i o n 787). Exclusions f r o m t h e K e r i o N a t i v e R e s e r v e . T h r e e the m a p at S e c t i o n 1029. areas n o w

f o r m i n g p a r t o f t h e E l g e y o N a t i v e R e s e r v e , a s s h o w n On

CHAPTER
PROBLEMS W H I C H ARISE IN

III.
CONNEXION FOR PUBLIC OR W I T H TH If

ACQUISITION SOCIAL NATIVE Method ot Acquiring Plots for Publio Purposes; for Social Service ; ' T r a d e or Industry.

OE P L O T S

PURPOSES

SERVICE; RESERVES.

TRADE,

INDUSTRY,

l o l l . C o n s i d e r a b l e difficulty h a s b e e n e x p e r i e n c e d , especial! in t h e K i k u y u P r o v i n c e , i n finding a s a t i s f a c t o r y m e t h o d of coil p e n s a t i n g r i g h t - h o l d e r s , w h e n p l o t s a r e r e q u i r e d f o r purposes social s e r v i c e , t r a d e , or i n d u s t r y . T h e m e t h o d p r o v i d e d in til L a n d s T r u s t O r d i n a n c e f o r t h e a c q u i s i t i o n of such p l o t s is leasl . o r , if t h e p l o t is r e q u i r e d f o r a p u b l i c p u r p o s e w i t h i n the meanii of s e c t i o n 15 ( 1 ) of t h e O r d i n a n c e , t h e r e m a y b e exclusion ail e x c h a n g e f o r a n o t h e r area to be a d d e d e l s e w h e r e . T h e r e is all a p r a c t i c e of " s e t t i n g a p a r t " , the a u t h o r i t y f o r w h i c h is derivj f r o m r u l e s m a d e in 1 9 3 1 , w h i c h w i l l b e q u o t e d b e l o w . I t is nece sary t o c o n s i d e r t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e s e m e t h o d s . 1 5 1 2 . U n d e r t h e m e t h o d of e x c l u s i o n , i t is p r o v i d e d that, wli^ l a n d is e x c l u d e d f o r a p u b l i c p u r p o s e , a n a r e a e q u a l in e x t e n t and i - n e a r l y as p o s s i b l e e q u a l i n v a l u e s h o u l d be a d d e d . T h e intention f a i r - e n o u g h , ' b u t it h a s b e e n r e p r e s e n t e d t o us t h a t tribes a o f t e n v e r y , j e a l o u s of t h e i r t e r r i t o r y . A s o n e w i t n e s s put i t , thi d o n o t so m u c h c o n s i d e r t h e l a n d as b e l o n g i n g t o t h e m , as t l j they belong.to the land. 1 5 1 3 . W e , , i n c l i n e t o t h e b e l i e f t h a t a p e r m a n e n t e x c h a n g e , sul as w o u l d b e r e p r e s e n t e d b y an e x c l u s i o n o f l a n d f o r a public p u f l ' p o s e a n d a c o r r e s p o n d i n g a d d i t i o n e l s e w h e r e , is n o t a m e t h f w h i c h is l i k e l y t o a p p e a l t o a n a t i v e t r i b e , a n d w e are convinej that there are s o m e tribes to w h o m it w o u l d n o t appeal. 1 5 1 4 . W h e n w e t u r n f r o m t h e p o i n t of v i e w of t h e tribe I t h a t of t h e i n d i v i d u a l , t h e p o s i t i o n is e v e n l e s s s a t i s f a c t o r y . H e m c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r d i s t u r b a n c e a n d t h e u s e o f t h e a d d e d block, whij i n a l l p r o b a b i l i t y w i l l b e u s e l e s s t o h i m , s i n c e i t is unlikely thl h e w i l l l e a v e h i s o w n r e l a t i v e s a n d g o a n d l i v e in a place whif i n m o s t cases w o u l d b e far d i s t a n t f r o m his h o m e , e v e n if the addj b l o c k w e r e c o n t i g u o u s t o t h e r e s e r v e . I t i s t r u e t h a t in Kikuyu i m i g h t sell o r p a w n i t , b u t t h a t i s c e r t a i n l y n o t a form of coil p e n s a t i o n w h i c h w o u l d be a c c e p t a b l e t o h i m . M o r e o v e r , he won! o b j e c t m o s t s t r o n g l y t o t h e loss o f h i s o w n l a n d , and woul p r e f e r t o k e e p a r e v e r s i o n a r y i n t e r e s t in i t , h o w e v e r s h a d o w y , ratlj than r e c e i v e a l t e r n a t i v e land e l s e w h e r e . 1 5 1 5 . A n o t h e r s e r i o u s o b j e c t i o n t o t h e m e t h o d of exclusionj t h a t m a n y of t h e p u b l i c p u r p o s e s a r e f o r t h e d i r e c t benefit of

T h e Method -of Exclusion.

507
ON THE ACQUISITION III] OP PLOTS IN NATIVE RESERVES ht I I I - C H A P T E R

lives t h e m s e l v e s , a n d a r e o f t e n u n d e r t a k e n a t t h e e x p e n s e o f t h e jcal N a t i v e C o u n c i l s . I t w o u l d b e a b s u r d t h a t , w h e n a h o s p i t a l ' school h a s b e e n e r e c t e d l a r g e l y a t t h e e x p e n s e of t h e L o c a l stive C o u n c i l , t h e p l o t s h o u l d b e e x c l u d e d . T h e r e s e e m s t o us be s o m e t h i n g i n c o n g r u o u s i n e x c l u d i n g a p i e c e o f l a n d f r o m t h e ;erve m e r e l y f o r t h e p u r p o s e of m a k i n g a r o a d , o r a b r i d g e , or a. nip, o r e v e n a t o w n s h i p , s i n c e a l l t h e s e s e r v i c e s a r e p a r t a n d ireel of t h e p r o g r e s s of t h e r e s e r v e . I t i s m o s t d e s i r a b l e t o e n mage in t h e n a t i v e s a c i v i c p r i d e i n t h e i r r o a d s a n d b r i d g e s , eir social s e r v i c e c e n t r e s a n d t h e i r t o w n s h i p s , r a t h e r t h a n t o elude t h e m a n d c r e a t e t h e i m p r e s s i o n of t a k i n g a w a y e v e r y t h i n g licli a c q u i r e s a n e x c e p t i o n a l v a l u e . W e a r e s o m e w h a t d o u b t f u l lether t h e m e t h o d o f e x c l u s i o n i s r e a l l y s u i t a b l e in a n y c i r c u m inces, a n d s h a l l m a k e a l t e r n a t i v e p r o p o s a l s i n t h e s e c t i o n s b e l o w which w e d e a l w i t h " s e t t i n g a p a r t " . 1516. E v e n w h e n such u n d e r t a k i n g s a r e n o t e x c l u s i v e l y f o r e benefit of n a t i v e s , e . g . i n t h e c a s e o f a r o a d or a t o w n s h i p , ere a r e s t r o n g a r g u m e n t s f o r k e e p i n g t h e l a n d i n t h e r e s e r v e . 1517. I n s p i t e of t h e f a c t t h a t w e c o n s i d e r s e t t i n g a p a r t t o b e

.*.'-'?.

re s u i t a b l e t h a n e x c l u s i o n a s a m e a n s o f s e c u r i n g l a n d f o r p u b l i c rposes, w e a r e a g r e e d t h a t e x c l u s i o n s h o u l d r e m a i n a p o s s i b i l i t y , therefore b e c o m e s r e l e v a n t t o c o n s i d e r o n w h a t t e r m s i t s h o u l d allowed. 1518. Section 15 of the Ordinance provides that exclusions a only b e m a d e w i t h t h e a d v i c e a n d c o n s e n t o f t h e L a n d s T r u s t iard, a n d t h a t b e f o r e s u c h c o n s e n t i s g i v e n , i t i s n e c e s s a r y : ( a ) ; the p r o p o s e d e x c l u s i o n s h o u l d b e b r o u g h t t o t h e n o t i c e of t h e al N a t i v e cal L a n d Council Board a n d of the natives concerned; (c) the that (6) that the must discuss t h e matter; for representa v. the j^ j
:

' ' , . ." . The Nature; of

e u

j^g j
( 6

l l o l

'

t y

berore piap

Exclusions
0 t a l i e

es of t h e l o c a t i o n o r s e c t i o n c o n c e r n e d icerned m u s t be co-opted on the B o a r d cussion; a n d (d) ical B o a r d isent of

a n d of t h e l o c a l n a t i v e s purpose of

t h a t , if t h e a r e a i s o v e r 2 0 0 a c r e s i n e x t e n t , a n d the exclusion of cannot If take place is without obtained, the the

2 L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l or t h e A f r i c a n m e m b e r o r m e m b e r s of t h e object, the Secretary State. consent

lusion t a k e s p l a c e b y t h e p r o c e s s o f e x c h a n g e a l r e a d y

described

pve.
1519. ^t Since w e shall m a k e a r e c o m m e n d a t i o n Board should consist entirely of in another members of place the of the L o c a l

H e a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l w i t h t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r as c h a i r m a n , regard ( a ) , (b) composition of a n d ( c ) as s u i t a b l e , b u t c o n s i d e r t h a t i n v i e w the L a n d s Trust Board which we recommend

where, (d) should n o l o n g e r be r e q u i r e d .

ON

THE

ACQUISITION III]

OK

PLOTS

IN

NATIVE

RESERVES

PART I I I - C H A P T E R

"The Land Acquisition AeTT

1520. W e find it r e g r e t t a b l e t h a t n o r e c o u r s e has b e e n provide' a g a i n s t a v e t o b y t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d a g a i n s t t h e exclusion l a n d r e q u i r e d f o r p u b l i c p u r p o s e s , s i n c e it is o n e of t h e f u n d a m e n t a l s e c u r e l a n d f o r p u b l i c p u r p o s e s b y m e a n s of L a n d A c q u i s i t i o n Act or s i m i l a r i n s t r u m e n t s . to have been provided, although w e agree that t h e necessity ini

n e c e s s i t i e s of G o v e r n m e n t t h a t it s h o u l d a l w a y s h a v e t h e power trj

I n o u r o p i n i o n , s o m e such recourse outilitj

r e s o r t i n g t o it s h o u l d b e v e r y r a r e . 1 5 2 1 . W e c o n s i d e r t h a t , if l a n d is r e q u i r e d for p u b l i c purposi a n d if n o s a t i s f a c t o r y s o l u t i o n c a n b e f o u n d e i t h e r b y t h e method o l s e t t i n g a p a r t ( w i t h or w i t h o u t l e a s e ) o r b y t h e m e t h o d of exclusion a n d c o m p e n s a t o r y a d d i t i o n as p r o v i d e d in s e c t i o n 15 of the Ordin ance, then of the it s h o u l d b e p o s s i b l e f o r t h e G o v e r n o r t o m a k e use o l of State the and subject We to t h e L a n d s are convinced Trust that Board native the p r o v i s i o n s of t h e L a n d A c q u i s i t i o n A c t , subject t o t h e approv Secretary consulted being upon terms.

w o u l d p r e f e r t h a t t h e l a n d s h o u l d b e t h e i r l a n d e v e n w i t h the coi dition that the L a n d A c q u i s i t i o n l a n d as it is n o w . Leases of L a n d for Publio Purposes. 1 5 2 2 . A n a l t e r n a t i v e w a y of a c q u i r i n g l a n d for p u b l i c purpose; is l e a s e . B u t a p a r t f r o m o t h e r d i f f i c u l t i e s , t o w h i c h w e shall refei incongruous in of Governmenl the natives, first hav l a t e r , t h e r e appiears t o b e s o m e t h i n g Act applied ( w h i c h applies to a o t h e r l a n d in t h e C o l o n y ) , r a t h e r t h a n that it should r e m a i n Crow

h a v i n g t o t a k e a l e a s e of l a n d i n a n a t i v e r e s e r v e , e . g . build a d i s p e n s a r y e n t i r e l y f o r t h e use a n d b e n e f i t the L o c a l Native Council, which

in order t j

A n d t h e i n c o n g r u i t y i s s t i l l m o r e m a r k e d if t h e lease is issued t in t h a t c a s e w o u l d c o m p e n s a t e t h e r i g h t - h o l d e r s a n d t h e n p a y r e n t to itself. -Setting ,Apart. 1523. W e cumvent these Ordinance, m a y conjecture difficulties that under t h a t i t w a s l a r g e l y in order to cir the rules under Notice the L a n d s Trttsl the 31 531 of

published

Government

A u g u s t , 1931, w e r e introduced.

R u l e s N o . 9 a n d 10 a r e as follows

Rule No. 9 . " I f i n t h e o p i n i o n of t h e P r o v i n c i a l Commi s i o n e r it is d e s i r a b l e t h a t a specific area in a n a t i v e reserv s h o u l d b e s e t a p a r t f o r t h e p u r p o s e of a t r a d i n g centre or lot s c h o o l , h o s p i t a l , o r o t h e r i n s t i t u t i o n f o r the benefit of tl: n a t i v e s r e s i d i n g i n t h e r e s e r v e , o r f o r a G o v e r n m e n t camp o s t a t i o n , o r f o r a p o l i c e o r m i l i t a r y p o s t , or f o r afforestation w a t e r s u p p l y , or f o r a n y o t h e r p u r p o s e w h i c h in his opinion l i k e l y t o b e n e f i t t h e n a t i v e s r e s i d e n t in the r e s e r v e , he sha c a u s e a p r o p o s a l t o t h a t effect t o b e l a i d b e f o r e the Loc; N a t i v e C o u n c i l a n d b e f o r e t h e n a t i v e s c o n c e r n e d , whose recom m e n d a t i o n s shall b e c o m m u n i c a t e d t o t h e L o c a l Board at it

508
ON
T

THE

ACQUISITION 111]

OE

PLOTS

IN

NATIVE

RESERVES

IIf-

CHAPTER

next m e e t i n g . tion."

The

report

of

the L o c a l

Board

shall

be

for

u a i d e d w i t h o u t d e l a y to t h e C e n t r a l B o a r d f o r t h e i r c o n s i d e r a Rule No. 1 0 . - " W h e n a n y area has b e e n duly approved and set a p a r t b y t h e C e n t r a l B o a r d f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f a t r a d i n g centre i t s h a l l b e m a r k e d o u t i n t o p l o t s in s u c h m a n n e r as t h e District C o m m i s s i o n e r ( s u b j e c t t o t h e d i r e c t i o n s o f t h e P r o vineial C o m m i s s i o n e r ) m a y d i r e c t , a n d in s u c h c a s e it shall not b e n e c e s s a r y t o o b t a i n t h e f u r t h e r s a n c t i o n of t h e n a t i v e s concerned t o t h e g r a n t of a n y i n d i v i d u a l l e a s e o r l i c e n c e in respect of a p l o t s i t u a t e i n s u c h a r e a . " 1524. T h e s e rules have been c o m m o n l y interpreted to m e a n at t h e a r e a a s a w h o l e m a y b e s e t a s i d e w i t h o u t l e a s e , t h o u g h uses of i n d i v i d u a l t r a d i n g p l o t s i n i t w o u l d b e n e c e s s a r y . The ovision h a s a l r e a d y b e e n p u t i n t o p r a c t i c e in s e v e r a l c a s e s , a n d , Kikuyu i t h a s b e e n f o u n d t h a t s t r o n g o p p o s i t i o n is e v i n c e d b y jht-holders t o t h e a c c e p t a n c e of a n o u t r i g h t c o m p e n s a t i o n , b u t at i h e r e is l e s s o b j e c t i o n t o p a y m e n t i n t h e s h a p e o f a n i n i t i a l s w e e t e n e r " a n d t h e r e a f t e r an a n n u a l c o m p e n s a t i o n , p r a c t i c a l l y distinguishable f r o m a r e n t . E v i d e n c e g i v e n t o us b y s o m e of te more i n t e l l i g e n t n a t i v e s a t K i s u m u a n d i n baraza at M u m i a s unrated that the K a v i r o n d o natives hold the same v i e w . T h e chief lerits w h i c h w e see i n t h e m e t h o d o f s e t t i n g a p a r t a r e : ( 1 ) T h a t it raids t h e a n o m a l y of t h e N a t i v e C o u n c i l h a v i n g t o p a y r e n t t o self; ( 2 ) T h a t it s e c u r e s a w h o l e b l o c k f o r d e v e l o p m e n t a n d c o m ensates the r i g h t - h o l d e r s , g e n e r a l l y b y annual p a y m e n t s , for the hole of i t , so t h a t t h e a r e a c a n b e s u b d i v i d e d d i r e c t l y b y G o v e r n lent or t h e L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l w i t h o u t c o m p l i c a t i n g e m b a r r a s s lents a b o u t c o m p e n s a t i o n h a v i n g t o b e c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e c a s e of tch sepiarate p l o t ; ( 3 ) T h a t i t p r e s e r v e s t h e t r i b a l t e r r i t o r y as an itejfral w h o l e in c o n t r a d i s t i n c t i o n t o t h e m e t h o d o f e x c l u s i o n . 1 5 2 5 . I n r e g a r d t o t h e a u t h o r i t y t o b e r e q u i r e d b e f o r e l a n d is The Nature o set a p a r t " , w e m a k e t h e f o l l o w i n g r e c o m m e n d a t i o n w h i c h i s i n r e q u i t ^ d ^ ' ^ mformity w i t h t h e e x i s t i n g r u l e s . before Land
,-. , ^ l i i i ii , can be Sot

1526.

The

Provincial

C o m m i s s i o n e r should h a v e t h e p o w e r to to the to be the use be set natives

Apart.

it apart l a n d f o r p u b l i c p u r p o s e s o r as a s t e p p r e l i m i n a r y sue of a n y l e a s e , w h i c h i n h i s o p i n i o n is f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f sident i n t h e t r i b a l u n i t c o n c e r n e d , e i t h e r i n r e s p e c t of i which the l a u d is t o b e rents. put or that b e c a u s e of no such tpected f r o m w t until : Proviso 1. Local Native Council has been consulted. (a) T h e local natives h a v e been consulted. (6) T h e Provided land should the revenue

ON T H E ACQUISITION PART I I I C H A P T E R I I I ]

OF

PLOTS

IN

NATIVE

RESERVES

( c ) T h e L o c a l L a n d B o a r d h a s b e e n c o n s u l t e d , represen t a t i v e s of t h e l o c a t i o n c o n c e r n e d b e i n g co-opted (or the purpose. (d) Proviso (a) Due c o m p e n s a t i o n h a s b e e n a r r a n g e d in the mannei w h i c h w i l l b e r e c o m m e n d e d in s e c t i o n 1541 below. 2. If . the Local Land Board does not support the pro p o s a l t o s e t a p a r t , t h e l a n d s h o u l d n o t b e set apart u n l e s s t h e s a n c t i o n of t h e G o v e r n o r is g i v e n . (b) If t h e L o c a l L a n d B o a r d s u p p o r t s t h e proposal, b i u t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r d o e s n o t support it, thf l a n d s h o u l d n o t b e s e t a p a r t u n l e s s the sanction o, t h e G o v e r n o r is g i v e n .

(c)

I f t h e l a n d set a p a r t is o v e r t e n a c r e s , t h e L a n d s Trus B o a r d s h o u l d h a v e t h e p o w e r of v e t o , if it consider that the the special purpose for which t h e land is set b e of benefit ' a p a r t is n o t s u c h as w i l l natives. t h e r u l e s r e g a r d i n g s e t t i n g a p a r t m a y be applie. wanted f o r a t r a d i n g c e n t r e in w h i c h the plot J p l o t s in t h e r e s e r v e or to ordinan B u t s i n c e n o l e a s e m a y be issuec primarily

Industrial
1 1 a

and
t o s e

1527. W h i l e
c u r e t u e

1 oases' " ' r

a n

c a n t h e n b e l e a s e d s e v e r a l l y , i t is m o r e d o u b t f u l w h e t h e r it applh to i s o l a t e d p l o t s , such as m i l l industrial or agricultural leases.

i n a n a t i v e r e s e r v e u n l e s s t h e L a n d B o a r d c o n s i d e r s that the issut of i t w i l l b e n e f i t t h e n a t i v e s , a n d s i n c e B u l e 9 c o v e r s a n y purpost w h i c h in t h e o p i n i o n of t h e P r o v i n c i a l benefit the natives", it seems cover all cases. I52S. H o w e v e r generally convenient Council would first this if may be, it would, in in our opinion, shoiilj tliij C o m m i s s i o n e r is " l i k e l y ti that probable

it could be held to]

all l e a s e s issued itself lease

n a t i v e reserves for

be p r e c e d e d b y t h e l a n d b e i n g set a p a r t , so t h a t t h e L o c a l Nativ make the responsible is i s s u e d . any compensating right-holders, before Local Native The lessee would the:;! clauses ahonj

g e t a s t r a i g h t l e a s e of t h e l a n d , s p e c i f y i n g Council, without compensating ' ' right-holders.

t h e r e n t payable to tli

complicating

1529. A l t h o u g h leases of

l a r g e a r e a s t o p r i v a t e enterprise ura we understand t h a t only one sucfl

possible under t h e O r d i n a n c e ,

l e a s e h a s a c t u a l l y b e e n c a r r i e d o u t . a n d t h a t w a s to g i v e effect tj an a r r a n g e m e n t a l r e a d y i n t r a i n b e f o r e t h e O r d i n a n c e was passed T h e r e is e v e r y r e a s o n t o e n d o r s e t h e o p i n i o n e x p r e s s e d by three o]

509
ON T H E ACQUISITION III] OF PLOTS I N NATIVE RESERVES ijni I I I C H A P T E B

lie m e m b e r s of t h e H i l t o n - Y o u n g C o m m i s s i o n , t h a t such l e a s e s w i l l ie e x t r e m e l y r a r e . It observed in r e g a r d to t h e m : " O u r c o n c l u s i o n is t h a t , u n t i l t h e n a t i v e s a r e s u f f i c i e n t l y educated a n d o r g a n i z e d t o e x p r e s s a r e s p o n s i b l e a n d i n t e l l i g e n t opinion, until their r e q u i r e m e n t s in land and the potentialities of t h e r e s e r v e s to m e e t t h e m c a n h e assessed w i t h m u c h m o r e c e r t a i n t y t h a n at p r e s e n t , t h e l e a s i n g of s u b s t a n t i a l a r e a s of land i n t h e r e s e r v e s t o n o n - n a t i v e s f o r c u l t i v a t i o n o u g h t n o t to b e p e r m i t t e d e x c e p t i n v e r y e x c e p t i o n a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s . " 1530. A p a r t from t h e s p e c i a l c a s e of m i n i n g l e a s e , a l m o s t all

eases of s m a l l a r e a s in n a t i v e r e s e r v e s a r e l i k e l y t o b e f o r hooks or t r a d i n g p l o t s or t h e l i k e .

mission The Nature of the Authority efore^Lancl can be Leased,

1531. A f t e r l a n d h a s b e e n set a p a r t , it c o u l d , w h e r e so r e q u i r e d , subdivided i n t o p l o t s to b e l e a s e d i n c o n f o r m i t y w i t h t h e p u r ases for w h i c h the l a n d w a s s e t a p a r t . T h e Provincial Commisloner should d e c i d e a f t e r c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h t h e L o c a l B o a r d , p r o that t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d o r ( w h e r e it h a s d e l e g a t e d i t s athority t o h i m ) t h e C h i e f N a t i v e C o m m i s s i o n e r s h o u l d h a v e the sver of veto in r e s p e c t of the l e a s e of a n y p l o t e x c e e d i n g t e n c e in extent. us 1532. S i n c e w e h a v e a l r e a d y r e c o m m e n d e d in s e c t i o n 1526 b v that t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d s h o u l d h a v e a p o w e r of v e t o in oe pect of t h e s e t t i n g a p a r t o f a n y l a n d i n e x c e s s of t e n a c r e s , t h i s xtra s a f e g u a r d m a y b e t h o u g h t u n n e c e s s a r y . B u t s o m e t i m e s t h e aids T r u s t B o a r d m i g h t a p p r o v e of a m u c h l a r g e r a r e a b e i n g set ut, f o r i n s t a n c e f o r t h e i n s t i t u t i o n of s o m e s c h e m e of i n d u s t r i a l operation i n w h i c h n o n - n a t i v e c a p i t a l m i g h t p l a y a p a r t . I t is lit that it s h o u l d r e t a i n a m e a s u r e of c o n t r o l , n o t o n l y i n r e s p e c t the o r i g i n a l s e t t i n g a p a r t , but a l s o in r e s p e c t of s u b s e q u e n t isos, in o r d e r to e n s u r e t h a t l e a s e s a r e n o t b e i n g g r a n t e d in such aauner as w o u l d i n v o l v e a d e p a r t u r e f r o m t h e p u r p o s e s f o r w h i c h it' land had b e e n set a p a r t .

1533. T h e r e still r e m a i n c e r t a i n d i f f i c u l t i e s to b e c o n s i d e r e d . Certain etion 10 of t h e O r d i n a n c e p r o v i d e s t h a t , w h e n e v e r l a n d i s l e a s e d , difficulties le Board " s h a l l fix t h e r e n t a t t h e h i g h e s t a m o u n t t h a t c a n isonably b e e x p e c t e d t o b e o b t a i n e d for t h e l a n d , h a v i n g r e g a r d all the c i r c u m s t a n c e s of t h e c a s e " . W e c o n s i d e r t h i s p r o v i s i o n D rigid. T h e r e a r e c a s e s i n w h i c h a l o w r e n t w i t h s t r i c t b e t t e r lent c o n d i t i o n s w o u l d b e p r e f e r a b l e . W e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e P r o mcial C o m m i s s i o n e r s h o u l d assess t h e r e n t a f t e r c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h ie L o c a l L a n d B o a r d .
a b o u t

L e a s 0 8

1534. U n d e r s e c t i o n 7 ( b ) of t h e o r i g i n a l O r d i n a n c e , i t is p r o ideil that n o l a n d m a y b e l e a s e d , u n l e s s b e n e f i t s w i l l a c c r u e t o t h e serve apart f r o m t h e r e v e n u e t o b e d e r i v e d . W e f a i l t o see a n y

ON THK ACQUISITION PAHT I I I C H A P T E R I I I ]

OK

PLOTS

IN

NATIVE

RESERVES

r e a s o n or c o m m o n s e n s e i n t h i s c l a u s e . I t m i g h t h a v e t h e result f o r i n s t a n c e , t h a t a p i e c e of l a n d of n o u s e t o t h e n a t i v e s could not b e l e a s e d f o r a n e l e c t r i c p o w e r s c h e m e e v e n at an e n o r m o u s rental b u t t h a t a m u c h l a r g e r a r e a c o u l d b e l e a s e d f o r a g o l f links on the s c o r e t h a t c a d d i e s ' f e e s w i l l b e p a i d to t h e n a t i v e s . 1 5 3 5 . U n d e r s e c t i o n 7 (a) of t h e o r i g i n a l O r d i n a n c e , no lam] c a n b e l e a s e d if it is b e i n g b e n e f i c i a l l y o c c u p i e d b y t h e natives, ur e v e n if it is l i k e l y t o b e r e q u i r e d f o r t h e i r u s e a n d support duriti" t h e c u r r e n c y of t h e l e a s e . I n s o m e of t h e r e s e r v e s , n o t a b l y Kikuyu it w o u l d b e p r a c t i c a l l y i m p o s s i b l e t o find a n y l a n d e x c e p t barren r o c k w h i c h w o u l d b e h e l d to b e f r e e f r o m t h e s e d i s a b i l i t i e s . But it w o u l d be. a b s u r d t o h o l d t h a t l a n d c o u l d n o t b e leased to a mission o r e v e n a b o d y of n a t i v e s f o r a c h u r c h , m e r e l y b e c a u s e a f e w goats h a b i t u a l l y r u n o n i t . W e t h i n k t h a i t h i s c l a u s e should certainly be discarded. Snmmary ol Methods for Acquiring Plo:s for Public Purposes. 1536. T h e discussion of these m e t h o d s h a s been somewhat d i s c u r s i v e , and a s u m m i t r y is n e c e s s a r y . S e v e r a l m e t h o d s hav b e e n d i s c u s s e d f o r s e c u r i n g p l o t s f o r p u b l i c p u r p o s e s . O n e of then n a m e l y d i r e c t l e a s e , c a n b e o m i t t e d , s i n c e w e h a v e m a d e a recom m e n d a t i o n t h a t i n a l l cases lease s h o u l d be p r e c e d e d b y setting apart. T h e r e m a i n i n g m e t h o d s are : (ti) E x c l u s i o n u n d e r s e c t i o n 15 o f t h e O r d i n a n c e , e n t a i l i n g the a d d i t i o n of a c o m p e n s a t o r y b l o c k , " e q u a l in e x t e n t , am' as f a r as p o s s i b l e e q u a l i n v a l u e . " (b) Setting apart (with or without lease), plots within the area set apart b o d i e s or e l s e Local Native institution, in b e i n g e i t h e r l e a s e d t o p r i v a t e persons or d e v e l o p e d d i r e c t l y b y G o v e r n m e n t or the C o u n c i l f o r t h e p u r p o s e s o f s o m e public w h i c h case n o l e a s e is n e c e s s a r y .

( c ) L a n d a c q u i s i t i o n u n d e r t h e L a n d A c q u i s i t i o n A c t , in which case e x c l u s i o n t a k e s p l a c e on p a y m e n t of the full value of t h e l a n d p l u s 15 p e r c e n t , a n d n o c o m p e n s a t o r y block need be added. 1 5 3 7 . I t is c l e a r t h a t t h e p u b l i c pairposes f o r w h i c h methods ( a ) or ( c ) c o u l d b e i n v o k e d m u s t be p u b l i c p u r p o s e s as strictlyI d e f i n e d . B u t m e t h o d (b) w e h a v e d e c i d e d t o b e s u i t a b l e for leases! of a l l k i n d s , a n d n o t o n l y f o r t h o s e w h i c h a r e r e q u i r e d for public! p u r p o s e s ; p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e y m u s t b e f o r p u r p o s e s w h i c h are bene ficial t o n a t i v e s . General Reeoinmenda tion. 1538. O u r g e n e r a l r e c o m m e n d a t i o n is as f o l l o w s :

1 5 3 9 . W e r e c o m m e n d t h a t s e t t i n g a p a r t s h o u l d be regarded as t h e r e g u l a r m e t h o d of s e c u r i n g p l o t s f o r a l l p u r p o s e s , including p u b l i c p u r p o s e s ; f o r social s e r v i c e s ; a n d f o r t r a d e or industry, etc. B u t i n c a s e t h e B o a r d s h o u l d h a v e e x e r c i s e d i t s v e t o against this

510
ON THE ACQUISITION III] OF PLOTS IN NATIVE RESERVES IIT 1HCHAPTER JS

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:

hctiiod i u a n y p a r t i c u l a r i n s t a n c e , t h e r e s h o u l d b e n o o t h e r r e lotirse, u n l e s s t h e p u r p o s e is a p u b l i c p u r p o s e s t r i c t l y so c a l l e d , is d e c l a r e d b y t h e G o v e r n o r t o be so. I n t h a t c a s e , t h e m e t h o d exclusion s h o u l d b e t h e n e x t r e c o u r s e . B u t if t h e B o a r d w i l l n o t ire to e i t h e r o f t h e s e c o u r s e s ( s e t t i n g a p a r t o r e x c l u s i o n ) , a n d a milock w o u l d o t h e r w i s e e n s u e , t h e G o v e r n o r s h o u l d h a v e t h e itrer, as a last r e s o r t , t o a p p l y t h e L a n d A c q u i s i t i o n A c t , p r o v i d e d lull the a p p r o v a l o f t h e S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e s h o u l d first b e o b t a i n e d . 1.54.0. T h i s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n a p p l i e s o n l y to C l a s s A l a n d s , imilar or i d e n t i c a l c l a u s e s w o u l d be r e q u i r e d to g o v e r n t h e ac sition of l a n d f o r p u b l i c p u r p o s e s in " B " a r e a s . 154.1. W e ineh a p p l y m a k e the following additional recommendations, purposes, for to the setting apart of l a n d f o r public

; g g Uf ^'' "
n 11S 0 n 1

Rccommenda

poses of social s e r v i c e , for t r a d e or i n d u s t r y , or a n y o t h e r p u r use: ( I ) T h a t " s e t t i n g a p a r t " be a condition ill leases i n n a t i v e r e s e r v e s . (2) T h a t , e x c e p t i n t h e c a s e c o n t e m p l a t e d i n c l a u s e (b) of t h e end p r o v i s o t o s e c t i o n 1526 a b o v e , n o l e a s e s b e issued w h i c h , in i p i n i o n o f t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r , a r e u n l i k e l y to b e n e f i t (lie n a t i v e s ; r e g a r d b e i n g h a d , n o t o n l y to t h e p u r p o s e f o r w h i c h s iand i s t o b e l e a s e d , b u t a l s o t o t h e r e v e n u e t o b e d e r i v e d . o OS) T h a t d i s c r e t i o n s h o u l d b e a l l o w e d i n a r r a n g i n g t h e t e r m s m c o n d i t i o n s of l e a s e , t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r d e c i d i n g t h e m l cases in w h i c h t h e l a n d t o b e l e a s e d is u n d e r t e n a c r e s in xtent; p r o v i d e d t h a t h e s h o u l d first c o n s u l t t h e L o c a l L a n d B o a r d , the L o c a l L a n d B o a r d d i s s e n t s , t h e r e s h o u l d b e a n a p p e a l t o ic G o v e r n o r . (4) T h a t a l l s e t t i n g apart of l a n d a b o v e 10 a c r e s , a n d all l e a s s of l a n d a b o v e 10 a c r e s b e s u b j e c t t o t h e v e t o of t h e L a n d s T r u s t (1; p r o v i d e d t h a t c e r t a i n p o w e r s of t h e B o a r d i n t h i s r e s p e c t Id b e d e l e g a t e d t o t h e C h i e f N a t i v e C o m m i s s i o n e r (see s e c t i o n 631 b e l o w ) . (Note.-The other conditions regarding t h e persons or been described in bodies land section be c o n s u l t e d a n d t h e n a t u r e of t h e c o n s e n t r e q u i r e d b e f o r e i be set a p a r t o r l e a s e d h a v e a l r e a d y 56 above.) 2 ( 5 ) T h a t in d i s t r i c t s w h e r e a r e c o g n i z a b l e f o r m of xists, t h e r i g h t - h o l d e r s s h o u l d h a v e t h e o p t i o n of fa) outright, or and an initial premium. (b) annual compensation right-holding taking p r e c e d e n t t o t h e issue

Apart.

u in t h e l a t t e r c a s e , if d i f f i c u l t i e s of s u c c e s s i o n or o t h e r c o m p l i c a t ion? a r i s e , t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r s h o u l d be a b l e t o d i r e c t

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PART I I I C H A P T E R

a t a n y t i m e t h a t a n n u a l c o m p e n s a t i o n s h o u l d c e a s e , a n d a n outright p a y m e n t be substituted. ( 6 ) T h a t in d i s t r i c t s w h e r e p r i v a t e r i g h t - h o l d i n g is less de v e l o p e d t h a n it i s i n K i k u y u or K a v i r o n d o , t h e P r o v i n c i a l Coin m i s s i o n e r s h o u l d d e c i d e , a f t e r c o n s u l t i n g t h e L o c a l L a n d Board, w h e t h e r c o m p e n s a t i o n s h o u l d be u n d e r ( a ) or u n d e r ( 6 ) , o r , indeed, w h e t h e r i t n e e d b e p a i d a t all ( e . g . in t h e c a s e of a p i e c e of un o c c u p i e d l a n d in a n a r e a w h e r e n o r e c o g n i z a b l e p r a c t i c e of private r i g h t - h o l d i n g e x i s t s ) . T h e L o c a l L a n d B o a r d s h o u l d b e consulted o n t h e a s s e s s m e n t of c o m p e n s a t i o n w h e n l a n d is set a p a r t , and if t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r d o e s n o t a g r e e , t h e r e should be an a p p e a l to t h e G o v e r n o r , w h o s e d e c i s i o n s h o u l d b e final. ( 7 ) T h a t o u t r i g h t c o m p e n s a t i o n s h o u l d a l w a y s be assessed on t h e s a m e b a s i s as if t h e l a n d w e r e b e i n g t a k e n o v e r u n d e r the Land A c q u i s i t i o n A c t t h e f u l l v a l u e , p l u s 15 p e r c e n t . B u t if an initial p r e m i u m h a s a l r e a d y b e e n p a i d , a s in t h e case of an annual cont p e n s a t i o n , a n d it is s u b s e q u e n t l y d e s i r e d t o c o n v e r t to an outright c o m p e n s a t i o n , t h e a m o u n t of t h e p r e m i u m s h o u l d b e d e d u c t e d , in so f a r as i t d o e s n o t r e p r e s e n t c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r b u i l d i n g s or crops. ( 8 ) T h a t , e x c e p t as o t h e r w i s e p r o v i d e d i n s u b - s e c t i o n (6) above, the Provincial Commissioner (a) the shall assess Land the compensation (6) Board after consultation Native with local natives concerned, Land the Local disagree,

Council, and

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Commissioner and the L o c a l

t h e m a t t e r s h o u l d b e r e f e r r e d t o t h e G o v e r n o r , w h o s e d e c i s i o n should if, after compensation has been a s s e s s e d , a dispute t h e r e t o , the Pro

s h o u l d a r i s e as to w h o

are the persons entitled

v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r s h o u l d c a u s e t h e a m o u n t of t h e compensation to b e d e p o s i t e d i n t h e office of t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r pending award, account of the method method award but that be the setting apart The amount of t h e p l o t s h o u l d n o t on that should be the whole decided decided t o c o m p e n s a t e untlet t o c o m p e n s a t e under delayed. deposited

t h e c o m p e n s a t i o n , if initial premium, if

it has b e e n it has been

( u ) , or t h e a m o u n t of o n e y e a r ' s a n n u a l c o m p e n s a t i o n am! (b). after hearing final. the representations of the p a r t i e s , but there

T h e L o c a l N a t i v e G o u u c i l s h o u l d h a v e t h e p o w e r t o make the s h o u l d b e a n a p p e a l t o t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r , w h o s e decision should be ( 1 0 ) T h a t i n t h e c a s e of a n n u a l c o m p e n s a t i o n t h e right-holder should outright k e e p his r e v e r s i o n a r y payment. In the interest; but not in t h e case of an w o u l d be to latter case, the reversion

511
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ON T H E ACQUISITION OF PLOTS

I N NATIVE .

RESERVES

,,,. I I I - C H A P T E R I I I ]

He L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l , w h i c n w o u lm b e r eog " r d e d a s b e i n g c o l a " " " OCai JNatlVe UOUUC11, w m c h w u u d ^ " o

1

lective i'vrfly t h e " o w n e r " , a n d m i g h t d i s p o s e of i t i n a n y w a y c o n form able to n a t i v e l a w a n d c u s t o m a s e x i s t i n g a t t h e t i m e . (11) (a) That the principle for determining what authority is r e '
;

jponsible f o r c o m p e n s a t i n g t h e r i g h t - h o l d e r s s h o u l d b e a s f o l l o w s : I n r e s p e c t of l a n d s e t a p a r t a n d d e v e l o p e d b y G o v e r n m e n t w i t h o u t lease : If t h e purpose is principally for t h e local natives ( e . g . a school at w h i c h m o s t of t h e pupils w i l l b e local n a t i v e s ) , t h e c o m p e n s a t i o n should b e paid either b y t h e Local If Native Council, or from the Native Better-ment than F u n d allocated to the district. t h e purpose is f o r natives g e n e r a l l y , rather ( e . g . an advanced for natives of t h e district educational '

establishment for t h e natives as a w h o l e ) , c o m p e n s a t i o n should be payable from t h e N a t i v e B e t t e r m e n t F u n d ( u n allocated). I f t h e purpose is for the public g e n e r a l l y rather than for natives in p a r t i c u l a r (e.g. a water-power to be developed scheme), revenue. by leases compensation should b e payable f r o m general (6) I n respect The In of land set apart (e.g. a trading centre) : N a t i v e C o u n c i l s h o u l d i n a l l cases b e e x p e c t e d of the N a t i v e Council from refusing to do so, Better

t o pay t h e compensation, since it w i l l receive all rents. the event the money might be advanced the Native

m e n t F u n d , b u t in that case there should b e a provision for recovering t h e amount f r o m 1542. T h e g e n e r a l

BuV,

rents. *
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methods

of a c q u i r i n g l a n d f o r p u b l i c p u r - Application of
n

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b e e n s u f f i c i e n t l y d i s c u s s e d . I t r e m a i n s t o c o n s i d e r t h e m i n Cases, T h e cases w h i c h m u s t leir a p p l i c a t i o n t o s p e c i a l r e q u i r e m e n t s . ? m e n t i o n e d as p o s s e s s i n g e x c e p t i o n a l f e a t u r e s a r e : (a) S c h o o l jd C h u r c h P l o t s ; ( b ) T o w n s h i p s ; ( c ) M i n i n g L e a s e s ; (d) O t h e r jspects of m i n i n g ; ( e ) C o n t r o l o f w a t e r ; (/) B o a d s a n d R a i l w a y s ; l'i N a t i v e F o r e s t R e s e r v e s ; (7t) L i c e n c e s o f v a r i o u s k i n d s . 1543. T h e q u e s t i o n o f s c h o o l a n d c h u r c h p l o t s i n t h e K i k u y u c"mr ch plots ' Vovince i s d i s c u s s e d a t l e n g t h i n A p p e n d i x N o . 7. W e b e l i e v e rat the s t u d y t h e r e g i v e n o f t h e s u b j e c t w i l l b e useful a s a g e n e r a l aide, a l t h o u g h i t i s p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e a r r a n g e m e n t s w h i c h m a y e found a p p l i c a b l e t o o t h e r p r o v i n c e s w i l l b e less e l a b o r a t e i n ^portion a s t h e i r s y s t e m o f l a n d t e n u r e i s l e s s d e v e l o p e d . W e ivite a t t e n t i o n t o t h e e v i d e n c e g i v e n b y t h e D i r e c t o r o f E d u c a t i o n
5 10 ld

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(Evidence, pp. L103-1106), ( E v i d e n c e , pp. 1100-1102), ( E v i d e n c e , p. 2297). ^5) Townships in Native Reserves.

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Missionary n a t i v e s at

Count Kisum

1 5 4 4 . I n r e s p e c t o f t h e c r e a t i o n and d e v e l o p m e n t of socis s e r v i c e c e n t r e s , t r a d i n g c e n t r e s and t o w n s h i p s , w e r e c o m m e n d tha t h e b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s h o u l d b e that t h e y r e m a i n in t h e r e s e r v e and g r o w p r o g r e s s i v e l y o u t of p l o t s set a p a r t as n e e d arises. A s each a r e a is s e t a p a r t , c o m p e n s a t i o n is p a i d t o t h e r i g h t - h o l d e r s , if uV l a n d is s u b j e c t to r i g h t - h o l d i n g . O t h e r w i s e t h e r e is no need to p a y c o m p e n s a t i o n , e x c e p t f o r d i s t u r b a n c e . C o m p e n s a t i o n t o rhdit h o l d e r s m i g h t e i t h e r t a k e t h e f o r m of an o u t r i g h t p a y m e n t or oi a n a n n u a l p a y m e n t a f t e r t h e m a n n e r o f a r e n t . I n t h e latter case, t h e r e s h o u l d b e a p o w e r r e s e r v e d t o buy o u t f o r an outright pay m e n t w h e n n e c e s s a r y , in t h e s a m e m a n n e r a s i f t h e l a n d w e r e heirr a c q u i r e d u n d e r t h e L a n d A c q u i s i t i o n A c t , b u t , t h o u g h this would b u y o u t t h e r i g h t - h o l d e r , t h e l a n d w o u l d s t i l l r e m a i n p a r t of the reserve. 1.545. I n t h e s t a g e s b e f o r e a t o w n s h i p is d e c l a r e d , the centre a r e m a n a g e d a n d c o n t r o l l e d b y t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r work i n g t h r o u g h h i s stall', t h e L o c a l L a n d B o a r d b e i n g consulted when a l e a s e i s i s s u e d o r w h e n c o m p e n s a t i o n h a s t o b e f i x e d , and th. L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d b e i n g c o n s u l t e d w h e n a n y l e a s e exceeds ten a c r e s in e x t e n t ; s a v i n g t h a t , w h e r e t h e l a n d t o b e s e t apart doe not e x c e e d o n e h u n d r e d a c r e s or t h e l a n d t o b e leased does no; e x c e e d fifty a c r e s , t h e f u n c t i o n of t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d in this r e s p e c t s h o u l d b e d e l e g a t e d to t h e C h i e f N a t i v e Commissioner section 1631 b e l o w . )

(fine

1 5 4 6 . A t a l a t e r s t a g e , the P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r , afte c o n s u l t i n g t h e L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l a n d t h e L o c a l L a n d Boanll c a u s e s a t o w n s h i p ( C l a s s I I ) to b e d e c l a r e d , a n d m a y then requira t h e L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l t o m a k e d u e p r o v i s i o n , o u t of the rentj w d i i c h i t r e c e i v e s , f o r t h e d i s c h a r g e of l a n d l o r d s ' responsibilities fa m a t t e r r e q u i r i n g a m e n d m e n t of t h e N a t i v e A u t h o r i t y Ordinance ] A t t h i s s t a g e , t h e r e i s a s m a l l t o w n s h i p c o m m i t t e e w i t h powers] to raise conservancy fees and the l i k e .
5

1 5 4 7 . T h e n e x t s t a g e i s t h a t , a t t h e i n s t a n c e of t h e Provinci C o m m i s s i o n e r a n d w i t h t h e a p p r o v a l of t h e L a n d s T r u s t Board, t o w n s h i p ( C l a s s I ) m a y b e d e c l a r e d , a n d t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r of Land would then assume p o i n t of control. The terms a n d c o n d i t i o n s would h t o the Secret-hp a r r a n g e d b y a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n G o v e r n m e n t a n d t h e L a n d s Tins Board, any of State. 1548. T h e contingency that the B o a r d m i g h t refuse to agre disagreement being referred

o n a n y t e r m s a c c e p t a b l e t o G o v e r n m e n t , a n d t h a t t h e developmer, of t h e t o w n s h i p m i g h t t h e r e b y b e i m p e d e d , is sufficiently met b]

512
ON T H E A C Q U I S I T I O N OF P L O T S I N N A T I V E lijUT HICuAprun J1I] RESERVES

[he g e n e r a l r e c o m m e n d a t i o n m a d e in s e c t i o n 1539 a b o v e . Townhips a r e a p u b l i c p u r p o s e w i t h i n t h e m e a n i n g of s e c t i o n 15 o f t h e f i n a n c e , a n d r e c o u r s e c o u l d b e h a d to e x c l u s i o n . O r , if the jard s h o u l d still w i t h h o l d c o n s e n t , t h e l a n d c o u l d b e a c q u i r e d mler t h e L a n d A c q u i s i t i o n A c t , s u b j e c t t o t h e a p p r o v a l of t h e eeretary of S t a t e .

1549. B u t i t m a y b e a s s u m e d t h a t n o r m a l l y a g r e e m e n t w o u l d reached, a n d t h e l a u d w o u l d t h e n r e m a i n an i n t e g r a l p a r t of t h e Wive t e r r i t o r y , t h o u g h set a p a r t as a, t o w n s h i p . I n such case lanslerence o f c o n t r o l t o t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r of L a n d s w o u l d n o t ifeet t h e p r i m a r y d e s t i n a t i o n of t h e r e n t s . T h e y w o u l d still be (aid to t h e L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l , b u t , as p a r t of t h e t e r m s , t h e jouacil w o u l d b e r e q u i r e d t o m a k e tin a n n u a l c o n t r i b u t i o n f r o m jiein on a p e r c e n t a g e b a s i s t o b e a r r a n g e d . 550. W e r e c o m m e n d t h a t a l l e x i s t i n g t o w n s h i p s in n a t i v e eserves s h o u l d b e h e l d to b e t o w n s h i p s , C l a s s I I , and w e are atisiied t h a t , e x c e p t i n t w o c a s e s t o b e m e n t i o n e d b e l o w , n o jijustice w i l l r e s u l t if i t i s h e l d t h a t w i t h i n t h e e x i s t i n g b o u n d a r i e s ' such t o w n s h i p s n o p r i v a t e r i g h t - h o l d e r s r e m a i n t o b e c o m p e n tedeither f o r t h e r e a s o n t h a t all r i g h t - h o l d e r s h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n ifficiently c o m p e n s a t e d or t h a t a t t h e t i m e w h e n t h e t o w n s h i p me i n t o b e i n g n o s y s t e m o f p r i v a t e r i g h t - h o l d i n g h a d y e t b e e n cognizably e s t a b l i s h e d in r e s p e c t of t h e a r e a c o v e r e d b y t h e nshtp. B u t if a n y e x t e n s i o n of t h e s e t o w n s h i p s s h o u l d e v e r b e rjuireel, i t s h o u l d b e o n t h e s a m e c o n d i t i o n s of c o m p e n s a t i o n as applicable t o t o w n s h i p s g e n e r a l l y . The Question . Componsa holders i n ' *" existing ' "'nships.
f 6 0

,J

1551. T h e t w o c a s e s w h i c h a p p e a r t o b e e x c e p t i o n a l a r e t h o s e Two Special Fort H a l l a n d I v a k a m e g a . I n e a c h of t h e s e p l a c e s it so h a p p e n s Cases, tt there a r e t w e n t y - s i x h u t s o c c u p i e d b y p e r s o n s w h o c l a i m t o e rights in the land on t h e ground that they w e r e o c c u p y i n g it ore its a l i e n a t i o n , a n d t h e r e a r e a l s o c e r t a i n n a t i v e s w h o h a v e en a l l o w e d t o c o m e o n t o i t a f t e r w a r d s . 1552. W e ese n a t i v e s
?e ,

consider may have

that

the

settlement be

of

any

claims in

which of

should

as r e c o m m e n d e d

cases

tting a p a r t ( s e c t i o n 1 5 4 1 ( 1 1 ) a b o v e ) .

T h e N a t i v e Council in each paying

as t h e r e c i p i e n t of t h e r e n t s , s h o u l d b e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r

v c o m p e n s a t i o n i n r e s p e c t of t h a t p a r t of t h e t o w n s h i p w h i c h i s ipart f o r p u r p o s e s of l e a s i n g ; i t s h o u l d a l s o p a y a n y aelit of t h e n a t i v e s of t h e d i s t r i c t . T h e l i a b i l i t y of compensa for the o due o n a c c o u n t of a n y p a r t d e v e l o p e d b y G o v e r n m e n t u

Government directly, of the

pay f r o m g e n e r a l r e v e n u e s h o u l d b e c o n f i n e d t o t h a t p a r t of t h e wnship, if a n y , w h i c h i s b e i n g d e v e l o p e d b y G o v e r n m e n t I by l e a s e , f o r lives of t h e purposes not connected with district. the benefit

ON THE ACQUISITION PAHT I I I - C H A I - T E U I I I ]

OF

PLOTS TN

NATIVE

RESERVES

1553. D i f f i c u l t i e s of a l l o c a t i o n w i l l n o d o u b t a r i s e , as for s t a n c e w h e t h e r t h e s i t e s o c c u p i e d b y a p o l i c e p a r a d e g r o u n d , or p o s t o f f i c e , or e v e n a t e n n i s c o u r t f o r t h e u s e of officers emplove in a d m i n i s t e r i n g t h e r e s e r v e , a r e to b e c o u n t e d as l a n d developed ft t h e b e n e f i t of n a t i v e s o r n o t . W e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e Provincii C o m m i s s i o n e r s h o u l d m a k e a r e c o m m e n d a t i o n , a f t e r consultii' t h e L o c a l L a n d B o a r d , a n d t h a t t h e G o v e r n o r should decide. 1554. O u r own opinion is t h a t i n t h e c a s e of F o r t Council H a l l ff, w h o l e t o w n s h i p m a y b e said to e x i s t f o r t h e b e n e f i t of the native and that the L o c a l N a t i v e to pay all the assistance f r o m for the m i g h t l e g i t i m a t e l y be require for right-holders, withoi Commission! practicable his evident compensation Government. assessed

B u t since the District t h a t it he may b e found in

is of o p i n i o n t h a t an u n n e c e s s a r i l y l a r g e a c r e a g e has been set apai t o w n s h i p , w e suggest it in the manner reduce which recommends

( E v i d e n c e , p p . 5 8 0 , 5 8 1 ) , a n d f o r a n y n a t i v e s w h o n o w occupy tli t o w n s h i p t o m o v e on t o t h e l a n d s u r r e n d e r e d . 1555. I f a monetary compensation is p a i d , w e consider that Tf

g e n e r o u s a s s e s s m e n t on a d i s t u r b a n c e b a s i s w o u l d be e q u i t a b l e . t a k e n i n t o use as a G o v e r n m e n t

f a c t m u s t b e t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t t h a t a t t h e d a t e w h e n the land w: S t a t i o n , p r i v a t e r i g h t - h o l d i n g w; so u n d e v e l o p e d a c o n c e p t i o n as t o b e h a r d l y r e c o g n i z a b l e , and c o m p e n s a t i o n , if n o w assessed o n t h e full v a l u e of t h e land, woulj e x c e e d t h e e x t e n t of t h e t r u e l o s s s u s t a i n e d . 1556'. T h e the natives, degree. its case of Eakamega is is similar, changing but, to a although tlj

t o w n s h i p h a s e x i s t e d in t h e p a s t a l m o s t e n t i r e l y f o r the benefit! character already considerabl T h e p r o p o r t i o n of t h e c o m p e n s a t i o n t o be paid by Govenf Native C o u n c i l should therefoi

m e n t as c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e L o c a l

b e g r e a t e r t h a n in t h e case, of F o r t H a l l , a n d p e r h a p s half-and-ha w o u l d b e a f a i r a r r a n g e m e n t in r e s p e c t of t h a t part of the townshi w h i c h i s b e i n g d e v e l o p e d as a G o v e r n m e n t of that part which is to b e surveyed Station. B u t in respei leasing, til into plots for

N a t i v e C o u n c i l s h o u l d p a y t h e w h o l e of t h e c o m p e n s a t i o n , since] will receive the rents. 1 5 5 7 . W h i l e at t h e e a r l y s t a g e s in t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of a tradii centre tension further it is f a i r it that compensation on into for any l a n d required for ei v a l u e , it is propj for compensation should b e -assessed has g r o w n the agricultural a township,

that, w h e n allowance

extension

s h o u l d b e assessed o n a b a s i s w h i c h would mall t h e l a n d had acquired township.

for t h e e n h a n c e d v a l u e w h i c h

a c c o u n t of t h e p r o x i m i t y of t h e

513
ON lit T H E ACQUISITION III] OF PLOTS IN NATIVE RESERVES

HICHAPTER

1558. W e h a v e m a d e s p e c i a l r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s t o m e e t p a r t i c u - 0 ) Mining ;ases w h i c h h a v e a l r e a d y a r i s e n a t K a k a m e g a , or w h i c h m a y jse b e f o r e a n y a m e n d i n g l e g i s l a t i o n w h i c h m a y b e c o n s e q u e n t o n Report h a s b e e n e f f e c t e d (vide S e c t i o n s H 4 6 - 1 1 4 8 a b o v e ) . We n o w discuss t h e q u e s t i o n of m i n i n g leases, n o t w i t h a n y parti lar r e f e r e n c e , b u t o n i t s g e n e r a l m e r i t s .
L e a s e s

Bl i

Sn n o t b e as s u i t a b l e a m e t h o d f o r m i n i n g l e a s e s as i t ol d l e a s e s , s u b j e c t t o a s l i g h t v a r i a t i o n t o suit t h e s p e c i a l in of t h e c a s e . os ri g n dg i n

1559. W e

see n o r e a s o n

why

setting

apart followed

by

lease is f o r con

1560. I n o r d i n a r y l e a s e s , t h e N a t i v e C o u n c i l w o u l d r e c e i v e rents, a n d so r e c o u p i t s e l f f o r t h e c o m p e n s a t i o n w h i c h i t h a s t o to r i g h t - h o l d e r s , a n d w o u l d p r o b a b l y s e c u r e f o r i t s e l f a s m a l l of p r o f i t as a r e c o m p e n s e f o r i t s s e r v i c e s . B u t u n d e r t h e O r d i n a n c e i t is p r e s c r i b e d t h a t t h e l e a s e of m i n e r a l r i g h t s Sh. 5 p e r a c r e a n n u a l l y , p a y a b l e t o t h e C r o w n . 1561. W e may b e . 1562. I n o u r o p i n i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g a r r a n g e m e n t w o u l d b e f a i r [l p a r t i e s : T h e first s t a g e is t h a t t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r , a Hr c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h (a) t h e n a t i v e s c o n c e r n e d , (b) t h e L o c a l e [live C o u n c i l , a n d ( c ) t h e L o c a l L a n d B o a r d , s e t s a p a r t t h e l a n d posed t o b e l e a s e d , t h e m e t h o d b e i n g p r e c i s e l y t h e s a m e a s in ier cases of s e t t i n g a p a r t (vide s e c t i o n s 1526 a n d 1541 a b o v e ) . 1563. T h e a r e a h a v i n g t h u s b e e n set a p a r t is a v a i l a b l e t o b e ed. W e r e c o m m e n d c o n c u r r e n t l e a s e s , o n e i s s u e d i n r e s p e c t he m i n i n g r i g h t s a n d c a r r y i n g a r e n t a l of five s h i l l i n g s a n n u a l l y able t o G o v e r n m e n t , t h e o t h e r i s s u e d i n respect, of t h e l a n d la r e n t t o b e p a i d t o t h e L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l . T h e initial in r e s p e c t of t h e l a n d s h o u l d b e assessed so a s t o g i v e a f a i r lomic r e t u r n o n t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l v a l u e , a n d s h o u l d b e sufficient eimburse t h e L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l f o r i t s e x p e n d i t u r e in c o m isating t h e r i g h t - h o l d e r s , a n d a l s o t o l e a v e a s m a l l m a r g i n of 1st, b o t h a s a g e n e r a l r e c o g n i t i o n t o t h e t r i b e a n d a l s o a s p a y it for s e r v i c e s r e n d e r e d . W e a l s o r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e l e a s e o f land s h o u l d a u t o m a t i c a l l y e x p i r e o r b e r e n e w e d o n t h e e x p i r y enewal of t h e m i n i n g l e a s e . I n t h e e v e n t of r e n e w a l , w e r e c o m that t h e r e n t a l f o r t h e l a n d b e r a i s e d b y , s a y , t w e n t y p e r jt, and t h a t a c l a u s e t o t h i s e f f e c t b e i n c l u d e d i n t h e o r i g i n a l as a c o n d i t i o n o f r e n e w a l . 1561. I t may be objected while t h a t i t is n o t f a i r t o p r e s c r i b e l e a s e s in r e s p e c t of m i n i n g one lease suffices in other that consider it desirable that in respect of mining all

ses of t h e c o m m u n i t y s h o u l d b e t r e a t e d o n an e q u a l i t y , as n e a r l y

e should b e t w o c o n c u r r e n t is in n a t i v e reserves,

opera areas.

ON

T H E

ACQUISITION

OF PLOTS

IN

NATIVE

RESERVES

P A R T 111CHAPTER I I I ]

B u t a l a n d l o r d o n a p r i v a t e e s t a t e o u t s i d e t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e has t h e r i g h t to m a k e h i s o w n t e r m s w i t h t h e a p p l i c a n t for a miniim l e a s e , s u b j e c t to a r e c o u r s e to a r b i t r a t i o n , a n d t h e t e r m s which h e s e c u r e s a r e l i k e l y to b e a t l e a s t as f a v o u r a b l e as t h o s e which h e w o u l d h a v e s e c u r e d b y a l e a s e of t h e l a n d based o n its a"ri cultural value. 1 0 6 5 . A s e c o n d o b j e c t i o n w h i c h m i g h t b e r a i s e d i s in regard t o t h e e n h a n c e m e n t of r e n t o n r e n e w a l . I t m a y b e a r g u e d that the] l e s s o r is n o t e n t i t l e d to a n y p r o f i t f r o m c i r c u m s t a n c e s arising car of t h e success of t h e . m i n e . B u t w h i l e w e a g r e e that t h e amounts of g o l d w o n f r o m t h e m i n e s h o u l d n o t b e a c i r c u m s t a n c e direct! a f f e c t i n g t h e r e n t a l v a l u e o f s u r f a c e r i g h t s , w e c o n s i d e r that the v a l u e of l a n d in t h a t n e i g h b o u r h o o d w i l l c e r t a i n l y i m p r o v e because o f t h e b e t t e r r o a d s , c o m m u n i c a t i o n s , m a r k e t s , a n d o t h e r amenities w h i c h successful m i n i n g o p e r a t i o n s a r e b o u n d to p r o d u c e , and these are- c i r c u m s t a n c e s w h i c h o u g h t t o b e t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t . We therefore consider our proposal to b e justified. 1 5 6 6 . T h e c o n t i n g e n c y m u s t b e c o n s i d e r e d t h a t the Native C o u n c i l m i g h t a t t e m p t to f r u s t r a t e t h e issue of t h e lease by refusing t o m a k e t h e c o m p e n s a t o r y p a y m e n t s . I n such c a s e , it should be c o m p e t e n t f o r G o v e r n m e n t to c o m p e n s a t e t h e r i g h t - h o l d e r s and r e c o v e r t h e a m o u n t b y d i s t r a i n t u p o n t h e r e n t s p a y a b l e to the Local N a t i v e Council. 1 5 6 7 . A s a n a l t e r n a t i v e , w e p r o p o s e a m e t h o d of temporary A n alternative Method. e x c l u s i o n , w h i c h c o u l d b e p u t i n t o o p e r a t i o n in a n y a r e a s , if the Temporary L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l a n d t h e n a t i v e s a f f e c t e d p r e f e r i t , and if it Exclusion. f o u n d to b e p r a c t i c a b l e i n t h e p a r t i c u l a r c i r c u m s t a n c e s . Thel o p e r a t i o n of t h e m e t h o d w o u l d b e a s f o l l o w s : 1 5 6 8 . T h e a r e a r e q u i r e d f o r t h e m i n i n g l e a s e w o u l d first e x c l u d e d f r o m t h e r e s e r v e a n d an a r e a e q u a l i n e x t e n t and as far as p o s s i b l e e q u a l in a g r i c u l t u r a l v a l u e w o u l d b e a d d e d . A n y right h o l d e r s a f f e c t e d w o u l d h a v e t h e o p t i o n o f t a k i n g compensation in c a s h b o t h f o r d i s t u r b a n c e a n d f o r t h e f u l l a g r i c u l t u r a l value of tin i a n d , o r of t a k i n g c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r d i s t u r b a n c e o n l y and going to l i v e o n t h e p i e c e o f l a n d a d d e d , o r , as a t h i r d p o s s i b i l i t y , it might b e f o u n d p r a c t i c a b l e , as i n t h e c a s e of K a k a m e g a , that they shouh b e g i v e n a p i e c e o f n a t i v e r e s e r v e f o r e s t n e a r t h e i r o w n homes or i p i e c e of c o m m o n a g e n o t s u b j e c t t o r i g h t - h o l d i n g , so that individual; w o u l d b e c o m p e n s a t e d f r o m l a n d a l r e a d y in t h e r e s e r v e , while tin t r i b e a t l a r g e w o u l d b e c o m p e n s a t e d b v t h e a d d e d block. 1 5 6 9 . C o m p e n s a t i o n f o r d i s t u r b a n c e w o u l d i n c l u d e full com p e n s a t i o n f o r h u t s a n d o t h e r b u i l d i n g s , f o r a n y crops not reaped a n d a s u f f i c i e n t s u m t o e n a b l e t h e n a t i v e s a f f e c t e d to purchase foot f o r t h e m s e l v e s a n d t h e m f a m i l i e s u n t i l t h e y should be able t t reap crops f r o m their n e w land.

51
ON THE ACQUISITION III] OE PLOTS IN NATIVE RESERVES gt I I I - C H A P T E R

1570. T o a v o i d t h e d i f f i c u l t y o f f i n d i n g a f r e s h p i e c e of l a n d add e v e r y t i m e a l e a s e is i s s u e d , i t w o u l d , as a m a t t e r of p r a c e, be c o n v e n i e n t t o set a s i d e a b l o c k f r o m w h i c h t h e c o m nsatory a d d i t i o n c o u l d b e m a d e as r e q u i r e d . 1571. T h e p o s i t i o n o n t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e m i n i n g l e a s e w o u l d rmally b e t h a t t h e l a n d c o m p r i s e d in t h e l e a s e w o u l d r e v e r t t o e reserve w h i l e t h e b l o c k a d d e d i n c o m p e n s a t i o n w o u l d r e v e r t the C r o w n , e x c e p t i n g o n l y such p o r t i o n o f it as m i g h t be h e l d be a f a i r set-off a g a i n s t a n y p a r t o f t h e a r e a l e a s e d w h i c h h a d en p e r m a n e n t l y i m p a i r e d b y t h e m i n i n g o p e r a t i o n s . T h a t p o r t i o n ouhl b e p e r m a n e n t l y a d d e d t o t h e r e s e r v e . (Note.The p r e s e n t o b s t a c l e t o t h i s m e t h o d is t h a t t h e r e i s n o additions.) for ovision u n d e r t h e O r d i n a n c e f o r m a k i n g t e m p o r a r y

1572. A f t e r t h e l a n d h a s b e e n s e t a p a r t a n d a r r a n g e m e n t s issued. 1573. T h e (a) From sion advantages and disadvantages the point of the view of the loses area, of t h e t w o the and

ring c o m p e n s a t i o n h a v e b e e n c o m p l e t e d , t h e m i n i n g l e a s e c o u l d methods "exclupossibly an often from Comparison of tho " t w o tribe.-Under temporarily, and
8 0 C

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area external to its f o r m e r boundaries. becomes, and on each occasion it

this has taken place, the m o r e pock-marked the loses w h i c h increased r e n t a l s m a y b e expected as each of to agricultural increase in method, land the in au area which the is not

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S o m e of t h e t r i b e s o f K e n y a a t t a c h i m m e n s e s i g n i fieance t o t h e i n t e g r i t y of t h e i r t r i b a l b o u n d a r i e s , a n d occasions w h e n they w o u l d voluntarily agree to any land being excluded would be extremely rare. A s they become m o r e e d u c a t e d in m e t h o d s o f l a n d t e n u r e , i t w i l l b e possible to w e a r d o w n the opposition against lease, but t h e o p p o s i t i o n a g a i n s t e x c l u s i o n is b a s e d on w h a t i s a l m o s t a f u n d a m e n t a l a r t i c l e of t h e i r t r i b a l f a i t h , n a m e l y , t h a t t h e i r l a n d is t h e i r m o t h e r a n d t h a t t h e y a r e n o t a t liberty to abandon it. (6) From the point of vieio of the individual.Under the e x clusion m e t h o d , the individual gets compensation for dis t u r b a n c e ; t h e use of an a r e a w h i c h m a y o f t e n b e r e m o t e f r o m h i s o w n h o m e ; a n d cash c o m p e n s a t i o n for t h e

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d i f f e r e n c e i n v a l u e , if a n y , b e t w e e n t h e a r e a lost and the a r e a a d d e d . A n d w h e n t h e l e a s e f a l l s i n , t h e r e m a y be a second disturbance. U n d e r t h e " s e t t i n g a s i d e p l u s l e a s e " m e t h o d he g e t s : C o m p e n s a t i o n f o r d i s t u r b a n c e ; a n n u a l compensa t i o n e q u a l t o t h e f a n a g r i c u l t u r a l r e n t a l ; w i t h t h e possi b i l i t y e i t h e r o f u l t i m a t e r e v e r s i o n o r o f b e i n g b o u g h t out at t h e f u l l a g r i c u l t u r a l v a l u e , p l u s 15 p e r c e n t ; and he c o n t i n u e s t o l i v e n e a r h i s o w n h o m e . O r , if h e prefers i t , h e c a n t a k e o u t r i g h t c o m p e n s a t i o n , a n d u s e it to get h i m s e l f o t h e r l a n d in t h e r e s e r v e o r a l e a s e of l a n d in a Class C n a t i v e area, or in a n y other w a y . 1 5 7 4 . T w o o b j e c t i o n s m a y b e r a i s e d : E i r s t , t h a t if a native g e t s c a s h c o m p e n s a t i o n h e w i l l s q u a n d e r i t ; s e c o n d , t h a t he may not- be able to g e t alternative land to c u l t i v a t e .
r

T h e first o f t h e s e o b j e c t i o n s m a y h a v e a c e r t a i n f o r c e against a n o u t r i g h t p a y m e n t , b u t n o t a g a i n s t a n a n n u a l c o m p e n s a t i o n . In a n y e v e n t , t h e a l l e g e d i m p r o v i d e n c e of n a t i v e s i n r e s p e c t of money does not seem to be supported by much evidence. E x c e p t that t h e y a r e p r o n e t o i n v e s t t h e i r s a v i n g s i n c a t t l e , t h e y appear in m o s t c a s e s to. b e g i v e n m o r e t o h o a r d i n g t h a n to improvident spending. A s t o t h e s e c o n d p o i n t , t h e r e i s n o e v i d e n c e whatever t h a t a n y n a t i v e e v e r h a s s e r i o u s d i f f i c u l t y i n g e t t i n g l a n d to cul t i v a t e , a l t h o u g h h e o f t e n h a s d i f f i c u l t y i n g e t t i n g l a n d w h i c h he m a y c u l t i v a t e as a r i g h t - h o l d e r . T h i s l a t t e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n is largely of ,a s e n t i m e n t a l k i n d a n d p a y m e n t of a n a n n u a l c o m p e n s a t i o n is a s t a n d i n g r e c o g n i t i o n of h i s r i g h t , a n d h e k e e p s t h e reversionary interest.
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a w e l l - k n o w n c i v i l i z e d p r a c t i c e , a n d i t s e e m s to us gener a l l y d e s i r a b l e t h a t w h e n i n n o v a t i o n s a r e i n t r o d u c e d into a n a t i v e s y s t e m . t h e y s h o u l d b e such a s w i l l l e a d it gradu a l l y to c o n f o r m i t y w i t h m o r e c i v i l i z e d practices. The m e t h o d o f b a l a n c i n g e v e r y e x c l u s i o n w i t h an equal atldi t i o n h a s n o c o u n t e r p a r t i n c i v i l i z e d c o u n t r i e s ; is extremely a w k w a r d i n p r a c t i c e , a n d is n o t so j u s t as it s e e m s , since it i g n o r e s t h e e s s e n t i a l f a c t o r o f t h e c o n v e n i e n c e of the person dispossessed. 1 5 7 5 : I i i s p i t e of t h e f a c t t h a t t h e a b o v e s u m m a r y s h o w s every reason remain cases in to prefer the system if ever of setting apart t o t h e s y s t e m of ex it. There may be c l u s i o n , n e v e r t h e l e s s w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e l a t t e r m e t h o d should a possibility, which the people a prefer ingenuity can suggest satisfactory solution on

those lines, a n d , in order to satisfy

t h e p r o v i s i o n s of t h e original

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- f i n a n c e , w e h a v e s o u g h t f o r s u c h a s o l u t i o n i n t h e c a s e of K a k a lega in r e s p e c t of such l e a s e s w h i c h m a y a l r e a d y h a v e b e e n issued before a c t i o n h a s b e e n t a k e n u p o n o u r R e p o r t . 1576. T h e p a r t i c u l a r q u e s t i o n of K a k a m e g a h a s a l r e a d y r e c e i v e d itention i n C h a p t e r X I I I of P a r t I I of o u r R e p o r t Recommenda tiona regard ( s e c t i o n s 1146 ing Kalsamega. Option

sqq.).
,577. W e h a v e s h o w n o u r r e a s o n s f o r t h i n k i n g t h e m e t h o d o f Local jtting a s i d e p l u s l e a s e t o b e f a r p r e f e r a b l e t o t h e m e t h o d o f e x c l u on, and i t is o n l y o u t o f r e s p e c t f o r t h e e x i s t i n g O r d i n a n c e t h a t w e ive r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t t h e l a t t e r s h o u l d r e m a i n a s a m e t h o d . B u t , ing w h a t w e h a v e w r i t t e n a b o u t K a k a m e g a , w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t m e t h o d o f e x c l u s i o n , a s a m e a n s p r e l i m i n a r y t o t h e i s s u e of ming l e a s e s , s h o u l d n e v e r b e a p p l i e d u n l e s s t h e r e is t h e c l e a r e s t issible i n d i c a t i o n t h a t b o t h t h e l o c a l n a t i v e s a l f e c t e d a n d t h e loal N a t i v e C o u n c i l p r e f e r it t o t h e m e t h o d of s e t t i n g a p a r t . 1578. S u i t a b l e r e g u l a t i o n s f o r m i n i n g l e a s e s w i l l c o n t r i b u t e , solution of the land problems created by mining the serves, b u t t h e y o n l y ining f r o m cover a very s m a l l p a r t of (d) Other t o Matters i n n a t i v e relating to Mining. field. The by are a some other theory, Kenya that seems

sturbanCe c a u s e d b y p r o s p e c t i n g , a n d b y a l l u v i a l m i n i n g , a n d c l a i m s is i n c o m p a r a b l y But while greater than the mining ;ely to b e c a u s e d b y contemplation. jightforward we a t t e m p t problem to make t h e issue o f a n y on w h i c h precise we leases which with the

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ifidence, w e b e l i e v e t h a t w e m a y e a s i l y d o m o r e h a r m t h a n g o o d recommendations jiects of m i n i n g w h i c h w o u l d l a r g e l y h a v e t o b e b a s e d o n ce the a c t u a l p r a c t i c e of m i n i n g a n d e v e n p r o s p e c t i n g i n still i n its embryonic stages. The evidence before herto t h e r e h a s b e e n e x t r e m e l y l i t t l e d i s t u r b a n c e . There

u s is

... only o n e a u t h e n t i c a t e d c a s e of a h u t h a v i n g b e e n m o v e d , a n d t was b y m u t u a l a g r e e m e n t , a n d t h e r e h a s b e e n l i t t l e :e of c u l t i v a t e d l a n d . It is g e n e r a l l y disturb oba admitted, and indeed

Ins, t h a t t h e n a t i v e s h a v e g a i n e d g r e a t l y f r o m t h e c r e a t i o n o f

market f o r t h e i r p r o d u c e a n d t h e i r l a b o u r so n e a r t h e i r h o m e s . , 1579. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , i t c a n n o t b e d e n i e d t h a t t h e p r e s e n c e [some h u n d r e d s o f Europeans living in a native reserve on no that may very led f o r m o f t e n u r e i s b o u n d t o c a u s e e m b a r r a s s m e n t , a n d [s desirable t h a t i t s h o u l d b e r e g u l a t e d . is h o w m u c h r e g u l a t i o n possibly be wise to wait until the ought to be attempted situation yet. has It

W h a t is m o r e question developed

more e x p e r i e n c e h a s b e e n g a i n e d b e f o r e mite r e g u l a t i o n .

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1 5 8 0 . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e r e a r e a s p e c t s of t h e p o s i t i o n which ar s e r i o u s a n d m a y b e c o m e u r g e n t , a n d w e c o n s i d e r it our duty a l e a s t t o o f f e r a t a b u l a t i o n o f t h e m a i n d i f f i c u l t i e s i n s i g h t , and t .comment upon t h e m . Prospecting Rights. 1 5 8 1 . U n d e r s e c t i o n 13 ( i ) of t h e M i n i n g O r d i n a n c e , it is pro v i d e d t h a t l a n d w i t h i n a n a t i v e r e s e r v e is e x c l u d e d f r o m prospectin c r o c c u p a t i o n u n d e r a n y p r o s p e c t i n g r i g h t e x c e p t w i t h t h e consen of t h e N a t i v e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d in w r i t i n g . U n d e r section 5 o the M i n i n g (Amendment) O r d i n a n c e , i t i s p r o v i d e d that th G o v e r n o r , o n t h e w r i t t e n r e q u e s t of t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d , ma a p p o i n t P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r s as d e l e g a t e s of t h e B o a r d in thi r e s p e c t . W e c a n w e l l i m a g i n e t h a t t h e p r o v i s i o n t h a t t h e consen of t h e L a n d B o a r d s h o u l d b e o b t a i n e d i n e a c h i n d i v i d u a l case befor a p r o s p e c t o r c o u l d p r o s p e c t i n a n a t i v e r e s e r v e p r o v e d thorough! u n w o r k a b l e , a n d t h a t t h e r e f o r e it w a s d e s i r e d t o m a k e this delega tiou. 1 5 8 2 . W e b e l i e v e t h a t i t w o u l d h a v e b e e n b e t t e r t o g o a ste f u r t h e r , a n d m a k e G o v e r n m e n t a n d n o t t h e B o a r d t h e responsibl a u t h o r i t y . T h e B o a r d is d e c l a r e d u n d e r s e c t i o n 14 of t h e Ordinanc t o b e t h e " o w n e r " , a n d i t s e e m s r e a s o n a b l e t o r e g a r d it as oceai p y i n g a p o s i t i o n s i m i l a r t o a n o w n e r of p r i v a t e l a n d . T h e rights o a p r i v a t e l a n d o w n e r d o n o t e x t e n d t o p r e s c r i b i n g w h o may pro: p e c t or u p o n w h a t c o n d i t i o n s , b u t h e h a s t h e r i g h t to be com p e n s a t e d a n d t o a p p e a l t o a r b i t r a t i o n i f t h e c o m p e n s a t i o n is no satisfactory to h i m . 1 5 8 3 . I t d o e s n o t s e e m t o us just o r a d v i s a b l e t o g o beyond thi p o i n t t o t h e e x t e n t of r e q u i r i n g t h e B o a r d t o m a k e t h e condition; T h e B o a r d r e j i r e s e n t s t h e n a t i v e s , w h o a r e o n l y o n e of t h e intereste p a r t i e s , a n d t h e r e f o r e i t s s c o p e o u g h t t o b e c o n f i n e d t o defendin their interests. 1584. F o r and the Mining from Reef Claims.
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s h o u l d b e t h e r e s p o n s i b l e a u t h o r i t y f o r i s s u i n g p r o s p e c t i n g licence prescribing right of conditions, but making State. the O r d i n a n c e t h a t , before a ret F o r eac z'epresentations Governor

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1 5 8 5 . I t is n e c e s s a r y u n d e r

i i m c a n b e g r a n t e d , t h e r e m u s t b e a d i s c o v e r y of reef.

d i s c o v e r y , t e n c l a i m s o f 2 0 , 0 0 0 s q u a r e y a r d s e a c h m a y be pegge U n d e r t h e o r i g i n a l O r d i n a n c e of 1 9 2 5 , e x p o r t of g o l d from a cla: w a s p r o h i b i t e d , a n d t h e r e f o r e , a s soon a s a c l a i m h a d been prove i t w o u l d h a v e b e e n n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e h o l d e r t o t a k e out a lease befor he could export. B u t u n d e r t h e p r e s e n t O r d i n a n c e t h e r e is no sue c a n b e d o n e o n a m i n i n g claim whic A l t h o u g h i t is issued only for restriction, and everything

could be done on a m i n i n g lease.

516
ON
A B T

THE

ACQUISITION III]

OF

PLOTS

IN

NATIVE

RESERVES

III-CHAPTER

tar, i t is r e n e w a b l e at w i l l , p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e c o n d i t i o n s a r e ^served. T h e r e is t h e r e f o r e n o i n d u c e m e n t t o t a k e o u t a l e a s e iless i t is d e s i r e d t o o b t a i n s e c u r i t y f o r t h e p u r p o s e of r a i s i n g pital. 1586. A p r o v i s i o n t h a t n o m i n i n g s h o u l d b e a l l o w e d oil' a c l a i m light t e n d t o c r a m p d e v e l o p m e n t b y p r e v e n t i n g t h e h o l d e r f r o m [ising w o r k i n g c a p i t a l ; or e l s e it w o u l d l e a d t o a m u l t i t u d e o f plications f o r m i n i n g l e a s e s on l a n d w h i c h m i g h t u l t i m a t e l y p r o v e rihless. T h e n a t i v e s a r e c o m p e n s a t e d f o r d i s t u r b a n c e , t h e r a t e yable i n t h e N y a n z a P r o v i n c e b e i n g a c e n t a q u a r t e r f o r e v e r y wire y a r d of d i s t u r b a n c e , or a t t h e r a t e of n e a r l y t e n p o u n d s r acre p e r a n n u m . T h i s is not a r u l e , but is a local standard led b y t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r , t o w h o m all a p p e a l s o n t h e tic of i n a d e q u a t e c o m p e n s a t i o n a r e r e f e r a b l e . C o n s e q u e n t l y , it observed i n p r a c t i c e . 1587. N e v e r t h e l e s s , i t c a n n o t b e s a i d t h a t t h e n a t i v e s l i k e t h e ration, a n d f o r t h e g e n e r a l s e c u r i t y it is a d v i s a b l e t h a t such m g e m e n t s s h o u l d b e of s h o r t d u r a t i o n . W e s u g g e s t t h a t m i n i n g a claim should b e l i m i t e d t o a reasonable period, after w h i c h idaim s h o u l d e i t h e r b e s u r r e n d e r e d o r a l e a s e s h o u l d be t a k e n

1588. T h e t y p e of a l l u v i a l m i n i n g w h i c h h a s b e e n in p r o g r e s s therto i n t h e K a k a m e g a mining a r e a is p a n n i n g in offered, river beds. If Com kirns a r e 1 0 0 f t . s q u a r e , a n d n a t i v e s a r e f u l l y c o m p e n s a t e d . [y n a t i v e o b j e c t s t o t h e c o m p e n s a t i o n icial C o m m i s s i o n e r is t h e I 1589. S i n c e ders m a k e final of the District

Alluvial Mining,

issioner i n q u i r i e s i n t o t h e m a t t e r a n d m a k e s an a w a r d ; t h e P r o arbiter. health may preclude them residence to reside has three rightto the for and same considerations

(mediately a d j o i n i n g t h e c l a i m s , t h e p r a c t i c e i s t h a t a l l u v i a l c l a i m arrangements with natives to allow unoccupied l a n d f o r a p a y m e n t , w h i c h i n N y a n z a P r o v i n c e a standardized at the r a t e already q u o t e d , t o g e t h e r w i t h llings a m o n t h Ider, b u t i f ting as the for every non-native resident there in the c l a i m - h o l d e r . eal N a t i v e C o u n c i l . holders in bona T h e payment is n o r m a l l y m a d e t o t h e c o m m o n a g e , it is m a d e land to in the

addition

the land is g r a z i n g of any

I n t h i s r e s p e c t t h e n a t i v e s a r e on t h e private Colony, camp

ion 15 ( 2 ) o f t h e M i n i n g O r d i n a n c e a u t h o r i z e s a n y 1st e n g a g e d [prospecting. fide prospecting, as m a y erect his h b u i l d i n g s or m a c h i n e r y b e necessary

prospector, purpose which

for the

1590. W e n o t i c e t h a t a B i l l is b e f o r e L e g i s l a t i v e C o u n c i l give B r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r s p o w e r of e x p e l l i n g

undesirable

[sons, a n d w i l l c r e a t e a d v i s o r y b o a r d s b y w h o s e a d v i c e P r o v i n c i a l missioners w i l l b e g u i d e d .

O N T H E A C Q U I S I T I O N OF P L O T S I N N A T I V E
PAKT IIICnAPTKR III]

RESERVES

' 1 5 9 1 . W e c o n s i d e r t h e a r r a n g e m e n t s c o n t e m p l a t e d to be ade quate to meet existing circumstances. I f i t s h o u l d e v e r become n e c e s s a r y t o set a s i d e a r e a s t o b e u s e d f o r r e s i d e n t i a l purposes the p r o v i s i o n s w h i c h w e h a v e a l r e a d y r e c o m m e n d e d f o r s e t t i n g apart c o u l d b e a p p l i e d , t h e N a t i v e C o u n c i l c o m p e n s a t i n g t h e right-holders a n d r e i m b u r s i n g itself f r o m r e n t s or c a m p i n g fees r e c e i v e d . Special Alluvial Claims. 1592. W e are advised that another type of alluvial mining

m a y shortly m a k e its a p p e a r a n c e . whole of the since Kakamega large mining of

A l l u v i a l d e p o s i t s of g o l d are not area gold could have been pegged a s in the

c o n f i n e d t o t h e r i v e r b e d s , b u t w e a r e i n f o r m e d t h a t p r a c t i c a l l y the alluvial, quantities detritus are found

surface soil.

I t is s u g g e s t e d t h a t a p p l i c a t i o n s w i l l b e m a d e for the . b e g r a n t e d u n d e r the head!

o p e r a t i o n of s c h e m e s o n a l a r g e s c a l e f o r d i v e r t i n g r i v e r s and wash i n g off t h e s u r f a c e s o i l . 1593.

Special alluvial permits m a y

of E x c l u s i v e P r o s p e c t i n g L i c e n c e s , a n d a r e g o v e r n e d b y section i(\ of t h e A l i n i n g O r d i n a n c e ( N o . 1 of 1 9 3 1 ) , a s a m e n d e d b y section I of the Mining (Amendment) (No. 2) Ordinance of 1932. Among) t h e c o n d i t i o n s it is p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e a p p l i c a t i o n s h a l l b e publisheilp in t h e Official G a z e t t e f o r criticism.

1 5 9 4 . W e s u g g e s t t h a t t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d , as the " o w n e r ' s h o u l d r e c e i v e f o r m a l n o t i f i c a t i o n of t h e s c h e m e b e f o r e it is gazetted for It criticism, is further may Under in and should in have the of the right Ordinance water, to comment in can so upon the far the as the Water conditions b y letter to the G o v e r n o r provided entail be the scheme used. use or t o t h e that, S e c r e t a r y of State. from

a permit

Authority

must

obtained

before We

any water

b e diverted or t h a t the Lands we discuss the

the W a t e r the

O r d i n a n c e , i t is p r o v i d e d following, in which

T r u s t B o a r d must be consulted. t h e case Water Control of Water in Native Reserves. sections n o w

shall d e a l w i t h this aspect oi Board in c o n n e x i o n w i t h the

p r o p e r f u n c t i o n s of t h e L a n d s T r u s t Ordinance.

1 5 9 5 . T h e g e n e r a l w a t e r l e g i s l a t i o n of t h e C o l o n y is contained in the W a t e r Ordinance never issued been applied, section any and 145 under of ( N o . 35 of 1 9 2 9 ) . the of present the Crown B u t t h i s Ordinance has is t h a t permits are whicl Lands Ordinance, practice

p r o v i d e s a g a i n s t t h e d a m m i n g of a n y s p r i n g , r i v e r o r stream or the diversion tion. water, except under permit o r special authorize form. B u t it is a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t t h e W a t e r O r d i n a n c e w i l l eventual!)

b e a p p l i e d , t h o u g h p r o b a b l y i n a n a m e n d e d a n d simplified 1 5 9 6 . A s it n o w s t a n d s , t h e W a t e r declaring, any law in section 75, that in any reserve its p o w e r s "shall be exercised

O r d i n a n c e l i m i t s itself hi area declared to the to be nativej provisions

subject

for the time b e i n g in force relating

t o n a t i v e reserves of

ON T H E
J B

ACQUISITION

OP -

PLOTS

IN

NATIVE

RESERVES '

b T III-CHAPTER' ill]

Uunxunal r e s e r v e s " .

It

therefore becomes in that respect water. the Lands Trust It Ordinance

subser relate all

[ieiit to t h o s e s e c t i o n s o f t h e L a n d s T r u s t O r d i n a n c e w h i c h die use a n d c o n t r o l of 1597. S e c t i o n 4 of

declares

jtters r e l a t i n g t o l a n d in n a t i v e r e s e r v e s t o b e i n t h e

unfettered escape

uitiol of t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d .

seems impossible to

e conclusion t h a t the c o n t r o l of w a t e r w h i c h passes o v e r t h e l a n d likewise i n t h e h a n d s of t h e B o a r d . 1598. B u t w h i l e t h e B o a r d a p p e a r s t o h a v e a n a b s o l u t e c o n t r o l water d u r i n g i t s p a s s a g e t h r o u g h t h e r e s e r v e , w e f i n d n o i n d i c a o in t h e L a n d s T r u s t O r d i n a n c e t h a t t h e B o a r d h a s a n y s t a n d i n g n (liatever i n r e s p e c t of w a t e r w d u c h h a s n o t y e t e n t e r e d t h e r e s e r v e . 1.599. I f t h e s e t h i n g s a r e s o , i t a p p e a r s t o u s t h a t t h e B o a r d s at o n c e t o o m u c h c o n t r o l a n d t o o l i t t l e . I f t h e c o n s e n t of t h e Hoard is a n e s s e n t i a l c o n d i t i o n b e f o r e a n y p e r m i t of a n y k i n d c a n ;issued in r e s p e c t of w a t e r i n a n a t i v e r e s e r v e , t h e n i t s p o w e r is [early e x c e s s i v e in t h i s r e s p e c t : t h e B o a r d , a s t r u s t e e f o r n a t i v e

lerests, is b o u n d t o o b j e c t i f i t finds t h a t t h o s e i n t e r e s t s a r e juriously a f f e c t e d e v e n in a s l i g h t d e g r e e ; it i s n o t c o n c e r n e d th the i n t e r e s t s of t h e C o l o n y as a w h o l e . F o r t h i s r e a s o n w e nsider t h a t t h e B o a r d o u g h t n o t t o b e t h e final a u t h o r i t y . Its iition i s r a t h e r t h a t o f t r u s t e e f o r o w n e r s w h o a r e m i n o r s , a n d rights s h o u l d b e c o m p a r a b l e w i t h t h o s e of o w n e r s o n p r i v a t e [ml. I n e q u i t y t h e r e f o r e it h a s a r i g h t t o b e n o t i f i e d a n d t o e n t e r ijections, b u t n o t to b e the final j u d g e of t h e m a t t e r . .1600. I t seems equally clear that in respect of of water which up-river Board in i not y e t e n t e r e d t h e r e s e r v e , t h e B o a r d h a s t o o l i t t l e p o w e r : s j In cases w h e r e ould h a v e the there has been rights of a diversion its water Id loss h a s b e e n c a u s e d t o t h e r e s e r v e , w e t h i n k t h a t t h e same protecting lower tests as an o w n e r of p r i v a t e l a u d w o u l d h a v e .

riparian

I n c a s e s w h e r e tin should owners an to Commissioner; by

raer of p r i v a t e l a n d w o u l d b e e n t i t l e d t o s u e , t h e B o a r d ientitled t o s u e i n t h e p e r s o n o f t h e C h i e f N a t i v e id there s h o u l d 1601. W e lended W a t e r (ait it i n i t s be a similar no obligation to be ttlier d o w n t h e r i v e r . make final definite is in recommendation, draft, and it would sued

because be wise

Ordinance

f o r m b e f o r e t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g p r o v i s i o n s of a n framed.

tended L a n d s T r u s t O r d i n a n c e a r e

1602. W e n o w t u r n to t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n of c e r t a i n a d m i n i s t r a ie difficulties w h i c h h a v e b e e n e x p e r i e n c e d . T h e present prac is t h a t t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d a n d t h e L o c a l B o a r d c o n c e r n e d . notified w h e n e v e r a n y a p p l i c a t i o n f o r a w a t e r p e r m i t i s m a d e licli m i g h t b y a n y p o s s i b i l i t y a f f e c t n a t i v e i n t e r e s t s i n t h e r e s e r v e .

ON

THE

ACQUISITION III]

OF

PLOTS

IN

NATIVE

RESERVES

PART H I C H A P T E R

M a n y of t h e s e a p p h c a t i o n s a r e of a p e t t y c h a r a c t e r . I f it is pro v i d e d t h a t t h e B o a r d m u s t b e n o t i f i e d o n e v e r y o c c a s i o n and mus h a v e an o p p o r t u n i t y t o e n t e r o b j e c t i o n s b e f o r e a c t i o n is taken, tli m o r e i m p o r t a n t w o r k of t h e B o a r d w i l l b e c o m e c l o g g e d with ; m a s s of p e t t y d e t a i l , a n d t h e r e w i l l b e u n n e c e s s a r y d e l a y . W e a n t h e r e f o r e of o p i n i o n t h a t a d i v i s i o n m u s t b e m a d e b e t w e e n "major' a n d " m i n o r " m a t t e r s . I n m i n o r m a t t e r s , t h e P r o v i n c i a l Comrnis s i o n e r s h o u l d r e c o m m e n d , a f t e r c o n s u l t i n g t h e L o c a l L a n d Boati a n d t h e l o c a l n a t i v e s c o n c e r n e d ; a n d , i f b o t h t h e P r o v i n c i a l Com m i s s t o n e r a n d t h e L o c a l L a n d B o a r d a p p r o v e , t h e n the applicatioi s h o u l d b e t a k e n as a p p r o v e d in so f a r as t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e is con c e r n e d . B u t i f e i t h e r t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r or the Loea L a n d B o a r d o b j e c t s , t h e n t h e m a t t e r s h o u l d b e r e f e r r e d to th G o v e r n o r f o r d e c i s i o n . I f t h e C h i e f N a t i v e C o m m i s s i o n e r consider t h e m a t t e r t o b e of s u f f i c i e n t i m p o r t a n c e t o r e q u i r e t h a t the Land T r u s t B o a r d s h o u l d b e n o t i f i e d , b u t n o t o t h e r w i s e , t h e decisioi s h o u l d b e d e f e r r e d u n t i l t h e B o a r d h a s h a d a n opportunity o recording its opinion. 1 6 0 3 . I f t h e m a t t e r i n issue c a n n o t b e c l a s s e d as " m i n o r " , th p r o c e d u r e r e g a r d i n g t h e c o n s u l t a t i o n a n d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n shouli b e a s b e f o r e , b u t t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d s h o u l d b e notified am s h o u l d h a v e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y of r e c o r d i n g i t s o p i n i o n b y letter t t h e G o v e r n o r , a n d t o t h e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e . D e c i s i o n should res with Government. 1604. T h e difficulty and "minor". the We indicate general is t o find a s u i t a b l e d e f i n i t i o n of not of attempt the it. But it may we distinction which "major' serve ti have ii

shall

nature

m i n d if w e s a y t h a t t h e c r i t e r i o n trivial.

s h o u l d b e w h e t h e r the effect oi

t h e w a t e r i n t h e r i v e r or s t r e a m a f f e c t e d w i l l b e of consequence o I t is n o t a q u e s t i o n o f c a p i t a l c o s t of t h e w o r k contemplate! We c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e C h i e f N a t i v e Commissione b u t of t h e r e s u l t .

s h o u l d d e c i d e a n y q u e s t i o n of d o u b t in t h i s r e s p e c t . 1605. W e n e e d n o t g o i n t o d e t a i l s o r e x a m i n e e v e r y variation
T

of

the (a)

problem. It might

But

we

should

perhaps

allude

to two

forms o

special cases : happen that a major s c h e m e is projected highe In t h i s c a s e , the projec as t h e reserve i u p t h e r i v e r , o u t s i d e t h e r e s e r v e , a n d t h a t the effect oi the reserve will be very slight. would (b) be held to be minor in concerned. I t m i g h t h a p p e n t h a t a l a r g e n u m b e r of irrigation works e a c h s m a l l i n i t s e l f , is r e q u i r e d i n o n e area and that th c u m u l a t i v e e f f e c t o n t h e f l o w of w a t e r i n a n a t i v e reserv l o w e r d o w n t h e r i v e r w i l l b e s e r i o u s . I n this case eac so f a r

518
ON T H E ACQUISITION III] OF PLOTS IN NATIVE RESERVES IIICHAPTER

separate application would be minor, and would not con cern the B o a r d , but w e consider that the B o a r d should b e k e p t i n f o r m e d of t h e g e n e r a l p o s i t i o n so t h a t it s h o u l d b e a b l e t o m a k e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s t o t h e G o v e r n o r a n d , if n e c e s s a r y , t o t h e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e . N o u s e f u l p u r p o s e w o u l d b e served b y the submission of returns, unless t h e B o a r d calls for t h e m , but the Chief N a t i v e C o m m i s s i o n e r should h a v e t h e d u t y of k e e p i n g the B o a r d g e n e r a l l y i n f o r m e d ; i n t h e d i s c h a r g e of t h i s d u t y h e s h o u l d b e g u i d e d b y a n y g e n e r a l o r special i n s t r u c t i o n s w h i c h t h e B o a r d m a y issue. In v i e w forwarded of the information which State. the the of our direct (/) Roads
R t l l l w a

would

be

supplied

to

the

aid, w e s e e n o o b j e c t i n r e t a i n i n g a p r o v i s i o n t h a t r e t u r n s s h o u l d to t h e Secretary of 1606. I t m a y b e o b j e c t e d t h a t t h e s e p r o p o s a l s d o n o t g i v e ucl so m u c h p o w e r a s i t h a s u n d e r t h e L a n d s T r u s t it n o w stands. But we are unable to of recommend the water of water that

Ordinance prevent in

arcl should r e t a i n a p o w e r of a b s o l u t e v e t o , w h i c h m i g h t proper d e v e l o p m e n t Colony. trol. The or conservation necessary safeguarding Government is,

supplies

nion, a m a t t e r o v e r w h i c h

ought to k e e p a

1607. U n d e r s e c t i o n 15 ( i ) o f t h e L a n d s T r u s t O r d i n a n c e , t h e rernor m a y at any time, with the advice and consent of the jislative C o u n c i l , e x c l u d e f r o m a n a t i v e r e s e r v e a n y l a n d y be r e q u i r e d f o r r o a d s or b r i d g e s , r a i l w a y s or t r a m w a y s . 1608. I f t h i s m e t h o d i s f o l l o w e d , t h e r e is b o t h t h e g e n e r a l diffi ty that t h e r e s e r v e b e c o m e s f r a g m e n t e d , a n d t h e s p e c i a l t there m u s t all t h e l a n d a n a d d i t i o n of l a n d t o t h e r e s e r v e t o taken, except the land actually occupied difficulty by the ever the We compensate which

y '
8

ack", w h i c h is s p e c i a l l y e x c l u d e d f r o m t h i s p r o v i s i o n . 1609. A f t e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n , w e d o n o t b e l i e v e t h a t i t w i l l found n e c e s s a r y or a d v i s a b l e to e x c l u d e such l a n d , b u t t h a t uirements c a n b e m e t b y a special form of setting apart.

skier t h a t t h e w h o l e a r e a r e q u i r e d s h o u l d b e s e t a p a r t b y t h e ovincial C o m m i s s i o n e r , a f t e r r e f e r e n c e t o t h e L o c a l L a n d h in r e s p e c t o f t h e a r e a t o b e s e t a p a r t a n d t h e be p a i d . matter Power in would be The reserved amount to the of dispute. Governor to Board settle compensation payable

"

compensation

nkl b e assessed as a l u m p s u m . 1610. T h e L a n d s this r e s p e c t , b u t obligation on Trust Board should h a v e n o of p o w e r of veto be the

should have the p o w e r to delay

making

representa

is to t h e G o v e r n o r or t h e S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e . Government objection. sideration o f a n y

T h e r e should pending

construction

ON

THE

ACQUISITION III]

OF

PLOTS

IN

NATIVE

RESERVES

PART I I I - C H A P T E R

1 6 1 1 . I f a r o a d is c l a s s e d as a n a t i v e r e s e r v e r o a d , t h e Nath -Council s h o u l d p r o v i d e f r o m i t s o w n r e v e n u e s t h e full amount i t h e c o m p e n s a t i o n a s s e s s e d , a n d s h o u l d h a v e t h e p o w e r to determit t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of i t t o p e r s o n s i n j u r i o u s l y a f f e c t e d . 1 6 1 2 . I n t h e c a s e of a m a i n r o a d o r a r a i l w a y , Governrnet s h o u l d p a y t h e a m o u n t t o t h e N a t i v e C o u n c i l as a l u m p sum, a n t h e N a t i v e C o u n c i l w o u l d d e t e r m i n e t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n t o persot injuriously affected. 1 6 1 3 . I n o u r c o n s i d e r e d o p i n i o n t h e m e t h o d of annual eon p e n s a t i o n is n o t a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e s e cases a n d c o m p e n s a t i o n inn., he by payment outright. 1 6 1 4 . I n o r d e r t o m a k e o u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n c l e a r , it is nece -sary t o s t a t e w h a t w e m e a n r e s p e c t i v e l y b y a m a i n r o a d and a natii r e s e r v e r o a d . F o r t h e p u r p o s e of t h e s e s e c t i o n s , w e consider tin a n y r o a d s h o u l d b e c l a s s e d as a m a i n r o a d a s soon as it is recognize b y t h e D i r e c t o r of P u b l i c W o r k s a s a p u b l i c r o a d f o r t h e directio -of w h i c h h e is r e s p o n s i b l e ; b u t a r o a d m a d e b y t h e L o c a l Nativ C o u n c i l on i t s o w n i n i t i a t i v e s h o u l d b e c l a s s e d as a n a t i v e resen r o a d u n t i l t h e D i r e c t o r of P u b l i c W o r k s t a k e s i t o v e r . 1 6 1 5 . I f a n a t i v e r e s e r v e r o a d , f o r w h i c h t h e L o c a l Nativ C o u n c i l has a l r e a d y p a i d c o m p e n s a t i o n , i s t a k e n o v e r b y Govern m e n t , a n d a n e w a l i g n m e n t is m a d e , a q u e s t i o n w i l l arise not out o f c o m p e n s a t i n g t h e r i g h t - h o l d e r s i n r e s p e c t of t h e l a n d covered b t h e n e w a l i g n m e n t b u t a l s o o f G - o v e r n m e n t r e p a y i n g to the Loca N a t i v e C o u n c i l t h e w h o l e o r p a r t o f t h e m o n e y w h i c h it paid ou i n c o m p e n s a t i o n w h e n t h e o r i g i n a l r o a d w a s m a d e . I n such cases w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r should make pro p o s a l s a f t e r c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h t h e L o c a l L a n d D o a r d , and that sucl p r o p o s a l s s h o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d b y t h e C e n t r a l D o a d s and Traffi B o a r d , t h e G o v e r n o r d e c i d i n g i n a n y c a s e of d i s p u t e . 1 6 1 6 . A l t h o u g h w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d a g a i n s t t h e method o e x c i s i o n a n d c o m p e n s a t o r y a d d i t i o n i n t h e s e c a s e s , y e t w e liav. t o c o n s i d e r t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t a l a r g e e x t e n t of n a t i v e reserve lam m i g h t s o m e t i m e s b e p u t o u t of a g r i c u l t u r a l use f o r the sake of at a r t e r i a l r o a d i n w h i c h t h e n a t i v e s of t h e r e s e r v e h a v e small interest W e t h e r e f o r e r e c o m m e n d t h a t , if t h e D o a r d c o n s i d e r s that tin a v a i l a b l e a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d i n t h e r e s e r v e h a s b e e n reduced by flit m e a n s b e l o w t h e a m o u n t e c o n o m i c a l l y r e q u i r e d b y the people, it m i g h t p r o p e r l y r e c o m m e n d t o t h e G o v e r n o r t h a t an additional are; be added. T h e a c q u i s i t i o n of s u c h an a r e a t o b e added to t e h n a t i v e r e s e r v e s h o u l d b e r e g a r d e d as a p u b l i c p u r p o s e for which, ii n e c e s s a r y , t h e L a n d A c q u i s i t i o n A c t c o u l d b e a p p l i e d . T h e area o c c u p i e d b y t h e r o a d w o u l d r e m a i n p a r t of t h e n a t i v e territory., a l t h o u g h s u b j e c t t o t h e s a m e r e g u l a t i o n s a s a r e a p p l i c a b l e to roads in o t h e r p a r t s of t h e C o l o n y .

ON T H E A C Q U I S I T I O N i ill-CHAPTER III]

OF PLOTS

IN

NATIVE

RESERVES

[617. I n

order

that

the

Lands Trust

Board

may

be

able

to

rcise a p r o p e r , p r o t e c t i o n , w e c o n s i d e r

that information

should taken it i s the of a (o) Native

8

supplied t o i t c o n c e r n i n g t h e a m o u n t o f l a n d l i k e l y t o b e of a g r i c u l t u r a l u s e b y a n y m a i n r o a d w h i c h is p r o j e c t e d . 1618. U n d e r section 18 of the Lands Trust Ordinance

vided t h a t " n o l a n d i n a n a t i v e r e s e r v e s h a l l b e d e c l a r e d t o b e a st area or d e m a r c a t e d tral B o a r d " . As forest w i t h o u t t h e p r i o r c o n s e n t of to this w e a g r e e , since the declaration

poiest

Reserves,

st area w o u l d d i m i n i s h t h e a m o u n t of l a n d p o t e n t i a l l y e taken i n t o a g r i c u l t u r a l o r p a s t o r a l u s e , a n d n a t i v e lit be v e r y s e r i o u s l y a f f e c t e d .

available interests area

B u t t h e section goes on to pro

that " n o r u l e s h a l l b e m a d e i n r e s p e c t of a n y such f o r e s t

eniarcated f o r e s t w i t h o u t t h e p r i o r c o n s e n t o f t h e said B o a r d " . It a p p e a r s t o us t h a t t h e B o a r d , h a v i n g s e t t l e d t h e m a j o r issue agreeing t o t h e d e c l a r a t i o n of stilted f u r t h e r . matters o f 1 recommend Bules clearly internal the forest, does not need and managing of the and control, which, chapter our to as be we
r

for protecting in' a

forest Beport

administration

subsequent

lit to r e m a i n i n t h e h a n d s of

Government.

1619. I n s e c t i o n 8 ( 3 ) of t h e O r d i n a n c e , i t is p r o v i d e d t h a t a l l ts a c c r u i n g f r o m " t i m b e r o r o t h e r f o r e s t p r o d u c e " in a n a t i v e 'e " s h a l l b e p a i d t o t h e L o c a l N a t i v e F u n d o r , w h e r e t h e r e Local N a t i v e F u n d , t o t h e N a t i v e T r u s t F u n d , or m a y b e p a i d ny m e m b e r o r m e m b e r s of t h e t r i b e c o n c e r n e d w h o m a y b e idered b y t h e C e n t r a l B o a r d , a f t e r r e f e r e n c e t o t h e L o c a l nl, to b e e n t i t l e d t h e r e t o " . 1620. T h e p o i n t h a s b e e n r a i s e d b y t h e C o n s e r v a t o r of F o r e s t s this p r o v i s i o n w o u l d c o m p e l h i m t o p a y t o t h e L o c a l N a t i v e cil his g r o s s r e c e i p t s , a n d t h a t h e w o u l d t h e n b e l e f t w i t h o u t means t o p a y staff to a d m i n i s t e r t h e f o r e s t . I t will be many s, and p e r h a p s g e n e r a t i o n s , b e f o r e t h e N a t i v e C o u n c i l s , c o n ed g e n e r a l l y t h r o u g h o u t t h e C o l o n y , w i l l b e a b l e t o a d m i n i s t e r own f o r e s t s , a n d it i s n e c e s s a r y t h a t t h e C o n s e r v a t o r s h o u l d ii the m e a n s of c o n t r o l . W e t h e r e f o r e r e c o m m e n d t h a t o n l y net r e c e i p t s , a f t e r a l l l i a b i l i t i e s h a v e b e e n m e t , s h o u l d b e p a i d le L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l . 1621. W e m a y a l s o a l l u d e i n p a s s i n g t o t h e c u r i o u s r e s u l t h w o u l d c o m e a b o u t if a n y a t t e m p t w e r e m a d e t o i n t e r p r e t section at i t s f a c e v a l u e , a n d all " p r o f i t s w h a t s o e v e r , a c c r u i n g . from t i m b e r " w e r e t o b e p a i d t o t h e L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l , Id in a b e y a n c e w h a t t i m e t h e C e n t r a l B o a r d c o n s u l t s t h e L o c a l d as t o w h a t m e m b e r o r m e m b e r s of t h e t r i b e m a y r e c e i v e . T h e q u a i n t n e s s of t h i s p r o v i s i o n w i l l b e r e a l i z e d w h e n it is : that t h e K i k u y u e x p o r t r o u n d a b o u t 1 5 , 0 0 0 w o r t h of w a t t l e 1 annually, a l l g r o w n b y p r i v a t e o w n e r s .

ON

THE

ACQUISITION III]

OF

PLOTS

IN

NATIVE

RESERVES

PART I I I - C H A P T E R

1 6 2 2 . T h e r e is a p o i n t w h i c h h a s b e e n r a i s e d b y m a n y nativl w i t n e s s e s a n d at n e a r l y a l l barazas. T h e y r e p r e s e n t t h a f t h e native, o u g h t t o r e c e i v e p r e f e r e n t i a l t r e a t m e n t , a n d t h a t firewood and builifl i n g p o l e s o u g h t t o b e g i v e n t o t h e m f r e e o r sold to t h e m at c h e a p e r r a t e t h a n t o n o n - n a t i v e s . W e a r e u n a b l e t o support thi v i e w . I t is t h e d u t y of t h e F o r e s t D e p a r t m e n t t o m a n a g e nativ r e s e r v e f o r e s t r e s e r v e s o n e c o n o m i c l i n e s , a n d t h e N a t i v e Counc g e t s t h e p r o f i t s . W e s e e n o r e a s o n t o i n t e r f e r e w i t h t h e discretioi o f t h e C o n s e r v a t o r t o fix w h a t e v e r p r i c e s h e c o n s i d e r s p r o p e r . W u n d e r s t a n d t h a t , i n p o i n t of f a c t , n a t i v e s a r e f r e q u e n t l y a l l o w e d ! h a v e firewood f r e e of c h a r g e , a n d p o l e s a r e sold t o t h e m at a vet] reasonable rate.

^liourkhfdaf
may

O r d i n a n c e p r o v i d e s that th of the tribe' of tirnbe

G o v e r n o r , w i t h t h e a d v i c e a n d c o n s e n t of t h e L a n d s T r u s t Board grant licences to "persons not being m e m b e r s of cattle, (hi) the taking the Secretary i n r e s p e c t of (i) the g r a z i n g (ii) the removal

or other forest produce, and issued without reference to

of s a n d , l i m e , stone of State if the Loea

e t c . ; b u t i t i s p r o v i d e d i n s e c t i o n 7 t h a t n o such l i c e n c e s may b N a t i v e C o u n c i l o r t h e A f r i c a n m e m b e r of t h e L a n d B o a r d objects. 1 6 2 4 . I n r e s p e c t o f t h e i s s u e t o n o n - n a t i v e s of l i c e n c e s to graz cattle in a native reserve, we do not consider it necessary fof specific reference Chief Native to be m a d e to t h e L a n d s or such T r u s t B o a r d on ever officers that as h

o c c a s i o n . - W e r e c o m m e n d t h a t such l i c e n c e s s h o u l d b e issued by tit Commissioner would be to administrative a provision but we may depute. no good them should M a n y of t h e s e l i c e n c e s a r e of a t r i v i a l character, am served by returns be rendered the B o a r d , r e c o m m e n d thai

purpose

t h e C h i e f N a t i v e C o m m i s s i o n e r s h o u l d k e e p , t h e B o a r d informed el t o a n y g e n e r a l or s p e c i a l i n s t r u c t i o n s w h i c h We t h e B o a r d m a y issuer

a l l i m p o r t a n t m a t t e r s , a n d i n t h e i s s u e o f l i c e n c e s should confoniH s e e n o r e a s o n f o r a n y r e f e r e n c e t o t h e S e c r e t a r y of State.

1 6 2 5 . W e a r e i n c l i n e d t o r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e q u e s t i o n wliethel n a t i v e s of o n e t r i b e m a y o r m a y n o t d e p a s t u r e t h e i r cattle in till r e s e r v e of a n o t h e r t r i b e s h o u l d b e r e g a r d e d as a m a t t e r betweeif n a t i v e a n d n a t i v e s u c h as w o u l d n o t c o m e u n d e r t h e purview t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d . W e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t such matter! be r e g u l a t e d b y t h e n a t i v e l a w a n d c u s t o m of t h e occupant tribal ( a l w a y s s u p p o s i n g t h a t t h e r e is n o i n f r i n g e m e n t of the quarantinl r e g u l a t i o n s o r o t h e r o r d i n a n c e of t h e C o l o n y ) . I f n a t i v e custom d o e s n o t suffice, a n d f u r t h e r r e g u l a t i o n is r e q u i r e d , it can be hit raj d u c e d b y a r u l e , w h i c h w o u l d h a v e t h e effect of modifying s u p p l e m e n t i n g n a t i v e c u s t o m . T h e r e w o u l d , so f a r as w e can seel h e n o o b j e c t i o n t o s u c h a r u l e t a k i n g t h e f o r m of p r o v i d i n g for thl

ON T H E 111

ACQUISITION H I ]

OF

PLOTS

IN

NATIVE

RESERVES

CHAPTER

I C of p e r m i t s b y t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r s in c e r t a i n c i r c u m U rc s S u c h a p r o v i s i o n w o u l d i m p o s e n o g r e a t e r s t r a i n o n n a t i v e j e. tom t h a n W o u l d b e c a u s e d b y s e v e r a l of t h e r u l e s w h i c h a r e leady p r o j e c t e d t o r e g u l a t e t h e gibhaka system, and w h i c h w o u l d the D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r w i d e p o w e r s , w h i c h h e w o u l d n o t e had u n d e r n a t i v e c u s t o m , f o r i n s t a n c e a p o w e r to o r d e r ithaka i demarcated and registered. e
;

1628. W e r e c o m m e n d t h a t , s u b j e c t t o a n y g e n e r a l o r s p e c i a l [(ructions of t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d , t h e C h i e f N a t i v e C o m m i s ier a n d s u c h a d m i n i s t r a t i v e officers a s h e m a y d e p u t e s h o u l d r the p o w e r t o issue l i c e n c e s u n d e r s e c t i o n 8 (6) ( 2 ) f o r t h e e a v l of t i m b e r . S u c h l i c e n c e s m a y b e f o r v e r y m i n o r p u r p o s e s , oa instance a l i c e n c e t o c u t o n e t r e e f o r a d u g o u t c a n o e . Other I c s m i g h t b e f o r v e r y l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s of t i m b e r . I n t h e l a t t e r ne we r e c o m m e n d that the Chief N a t i v e C o m m i s s i o n e r should, lis d i s c r e t i o n , r e f u s e t o issue t h e l i c e n c e u n t i l r e f e r e n c e h a s [n m a d e t o t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d . P r e s u m a b l y , s o m e of the s i m p o r t a n t l i c e n c e s of this k i n d w o u l d b e t h o s e i s s u e d t o t h e t [ v y and its fuel contractors, a n d it m a y therefore b e necessary ha r s r e a p o w e r to the Secretary of State to override the veto e ev [ e B o a r d , if i t s h o u l d h a v e t h e e f f e c t of d e p r i v i n g t h e R a i l w a y h rt l s u p p l i e s . ia 1627. I n r e s p e c t of l i c e n c e s u n d e r s e c t i o n 8 (6) (3) for the joval of s a n d , l i m e , s t o n e , e t c . , w e h a v e t o r e m a r k t h a t t h e s e often of a t r i v i a l c h a r a c t e r , a n d i t s e e m s q u i t e u n n e c e s s a r y the L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d s h o u l d n o r m a l l y b e t r o u b l e d w i t h t h e m , consider t h a t t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r s h o u l d h a v e t h e ^er to issue such l i c e n c e s , a n d t o d e l e g a t e such p o w e r s t o D i s t r i c t imissioners. W e w o u l d n o t e v e n m a k e i t s t a t u t o r y f o r t h e L o c a l

ie C o u n c i l o r t h e L o c a l L a n d B o a r d t o b e c o n s u l t e d , a l t h o u g h v light b e a m a t t e r o f a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d i r e c t i o n t h a t t h e y s h o u l d lonsulted i n a l l s a v e t r i v i a l c a s e s . 1628. W e consider that the protection of native : interests in be

lect o f a l l c l a s s e s o f l i c e n c e m e n t i o n e d in t h i s s e c t i o n w o u l d niately s e c u r e d b y t h e f o l l o w i n g p r o c e d u r e

(a) L i c e n c e s f o r t h e p u r p o s e s c o n t e m p l a t e d in s e c t i o n 8 o f t h e O r d i n a n c e t o b e issued b y t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r ; or b y the District C o m m i s s i o n e r , if the p o w e r is delegated to him by the Provincial Commissioner. (b) A n a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d i r e c t i o n t o b e g i v e n , in such d e t a i l as m a y be t h o u g h t necessary, that licences should not be issued w i t h o u t p r i o r c o n s u l t a t i o n of t h e L o c a l L a n d B o a r d a n d of t h e n a t i v e s c o n c e r n e d , e x c e p t w h e r e t h e a m o u n t of l o s s o r d i s t u r b a n c e l i k e l y t o b e c a u s e d i s , i n t h e o p i n i o n of t h e i s s u i n g officer, t r i v i a l .

ON

THE

ACQUISITION III]

O.F

PLOTS

IN

NATIVE

RESERVES

PART I I I - C H A P T E R

(o)

A l l l i c e n c e s to s p e c i f y t h e t e r r a s a n d c o n d i t i o n s of compen s a t i o n f o r d i s t u r b a n c e or o t h e r l o s s , a n d t o p r o v i d e tha a n y p a r t y a g g r i e v e d on t h e s c o r e of i n a d e q u a t e corn p e n s a t i o n m a y a p p e a l to t h e P r o v i n c i a l Commissioner w h o s h a l l m a k e a n a w a r d a f t e r c o n s u l t i n g t h e L o c a l Lam B o a r d ; a n d t h a t t h e l i c e n s e e b i n d s h i m s e l f t o abide b\ the award.

( d ) L i c e n c e s n o r m a l l y t o b e f o r a p e r i o d of o n e y e a r or less b u t e x c e p t i o n s to b e a l l o w e d i f g o o d c a u s e is s h o w n to th s a t i s f a c t i o n of t h e C h i e f N a t i v e C o m m i s s i o n e r . (e) The Chief Native C o m m i s s i o n e r t o k e e p t h e L a n d s Trns of a l l m a t t e r s w h i c h which the Board h e c o n s i d e r s to bi desire. throughoti the Land n a t i v e in which of Board any (/) The informed

of sufficient Chief

i m p o r t a n c e t o c o m m u n i c a t e ; a n d to furnisl may Commissioner or special issue for to be guided

information Native general Board

by any Trust (g) terests.

instructions

may

the protection

E x c e p t a s p r o v i d e d i n s e c t i o n 1626 a b o v e , n o licence to h issued to w h i c h t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d objects.

(Note.We r e a l i z e t h a t l i c e n c e s w o u l d g e n e r a l l y be issue! b e f o r e "he L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d h e a r s o f t h e m , except n i m p o r t a n t c a s e s r e f e r r e d t o it b y t h e C h i e f N a t i v e Com m i s s i o n e r . W e v i e w this p o s i t i o n w i t h o u t m i s g i v i n g , be c a u s e w e a r e c o n f i d e n t t h a t t h e C h i e f N a t i v e Commis s i o n e r w o u l d r e f e r c a s e s m w h i c h r e f e r e n c e is desirable I f it s h o u l d o c c a s i o n a l l y h a p p e n t h a t a l i c e n c e is issue! t o w h i c h t h e B o a r d w o u l d h a v e o b j e c t e d , t h e objection of t h e B o a r d w o u l d h e v a l i d a g a i n s t r e n e w a l . )
u

1 6 2 9 . I n t h e f o r e g o i n g r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w e h a v e endeavourei to provide protection reserves for to native the interests without so h e d g i n g th( be seriouslj p o s i t i o n a b o u t w i t h s a f e g u a r d s t h a t t h e f r e e d o m of G o v e r n m e n t h develop impeded. 1 6 3 0 . B e f o r e c o n c l u d i n g t h i s c h a p t e r , w e w i s h t o allude briefl; t o t w o m a t t e r s w h i c h a r e o f c o n s i d e r a b l e i m p o r t a n c e t o the smooti w o r k i n g of o u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s i n r e s p e c t of t h e acquisition c : p l o t s i n n a t i v e r e s e r v e s . T h e y a r e : (a) D e l e g a t i o n ; a n d (b) Survey
0

the

best

advantage

would

1 6 3 1 . I n r e s p e c t o f t h e s e t t i n g a p a r t of l a n d and in respect o t h e l e a s i n g of l a n d w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t t h e L a n d s Tnrs B o a r d h a v e a p o w e r o f v e t o , i f t h e l a n d t o b e set aside or lease! e x c e e d s 10 a c r e s . W e d o n o t c o n s i d e r t h a t i t should be neeessan t o t r o u b l e t h e B o a r d w i t h e v e r y c a s e in w h i c h it is proposed ti s e t a s i d e o r l e t l a n d a b o v e t e n a c r e s , a n d w e p r o p o s e that tin

O N TttE A C Q U I S I T I O N OF P L O T S I N N A T I V E
,, [ I I - C H A P T E R
T

RESERVES

III]

oa

rd should h a v e t h e p o w e r to d e l e g a t e t o t h e C h i e f N a t i v e C o m issioner t h e p o w e r of a s s e n t i n g o n i t s b e h a l f t o t h e s e t t i n g a p a r t hind up to o n e h u n d r e d a c r e s , or t h e l e a s i n g of l a n d u p t o y acres. I f t h e C h i e f N a t i v e C o m m i s s i o n e r s h o u l d f e e l h i m s e l f able t o a s s e n t t o t h e l e a s e or t h e s e t t i n g a p a r t i n a n y c a s e , h e ukl refer t h e m a t t e r t o t h e B o a r d w i t h his r e c o m m e n d a t i o n . 1632. T h e s e p r o v i s i o n s w o u l d o b v i a t e t h e n e c e s s i t y of of all s a v e i m p o r t a n t 1633. W e feat their o w n e n d . matters. would policy and ordinary

ning leases h a v i n g to b e r e f e r r e d t o t h e B o a r d , a n d w o u l d r e l i e v e

are a m p l y satisfied t h a t t o o m a n y safeguards I t is t h e b r o a d a s p e c t s of n a t i v e l a n d

which t h e p r o t e c t i o n of thought t h a t i t is c a l l e d er the a c t i o n s of 1634. W e rcation o n do site

t h e B o a r d is p r i n c i p a l l y r e q u i r e d , upon it to exercise a constant in routine necessary and a matters. that land should should with

consider t h a t i t w o u l d b e a m i s t a k e n c o n c e p t i o n o f i t s d u t i e s i f i t vigilance be de be Survey Government not consider should

veyed b e f o r e i t i s set a p a r t , b u t t h a t a s u i t a b l e suffice, simple t in the D i s t r i c t Commissioners office.

and cheap

record

Similarly

leases any it the

areas for such p u r p o s e s a s s c h o o l a n d c h u r c h p l o t s , or f o r t r a d i n g ts or m i l l s i t e s , w e d o n o t c o n s i d e r ! probably b e a d v i s a b l e e of l e a s e s to that survey when extent. survey should plot necessary, but be required exceeds a in ty d e s i r i n g t o h a v e t h e p l o t s u r v e y e d should p a y f o r i t . non-natives, the But

certain

nimum. s a v , f o r t v a c r e s in

CHAPTER
LAND Crown Land or N a t i v e Land. T E N U R E point BY NATIVES

IV.
IN THE several RESERVES. native witness to I

1635. T h e that the

has b e e n raised b y should b e of 1921

a n d s o m e t i m e s a s a g e n e r a l o p i n i o n of n a t i v e s a s s e m b l e d in bum, native reserve "Barth land conceived (Original Reports, as b e l o n g i n g Civil Case natives and not to t h e C r o w n . Judgment" r e p o r t e d i n V o l . I X , East Africa T h e l e g a l p o s i t i o n , as laid down 626/19; Law p p . 1 0 2 - 1 0 5 ) , is t!

as a r e s u l t of t h e K e n y a O r d e r in C o u n c i l , 1 9 2 1 , c o m b i n e d with t C r o w n L a n d s O r d i n a n c e , 1 9 1 5 , i t i s C r o w n l a n d , a n d t h a t the le: position Crown. of the n a t i v e is t h a t he is o n l y a tenant at w i l l of t But it is c l e a r f r o m contemporary d e s p a t c h e s , and esj

c i a l l y f r o m S i r H e n r y - B e l f i e l d ' s D e s p a t c h N o . 144 of 25th Augn 1 9 1 4 , t h a t t h i s l e g a l p o s i t i o n w a s o n l y c r e a t e d in o r d e r that nati rights m i g h t be the better safeguarded and defined.

1 6 3 6 . T h i s l e g a l p o s i t i o n h a s n e v e r b e e n p o p u l a r w i t h nativi and, without going into be the question whether to the Crown Lat Ordinance, 1915, w a s a competent ported rights to d o , i t m u s t in land for the admitted of sake i n s t r u m e n t t o d o w h a t it p; that d e p r i v e a man of I him is a method

protecting

p r o c e d u r e w h i c h is l i a b l e t o b e A Proposal stated for Discussion. 1637. W e have therefore

misunderstood. given consideration t o t h e questi

w h e t h e r t h e s e m e a s u r e s w e r e n e c e s s a r y o r n e e d n o w b e continue 163S. E o r t h e p u r p o s e of e x a m i n a t i o n , w e proposition : 1 6 3 9 . T h a t t h e n a t i v e l a n d s a s a w h o l e ( C l a s s A ) b e not sty Crown land but N a t i v e the native The l a n d s , t h e nuda population of proprietas b e i n g deen to lie w i t h of control. generally, b u t v e s t e d in a tr groups, fami state t h e follow;

a n d s u b j e c t t o t h e s o v e r e i g n t y of t h e C r o w n a n d its g e n e r a l pow rights particular tribes, and individuals should be covered under native custom they are not by a declaration that they si

h a v e a l l t h e r i g h t s a n d p o w e r s i n r e s p e c t o f l a n d w h i c h they lr. (as i t i s , o r as it m a y to the Lands b e c o m e ) , in so far Ordinance Colony. or re repugnant Trust

u n d e r i t , o r a n y o t h e r l a w o r o r d i n a n c e of t h e

1 6 4 0 . W e h a v e n o t a t t e m p t e d a n e x a c t d r a f t i n g , but the abi description clear. should suffice to m a k e the meaning of t h e proposili

ON L A N D T E N U R E I N N A T I V E
k
I l f

RESERVES

111-ClIAPTEIl

IV]

(Sote.The
1

twofold

nature

of

the

Trust,

as

being

partly

protective ' a n d p a r t l y , " c o n s t r u c t i v e " juition o f f u n c t i o n s b e t w e e n juTiiment jipter.) are matters recording which our we

in c h a r a c t e r , shall discuss it

and the dis in is the next t o Criticism of the 1'ropoaoi.

the L a n d s Trust Ordinance and the

Kill. Before

recommendation,

right

isider p o s s i b l e o b j e c t i o n s .

Certain objections have been

brought

our n o t i c e , w h i c h d e s e r v e c o n s i d e r a t i o n . 1642. T h e first objection is that, although the rights flaw of the with

nvn m i g h t s e e m t o b e a d e q u a t e l y s a f e g u a r d e d , s o m e tits e s s e n t i a l t o t h e p r o p e r c o n t r o l ong p r i m i t i v e peoples.

might tenure

delected, a n d i t m i g h t b e f o u n d t h a t t h e C r o w n h a d p a r t e d and g u i d a n c e of land

1613. I t is e v e n c o n c e i v a b l e t h a t , a l t h o u g h t h e w o r d i n j r o f t h e might be completely that adequate, its v a l i d i t y which might it seeks be to the native rights

Juse itself

itested o n t h e g r o u n d itiol p r e - e x i s t it.

the L a n d s

Trust Ordinance and are

independent

1644. W e a r e of o p i n i o n t h a t t h i s o b j e c t i o n c a n b e a d e q u a t e l y It ii the p o s i t i o n is c l e a r l y d e f i n e d a n d s a f e g u a r d e d jtineil. W e a g r e e that it is absolutely essential that by Order in Government necessary,

Ink! h a v e t h e p o w e r t o c o n t r o l a n d d i r e c t , a n d , w h e r e

fnodify t h e s y s t e m o f l a n d t e n u r e , b o t h i n r e s p e c t o f t h e a c q u i s i of l a n d f o r p u b l i c p u r p o s e s a n d f o r p u r p o s e s o f t r a d e a n d d e bpment, a n d a l s o i n r e s p e c t jives t h e m s e l v e s . make this abundantly of t h e t e n u r e of land as between I t w o u l d be necessary that t h e O r d e r in Council clear.

1615. T h e s e c o n d o b j e c t i o n w h i c h i s u r g e d a g a i n s t t h e p r o p o s a l [that n a t i v e s particularly ficled t o it. prehensive interpret are unable of land marked that, if to understand a n d tribal officers the distinction This have the the and w e know between difficulty already are were, but as His an natives tribe pal o w n e r s h i p sovereignty. who

among the land

the K i k u y u , is c a l l e d

Administrative the position

native

land, of

in t h e s e n s e t h a t t h e y of t h e G o v e r n m e n t W e tutelage.

a r e , as it

jeparate e n t i t y

independent

Kenya,

jraitting t o a t e m p o r a r y )e very w e l l g r o u n d e d . iperable, s i n c e i t o u g h t jesty K i n g George

believe this

apprehension to b e

B u t w e d o not regard the objection t o be possible would for a declaration make it clear land that

le in u n m i s t a k a b l e t e r m s w h i c h ir of t h e w h o l e Jgral p a r t o f country,

( a n d h i s successors i n t i t l e ) i s t h e s o v e r e i g n and that the native remains

t h e C o l o n y i n all r e s p e c t s .

ON

LAN]) T E N U R E IN IV]

NATIVE

RESERVES

PART 1 1 1 - C H A P T E R

1646. W e it is l a r g e l y

consider

t h a t t h e d i s l i k e of t h e n a t i v e s to the lai T h e y c a n n o t understand th and they believe that

being called C r o w n

l a n d is n a t u r a l .

a conveyancing measure,

w o u l d b e m o r e s e c u r e if t h e l a n d is c a l l e d n a t i v e l a n d . 1 6 4 7 . W e f o r e s e e t h a t a n y c o n v e y a n c e of t h e l a n d in freeho or o t h e r w i s e t o t h e n a t i v e s w o u l d c a u s e g r e a t c o m p l i c a t i o n s , w o u l d , f o r i n s t a n c e , b e e x t r e m e l y difficult t o d i s t i n g u i s h betwe, t h e r i g h t s e n j o y e d b y a t r i b e a n d b y t h e i n d i v i d u a l members g r o u p s of w h i c h t h e t r i b e i s c o m p o s e d . I n o r d e r to avoid t d i f f i c u l t y , it is s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e r e s h o u l d b e n o c o n v e y a n c e , t h a t t h o s e s e c t i o n s of t h e C r o w n L a n d s O r d i n a n c e , 1915, and K e n y a O r d e r i n C o u n c i l , 1 9 2 1 , w h i c h , in c o m b i n a t i o n , were r! d a r e d b y t h e B a r t h J u d g m e n t to h a v e h a d t h e effect of maki t h e l a n d C r o w n l a n d , s h o u l d c e a s e t o b e o p e r a t i v e in respect a n y l a n d in t h e N a t i v e K e s e r v e s , C l a s s A . so t h a t t h e tenure wot r e v e r t to its f o r m e r c o n d i t i o n , s u b j e c t t o t h e s o v e r e i g n t y of t Crown. T h i s w o u l d c r e a t e a s t a t e of affairs i n w h i c h - the la m i g h t p r o p e r l y , t h o u g h s o m e w d i a t v a g u e l y , b e c a l l e d n a t i v e land. 1 6 4 8 . W h i l e s u c h a p o s i t i o n m i g h t c a u s e c o n c e r n to perso: w h o set store b y p r e c i s i o n of d e f i n i t i o n , w e see n o advantage a t t e m p t i n g to d e f i n e in t e r m s of E n g l i s h j u r i s p r u d e n c e conditions n a t i v e t e n u r e t o w h i c h t h e y a r e i n a p p l i c a b l e . T h e practical poi is t h a t i t s h o u l d b e p o s s i b l e f o r a s y s t e m of l a n d - h o l d i n g to b u i l t u p f r o m a basis of n a t i v e c u s t o m , a n d w e n e e d not conce ourselves w i t h abstruse questions of u l t i m a t e proprietorship. Roeonimenda tion. 1649. A f t e r quately considering in every all these p o i n t s , w e respect; (b) That recommend : i t must be ma T h a t the positii

T h a t t h e r i g h t s of t h e C r o w n t o c o n t r o l a n d d i s p o s e must be safeguarded p e r f e c t l y c l e a r t o t h e n a t i v e s t h a t t h e C r o w n h a s these rights; I T h a i C l a s s A l a n d b e c a l l e d n a t i v e l a n d : a n d (d) be d e c l a r e d a n d s a f e g u a r d e d u n d e r a n O r d e r i n C o u n c i l .

Tribal vs. Individual Tenure.

1650. O n whether the

the question tenure of

raised on should

the be

first tribal

term or

of

referee:

land

individual,

r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e t e n u r e of e a c h r e s e r v e s h o u l d be built on ; b a s i s of t h e n a t i v e c u s t o m o b t a i n i n g progressively guided in the direction t h e r e i n , b u t t h a t it should of p r i v a t e t e n u r e , proceed;

t h r o u g h t h e g r o u p a n d t h e f a m i l y t o w a r d s t h e i n d i v i d u a l holding, Alteration of Custom. 1 6 5 1 . W h i l e w e d o n o t c o n s i d e r t h a t e i t h e r t h e N a t i v e Count or t h e N a t i v e T r i b u n a l s s h o u l d h a v e t h e p o w e r to alter custom r e s p e c t of t h e t e n u r e of l a n d , w e c a n s e e s o m e u t i l i t y in the Nats C o u n c i l h a v i n g t h e p o w e r , s u b j e c t t o t h e p r e s c r i b e d sanctions, m a k e a f o r m a l d e c l a r a t i o n t h a t c u s t o m h a s b e c o m e altered in r e s p e c t . I n t h i s w a y , w h e n a c h a n g e i n p r a c t i c e has been adop

ON

L A N D IV]

TENURE

IN

NATIVE

RESERVES

1(1CHAPTER

d has b e c o m e
e

customary

with

the

main

body

of

the

natives, some

ve w o u l d b e a m e a n s of p r o c l a i m i n g i t , w h i c h w o u l d h a v e

ect in b r i n g i n g t h e s t r a g g l e r s i n t o l i n e . 1652. B u t t h e i n s t i t u t i o n of s e t t l e d G o v e r n m e n t , t h e fixation boundaries, t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of m o n e y , t h e i n c r e a s e of p o p u l a n, and t h e g e n e r a l i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n o f t h e c o u n t r y h a v e c a u s e d dare c a u s i n g p r o f o u n d c h a n g e s a n d e v e n d i s i n t e g r a t i o n of n a t i v e vand c u s t o m . T h e f u n c t i o n o f G o v e r n m e n t c a n n o t b e d i s c h a r g e d jrely b y m a r k i n g a n d p r o c l a i m i n g t h e c h a n g e s as t h e y o c c u r , nseious r e g u l a t i o n is n e c e s s a r y . I t m a y b e i m p o s s i b l e to r e s i s t e currents o f c h a n g e , b u t a t l e a s t a n a t t e m p t should be m a d e t o rect t h e m i n t o t h e d e s i r e d c h a n n e l s . 1653. S o m e w i t n e s s e s , n o t a b l y D r . L e a k e y and M r . M c G r e g o r x h j, h a v e s t r e s s e d t h e d a n g e r s of a t t e m p t i n g t o i n t r o d u c e m o d i f i c a ..3 i n t o a n a t i v e s y s t e m b y r u l e . W e fully appreciate those liters a n d r e a l i z e t h a t , e v e n w h e n t h e g r o u n d h a s b e e n e x p l o r e d exhaustive s t u d y a n d t h e u t m o s t c a u t i o n h a s b e e n e x e r c i s e d , e rules w i l l h a v e u n e x p e c t e d r e p e r c u s s i o n s and m a n y m i s t a k e s 1 be m a d e . N e v e r t h e l e s s , w e ai-e i m p r e s s e d in a n e v e n g r e a t e r 1 gree w i t h t h e c e r t a i n m i s e r y w h i c h w i l l r e s u l t if a p o l i c y of d r i f t pursued. 1654. C o m p a r a t i v e s t u d y of t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s e n c o u n t e r e d in o t h e r untries s h o u l d e n a b l e G o v e r n m e n t t o f o r e s e e a n d g u a r d a g a i n s t ngers w h i c h a r e h i d d e n f r o m t h e n a t i v e s . F r a g m e n t a t i o n b o t h land-holding a n d of c u l t i v a t i o n ( a n e v i l w h i c h in m a n y p a r t s o f dia h a s p r o c e e d e d so f a r a s e f f e c t i v e l y t o d e f y all a t t e m p t s a t momic c u l t i v a t i o n ) is a l r e a d y b e c o m i n g m a r k e d in K i k u y u a n d its of K a v i r o n d o , a n d t h r e a t e n s t o b e c o m e a c u t e in S o u t h e r n kuyu w i t h i n a g e n e r a t i o n . 1655. I t is f u t i l e t o i m a g i n e t h a t a n u n d i r e c t e d m a s s e v o l u t i o n a solve t h e m a n y n e w p r o b l e m s , w h i c h h a v e r e s u l t e d f r o m s e t t l e d vernment a n d t h e i m p a c t of a n i n d u s t r i a l c i v i l i z a t i o n on a itnitive p e o p l e , a n d a r e e n t i r e l y o u t s i d e t h e r a n g e of t r i b a l e x rience. T h e y o c c u r b o t h in t h e h o l d i n g of l a n d a n d in t h e use t o lidi t h e l a n d i s p u t . B r o h l e m s o f t h e f o r m e r class a r e : f r a g entation, u n e c o n o m i c s u b d i v i s i o n , a n d i n s e c u r i t y of t e n a n t s ; a n d acute p r o b l e m of t h e l a t t e r c l a s s i s o v e r s t o c k i n g . T h e t h i n g s imselvesfragmentation, subdivision, tenants, and c a t t l e h a v e ays e x i s t e d , b u t t h e r e c u r r e n c e o f t r i b a l w a r s a n d of h u m a n a n d k d i s e a s e s , a n d t h e f r e q u e n t m i g r a t i o n of p e o p l e s a n d t h e pansion a n d c o n t r a c t i o n of b o u n d a r i e s p r e v e n t e d t h e p r o b l e m s ai a r i s i n g . G o v e r n m e n t , b y t h e v e r y a c t of g o v e r n i n g , h a s ated t h e p r o b l e m s , a n d it is n o t u n r e a s o n a b l e to e x p e c t t h a t vernment s h o u l d s o l v e t h e m . I t m u s t t a k e a n d u s e t h e p o w e r make r u l e s .

5
ON to L A N D IV] TENURE IN NATIVE RESERVES If ICHAT-TUP.

d has b e c o m e

customary

with

the

main

body

of

the

natives, some fixation popula caused native occur, to

; v e

w o u l d b e a m e a n s of p r o c l a i m i n g i t , w h i c h w o u l d h a v e 1652. B u t the institution of s e t t l e d of of Government, the t h e i n c r e a s e of the country have

ec

t in b r i n g i n g t h e s t r a g g l e r s i n t o l i n e . money,

boundaries, t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n and t h e g e n e r a l and c u s t o m .

B

industrialization

( are c a u s i n g p r o f o u n d c h a n g e s a n d e v e n d i s i n t e g r a t i o n of 1 .ely b y marking and proclaiming It the may changes as they

T h e f u n c t i o n of G o v e r n m e n t c a n n o t b e d i s c h a r g e d is necessary. be impossible to resist

jnscious r e g u l a t i o n

e currents of c h a n g e , b u t a t least a n a t t e m p t s h o u l d b e m a d e rect t h e m i n t o t h e d e s i r e d c h a n n e l s .

1053. S o m e w i t n e s s e s , n o t a b l y D r . L e a k e y a n d M r . M c G r e g o r The Need oss, h a v e s t r e s s e d t h e d a n g e r s of a t t e m p t i n g t o i n t r o d u c e m o d i f i c a - Rules, as into a n a t i v e s y s t e m b y r u l e . W e fully appreciate those ngers a n d r e a l i z e t h a t , e v e n w h e n t h e g r o u n d h a s b e e n e x p l o r e d exhaustive s t u d y a n d t h e u t m o s t c a u t i o n h a s b e e n e x e r c i s e d , rules w i l l h a v e u n e x p e c t e d r e p e r c u s s i o n s a n d m a n y m i s t a k e s I be m a d e . N e v e r t h e l e s s , w e a r e i m p r e s s e d i n a n e v e n g r e a t e r jree w i t h t h e c e r t a i n m i s e r y w h i c h w i l l r e s u l t if a p o l i c y of d r i f t pursued. 1654. C o m p a r a t i v e s t u d y of t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s e n c o u n t e r e d in o t h e r iuntries s h o u l d e n a b l e G o v e r n m e n t ngers w h i c h are hidden so f a r and from land-holding a n d o f c u l t i v a t i o n idia has p r o c e e d e d onomic c u l t i v a t i o n ) its of Kavirondo, is a l r e a d y t o foresee and guard against both at and p a r t s of the natives. Fragmentation all

( a n e v i l w h i c h in m a n y to defy marked becoming

as e f f e c t i v e l y

attempts in

in K i k u y u

threatens

to become

acute

Southern evolution settled on a ex frag and things and the has that power

kuyu w i t h i n a g e n e r a t i o n . 1655. I t i s f u t i l e t o i m a g i n e t h a t an u n d i r e c t e d m a s s vemment rience. and the impact of an industrial solve t h e m a n y n e w p r o b l e m s , w h i c h h a v e r e s u l t e d f r o m civilization of imitive p e o p l e , a n d aich the l a n d are entirely Problems outside of the the r a n g e former

tribal

T h e y o c c u r b o t h in t h e h o l d i n g o f l a n d a n d i n t h e u s e t o is p u t . of class are : The

entation, u n e c o n o m i c s u b d i v i s i o n , a n d i n s e c u r i t y of t e n a n t s ; acute p r o b l e m t h e l a t t e r c l a s s is o v e r s t o c k i n g . subdivision, tenants, migration the It very of of and emselvesfragmentation, ck d i s e a s e s , pansion and m arising. sited t h e and the

cattlehave and

ays e x i s t e d , b u t t h e r e c u r r e n c e o f t r i b a l w a r s a n d of h u m a n frequent of it by peoples the to contraction and boundaries is n o t prevented act

problems

Government,

governing, expect

problems,

unreasonable

vernment s h o u l d s o l v e t h e m . make r u l e s .

m u s t take a n d use the

ON RAM ITT-CHAPTER

L A N D IV]

TENURE

IN

NATIVE

RESERVES

MALDU^ R n by

1656. G r e a t education

caution will

be

needed

in

the

making will

of rules always l

' I t is i m p o r t a n t , in so far a s it m a y b e p o s s i b l e , to p r e p a r e the wa and experiment. The But native opinion

;

c o n s e r v a t i v e a n d s l o w to a p p r e c i a t e t h e n e e d f o r c h a n g e s of wind it h a s n o e x p e r i e n c e . will sometimes be w e i g h t of need to may bo urgent, rules a n d therefore j even against tli necessary introduce

public opinion.

B u t such a s t e p w o u l d o n l y b e justifo

- a f t e r t h e m o s t c a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n , a n d t h e n a t i v e s a r e entitled t b e p r o t e c t e d a g a i n s t t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of r a s h o r i l l - c o n s i d e r e d reforms 1657. W e have been therefore to the recommend Provincial that, when representation that and rules ar Commissioner; a record c be made t T h e rule

made

Commissioner presiding, Land also be

n e c e s s a r y , t h e y s h o u l d first b e d e b a t e d a t a D i s t r i c t meeting, the P r o v i n c i a l Commissioner the discussion should be k e p t . and records of their Reference should

should then kept.

the L o c a l N a t i v e Councils and t h e L o c a l discussions

B o a r d s concerned

s h o u l d t h e n b e d e b a t e d a s e c o n d t i m e b y t h e D i s t r i c t Commissionet in t h e l i g h t of t h e c r i t i c i s m s r e c e i v e d . be sent to the Chief Native Provincial Commissioners' meeting, T h e d r a f t r u l e s should the: for to discussion the at and then Govern'); Commissioner

t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e r e c o r d s o f a l l t h e s e d i s c u s s i o n s a n d t h e Provineis Co iumissioner s recommendations. the p o w e r to g a z e t t e the rules. Lands Trust the Secretary of State. B o a r d , and a p o w e r T h e G o v e r n o r s h o u l d then hat should be sent to tl: of d i s a l l o w a n c e s h o u l d lie wit Notification

1 6 5 8 . E v e n a f t e r t h e y h a v e b e e n g a z e t t e d , t h e r u l e s should n c be automatically have in the p o w e r Official the applied, but the E r o v i n e i a l to apply Gazette, them or any either to the of whole C o m m i s s i o n e r shoul by further or notk to an province them,

d i s t r i c t or t o a n y p a r t of a d i s t r i c t . 1659. W e of of debate and practice, are aware discussion without out in that the course r e c o m m e n d e d would any more the probably statutory secure if Ordinance. be the pursued provision in respa effec

as a raatfc to be oi

even set

to that

But

the natives w i l l feel is f u l l y

procedure

served

1 6 6 0 . T h e p r o v i s i o n t h a t t h e r u l e s m a y b e a p p l i e d in the FIR instance to a part of a district should prove Small are very flaws useful in S T A m a t t e r s as t h e registration or d e m a r c a t i o n e v e r such a s t e p m a y b e c o m e d e s i r a b l e . ments will probably small be found w h e n area. and w i l l ' m o r e easily be rectified comparatively they of r i g h t - h o l d i n g s , whet in t h e arrangi in practici applied

if t h e r u l e s a r e first t r i e d out in

524
ON L A N D T E N U R E IN NATIVE
[II-CHAPTER IV]

RESERVES

661. W e

do not

consider

that it concerns If

us t o i n d i c a t e i n

The **

particular ^ '
u i e

w h a t particular rules are required. is in taking evidence. regard We have,

w e had regarded that made matters several (vide

u l o e r e

-t of o u r d u t i e s , w e s h o u l d h a v e h a d t o s p e n d s o m e a d d i t i o n a l however, important ms t o w h a t w e as t h e m o s t

as 501-535 a b o v e ) . G62. W e r e c o r d n o v e r y d e f i n i t e o p i n i o n r e g a r d i n g t h e a d v i s a . . ,. . i , iv ,. , -r In of a r e g i s t e r o i r i g h t - h o l d i n g s in a n y p a r t i c u l a r a r e a . districts of t h e C o l o n y such a s t e p w o u l d q u i t e o b v i o u s l y b e

c

Registration and Deniana j f it^t holdings.

o n D

iture. er, ies, but

W e we

note have that

that both evidence officers direction

the K i k u y u to in the

Land

Tenure after

Report further, -.,

t

lie N o r t h K a v i r o n d o L a n d T e n u r e - R e p o r t w e r e in f a v o u r of a effect that, administrative North Kavirondo are-agreed

no s t e p s in

are at-present

p r a c t i c a b l e in t h a t in aifew, -'

:m,

'he w e i g h t of t h e n a t i v e o p i n i o n as e x p r e s s e d to u s , b o t h i and Central Kavirondo, opinion was clearly Welfare (Evidence, against pp. a register, and a li the K a v i r o n d o s held a contrary Taxpayers' Association

2139-2141). Some

Opinion i n K i k u y u P r o v i n c e a p p e a r s t o b e m o r e o p e n . sed r u l e s f o r t h e r e g u l a t i o n o f ithaka

w e r e d r a f t e d b y the l a t e

N a t i v e C o m m i s s i o n e r ( M r . G . V . M a x w e l l ) , a n d we, note that j seventh draft rule it is stated : " W h e n directions h a v e been ! by the District Commissioner: for he shall the marking a o u t of to the he in iaries of v a r i o u s ithaka, establish register, "may".

i as t h e G i t h a k a D e g i s t e r . "

T h e District

Commissioners,

ing t h i s m a t t e r , p r o p o s e d to a l t e r " s h a l l " t o

053. T h e o n l y o p i n i o n w h i c h w e w i s h to r e c o r d o n t h i s p o i n t t, w h i l e w e h a v e n o t e n o u g h e v i d e n c e b e f o r e u s t o say w h e t h e r ister of ithaka ious a d v a n c e is or i s n o t d e s i r a b l e a t p r e s e n t , w e towards private right-holding to regard.a we the be..generally

able, i f l a n d i s t o b e d e v e l o p e d t o t h e b e s t a d v a n t a g e , a n d part of t h e K i a m b u d i s t r i c t o n t h e l i n e s r e c o m m e n d e d in rules w o u l d b e o f v a l u e . 1664. B u t demarcation on site is certainly more . .

d i n e d t o t h i n k t h a t t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l i n t r o d u c t i o n of a r e g i s t e r

valuable

at

lage t h a n r e g i s t r a t i o n , a n d w e c a l l a t t e n t i o n t o t h e s u g g e s t i o n s , h h a v e b e e n m a d e t o t h i s e n d , e s p e c i a l l y t o t h e r u l e s -proposed Mr. M a x w e l l . W e take this o p p o r t u n i t y of saying that the *?.-.:!-. ' '' . -' '-' \ s of d e m a r c a t i o n s h o u l d h e s i m p l e , a n d t h a t t h e ' p r e s e n t c o n d i t i o n s as r e g a r d s n a t i v e h o l d i n g s . employment :

veyors i n n a t i v e ' r e s e r v e s s h o u l d s e l d o m , if e v e r , b e n e c e s s a r y

ON

L A N D IV]

TENURE

IN

NATIVE

RESERVES

PART I I I C H A P T E R

1 6 6 5 . W e c o n s i d e r t h a t a g o o d c a s e e x i s t s f o r the application of r u l e s t o e x t e n s i v e p a r t s of t h e K i a m b u d i s t r i c t o r d e r i n g th d e m a r c a t i o n of ithaka; of r i g h t - h o l d i n g s ; a n d p o s s i b l y of tenant holdings by some simple distinctive method. T h e r e is amp]' j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r s e l e c t i n g t h i s d i s t r i c t f o r e x c e p t i o n a l treatment s i n c e t h e a c c i d e n t of p o s i t i o n as t h e w e l l a s t h e p e c u l i a r i t i e s of it c u s t o m s a n d t r a d i t i o n s of l a n d - h o l d i n g r e n d e r i t s p r o b l e m s exce^ t i o n a l l y difficult. T h e a s p i r a t i o n s o f t h e s e n a t i v e s t o w a r d s a nior i n d i v i d u a l f o r m o f t e n u r e d e s e r v e t o b e f o s t e r e d , u n d e r adequat s a f e g u a r d s , a n d t h e l e s s o n s l e a r n t h e r e w i l l a f t e r w a r d s b e of valu to o t h e r n a t i v e a r e a s as t h e y a l s o b e g i n t o a d v a n c e in t h e directio of p r i v a t e o w n e r s h i p . Settlonteu b of Disputes. 1 6 6 6 . D i s p u t e s a r e a t p r e s e n t s e t t l e d u n d e r t h e m a c h i n e r y pr v i d e d b y t h e N a t i v e T r i b u n a l s O r d i n a n c e , a n d w e r e c o m m e n d r, change. 1 6 6 7 . W e b e l i e v e i t is a f a c t t h a t a t e n d e n c y h a s lately bee e v i n c e d in s o m e d i s t r i c t s , n o t a b l y K i a m b u , f o r n a t i v e s to treat th p r e s e n c e o f E u r o p e a n s i n t h e r e s e r v e s as i f i t w e r e trespass. Case h a v e o c c u r r e d in w h i c h E u r o p e a n s , w h o h a v e b e e n peacefully fish i n g i n t h e r i v e r s , or p i c n i c k i n g o n u n f e n c e d l a n d , or e v e n walkii or m o t o r i n g o n t h e r o a d s , h a v e b e e n c h a l l e n g e d b y natives an told t h e y h a v e n o r i g h t t o b e t h e r e . W e c o n s i d e r t h a t w h i l e native a r e e n t i t l e d t o p r o t e c t i o n u n d e r t h e o r d i n a r y l a w of trespass again: t r e s p a s s o n f e n c e d l a n d , a n y p e r s o n s h o u l d b e e n t i t l e d to procee a l o n g a n y r o a d , t r a c k , or f o o t p a t h , o r e v e n a n y u n f e n c e d uncull v a t e d l a n d , a n d t o p i c n i c o r c a m p o n a n y u n f e n c e d land not plants in s e a s o n a l c r o p s , p r o v i d e d t h a t a n y d a m a g e is m a d e g o o d , an t h a t n o n - n a t i v e s s h o u l d n o t c a m p in t h e s a m e p l a c e in the reserv for m o r e t h a n f o r t y - e i g h t h o u r s w i t h o u t a p e r m i t f r o m t h e Distri Commissioner. W e consider also that fishing should be allowe in a l l r i v e r s a n d f r o m t h e b a n k s of a l l r i v e r s in t h e n a t i v e reserve s u b j e c t to t h e p o s s e s s i o n of a fishing p e r m i t a n d subject to the la of t r e s p a s s . 1 6 6 8 . J u d g i n g f r o m t h e e v i d e n c e w h i c h w e h a v e received, \ b e l i e v e t h a t ft is n e c e s s a r y t h a t t h e p o s i t i o n should be clearl defined in the O r d i n a n c e or b y rules u n d e r it. 1 6 6 9 . W e w i s h t o i n v i t e e s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n t o our recommend t i o n s in C h a p t e r X V of P a r t I of o u r E e p o r t , in w h i c h w e reco o u r o p i n i o n t h a t a r e a s a d d e d t o t h e K i k u y u R e s e r v e should ee t a i n l y n o t b e used a s g r a z i n g c o m m o n a g e s , b u t t h a t the land slion! pass i n t o p r i v a t e o w n e r s h i p b y g r o u p s o r i n d i v i d u a l s (sections 51 547). 1 6 7 0 . T o s o m e e x t e n t t h e s e r e m a r k s w i l l b e f o u n d to apply o t h e r r e s e r v e s b e s i d e s K i k u y u , a n d t h e e m e r g e n c e of private righ is g e n e r a l l y to b e e n c o u r a g e d . W e w i s h t o r e c o r d a comprehensi.

Riglite of Protection in Respect of Trespass.

Use of Areas added to the Reserve.

ON

L A N D IV]

TENURE IN

NATIVE

RESERVES

ipjKT H I C H A P T E R

onderanation o f l a r g e g r a z i n g c o m m o n a g e s , w h i c h a r e f r e q u e n t l y ed as a s p e c i e s of b a n k f o r t h e s t o r a g e of b r i d e - p r i c e . E v e n t h e greas a d d e d e x p r e s s l y f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f a c c o m m o d a t i n g - c a t t l e , ,1,110 o v e r g r a z e d a r e a s of t h e r e s e r v e a r e r e s t e d , s h o u l d n o t b e u s e d g r a z i n g c o m m o n a g e s f r e e to a l l a l i k e w i t h o u t r e s t r i c t i o n , b u t lion Id b e u s e d o n an o r g a n i z e d p l a n . U l t i m a t e l y , w h e n t h e i m m e ite purpose h a s b e e n f u l f i l l e d , a n d t h e l o c a t i o n s of t h e r e s e r v e h a v e ecu r e c o n d i t i o n e d , t h e y w i l l p r o b a b l y h a v e t o c o n t a i n t h e i r o w n ive stock, a n d t h e a r e a of t h e b l o c k a d d i t i o n , if of a p e r m a n e n t Tatiire, w i l l b e c o m e a v a i l a b l e to r e c e i v e a r e s i d e n t p o p u l a t i o n , a n d Irivate r i g h t s w i l l gradually- a p p e a r .
B 3

CHAPTER
THE APPROPRIATE L A N D Object of the Chapter. 1(571. I n the METHOD IN NATIVE chapters

V.
FOB THE PROTECTION'. OP

ADMINISTRATION

AND

CONTROL

RESERVES. we.have made a n u m b e r oi admini

foregoing regarding

recommendations will have been

the protection, m a n a g e m e n t ,

t r a t i o n , c o n t r o l a n d d e v e l o p m e n t of l a n d in n a t i v e r e s e r v e s , and it noticed that w e have regarded certain functions as T h e object finally, to b e i n g a p p r o p r i a t e to t h e P r o v i n c i a l A d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d the Govern inent g e n e r a l l y , and others to the L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d . is d r a w n ; to s u m m a r i z e Board. 1 6 7 2 . T h e g e n e r a l b a s i s of t h e d i s t i n c t i o n is t h a t t h e responsi The respective function? of b i l i t y of t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d s h o u l d be t o fulfil t h e protective the Lands Trust Board n e e d , a n d t h a t o f t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n t o d i s c h a r g e t h e requirements and the of t h e c o n s t r u c t i v e n e e d . Administra tion. 1 6 7 3 . T h e s e n e e d s a r e r e s p e c t i v e l y d e f i n e d i n t h e letter ap pended to the R e p o r t of t h e H i l t o n - Y o u n g Commission addressed t o t h e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e o n t h e s u b j e c t of t h e L a n d s T r u s t Bill, a n d s i g n e d b y S i r R . M a n t , S i r G . S c h u s t e r , a n d A i r . J . H . Oldiiam. w h e r e it is stated : " The first and principal need, which may be described as t h e p r o t e c t i v e n e e d ' , is t o fix t h e a r e a s to be set aside, and provide secure protection for the preservation r i g h t s o v e r such areas t o the " we The second and almost the "constructive will call to the natives. equally need', important is to n e e d , which for the provide of the benefici Ihe duties on each side; and, of t h e p r e s e n t c h a p t e r is t o s h o w t h e b a s i s on w h i c h t h i s distinction m a k e o u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n as t o t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n of t h e L a n d s Trust

a c t u a l use of l a n d i n s u c h a m a n n e r as w i l l b e of the greatest benefit natives."

1674. A d i v i s i o n of f u n c t i o n s i n t h i s w a y d o e s n o t s i m p l y mean t h a t t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d is r e s p o n s i b l e f o r p r o t e c t i n g the bound aries and the A d m i n i s t r a t i o n is responsible for whatever happen; i n s i d e t h e m . . I n t e r n a l d e v e l o p m e n t u n d e r t a k e n b y t h e Administra t i o n in p u r s u a n c e of t h e c o n s t r u c t i v e n e e d m i g h t h a v e aspects which r e q u i r e t h a t t h e p r o t e c t i o n of t h e B o a r d s h o u l d b e i n v o k e d to safe g u a r d t h e r i g h t s o f g r o u p s , o r f a m i l i e s , or i n d i v i d u a l s affected. We h a v e t h e r e f o r e e n d e a v o u r e d t o s e c u r e t o t h e L a n d s T r u s t Board all

526
O N M E T H O D S OE P R O T E C T I O N A N D C O N T R O L
J.H;T I I I C H A P T E R VJ

owers e s s e n t i a l to i t f o r t h e e x e r c i s e of a d e q u a t e p r o t e c t i o n , w i t h it h e d g i n g the position round with a h o s t of meticulous restric the Duties of the y^"^
T r u s t

jons, w h i c h w o u l d h a m p e r t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n u n n e c e s s a r i l y i n jrformance of i t s d u t i e s . 1.075. I n t h e c o u r s e of o u r e x a m i n a t i o n , seriatim,

of t h e v a r i o u s regarding We shall

Ijohlems, w e

have

already

stated form.

our r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s

duties p r o p e r t o the L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d in e a c h c a s e . liw state t h e m in s u m m a r y

1676. G r e a t c a r e is t a k e n u n d e r t h e O r d i n a n c e t h a t t h e t o t a l (i) In respect a of t h e r e s e r v e s shall n e v e r b e d i m i n i s h e d . T o t h i s e n d , t h e y p ^ ; f vested as a t r u s t in a L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d , w h o s e d u t y in t h i s Boundaries, anexion i s m e r e l y to p r e s e r v e t h e b o u n d a r i e s i n t a c t . T h e r e is

r o t o n 0

a provision that the boundaries m a y be e x t e n d e d (under sec n 2 ( 2 ) o f t h e O r d i n a n c e ) , b u t t h i s is d o n e b y t h e G o v e r n o r , bject to t h e a p p r o v a l of t h e L e g i s l a t i v e C o u n c i l , a n d t h e B o a r d not c o n c e r n e d e x c e p t t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t , o n c e t h e l a n d h a s b e e n ded, it b e c o m e s p a r t of t h e t r u s t . I n r e s p e c t of e x c l u s i o n s , f o r ich p r o v i s i o n e x i s t s u n d e r s e c t i o n 15 ( i ) of t h e O r d i n a n c e , t h e arc! has a m o r e a c t i v e f u n c t i o n , a n d e x c l u s i o n s c a n n o t b e m a d e less the B o a r d a d v i s e s a n d c o n s e n t s . B u t w e h a v e a l r e a d y e x ssed t h e o p i n i o n t h a t t h e m e t h o d of e x c l u s i o n w o u l d g e n e r a l l y unpopular, a n d r e s o r t s h o u l d s e l d o m , i f e v e r , b e h a d t o i t . 1677. W e important have public contemplated purpose, and (section no 1539) that very excep for be In on can

ird cases m i g h t n for s e c u r i n g d cases, w e direction of

occasionally it e i t h e r b y Secretary

a r i s e i n w h i c h l a n d is r e q u i r e d satisfactory or b y the method exclusion of setting apart. possible, In provisions

have recommended the

that it should be State, for

of' t h e such be of

lid A c q u i s i t i o n linal v o i c e . remely r a r e

A c t or s i m i l a r l e g i s l a t i o n But it is e x p e c t e d that

to b e a p p l i e d .

ie. the L a n d B o a r d w o u l d e x p r e s s an o p i n i o n b u t w o u l d n o t h a v e such c a s e s w o u l d occurrence. a w e a k point in the O r d i n a n c e that to allow for them, they will they have and be no of

167S. I t is a d m i t t e d l y at has been introduced

ichinery e x i s t s f o r m a k i n g e x c h a n g e s , b u t e v e n w h e n an paratively r a r e o c c u r r e n c e . a n u m b e r of tlx f r o m

amend there arise light been could

I t is true that at the m o m e n t

small exchanges to be conducted, but once be they

misconceptions or errors w h i c h w e r e b r o u g h t to changes would seldom needed

the s u r v e y of t h e b o u n d a r i e s , a n d , w h e n ilicd, s u b s e q u e n t erally b e b y m u t u a l l e a s e .

W e have recommended

(section 1475)

e x c h a n g e s b y m e a n s of e x c l u s i o n s a n d a d d i t i o n s s h o u l d n o t b e e unless t h e B o a r d a g r e e s .

ON

METHODS OF PROTECTION A N D V ]

CONTROL

PART I I I C H A P T E R

1679. I n r e s p e c t of e x c h a n g e s b y m u t u a l l e a s e and in respect e x t e n s i o n s of b o u n d a r i e s b y l e a s e , w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d , amongl o t h e r s a f e g n a i - d s . t h a t t h e y s h a l l n o t t a k e p l a c e u n l e s s the Board! agrees (section 1474). (ii) In respeot of Setting Apart. 1680. W e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d , a m o n g o t h e r s a f e g u a r d s , thatI n o l a n d in e x c e s s of t e n a c r e s shall b e set a p a r t or leased except! b y a g r e e m e n t of t h e B o a r d , b u t t h a t t h e B o a r d should be able to] d e l e g a t e t o t h e C h i e f N a t i v e C o m m i s s i o n e r t h e p o w e r of assenting o n its b e h a l f t o t h e s e t t i n g a p a r t of l a n d n o t e x c e e d i n g 100 acres,I a n d t h e l e a s i n g of l a n d n o t e x c e e d i n g 50 a c r e s ( s e c t i o n 1631). 1681. T h e would be Board by would the have the of power of to to issue for general purposel

^iii) In respect . of Licences.

special instructions for affected in the any specified or

the safeguarding granting subject would

n a t i v e i n t e r e s t s whichl the such instructions ami with the Adminis

licences

Ordinance, but, particular

to t h e s a f e g u a r d s s t a t e d in s e c t i o n 1 6 2 8 a b o v e , t h e d u t y of issuing refusing licence rest tration. 1 6 8 2 . I n r e s p e c t of l i c e n c e s c o n n e c t e d w i t h m i n i n g , the Board w o u l d n o t h a v e a p o w e r of v e t o , b u t s h o u l d b e a b l e to maki r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s t o t h e G o v e r n o r , o r t o t h e S e c r e t a r y of State. I n t h e c a s e of s p e c i a l a l l u v i a l c l a i m s , w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d tha f o r m a l n o t i f i c a t i o n s h o u l d b e s e n t t o t h e B o a r d b e f o r e the schein is p u b l i s h e d in t h e G a z e t t e f o r c r i t i c i s m ( s e c t i o n 1 5 9 4 ) . 1683. I n the case of water permits, we have recommends

t h a t a p p l i c a t i o n s b e d i v i d e d i n t o m a j o r a n d m i n o r , a n d that refer e n c e to t h e B o a r d in m i n o r c a s e s s h o u l d be u n n e c e s s a r y , except a: the instance of reference should of the Chief be made Native to the Commissioner. Board, which In major case have tl: should

p o w e r t o o b j e c t a n d t o m a k e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s t o t h e G o v e r n o r or the Secretary D e t a i l s of t h i s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n a r e g i v e n i n section 1602 above. We have made a further recommendation, at

S t a t e , b u t s h o u l d n o t h a v e t h e p o w e r to decide,

section 160

a b o v e , t h a t t h e B o a r d s h o u l d b e c a p a b l e of s u i n g or b e i n g sued matters affecting riparian interests. Civ) Genera! Power of Supervision. 1684. B e s i d e s the protection which the Lands T r u s t Boar

w o u l d b e r e q u i r e d t o e x t e n d t o t h e n a t i v e s i n t h e particulars er m e r a t e d a b o v e , w e c o n c e i v e t h a t t h e t e r m s of t h e trust, the land to the " u s e and benefit"

dedicate

of t h e n a t i v e s , i m p l y that tli w h i c h it was assignei

t r u s t e e s m u s t h a v e t h e p o w e r t o a s s u r e t h e m s e l v e s t h a t the land actually b e i n g devoted to t h e purposes for T h e r e f o r e , a l t h o u g h w e s h a l l r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e internal managf

m e n t , d e v e l o p m e n t , a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d c o n t r o l of t h e native lands

527
ON METHODS OF PROTECTION A N D CONTROL

ipim I I I - C H A P T E R V ]

should r e s t , a s i t w e r e i n a s e p a r a t e t r u s t , w i t h G o v e r n m e n t , that G o v e r n m e n t should h a v e t h e sole responsibility should have the power and

and of

in r e s p e c t of

[he " c o n s t r u c t i v e n e e d " , w e s h a l l n e v e r t h e l e s s r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e Lands T r u s t B o a r d duty making Secretary Representations to t h e G o v e r n o r , a n d , if n e c e s s a r y , to t h e

I f State, if it c o n s i d e r s t h a t t h e l a n d is n o t b e i n g d e v o t e d t o t h e u s e [nil b e n e f i t of t h e n a t i v e s in c o n f o r m i t y w i t h t h e t e r m s of t h e t r u s t
r

is n o t b e i n g p r o p e r l y c o n s e r v e d a n d

developed. Q s . necessary in tho Lands Trust Hoard,

l l a I l t l e

1685. T h e a b o v e e n u m e r a t i o n s h o w s t h e d u t i e s p r o p e r t o t h e m ^ i- i i -i rr,, Is T r u s t B o a r d a s p r o t e c t o r o f t h e n a t i v e l a n d s . I h e y w i l l Irani t i m e t o t i m e i n c l u d e t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n of e x t e n s i o n s , e x c l u lions, e x c h a n g e s , m a j o r l e a s e s , a n d i m p o r t a n t l i c e n c e s . B u t , t a k e n jnsum, t h e w o r k is n o t a r d u o u s , a n d t h e o c c a s i o n s w i l l b e r a r e w h e n liactical issues a r i s e f o r s e t t l e m e n t . T h e c h i e f r e q u i r e m e n t s in a n y Board w h i c h is a p p o i n t e d as t r u s t e e in t h i s r e g a r d , i . e . f o r c o n s e r v a lion as a p a r t f r o m d e v e l o p m e n t , a r e i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d a s e n s e o f Justice. N o h i g h d e g r e e of l o c a l k n o w l e d g e is r e q u i r e d ; a n d t h e o n e lisential p o i n t is t h a t t h e B o a r d s h a l l c o m m a n d t h e r e s p e c t a n d Jonfidence o f t h e n a t i v e s a n d o f t h e C o l o n y a t l a r g e . 1686. I n order that this m i g h t b e secured t o the fullest Grigg had envisaged "pass by general authority". that the W e the position when It is a point of for the extent, of a iir E d w a r d ligher E a s t Aether it the duties

he B o a r d w o u l d

a g r e e m e n t i n t o t h e h a n d s of members Board

African

consideration should on t h i s

is n e c e s s a r y

eside i n A f r i c a a t a l l .

shall d e f e r our r e c o m m e n d a t i o n

natter f o r t h e m o m e n t , u n t i l w e h a v e r e v i e w e d t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of he c o n s t r u c t i v e as w e l l as t h e p r o t e c t i v e n e e d , a n d m a d e g o o d o u r ontention that the matters of internal development and control re the d u t y of G o v e r n m e n t a n d n o t o f t h e L a n d s T r u s t 1687. The conditions obtaining in native reserves Board. in respect in t h e
a

The Require internal^ Management

n d C o n t r o

f the use of or a n y b o d y

land h a v e been comprehensively to read that chapter and not be

summarized convinced

ret c h a p t e r of t h i s p a r t o f o u r R e p o r t .

I t w o u l d be quite impossible that the native The and

'

^management, d e v e l o p m e n t , a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , a n d c o n t r o l " o f inds is a m o s t c o m p l i c a t e d t a s k , r e q u i r i n g g r e a t l o c a l ilministrative s k i l l , p a t i e n c e a n d e x p e r i e n c e , a n d m u c h s t u d y .

knowledge,

eed for c a u t i o n a n d t h e n e e d f o r e n e r g y a r e e q u a l l y o b v i o u s , bove a l l , p e r h a p s , t h e n e e d f o r a u t h o r i t y . dministration m u s t b e c a l l e d i n , a n d it w o u l d b e q u i t e firough the Provincial to effect a Commissioner. strict division But the

T h e w h o l e m a c h i n e r y of impossible except Comas

p a L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d t o a t t e m p t t o deal w i t h t h e m a t t e r Provincial Jiissioner a n d h i s officers c a n n o t s e r v e t w o jracticable masters, and their

it is n o t

between

functions

ON METHODS PART I I I C H A P T E R V ]

OE PROTECTION

A N D

CONTROL

l a n d d e v e l o p m e n t officers a n d t h e r e s t of t h e i r d u t i e s . F o r instance o r d e r s g i v e n u n d e r t h e N a t i v e A u t h o r i t y O r d i n a n c e f o r the con s t r u c t i o n of r o a d s or b r i d g e s , or to p r e v e n t t h e w a s t e f u l destruction! of t i m b e r , or to r e g u l a t e t h e m o v e m e n t s of n a t i v e s f r o m o n e location t o a n o t h e r , r e l a t e , i n s o m e s e n s e , t h o u g h n o t e x c l u s i v e l y , to the m a n a g e m e n t a n d c o n t r o l of l a n d . I t w o u l d b e r i d i c u l o u s to expect t h e P r o v i n c i a l A d m i n i s t r a t i o n t o c o n d u c t a l l t h e s e m a t t e r s in sub ordination to the L a n d s Trust B o a r d . 1 6 8 8 . T h e d i f f i c u l t y is s t i l l m o r e o b v i o u s w h e n w e consider i in its political aspect. A d i s p u t e a b o u t l a n d , e s p e c i a l l y in Kavi r o n d o , o f t e n i n v o l v e s a l o c a t i o n b o u n d a r y , a n d t h e political sphere of a h e a m a n ' s c o n t r o l is as m u c h i n t h e a r g u m e n t as t h e question o f l a n d t o b e used a n d c u l t i v a t e d . T h e c o n c e p t i o n o f land tenure h a s b a r e l y y e t e m e r g e d t o a p o i n t a t w h i c h it can be distinguishes f r o m p o l i t i c a l c o n t r o l , a n d p o w e r a n d p r o p r i e t o r s h i p a r e still largel c o n f u s e d . I t is o b v i o u s t h a t t h e s e t t l e m e n t of d i s p u t e s of this kim m u s t r e s t w i t h G o v e r n m e n t d i r e c t l y , a n d n o L a n d B o a r d should h expected to take the responsibility. 16S9. I f conclusion is one regards the matters from reached. final These disputes are It t h e j u d i c i a l aspect andl heard in the Native

c o n s i d e r s t h e s e t t l e m e n t o f l a n d d i s p u t e s b e t w e e n n a t i v e s , the samef Tribunals, and under the existing Ordinance m i s s i o n e r is t h e c o u r t of a p p e a l . t h e P r o v i n c i a l Com-I be an impossible!

would

p o s i t i o n if, a f t e r h a v i n g g i v e n a j u d g m e n t in o n e s e n s e in a dispute, h e t h e n h a d t o t a k e a c t i o n in an o p p o s i t e s e n s e at t h e direction ot t h e B o a r d , w h i c h m i g h t differ f r o m say that such a position i n p l a y i n g off o n e a u t h o r i t y a g a i n s t 1690. O n h i m in o p i n i o n . another. t h a t the manage ( t o use the words I t is easv to w o u l d n e v e r a r i s e , b u t n a t i v e s are adepts

all these g r o u n d s w e are satisfied administration and control

ment, development, the Administration and native in the Provincial

e m p l o y e d in s e c t i o n s 4 a n d 6 of t h e O r d i n a n c e ! should remain with i n r e s p e c t of a l l m a t t e r s a r i s i n g b e t w e e n nativef reserves. The direct authority would should be the] be and his responsibility

Commissioner,

G o v e r n m e n t , and not to the

Board.

General State1 6 9 1 . T h e c o n c l u s i o n s w h i c h w e h a v e r e a c h e d , and which arej rnent of the supported b y t h e a b o v e a r g u m e n t s , are as f o l l o w s : J O Conclusions. ( i ) T h e d u t y w h i c h G o v e r n m e n t h a s t o w a r d s the natives p r o t e c t t h e m in t h e u s e a n d e n j o y m e n t of their land hasj t w o essential aspects : (a) C o n s e r v a t i o n o f t h e r e s e r v e s g e n e r a l l y for their inhabij t a n t s ; t h e s a f e g u a r d i n g of t h e i n t e g r i t y of the bounl d a r i e s ; a n d t h e p r o t e c t i o n of p r i v a t e r i g h t s .

528
ON METHODS V] OK' P R O T E C T I O N A N D CONTROL IHT I I I - C H A P T E R

(b)

M a n a g e m e n t , development, administration and of t h e l a n d w i t h a v i e w t o improvement. appropriately be may

control

(ii) T h e a s p e c t of c o n s e r v a t i o n are that it s h o u l d be

entrusted winch should special

to a L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d , the chief r e q u i r e m e n t s of independent and j u s t , and c o m m a n d universal confidence. , I t need not have local k n o w l e d g e .

(iii) A l l p o w e r of m a n a g e m e n t , d e v e l o p m e n t , e t c . , m u s t b e p r e s e r v e d in t h e h a n d s of G o v e r n m e n t , t h e i m m e d i a t e ority being the P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r , w o r k i n g h i s staff. for the powers of better veto safeguarding and Board. Personnel of TrustRoard first to r e v i e w t h e duties w h i c h in t h e Kenya. by wit have minds to of list o f duties of native must rights be auth but to through certain

H i s responsibility must be to G o v e r n m e n t , representation secured

the L a n d s Trust

1692. W e h a v e l e f t t h e q u e s t i o n of t h e p e r s o n n e l o f t h e B o a r d nlil l a s t , b e c a u s e it s e e m e d l o g i c a l ave t o b e p e r f o r m e d . We can see n o t h i n g

hich d e m a n d s o f n e c e s s i t y t h a t t h e B o a r d s h o u l d h a v e c l o s e l o c a l nowledge or s h o u l d n e c e s s a r i l y b e r e s i d e n t i n

1693. T h e p r e s e n t c o n s t i t u t i o n o f t h e B o a r d is d e t e r m i n e d etion 3 of esses b e f o r e the L a n d s us, who Trust are Ordinance, of which provides S o m e of both a ership v e r y l i k e t h a t o f t h e E x e c u t i v e C o u n c i l . members milted t h a t t h e y e x p e r i e n c e lien a case arises in in into We their a difficulty advice the

mem

these bodies, their to all

in a t t u n i n g they have with

the c a p a c i t y i n w h i c h t h e y a r e a c t i n g a t t h e m o m e n t , which The official does not overnment e matter lerests. capacity, after taking

especially tender aspects the

account,

correspond

the

attitude native in a r i s e in against of all Council, in although

hich t h e y h a v e t o a d o p t a s t r u s t e e s c o n s i d e r i n g eh a p o s i t i o n .

only

d o n o t c o n s i d e r t h a t a n y official s h o i d d b e p l a c e d N o r , w h e n w e reflect that occasions m a y have to be protected even

hich t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e s m a y

e G o v e r n m e n t of K e n y a , d o w e t h i n k it r i g h t t h a t t h e B o a i - d rustees s h o u l d c o r r e s p o n d so c l o s e l y w i t h t h e E x e c u t i v e e are m o s t strongly in favour of an i n d e p e n d e n t and atters r e l a t i n g to t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e s , e agree t h a t m a t t e r s of i n t e r n a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n onld r e m a i n i n t h e h a n d s of Government. Board

development

1694. W e b e l i e v e t h a t p u b l i c c o n f i d e n c e in t h e B o a r d w i l l b e eater i f t h e m e m b e r s h a v e n o d i r e c t c o n c e r n w i t h t h e p o l i t i c a l e of t h e C o l o n y . B u t i t w o u l d d i f f i c u l t t o find in K e n y a m e n o f linence a n d d i s t i n c t i o n w h o a r e n o t a l r e a d y i n v o l v e d in s o m e ry or o t h e r in p o l i t i c s , w h i c h , i n so s m a l l a c o m m u n i t y , a r e ost a p a r t o f d a i l y l i f e . W e d o n o t say t h a t s u c h m e n c o u l d n o t

ON

METHODS V]

OF

PROTECTION

A N D

CONTROL

PART I I I C H A P T E R

be f o u n d , b u t t h e y w o u l d h a v e t o b e c h o s e n f r o m an extreme!?! l i m i t e d field, a n d t h a t in itself m i g h t t e n d to s o m e e x t e n t t o i m p a f l t h e i r a u t h o r i t y a n d t h e c o n f i d e n c e r e p o s e d in t h e m . j. 1G95. A further consideration is that members of

t h e Board I

w i l l b e , in a sense, the representatives of t h e P r i v y

Council,

sinci

t h e y w i l l b e t h e p r o t e c t o r s of a t r u s t , of w h i c h , as w e recommend 5 a n O r d e r i n C o u n c i l w o u l d d e c l a r e t h e p r i n c i p a l t e r m s and nominate the trustees. fives of They will t h e r e f o r e , as c a r r y i n g independent in certain of o u t t h e duties i m the Government o classes of posed on t h e m b y the P r i v y Government, They would though be able Kenya.

C o u n c i l , b e to t h a t e x t e n t represents. I specified

s h o u l d o c c a s i o n a r i s e , t o i n t e r p o s e a v e t o on l e a s e s or l i c e n c e s t h e G o v e r n m e n t of K e n y a h a d r e c o m m e n d e d members hard for of the such a B o a r d to b e g r a n t e d . a r e r e s i d e n t in K e n y a ,

caseB whictH I f then

ill

the position,

n o t a c t u a l l y e m b a r r a s s i n g to G o v e r n m e n t , w o u l d c e r t a i n l y be natives to understand, and w o u l d bewilder natives, t h e m than inspire confidence. and it is essential If that it T h e p o i n t of greatest t h e c o n f i d e n c e of be removed from

venB
iml

be m o r e likely t i l

p o r t a n c e is t h a t t h e B o a r d s h o u l d c o m m a n d should s p h e r e of l o c a l p o l i t i c s .

it is r e s i d e n t in K e n y a , t h e r e is

tlvH alwayj]

th-B

t h e d a n g e r t h a t i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s w i l l m a k e c a p i t a l ont of the c o n l t e n t i o n t h a t t h e r e a r e t o o f e w , o r t o o m a n y , n a t i v e s or settlers cm officials o r m i s s i o n a r i e s o n t h e B o a r d . the point, we do not think that Without be w i s h i n g to that a it can denied Kenya. we have heard

c o n s i s t i n g of t r u s t e d a n d i m p a r t i a l m e n r e s i d e n t in E n g l a n d carry m o r e w e i g h t than a B o a r d resident in 1696. T h e whether strongest objection which

labouH BoardB w ud J o lB

urgedjj

a g a i n s t s u c h a B o a r d is t h a t it m i g h t l a c k t h e m e a n s of d i s c o v e r i n g t h e r e s e r v e s a r e in f a c t b e i n g tribes bid fair to render stock. c o n s e r v e d a n d utilized t h e use a n d b e n e f i t of the n a t i v e s . some native them with support human trustee, even on I t i s , f o r i n s t a n c e , the case

fcfl thai

t h e i r r e s e r v e s q u i t e unfit It is r e p r e s e n t e d

tfl

life if t h e y c o n t i n u e t h e i r p r a c t i c e of the if protective

overcrowdinfij

h e r d s of useless live

s i d e of t h e t r u s t , should not fails to deal to with inform the

that thai allovH

of

such a s t a t e of t h i n g s to occur w i t h o u t p r o t e s t , or w i t h o u t representations, We consider Government the Board is that entitled itself

makiiiaj

situation!

thflj

s i t u a t i o n , a n d w e r e c o m m e n d n o t o n l y t h a t i t should r e c e i v e periodiaj reports from necessary, directly. to Government appoint on a n y m a t t e r a f f e c t i n g to inspect t h e condition and report to t h e t r u s t , b u t a l s o t h a t it should be a b l e , if it e v e r c o n c e i v e d it to representatives I f t h i s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n is a c c e p t e d , w e a r e of opinion disappears.

eaj

t !

thH

the objection

ON

METHODS V]

OF PROTECTION A N D

CONTROL

jjijBi I I I C H A P T E R ,

.697. W e t h i n k t h a t t h e a d v a n t a g e s a n d d i s a d v a n t a g e s o f a jgoard i n E n g l a n d a n d of o n e i n t h e C o l o n i e s a r e f a i r l y e v e n l y Juiced, e x c e p t f o r t h e m u c h g r e a t e r c o n f i d e n c e w h i c h a B o a r d in J j j i g l a n d w o u l d e n j o y i n t h e e y e s of t h e n a t i v e u n l e s s n a t i v e s w e r e be m e m b e r s of i t . W e a r e d e f i n i t e l y o f t h e o p i n i o n t h a t m a n y HIS m u s t e l a p s e b e f o r e a c l a s s o f K e n y a - m i n d e d n a t i v e s h a s g r o w n fi'om w h o m i t w o u l d b e p o s s i b l e to s e l e c t fitting r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s ; members o f a B o a r d w h i c h h a s t o d e a l w i t h t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h e iitives. of K e n y a a s a w h o l e . F o r t h e s e r e a s o n s , w e a r e i n c l i n e d ii the v i e w t h a t a B o a r d i n E n g l a n d w o u l d b e p r e f e r a b l e , a n d Ir. H e m s t e d w o u l d m a k e i t a d e f i n i t e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n .
r

We it the

recommend method of

that

the Order and

in

Council

which

defines to

the time the

u t should a l s o n o m i n a t e t h e t r u s t e e s , p r o v i d i n g a t t h e s a m e s succession other matters relevant intment.

CHAPTER
T H E The Term of Reference. WORKING OE T H E

VI.
TEUST : ORDINANCE

LANDS

1G98. T h e t e r m of r e f e r e n c e is a s f o l l o w s

" T o r e v i e w t h e w o r k i n g of t h e N a t i v e L a n d s Tr.. O r d i n a n c e , 1 9 3 0 , a n d t o c o n s i d e r h o w a n y administrati d i f f i c u l t i e s t h a t m a y a l r e a d y h a v e arisen can best be It w h e t h e r b y s u p p l e m e n t a l l e g i s l a t i o n or o t h e r w i s e , withe I i n v o l v i n g a n y d e p a r t u r e f r o m t h e p r i n c i p l e s of the s a Ordinance." The Principles rf.r
i e 0

1 6 9 9 . T h e first q u e s t i o n w h i c h w e h a v e set o u r s e l v e s to a n s w '

s :

"

What arrived

is t h e at the

basic

principle

of

the

Ordinance?" for the

And v nativ Coriuni I

have

conclusion

that

it is s e c u r i t y

in r e s p e c t of t h e i r l a n d .

T h e R e p o r t of t h e E a s t A f r i c a n

sion in 1925 g a v e g r e a t p r o m i n e n c e t o t h i s q u e s t i o n . I n o r d e r to i m p l e m e n t t h e W h i t e so d e f i n i t e l y necessary down affirms British which trusteeship the Crown that a further instrument for

I t stated :it seen! layitj

P a p e r of 1923, w l natives, be issued,

should

the terms upon

holds native lands i

K e n y a , a n d t h e p r i n c i p l e s u p o n w h i c h t h e n a t i v e estates shouj be m a n a g e d on their 1700. A f t e r p r o c e e d s : " We proposed 1701. with the behalf."

d e a l i n g w i t h s o m e q u e s t i o n s of d e t a i l , the Rcpoj believe t h a t , if were this recognition adopted in of r i g h t and the! a great deal

safeguards

Kenya,

t h e p r e s e n t m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d u n r e s t w o u l d be allayed."! I t is c l e a r f r o m Governor and we t h e c o n t e x t , w h i c h a l l u d e s to a m e e t i i j that that which an Ordinance above was already i Tit the passage correct! in N a i r o b i , consider objects for

contemplation, reflects

the g e n e r a l

it w a s t o be enacted.

m a i n o b j e c t s a r e s t a t e d o r i m p l i e d , a n d b o t h of t h e m are c o n c e r n w i t h security. requires that T h e first r e l a t e s t o t h e n a t i v e l a n d s as a w h o l e , at the terms on which the Crown h o l d s them for

n a t i v e s s h o u l d be d e f i n e d , w h i l e t h e s e c o n d r e l a t e s to internal natiJ l a n d o r " e s t a t e s " , a n d r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e p r i n c i p l e s of managemel should Tho Original Intention ot the Ordinance. ^ be laid down. 1 7 0 2 . W e m a y c o n c l u d e t h e r e f o r e t h a t t h e o r i g i n a l intention ( O r d i n a n c e w a s to c r e a t e s e c u r i t y f o r t h e n a t i v e s , both in respet h I e , a n d in respect of privat
l a n d g r e g a r d e d a s a w 0

rights under native law and custom.

W e m a y p e r h a p s refer to the;

t w o a s p e c t s a s t h e t r i b a l a s p e c t a n d t h e p r i v a t e aspect.

530
ON THE
L M

W O R K I N G VI]

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L A N D S

TRUST

ORDINANCE

III-CHAPTER

1703. T h e N a t i v e L a n d s T r u s t O r d i n a n c e , 1 9 3 0 , c r e a t e s a t r u s t The Tribal respect of c e r t a i n l a n d s r e s e r v e d f o r t h e u s e a n d b e n e f i t of t h e itive t r i b e s of t h e C o l o n y f o r e v e r . T h e lands are those w h i c h e described in G o v e r n m e n t N o t i c e N o . 394 o f O c t o b e r , 1 9 2 6 , a n d ease o f t h e w o r d " r e s p e c t i v e l y " i n s e c t i o n 4 o f t h e O r d i n a n c e is aerally u n d e r s t o o d t o i m p l y t h a t t h e r e a r e s e p a r a t e t r u s t s f o r e a c h the s e v e r a l a r e a s d e c l a r e d t o b e n a t i v e r e s e r v e s in t h e s a i d dee. T h i s , h o w e v e r , is a m a t t e r of i n f e r e n c e r a t h e r t h a n o f d i r e c t itement, a n d i s n o t c o m p l e t e l y s a t i s f a c t o r y , b e c a u s e u n d e r t h e idee t h e r e a r e s o m e t r i b e s w h i c h h a v e m o r e t h a n o n e r e s e r v e , n some r e s e r v e s w h i c h h a v e "more t h a n o n e t r i b e . N o p r o v i s i o n i s l tide for a l t e r i n g t h e s e b o u n d a r i e s e x c e p t t o t h e v e r y l i m i t e d e x t e n t
A s n e c t

ach

UL

LL.LL.VL 1 1 1 ; - ,

v IJ

"

the regulations about exclusion and addition allow. 1704 A c c o r d i n g t o t h e g r o u p i n g f o l l o w e d i n t h e g a z e t t e m e n t , " ;re are t w e n t y - f o u r u n i t s s e p a r a t e l y g a z e t t e d .
1

The several Native Reserves.

1705. T h e first is c a l l e d t h e N o r t h K a v i r o n d o N a t i v e - R e s e r v e , jst of it is i n h a b i t e d b y t h e t r i b e k n o w n a s t h e B a n t u K a v i r o n d o , : there a r e a l s o o t h e r t r i b e s , such a s t h e W a k i d i a n d t h e E l g o h y i l a s e c t i o n of t h e M a s a i , w h o i n h a b i t c e r t a i n l o c a t i o n s . I t w o u l d a irefore b e i n e x a c t t o call it a r e s e r v e f o r a t r i b e . 1706. T h e n e x t t w o r e s e r v e s on t h e l i s t a r e t h e C e n t r a l ;do a n d the South is t h e Kavirondo. Luo (Nilotic The chief tribe found who in se r e s e r v e s Kavirondo), inhabit Kavi both both is the

;s of t h e b o u n d a r y b e t w e e n t h e t w o r e s e r v e s , w h i c h t h e r e f o r e i tribal b o u n d a r y . eastern locations T h e K i s i i are a large B a n t u tribe of the South Kavirondo district, tribes are found 4 of and

inhabiting areas. tribes be for to they and the of all

itende a n d o t h e r m i n o r phrase e m p l o y e d whom they

in t h e s o u t h e r n

:se-reserves t h e r e f o r e c a n n o t b e c a l l e d t r i b a l in a n y s t r i c t s e n s e . in section the Ordinance-" the been have, respectively, reserved " m i g h t

light t o i m p l y t h a t t h e " S o u t h K a v i r o n d o R e s e r v e " w a s o n l y South K a v i r o n d o , b u t it is o b v i o u s t h a t i t w a s n o t i n t e n d e d aide t h e K i s i i a n d o t h e r t r i b e s w h i c h i n h a b i t i t , a l t h o u g h ie not b e e n 1707. T h e specified. n e x t o n t h e l i s t is t h e N a n d i Native Reserve, and Sotik) (Belgut, Buret

next is c a l l e d t h e L u m b w a :e t r i b e .

Native

rve, b e i n g a p p a r e n t l y o n e r e s e r v e s h a r e d b y t h r e e u n i t s o f I N O S . T h e s i x t h o n t h e l i s t is a c o m p r e h e n s i v e g a z e t t e m e n t Illative r e s e r v e s of the K e r i o Province. Although they are

jiided w i t h i n o n e b o u n d a r y , t h e y a r e n o t c a l l e d o n e r e s e r v e , b u t jSuk, K a m a s i a , M a r a k w e t , E l g e y o , a n d N j e n i p s N a t i v e R e s e r v e s , jsutnably t h e r e f o r e e a c h of t h e m is d e v o t e d t o t h e use a n d b e n e f i t

ON

THE

W O R K I N G VI]

O F THE

LANDS

TRUST

ORDINANCE

PART I I I C H A P T E R

o f t h e t r i b e c o n c e r n e d " f o r e v e r " , a n d t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e bound a r i e s b e t w e e n t h e m m u s t b e a m a t t e r of s o m e m o m e n t . Y e t it ha; not been specified. 1 7 0 9 . T h e s e v e n t h o n t h e list i s t h e M a s a i N a t i v e R e s e r v e , and t h e e i g h t h , n i n t h , a n d t e n t h a r e c a l l e d t h e K i a m b u , F o r t Hall a n d N y e r i N a t i v e R e s e r v e s . I t is i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t none o t h e s e last t h r e e a r e s p e c i f i c a l l y s t a t e d to b e r e s e r v e d to the Kikuyt t r i b e , w h i c h , e x c e p t f o r t h e p r e s e n c e of a f e w D o r o b o . inhabit t h e m almost exclusively. T h e b o u n d a r i e s b e t w e e n these tlire; r e s e r v e s a r e i n n o s e n s e t r i b a l b o u n d a r i e s , a n d t h e same tribi i n h a b i t s all these areas. 1710. T h e E m b u list, contains several Atharaka. N a t i v e R e s e r v e , w h i c h is the n e x t on thi t r i b e s t h e E m b u , C h u k a , E m b e r r e , am

1 7 1 1 . T h e a b o v e e n u m e r a t i o n w i l l b e sufficient to illustrate th g e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r of t h e g a z e t t e m e n t . a n d w e n e e d n o t pursue th l i s t t o t h e e n d . B u t t h e t w e n t y - f i r s t i t e m p e r h a p s d e s e r v e s specia m e n t i o n , s i n c e i t s h o w s s e v e n t e e n s e p a r a t e a r e a s g a z e t t e d uncle t h e c o m p r e h e n s i v e t i t l e , " N a t i v e B e s e r v e s in D i g o Administrativi District other than the N y i k a N a t i v e B e s e r v e . " 1 7 1 2 . T h e t h o u g h t w i l l r e a d i l y s u g g e s t i t s e l f t h a t , if a seriou a t t e m p t w e r e t o b e m a d e t o e n u m e r a t e t h e n a t i v e t r i b e s and stah e x a c t l y w h a t a r e a s h a d b e e n r e s e r v e d to t h e u s e and benefit of eacl " f o r e v e r " , n o l i t t l e c o n f u s i o n a n d d i s t u r b a n c e w o u l d be caused. Fo t h e s e r e a s o n s , w e h a v e c o n c l u d e d t h a t , p r o v i d e d t h a t all the lam i n c l u d e d i n t h e g a z e t t e m e n t r e m a i n s n a t i v e r e s e r v e , there is m n e e d t o p r e s e r v e t h e p r e c i s e g r o u p i n g , w h i c h d o e s n o t represent i l o g i c a l o r a c o n v e n i e n t , o r e v e n a n i n t e l l i g i b l e , a r r a n g e m e n t . Fo r e a s o n s a l r e a d y s t a t e d i n s e c t i o n s 1442-1445 a b o v e , w e have reeom m e n d e d v e r y m u c h l a r g e r u n i t s , a n d w e h a v e a t t e m p t e d (in sectioi 1 4 4 6 ) a m u c h m o r e p r a c t i c a b l e d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e d e g r e e of exchtsiv r i g h t w h i c h a t r i b e s h o i d d b e h e l d t o p o s s e s s in t h e land which i occupies. O u r o b j e c t h a s b e e n t o a v o i d u n n e c e s s a r y restrictions t o r e m o v e c a u s e s o f p e t t y j e a l o u s i e s , b e t w e e n t r i b e s , and to permi of m o r e f r e e d o m i n t h e f l o w of p o p u l a t i o n b y m e a n s of peaceft interpenetration. 1713. W e may
r

pause for a m o m e n t

a n d c o n s i d e r the positio a f t e r the land ha was to b

w h i c h w o u l d h a v e b e e n c r e a t e d i n E n g l a n d if, each ever. of the seven former kingdoms of the

b e e n c o n s o l i d a t e d i n t o o n e k i n g d o m , an o r d i n a n c e had decreed tha heptarchy s e t a s i d e f o r t h e u s e a n d b e n e f i t of t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e inhabitants fo W o u l d such r e s e r v a t i o n s h a v e b e e n f o r t h e benefit of Englisl m e n as a w h o l e or e v e n of t h e i n h a b i t a n t s o f , s a y , W e s s e x or North u m b r i a , or w o u l d it h a v e b e e n t o t h e a d v a n t a g e of the descendanl

531
ON T H E W O R K I N G O F T H E L A N D S T R U S T
JJJT I I I - C H A P T E R VI]

ORDINANCE

the M i d - S a x o n s w h o "J? 1714. The

owned

t h e s i t e of L o n d o n

if a m a n

from of of of as Rigidity of

had t o b e treated as a f o r e i g n e r

as r e g a r d s t h e h o l d i n g the alteration in s e c t i o n 15

provisions in t h e trust c o n c e r n i n g

LB L b o u n d a r i e s a r e e x c e e d i n g l y r i g i d . IN Ordinance, and then only with

T h e r e can be no exclusion of the Board as f a r take and

^OMULRIES

land e x c e p t f o r p u b l i c p u r p o s e s as e n u m e r a t e d the consent :;t t o a p r o v i s i o n t h a n a n a r e a e q u a l in do e q u a l in v a l u e m u s t b e a d d e d . don for exchanges, and even additions

extent and can only

A p a r t f r o m this, there is no place the the m a i n be land granted to the rethat for the The Reserva * ^ ,',

the G o v e r n o r c o n s i d e r s t h a t t h e l a n d i s " r e q u i r e d " f o r i c e a n d s u p p o r t of t h e n a t i v e t r i b e s of rislafcive 1715. Council The next assents. point is No the "for lease or itltout t h e c o n s e n t of t h e Board. reservation ever". of the have As we licence can

t h e C o l o n y , a n d if

(ver.il t r i b e s o r t r i b a l u n i t s

already

ked in m o r e t h a n o n e p l a c e , t h e r e is n o r e a s o n present g r o u p i n g s of t r i b e s o r e v e n t r i b a l i s m 1716. rds tinst 1717. It is q u i t e i l l u s o r y ever" W e in an

to s u p p o s e

itself w i l l l a s t of

to suppose that the inclusion gives any legal that

"for

Ordinance that our

sacrosanctity the essential Council Private

amendment. consider own proposal

uses of t h e O r d i n a n c e s h o u l d b e s a f e g u a r d e d b y O r d e r in Jjvides a l e s s p r e t e n t i o u s b u t f a r m o r e e f f e c t i v e 1718. Jeludes , guarantee.

W h i l e t h e t r i b a l a s p e c t of t h e t r u s t h a s b e e n c a r r i e d o u t a regard security of that it for of of their security agreed l a n d s or almost drafted native and permanence the has families, said that or it the possibility the possession even exchanges, "estates" be private indi been received

The

so s c r u p u l o u s namely,

Aspect.

groups,

luais in t h e [h s c a n t y .ted 1716. ling t h e In

attention the B i l l

might

to have

altogether. as o r i g i n a l l y to m a k e t h e r e w a s a clause en- i h o the rights of groups, in I Ordinance; Governor rules denning as Originally
) r a f t e d

lilies. o r i n d i v i d u a l s , b u t i t w a s c u t o u t a f t e r t h e B i l l h a d b e e n bushed f o r c r i t i c i s m . letter to t h e S e c r e t a r y PLIED t h a t it was T h e explanation given by of to deal with native the G o v e r n o r that he S t a t e in J u n e , 1928, w a s was

better

customary

tenure Land? Incomplete ^^^resent Ordinance.

in t h e r e s e r v e s b y a n o t h e r O r d i n a n c e a f t e r a full (ist B i l l w a s p a s s e d . 1720. Lands

investigation

each a r e a , w h i c h h e p r o p o s e d t o i n s t i t u t e a s soon a s t h e

I t is t h e r e f o r e c l e a r t h a t t h e l e g i s l a t i o n b e f o r e u s , n a m e l y , Trust Ordinance, Of is not the whole of the legislation the t w o p r i n c i p a l e n d s in v i e w , i t d e a l s

lieh w a s p r o j e c t e d .

ON

THE

WORKING

OE T H E

LANDS

TRUST

ORDINANCE

P A R T 111CHAPTER V I ]

c o m p r e h e n s i v e l y w i t h o n l y o n e , w h i c h is p r o b a b l y t h e less impor t a n t . D o u b t s m i g h t be h e l d of t h e w i s d o m of r e s e r v i n g areas land severally and r i g i d l y to tribes " f o r e v e r " , when we I t h a t t r i b e s h a v e f r e q u e n t l y c o a l e s c e d or s p l i t i n t o sections an t r i b a l i s m i t s e l f is a l r e a d y s h o w i n g s i g n s of d i s i n t e g r a t i o n . Bu t h e r e is n o t h i n g e p h e m e r a l a b o u t t h e n e e d f o r g u a r d i n g privat r i g h t s , a n d w e a r e sure t h a t it w i l l b e c o m e m o r e a n d m o r e necessar as t h e n a t i v e s a d v a n c e i n c i v i l i z a t i o n . Provision regarding Management, Development, Administra tion and Control.

1 7 2 1 . A f t e r i t h a d b e e n d e c i d e d t o o m i t n a t i v e p r i v a t e right: f r o m t h e O r d i n a n c e , o n e w o u l d h a v e s u p p o s e d t h a t its scope won b e c o n f i n e d t o t h e p r o t e c t i o n of t h e i n t e g r i t y of t r i b a l land by stric r e g u l a t i o n of t h e c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r w h i c h a n y part of it could bi a l i e n a t e d e i t h e r p e r m a n e n t l y b y e x c l u s i o n , or t e m p o r a r i l y by leas o r l i c e n c e . T h e field w o u l d t h e n h a v e b e e n l e f t c l e a r f o r question of i n t e r n a l m a n a g e m e n t a n d c o n t r o l o f n a t i v e l a n d to be coverei b y t h e c o m p a n i o n O r d i n a n c e w h i c h w o u l d d e a l w i t h n a t i v e privat rights. 1722. I n a t t e m p t i n g t o m a k e p r o v i s i o n f o r i n t e r n a l manage m e h t , d e v e l o p m e n t , a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d c o n t r o l , w h i l e excludin; c o n s i d e r a t i o n of p r i v a t e r i g h t s in l a n d , t h e O r d i n a n c e inevitabli c r e a t e s t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t t h e w h o l e l a n d is a c o m m o n . F o r in s t a n c e , s e c t i o n 4 d e c l a r e s t h a t a l l l a n d s in n a t i v e r e s e r v e s are tine t h e m a n a g e m e n t a n d c o n t r o l of t h e C e n t r a l B o a r d , and shall a d m i n i s t e r e d f o r t h e use a n d b e n e f i t of t h e n a t i v e t r i b e s for whicl t h e y h a v e b e e n r e s p e c t i v e l y r e s e r v e d , a p r o v i s i o n w h i c h apparent! g i v e s t h e i n d i v i d u a l r i g h t - h o l d e r n o v o i c e in t h e m a t t e r . A g a i n , ii section 6 it is l a i d d o w n that t h e C e n t r a l B o a r d m u s t consult iii L o c a l B o a r d in all m a t t e r s r e l a t i n g t o m a n a g e m e n t and develop m e n t of l a n d in t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e , a n d s i n c e section 7 prevent a n y t h i n g b e i n g d o n e e x c e p t i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h the provisions t h e O r d i n a n c e , it w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t a muramati could not managl h i s qithaka n o r a r i g h t - h o l d e r d e v e l o p h i s l a n d u n t i l the Gentry B o a r d has c o n s u l t e d t h e L o c a l B o a r d a b o u t i t . 1723. I n s e c t i o n 8 i t is s t a t e d :

" A l l r e n t s , s t a n d p r e m i a , g r a z i n g f e e s or other profiJ w h a t s o e v e r a c c r u i n g f r o m l a n d i n a n a t i v e r e s e r v e , or frorj t i m b e r or o t h e r f o r e s t p r o d u c e , o r f r o m s a n d , l i m e , stone, o t h e r m a t e r i a l s r e m o v e d or t a k e n f r o m a n a t i v e r e s e r v e , shall p a i d t o t h e L o c a l N a t i v e F u n d , o r . w h e r e t h e r e is no Locj N a t i v e F u n d , to t h e N a t i v e s ' T r u s t F u n d , or m a y be paid a n y m e m b e r or m e m b e r s of t h e t r i b e c o n c e r n e d w h o may I c o n s i d e r e d b y t h e C e n t r a l B o a r d , a f t e r r e f e r e n c e to the LocJ Board concerned, to be entitled t h e r e t o . " Here the possibility that there might be private rights appeal a l m o s t as a n afterthought.

O N T H E W O R K I N G OF T H E L A N D S T R U S T
,,
lBT

ORDINANCE

Iff-CHAPTER

VI]

1724. B u t in t h e m o r e t h i c k l y p o p u l a t e d r e s e r v e s p r i v a t e r i g h t s re the w h o l e e s s e n c e o f t h e m a t t e r , a n d c a n n o t b e d i s m i s s e d w i t h a jiial r e f e r e n c e , as a d e t a i l e d e x a m i n a t i o n of t h e s e c t i o n w i l l 1725. T h e section lays no obligation the land on the Local show. Native of and Grazing Feos. Keuts.

onncil t o d e t e r m i n e n group o r f a m i l y v , hind. A n d

e

whether

leased

is t h e

property

or to compensate the evidence given

i t in r e s p e c t of to us b o t h

the v a l u e of

yet

in K i k u y u

avirondo s h o w s t h a t s u c h a c o u r s e is c l e a r l y

desirable.

1726. I f t h e p a r t of t h e s e c t i o n w h i c h d e a l s w i t h g r a z i n g l a n d read as r e l a t i n g o n l y to t h e h i r i n g of g r a z i n g i a n d b y n o n - n a t i v e s , is perhaps u n o b j e c t i o n a b l e . ; obtaining between the B u t t h e r e is n o t h i n g t o s h o w t h a t it themselves. While make natives do dates o n l y to such c a s e s , a n d w e h a v e a l s o t o c o n s i d e r t h e p r a c t i c e natives ot charge e a c h o t h e r g r a z i n g f e e s , t h e y o f t e n itli a p o o r r e l a t i o n t o h e r d c a t t l e f o r kind. The recipient naturally "ative F u n d . iijisoever", t h e c u s t o m of p a w n i n g l a n d , g e n e r a l l y f o r g o a t s , e x i s t s der t h i s h e a d . 1728. T o does not arrangements payment Local the

t h e m , and make a pay it into

profits "Other Profits Whatsoever." several d i s t r i c t s , a n d t h e g o a t s r e c e i v e d w o u l d p r e s u m a b l y c o m e 1727. A s r e g a r d s the provisions relating to all "other B u t n o b o d y p a y s t h e m to t h e L o c a l N a t i v e F u n d . t h e c a s e of timber, many They natives g r o w p u t t h e cash wattle received consults are it of dug no Sand, Lime,
S t l

take

Timber.

1 sell t h e b a r k o u t s i d e t h e r e s e r v e . e Local B o a r d tided t h e r e t o . 1729. T h e r e in t h e reserve, are a few there stone natives have or as t o w h a t m e m b e r

to their p o c k e t s , a n d d o n o t w a i t w h i l e t h e C e n t r a l B o a r d o r m e m b e r s of wdio dig sand . lives s e l l i n g emselves, for building murrain, which they

the tribe and export

and

occasionally

been

instances have

"

, e

other materials,

use outside

the reserves.

S o f a r as is k n o w n ,

oney r e c e i v e d o n t h i s a c c o u n t h a s r e a c h e d t h e L o c a l Native "iineil. 1730. W e d o n o t w i s h to p r e s s o u r c r i t i c i s m in d e t a i l , b u t t h e int w h i c h w e w i s h t o m a k e is t h i s : T h e O r d i n a n c e w a s o r i g i n a l l y signed b o t h t o p r o t e c t t h e i n t e g r i t y o f t r i b a l l a n d s a-?, a w h o l e a n d s to p r o t e c t t h e r i g h t s e n j o y e d b y g r o u p s , f a m i l i e s or i n d i v i d u a l s . o subsequent jects l e f t decision to confine to it of to the first of these two de the land the clauses relating the internal management,

finent, adminstration For although

and control

l a n d , so t o s p e a k , in

p o w e r is t a k e n

t o m a n a g e a n d d e v e l o p all

the n a t i v e r e s e r v e s , it is n o t s u g g e s t e d h o w it c o u l d b e iliout s u b v e r s i o n of e x i s t i n g c u s t o m a r y r i g h t s .

operated

ON

T H E

WORKING VI]

OE THE

LANDS

TRUST

ORDINANCE

PART I I I C H A P T E R

1731. T h e mentary has never half

Ordinance which was

before to deal We

us,

on

whose these

workings

w e are

r e q u i r e d u n d e r our t e r m s o f r e f e r e n c e with been drafted. venture

t o r e p o r t , lacks its compl&J blatters. T h a t hall not he t o say t h a t Board. it could

d r a f t e d w i t h o u t a d r a s t i c r e v i s i o n o f p o w e r s a l r e a d y g r a n t e d under t h e e x i s t i n g O r d i n a n c e to t h e L a n d s T r u s t Requirements 1 7 3 2 . I t is i m m a t e r i a l to o u r p u r p o s e w h e t h e r t h e r e should be of Land o n e O r d i n a n c e or s e v e r a l , p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e e s s e n t i a l requirements Legislation for tho Native of l a n d l e g i s l a t i o n f o r n a t i v e r e s e r v e s a r e m e t . P r o t e c t i o n must be Reserves. p r o v i d e d f o r t h e t r i b a l l a n d s as a w h o l e , a n d a l s o f o r p r i v a t e rhdite of g r o u p s , f a m i l i e s and i n d i v i d u a l s under n a t i v e l a w and custom. N o r is t h i s a l l . I t is n o t e n o u g h t h a t t h e l a n d s s h o u l d b e protected; t h e y m u s t a l s o b e d e v e l o p e d . A s is s t a t e d in t h e l e t t e r addressed to t h e S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e by S i r 11. M a n t . S i r G . S c h u s t e r and Mr. J . H . O l d h a m , a n d a p p e n d e d t o t h e R e p o r t of t h e H i l t o n - Y o u n s Commission : " I t is not sufficient m e r e l y t o r e s e r v e t h e land under tl d e a d h a n d of a r i g i d a n d u n a l i e n a b l e l e g a l r e s t r i c t i o n , and it a n e c e s s a r y c o n s e q u e n c e of t h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s t h a t a measure! w h i c h a i m s at p r e s e r v i n g t h e b e n e f i c i a l use of the land to the natives must include regulations for h a n d l i n g it."

.1733. T h e e s s e n t i a l r e q u i r e m e n t s b e i n g ( a ) p r o t e c t i o n of tribal General Criticism of l a n d s , ( 6 ) p r o t e c t i o n of n a t i v e p r i v a t e r i g h t s , a n d (c) development, the Ordinance. i t has t o b e c o n f e s s e d , if w e a r e t o j u d g e of the O r d i n a n c e from the w a y in w h i c h it m e e t s t h e m , t h a t , f o r a r e a s o n a l r e a d y g i v e n , it does n o t m e e t t h e s e c o n d r e q u i r e m e n t a t a l l , a n d t h a t t h e failure to do so has p r e v e n t e d and the provisions being regarding other of than internal vague management and But nebulous. even there control, first we development

T h e p o i n t u p o n w h i c h t h e O r d i n a n c e h a s r e a l l y c o n c e n t r a t e d is tlx r e q u i r e m e n t t h e protection a r e u n a b l e to d i s c e r n the statement In tribal lands. the p r i n c i p l e s u p o n w h i c h have been t h e particular reserved t(

u n i t s of n a t i v e r e s e r v e h a v e b e e n d e t e r m i n e d o r t h e precise mean i n g of that they respectively t h e various tribes. place, w e and we f a c e of t h e r a p i d c h a n g e s w h i c h are takinj in t e r m s a provisior Ordinance that nd

c o n s i d e r as a l m o s t a c o n t r a d i c t i o n that it is a s e r i o u s d e f e c t in

w h i c h a t t e m p t s to r e s e r v e s p e c i f i c l a n d s t o specific t r i b e s " f o r ever' find the machinery should h a v e b e e n p r o v i d e d f o r r e c t i f i c a t i o n of frontiers! exchanges. A t t h e conclusion of this

or for a g r e e d Criticism of the Ordinance in detail. Section 1.

1 7 3 4 . W e n o w turn t o c r i t i c i s m in d e t a i l , a n d shall pass rnpidhj t h r o u g h t h e O r d i n a n c e clause b y clause. p r o c e s s w e shall offer o u r o w n p r o p o s a l s f o r r e c o n s t r u c t i o n . S e c t i o n 1 g i v e s the short title. We have no comment.

ON

THE

W O R K I N G VI]

OE

T H E

L A N D S

TRUST

O R D I N A N C E

JpiKT I I I C H A P T E R

S e c t i o n 2 d e a l s w i t h t h e r e s e r v a t i o n of l a n d f o r n a t i v e s . I n Section 2. the first s e n t e n c e it is s t a t e d t h a t t h e a r e a s of C r o w n l a n d d e s c r i b e d [ G o v e r n m e n t N o t i c e N o . 394 are n a t i v e reserves set aside for t h e ;e and b e n e f i t of t h e n a t i v e t r i b e s of t h e C o l o n y f o r e v e r . We jve a l r e a d y c o m m e n t e d on t h e u n i t s s e l e c t e d , a n d h a v e r e c o m lended w i d e r u n i t s (see s e c t i o n s 1442-1446 a b o v e ) , a n d h n v e r e c o m lended t h a t t h e l a n d c e a s e t o b e C r o w n l a n d ( s e c t i o n 1 6 4 9 ) .

1735. I n c o n n e x i o n w i t h t h e p h r a s e " u s e a n d b e n e f i t " , r e f e r Jnce m a y b e m a d e t o s e c t i o n 1 4 4 6 , in w h i c h w e discuss t h e r i g h t s [occupant tribes and the e x t e n t to w h i c h there should be a r i g h t ' e x c l u d i n g m e m b e r s of o t h e r t r i b e s . 1736. W e h a v e c o m m e n t e d on t h e p h r a s e " f o r e v e r " in s e c t i o n s J15-1717, a n d a l s o o n t h e a b s e n c e o f a d e q u a t e p r o v i s i o n f o r r e c t i f i ition of f r o n t i e r s ( s e c t i o n 1 7 2 3 ) .

1737. T h e d e m a r c a t i o n o f t h e b o u n d a r i e s on s i t e in a c c o r d a n c e ith the g a z e t t e d d e s c r i p t i o n h a s r e v e a l e d m a n y s m a l l d i s c r e p ncies w i t h t h e b o u n d a r i e s a s t i l l t h e n o b s e r v e d . I n s e v e r a l of ieae c a s e s , t h e p o s i t i o n c o u l d h a v e b e e n set r i g h t t o t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n 1 p a r t i e s b y m e a n s of s m a l l e x c h a n g e s , if a m a c h i n e r y h a d leen p r o v i d e d .

1738. I n t h e s e c o n d p a r t of t h e s e c t i o n it is s t a t e d t h a t t h e governor, w i t h t h e a p p r o v a l o f t h e L e g i s l a t i v e C o u n c i l , m a y " r e :rve f o r t h e u s e a n d b e n e f i t of t h e n a t i v e t r i b e s of t h e C o l o n y s u c h ather a r e a s o f C r o w n l a n d as in h i s o p i n i o n m a y b e r e q u i r e d f o r Jieir m a i n t e n a n c e a n d s u p p o r t " . 1739. S e v e r a l a d d i t i o n s h a v e b e e n r e c o m m e n d e d b y t h e E x e c u Ive C o u n c i l , b u t h a v e n o t b e e n b r o u g h t b e f o r e t h e L e g i s l a t i v e loaned, b e c a u s e of t h e u n c e r t a i n t y r e g a r d i n g t h e m e a n i n g t o be jtaohed to t h e w o r d " r e q u i r e d " . I f it is t o b e i n t e r p r e t e d t o m e a n [necessary" i n t h e s e n s e t h a t t h e n a t i v e t r i b e s of t h e C o l o n y c o u l d jot o t h e r w i s e b e s u p p o r t e d a n d m a i n t a i n e d , it b e c o m e s i m p o s s i b l e make a n y a d d i t i o n s t o m e e t s o m e u s e f u l , b u t n o t a b s o l u t e l y isential, p u r p o s e . 1740. I n t h e s e c o n d s e n t e n c e o f s e c t i o n 2 ( 2 ) , i t is s t a t e d t h a t areas so r e s e r v e d s h a l l b e d e e m e d f o r t h e p u r p o s e s of t h e H i nance t o b e n a t i v e r e s e r v e . I t w o u l d f o l l o w that it w o u l d (ecoine r e s e r v e d " f o r e v e r " . 1741. O u r o w n p r o p o s a l s a r e f a r less r i g i d . T h e y w o u l d a d m i t exchanges, a d d i t i o n s , a n d , in c e r t a i n c i r c u m s t a n c e s , e x c l u s i o n s . Iditions n o w r e c o m m e n d e d t o b e m a d e u n d e r C l a s s e s A a n d B l raid, it is c o n t e m p l a t e d , b e m a d e b y t h e G o v e r n o r w i t h t h e Ivice a n d c o n s e n t of t h e L e g i s l a t i v e C o u n c i l ; a d d i t i o n s n o w r e c o m ended to b e m a d e u n d e r C l a s s B 2 w o u l d b e b y l e a s e a t a l o w

ON THE WORKING PART IIICIIAPTEH V I ]

OF THE

LANDS

TRUST

ORDINANCE

rental,

perhaps

peppercorn

(sections

1456,

1457).

Subsequent

a d J i t i o n s w o u l d n o r m a l l y b e b y lease a t an e c o n o m i c r e n t a l , but it w o u l d a l s o be p o s s i b l e f o r t h e G o v e r n o r , w i t h Legislative exchanges land g i v e n covered Council, or petty to a d d l a n d as C l a s s A (section in The t h e a p p r o v a l of the without lease or B T

p r o v i d e d t h a t a d d i t i o n s in C l a s s A s h o u l d o n l y b e for the purpose of adjustments 1473). The for question of up b y a n a t i v e reserve exchange land added ig

in s e c t i o n s 1474 a n d 1475.

p o s s i b i l i t y of exclusion of

l a n d u n d e r C l a s s B l , if Section 3. 1742. Section Board. chapter At licence (section the shall end be 3

it s h o u l d n o l o n g e r be n e e d e d , is eontenr with the constitution of the Centra

p l a t e d i n s e c t i o n 1 4 5 9 , i n w h i c h a d e q u a t e s a f e g u a r d s are provided. deals O u r c r i t i c i s m s h a v e b e e n m a d e c o m p r e h e n s i v e l y in the las 1693). of this section and no is a provision shall be that no lease or from ; granted land excluded

n a t i v e r e s e r v e f o r p u b l i c p u r p o s e s u n l e s s t h e r e shall i n f a v o u r of such l e a s e , l i c e n c e or e x c l u s i o n . out that some licences are for very trivial It

be a meetiit! pointei that th i

of the L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d a n d at least five v o t e s shall be records has been p u r p o s e s and

L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d o u g h t n o t to be t r o u b l e d w i t h a native reserve for testing purposes. We

i h e m at all.

c a s e in p o i n t w a s an a p p l i c a t i o n to m o v e o n e c a r t - l o a d of lime fro shall c o m m e n t furthe ou these m a t t e r s under the relevant sections b e l o w . Section 4. 1 7 4 3 . S e c t i o n 4 p r o v i d e s t h a t all l a n d s in n a t i v e reserves am a l l m a t t e r s r e l a t i n g t o such l a n d s s h o u l d b e u n d e r the managemen and control of the L a n d s Trust Board.

W e a r e in c o m p l e t e d i s a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h i s s e c t i o n , both on th ground rights t h a t it a p p e a r s t o o v e r l o o k (see our comments in t h e e x i s t e n c e of n a t i v e privat sections 1724-1731 a b o v e ) , and nisi

because the c o n t r o l , a d m i n i s t r a t i o n r e s e r v e s is a f u n d a m e n t a l to delegate.

a n d d e v e l o p m e n t of the nati

d u t y of G o v e r n m e n t , w h i c h it ought no]

1 7 4 4 . T h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e t r u s t i m p l i e s t h a t t h e L a n d s Trns Board ter I I I should of have a protective We power, and w e have endeavoure in Chap safeguar to p r o v i d e for this b y n u m e r o u s safeguards this B a r t ) . ( s e t out fully

h a v e also proposed a general

t h a t , if the B o a r d c o n s i d e r s t h a t t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e s are not Lein. d e v o t e d t o t h e use a n d b e n e f i t of t h e n a t i v e s o r t h a t the land is n being conserved and properly and duty of making Secretary of S t a t e . d e v e l o p e d , it should h a v e the pow to the Governor, or to tl representations

B u t , s u b j e c t to t h e s e s a f e g u a r d s , the nianagi Government.

ment and control should remain w i t h

ON
tB

THE WORKING VI]

OF T H E L A N D S

TRUST

ORDINANCE

p T IIICHAPTER

1 7 4 5 . Section 5 deals w i t h the constitution of district a d v i s o r y loards, c a l l e d L o c a l B o a r d s . T h e w o r k i n g of t h e L o c a l B o a r d s c a l l s - little c r i t i c i s m . T h e y h a v e f u l f i l l e d a useful f u n c t i o n , a n d it is enuially a g r e e d t h a t t h e E u r o p e a n m e m b e r has c o n t r i b u t e d u s e ally to t h e d e b a t e s . N e v e r t h e l e s s , in t h e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e Inlinance w h i c h w e shall p r e s e n t l y r e c o m m e n d , w e shall p r o p o s e i:it the p r i n c i p a l f u n c t i o n o f t h e L o c a l B o a r d w i l l b e t o a d v i s e t h e tovincial C o m m i s s i o n e r , a n d a l s o to r e c o r d for t h e i n f o r m a t i o n o f lovernment t h e e x t e n t of its a g r e e m e n t or d i s a g r e e m e n t w i t h a n y roposal p u t b e f o r e it b y t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r . T h e e n d in few is to o b t a i n r e s p o n s i b l e n a t i v e o p i n i o n , a n d t h e P r o v i n c i a l ominissioner w i l l h a v e at h i s c o m m a n d o t h e r s o u r c e s of o b t a i n i n g on-native o p i n i o n . W e shall t h e r e f o r e r e c o m m e n d a p u r e l y n a t i v e ,ocal B o a r d , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r , w h o ould be c h a i r m a n .
ol

e c t

o n

174G. A p o i n t w h i c h c a n n o t b e n e g l e c t e d in t h e s e d i f f i c u l t t i m e s itlic u n n e c e s s a r y ' e x p e n s e e n t a i l e d in m e e t i n g s o f t h e L o c a l B o a r d , he m e m b e r s a r e five : t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r ( c h a i r m a n ) , s District C o m m i s s i o n e r ( v i c e - c h a i r m a n ) , t h e C h i e f N a t i v e C o i n e lissioner (ex oflicio), o n e E u r o p e a n u n o f f i c i a l , a n d o n e A f r i c a n . : is p r o v i d e d t h a t " t h e c h a i r m a n o r d e p u t y c h a i r m a n a n d t h r e e ;her m e m b e r s shall f o r m a q u o r u m " . S i n c e there are only three her m e m b e r s b e s i d e s t h e c h a i r m a n a n d d e p u t y c h a i r m a n , it f o l KS t h a t t h e y m u s t all be p r e s e n t , a n d t h a t no m e e t i n g of a L o c a l iiid can b e h e l d u n l e s s t h e C h i e f N a t i v e C o m m i s s i o n e r a t t e n d s , his curious p r o v i s i o n h a s b e e n i g n o r e d in p r a c t i c e o r c i r c u m v e n t e d ithe d o u b t f u l e x p e d i e n t of c o - o p t i o n , a n d m a n y m e e t i n g s of L o c a l onds h a v e b e e n h e l d w i t h o u t h i s p r e s e n c e . B u t , e v e n t h e n , t h e rovincial C o m m i s s i o n e r w o u l d h a v e t o b e p r e s e n t , a n d t h a t i n self e n t a i l s m u c h t r a v e l l i n g , e s p e c i a l l y u n d e r t h e n e w a r r a n g e m e n t fewer a n d l a r g e r p r o v i n c e s . A c c o r d i n g t o o u r p r o p o s a l , t h e L o c a l bards w i l l b e a d v i s o r y to t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r , a n d it is itter t h a t h e s h o u l d r e c e i v e t h e i r r e p o r t s i n w r i t i n g r a t h e r t h a n b e member of t h e B o a r d himself. 1747. S e c t i o n 6 p r o v i d e s t h a t t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d s h a l l Section insult t h e L o c a l B C a r d on c e r t a i n m a t t e r s s p e c i f i e d . I n p r a c t i c e , iese m a t t e r s d o n o t r e a c h t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d at all u n t i l t h e acal B o a r d h a s r e p o r t e d o n t h e m . T h i s p r a c t i c e is far m o r e lavement t h a n t h e p r o c e d u r e l a i d d o w n in t h e O r d i n a n c e . 1746. T h e m a t t e r s r e g a r d i n g w h i c h such c o n s u l t a t i o n is d e ired t o b e n e c e s s a r y a r e :. (a) T h e g r a n t i n g o f l e a s e s o r l i c e n c e s liler section ; (b) E x c l u s i o n s f o r p u b l i c p u r p o s e s u n d e r s e c t i o n 1 5 id o t h e r p o w e r s e x e r c i s e d b y t h e G o v e r n o r u n d e r s e c t i o n s 1 ( 5 a n d i; (c) A l l m a t t e r s r e l a t i n g t o t h e m a n a g e m e n t a n d d e v e l o p m e n t land in a n a t i v e r e s e r v e .

ON

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ORDINANCE

PAKT I I I C H A P T E R

1 7 4 9 . R e g a r d i n g ( a ) a n d ( 6 ) , w e d e f e r o u r c o m m e n t s until w c o m e t o t h e s e c t i o n s c o n c e r n e d . R e g a r d i n g ( c ) , w e dissent cum prehensively and profoundly.

1 7 5 0 . T h e c l a u s e i m p l i e s a s t a t i c c o n d i t i o n in w h i c h the initia t i o n of d e v e l o p m e n t l i e s w i t h t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d , which ask t h e a d v i c e of t h e L o c a l B o a r d , a n d finally a u t h o r i z e s somebody u d o s o m e t h i n g so t h a t t h e r e s e r v e m a y b e d e v e l o p e d . W e prefer ti t h i n k of a d y n a m i c c o n d i t i o n in w h i c h n a t i v e s a r e t h e m s e l v e s tin p r i n c i p a l d e v e l o p i n g a g e n t s b y c u l t i v a t i n g t h e i r o w n c r o p s on tlieii o w n l a n d a n d p u r s u i n g t h e i r l a w f u l o c c a s i o n s , t h e L a n d s Tins B o a r d b e i n g o n l y c o n c e r n e d in a p r o t e c t i v e c a p a c i t y . Advice o r e g u l a t i o n r e q u i r e d f o r h e l p i n g t h e n a t i v e s t o d e v e l o p their owi l a n d s h o u l d b e t h e a c t i v e c o n c e r n of G o v e r n m e n t . W e a g r e e , how e v e r , that the L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d should m a k e representations, ' i t c o n s i d e r s t h a t G o v e r n m e n t is n e g l e c t i n g its d u t y in this respect.
1

1 7 5 1 . I n so far as i t m a y b e c o n t e n d e d t h a t the clause has m t h e m e a n i n g a s s i g n e d to i t , b u t is i n t e n d e d to a p p l y o n l y to applic; t i o n s f o r l e a s e s or l i c e n c e s or t h e l i k e , w e r e m a r k that it is at one r e d u n d a n t to (a) and Section 7. 1752. Section s e r v e s " , and disposed o f " misleading. "Disposal may of be land in N a t i v e Ik or otherwi;

7 is e n t i t l e d that

provides

no land

"leased

e x c e p t in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e t e r m s of t h e Ordinanc)

T h e m e t h o d s p r o v i d e d i n t h e O r d i n a n c e a r e l e a s e , l i c e n c e , and, i certain cases, exclusion. 1753. I n a different practice, it has frequently been "setting apart", f o u n d convenient t

d e a l w i t h l a n d r e q u i r e d f o r p u r p o s e s of social s e r v i c e or for trade b m e t h o d , called a n d described in rule under the Ordinance. ance into effect". seem to i n v o l v e T h e s e r u l e s a r e m a d e u n d e r section 22, whic

a d m i t s of r u l e s b e i n g m a d e " f o r t h e p u r p o s e of c a r r y i n g this Ordir B u t w e c o n f e s s t o a d o u b t w h e t h e r rules whic a departure from the O r d i n a n c e c a n properly b

c a l l e d a n i m p l e m e n t i n g of i t . 1 7 5 4 . H o w e v e r , w e f u l l y a g r e e t h a t t h e r e o u g h t to be a rnetho of setting apart, and have a w i d e r application recommended than (section 1539) that it b given itself. 1755. I n consulted been the t h e s e c o n d c l a u s e of t h e s e c t i o n i t is stated that n Local Board and is,satisfied the local that the proposal ha l e a s e o r l i c e n c e shall b e g r a n t e d u n t i l t h e L a n d s T r u s t Board ha brought to the notice of n a t i v e s concerned and o is c o n t e m p l a t e d in the rules. 13'.:

w e consider' t h a t t h e p r o v i s i o n s s h o u l d b e e m b o d i e d in the Ordinanc

the L o c a l N a t i v e Council.

I t i s f u r t h e r p r o v i d e d t h a t if the Africai

534
ON T H E W O R K I N G OF T H E L A N D S T R U S T
III-CHAPTER VI]

ORDINANCE

ember of etary of

the L o c a l State.

Board

or t h e L o c a l

Native

Council

objects, the

lease or l i c e n c e shall n o t b e i s s u e d w i t h o u t t h e s a n c t i o n of

1756. T h e s e p r o v i s i o n s a p p e a r t o us to e n t a i l a n e x c e s s of e n c c t o a u t h o r i t y . T a k i n g first t h e c a s e of l e a s e s , w e c o n s i d e r our r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a t s e c t i o n s 1 5 2 6 , 1 5 4 1 a n d 1 6 3 1 g i v e a l l s a f e g u a r d s w h i c h a r e n e c e s s a r y , e n t a i l i n g as t h e y d o ( a ) an o r i I setting apart, duly safeguarded; (6) discretion to the P r o ial C o m m i s s i o n e r , a f t e r c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h t h e L o c a l Land rd, to g r a n t a l e a s e of a p l o t u p to t e n a c r e s in an a r e a s o s e t t; (c) discretion to the Chief N a t i v e C o m m i s s i o n e r to assent, behalf of t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d , t o t h e l e a s i n g of l a n d u p t o a c r e s in a n a r e a so s e t a p a r t : (d) d i r e c t r e f e r e n c e t o t h e L a n d s st B o a r d a n d a p o w e r of v e t o b y t h e B o a r d in c a s e s w h e r e t h e to b e l e a s e d e x c e e d s fifty a c r e s . I n o u r o p i n i o n , t h a t g i v e s a l l safeguards w h i c h are necessary, p r o v i d e d that, as w e shall commend, t h e L o c a l B o a r d is r e c o n s t i t u t e d t o c o n s i s t a l m o s t rely o f n a t i v e s , a n d t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d i s a b o d y c o m idy i n d e p e n d e n t of G o v e r n m e n t . 1757. O u r s e c o n d c r i t i c i s m o f t h e p r o v i s i o n s r e g a r d i n g l e a s e s that t h e y s o m e t i m e s i n v o l v e u n n e c e s s a r y d e l a y . F o r instance, en o n c e a p i e c e o f l a n d h a s b e e n set a p a r t f o r a t r a d i n g c e n t r e , the L o c a l B o a r d , t h e L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l , a n d the local lives h a v e a l l b e e n c o n s u l t e d , a n d t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d has eed, i t is a w e a r i s o m e p r o c e d u r e t o h a v e t o r e p e a t t h e w h o l e acess of c o n s u l t a t i o n o v e r a g a i n e a c h t i m e t h a t a n i n d i v i d u a l p l o t the t r a d i n g c e n t r e h a s t o b e l e a s e d . 175S. W e h a v e a l r e a d y c o m m e n t e d ( s e c t i o n 1 5 3 4 a b o v e ) o n t h e jvision in s e c t i o n 7 (b), t h a t t h e r e m a y b e n o l e a s e u n l e s s t h e r e reason t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e n a t i v e s of t h e t r i b e w i l l d e r i v e b e n e f i t irt from, r e v e n u e . W e r e g a r d t h i s as u n n e c e s s a r y , b u t a g r e e t h a t lease s h o u l d n o t b e g r a n t e d u n l e s s t h e r e is r e a s o n t o b e l i e v e t h a t will b e of b e n e f i t to t h e n a t i v e s w h e n a l l t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s , , hiding t h e r e n t , h a v e b e e n t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t . 1.759. W e h a v e a l s o c o m m e n t e d eficially o c c u p i e d , or is l i k e l y (section 1535) on t h e for the provision is b e i n g use and of be to

atained i n s e c t i o n 7 ( c ) , w h i c h f o r b i d s l e a s e if t h e l a n d to be required

aport of t h e n a t i v e s o f t h e t r i b e d u r i n g t h e c u r r e n c y o f t h e l e a s e , aring in m i n d jaired w h e r e that plots for public purposes or for is thickest, w e cannot purposes to subscribe al s e r v i c e , s u c h as s c h o o l s a n d c h u r c h e s , a r e m o s t l i k e l y the population s provision, but w e a g r e e that t h e r e m u s t b e full

compensation,

ten w h e n t h e p u r p o s e is f o r an i n d u s t r i a l l e a s e , w e c a n n o t e n t i r e l y ?.e t h a t o c c u p a t i o n , h o w e v e r s p a r s e , s h o u l d p r e c l u d e t h e i s s u e o f

ON T H E W O R K I N G PART H i - C H A P T E R VI]

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t h e l e a s e , h o w e v e r i m p o r t a n t t h e o b j e c t m a y be a n d h o w e v e r bene ficial to t h e n a t i v e s it m a y b e . We c o n s i d e r t h a t , subject to con such c a s e s , provided that s e n t of t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d a n d t h e a g r e e m e n t of the Governor i t s h o u l d b e p o s s i b l e to g r a n t l e a s e s in p r e c a u t i o n is o b s e r v e d . 1760. S e c t i o n l a n d in N a t i v e 8 deals w i t h "Alienation or other disposal of t h e c o m p e n s a t i o n p a i d is full a n d g e n e r o u s a n d t h a t e v e r y reasonable

Reserves".

1 7 6 1 . S e c t i o n 8 ( 1 ) ( a ) p r o v i d e s t h a t t h e G o v e r n o r m a y issue l e a s e s w i t h t h e a d v i c e a n d c o n s e n t of t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d , but t h a t t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d s h o u l d fix t h e r e n t . W e h a v e recom m e n d e d ( s e c t i o n 1531) t h a t t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r should d e c i d e t h e m a t t e r a f t e r c o n s u l t i n g t h e L o c a l B o a r d , but that there b e an a p p e a l to t h e G o v e r n o r , a n d t h a t t h e L a n d s T r u s t Board! s h o u l d h a v e a p o w e r of v e t o in t h e case of all leases of land in excess of t e n a c r e s . T h e p r e s e n t p r o v i s i o n i n v o l v e s t o o m u c h reference o! p e t t y m a t t e r s to t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d . 1762. S e c t i o n 8 ( 1 ) (b) d e a l s w i t h t h e issue of licences to " p e r s o n s n o t b e i n g m e m b e r s of t h e t r i b e " in r e s p e c t of ( 1 ) the g r a z i n g of c a t t l e ; ( 2 ) t h e r e m o v a l of t i m b e r o r o t h e r forest produce: a n d (3) t h e t a k i n g of s a n d , l i m e , s t o n e , e t c . I t p r o v i d e s that the G o v e r n o r m a y issue t h e m w i t h t h e a d v i c e a n d c o n s e n t of the Lands T r u s t B o a r d . B u t it is p r o v i d e d in s e c t i o n 3 t h a t n o such licences m a y b e issued u n l e s s a t l e a s t five m e m b e r s of t h e L a n d s Trust B o a r d a r e in f a v o u r of t h e m , w h i l e s e c t i o n 7 r e q u i r e s that there m u s t b e a r e f e r e n c e t o t h e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e , if t h e L o c a l Native C o u n c i l o r t h e A f r i c a n m e m b e r of t h e L o c a l L a n d B o a r d objects, j

1 7 6 3 . W e c o n s i d e r t h e w h o l e p r o c e s s to be far t o o cumbersome]! endeavoured discretion to t o m a k e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w h i c h w i l l p r o v i d e an nde f o r n a t i v e i n t e r e s t s , w h i l e a l l o w i n g a much widei local authorities. Constant reference of pettj the

W e h a v e a l r e a d y m a d e o u r c r i t i c i s m s ( s e c t i o n s 1 6 2 3 - 1 6 2 0 ) . and have! nuate safeguard

m a t t e r s t o t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d has t h e t r i p l e d i s a d v a n t a g e that il d i s t r a c t s t h e a t t e n t i o n of t h e B o a r d f r o m m o r e serious duties, hold: up into legitimate the development, and and introduces the will of a creeping paralysis power ultimately the G o v e r n m e n t tc

govern. 1761. relating 71, we

S e c t i o n 8 ( 1 ) of t h e O r d i n a n c e c o n t a i n s a special clause! For reasons already governing think that the considerations the question

to t h e M a s a i t r i b e .

stated in seetiorM

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l e a s e s o r l i c e i f e s i n t h e AInsai N a t i v e R e s e r v e should be the satneB r e t e n t i o n of t h e s p e c i a l c l a u s e s .

u s t h e y a r e in a n y o t h e r n a t i v e r e s e r v e , a n d w e see n o need for theB

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1765. S e c t i o n 8 ( 2 ) r e l a t e s t o l e a s e s f o r s p e c i a l p u r p o s e s . uve no c o m m e n t s o t h e r leases g e n e r a l l y . than those w h i c h w e have already

We made

1766. S e c t i o n 8 ( 3 ) d e a l s w i t h t h e d e s t i n a t i o n of a l l r e n t s , luiid p r e m i a , g r a z i n g f e e s a n d " o t h e r p r o f i t s w h a t s o e v e r " . We uve a l r e a d y g i v e n o u r o p i n i o n t h a t i t t a k e s i n s u f f i c i e n t a c c o u n t of lie e x i s t e n c e of p r i v a t e r i g h t s . W e h a v e a l s o p o i n t e d o u t ( s e c t i o n t h e d i f f i c u l t y c a u s e d by t h e r e q u i r e m e n t t h a t all p r o f i t s f r o m lie sale of f o r e s t p r o d u c e in a n a t i v e r e s e r v e f o r e s t r e s e r v e h a v e be p a i d t o t h e L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l . 1767. S e c t i o n 8 ( 4 ) p r o v i d e s t h a t a y e a r l y r e t u r n of a licences s h o u l d b e f o r w a r d e d d -ctions 1624-1629 a b o v e . 1768. S e c t i o n 9 d e a l s w i t h plied i n l e a s e s . .1769. I n [1 h i m s e l f W e section 9 (2) t h e f o r m s of l e a s e s a n d c o n d i t i o n s point. shall disturbance Coun 1528). that the lessee Section &. o n l y w i s h t o c o m m e n t on o n e ( 6 ) , it is p r o v i d e d to the L a n d s T r u s t all leases We Board.

allot c o n s i d e r t h i s t o b e n e c e s s a r y , a n d h a v e g i v e n o u r r e a s o n s i n

to pay such c o m p e n s a t i o n

f o r d a m a g e or

sthe L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d m a y a s s e s s .

A c c o r d i n g to our r e c o i n m e n The Local Native (section t h e p l o t is

ations t h e r e w o u l d b e n o such o b l i g a t i o n .

1 would a r r a n g e t o c o m p e n s a t e t h e r i g h t - h o l d e r s w h e n ;aside, a n d t h e l e s s e e w o u l d g e t a s t r a i g h t l e a s e

a other a r r a n g e m e n t w o u l d b e c u m b e r s o m e , b e c a u s e r i g h t - h o l d e r s y equently p r e f e r a n n u a l r a t h e r t h a n o u t r i g h t c o m p e n s a t i o n , a n d , if e lessee w e r e t o p a y i t , h e w o u l d h a v e t h e a p p e a r a n c e of o rentsone rancil. to the right-holder and one to. the Local A n d , if there should be m o r e than paying Native the

one right-holder,

triplication w o u l d b e w o r s e .
:

A n o t h e r p o i n t is t h a t , in o u r r e c o m compensation in s e c t i o n s 1526 a n d 1 5 4 1 , w h i c h

endation, t h e B r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r assesses t h e i ect to s a f e g u a r d s e n u m e r a t e d t apart e x c e e d s t e n a c r e s .

dude a p o w e r of v e t o b y t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d if t h e l a n d t o b e

1770. S e c t i o n 1 0 p r o v i d e s t h a t t h e r e n t c h a r g e d i n all l e a s e s Section 10. list be fixed " a t t h e h i g h e s t a m o u n t t h a t can r e a s o n a b l y b e e x -ted to b e o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e l a n d , h a v i n g r e g a r d , e t c . . . . " 1771. W e allowed. 1772. I t is w o r t h r e m a r k i n g that the Governor of Kenya, in :roducing t h e B i l l i n t h e L e g i s l a t i v e C o u n c i l , s t a t e d o f t h e l e a s e 1 clauses : " T h e first o b j e c t of t h e s e c l a u s e s h a s n o t h i n g t o d o w i t h alienation f r o m the tribe c o n c e r n e d . I t is t o p r o v i d e t h a t i n dividual l e a s e h o l d t e n u r e m a y b e i n t r o d u c e d f o r t h e b e n e f i t of have already stated in s e c t i o n 1533 a b o v e that we Bird t h i s p r o v i s i o n as u n d u l y r i g i d , a n d t h a t m o r e l a t i t u d e s h o u l d

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m e m b e r s of secured.''

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I t s e e m s s o m e w h a t s t r a n g e , if such w a s t h e p r i m a r y o b j e c t of the: c l a u s e s , t h a t t h e O r d i n a n c e s h o u l d h a v e g o n e o u t of its way l demand a maximum rent. Section 11. 1 7 7 3 . S e c t i o n 11 p r o v i d e s t h a t l e s s e e s m a y n o t a l i e n a t e lac b y s u b - l e a s e or o t h e r w i s e w i t h o u t t h e c o n s e n t of t h e L a n d s Tin B o a r d . W e h a v e n o c o m m e n t on t h e f a i r n e s s of t h i s proposal, bu p u r s u i n g our g e n e r a l d e s i g n of r e l i e v i n g t h e L a n d s T r u s t Board i n o n - e s s e n t i a l d u t i e s , w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t r e f e r e n c e to it should m b e n e c e s s a r y if t h e l a n d t o h e s u b - l e a s e d or o t h e r w i s e alienated less t h a n fifty a c r e s in e x t e n t , u n l e s s t h e r e is to b e a change i u s e r ; b u t t h a t t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r s h o u l d deal with sue m a t t e r s a f t e r c o n s u l t i n g t h e L o c a l L a n d B o a r d , and subject to a appeal to the Governor. E v e n if t h e r e is t o b e a c h a n g e of use w e d o n o t t h i n k it n e c e s s a r y t h a t r e f e r e n c e s h o u l d b e m a d e to tl L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d if t h e l a n d a f f e c t e d b y t h e c h a n g e of user less t h a n t e n a c r e s in e x t e n t .
1 7 7 4 - S e c t i o n s 12 a n d 13 Provide f o r f e i t u r e of lease i l i c e n c e f o r n o n - p a y m e n t of r e n t or b r e a c h of c o v e n a n t . Section 1 p r o v i d e s t h a t s u c h f o r f e i t u r e d o e s n o t e x t i n g u i s h t h e debt. \\ have no comments.
f o r

13 and if'
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1775. Section from

15

(1) g i v e s p o w e r for certain

to the G o v e r n o r public

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p u r p o s e s , but on

s u b j e c t t o the a d v i c e a n d c o n s e n t of t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d .

w e h a v e g i v e n r e a s o n s f o r t h i n k i n g t h a t e x c l u s i o n is g e n e r a l l y a t h e b e s t w a y of s e c u r i n g l a n d f o r p u b l i c p u r p o s e s , a n d that settir a p a r t is b e t t e r , we a possibility Lands Trust h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t e x c l u s i o n should remit B u t in case it s h o u l d h a p p e n that tl its consent, and that no satisfactoi refuses (section 1517). Board

a r r a n g e m e n t c a n b e m a d e e i t h e r b y t h e p r o c e s s of s e t t i n g apart i exclusion, w e have recommended t h a t i t s h o u l d b e possible, wil ( s e c t i o n 1521), at is subject to simili t h e c o n s e n t of t h e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e , f o r l a n d t o b e acquired and the L a n d Acquisition A c t or similar provisions unfair t o n a t i v e s , as till l a n d in the country w e h a v e a d v i s e d t h a t i n o u r o p i n i o n such a p r o v i s i o n w o u l d not 1 provisions. 1 7 7 6 . T h e r e h a s b e e n m u c h c r i t i c i s m on t h e score of impra t i c a b i l i t y of t h e c l a u s e t h a t , w h e n a n y l a n d is e x c i s e d , an an e q u a l i n e x t e n t a n d as f a r its p o s s i b l e e q u a l in v a l u e m u s t be adde W e a g r e e t h a t t h e p r o v i s i o n w o u l d b e i m p r a c t i c a b l e in m a n y case b u t c o n s i d e r t h a t i t s h o u l d he a l l o w e d t o s t a n d , subject to tl m o d i f i c a t i o n t h a t , in t h e l a s t r e s o r t , if n o s a t i s f a c t o r y arrangemei

ON T H E W O R K I N G si I I I - C H A P T E R V I ]

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lio r e a c h e d e i t h e r b y t h i s p r o c e s s o r b y s e t t i n g a p a r t , t h e p r o jons of t h e L a n d A c q u i s i t i o n A c t c a n b e a p p l i e d , i n w h i c h c a s e upensation n e e d n o t n e c e s s a r i l y b e i n l a n d .

TO.oses,

1777. W h i l e s e c t i o n 15 o n l y p r o v i d e s f o r e x c i s i o n f o r p u b l i c We c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e r e s h o u l d a l s o be p r o v i s i o n f o r e x is to b a l a n c e a d d i t i o n s in v o l u n t a r y e x c h a n g e s , h u t w e c o n s i d e r a l e n c e to b e a m o r e i m p o r t a n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h a n e x a c t e q u a l i t y ea in such c a s e s .

1778. I f o u r v i e w s i n r e g a r d to t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n of t h e L a n d s t Board are accepted, w e consider that the provision m a d e at ;nd of s e c t i o n 15 ( 1 ) s h o u l d b e o m i t t e d , s i n c e t h e s a f e g u a r d of jrence to t h e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e in c a s e s w h e r e 200 a c r e s or r are i n v o l v e d , s h o u l d n o l o n g e r be r e q u i r e d (sec s e c t i o n 1 5 1 0 e

ire).

'
c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e p r o v i s o to s e c t i o n 15 ( 2) s h o u l d
-

1779. W e

be

lied, b e c a u s e w e c a n n o t c o n c e i v e , to e x c l u d e r o a d s o r r a i l w a y s n hv'means 17-1617. of setting apart.

t h a t i t should e v e r b e n e c e s single buildings with sections

or the sites of For

ii the n a t i v e r e s e r v e , a n d w e h a v e m a d e p r o p o s a l s d e a l i n g our p r o p o s a l s , see,

1780. S e c t i o n 1 6 p r o v i d e s t h a t t h e G o v e r n o r m a y (a) other m a t e r i a l s f r o m o r d i s t u r b a n c e ; (b) a n y l a n d in a n a t i v e r e s e r v e f o r

take stone repairing for

Section

Is or f o r o t h e r p u b l i c w o r k s u p o n p a y m e n t of c o m p e n s a t i o n . w i t h o u t p a y i n g c o m p e n s a t i o n , b u t m a k i n g g o o d all do a n y w o r k in c o n n e x i o n w i t h s p e c i f i e d c l a s s e s of :i c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r l o s s o r d i s t u r b a n c e ; (d) its to d o t h e s e t h i n g s .

conduct electric lines, w a t e r pipes, sewers, damages; auth or '

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waterworks

grant written

i to G o v e r n m e n t o f f i c e r s a n d c o n t r a c t o r s a n d t h e i r s e r v a n t s

1781. T h e c l a u s e s e e m s s a t i s f a c t o r y e n o u g h u n t i l o n e d i s c o v e r s fact o f w h i c h t h e s e c t i o n i t s e l f g i v e s n o h i n t t h a t it is g o v e r n e d section 6, which provides that the Lands Trust Board must alt t h e L o c a l B o a r d a b o u t " m a t t e r s r e l a t i n g t o a n d a r i s i n g o u t ae e x e r c i s e o f t h e p o w e r s o f t h e G o v e r n o r " u n d e r t h i s s e c t i o n . 1782. T h u s i t h a p p e n s t h a t , if a D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r , Governors permission in writing, tribunal authorizes court, for a 1 in t h e r e s e r v e a n a t i v e which the having to Local

contractor

ive C o u n c i l h a s v o t e d f u n d s , a n d f o r t h a t p u r p o s e t o t a k e s t o n e i the n e i g h b o u r h o o d ; o r i f h e i n s t r u c t s t h e s t a t i o n h a n d s t o d i g mm, sand o r c l a y any land-^-these for are t h e r e p a i r of matters upon the police the l i n e s , o r if Lands he fills in a h o l e i n a r o a d in t h e r e s e r v e - a n d m o v e s a n y which - material Trust

[td m u s t c o n s u l t t h e L o c a l B o a r d .

ON

T H E

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PART I I I C H A P T E R

1783. W e consider that the actions of the Governor a u t h o r i z e d a g e n t s u n d e r t h i s s e c t i o n s h o u l d n o t be liable c a l l e d in q u e s t i o n b y t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d or b y t h e L o c a l e x c e p t i n so f a r as t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r m a y r e f e r L o c a l B o a r d a n y q u e s t i o n of c o m p e n s a t i o n w h i c h m a y a r i s e . Section 17.

or to B to

1 7 8 4 . S e c t i o n 17 p r o v i d e s t h a t n o t h i n g m a y be d o n e by G o v e r n o r o r b e a l l o w e d b y h i m t o b e d o n e u n d e r sections 15 an w h i c h w o u l d h a v e t h e effect of d e p r i v i n g t h e n a t i v e s concerned any w a t e r w i t h o u t the prior consent of the L a n d s Trust Board, c o m m e n t s h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n m a d e i n s e c t i o n s 1595-1G06 above. 1.785. S e c t i o n 18 p r o v i d e s t h a t n o f o r e s t area in a n a t i v e reset m a y b e d e c l a r e d w i t h o u t t h e c o n s e n t of t h e L a n d s T r u s t Board that n o r u l e s m a y b e m a d e c o n c e r n i n g such forest area, w. declared, w i t h o u t consent of the B o a r d . W e h a v e recorded g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e first p a r t of t h i s p r o v i s o , and out a g r e e m e n t w i t h the. s e c o n d p a r t , in s e c t i o n 1618 a b o v e . 1 7 8 6 . S e c t i o n 19 p r o v i d e s t h a t t h e C h i e f N a t i v e Commission is the r e s p o n s i b l e officer f o r r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e C r o w n or t h e Govern in all a c t i o n s i n s t i t u t e d u n d e r t h e O r d i n a n c e . W e h a v e no ments. 1 7 8 7 . S e c t i o n 20 d e a l s w i t h t h e p o w e r of officials t o enter u[ lands in t h e e x e c u t i o n of t h e i r d u t y . W e h a v e n o c o m m e n t s . 1 7 8 8 . S e c t i o n 2 1 p r e s c r i b e s t h e p e n a l t y f o r u n l a w f u l occti tion o f l a n d i n a n a t i v e r e s e r v e . W e c o n s i d e r t h a t , in o r d e r to av the n e c e s s i t y of r e f e r e n c e t o o t h e r O r d i n a n c e s , t h e position sho be m a d e c l e a r as t o wdiat c o n s t i t u t e s u n l a w f u l occupation, this c o n n e x i o n , w e i n v i t e a t t e n t i o n t o s e c t i o n s 1667 and 166S abo 1 7 8 9 . S e c t i o n 2 2 p r o v i d e s a p o w e r t o m a k e r u l e s ; section s a v e s e x i s t i n g r i g h t s h e l d u p o n t i t l e : a n d s e c t i o n 24 repeals Part of t h e C r o w n L a n d s O r d i n a n c e . W e h a v e n o c o m m e n t s on tit sections.

Betrtion 18.

Seeiion 19.

Section 20. Section 21.

Sections 22, 23, and 24.

Tho Recon1790. W e find a g e n e r a l c o n s e n s u s of o p i n i o n among ^ractio" w i t n e s s e s w h o m w e h a v e c o n s u l t e d t h a t t h e a m e n d m e n t s reqtiii o Or manee. ^ O r d i n a n c e are so n u m e r o u s t h a t n o t h i n g but a conipl
o f e

reconstruction

will

suffice.

The

foregoing

a n a l y s i s bears out

view.
1 7 9 1 . T h e r e is n o n e e d f o r us t o e x a m i n e t h e details of rei s t r u c t i o n . W e h a v e a l r e a d y m a d e p r o p o s a l s in considerable de a n d l i t t l e r e m a i n s b u t t o r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e y be implemen T h i s w o u l d e n t a i l n o t o n l y e m b o d i m e n t in an a m e n d e d L a n d s ' O r d i n a n c e , b u t a l s o t h e p r o t e c t i o n of e s s e n t i a l clauses bv Orde C o u n c i l . I n t h e final c h a p t e r o f o u r R e p o r t w e shall offer sug t i o n s as t o t h e p a r t i c u l a r m a t t e r s f o r w h i c h t h e protection of O r d e r i n C o u n c i l s h o u l d b e s o u g h t , b u t w e shall content ours

537
ON THE W O R K I N G VI] OE THE L A N D S TRUST O R D I N A N C E nui I I I - C H A P T E R

this p l a c e . ilatious.
c!!

with

reiterating

the

salient

features

of

our

recom (1) The Land to ho reserved' for Tribal Tennre.

1792. T h e l a n d r e s e r v e d f o r t r i b a l t e n u r e s h o u l d be : (lass A Reserves, Glass B l Glass B 2 R e s e r v e s . T h e s e c a t e g o r i e s h a v e b e e n d e f i n e d in s e c t i o n 1483. to be k n o w n as N a t i v e Lands. * The par Reserves.

iiiiiar a r e a s i n c l u d e d in e a c h c a t e g o r y a r e d e s c r i b e d in t h e s c h e d u l e s (lowing s e c t i o n 1 5 1 0 , a n d a r e s h o w n i n t h e c o l o u r e d m a p f o l l o w i n g Uion 2 1 5 2 . 1793; W o recommend that Glass A be native land, and not town l a n d , a n d t h a t t h e b o u n d a r i e s of t h e n i n e m a i n u n i t s 1794. C l a s s B l iinni l a u d . uird. It should of should not be be called diminished Native Reserve, but or be taken a b l e , if away which remain Trust the to B2 to that (2) Status of the Land go reserved.

ehave r e c o m m e n d e d b e d e b i t e d a n d p r o t e c t e d b y O r d e r i n C o u n c i l . I t s h o u l d b e u n d e r t h e p r o t e c t i o n of t h e L a n d s

without

jiisont o f t h e B o a r d , e x c e p t i n g o n l y t h a t a n a p p e a l s h o u l d l i e Secretary S t a t e , wdio s h o u l d he c o n s i d e r s Class indent cause e x i s t s , to o v e r r i d e t h e v e t o of t h e B o a r d . taikl b e h e l d o n l e a s e . Class B 2 , w e advise a very low rental, perhaps a

I n respect of areas n o w r e c o m m e n d e d I n r e s p e c t of

peppercorn, further

lit strict c o n d i t i o n s of c o n s e r v a t i o n a n d u s e . diil an e c o n o m i c r e n t a l .

as w h i c h m a y p o s s i b l y b e r e q u i r e d a s B 2 i n t h e f u t u r e w e r e c o m T h e p r o t e c t i o n of t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d should t h e (til Security t h e tor Tribal Sub-Units. the State. within of old b e e x t e n d e d t o C l a s s B 2 i n t h e s a m e w a y as B l , a n d subject t o t h e s a m e a p p e a l to t h e S e c r e t a r y of 1795. A d j u s t m e n t s ternoi-; hem. and it is of not tribal subdivisions that occurring

audaries of t h e m a i n u n i t s s h o u l d b e m a t t e r s f o r d e c i s i o n b y advisable the protection tor in C o u n c i l o r of t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d s h o u l d b e

extended

T h i s w o u l d , of c o u r s e , n o t affect p r i v a t e r i g h t s i n l a n d .

l a n d s (4) Rights Occupant suld b e h e l d to i n i p l y t h a t t h e s y s t e m o r s y s t e m s of l a n d t e n u r e Tribes and tuning a m o n g t h e m a r e t h e s a m e or s i m i l a r , a n d c a n b e d e Private Rights...-. oped a l o n g s i m i l a r l i n e s , s u b j e c t t o s u c h l o c a l v a r i a t i o n s as a r e 1790. G r o u p i n g o f t r i b e s w i t h i n a s i n g l e u n i t of n a t i v e ad to bo r e q u i r e d .
Tier

N e i t h e r the units themselves nor the separate impenetrable groups, inserted of of m e m b e r s o f o t h e r t r i b e s o r

ups w i t h i n t h e u n i t s m u s t b e h e l d t o c o n s t i t u t e an against i m m i g r a t i o n

live r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e f o l l o w i n g p r o v i s i o n s h o u l d b e groups, families inheritance, or i n d i v i d u a l s and :

the O r d i n a n c e t o d e f i n e a u d s a f e g u a r d p r i v a t e r i g h t s , w h e t h e r I n r e s p e c t of t h e o c c u p a t i o n , u s e , m a n a g e m e n t , succession disposal of any land

control, in

situated

ON

T H E WORKING VI]

QE T H E L A N D S

TRUST

ORDINANCE

P A R T 111CHAPTER

'[

N a t i v e R e s e r v e C l a s s A ( o r " N a t i v e L a n d s " ) , e v e r y nattvi shall h a v e all t h e r i g h t s a n d p o w e r s w h i c h h e has under native l a w a n d c u s t o m ( a s it m a y be or b e c o m e f r o m t i m e to tiiue e i t h e r b y n a t u r a l e v o l u t i o n or b y m o d i f i c a t i o n b y rule mad; u n d e r t h i s or a n y o t h e r O r d i n a n c e ) , b o t h in r e g a r d to indivtdw r i g h t s a n d in r e g a r d to t r i b a l , g r o u p , o r f a m i l y r i g h t s , in f a r as such r i g h t s a n d p o w e r s a r e n o t r e p u g n a n t to the Land T r u s t O r d i n a n c e o r a n y r u l e m a d e o r to be m a d e under it, , - to a n y o t h e r l a w or O r d i n a n c e of t h e C o l o n y . "
8 r

W e r e c o m m e n d , h o w e v e r , t h e i n s e r t i o n of a c l a u s e thai native lan-i m a y be e s c h e a t e d in t h e e v e n t of t r e a s o n o r r e b e l l i o n , and that sticj e s c l i e a t m o n t m a y a p p l y , . a c c o r d i n g to c i r c u m s t a n c e s , e i t h e r to triba l a n d or l a n d h e l d b y g r o u p s , f a m i l i e s or i n d i v i d u a l right-holders. (5) Additions.' have 1797, O u r additions recommendations regarding the the extent for 1741. to whirj should be a l l o w a b l e , and method 1473 a n d m a k i n g tliettii Additions!

been- c l e a r l y

s e t o u t in s e c t i o n s

w h i c h s h o u l d n o r m a l l y b e b y l e a s e , w o u l d o n l y b e possible on eeonl OJnic g r o u n d s or t o b a l a n c e e x c i s i o n s u n d e r s e c t i o n 15 of the OixM u n c e , o r as a r e s u l t o f v o l u n t a r y e x c h a n g e s , but the additions noil ^recommended satisfaction (ii) Exclusions as under Section 15 ol the present Ordinance. of by all us l o ' be claims of made under and Class A no should be a right, further extensions

those g r o u n d s should be

entertained.

1 7 9 8 . W e h a v e a g r e e d t h a t t h e m e t h o d of e x c l u s i o n and coin! p e n s a t o r y a d d i t i o n , as d e s c r i b e d i n s e c t i o n 15 of the Ordinance] should r e m a i n as a w a y , b u t n o t a s t h e o n l y w a y , of acquiring Ian for public purposes. W e h a v e p r o p o s e d c e r t a i n amendments t d e t a i l s (sec s e c t i o n s 1 6 0 7 - 1 6 1 7 ; a l s o 1778 a n d 1 7 7 9 ) . ... .1799- O u r p r o p o s a l s in r e g a r d t o s e t t i n g a p a r t h a v e been coni them here. In r e s p e c t of r e f e r e n c e t o t h e L a n d s Tin: p r e h e n s i v e l y s t a t e d ( s e c t i o n s 1 5 2 3 - 1 5 4 1 ) . a n d i t w o u l d be wearisora to repeat B o a r d , w e have recommended should b e able to d e l e g a t e t h a t t h e B o a r d s h o u l d have a powi Native C o m m i s s i o n e r tl

(7) Setting . Apart,'..'

o f . v e t o w h e n t h e l a n d to. b e s e t a p a r t e x c e e d s 10 a c r e s ; but that to the Chief C-js-.v - : (8) Leases. p o w e r "of a s s e n t i n g on i t s b e h a l f to t h e s e t t i n g a p a r t of land up i one hundred acres. . 1 8 0 0 . W e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t l a n d m u s t be set apart befoi i t is l e a s e d . When the land has been set apart, the Provincij Commissioner may with , a f t e r c o n s u l t i n g t h e L o c a l L a n d B o a r d , divicj necessary, and let them the land in conformity T h e Lain] which w a s set apart.

t h e area i n t o p l o t s , w h e r e the purposes for

T r u s t B o a r d h a s a p o w e r of v e t o a g a i n s t a n y l e a s e in excess of tfj a c r e s , h u t m a y d e l e g a t e t o t h e C h i e f N a t i v e C o m m i s s i o n e r the poffl of a s s e n t i n g o n h i s b e h a l f t o t h e l e a s e s of a n y l a n d u p to fifty anj (sections 1531. and 1631).

538
ON T H E
S

W O R K I N G VI]

OF

THE

LANDS

TRUST

ORDINANCE

T [IICHAPTER

1801. O u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w i t h r e g a r d ve been g i v e n in s e c t i o n 1628 a b o v e : t h e jikl be t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , w h i c h ' w o u l d b e special i n s t r u c t i o n w h i c h t h e L a n d s T r u s t protection of n a t i v e i n t e r e s t s : t h e C h i e f jht, at his d i s c r e t i o n , d e f e r t h e issue of a ; to t h e B o a r d . c

t o l i c e n c e s g e n e r a l l y (9) Licences.' responsible authority guided by a n y g e n e r a l B o a r d m i g h t ' issue for. Native Commissioner licence pending refer

1802. W e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t a n o b j e c t i o n b y . t h e B o a r d linst a l i c e n c e a l r e a d y issued s h o u l d b e v a l i d t o p r e v e n t r e n e w a l , spt t h a t i t m a y b e n e c e s s a r y to p r o v i d e f o r a p p e a l to t h e jretary of S t a t e a g a i n s t t h e v e t o of t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d in liters v i t a l l y a f f e c t i n g e s s e n t i a l s u p p l i e s ( s e c t i o n 1G28 a n d n o t e ) . 1803. O u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s specting lions 19-1606., C o m m i s s i o n e r (SI) Autlioriza tion to Agents t h i n g s of Government. sifted in s e c t i o n 16 of t h e O r d i n a n c e in r e s p e c t o f t a k i n g s t o n e or 1804. " W e recommend : to d o a n d (a) that the Provincial sild he a b l e to a u t h o r i z e . o t h e r s to d o all t h e :er m a t e r i a l r e q u i r e d f o r p u b l i c w o r k s , c o n d u c t i n g e l e c t r i c . l i n e s , !er-pipe l i n e s , e t c . , vuled that, he undertaking" observe works for the conservation of the of ler or i m p r o v i n g t h e f l o w of a n y r i v e r a n d w o r k s o f a l i k e n a t u r e , should the requirements Water be ance a n d a n y o t h e r r e l e v a n t O r d i n a n c e ; ( b ) t h a t h e s h o u l d ; s e c t i o n ; ( c ) t h a t h e s h o u l d assess a n y c o m p e n s a t i o n d u e , saltation w i t h t h e L o c a l iement between the Board; id) Provincial Commissioner and the licences, special in 15S2-159.4, a n d in r e g a r d to t o t h e special etc., are in permits c a s e s , of given iu sections

alluvial regard

permits, water

e to d e l e g a t e h i s p o w e r s t o D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r s in r e s p e c t o f after Local Native t h a t in t h e e v e n t of a d i s

ird r e g a r d i n g t h e a m o u n t of c o m p e n s a t i o n d u e , t h e C h i e f

miissioner s h o u l d d e c i d e ; ( e ) t h a t t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d s h o u l d be c o n c e r n e d , e x c e p t t h a t i t s h o u l d h a v e t h e r i g h t t o b e s u p p l i e d any i n f o r m a t i o n f o r w h i c h it m a y a s k , a n d to m a k e r e p r e s e n t a to t h e G o v e r n o r a n d t o t h e S e c r e t a r y of 1805. W e recommend State. section 8 (31 r e 01). D e s t i n y . . tion-. of Jteiits,. ling t h e d e s t i n a t i o n to t h e L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l of all r e n t s , eco.- vV; '; '1' il p r e m i a , e t c . , s h o u l d r e m a i n , in so f a r as t h e i r g e n e r a l i n t e n t h a t t h e p r o v i s i o n s of is c o n c e r n e d , but that they be amended in detail so as to ate t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s to which w e have invited attention..

1806. W e h a v e a l s o r e c o m m e n d e d ( s e c t i o n 1546) t h e i n t r o d u c of p r o v i s i o n s w h i c h w o u l d c o m p e l d i s b u r s e m e n t s o r r e c o v e r i e s e made f r o m rents for the fulfilment of certain o b l i g a t i o n s : . ; (12) Trespass and Unlawful Jgard t o t r e s p a s s a n d u n l a w f u l o c c u p a t i o n s h o u l d b e m a d e c l e a r . Occupation. 1807. W e have recommended (section 1667) that the position

it
ON THE WORKING VI] OF THK LANDS TRUST ORDINANCE

PAET I I I C H A P T E U

(13) Rules.

1808. W h i l e w e h a v e n o c o m m e n t on t h e g e n e r a l provision i s e c t i o n 22 o f t h e O r d i n a n c e t h a t t h e G o v e r n o r , w i t h the advk a n d c o n s e n t of t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d , m a y m a k e rules for tl p i n m o s e of c a r r y i n g t h e O r d i n a n c e i n t o e f f e c t , w e h a v e recon m e n d e d a s o m e w h a t d i f f e r e n t p r o c e d u r e in r e g a r d t o rules made ft t h e r e g u l a t i o n of m a t t e r s a f f e c t i n g l a n d t e n u r e as b e t w e e n natii a n d n a t i v e in t h e r e s e r v e . T h e r e w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t , alt full discussion a n d d e b a t e , t h e m e t h o d of w h i c h f o r t h e sake s e c u r i t y should lie l a i d d o w n in t h e O r d i n a n c e , t h e G o v e r n o r shoti h a v e t h e p o w e r t o m a k e t h e r u l e s , s u b j e c t t o n o t i f i c a t i o n to t! L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d a n d a p o w e r of d i s a l l o w a n c e b y t h e Secretary State. 1 8 0 9 . / T h e r e a s o n f o r t h e d i s t i n c t i o n is t h a t t h e regulation of s y s t e m of l a n d t e n u r e b y a d e v e l o p m e n t of n a t i v e c u s t o m calls fi c l o s e study a n d e x p e r t k n o w l e d g e , arid w e c o n s i d e r that the advi a n d c o n s e n t o f t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d i n such a m a t t e r w o u l d b e less sure g u i d e t o r i g h t a c t i o n t h a n t h e a d v i c e a n d c o n s e n t of tl various other bodies for w h o s e consultation w e h a v e provided.

-(14) Position 1 8 1 0 . W e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t t h e P r o v i n c i a l Commission of the s h o u l d be t h e officer d i r e c t l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e o p e r a t i o n of tl Provincial Commissioners O r d i n a n c e in his p r o v i n c e . and Powers of Officers. (15! Rights of the Crown.

1 8 1 1 . I n v i e w o f our r e c o m m e n d a t i o n t h a t C l a s s A land shonH be native land, it is probable that section 20 of the any dealing with The power t h e r i g h t s of of the officers to to e n t e r u p o n carry out its land in must

Odi n f r ia cH

tH

p e r f o r m a n c e of t h e i r d u t i e s , w i l l h a v e to b e a m p l i f i e d and extendeffl Government duties completely (1G) Duties of tlie Lands Trust Board. safeguarded.

1812. T h e d u t i e s of t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d should consist] t h e e x e r c i s e of in c o n f o r m i t y a protective control with the Ordinance. in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h the terj of t h e t r u s t , as s a f e g u a r d e d a n d d e f i n e d b y O r d e r in Council,

(17) Duties and Personnel of the Local JJBoards.

1813. T h e d u t i e s of t h e L o c a l B o a r d s h o u l d be : (1) T o adv t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r i n m a t t e r s r e l a t i n g t o land bothI r e s p e c t of t h e p r o t e c t i v e n e e d a n d t o s o m e e x t e n t t h e construct] n e e d ; (2) T o act as a c h e c k o n the P r o v i n c i a l Commissioner! m e a n s of o b j e c t i o n s , w h i c h w o u l d e n t a i l r e f e r e n c e to higher atfj o r i t y . W e r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e m e m b e r s s h o u l d consist of (ft) D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r , ( o ) t w o of t h e n o m i n a t e d m e m b e r s of L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l to b e c h o s e n b y t h e P r o v i n c i a l Commission] (c) t w o of t h e e l e c t e d m e m b e r s o f t h e L o c a l N a t i v e Council, one. b e c h o s e n b y t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r a n d o n e to be electedj the L o c a l N a t i v e Council.

539
ON T H E l,r W O R K I N G VI] OF THE LANDS TRUST ORDINANCE HI-CHAPTER

1814. I t is a m a t t e r f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n w h e t h e r t h e p r o v i s i o n s f o r (IS) Native ,tive L a n d s , C l a s s C s h o u l d h e u n d e r t h e C r o w n L a n d s O r d i n - ^ or t h e L a n d s T r u s t O r d i n a n c e . W e have r e c o m m e n d e d , in tion 1 4 6 9 , t h a t t h e i r e x t e r n a l b o u n d a r i e s s h o u l d b e p r o t e c t e d b y Jer in C o u n c i l , b u t s h o u l d b e c a p a b l e of m o d i f i c a t i o n b y m e a n s exchanges, s u b j e c t to t h e consent, of t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d in

a n d s C l a a M

t case. 1815. W e . h a v e n o w s u m m a r i z e d w h a t w e c o n s i d e r t o b e t h e [ding r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r a n e q u i t a b l e a n d w o r k a b l e L a n d s T r u s t Hinance. W e s h o u l d w i s h o u r p r o p o s a l s t o b e j u d g e d b y t h e Uvers w h i c h t h e y p r o v i d e to t h e f o l l o w i n g q u e s t i o n s :- (I) D o they give Ordinance? the natives more security that the existing develop The proposals "^jf""^ existing Ordinance.

(2) D o t h e y afford a b e t t e r m e t h o d ment and control?

for m a n a g e m e n t ,

1816. T o e n s u r e s e c u r i t y , w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t an O r d e r (1) The j Council b e s o u g h t t o e n s u r e t h e p r o p o s e d O r d i n a n c e a g a i n s t p ^ j ^ t y lendment of e s s e n t i a l c l a u s e s w i t h o u t t h e a u t h o r i z a t i o n of a s u b

o t

iuent O r d e r in C o u n c i l . T h i s g i v e s f a r b e t t e r s e c u r i t y t h a n an iinance w h i c h p u r p o r t s t o r e s e r v e t h e n a t i v e l a n d s " l o r t h e use benefit of t h e n a t i v e t r i b e s of t h e C o l o n y f o r e v e r " , b u t w h i c h litself. n o t s a f e g u a r d e d a g a i n s t a m e n d m e n t . W e c o n s i d e r t h a t w h e n t h i s h a s b e e n d o n e it w i l l n o l o n g e r necessary t o p r o v i d e t h a t t h e O r d i n a n c e s h o u l d b e an o v e r r i d i n g ilinance. I f t h e e s s e n t i a l c l a u s e s a r e s a f e g u a r d e d b y an O r d e r i n ancil, t h e r e is n o r e a s o n w h y t h e s u b s i d i a r y c l a u s e s s h o u l d n o t as f r e e l y a m e n d e d as t h o s e in a n y o t h e r O r d i n a n c e , a n d if t h e y pen t o c o n f l i c t w i t h t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f s o m e o t h e r O r d i n a n c e , -re is n o r e a s o n w h y t h e y s h o u l d a l w a y s p r e v a i l .

1817. W e h a v e p r o p o s e d t h a t all t h e l a n d w h i c h is n o w n a t i v e d v e a n d all t h e a d d i t i o n a l l a n d w h i c h w e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e lives c a n c l a i m " a s of r i g h t " o n h i s t o r i c a l g r o u n d s , s h o u l d c e a s e be C r o w n l a n d a n d s h o u l d b e n a t i v e l a n d u n d e r t h e p r o t e c t i o n the L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d on t e r m s s e c u r e d b y O r d e r in C o u n c i l , e have a l s o r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t l a n d s r e q u i r e d f o r e c o n o m i c n e e d s fch s e e m l i k e l y t o b e p e r m a n e n t s h o u l d h e a d d e d t o t h e n a t i v e erves u n d e r p r o t e c t i o n of t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d , b u t s h o u l d main C r o w n l a n d . ' S u c h l a n d s c o u l d n o t b e t a k e n a w a y or uiinished w i t h o u t t h e c o n s e n t o f t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d , e x c e p t it there w o u l d b e a n a p p e a l t o t h e S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e , w h o w o u l d able, if h e c o n s i d e r s t h a t sufficient c a u s e e x i s t s , t o o v e r r i d e the to of t h e B o a r d . T h e r e a r e a l s o c a s e s of e c o n o m i c n e e d s w h i c h less likely- t o b e p e r m a n e n t , a n d in t h e s e c a s e s w e h a v e [eoiiunended l e a s e o n a l o w r e n t a l , p e r h a p s a p e p p e r c o r n , b u t w i t h

ON

THE

W O R K I N G VI]

OE T H E

LANDS

TRUST

ORDINANCE

RAHT I I I - C H A P T E R

s t r i c t c o n d i t i o n s of c o n s e r v a t i o n a n d use. T o m e e t further tribs h o o d s w h i c h m a y arise in f u t u r e , w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d lease , t h e n o r m a l m e t h o d , b u t h a v e p r o v i d e d m e a n s b y w h i c h , if nee& w i r y , e x c h a n g e s or p e t t y a d j u s t m e n t s could be m a d e on a mot p e r m a n e n t basis ( s e c t i o n s 1 4 7 3 - 1 4 7 5 ) . 1818. T h e s e a r r a n g e m e n t s g i v e far m o r e s e c u r i t y to n a t i v e a g a i n s t s h o r t a g e of l a n d t h a n t h e p r o v i s i o n s of t h e present O r d i r a n c e . T h e p r o v i s o of t h e p r e s e n t O r d i n a n c e t h a t l a n d , once a d d e i is a d d e d f o r e v e r m u s t i n e v i t a b l y i n v i t e s t r o n g o p p o s i t i o n to e v e r e x t e n s i o n , and n o n e can b e m a d e w i t h o u t t h e a p p r o v a l of ft L e g i s l a t i v e Council. 181.'.). A s e c o n d p o i n t is t h a t it h a s b e e n a r g u e d , under ft e x i s t i n g O r d i n a n c e , t h a t n o l a n d c a n b e a d d e d to a r e s e r v e , u n l e ; t h e t r i b e c o n c e r n e d c o u l d not o t h e r w i s e be m a i n t a i n e d and s u [ p o r t e d . W h e t h e r o r n o t t h i s is t h e r e a l m e a n i n g of section 2 of the. O r d i n a n c e , n o a d d i t i o n h a s in f a c t b e e n m a d e to any n a t i v r e s e r v e since the O r d i n a n c e w a s passed. Several additions hav b e e n a p p r o v e d b y E x e c u t i v e . C o u n c i l , but h a v e n o t b e e n placed bt f o r e L e g i s l a t i v e C o u n c i l o n a c c o u n t of t h i s d i f f i c u l t y . O u r p r o r o - a c o n t a i n n o such d i s a b i l i t y .
1

1820. territory

As

practical

step

to

preserve

the

integrity

of

trib;

a n d to f o s t e r t h e g r o w t h of a t r i b a l p r i d e

in its develoj

m e n t , w e have proposed that land required for

t o w n s h i p s or otlr

p u b l i c p u r p o s e s , i n s t e a d of b e i n g e x c l u d e d as t h e p r e s e n t Ordinanc p r o v i d e s , s h o u l d r e m a i n in the r e s e r v e c o n c e r n e d , a n d be develops as pat!" of it; 1821. W e c o n s i d e r it a j u s t c r i t i c i s m of t h e o r i g i n a l Ordinanc t h a t i t is too m u c h o b s e s s e d w i t h t h e idea of land its a sort c o m m o n reserved for a tribe. O u r p r o p o s a l s t h r o u g h o u t wiil f o u n d to g i v e f a r m o r e p r o m i n e n c e t o private; r i g h t - h o l d i n g , a t h e y a r e based o n a f r a n k r e c o g n i t i o n of t h e fact that the tcati of l a n d is p r o g r e s s i v e l y b e c o m i n g m o r e i n d i v i d u a l , and that th p r o b l e m o f land f o r n a t i v e s c e r t a i n l y c a n n o t b e m e t s i m p l y by t: e x p e d i e n t of r e s e r v i n g a r e a s t o s p e c i f i c " t r i b e s of the Colony ftj ever". 1822. with taken I n all t h e s e w a y s w e c l a i m t o h a v e c o m e to closer gri[ piroblem offer of providing We far m o r e land for n a t i v e s and di in these respect b e l i e v e t h a t our proposal security

the practical as a w h o l e ,

v e l o p i n g i t for t h e i r u s e a n d b e n e f i t . them than does the present L a n d s T r u s t 1823. the

Ordinance.

O u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s i n r e s p e c t of " C " and " D " area: chapter, but must be taken into account when ill

o f w h i c h m o r e d e t a i l s w i l l b e g i v e n b e l o w , a r e outside the scope ( present

KENYA LAND COMMISSION REPORT

ON THE WORKING IIBT I I I C H A P T E R VI] OE THE L A N E S TRUST

4 57

540

ORDINANCE

ilities w h i c h n a t i v e s w o u l d e n j o y u n d e r t h e t e r m s o f o u r i compared with those which" t h e y now'have under the ust O r d i n a n c e .

Report Lands

1824. T h e s t a t e m e n t is n o t o p e n t o s e r i o u s c h a l l e n g e t h a t t h e Q 'j* isions o f t h e e x i s t i n g O r d i n a n c e , in w h i c h all m a n a g e m e n t , Development, a d o p m e n t , a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d c o n t r o l o f n a t i v e l a n d is p l a c e d - ihc h a n d s o f t h e C e n t r a l B o a r d , a r e u t t e r l y u n w o r k a b l e , a n d h a v e ''. u generally ignored. T h e Provincial Administration has, very iperly, c o n t i n u e d t o r e g a r d i t s e l f as r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e t u t e l a g e the n a t i v e s in r e s p e c t o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e i r r e s e r v e s . We iicve t h a t o u r p r o p o s a l s , if. i m p l e m e n t e d , w i l l s t r e n g t h e n the. iid of G o v e r n m e n t a n d e n a b l e it. to f a c e w i t h m o r e c o n f i d e n c e . u r g e n t task w i t h w h i c h i t is c o n f r o n t e d , b o t h in d e v e l o p i n g entrees a n d a l s o i n c o n s e r v i n g t h e soil a g a i n s t d e t e r i o r a t i o n .
u c T t n o f : ; ;

1825. O u r w h o l e e n d e a v o u r h a s b e e n t o p r o v i d e f o r an O r d i n :e w h i c h w i l l w o r k , i n s t e a d of o n e w h i c h , in t h e o p i n i o n of m o s t mii n i s t r a t i v e o f f i c e r s , is so lost i n t h e t a n g l e o f its o w n checks ( c o u n t e r c h e c k s as t o c o n s t i t u t e a s e r i o u s h i n d r a n c e t o p r o g r e s s 1 th r e s e r v e s . I f t h e L a n d B o a r d is r e q u i r e d t o d e a l w i t h a l l le ts of p e t t y d e t a i l s , w e c a n n o t e x p e c t m e n of d i s t i n c t i o n t o c o n it to s e r v e o n i t . W e c o n s i d e r t h a t w e shall h a v e t h e s u p p o r t o f races a n d . s e c t i o n s in K e n y a in r e c o m m e n d i n g t h e c r e a t i o n of a antj i n d e p e n d e n t B o a r d t o d e a l w i t h e s s e n t i a l s a f e g u a r d s , a n d ' liberation of G o v e r n m e n t f r o m t h e i r k s o m e p e t t y r e s t r i c t i o n s ich, u n d e r t h e e x i s t i n g O r d i n a n c e , h a v e t o a l a r g e extent alysed i t s p o w e r o f a c t i o n .

CHAPTER
EXISTINGNATIVE RIGHTS

VII.
OR CLAIMS OUTSIDE

NATIVE Existing Claims of Right.

RESERVES. facilities

1826. B e f o r e p r o c e e d i n g t o t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n of w h a t

o u g h t t o h e g i v e n t o n a t i v e s i n r e s p e c t o f t h e n s e a n d occupation o i l l a n d o u t s i d e t h e r e s e r v e s , w e shall d e v o t e a c h a p t e r to t h e considera t i o n of t h e s t e p s t o b e t a k e n in r e g a r d t o r i g h t s w h i c h a l r e a d y exis or a r e c l a i m e d .

Tho Basis of the- Claims.

1827. W i t h i n s i g n i f i c a n t e x c e p t i o n s , t h e r e is n o l a n d in tin C o l o n y ( a s a p a r t f r o m t h e P r o t e c t o r a t e ) w h i c h h a s b e e n issued ti n a t i v e s o n a n y f o r m of p r i v a t e t i t l e m o r e d u r a b l e t h a n a temporal'] occupation licence. N o d i f f i c u l t i e s a r i s e in t h i s c o n n e x i o n whiei need be considered here. T h e d i f f i c u l t y is of a n o t h e r k i n d , am a r i s e s f r o m t h e f a c t that- c e r t a i n r i g h t s a r e c l a i m e d as e i t h e r pre e x i s t i n g t h e G o v e r n m e n t l a n d l e g i s l a t i o n a n d i n d e p e n d e n t l y valid o r as b e i n g s p e c i a l l y s a v e d u n d e r t h a t l e g i s l a t i o n . T h e s e claim have both a tribal and a p r i v a t e aspect. 1.828. I n t h e tribal a s p e c t t h e y a r e c l a i m s t h a t t h e tribe q u e s t i o n w a s f o r m e r l y i n o c c u p a t i o n of t e r r i t o r y oi" which, it I; b e e n d e p r i v e d . W e h a v e c o n d u c t e d a n e x h a u s t i v e i n q u i r y i n t o thes c l a i m s , a n d t h e results of o u r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s h a v e b e e n stated in tli first t w o p a r t s of our R e p o r t . T h e a r r a n g e m e n t s w h i c h w e hav p r o p o s e d f o r t h e s e t t l e m e n t o f t h i s q u e s t i o n should b e held t c o n s t i t u t e a full q u i t t a n c e of a l l t r i b a l c l a i m s of r i g h t external t t h e b o u n d a r i e s o f t h e t r i b a l t e r r i t o r y a s t h e y w i l l b e c o m e as a resul of t h e a d d i t i o n s r e c o m m e n d e d . 1S29. T h e q u e s t i o n a r i s e s w h e t h e r w i t h all the individual m e m b e r s of t h e s e s e t t l e m e n t s with th For instance, if

Tribal

Claims.

Private Claims.

t r i b e s s h o u l d b e h e l d to c a r r y w i t h t h e m a u t o m a t i c a l l y a settlemer the tribes. p i e c e of t r i b a l t e r r i t o r y h a s b e e n l o s t a n d a c o m p e n s a t i n g area ha b e e n a d d e d , a r e w e to h o l d t h a t t h e i n d i v i d u a l s w h o occupied th a r e a l o s t a r e s u f f i c i e n t l y c o m p e n s a t e d a n d c a n j u s t l y be required t a c c o m m o d a t e t h e m s e l v e s i n t h e r e s e r v e o r in the a d d e d a r e a ? q u e s t i o n a r i s e s a s a c l e a r issue in r e s p e c t o f " The Governor may grant leases C r o w n L a n d s O r d i n a n c e , 1 9 1 5 , i n w h i c h it i s p r o v i d e d of areas of Th s e c t i o n 86 (1) of th that: land co

t a i n i n g n a t i v e v i l l a g e s o r s e t t l e m e n t s w i t h o u t s p e c i a l l y exelu i n g s u c h v i l l a g e s or s e t t l e m e n t s , b u t l a n d in t h e actual oecup tion the of n a t i v e s at t h e d a t e of t h e l e a s e s h a l l , so l o n g as it occupied by them, be deemed to be excluded fro lease." actually

541
"oN NATIVE RIGHTS VII] OR CLAIMS OUTSIDE THE RESERVES ,r H I - C H A P T E R

L830. T h e s a m e p r o v i s i o n , in a l m o s t i d e n t i c a l t e r m s , is c o n ined in s e c t i o n 3 1 ( 1 ) of t h e C r o w n L a n d s O r d i n a n c e , 1 9 0 2 . It therefore v e r y p e r t i n e n t t o ask w h e t h e r , a n e q u i t a b l e s e t t l e m e n t iving b e e n r e a c h e d w i t h t h e t r i b e s r e g a r d i n g t h e i r t e r r i t o r y as a io!e, t h e s e p a r t i c u l a r r i g h t s m a y n o w b e e x t i n g u i s h e d . 1.831. I t is n o t o n l y in r e s p e c t of t h e l e a s e h o l d l a n d s t h a t lost ion a r i s e s , f o r i t i s p r o v i d e d i n s e c t i o n 3 0 o f t h e C r o w n finance, 1902. that " The : shall not sell or lease any land- i n instance, free by the Commissioner this Lands

the a c t u a l o c c u p a t i o n of n a t i v e s . "

;we h a v e h a d o c c a s i o n

to point

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s clause h a s s o m e t i m e s b e e n d i s r e g a r d e d i n t h e d i s p o s a l of h a c t i o n a r e in e q u i t y q u i t e as w o r t h y of c o n s i d e r a t i o n The as

id. I n o u r o p i n i o n , t h e p r i v a t e c l a i m s of a n y n a t i v e s a f f e c t e d ms w h i c h a r e p r o t e c t e d u n d e r t h e l e a s e h o l d c l a u s e s . " An equitable settlement having

whole the "

u m u s t b e c o n s i d e r e d as o n e , a n d m a y b e s t a t e d t h u s : e been reached with t r i b e s , is i t d e s i r a b l e or i s i t f a i r t h a t all n a t i v e p r i v a t e rights

existing outside the reserves should n o w be e x t i n g u i s h e d ?

1832. W i t h c e r t a i n r e s e r v a t i o n s a n d e x c e p t i o n s w h i c h w i l l h a v e The desirability of excinguish Ibi! e x p l a i n e d l a t e r , it is m a n i f e s t l y u n d e s i r a b l e t h a t n a t i v e r i g h t s ing Native side t h e r e s e r v e s s h o u l d c o n t i n u e o n t h e i r p r e s e n t b a s i s . T h e Rights in Land outside the :crds t o w h i c h w e h a v e h a d a c c e s s s h o w t h a t t h e L a w O f f i c e r s Reserves the C r o w n h a v e d i f f e r e d as t o t h e m e a n i n g o f " n a t i v e v i l l a g e s o r except such l l e m e n t s " o r " a c t u a l o c c u p a t i o n of n a t i v e s " , a n d t h e l e g a l e v i d Rights as are held upon ce w h i c h w e h a v e t a k e n u j i o n t h e p o i n t w o u l d a p p e a r t o i n d i c a t e Title. it a s t a t e of u n c e r t a i n t y e x i s t s w h i c h m u s t b e e x t r e m e l y p r e lieial t o t h a t s e c u r i t y of l a n d - h o l d i n g ist b e o n e o f t h e first and development which It it is d u t i e s of a n y G o v e r n m e n t The a first large to create.

mdantly c l e a r , t h a t t h e s e n a t i v e s r i g h t s m u s t e i t h e r b e

defined, native from the in

lie c o m p e n s a t e d a n d e x t i n g u i s h e d . the o b j e c t i o n reserves, and that we it w ould

7

a l t e r n a t i v e is o p e n number of

create all

dements s c a t t e r e d a b o u t a t a d i s t a n c e f r o m e a c h o t h e r a n d believe that responsible opinion iony, b o t h n a t i v e a n d n o n - n a t i v e , w o u l d b e u n i t e d i n

preferring

olution o n t h e l i n e s of c o n s o l i d a t i o n : t h a t is t o s a y , a n e x t e n s i o n the r e s e r v e s in r e t u r n f o r a s u r r e n d e r of r i g h t s o u t s i d e t h e m . 1S33. S u c h c o n s o l i d a t i o n The question the over w e have endeavoured to b r i n g in c o n s i d e r a t i o n now be compensation additions of t h e m , for of about native without to the our p r o p o s a l s f o r v a r i o u s e x t e n s i o n s of t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e b o u n d is w h e t h e r , some his o u t s i d e re a d o , o r reserves and should special extinguished land

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T h e Fairness Prep msil The Kikuyu.

- . 1 8 3 4 . T h e f a i r n e s s of the p r o p o s a l t o e x t i n g u i s h d e p e n d s u t l i e a d e q u a c y of t h e c o m p e n s a t i o n in e a c h c a s e , a n d it w i l l be ri to r e v i e w the matter as i t affects e a c h the K i k u y u tribe. we found that s o m e of tli 1835. I n t h e case of

n a t i v e s w h o w e r e on t h e f a r m s w h e n t h e y w e r e a l i e n a t e d t c c o m p e n s a t i o n a n d l e f t ; o t h e r s l e f t s u b s e q u e n t l y w i t h o u t conn;, s a t i o n ; a n d y e t o t h e r s still r e m a i n . W e d e c i d e d first that a I s e t t l e m e n t s h o u l d be m a d e w i t h t h e t r i b e b y t h e a d d i t i o n of la e q u i v a l e n t to t h e n e t l o s s , b u t t h a t o v e r a n d a b o v e t h i s , a furthc a d d i t i o n of t e r r i t o r y s h o u l d b e m a d e a s a s o r t of g e n e r a l com pens t i o n f o r d i s t u r b a n c e , b u t t h a t it w o r d d n o t b e p r a c t i c a b l e or desi a b l e to s e e k f o r t h e a c t u a l p e r s o n s d i s t u r b e d a n d c o m p e n s a t e thei severally-, e x c e p t i n g o n l y those w h o s t i l l r e m a i n o n t h e farms, t h e i r c a s e , w e r e c o m m e n d e d t h e p a y m e n t of a s u m of 2 , 0 0 0 t o distributed a m o n g them. 1836. S p e c i a l f e a t u r e s e x i s t a m o n g t h e K i k u y u w h i c h have c o u n t e r p a r t a m o n g m o s t of t h e o t h e r t r i b e s . P a r t l y because of tli d e n s i t y in w h i c h ' t h e i r l a n d is n o w i n h a b i t e d , a n d p a r t l y becau? of p e c u l i a r i t i e s in t h e i r s y s t e m of l a n d t e n u r e , m o r e actual loss an i n c o n v e n i e n c e is l i k e l y t o be caused in t h e i r c a s e if a man is rc q u i r e d t o m o v e h i s h u t s and g o and l i v e a n d c u l t i v a t e elsewh F o r t h i s r e a s o n w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d a cash c o m p e n s a t i o n , whic w e shall n o t f i n d to b e n e c e s s a r y in t h e c a s e of t h o s e tribes wliii h a v e a less i n d i v i d u a l i z e d f o r m of l a n d t e n u r e . 1 8 3 7 . T h e t r i b a l s e t t l e m e n t w i t h t h e M a s a i w a s secured b a g r e e m e n t , a n d m u s t b e held to h a v e c o v e r e d all " r i g h t s both publi a n d p r i v a t e . T h e o n l y p o i n t of d o u b t w h i c h e x i s t s in our mind is w h e t h e r a f e w f a r m s o n t h e M b a g a t h i R i v e r , w h i c h have bee: a l i e n a t e d b y a n o v e r s i g h t , l i e p a r t l y in t h e M a s a i N a t i v e R e s e r or in t h a t p a r t of it w h i c h m i g h t h e h e l d t o b e subject to certa p r i v a t e or g r o u p r i g h t s of t h e l a t e L i a i b o n L e n a n a ' s successors office. W e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d ( s e c t i o n 692) t h a t the L o c a l N a d C o u n c i l s h o u l d r e c e i v e t h e a m o u n t w h i c h w a s a c t u a l l y paid G o v e r n m e n t f o r t h e p u r c h a s e of t h e l a n d , a n d t h a t t h e question w h e t h e r t h e L a i b o n i s e n t i t l e d to a s h a r e i n i t should then I investigated. A l l r i g h t s of t h e M a s a i o n t h e s e f a r m s , both publ and p r i v a t e , should then be extinguished. 1 8 3 8 . I n t h e case of t h e K a m b a . w e a r e fully satisfied ih t h e s e t t l e m e n t w h i c h w e h a v e p r o p o s e d is a n e q u i t a b l e settleniei of all r i g h t s , b o t h p u b l i c and p r i v a t e . B y t h e recommendatior m a d e a t s e c t i o n s 759 a n d 767 a b o v e t h e t r i b e w i l l g a i n a vet large addition of territory. A n y n a t i v e s d i s t u r b e d by reason t h e p r o p o s e d K i k u m b u l i u e x c h a n g e w i l l b e a m p l y compensated i t h e g r e a t e r e x t e n t a n d b e t t e r q u a l i t y of t h e l a n d in t h e area whi t h e t r i b e w o u l d r e c e i v e in e x c h a n g e and to w h i c h t h e y ' c o u l d

; ; ' '
r t

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The Katnba.

UN N A T I V E R I G H T S O R C L A I M S O U T S I D E T H E R E S E R V E S ). i illUHAITJJK V l l ]
u:

j0, to a r e n o o i l i e r p r i v a t e c l a i m s w h i c h n e e d b e c o n s i d e r e d : a n y uitives w h o w e r e d i s p o s s e s s e d b y r e a s o n of t h e a l i e n a t i o n s of a Piioration a g o h a v e l o n g s i n c e f o u n d n e w h o m e s i n t h e t r i b a l

e

itory. 1.839. T h e t r i b e s of t h e N o r t h e r n F r o n t i e r i n d T u r k a n a P r o mce a r e n o m a d i c i n c h a r a c t e r a n d p r i v a t e t e n u r e of l a n d does n o t t in a n y r e c o g n i z a b l e f o r m . W h e n w e r e c o m m e n d , in g e n e r a l is, t h a t n o p r i v a t e r i g h t s of n a t i v e s t o a n y l a n d outside, t h e vo r e s e r v e s s h o u l d be d e e m e d to e x i s t e x c e p t such as m a y be , on p r i v a t e t i t l e , w e a r e m a k i n g a r e c o m m e n d a t i o n which jably d o e s n o t affect t h e m in a n y s e n s i b l e d e g r e e . N e v e r t h e l e s s , ivili p r o b a b l y be b e t t e r to c o n s i d e r t h e N o r t h e r n F r o n t i e r a n d m a P r o v i n c e s a s e x c l u d e d f r o m t h e s c o p e of t h e r e c O m m e n d a I n so far a s p r i v a t e r i g h t s t o l a n d m a y b e c o n c e i v e d to e x i s t mg t h e m , t h e y s h o u l d n o t be d e b a r r e d f r o m c o n s i d e r a t i o n w i t h i n -neral l i m i t s of t h e l a n d o c c u p i e d b y t h e t r i b e . O u t s i d e t h o s e ts, n o m e m b e r of t h e t r i b e s h o u l d b e d e e m e d t o h a v e p r i v a t e its, u n l e s s h e s e c u r e d t h e m on s o m e f o r m of t i t l e .

The Tribes pf the "Northern; E^ntior ^ " ' Turkana

1 r P l o v i n c 0 8 ,

1840. F o r t h e t r i b e s of. t h e R i f t V a l l e y P r o v i n c e , t h e S u k , t h e The Tribes o f mips a n d t h e K a m a s i a , w e h a v e m a d e p r o p o s a l s w h i c h w i l l r e s u l t the R i f t extensive a d d i t i o n s to t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e . T h e s e t t l e m e n t w i t h pj"'^ tribe s h o u l d b e h e l d to c o m p r i s e a s e t t l e m e n t w i t h all i t s m e m and no p r i v a t e r i g h t s of n a t i v e s of t h e s e t r i b e s o u t s i d e t h e MIS of t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e should b e h e l d t o e x i s t . W e a r e satisfied at no h a r d s h i p w i l l r e s u l t f r o m t h i s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n .
c c i

1S41. C e r t a i n f a m i l i e s of K a m a s i a a n d D o r o b o h a v e r i g h t s of izingvin p a r t s of t h e a r e a k n o w n as t h e G r o g a n Concession, and expunging exist rights or of y r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w h i c h w e m a y m a k e for a general created izing. on title, should not be held to affect these

The

Grogau

Concession,

private r i g h t s o u t s i d e t h e r e s e r v e s , ' e x c e p t such as m a y

1842. T h e E l g e y o m a d e c e r t a i n c l a i m s t o h a v e e x e r c i s e d r i g h t s The Elgeyo, CliTnngani grazing o n t h e G r o g a n C o n c e s s i o n , b u t t h e c o n t e n t i o n w a s n o t and Marakwet. instantiated. W e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d a n a d d i t i o n to t h i s r e s e r v e lioiinting, o n b a l a n c e , t o 161- s q u a r e m i l e s ( s e c t i o n 1 0 2 7 ) , a n d w e asider t h a t a n y q u e s t i o n of p r i v a t e r i g h t s m a y b e h e l d t o be n-ged in t h i s s e t t l e m e n t w i t h t h e s e t r i b e s . 1843. T h e c a s e of t h e N a n d i r e s e m b l e s t h a t of t h e L u m b w a , The Nandi t natives disturbed f r o m the K i p k a r r e n f a r m s actually received aipensation a t t h e r a t e o f R s . 50 a h u t . O n t h e K a i m o s i f a r m s ere w e r e , so f a r a s w e a r e a b l e t o a s c e r t a i n , p r a c t i c a l l y n o n a t i v e s the t i m e of a l i e n a t i o n . T h e K a i m o s i and K i p k a r r e n farms main t h e o r e t i c a l l y in t h e r e s e r v e , t h o u g h a l i e n a t e d o n 999 y e a r s ' , , / iso, a n d t h e N a t i v e C o u n c i l g e t s t h e r e n t s . A t s e c t i o n s 1065 a n d w e h a v e m a d e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w h i c h offer a full r e c o m p e n s e

O N N A T I V E R I G H T S OR C L A I M S O U I S I D E T H E RESERVES
PAIIT H I C H A P T E R Vll]

t o t h e t r i b e f o r t h e t r u e loss s u s t a i n e d b y r e a s o n of t h e alienation. W e h a v e d o n e o u r b e s t t o r e a c h a s e t t l e m e n t fair to all partie a n d w e c o n s i d e r t h a t i t w o u l d n o t b e r i g h t or e q u i t a b l e at this dai to consider individuals as apart from the tribe. The Elgonyi.

1 8 4 4 . W e h a v e m a d e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a t s e c t i o n 1087 af-oil t h a t t h e E l g o n y i b e m o v e d f r o m t h e T r a n s N z o i a f a r m area, con p e n s a t i o n b e i n g p a i d t o a n y o f t h e m w h o h a v e boon i n resident f o r m o r e t h a n t h r e e y e a r s . A f t e r t h e c o m p e n s a t i o n hits been pai a n d t h e m o v e l i a s t a k e n p l a c e , a n y p r i v a t e l i g h t s w h i c h they m a have could equitably be extinguished. 1 8 4 5 . W e s h a l l n e x t c o n s i d e r t h e L u m b w a . A t t h e time of t h a l i e n a t i o n s t h e y w e r e a s e m i - n o m a d i c t r i b e , w h o used t o m o v e tin d w e l l i n g s f r e e l y a n d f r e q u e n t l y a s t h e y sought f o r b e t t e r pasture N o p e r c e p t i b l e d i f f i c u l t y a r o s e a b o u t t h e t e n u r e of h i n d , and il l o s s o c c a s i o n e d b y d i s t u r b a n c e w a s n o t h i n g b u t t h e l a b o u r of buili i n g a n e w h u t , a n d c o n c e i v a b l y a loss of a m e n i t i e s , a l t h o u g h whe t h e g r o u p m o v e d a s a w h o l e i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h i t s o w n nomad c u s t o m it is n o t e a s y t o p e r c e i v e w h a t a m e n i t i e s w e r e lost. Tl l o s s occasioneel b y t h e a l i e n a t i o n s w a s a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y triba s i n c e i t c a u s e d a r e s t r i c t i o n o f t h e a r e a o v e r w h i c h t h e comnu, r i g h t of g r a z i n g c o u l d b e e x e r c i s e d , a n d it is difficult to say tli, a n y o n e n a t i v e s u f f e r e d f r o m it m o r e t h a n a n o t h e r .
7

The Lumbwa.

W e d o not w i s h t o c o n t e n d t h a t , if s o m e fresh alteration i b o u n d a r i e s w e r e t o t a k e p l a c e t o - d a y , i t w o u l d n o t b e r i g h t to con p e n s a t e t h e i n d i v i d u a l s a f f e c t e d . I t w o u l d o b v i o u s l y b e just to i s o , b u t in s e e k i n g a s e t t l e m e n t of difficulties a r i s i n g f r o m alienatioi w h i c h t o o k p l a c e m a n y y e a r s a g o , t h e r e i s s u c h a t h i n g as being t( m e t i c u l o u s , a n d wo b e l i e v e t h a t a t t h i s d a t e , if w e were to seeH o u t a f e w s p e c i a l c a s e s o f L u m b w a w h o w e r e p e r s o n a l l y affecteH a n d m a k e a d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e m a n d o t h e r n a t i v e s who nufl h a v e g o n e l a t e r o n t o t h e f a r m s as s q u a t t e r s , t h e a c t i o n would iifl b e a p p r e c i a t e d b y t h e t r i b e a n d t h e d i s t i n c t i o n w o u l d b e accounteBj as invidious.

1 8 4 6 . W e h a v e t h e r e f o r e c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e g e n e r a l settleimiB wdiich w e h a v e lungu, all subject p r o p o s e d , b y w h i c h t h e t r i b e g e t s l a n d in CliepH t o an o b l i g a t i o n claims of right to receive certain D o r o b o . is Wk n o w be e f l

e q u i t a b l e s e t t l e m e n t o f a l l r i g h t s , b o t h t r i b a l a n d p r i v a t e , and : i l l Lumbwa on the farms should

t i n g u i s h e d . N a t i v e s w i l l h a v e t h e o p t i o n of s i g n i n g s q u a t t e r contracH o r g o i n g t o l i v e i n t h e r e s e r v e o r in t h e b l o c k w h i c h is recommemlffl to be added. The Kavirondo. ; f 1 8 4 7 . W e d o n o t find o n t h e e v i d e n c e t h a t tiny section of :M which private rights existed.

N i l o t i c K a v i r o n d o h a s m a d e g o o d a c l a i m t o h a v e lost a n y land ovH

T h e q u e s t i o n of p r i v a t e r i g h t s otitsiH

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[tlii; r e s e r v e , t h e r e f o r e , i u o u r o p i n i o n , d o e s n o t a r i s e . T h e t r i b e a s , whole m a y p o s s i b l y b e h e l d t o h a v e s u f f e r e d a v e r y s m a l l l o s s o f erritory i n r e s p e c t o f M r . M a x w e l l ' s f a r m , b u t w e d o n o t c o n s i d e r hat t h e loss w a s such t h a t i t n e e d b e r e g a r d e d a t t h i s d a t e , e x c e p t h t w e have r e c o m m e n d e d that the K a v i r o n d o should be a l l o w e d u hid f o r t h e f a r m s h o u l d it c o m e o n t h e m a r k e t .

1.848. W o find t h a t t h e o n l y loss w h i c h m a y be suffered by t h e lantu K a v i r o n d o is i n r e s p e c t of c e r t a i n m i n i n g o p e r a t i o n s , a n d ;e have m a d e f u l l r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r c o m p e n s a t i o n b o t h of t h e ribe a n d of i n d i v i d u a l s .

1S49. I f t h e p r o p o s a l s w h i c h w e have, m a d e f o r a d d i t i o n s t o The Teitn. lie r e s e r v e a r e a c c e p t e d (see s e c t i o n 4276 a b o v e ) , t h e r e w i l l b e n o jrdsliip i n e x t i n g u i s h i n g n a t i v e r i g h t s o u t s i d e t h e b o u n d a r i e s a s (constituted. H u t if t h e r e c o m m e n d e d a d d i t i o n s a r e n o t m a d e , leu t h e r e a r e l a r g e n u m b e r s of T e i t a n a t i v e s l i v i n g o u t s i d e t h e serve, w h o s e r i g h t s it w o u l d n o t b e f a i r t o e x t i n g u i s h w i t h o u t full onipensation. I t is o b v i o u s t h a t t h e f a i r e s t s o l u t i o n is to m a k e t h e Iditions a s r e c o m m e n d e d , a n d a v o i d a c o m p l i c a t i o n of r i g h t s w h i c h raid b e l i k e l y t o c a u s e t h e g r e a t e s t e m b a r r a s s m e n t in t h e f u t u r e . 1850. T h e a d d i t i o n s r e c o m m e n d e d at s e c t i o n s 1229 a n d 1 2 3 0 , The v w h i c h 22J s q u a r e m i l e s w o u l d b e a d d e d to t h e r e s e r v e as C l a s s 13, ;ould a u g m e n t t h e r e s e r v e b y n e a r l y 50 p e r c e n t . N o s u g g e s t i o n is been m a d e t o us that a n y T a v e t a h a v e p r i v a t e r i g h t s o u t s i d e t h e ^erve, b u t , i f t h e r e a r e a n y s u c h , w e a r e s a t i s f i e d t h a t , in v i e w of iis l a r g e i n c r e a s e of t h e t r i b a l t e r r i t o r y , t h e y may- j u s t l y b e e x anged. T h e N a t i v e C o u n c i l s h o u l d b e f r e e t o m a k e s u c h a r r a n g e lents as it m a y t h i n k fit f o r t h e pmrpose of c o m p e n s a t i n g a n y [dividual w d i o m i t m a y c o n s i d e r t o b e a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d . 1851. C e r t a i n D u r u m a n a t i v e s a r e c u l t i v a t i n g on a l i e n a t e d rrh mils i n ' t h e M w a c h i V a l l e y , a n d i t is c l e a r t h a t t h e r e w a s a l r e a d y stensivo n a t i v e o c c u p a t i o n b e f o r e t h e l a n d w a s a l i e n a t e d . I t is sited in t h e a g r e e m e n t m a d e w i t h t h e D u r u m a e l d e r s in 1 9 0 8 , liieh is q u o t e d i n s e c t i o n 1 2 0 5 a b o v e , t h a t a n y o r i g i n a l " o w n e r s " ad their f a m i l i e s c a n n o t b e d i s t u r b e d w i t h o u t c o m p e n s a t i o n . The laiin t o c o m p e n s a t i o n m i g h t a l s o e x t e n d t o o t h e r n a t i v e s l i v i n g on le land a n d t o t h e t r i b e at l a r g e , if t h e s u g g e s t i o n t h a t t h e D u r u m a e r e n o t w i l l i n g p a r t i e s to t h e o r i g i n a l a g r e e m e n t i s t r u e . B u t , as e have a l r e a d y w r i t t e n i n s e c t i o n 1209 a b o v e , w e d o u b t w d r e t h e r e are in p o s s e s s i o n of a l l t h e f a c t s , a n d h a v e t h e r e f o r e r e e o m iended an i n v e s t i g a t i o n b y t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r . 1852. M e a n w h i l e it is c l e a r t o us t h a t t h e r e a r e r i g h t s o n t h e nd w h i c h c a n n o t b e e x p u n g e d w i t h o u t c o m p e n s a t i o n . T h e n a t u r e id e x t e n t of t h o s e r i g h t s w i l l h a v e t o b e a s c e r t a i n e d . T h e M w a c h i alloy is a c t u a l l y s i t u a t e d w i t h i n t h e t e n - m i l e s t r i p a n d is p a r t of if fxenva P r o t e c t o r a t e .
e

Taveta.

Duruma.

ON

NATIVE

RIGHTS Vli]

OR CLAIMS

OU1SJ.DIS T H E

RESERVES

PAIIT 1 1 1 - C H A P T E R

Tlic Kenya Protectorate.

1 8 5 8 . P r i v a t e r i g h t s in t h e C o a s t s t r i p ( i . e . t h e K e n y a p j fcectorate) a r e so i n v o l v e d as t o b e a m a t t e r f o r special and expej s t u d y , s u c h a s w e c o u l d n o t h a v e u n d e r t a k e n w i t h o u t transierrin o u r h e a d q u a r t e r s t o t h e C o a s t a n d c o n d u c t i n g tin invcsti"atio through several months. W e d o n o t t h i n k t h a t a n y t h i n g oi' th, k i n d w a s r e q u i r e d of u s , a n d w e n o t e t h a t G o v e r n m e n t has a; p o i n t e d a D e p a r t m e n t a l C o m m i t t e e w h o s e t e r m s of reference ii e l u d e t h i s m a t t e r , S o f a r as w e a r e a b l e t o d e t e r m i n e , n a t i v e privatl r i g h t s i n t h e C o n s t t e n - m i l e s t r i p are n o t s u s c e p t i b l e of treat met b y t h e m e t h o d w h i c h w e a r c c o n t e m p l a t i n g , a n d m u s t be take] to b e e x c l u d e d f r o m the scope of our r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s .
l T

Recommend a tion.

1854. W e follows :

n o w proceed that till

to our r e c o m m e n d a t i o n , the recommendations

which i we 1

Provided

which

m a d e f o r e x t e n s i o n s of n a t i v e r e s e r v e s a r e a c c e p t e d ; and vided that compensation in which w e have recommendation shall in o t h e r f o r m s is p a i d in those i t ; and provided to affect not be deemed

caseB

recommended

that

t h e Kenyj

P r o t e c t o r a t e ; w e r e c o m m e n d t h e e x t i n c t i o n of all n a t i v e right) in l a n d o t h e r t h a n l a n d g a z e t t e d a s A r e a s A , B , o r C , whet! . s u c h r i g h t s b e of t r i b e s , g r o u p s , c l a n s , f a m i l i e s o r individual! except such rights as m a y be enjoyed by individual native] u n d e r s p e c i f i c t i t l e issued t o t h e m . Further, we recommend that steps be taken to rende]

s e c t i o n 86 o f t h e C r o w n L a n d s O r d i n a n c e , 1 9 1 5 , a n d section: o f t h e C r o w n L a n d s O r d i n a n c e , 1 9 0 2 , i n o p e r a t i v e b o t h in exisl i n g a n d future leases. Further p r o v i d e d t h a t : shall n o t b e a f f e c t e d b y t h i s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n . (ii) E x i s t i n g cession' rights of grazing in the 'Grogan Coij shall not be affected.

( i ) T h e r i g h t s o f l a b o u r - t e n a n t s s e c u r e d upon contra^

( i i i ) E x i s t i n g ' r i g h t - h o l d e r s ' , l i v i n g o n f a r m s under tlffl p r o t e c t i o n of s e c t i o n 86 of t h e 1915 Ordinance ( s e c t i o n 3 1 o f t h e 1 9 0 2 O r d i n a n c e , shall not d i s t u r b e d u n t i l t h e y h a v e r e a p e d t h e i r crops. (Note.This recommendation s h o u l d n o t b e read in sttcj and the Northern Frontiel

s e n s e a s t o d e n y t h e r i g h t s of t r i b e s such as t h e G a l l a or Boil or t h e tribes resident in T u r k a n a to b e protected by Government them.) i n t h e u s e a n d enjoyment set aside f(j

l a n d , a l t h o u g h n o r e s e r v e s h a v e been specifically

ON

NATIVE RIGHTS Vll]

OR CLAIMS

OU1 S I D E

THE

RESERVES

IIICHAPTER

1855. T h e s p a c e g i v e n t o t h e d i s c u s s i o n of t h i s m a t t e r m a y Numbers uy t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t t h e n u m b e r s of n a t i v e s a f f e c t e d a r e Natives Affected. than i s i n f a c t t h e c a s e . T h e o n l y p l a c e w h e r e t h e p r o b l e m arisen in a n y t h i n g l i k e a n a c u t e f o r m is K i k u y u , a n d t h e r e i t lieved t h a t t h e n u m b e r of p e r s o n s w h o c o u l d j u s t l y c l a i m t h e gut of s e c t i o n 88 a n d c o r r e s p o n d i n g s e c t i o n s , a n d a r e still l i v i n g the f a r m s , is n o t m o r e t h a n t w o o r t h r e e h u n d r e d , i n c l u s i v e of men a n d c h i l d r e n . 1856. T h e d i s t u r b a n c e iost n e g l i g i b l e . likely to take place in other areas is

of

1857. T h e n e c e s s i t y f o r t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n h a s b e e n suffi Tlio Necessity ntiy i l l u s t r a t e d i n t h e p a r t of o u r R e p o r t w h i c h d e a l s w i t h t h e lor the Rocommenda koyu. I t is n o t t o o m u c h t o say t h a t r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e r a c e s tion. ;e b e c o m i n g e m b i t t e r e d b e c a u s e of t h e e x t r a v a g a n t p r e t e n s i o n s this t r i b e . O u r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s h a v e s a t i s f i e d us t h a t , as a t r i b e , y have c e r t a i n l e g i t i m a t e g r i e v a n c e s , w h i c h w e h a v e been at as to r e c t i f y . B u t t h e i r c l a i m s a n d p r e t e n s i o n s w e r e e x a g g e r a t e d of all p r o p o r t i o n t o t h e t r u t h , a n d w e find i t e s s e n t i a l t o t h e iirc w e l l - b e i n g , b o t h of t h e t r i b e in p a r t i c u l a r a n d of t h e c o u n t r y large, t h a t t h e s e t t l e m e n t n o w p r o p o s e d s h o u l d b e d e f i n i t e a n d 1. a n d t h e r e f o r e i t w a s a b s o l u t e l y e s s e n t i a l t o b e r i d of s u c h ential f r u i t f u l s o u r c e s of t r o u b l e as s e c t i o n 86 o f t h e C r o w n L a n d s Snance. M o r e o v e r , if w e a r e t o c o n s i d e r w h a t f a c i l i t i e s n a t i v e s lit to h a v e i n r e s p e c t of l a n d o u t s i d e t h e r e s e r v e s , i t is e s s e n t i a l i w e s h o u l d s t a r t f r o m a firm b a s i s a n d n o t b e e n c u m b e r e d b y existence o f i l l - d e f i n e d a n d n e b u l o u s c l a i m s . 1858. W e b e l i e v e t h a t t h e final s e t t l e m e n t of t h i s m a t t e r w o u l d Desirability Councfl"
7

of

erably b e e f f e c t e d b y O r d e r i n C o u n c i l .

FAB

CHAPTER
FACILITIES RECOMMENDED OUTSIDE

VIII.
TO BE

lui P B O V I D E D FOB el; t

JliK NATIVES 1859. the NATIVE BESEBVES.

I n t h i s c h a p t e r w e s h a l l d e a l w i t h a series of quesli We shall on describe farms. arisen, briefly We and to the conditions to in wli

r e l a t i n g t o t h e f a c i l i t i e s t o b e p r o v i d e d f o r n a t i v e s i n areas out? reserves.

f

n a t i v e s a t p r e s e n t r e s i d e o u t s i d e t h e i r r e s e r v e s , w h e t h e r in town- fee as r e s i d e n t difficulties our labourers which is shall refer shall be make for s o m e spec have the recommendati natives who i

regarding them. attention

B u t t h e p r i n c i p a l m a t t e r t o w h i c h w e shall de provision made

d i s c h a r g e d f r o m t h e f a r m s , or w h o find t h e m s e l v e s u n e m p l o y e d a : u n w a n t e d i n t h e t o w n s , o r w h o a r e c a p a b l e a g r i c u l t u r i s t s and v,i t o h o l d l a n d o n a m o r e i n d i v i d u a l f o r m o f t e n u r e t h a n is y e t possil in t h e r e s e r v e s . natives; and yet given our We s h a l l first discuss l a b o u r - t e n a n t s ; then urfc.; w e shall explain in m o r e C and D d e t a i l than w e hnjf areas, which fovn t o t h e problem. the total number
-or.

finally

proposals regarding

p r o m i n e n t p a r t of t h e s o l u t i o n w h i c h w e offer Labour tenants on Farms. I860. There ployed on farms. as 1 1 0 , 0 0 0 is A no reliable styled estimate "resident of

"squatters"officially

native

labourers

memorandum of women

produced

i n e v i d e n c e computi

t h e n u m b e r of I v i k u y u r e s i d e n t o u t s i d e t h e i r r e s e r v e s to be as (inclusive are squatters. neighbourhood and may

mr al

a n d c h i l d r e n ) , a n d m o s t of the:

T h e t o t a l f r o m o t h e r t r i b e s is n o t so f o r m i d a b l e , arj of 150,000. The contract elown the on which these tiativ.

t h e sum t o t a l of a l l s q u a t t e r s m a y p r o b a b l y b e found to be in tl w o r k e n s u r e s t o t h e m a r i g h t t o l a n d o n w h i c h to build a d w e l l i i to c u l t i v a t e , and be b r o u g h t 180 also lays n u m b e r of stock w h i on to the farm a n d i m p l i e s a r i g h t to pastura: No c h a r g e or dednctic

for t h e m . less t h a n

T h e r e i s a l s o a n o b l i g a t i o n t o w o r k f o r a period of n

days
view

for a w a g e specified.

f r o m w a g e s is m a d e i n r e s p e c t o f t h e 1861. In of certain go

land. which the w e h a v e read, because it pat

criticisms on

take this o p p o r t u n i t y voluntary, and natives t h e m t o d o so. for t h e i r s t o c k . is b e t t e r than were reserved

of s t a t i n g

t h a t t h e c o n t r a c t s are complete! farms

to w o r k

T h e c h i e f a t t r a c t i o n is t h a t t h e y g e t better g r a z i n T h i s is n o t n e c e s s a r i l y b e c a u s e t h e land on the fara l a n d in t h e r e s e r v e s , n o r b e c a u s e insufficient for their legitimate needs. It is often Jane because t h

n a t i v e s h a v e m i s u s e d t h e i r o w n l a n d b y c o n s t a n t overstocking.

545
ON FACILITIES FOR N A T I V E S OUTSIDE i [ LClIAFTEIt V I I I ] RESERVES .

1862.

A f t e r s o m e y e a r s o n t h e f a r m s , i t is n e a r l y a l w a y s in quality and increased in that labour-tenants o w n more than

found then and their

the s t o c k h a s i m p r o v e d it is b e y o n d q u e s t i o n lions in the reserves. ! of population-increase 1863. On the expiry disabilities, of

numbers,

T h e y are able to acquire more w i v e s is g r e a t e r than in the reserves. labour-tenants

e m o r e c h i l d r e n , a n d i t is c o m p u t e d t h a t , f o r t h i s r e a s o n ,

the contract we

sometimes for which fall true

er c e r t a i n

to w h i c h

shall a l l u d e , and speaking, than his he may

shall p r o p o s e r e m e d i e s i n so f a r as t h e y r e l a t e t o l a n d a n d hin o u r t e r m s of reference. B u t , generally b e t t e r off and that it is

iv that t h e l a b o u r - t e n a n t , a f t e r h e h a s f i n i s h e d h i s c o n t r a c t a n d lined t o h i s r e s e r v e , is m a t e r i a l l y ) stayed a t h o m e , n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g when t h e y

1.

neighbour may to
.

t h a t s o m e of h i s c a t t l e be
:, .

return

to the r e s e r v e ,

put

ie I r o u b l e a n d

e x p e n s e , in r e - e s t a b l i s h i n g

himself

on his

former

1864. ii

On expiry , ,. .

of t h e p e r i o d s p e c i l i e d in t h e c o n t r a c t / u n l e s s -, ,-, , tenancy force by . ... ., it.

n

Conditions Expiry of Contract,

on

,, .

labour contract mployer cuts

is r e n e w e d , t h e his labour

expires with way of

This where

it b e h e l d t o g i v e i n s u f f i c i e n t down

security t o t e n a n t s in cases

retrenchment for

through n o f a u l t of t h e l a b o u r e r s t h e m s e l v e s . tter f a m i l y w h i c h has been absent f r o m al y e a r s , t h e d i s t u r b a n c e m i g h t b e s e r i o u s . scontract f a i t h f u l l y a! w i t h o u t But s u c h m prove ion at a

I n the case of a therefore the terms

the.native reserve I t would

tssible t o a r g u e t h a t , w h e n t h e t e n a n t h a s p e r f o r m e d compensation. provision, of though on the face We of it

a n d is w i l l i n g t o r e n e w i t , h e s h o u l d n o t b e just, would cer better

of p r a c t i c a l a s s i s t a n c e t o t h e bogus claims. conntry's of finding be stage of the

tenant,

and w o u l d

t lead t o a n u m b e r this

consider it a that

progress land taken

Government time-expired prefer the it, move Special K ^ " ^ first

1 6

d accept the obligation Areas, a n d that care

to w h i c h to

ters c a n g o , e i t h e r i n t h e i r o w n r e s e r v e , o r , if t h e y should arrange seditiously a n d c h e a p l y tier f a m i l y ve, e i t h e r msequence ie o f the often of as p o s s i b l e .

IS65. I t is r e p r e s e n t e d t h a t in t h e c a s e o f t h e K i k u y u .a r e t u r n e d has a difficulty alienations or because in re-establishing itself in t h e which place lost i t s in, t h e land which other took b e c a u s e i t b e l o n g s t o a n mbari the century,

'

.....,'.V..

right-holders

on . their.

l'u h a v e e x t e n d e d t h e a r e a o f t h e i r c u l t i v a t i o n left f o r them.

a n d t h e r e is n o .

ON FART

FACILITIES VIII]

F O R

NATIVES

OUTSIDE

RESERVES

HI-CHARTER

1 8 6 6 . W e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e s e a l l e g a t i o n s a r e m u c h exaggera b u t h a v e a c e r t a i n d e g r e e of t r u t h in s o m e c a s e s . T h e existence a K i k u y u N a t i v e R e s e r v e i m p l i e s t h a t e v e r y K i k u y u must hav r i g h t to l i v e . i n i t , a s l e a s t as a t e n a n t , a n d w e feel t h a t then s o m e d a n g e r t h a t t h e c o n c e p t i o n of p r i v a t e r i g h t s in K i k u y u r b e p r e s s e d to a n e x t e n t w h i c h is i n c o m p a t i b l e w i t h this requirerru W e t h e r e f o r e r e c o m m e n d , b o t h in r e s p e c t of t h e K i k u y u and "ei a l l y , t h a t r u l e s s h o u l d b e m a d e u n d e r t h e L a n d s T r u s t Ordinal g i v i n g p o w e r s t o D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r s , s u b j e c t to w h a t e v e r s: g u a r d s m a y b e d e e m e d n e c e s s a r y , to p r o v i d e f o r t h e accommodat o f l a n d l e s s n a t i v e s in t h e i r o w n r e s e r v e w h e r e t h e y experie d i f f i c u l t y i n f i n d i n g such a c c o m m o d a t i o n f o r t h e m s e l v e s . 1 8 6 7 . I n t h e c a s e o f K i k u y u t h e r e s h o u l d be a rule to e f f e c t t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r , a f t e r c o n s u l t i n g the Lx B o a r d , m i g h t r e q u i r e a n y l a n d l e s s f a m i l y t o b e r e c e i v e d on ; githaka w h e r e t h e r e is r o o m , b u t p r e f e r a b l y on a githaka of s a m e c l a n i n a n a r e a w h i c h is c o m p a r a t i v e l y s p a r s e l y inhabit S u c h a p r o v i s i o n w i l l l a r g e l y r e m o v e a n y g r i e v a n c e on the sc t h a t e x - s q u a t t e r f a m i l i e s a r e u n a b l e t o find a c c o m m o d a t i o n in r e s e r v e s , w h i l e i n c a s e t h e y m a y p r e f e r t o t a k e up land on a m i n d i v i d u a l f o r m o f t e n u r e t h e y w i l l h a v e t h e a l t e r n a t i v e of go i n t o C o r D A r e a s a n d t a k i n g l a n d o n l e a s e . W h e n one refk t h a t t h e t h r e e K i k u y u d i s t r i c t s a r e o n l y 1,931 s q u a r e miles e x t e n t , e v e n w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n of M w e a . it is a p p a r e n t that p o s s i b l e r e t u r n o f 1 1 0 , 0 0 0 s q u a t t e r s w o u l d a u g m e n t b y 57 to s q u a r e m i l e a p o p u l a t i o n w h i c h i s a l r e a d y d e n s e e n o u g h to ea embarrassment. W h i l e s u c h a c o n t i n g e n c y as the return of t h e s q u a t t e r s a n d t h e i r s t o c k n e e d n o t b e c o n s i d e r e d , there seem us t o b e g o o d g r o u n d s f o r t a k i n g p r e c a u t i o n s . 1 8 6 8 . W e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d e x t e n s i v e a d d i t i o n s to the Kiki Reserves on economic grounds, and we have provided for e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a large C A r e a on the Y a t t a . the Kikuyu system of land tenure for and a T h e s e t w o facilit greater possibility squatters,

t a k e n t o g e t h e r , a s w e l l a s t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of g r e a t e r elasticity interpenetration culties of be adequate between t r i b e s , s h o u l d g o far t o a l l e v i a t e the d i time-expired which i s l i k e l y to arise

finding

accommodation

to m e e t a n y c o n t i n g e n c y

m a n y years to c o m e . is n o t s o u r g e n t .

T h e p r o b l e m in t h e case of the other rese

1 8 6 9 . W e n o w t u r n t o t h e v a r i o u s q u e s t i o n s concerning in natives. T h e r e a r e t w o m a i n a s p e c t s of t h e p r o b l e m : (a] n a t u r e o f t h e p r o v i s i o n r e q u i r e d f o r t h e a c c o m m o d a t i o n of n i n t o w n s ; (b) T h e n a t u r e of t h e p r o v i s i o n r e o u i r e d for the a m o d a t i o n of n a t i v e s w h o l e a v e t h e t o w n s . I n c o m m e n t i n g

ON FACILITIES FOR IICHAPTER VIII]

NATIVES

OUTSIDE

RESERVES

m a t t e r s , w e shall c o n f i n e o u r s e l v e s t o o b s e r v a t i o n s of a g e n e r a l tier, since our specific p r o p o s a l s r e g a r d i n g -Nairobi a n d M o m have a l r e a d y b e e n m a d e . 870. W i t h o u t g o i n g i n t o d e t a i l w e r e c o r d o u r o p i n i o n t h a t Acoouvmoda -ipal h o u s i n g s c h e m e s , w h i l e t h e y fulfil a u s e f u l f u n c t i o n , a r e * l . . inly n o t t h e w h o l e s o l u t i o n of t h e p r o b l e m o f finding s u i t a b l e Towns, iimodation f o r n a t i v e s in t o w n s h i p s . T h e y have three draw ;: first, t h e y a r e e x p e n s i v e a n d s e l d o m r e p a y t h e m o n e y s p e n t lein; s e c o n d l y , i n o r d e r t o r e d u c e l o s s e s t h e y a r e b o u n d to e a rental w h i c h f e w natives can afford, and therefore do not for t h e class of n a t i v e s w h i c h is m o s t i n n e e d of p r o t e c t i o n ; [y, t h e y d i s c o u r a g e n a t i v e e n t e r p r i s e a n d t e n d t o p a u p e r i z a t i o n .
o n i o r

therefore desirable that any s c h e m e of m u n i c i p a l l o d g i n g is should b e s u p p l e m e n t e d b y a f u r t h e r s c h e m e , such a s - e x i s t s , iiinwani, w h e r e b y t h e M u n i c i p a l i t y u n d e r t a k e s t h e r e s p o n s i T o r t h e l a y o u t a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of a n a t i v e l o c a t i o n , b u t t h e es b u i l d t h e i r o w n h o u s e s , s u b j e c t t o t h e d e s i g n b e i n g a p p r o v e d le H e a l t h A u t h o r i t y . I n small t o w n s h i p s in the H i g h l a n d s , e most n a t i v e s are w o r k i n g o n l y on s h o r t - t e r m c o n t r a c t s , it if not be r e a s o n a b l e to e x p e c t t h a t t h e y s h o u l d b u i l d t h e i r o w n e s . b u t it is p r o b a b l y m o r e f e a s i b l e t h a t t h e i r e m p l o y e r s s h o u l d the h o u s e s in t h e s h a p e of. l a b o u r l i n e s c o n s t r u c t e d ity w i t h t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e H e a l t h A u t h o r i t y . in eon ' ' ' "'
;

1871. L o d g i n g - h o u s e s k e p t b y n a t i v e s o r e o f t e n u n d e s i r a b l e unions a t t h e p r e s e n t s t a g e o f n a t i v e d e v e l o p m e n t i n K e n y a . courses a r e o p e n : s u p p r e s s i o n o r i m p r o v e m e n t . I n t h e case nail t o w n s h i p s i n t h e H i g h l a n d s t h e i r n u m b e r s s h o u l d b e icted to t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e i t i n e r a n t p o p u l a t i o n , s i n c e ing f o r r e s i d e n t n a t i v e s c a n b e p r o v i d e d o t h e r w i s e , a n d r e g u l a r vision w o u l d b e d i f f i c u l t . B u t i n l a r g e r t o w n s h i p s , such as ru, t h e a i m , i a o u r s u b m i s s i o n , s h o u l d b e i m p r o v e m e n t r a t h e r suppression, a n d n a t i v e l o d g i n g - h o u s e s c e r t a i n l y s h o u l d n o t b e nraged m e r e l y on t h e g r o u n d t h a t t h e y c o m p e t e w i t h m u n i c i p a l ing s c h e m e s . T h e y m a y be useful in a c c o m m o d a t i n g poorer es w h o c o u l d n o t a f f o r d t h e c o m p a r a t i v e l y h i g h f e e s w h i c h municipality is b o u n d t o c h a r g e , u n l e s s t h e s c h e m e is t o b e atred as a c h a r i t y d e p e n d e n t o n e x t r a n e o u s s u p p o r t . T h e k e e p ^ of a l o d g i n g - h o u s e , if o b i e c t i o n a b l e f e a t u r e s a r e r e m o v e d , is a imate e n t e r p r i s e w h i c h s h o u l d n o t b e d i s c o u r a g e d , e x c e p t i n small t o w n s , b u t s h o u l d b e s u b j e c t t o l i c e n c e a n d s t r i c t rvision b o t h b y t h e H e a l t h A u t h o r i t i e s a n d b y t h e P o l i c e . 1872. W e r e g a r d i t as o f s p e c i a l i m p o r t a n c e t h a t n a t i v e q u a r t e r s wnships in t h e E u r o p e a n H i g h l a n d s s h o u l d n o t b e c o m e c e n t r e s re n a t i v e s d i s c h a r g e d f r o m f a r m s m a v c o n g r e g a t e in p r e f e r e n c e etnrning t o t h e i r r e s e r v e s . I t w o u l d h a r d l y b e p r a c t i c a b l e t o

ON F A C I L I T I E S FOll N A T I V E S OUTSIDE
PART I I I - C H A P T E R VIII]

RESERVES

r e s t r i c t n a t i v e r e s i d e n c e i n such t o w n s h i p s e n t i r e l y t o n a t i v e s wl a r e a c t u a l l y e m p l o y e d in t h e m , b u t w e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e regulntio s h o u l d b e s t r i c t a n d s h o u l d k e e p t h a t g e n e r a l e n d in v i e w . 1 8 7 3 . I n t o w n s h i p s w h i c h a r e n o t i n t h e E u r o p e a n Highlarii it is l e s s o b j e c t i o n a b l e t h a t q u a r t e r s s h o u l d be f o u n d f o r urbanizi or d e t r i b a l i z e d n a t i v e s , e v e n t h o u g h t h e y h a v e n o w o r k in the tow a n d t h e r e f o r e t h e f o r m a t i o n of g a r d e n c o l o n i e s in p r o x i m i t y to ti t o w n s , as f o r i n s t a n c e at M a k i n d u , i s n o t a l t o g e t h e r to b e ruled oc W e h a v e a l r e a d y s h o w n t h a t t h e success of such e n t e r p r i s e s is vei d o u b t f u l , b u t w e t h i n k t h a t t h e y h a v e a b e t t e r c h a n c e of succe in D A r e a s , e s p e c i a l l y d o w n - c o u n t r y , s i n c e n a t i v e s w h o wish l e a v e t h e s e t t l e m e n t c a n m o r e r e a d i l y o b t a i n a l t e r n a t i v e land eh w h e r e , if n o t as o w n e r s , t h e n a s t e n a n t s t o s o m e A r a b or nati l a n d o w n e r on the Coast. 1 8 7 4 . I t is p e r h a p s a n o b s e r v a t i o n w o r t h m a k i n g t h a t the lea d i f f i c u l t y i n r e s p e c t o f n a t i v e h o u s i n g is e x p e r i e n c e d on the Coa; w h e r e m o s t o f t h e l a n d is p r i v a t e l y o w n e d , a n d n a t i v e s general make their o w n arrangements w i t h some landowner. I n the c i r c u m s t a n c e s , t h e t a s k w h i c h d e v o l v e s o n G o v e r n m e n t is not m u c h t h e p r o v i s i o n o f l a n d f o r n a t i v e s e t t l e m e n t s as t h e devisi of r u l e s f o r t h e p r o t e c t i o n a n d g r e a t e r s e c u r i t y of t e n a n t s . AcconuaadaNattvea who leave (lie
1

1875. I t own

is

short-sighted

View

to

suppose

that

urbaniz

n a t i v e s m a s t of n e c e s s i t y b e u n s u i t e d b y c o n d i t i o n s of l i f e in th r e s e r v e s , or t h a t t o w n s h i p s w i l l n o t g r o w they may l i v e in c o n g e n i a l reserves will certainly have u p in t h e resen Plans for ton resident where surroundings.

^ "

ships i n n a t i v e sites f o r n a t i v e s . and possibly

to include Areas.

I t m a y a l s o b e e x p e c t e d t h a t c o n s i d e r a b l e villa; up in C

townships will grow

1876. A g a i n , it m u s t n o t b e s u p p o s e d t h a t m a n y of the nati w h o l i v e i n t h e t o w n s h a v e b e c o m e so t h o r o u g h l y deruralized t they could not resume an agricultural life and be .1877. W e dealing with no means of therefore honestly recommend that the content. method

general

natives w h o are not wanted supporting

in t h e t o w n s , and h t h e r e , should he

themselves

return t h e m to their reserves.

I f t h e y d o n o t w i s h to r e m a i n tin

t h e y h a v e t h e a l t e r n a t i v e of t a k i n g u p l a n d i n C or D A r e a s . 1 8 7 8 . I n r e s p e c t of a n y n a t i v e of u n c e r t a i n o r i g i n , who I be o r d e r e d t o l e a v e a t o w n as a v a g r a n t a n d p r o t e s t s that he n o w h e r e t o g o , w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t Commissioner s u c h o t h e r a u t h o r i t y as m a y b e a p p o i n t e d , s h o u l d h a v e the p( t o d e t e r m i n e , a f t e r d u e i n q u i r y , t h e t r i b e a n d r e s e r v e to w s u c h n a t i v e p r o p e r l y b e l o n g s , or w i t h w h i c h h e has m o s t affii a n d t h a t t h e r e s h o u l d b e a p o w e r t o s e n d h i m to such a rose

ON

FACILITIES VIII]

FOR

NATIVES

OUTSIDE

RESERVES

III-CHAPTER

lie does n o t l i k e t h e l i f e t h e r e , h e w o u l d p r o b a b l y n o t h a v e Jiiculty i n a r r a n g i n g to b e r e c e i v e d a s a t e n a n t in a C o r D if h e c a n find t h e c a p i t a l , i n t a k i n g u p l a n d t h e r e .

much Area, ^^

J879. W e n o w t u r n t o t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n of C A r e a s , a n d t h e l ilities t o b e e n j o y e d b y n a t i v e s i n t h e m . T h e f o l l o w i n g is a icdule of t h e a r e a s w h i c h w e r e c o m m e n d t o b e C A r e a s . T h e y a r e )j\vn o n t h e m a p f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n 2 1 5 2 :

T A B L E SCHEDULE OF NATIVE No. 4. AREAS.

o h

o f

LEASEHOLD

(Native Areas Class C.)

Approximate

area in Square Mites

170

i The area between the Mwita Siano river on the Yatta and the Kitui Native Reserve as shown on the map following section 796. The land to the south of the Uaso Nyiro river, lying on both sides of the Ngare Ndare in the Northern Frontier Province; being the areas marked 2 and 4 on the map following section, 884 but excluding : (a) Such part of the area 2 as may be wanted for the Mukogodo. (b) Such part of the area 2 as may be required for vetcrin ary purposes or in connexion with a fertiliser fac tory. (c) The eastern end of the area 4. Note.The total extent of the area contained in 2 and 4 is approximately 1,150 square miles. After making allowances for (a), (b) and (c) above, we may set down the balance roughly as 7C0 square miles The area shown as " E " on the map following section 7C0 to the Report. It is the area to the south eastward of Mbagathi Township Reserve, described at section 7C6 of the Report. Its constitution as a Native Leasehold Area must be contingent nn the necessary arrangement being made with the Masai . .

700

69 939

1880. W e r e c o m m e n d division a n d c o n t r o l of

that every

C A r e a should be under the Commissioner in whose an

Supervision ?, l
nc C o n l r o

the Provincial

ivince i t is s i t u a t e d , a n d t h a t h e s h o u l d d e a l w i t h i t t h r o u g h ive r e s e r v e . eal N a t i v e

isory b o d y c o n s t i t u t e d o n t h e l i n e s of a L o c a l L a n d B o a r d in a A s the area becomes m o r e occupied and settled, a Council m i g h t be,constituted, from whose members Commis' '

1 Local L a n d B o a r d w o u l d b e chosen w i t h t h e D i s t r i c t Iner as c h a i r m a n .

ON

FACILITIES VIII]

FOB NATIVES

OUTSIDE

RESERVES

PART 111-CHAPTER

18ST. W e h a v e a l r e a d y r e c o m m e n d e d ( s e c t i o n 1409) that tij e x t e r n a l b o u n d a r i e s s h o u l d b e u n d e r t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f an Ordc C o u n c i l a n d of t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d , a n d w e n o w recomtnenl t h a t a n y r u l e s m a d e f o r t h e m a n a g e m e n t a n d c o n t r o l of land C A r e a s s h o u l d b e u n d e r t h e L a n d s T r u s t O r d i n a n c e . W e considJ t h a t t h e G o v e r n o r s h o u l d h a v e t h e p o w e r t o m a k e such r u l e s , subjej t o a p o w e r of d i s a l l o w a n c e b y t h e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e . Methods by 1882. W e c o n s i d e r t h a t n a t i v e s w i s h i n g t o o b t a i n land which Natives A r e a s s h o u l d a p p l y t h r o u g h t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r of thej oliould apply r e s e r v e , e x c e p t t h a t in c a s e s in w h i c h t h e y a r e l i v i n g a l o n g for Land. f r o m t h e i r r e s e r v e t h e y s h o u l d b e a b l e to a p p l y t h r o u g h the Distrij C o m m i s s i o n e r of t h e d i s t r i c t i n w h i c h t h e y a r e l i v i n g . T h e Distri C o m m i s s i o n e r s h o u l d h e l p t h e m t o m a k e t h e i r applications suitable f o r m , a n d should f o r w a r d t h e m to t h e Commissioner L a n d s w i t h his r e m a r k s . 1883. I t w i l l n o d o u b t b e p o s s i b l e f o r s t a n d a r d f o r m s of applic; t i o n t o b e d e v i s e d t o suit t h e v a r i o u s t y p e s of l e a s e r e q u i r e d . will Method of granting Original Applications from Natives. be of advantage, provided that it does n o t lead standardization. 1 8 8 1 . T h e C o m m i s s i o n e r o f L a n d s s h o u l d h a v e the power g r a n t i n g o r r e f u s i n g o r i g i n a l a p p l i c a t i o n s f r o m n a t i v e s after refoJ ence to the Chief N a t i v e C o m m i s s i o n e r . P r o v i d e d that he shoal n o t g r a n t an a p p l i c a t i o n t o w h i c h t h e C h i e f N a t i v e C o m m i s s i o n ! objects. W h e n an a p p l i c a t i o n is g r a n t e d , t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r L a n d s should e x e c u t e the lease. 1885. W e If we a r e s t r o n g l y o p p o s e d -to a n y m e a s u r e s w h i c h too great detail the the conditions of which wonl Tlii to excessiv

Forms of Lease.

s e e k t o c o n f i n e t h e v a r i o u s f o r m s of l e a s e t o o r i g i d l y into categoriej discuss i n We shall should to stereJJ imposed, we type. We may convey impression attempting

shall t h e r e f o r e d e a l o n l y w i t h first consider

the leading

features, leasj

t h e m a j o r s a f e g u a r d s w h i c h i n o u r o p i n i o n a r e e s s e n t i a l to succes the conditions which should govern of l a n d t o n a t i v e s . 1883. W e shall distinguish (c) between three main types : W e sh

L e a s e s o f l a n d to b e h e l d on g r o u p t e n u r e ; ( 6 ) L e a s e s of land to I h e l d on i n d i v i d u a l describe title; L e a s e s to corporate bodies. which we consider the general conditions t o be suitabl conforj

t o e a c h t y p e , h u t t h i s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n is f o r t h e sake o f clearness onlf a n d w e d o n o t s u g g e s t t h a t e v e r y l e a s e s h o u l d necessarily to o n e or other of these p a t t e r n s . Reason for allowing Group Holdings. 18S7. S e e i n g that C Areas are primarily necessity i n t e n d e d for nativi

w h o d e s i r e t o h o l d l a n d o n a m o r e i n d i v i d u a l t y p e o f tenure tlij is p o s s i b l e in t h e r e s e r v e s , t h e f o r g r o u p leases may

ON F A C I L I T I E S F O R N A T I V E S O U T S I D E R E S E R V E S 111-ClIAPTEn VIII]

H d in q u e s t i o n . B u t w e a r e s a t i s f i e d t h a t i t is t o o m u c h to e x e t of n a t i v e s t h a t t h e y s h o u l d b e p r e p a r e d a t o n e l e a p t o e m e r g e in t r i b a l i s m a n d h o l d l a n d c o m p l e t e l y o n an i n d i v i d u a l b a s i s . ,ere m a y b e s o m e n a t i v e s w h o a r e c a p a b l e of d o i n g s o , a n d w e jll p r o v i d e f o r t h e i r n e e d s . B u t t h e g e n e r a l i t y of n a t i v e s c e r t a i n l y U bo b e t t e r s u i t e d a t t h i s s t a g e b y a t y p e o f h o l d i n g w h i c h still serves f e a t u r e s o f t h e g r o u p c o n t r o l to w h i c h t h e y a r e a c c u s t o m e d der t h e t r i b a l s y s t e m , b u t w h i c h is c a p a b l e of b e i n g t r a n s f o r m e d i subdivided i n t o i n d i v i d u a l h o l d i n g s as t h e n a t i v e s b e c o m e fitted them. 1S88. idual or Since the applicant or a for a lease m i g h t group, or even be either a an inof

a family,

family

collection

ices

5fethod"?
a

The Titular Succession JJ ij",'"!' '

a p p l y i n g in c o m m o n , m u c h c o n f u s i o n w i l l a r i s e , u n l e s s i t is W e must be assumed, in w h a t f o l l o w s , to be considershall Mp any modification is n e e d e d in the case of

d clear w h o h o l d s t h e t i t l e a n d h o w it p a s s e s b y s u c c e s s i o n a n d e iiiiance. the c a s e o f p a g a n o r C h r i s t i a n n a t i v e s , a n d a f t e r w a r d s w e mine w h e t h e r nmedans. 1889. W e c o n s i d e r t h a t w h e n e v e r a l e a s e is g r a n t e d i n w h o should related be respect regarded or in i f a m i l y o r g r o u p o f r e l a t e d f a m i l i e s , t h e lease s h o u l d b e issued [lie n a m e o f t h e s e n i o r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e , die s e i g n e u r . ad a r e e iiluals, t h e n issued. 1890. W e b e l i e v e t h a t it is a s u f f i c i e n t l y a c c u r a t e s t a t e m e n t of Bantu s y s t e m of i n h e r i t a n c e t o say t h a t t h e r e is a p o w e r of iory o r g e n e r a l c o n t r o l o r s u p e r v i s i o n w h i c h p a s s e s t o t h e s e n i o r -, w h i l e t h e p r o p e r t y i t s e l f is d i s t r i b u t e d a m o n g all t h e h e i r s by hods v a r y i n g s l i g h t l y a c c o r d i n g t o local c u s t o m , an u n d i s t r i e residue s o m e t i m e s r e m a i n i n g w i t h the senior heir. d Those, odispute t h e t r u t h o f t h i s s t a t e m e n t in r e g a r d to t h e i n h e r i t a n c e and, w i l l p r o b a b l y a d m i t i t in r e s p e c t o f o t h e r p r o p e r t y . Among iribes of K e n y a , B a n t u o r o t h e r w i s e , a m o n g w h o m a r e c o g n i z a b l e i of r i g h t - h o l d i n g in r e s p e c t o f l a n d e x i s t s , w e h a v e g o o d g r o u n d s believing t h a t i t f o l l o w s t h e s e g e n e r a l l i n e s . 1891. W e s u g g e s t t h a t in c a s e s w h e r e t h e l e a s e s h a v e b e e n ed to a f a m i l y o r f a m i l y g r o u p t h i s c u s t o m a r y p r a c t i c e c a n be ed to g o o d a c c o u n t b y a p r o v i s i o n , w h i c h c o u l d b e r e g a r d e d as logical e x t e n s i o n of c u s t o m , t h a t t h e t i t l e , as e m b o d y i n g t h e ,'niory, s h o u l d p a s s t o t h e s e n i o r h e i r , b u t t h a t t h e r i g h t of use aid be d i s t r i b u t e d . I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e l a n d w o u l d b e i m p a r t i b l e respect of t i t l e , b u t p a r t i b l e i n r e s p e c t of u s e . B u t if of they a group unrelated or the persons for whose benefit loosely be required to enrol t h e l e a s e is as a

families themselves

should

prate b o d y , w i t h a c l e a r m e t h o d of i n h e r i t a n c e , b e f o r e t h e l e a s e

ON FACILITIES PART H I - C H A P T E R VIII]

F O B NATIVES

OU'I S I D E

RESERVES

1892. I n these

so f a r

as w e

are a b l e be

to j u d g e , repugnant

there to

is

nothing would

provisions

which

would

Mohammedan law. to But i apply onl method not bS e that tin

m e t h o d s of s u c c e s s i o n , s i n c e in d i s t r i b u t i n g be had to the due proportions Mohammedan group or fixed family should be

the user regard unwilling

by M o h a m m e d a n

these t e r m s , the a l t e r n a t i v e should be open b o d y c o r p o r a t e , s t a t i n g in succession division and the application But and the inheritance.

t o it of a p p l y i n g as should

the proposed

application

g r a n t e d u n l e s s it p r o v i d e s c l e a r s a f e g u a r d s a g a i n s t u n e c o n o m i c sub-l and fragmentation against the contingency title m a y b e c o m e e n c u m b e r e d by dubious rights and claims. 1 8 9 3 . T h e s t a t e of t h i n g s e x i s t i n g o n t h e T a n a I t i v e r , where] t i t l e s a r e i n e x t r i c a b l y m i x e d a n d c o n f u s i o n p r e v a i l s , g i v e s a cleai) w a r n i n g of t h e necessity for these precautions. 1894. O u r further to be understood r e m a r k s b e l o w , u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e stated, to g r o u p or f a m i l y l e a s e s o n a basis bodies. b e s e t t l e d in th also occur be recomrneni

to apply

native c u s t o m rather than to leases to corporate Settlement of Disputes. 1895. D i s p u t e s affecting o r d i n a r y c o u r t s of tween "right-holders" title would naturally But the Colony.

disputes m i g h t

or t e n a n t s , w h e n

a l a r g e a r e a inhabited b; We

s e v e r a l f a m i l i e s is c o m p r i s e d u n d e r a s i n g l e l e a s e .

t h a t t h e l e s s e e , as " s e i g n e u r " , s h o u l d b e a r b i t r a t o r , but t h a t , whei h e h a s g i v e n h i s a r b i t r a t i o n , if t h e p a r t i e s r e f u s e t o a c c e p t it, the; should be a b l e to under appeal the as Native provided file a suit in a n a t i v e Ordinance, Ordinance in that t r i b u n a l t o be constitute subject and with to revision am the Provinciaj Tribunals final of

C o m m i s s i o n e r as t h e Provision for the Prevention of excessive Sub-division *f User'a Rights in Group Leases. 1896. I n provide all

authority. family leases it the would land be necessary become retain him, vague witl aj es right-holdersj

cases the

against

possibility

that

might

c e s s i v e l y s u b d i v i d e d i n u s e b e c a u s e of t h e n u m b e r of or that s o m e right-holder m i g h t interest, which that would be the result the land would inherited by his heirs

l e a v e t h e land and yet after with become burdened

nebulous rights.

T o t h i s e n d w e r e c o m m e n d : (a)

T h a t , if a righ

h o l d e r h a s b e e n a b s e n t f r o m t h e l a n d f o r m o r e t h a n t h r e e y e a r s , ad h a s m a d e n o u s e of t h e l a n d e i t h e r h i m s e l f o r b y a g e n t , the seignei should be able to approach the L o c a l L a n d that such right-holder has forfeited B o a r d for a declaratkf if the Loci his r i g h t s , and, (b)

L a n d B o a r d a g r e e s , such r i g h t s s h a l l he f o r f e i t e d , subject to a rigi of a p p e a l t o t h e P r o v i n c i a l Commissioner: T h a t , subject to ta a p p r o v a l of t h e L o c a l L a n d B o a r d a n d t h e P r o v i n c i a l Commissions t h e l e s s e e s h o u l d h a v e t h e p o w e r t o b u y o u t superfluous right-liolden Provided, or a n y firstly, t h a t h e s h o u l d n o t b e a b l e as a m a t t e r of ordinal famif fi practice to b u y out his senior heir or that heir's immediate

o l d o r d e c r e p i t p e r s o n s w h o b y n a t i v e l a w and custom

549
ON FACILITIES FOR NATIVES OUTSIDE RESERVES III-CHAPTER VIII]

ependent

o n h i m for support;

a n d , secondly,

that

a n y person offered or in have ^"^eventicm of excessive *;

G r o n g m

g r i e v e d in r e s p e c t o f t h e a m o u n t Kpect o f t h e r e d i s t r i b u t i o n

of compensation

as b e t w e e n

right-holders should

h right t o file a suit i n t h e n a t i v e t r i b u n a l . e 1897. I t w i l l s o m e t i m e s h a p p e n , w h e n a lease of a l a r g e a r e a is been g i v e n to a group, system. that t h e h o l d i n g s of i n d i v i d u a l rightoklers w o u l d t e n d t o b e c o m e e x c e s s i v e l y f r a g m e n t e d , a s t h e y o f t e n ounder t h e githaka e prevented. I t is m o s t i m p o r t a n t that this should therefore form, A l t h o u g h large group-holdings are suitable to natives

f Tjse '
e n r

Rights in
o u

Eeases.

ho h a v e , n o t y e t f u l l y . e m e r g e d f r o m t r i b a l i s m a n d s h o u l d ortain t h a t l e a s e s m u s t t is t h e r e f o r e iould r e m a i n essential ultimately that

t allowed i n t h e e a r l y s t a g e s o f t h e o c c u p a t i o n of C A r e a s , it i s take a more individual shares in g r o u p when individual holdings

c o n s o l i d a t e d , so t h a t ,

the time is r i p e , sub leases.

vision o f t h e l e a s e m a y t a k e p l a c e u n t i l e v e n t u a l l y t h e g r o u p e s t a t e broken u p i n t o p r i v a t e e s t a t e s s e c u r e d b y s e p a r a t e

1.898. W e t h e r e f o r e r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e lessee s h o u l d h a v e offer, w i t h t h e c o n s e n t of t h e L o c a l L a n d B o a r d a n d t h e D i s t r i c t ciiimissioner, t o c o n s o l i d a t e t h e h o l d i n g s o n h i s l a n d b y m e a n s o f redistribution b e t w e e n r i g h t - h o l d e r s ; p r o v i d e d t h a t a n y r i g h t older a g g r i e v e d b y t h e r e d i s t r i b u t i o n m i g h t file a suit in t h e n a t i v e nal. W e a r e f u r t h e r o f o p i n i o n t h a t if t h e l e s s e e f a i l s t o the necessary steps t o k e e p t h e right-holdings on his land iisonably c o n s o l i d a t e d , t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r , w i t h t h e a p roval o f t h e L o c a l L a n d B o a r d , s h o u l d r e q u i r e h i m t o c o n s o l i d a t e em, a n d , i f h e still f a i l s t o d o s o , t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r ould h a v e p o w e r t o r e c o m m e n d t h e c a n c e l l a t i o n o f t h e l e a s e , a n d at, s u b j e c t t o t h e c o n s e n t o f t h e C h i e f N a t i v e C o m m i s s i o n e r , t h e ommissioner o f L a n d s s h o u l d c a n c e l i t . T h e a p p a r e n t h a r s h n e s s this p r o v i s i o n w o u l d , n o d o u b t , b e m i t i g a t e d in p r a c t i c e b y g i v i n g e lessee a r e a s o n a b l e p e r i o d i n w h i c h t o d i s p o s e o f t h e l a n d b y pproved t r a n s f e r . 1899. I t s h o u l d b e l a w f u l ira in r e s p e c t o f h i s h o l d i n g , om t h e p a r e n t holding. for a n y right-holder h a v i n g a share which w o u l d then become distinct Board

J Jj"
e 10 r i i i

ua

any g r o u p h o l d i n g t o a p p l y f o r a s e p a r a t e l e a s e t o b e issued t o Sub-5ivision of 7/ ^.Q

0 J 0 U ls J

Ued

T h e application

should b e m a d e t o t h e

'

o u p s

'

ovincial C o m m i s s i o n e r , w h o s h o u l d c o n s u l t t h e L o c a l L a n d fore m a k i n g h i s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n .

I f it is found practicable, w e blocks, a local I t is to an

nsider t h a t t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r s h o u l d b e e m p o w e r e d t o ne leases i n r e s p e c t o f such s u b d i v i s i o n s o f m a i n portant, h o w e v e r , that subdivision ;ister b e i n g k e p t i n t h e office o f t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r . should n o t be a l l o w e d tent w h i c h is u n e c o n o m i c .

ON FACILITIES I'AHT 1 1 1 - C H A P T E R V I I I ]

FOR NATIVES

OUTSIDE

RESERVES

1 9 0 0 . T r a n s f e r of t h e l e a s e b y m e a n s of a s a l e of t h e whole Transfer of Lease in the b l o c k c o m p r i s e d b y t h e g r o u p l e a s e s h o u l d o n l y be a l l o w e d with case of Group t h e s a n c t i o n of t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r a f t e r c o n s u l t i n g the Leases. Local L a n d Board. T r a n s f e r o f s u b d i v i s i o n s s h o u l d b e subject to t h e s a m e c o n d i t i o n s . P r o v i d e d t h a t t e m p o r a r y p a w n i n g of the use of l a n d in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h n a t i v e l a w a n d c u s t o m should be deemed t o b e p e r m i s s i b l e b y v e r b a l a r r a n g e m e n t , s a v e in so far as the practice m a y be p r e v e n t e d or restricted by rule. Consideration paid lor Transfer in respect ot Group Leases. 1901. should be he should to r e c e i v e file a suit T h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n p a i d f o r t r a n s f e r of a g r o u p lease p a i d t o t h e l e s s e e f r o m w h o m t h e l a n d is t r a n s f e r r e d , ami m a k e d i s t r i b u t i o n t o such r i g h t - h o l d e r s as h a v e a right] a s h a r e . A n y r i g h t - h o l d e r a g g r i e v e d s h o u l d be able in t h e n a t i v e t r i b u n a l .

Tenants.

1 9 0 2 . T e n a n t s s h o u l d b e a l l o w e d , a n d s h o u l d be d e e m e d tol h a v e t h e r i g h t s w h i c h t h e y w o u l d h a v e u n d e r n a t i v e l a w until c u s t o m , s a v e i n s o f a r a s t h e y m a y b e r e g u l a t e d a n d safeguardt by r u l e .

Lease of Land .1903. W h e n t h e a p p l i c a n t f o r it l e a s e is a s i n g l e i n d i v i d u a l , lie on Individual s h o u l d s t a t e in h i s a p p l i c a t i o n w h e t h e r h e w i s h e s (a) to hold the! Title. l a n d as a g r o u p - h o l d i n g , i . e . a s t h e f o u n d e r of a f a m i l y group! a m o n g w h o m s u c c e s s i o n w o u l d p a s s as a l r e a d y d e s c r i b e d ; or (b) toj h o l d it o n i n d i v i d u a l t i t l e , in w h i c h c a s e t h e l a n d w o u l d be held! o n s i m i l a r t e r m s t o t h o s e o n w h i c h l e a s e s a r e o r d i n a r i l y g r a n t e d toj Europeans. 1 9 0 4 . W e d o n o t t h i n k i t r i g h t t o p r e s c r i b e a n y m a x i m u m orl m i n i m u m s i z e o f land w h i c h s h o u l d b e a l l o w e d t o b e leased o n j i n d i v i d u a l t i t l e . I n o u r o p i n i o n , it is a sufficient s a f e g u a r d to p r o - ! v i d e , as w e h a v e a l r e a d y s u g g e s t e d , t h a t n o l e a s e should be issuedf t o w h i c h t h e C h i e f N a t i v e C o m m i s s i o n e r o b j e c t s . T h e chief factor in t h e d e c i s i o n w o u l d b e t h e u s e f o r w h i c h t h e l a n d is required, a n d t h e a b i l i t y o f t h e a p p l i c a n t p a r t y t o m a k e a d e q u a t e use of it for t h e p u r p o s e s p e c i f i e d , a n d t h e C h i e f N a t i v e C o m m i s s i o n e r would n a t u r a l l y t a k e s t e p s t o s a t i s f y h i m s e l f o n t h e s e p o i n t s b y consulting the District Commissioner and the L o c a l L a n d Board. Transfer of Individual Leases. 1 9 0 5 . W e r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e l e s s e e s h o u l d n o t be able to s u b d i v i d e , s u b l e t , sell o r t r a n s f e r h i s i n t e r e s t in t h e land without t h e s a n c t i o n of t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r , w h o should consult the L o c a l L a n d B o a r d b e f o r e g i v i n g his decision. of 1906. W h e n t h e l a n d h a s b e e n l e a s e d as a n i n d i v i d u a l h o l d i n g i t is i m p o r t a n t t o e n s u r e t h a t it s h o u l d b e m a i n t a i n e d as such. We t h e r e f o r e r e c o m m e n d t h a t w h e n t h e l e s s e e d i e s i n t e s t a t e the title should pass b y p r i m o g e n i t u r e . B u t w e c o n s i d e r t h a t the lesse s h o u l d b e a b l e t o . d i s p o s e o f t h e l a n d b y w i l l , s u b j e c t to the followin p r o v i s i o n s : ( 1 ) T h a t h e should n o t b e q u e a t h i t as an inheritaw

Inheritance Individual Holdings.

MIT H I

ON F A C I L I T I E S F O R N A T I V E S O U T S I D E R E S E R V E S CllAPTBR V I I I ]

be h e l d in c o m m o n ; ( 2 ) T h a t , a l t h o u g h h e m i g h t d i s p o s e of i t ' specific b e q u e s t of p a r t i c u l a r s h a r e s , n o s h a r e should b e s m a l l e r Ilium a c e r t a i n m i n i m u m ; ( 3 ) T h a t , w h e n t h e l a n d h a s b e e n b e L i c a t h e d i n s h a r e s , a s e p a r a t e l e a s e m u s t b e e x e c u t e d in r e s p e c t l each s h a r e , w h i c h t h e n b e c o m e s a s e p a r a t e h o l d i n g ; ( 4 ) T h a t if o f will infringes the above conditions, the L o c a l N a t i v e T r i b u n a l should a d v i s e o n a s e t t l e m e n t w h i c h d o e s n o t i n f r i n g e t h e s e c o n llitions b u t o t h e r w i s e p r e s e r v e s , in so f a r a s p o s s i b l e , t h e i n t e n t i o n the t e s t a t o r ; a n d t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r s h o u l d d e c i d e , it is i m p o s s i b l e t o a r r i v e at a n y such s e t t l e m e n t , t h e w i l l s h o u l d i null a n d v o i d . 1907. I t w i l l s o m e t i m e s h a p p e n t h a t a r i g h t - h o l d e r in a g r o u p lioJding o b t a i n s leave to have his share detached from the main Conversion j,ohUnps to Individual
0 l n K S

of

ease b y

s u b d i v i s i o n , a n d h a v e a n e w l e a s e issued t o h i m . We the

I n such

jse, h e m i g h t d e s i r e t h a t i t s h o u l d b e r e g i s t e r e d as an i n d i v i d u a l lolding, a n d n o t as a g r o u p h o l d i n g . ij p e r m i s s i b l e hew piecemeal with and the consent gradual of consider that this should Provincial into
7

'

Commissioner, and holdings,

[his g i v e s a c l e a r m e t h o d f o r t h e d e v o l u t i o n of g r o u p h o l d i n g s conversion individual rhich w e t a k e t o b e t h e g e n e r a l e n d in v i e w . 1908. T h e distinction is that, in an individual holding,

the

tie c a n n o t b e c o m e

e n c u m b e r e d b y a n y r i g h t s of

share-ownership

a the p a r t of c o - h e i r s .

I n a f a m i l y or g r o u p holding co-heirs h a v e purchase. Land Leased B dies!'

0 0 l a t e

ights o f u s e r w h i c h c a n o n l y b e v o i d e d b y 1909. W h e n

l a n d is l e a s e d t o u n r e l a t e d g r o u p s , so t h a t n o o n e

srson c a n b e s a i d t o b e t h e s e i g n e u r b y n a t i v e l a w a n d c u s t o m , ;e r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e l e a s e s h o u l d n o t b e g r a n t e d u n t i l t h e a p p l i ints h a v e e n r o l l e d t h e m s e l v e s as a c o r p o r a t e b o d y , w i t h ized m e t h o d ise i t s e l f or of by succession. We recommend that no a recog lease the pro such

liould b e g r a n t e d u n l e s s i t is m a d e c l e a r , e i t h e r b y c l a u s e s in some rule governing the matter, that due

sion e x i s t s b y w h i c h t h e l a n d c a n b e k e p t f r e e f r o m t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s aused b y u n e c o n o m i c s u b d i v i s i o n o r 1910. W e fragmentation. be

a r e i n c l i n e d t o t h i n k t h a t t h i s f o r m of l e a s e w i l l

minly s u i t a b l e f o r s p e c i a l f o r m s o f e n t e r p r i s e , a s f o r i n s t a n c e w h e n group o f n a t i v e s w a n t t o l e a s e a p i e c e o f l a n d o n w h i c h t o b u i l d church. It would also be suitable for co-operative be needed agricultural in devising from gained to be aterprises, b u t t h e g r e a t e s t c a u t i o n suing such l e a s e s u n t i l a the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ^countered a r e b e t t e r of considerable C would

he t e r m s of t h e l e a s e , a n d it w i l l p r o b a b l y b e w i s e t o r e f r a i n experience has been likely A r e a s , a n d t h e difficulties

understood.

ON FACILITIES PART 111-CHAPTER V I I I ]

FOR NATIVES

OUTSIDE

RESERVES

Duration of Leases of all Classes.

19.1.1. W e r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e n o r m a l p e r i o d f o r w h i c h a leas s h o u l d b e i s s u e d s h o u l d b e f o r t h i r t y - t h r e e y e a r s , b u t it should bj r e n e w a b l e if t h e l e s s e e h a s c o m p l i e d w i t h t h e c o n d i t i o n s . T h i s am t h e f o l l o w i n g r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a p p l y t o a l l c l a s s e s of lease t n a t i v e s in C A r e a s . 1 9 1 2 . W e s e e n o r e a s o n w h y t h e o r i g i n a l a l l o t m e n t of Ian. s h o u l d n o t b e b y a u c t i o n b e t w e e n a p p r o v e d a p p l i c a n t s , but w r e g a r d t h i s as a m a t t e r of a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d e t a i l , o n w h i c h w e mat no specific r e c o m m e n d a t i o n . 1 9 1 8 . T h e r e n t s s h o u l d b e f i x e d so as t o g i v e a fair economi r e t u r n to t h e G o v e r n m e n t , b u t r e g a r d s h o u l d b e h a d to the ris w h i c h t h e p i o n e e r s in C A r e a s w i l l t a k e , a n d , in o u r o p i n i o n , th c o n s i d e r a t i o n w o u l d j u s t i f y a v e r y l o w a s s e s s m e n t of r e n t s ni s t a n d p r e m i a in t h e e a r l y s t a g e s . 1 9 1 4 . W e a l s o m a k e t h e s u g g e s t i o n t h a t p a y m e n t s should 1 m a d e , in a l a r g e m e a s u r e , in t h e f o r m of s t a n d p r e m i a , so thai t h e r e n t s m a y n o t b e b u r d e n s o m e . F e e s f o r r e g i s t r a t i o n and trans] f e r s h o u l d be l o w ; o t h e r w i s e d e a t h s w i l l n o t b e r e p o r t e d , and authorized transfers w i l l take place.

Stand Premium Rent.

and

Conditions of Development, Conservation and Use.

1 9 1 5 . T h e l e a s e s h o u l d b e s u b j e c t to c o n d i t i o n s of develop! m e n t , c o n s e r v a t i o n a n d u s e . T h e c o n d i t i o n s of d e v e l o p m e n t neei n o t b e e x a c t i n g , b u t t h e c o n d i t i o n s of c o n s e r v a t i o n s h o u l d be siriciS a n d s h o u l d p r o v i d e a g a i n s t t h e w a n t o n d e s t r u c t i o n of timber o l p a s t u r e , o r t h e d a m a g i n g of a n y w a t e r c o u r s e . A c e r t a i n m a x i n n m l n u m b e r o f c a t t l e , s h e e p a n d g o a t s w h i c h t h e l a n d m a y carry shoulfl be specified, but that n u m b e r should be liable to revision.

1 9 1 6 . I n r e s p e c t of u s e , t h e l e s s e e s h o u l d b e r e q u i r e d to keerjj t h e s h a r e s of i n d i v i d u a l r i g h t - h o l d e r s c o n s o l i d a t e d ; t o demarcatS b o u n d a r i e s in s u c h a w a y as m a y b e r e q u i r e d ; a n d t o furnish a n a r e t u r n s i n r e s p e c t of t h e n u m b e r of r i g h t - h o l d e r s o r tenants orffl t h e l a n d as t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r m a y d i r e c t .

1 9 1 7 . I f t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e l e a s e a r e i n f r i n g e d , the DistricS C o m m i s s i o n e r , a f t e r c o n s u l t i n g t h e L o c a l L a n d B o a r d , and afteH d u e w a r n i n g t o t h e l e s s e e , s h o u l d m a k e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s t o thfl P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r , w h o s h o u l d r e q u i r e t h e lessee t o comphjB w i t h t h e c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h w i t h . I f he fails t o do so, the ProvinciaH C o m m i s s i o n e r s h o u l d b e a b l e to r e c o m m e n d t h e c a n c e l l a t i o n of thfl l e a s e , a n d t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r of L a n d s , a f t e r c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h t h j j C h i e f N a t i v e C o m m i s s i o n e r , s h o u l d h a v e t h e p o w e r t o cancel it. Power to Mortgage Land. 1918. W e recommend t h a t n o n a t i v e shall h a v e the power ii of t h e P r o v i n c i a l or s o m e other Com miff institution m o r t g a g e his land w i t h o u t the sanction mortgage the land to the Land Bank

s i o n e r , w h i c h s h o u l d o n l y b e g i v e n in c a s e s in w h i c h it is sought tc approved by Government.

551
ON FACILITIES FOR NATIVES OUTSIDE pur 111CHAPTER V l l l ] RESERVES

1919. I n our o p i n i o n s u r v e y is n o t n e c e s s a r y , b u t d e m a r c a t i o n Suryoy, n site i s n e c e s s a r y . T h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r s h o u l d h a v e Registration power t o d i r e c t , a f t e r c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h t h e L o c a l L a n d B o a r d , i n Demarcation, ^at m a n n e r t h e b o u n d a r i e s of t h e l a n d l e a s e d a r e t o b e d e m a r (jtcd, a n d in t h e c a s e of g r o u p l e a s e s s h o u l d a;so h a v e t h e p o w e r t o prescribe t h e m a n n e r i n w h i c h t h e r i g h t - h o l d e r s ' s h a r e s s h o u l d b e einarcated. "We s u g g e s t t h a t h e d g e s w i t h o c c a s i o n a l s t a n d a r d s it b e s u i t a b l e f o r m a r k i n g e x t e r n a l b o u n d a r i e s , a n d h e d g e s itiiout s t a n d a r d s m i g h t b e u s e d t o m a r k r i g h t - h o l d i n g s . B u t t h i s p o i n t of d e t a i l . 1.920. W e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r s h o u l d h r e g i s t e r , a n d t h a t i t s h o u l d b e as s i m p l e as p o s s i b l e . e 1921. There should be t h e usual s p e c i a l clauses e n a b l i n g the Leases,
;

keep

nvernment t o c o n d u c t r o a d s , t e l e g r a p h s , e t c . , t h r o u g h t h e l a n d ; to r e s u m e a n y l a n d r e q u i r e d f o r p u b l i c p u r p o s e s u p o n ompensation. We ture i n t h e e v e n t o f r e b e l l i o n o r 1922. I t is m o s t i m p o r t a n t that the sedition. payment for r e c o m m e n d also a clause t o p r o v i d e for

that there should also be a clause the lease m a y be varied by may

iting s p e c i f i c a l l y

t e r m s of

uclamation o r r u l e u n d e r t h e L a n d s T r u s t O r d i n a n c e , w h i c h either o f g e n e r a l o r s p e c i a l application.

1923. I u r e c o m m e n d i n g t h a t i t s h o u l d b e p o s s i b l e t o m o d i f y Modification e terms o f l e a s e s b y m e a n s of p r o c l a m a t i o n o r r u l e , w e a r e f o l l o w - " Leases "by 2 the p r e c e d e n t of t h e Q u i t B e n t T i t l e s i n t h e T r a n s k e i a n T e r r i - Proclamation des of t h e U n i o n o f S o u t h A f r i c a . T h e r e the Governor-General ; the p o w e r t o m o d i f y t h e c o n d i t i o n s of t h e t i t l e b y p r o c l a m a t i o n , 1 has i n f a c t m a d e u s e of t h e p o w e r t o d o s o . T h e r e a s o n f o r t h e svision i s c l e a r l y t h a t t h e f o r m of l a n d t e n u r e g r a n t e d t o n a t i v e s , :-re as w e l l as h e r e , c a n n o t b e r e g a r d e d as final, b u t m u s t b e iilied f r o m t i m e t o t i m e a s n a t i v e s b e c o m e fitted t o e x e r c i s e a ;r f r e e d o m in m a t t e r s r e l a t i n g t o t h e o w n i n g a n d d i s p o s i t i o n of I. F o r i n s t a n c e , a l t h o u g h t h e Q u i t B e n t S y s t e m w a s i n a u g u r e in t h e T r a n s k e i i n 1 8 9 8 , t h e n a t i v e s w e r e n o t g i v e n p o w e r s o f d insfer a n d s a l e , a n d t h e e m b a r g o w a s still in e x i s t e n c e w h e n t h e mth A f r i c a n E c o n o m i c C o m m i s s i o n i s s u e d i t s R e p o r t in 1 9 3 2 , which a l i m i t e d f r e e d o m t o b u y a n d s e l l i s r e c o m m e n d e d , b u t ly up t o a c e r t a i n m a x i m u m .
f o r R u l n

1924. at m o r e

C i r c u m s t a n c e s m a y r e q u i r e u s in K e n y a t o p r o c e e d s o m e rapidly, and are it appears to compelled to be necessary, the even at this But the such t o b u y a n d sell in C A r e a s . advance, greater

ie, t o a l l o w a l i m i t e d f r e e d o m more r a p i d l y we

ffice of m a k i n g m i s t a k e s , a n d t h e g r e a t e r t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r provision as is h e r e p r o p o s e d .

I t w i l l h a v e the double purpose of

ON FACILITIES PART 111-CHAPTER VU1]

FOR NATIVES

OUTSIDE

RESERVES

enabling restrictions disappears, found General Comment oh the above Proposals. and of

to

be r e m o v e d

when

the necessity which

for ma

t; j
le

introducing

fresh

safeguards of rectifying

to be necessary, and g e n e r a l l y

mistakes

wluj

are bound to occur. 1 9 2 5 . T h e c r i t i c i s m is l i k e l y to b e a d v a n c e d t h a t o u r proposa regarding plicated. a C Area the leasing We reply of that be land it is to n a t i v e s in C A r e a s a r e too eon matter, which and we ai entire! a complicated of tenure

s a t i s f i e d t h a t f o r t h e successful there must divorced from native custom.

s e t t l e m e n t of a n a t i v e population i is n o t

a form

1 9 2 6 . T h e a l t e r n a t i v e w o u l d b e d i r e c t l e a s e s t o individual a n d it i s d o u b t f u l w h e t h e r , i n s e t t l i n g a n a t i v e p o p u l a t i o n in [ C A r e a o f s o m e 3 0 , 0 0 0 a c r e s , f o r e x a m p l e , it w o u l d r e a l l y be lei c o m p l i c a t e d f o r t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r of L a n d s to g r a n t a. l a r g e numb of l e a s e s t o i n d i v i d u a l s , t h a n t o g r a n t a s m a l l e r n u m b e r of blocj lenses t o f a m i l y g r o u p s . 1927. A n a d v a n t a g e freedom. Local of t h e g r o u p l e a s e i s t h a t it a l l o w s meJf m a y be made between right-holds Inheritara

arrangements

in a s i n g l e h o l d i n g a n d r e d i s t r i b u t i o n of i n t e r n a l b o u n d a r i e s betwee t h e m m a y take place w i t h o u t reference to G o v e r n m e n t . and succession of user's rights inside the t o t a l a r e a of

the gfoiiH

h o l d i n g i s d e t e r m i n e d b y n a t i v e l a w a n d c u s t o m , o r in the case ( Mohammedans by Islamic law. e x c e s s of registration and T h e s e i g n e u r b e c o m e s in effect t l development! l o c a l a g e n t , a n d t h e d a n g e r is a v o i d e d of c r a m p i n g record.

1 9 2 8 . B u t i n a s y s t e m of s m a l l h o l d i n g s , c o m p l i c a t e d questiorj of i n h e r i t a n c e w i l l b e c o n s t a n t l y c o m i n g b e f o r e G o v e r n m e n t decision. F o r i n s t a n c e , t h e l e s s e e d i e s , l e a v i n g n o s o n s , and t h i i n h e r i t a n c e is d i s p u t e d . O r a m a n i n h e r i t s t w o h o l d i n g s , one froi h i s f a t h e r a n d a n o t h e r f r o m h i s u n c l e , a n d t h e n d i e s intestafc l e a v i n g t w o s o n s ; d o e s h i s e l d e s t son g e t b o t h (vide section 1901 o r d o t h e y g e t o n e e a c h ? I n a g r o u p h o l d i n g it is o n l y when s e i g n e u r d i e s t h a t such q u e s t i o n s a r i s e , a n d it is v e r y seldom thi t h e r e w o u l d b e a n y d i s p u t e as t o wdio i s t h e l e g i t i m a t e successor.! 1 9 2 9 . T h e r e s p e c t i v e m e r i t s of a s y s t e m o f s m a l l holdings fl natives and a system based on group tenure h a v e b e e n examine! a t l e n g t h in t h e m e m o r a n d u m , w h i c h s t a n d s i n e v i d e n c e , in whiJ t h e K i k u y u s y s t e m of l a n d t e n u r e is c o m p a r e d w i t h t h a t obtainirj in the Transkei. memorandum T h e a r g u m e n t is n o t c a p a b l e of compression inl that t h e part of tlf be printed wifl W e firf a small space, and w e have therefore directed t h e r e c o r d o f t h e e v i d e n c e (vide

w h i c h i s r e l e v a n t t o t h i s discussion

E v i d e n c e , p p . 1069-1098).

ON

FACILITIES VIII]

FOR

NATIVES

OUTSIDE

RESERVES

IJBT H I - C H A P T E R

rselves in g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e a r g u m e n t s a n d m a i n c o n isions, a n d as f a r a s t h e p r e s e n t q u e s t i o n is c o n c e r n e d w e a r e s a t i s led that t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t p o i n t s i n t h e i s s u e of l e a s e s i n C A r e a s (i) (ii) T h a t excessive u n i f o r m i t y should be a v o i d e d , and that s h o u l d b e p o s s i b l e to l e a s e b o t h l a r g e a n d s m a l l a r e a s . That some leases should be on a g r o u p or family it

basis,

p r e s e r v i n g t h e e s s e n t i a l f e a t u r e s of n a t i v e t e n u r e b u t e m bodying safeguards, and some on an individual leases i n t o i n d i v i d u a l by excessive leases. stilled basis. group uii) T h a t t h e r e s h o u l d b e m e a n s of g r a d u a l c o n v e r s i o n o f (iv) T h a t f r e e d o m o f a c t i o n a n d e n t e r p r i s e s h o u l d n o t b e regulation.

!v) T h a t w h a t e v e r s y s t e m i s a p p l i e d , i t s h o u l d n o t b e c o n c e i v e d as final, but should b e capable of adaptation to c h a n g i n g conditions. 1930. " W e c o n s i d e r that it should b e possible for land to be Conditions LeasesTo Non-natives in "
c

lased t o n o n - n a t i v e s : (a)

o n a s h o r t - t e r m l e a s e f o r a n y p u r p o s e , in

part of a 0 A r e a a s is s u r p l u s t o t h e i m m e d i a t e o r n e a r f u t u r e Jqtiirements o f t h e n a t i v e s ; ( 6 ) i n a n y u n a l i e n a t e d p a r t o f a C A r e a ta p u r p o s e w h i c h is b e n e f i c i a l t o t h e n a t i v e s , t h e l e a s e b e i n g Jch p e r i o d a s m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d 1931. I n fosioner. cases u n d e r (a), the necessary. Commissioner of Lands should Com for

"

kteute t h e l e a s e s u b j e c t t o t h e a p p r o v a l of t h e C h i e f N a t i v e [nity of m a k i n g r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s as to t h e proposal.

T h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r should be g i v e n an o p p o r

1932. I n c a s e s u n d e r ( 6 ) , t h e c o n s e n t of t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d ould b e n e c e s s a r y , e x c e p t t h a t , if t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d J the G o v e r n o r the S e c r e t a r y of c o n s i d e r s i t t o b e of S t a t e , w h o should as under and the (6) importance decide. should also be possible by in the the to the objects Colony

it the a p p l i c a t i o n s h o u l d b e g r a n t e d , h e s h o u l d b e a b l e t o a p p e a l iVote.Applications sees a r e w i l l i n g ovineial to

;es w h e r e t h e l a n d h a s a l r e a d y b e e n a l i e n a t e d , p r o v i d e d t h a t sell transfer is s a n c t i o n e d Commissioner.

1933. T h e d i f f i c u l t y of s e t t l i n g l a r g e n u m b e r s of n a t i v e s in u n - importance of miliar s u r r o u n d i n g s in u n t r i e d a r e a s w i l l b e less a c u t e if f a c i l i t i e s e granted for a f e w l a r g e enterprises conducted by E u r o p e a n s or her n o n - n a t i v e s . local m a r k e t for They will help the While which natives by developing the sources of t h e c o u n t r y , b y o f f e r i n g e m p l o y m e n t , a n d b y produce. large admit agricultural of a h i g h any k i n d w o u l d s e r v e a useful pecially t o b e e n c o u r a g e d peration w i t h natives. creating are co encouraging Enterprises,

enterprises of

p u r p o s e in t h i s r e g a r d , t h o s e degree

ON FACILITIES FOR N A T I V E S OUTSIDE RESERVES

P A R T 111CHAPTER Vlll]

1934. A s t h e C A r e a s

fill

u p a n d a r e s i d e n t n a t i v e population

b e c o m e s e s t a b l i s h e d , t h e c o n d i t i o n s g o v e r n i n g l e a s e s t o non-natives s h o u l d b e m a d e m o r e e x a c t i n g , a n d o n l y s u c h u n d e r t a k i n g s should be a l l o w e d as c a n s h o w likely to be wise, and are to have in a clear and we direct benefit that the not to t h e natives which B u t a p o l i c y of r i g i d e x c l u s i o n a g a i n s t n o n - n a t i v e e n t e r p r i s e is nevei are anxious areas preference be natives Importance of nn Economic Survey and a Lay-out Plan. these should i n t e r p r e t e d in

that sense. 1 9 3 5 . W e r e c o m m e n d t h a t a n e c o n o m i c s u r v e y of e a c h 0 Are? b e m a d e , a n d t h a t a l a y o u t p l a n b e d e v i s e d s h o w i n g t h e site oi p r o p o s e d r o a d s , social s e r v i c e c e n t r e s a n d t r a d i n g c e n t r e s . Howeveri o f t e n i t m a y b e n e c e s s a r y t o a l t e r i t w e c o n s i d e r t h a t such a plan s h o u l d e x i s t , a n d i t i s l i k e l y t h a t a t i m e l y p l a n n i n g in advance ol requirements will sometimes save G o v e r n m e n t t h e e x p e n s e oi h a v i n g to r e a c q u i r e a l i e n a t e d l a n d w h i c h m a y a f t e r w a r d s be founr to be needed for public purposes. 1 9 3 6 . W e find n o o c c a s i o u f o r m a k i n g r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s in r e g a r d t o t h e m e t h o d of t e n u r e of l a n d b y n a t i v e s in D A r e a s . Our g e n e r a l r e c o m m e n d a t i o n o n t h e q u e s t i o n i s t h a t n a t i v e s should be o n t h e s a m e f o o t i n g a s p e r s o n s of o t h e r r a c e s . W e d o n o t consider t h a t it w o u l d b e w i s e , f o r t h e p r e s e n t , t o i s s u e a n y g r o u p leases i such a r e a s e x c e p t t o c o r p o r a t e b o d i e s . B u t u s e m a y b e m a d e of the e x p e r i e n c e g a i n e d in C A r e a s , a n d , i n so f a r as it is found thai g r o u p l e a s e s o r a m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e m c o u l d b e successfully ad m i n i s t e r e d in D A r e a s , t h e r e is n o r e a s o n w h y t h e y should b e debarred from consideration. O u r g e n e r a l f e e l i n g o n t h e matter h o w e v e r , is t h a t t e n u r e of l a n d i n D A r e a s s h o u l d n o r m a l l y confor to civilized practice.

Facilities for Natives in D Areas.

553

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1937. T h e s i x t h t e r m of r e f e r e n c e , u n d e r w h i c h w e a r e r e q u i r e d l define t h e " H i g h l a n d s " , i s as f o l l o w s : o

" T o d e f i n e t h e a r e a g e n e r a l l y k n o w n as t h e H i g h l a n d s , w i t h i n w h i c h p e r s o n s of E u r o p e a n d e s c e n t a r e t o h a v e a p r i v i l e g e d p o s i t i o n i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e W h i t e P a p e r of 1923."

1938. T h e i m p r e s s i o n i s p e r h a p s c o n v e y e d t h a t t h e r e i s a n ma g e n e r a l l y a g r e e d , w i t h i n a p p r o x i m a t e b o u n d a r i e s , t o b e t h e rea w i t h i n w h i c h a E u r o p e a n p r i v i l e g e o b t a i n s , a u d t h a t w e a r e lerely r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e d i s p u t e d p o i n t s o n t h e b o u n d a r y b y sact d e l i m i t a t i o n . S o f a r i s t h i s f r o m b e i n g t h e c a s e t h a t a S u b omiuittee of E x e c u t i v e C o u n c i l , s i t t i n g i n 1 9 2 9 , p r o p o s e d a b o u n sry e n c l o s i n g ( i n r o u n d figures) s o m e .16.000 s q u a r e m i l e s , w h i l e se G o v e r n o r p r o p o s e d a n a l t e r n a t i v e b o u n d a r y e n c l o s i n g a b o u t tree t i m e s t h a t a r e a . T h e s e t w o b o u n d a r i e s h a v e n o p o i n t s in innnon, e x c e p t w h e r e t h e y i n t e r s e c t , a n d n o d e c i s i o n h a s e v e r em m a d e b e t w e e n t h e m . O u r task t h e r e f o r e i s m u c h g r e a t e r t h a n :e s i m p l e r e s o l u t i o n of a f e w p o i n t s of d o u b t . T h e w h o l e b o u n d a r y i undetermined, and the material does n o t exist f r o m w h i c h the s e c o u l d b e s e t t l e d b y a finding o n f a c t s . N e i t h e r L o r d E l g i n ' s u duration o f 1906 n o r t h e W h i t e P a p e r of 1 9 2 3 , w h i c h a r e t h e isic g u a r a n t e e s of t h e E u r o p e a n p r i v i l e g e i n t h e H i g h l a n d s , afford a direct h e l p i n fixing t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e b o u n d a r y , e x c e p t a t y I n t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s , s i n c e i t is J points o n the R a i l w a y . O apossible t o s t a t e w h e r e t h e b o u n d a r y i s , w e c o n c l u d e t h a t w e a r e ipected t o r e c o m m e n d w h e r e i t o u g h t t o b e .
7

1939. O u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s m u s t d e p e n d o n t w o p r i n c i p a l cori iVrations : ( 1 ) W h a t i n f e r e n c e s c o n c e r n i n g t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e mndary w e r e t h e K e n y a G o v e r n m e n t a n d t h e p u b l i c e n t i t l e d t o aw f r o m L o r d E l g i n ' s d e c l a r a t i o n of 1 9 0 6 a n d t h e W h i t e P a p e r 1923? ( 2 ) W h a t i s t h e p r e s e n t s i t u a t i o n ? 1.940. S e e i n g t h a t w e h a v e b e e n e s p e c i a l l y e n j o i n e d t o b a s e i r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s o n f a c t s as t h e y e x i s t t o - d a y , w e r e g a r d t h e Iter c o n s i d e r a t i o n as a t l e a s t as i m p o r t a n t a s t h e f o r m e r .

tio 1 9 4 L T h e h i s t o r y of t h e m a t t e r i s a s f o l l o w s : I n M a y , 1 9 0 5 , Land C o m m i s s i o n , c o n s i s t i n g of M r . J u s t i c e ( n o w S i r R o b e r t ) Boundaries, unilton, M r . J . W . B a r t h ( n o w S i r J a c o b B a r t h ) , L o r d D e l a ere, a n d M r . F r a n k W a t k i n s , r e p o r t e d i n f a v o u r of t h e m a i n nance of a E u r o p e a n B e s e r v e , a n d a c c e p t e d K i u t o F o r t T e r n a n a suitable definition " w i t h o u t wishing' to b i n d t h e m s e l v e s t o o ssely t o t h a t a r e a or t o r e s t r i c t i t s l i m i t s . "

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" I a m n o t a w a r e if a d e f i n i t e r u l i n g w a s laid d o w n or n o b u t i t h a s a l w a y s b e e n u n d e r s t o o d t h a t n o l a r g e g r a n t s of I n a b e t w e e n K i b w e z i a n d F o r t T e r n a n c o u l d be t a k e n u p h I n d i a n s , a n d y o u c a n act o n this u n d e r s t a n d i n g . " 1 9 4 3 . I n J u l y , 1 9 0 6 , L o r d E l g i n , as S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e u t h e C o l o n i e s , e x p r e s s e d h i s a p p r o v a l o f t h e p r a c t i c e then in fore o f l i m i t i n g l a n d - h o l d i n g b y I n d i a n s ( o u t s i d e t o w n s h i p s ) to th areas east of K i n and west of F o r t T e r n a n . Since settlement that t i m e w a s still c o n f i n e d t o t h e g e n e r a l v i c i n i t y of the Kailwai t h e r e w a s p e r h a p s n o g r e a t o c c a s i o n f o r a m o r e p r e c i s e definitio at that d a t e . 1 9 4 4 . L o r d E l g i n c o n f i r m e d h i s d e c i s i o n i n 1 9 0 8 , s t a t i n g thai w h i l e it w a s n o t c o n s o n a n t w i t h t h e v i e w s o f H i s M a j e s t y ' s Covert m e n t t o i m p o s e a n y l e g a l r e s t r i c t i o n s u p o n a n y s e c t i o n of t h e corn m u n i t y , g r a n t s i n t h e H i g h l a n d s s h o u l d n o t , as a m a t t e r of adniinii trative convenience, be made to Asiatics. 1 9 4 5 . T h e W h i t e P a p e r o f 1923 d e a l t w i t h an o b j e c t i o n raise b y t h e I n d i a n c o m m u n i t y t h a t , w h e r e a s L o r d E l g i n ' s decision onl r e l a t e d t o t h e i n i t i a l g r a n t of G o v e r n m e n t l a n d in t h e H i g h l a n d ; i t h a s s i n c e b e e n s t r e t c h e d s o as t o p r e c l u d e t h e t r a n s f e r of lan f r o m E u r o p e a n s t o I n d i a n s . T h e W h i t e P a p e r r u l e d t h a t the exisl i u g p r a c t i c e m u s t b e m a i n t a i n e d a s r e g a r d s b o t h i n i t i a l g r a n t s an transfers. Extension of Boundaries beyond -the K i u F o r t Ternan Ximits. 1 9 4 6 . N o r e f e r e n c e t o b o u n d a r i e s w a s m a d e in t h e W h i t e Papei I t m i g h t b e a r g u e d o n t h e o n e h a n d t h a t , in t h e a b s e n c e o f s t a t e m e n t t o t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e d e c l a r a t i o n m u s t b e held to appl o n l y t o l a n d l y i n g b e w e e n K i u a n d F o r t T e r n a n , as contemplate b y L o r d E l g i n . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , a l a r g e n u m b e r of f a r m s ha a l r e a d y b e e n a l i e n a t e d o u t s i d e t h a t a r e a u n d e r a S o l d i e r Settlemeti S c h e m e r e s t r i c t e d t o E u r o p e a n s , a n d in 1913 t w o f a r m s in th K a i m o s i a r e a h a d b e e n sold a t an a u c t i o n r e s t r i c t e d t o EuropeanI t is c o m m o n l y c o n t e n d e d b y E u r o p e a n s t h a t t h e restriction t E u r o p e a n s o b s e r v e d in t h e o r i g i n a l a l i e n a t i o n s c o n s t i t u t e d the lan E u r o p e a n H i g h l a n d s , a n d t h a t t h e s a m e r e s t r i c t i o n m u s t thereto be followed in subsequent transfers. 1 9 4 7 . I n o u r o p i n i o n , n e i t h e r o f t h e s e t w o v i e w s is entirel c o r r e c t . ' W e c a n n o t a g r e e t h a t , w h e n L o r d E l g i n set the limits t h e E u r o p e a n ' H i g h l a n d s a t K i u a n d F o r t T e r n a n , it w a s permiss t o i n f e r that- t h e y c o u l d n e v e r b e e x t e n d e d or c o n t r a c t e d . Tl o b v i o u s u n w i s d o m o f g i v i n g a n y s u c h u n d e r t a k i n g in the ini s t a g e s o f a p o l i c y o f l a n d s e t t l e m e n t s h o u l d a l o n e be proof ajrai it. T o s o m e e x t e n t , t h e a l i e n a t i o n s u n d e r t h e L a n d Settleme

554
ON T H E D E F I N I T I O N OF T H E E U R O P E A N
HiCHAPTER IX]

HIGHLANDS

tune r e p r e s e n t e d an e x t e n s i o n , f o r a t l e a s t t h e y c r e a t e d a s p e c i a l opean i n t e r e s t in c e r t a i n a r e a s n o t p r e v i o u s l y c o m p i d s e d in uropean H i g h l a n d s . die afted. Secretary of T h e s e alienations were made with State when the White Paper of the 1923 the con was have to

nt of t h e C o l o n i a l O f f i c e , a n d w e r e a m a t t e r w i t h i n t h e c o g n i z a n c e I t is p r o b a b l e , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t s p e c i f i c a l l u s i o n w o u l d to t h e m i n t h e W h i t e P a p e r if i t h a d b e e n

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lade t h e m f r o m i t s t e r m s . 1948. B u t if w e a s s u m e t h a t t h e a r e a of t h e E u r o p e a n H i g h iids c o u l d be e x t e n d e d so as t o i n c l u d e f u r t h e r u p l a n d a r e a s w h i c h ght b e c o n s i d e r e d s u i t a b l e f o r E u r o p e a n s e t t l e r s , so a l s o w e m u s t tune t h a t t h e y c o u l d b e c o n t r a c t e d b y t h e e x c l u s i o n of a r e a s ich h a v e p r o v e d b y 3X2ieri.ence t o b e u n s u i t a b l e , s i n c e i t w o u l d ii-ly b e a f o o l i s h p r o c e d u r e t o r e s e r v e p e r m a n e n t l y a n d e x c l u s i v e l y E u r o p e a n use areas w h i c h had p r o v e d t o b e u n h e a l t h y for uropeans, b u t p o s s i b l y h e a l t h y f o r A s i a t i c s . T h i s , n o d o u b t , is e x p l a n a t i o n of t h e p e r m i s s i o n w h i c h h a s b e e n g r a n t e d in a f e w ,es for t h e t r a n s f e r of s o l d i e r s e t t l e r f a r m s to I n d i a n s . Farms '0S, 1 6 0 9 , 1 6 1 8 , a n d 1 5 8 6 , i n t h e M u h o r o n i a r e a , a r e i n s t a n c e s . 1949. T h e r e stability too far is p e r h a p s a tendency to carry the argument of
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any r e s i d e n t s of M o m b a s a w o u l d n o t a d m i t t h a t t h e h e a l t h tions of t h e t o w n a r e i n f e r i o r t o t h o s e of N a i r o b i . ealthy t h e y highlands. may become, w e clearly cannot hold

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1950. I t i s n o t a m e r e p e d a n t i c p o i n t , a s if i t w e r e a m e r e xatlent o f t e r m i n o l o g y t h a t t h e E u r o p e a n r e s e r v a t i o n h a s b e e n lied t h e E u r o p e a n H i g h l a n d s . I n a c o u n t r y w h e r e t h e i m m i g r a n t inniunities a r e of m o r e t h a n o n e r a c e , as i n K e n y a , w h e r e t h e r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 9 , 6 4 4 I n d i a n s , 1 6 , 8 1 2 E u r o p e a n s , a n d 12,166 abs, it is a f a n a n d r e a s o n a b l e a r r a n g e m e n t , i n t h e p a r t i c u l a r cuntstaiices o f t h e c a s e , t o r e s e r v e a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d i n t h e "her a n d c o o l e r a r e a s f o r t h e E u r o p e a n s , w h i l e a l l o w i n g t h e I n ns a n d A r a b s to t a k e u p l a n d i n t h e l o w e r a n d w a r m e r c l i m a t e s t o hiih t h e y a r e a c c u s t o m e d i n t h e i r o w n l a n d , b u t , i n o u r o p i n i o n , i t D I tl n o t h e f a i r t h a t t h e p r i v i l e g e b e e x t e n d e d t o t h e p o i n t of c l a i m U ; for E u r o p e a n s t h e e x c l u s i v e u s e o f a l l a v a i l a b l e a g r i c u l t u r a l nil, e v e n in t h e l o w l a n d s , o n w h i c h t h e y c o u l d m a i n t a i n t h e m Ives. S u c h a p o s i t i o n is o b v i o u s l y i n s u p p o r t a b l e , a n d w e a r e s a t i s il that t h e p r i v i l e g e w a s o n l y i n t e n d e d to a p p l y t o t h e H i g h l a n d s .
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ON T H E D E F I N I T I O N OE T H E E U R O P E A N
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HIGHLANDS

cheme r e p r e s e n t e d an e x t e n s i o n , f o r at l e a s t t h e y c r e a t e d a s p e c i a l uropean i n t e r e s t in c e r t a i n a r e a s n o t p r e v i o u s l y c o m p r i s e d in uropean H i g h l a n d s . I lie afted. Secretary of These alienations were made with State when the White Paper of the 1923 the con was have to

mt of t h e C o l o n i a l O f f i c e , a n d w e r e a m a t t e r w i t h i n t h e c o g n i z a n c e I t is p r o b a b l e , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t specific a l l u s i o n w o u l d Paper its terms.

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19-18. B u t if w e a s s u m e t h a t t h e a r e a of t h e E u r o p e a n H i g h nds could b e e x t e n d e d so as t o i n c l u d e f u r t h e r u p l a n d a r e a s w h i c h i g h t be c o n s i d e r e d s u i t a b l e f o r E u r o p e a n s e t t l e r s , so a l s o w e m u s t siune t h a t t h e y c o u l d b e c o n t r a c t e d b y t h e e x c l u s i o n of a r e a s rich h a v e p r o v e d b y e x p e r i e n c e t o b e u n s u i t a b l e , s i n c e it w o u l d early b e a f o o l i s h p r o c e d u r e t o r e s e r v e p e r m a n e n t l y a n d e x c l u s i v e l y E u r o p e a n use a r e a s w h i c h h a d p r o v e d t o be u n h e a l t h y f o r jiropeans, b u t p o s s i b l y h e a l t h y f o r A s i a t i c s . T h i s , n o d o u b t , is je e x p l a n a t i o n of t h e p e r m i s s i o n w h i c h h a s b e e n g r a n t e d in a f e w les for t h e t r a n s f e r of s o l d i e r s e t t l e r f a r m s t o I n d i a n s . Farms p S , 1609, 1 6 1 8 , a n d 1 5 8 6 , i n t h e M u h o r o n i a r e a , a r e i n s t a n c e s . 1949. (ability There too far is p e r h a p s a and We tendency to carry the argument have of '
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.ny r e s i d e n t s of M o m b a s a w o u l d n o t a d m i t t h a t t h e h e a l t h i o n s of t h e t o w n a r e i n f e r i o r to t h o s e o f N a i r o b i . filthy t h e y highlands. may become, we clearly cannot hold

however lowlands

1950. I t i s n o t a m e r e p e d a n t i c p o i n t ; as if i t w e r e a m e r e [ident of t e r m i n o l o g y t h a t t h e E u r o p e a n r e s e r v a t i o n h a s b e e n the E u r o p e a n H i g h l a n d s . I n a c o u n t r y w h e r e t h e i m m i g r a n t [niiiunities a r e of m o r e t h a n o n e r a c e , as in K e n y a , w h e r e t h e r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 9 , 6 4 4 I n d i a n s , 1 6 , 8 1 2 E u r o p e a n s , a n d 12,166 ibs, it is a f a i r a n d r e a s o n a b l e a r r a n g e m e n t , i n t h e p a r t i c u l a r unistances of t h e c a s e , to r e s e r v e a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d i n t h e her and c o o l e r a r e a s f o r t h e E u r o p e a n s , w h i l e a l l o w i n g t h e I n n and A r a b s to t a k e u p l a n d i n t h e l o w e r a n d w a r m e r c l i m a t e s t o s ich t h e y a r e a c c u s t o m e d in t h e i r o w n l a n d , b u t , in o u r o p i n i o n , it iihl not b e f a i r t h a t t h e p r i v i l e g e b e e x t e n d e d to t h e p o i n t of c l a i n i f o r E u r o p e a n s t h e e x c l u s i v e u s e of a l l a v a i l a b l e a g r i c u l t u r a l 1, e v e n i n t h e l o w l a n d s , o n w h i c h t h e y c o u l d m a i n t a i n t h e m ies. S u c h a p o s i t i o n is o b v i o u s l y i n s u p p o r t a b l e , a n d w e a r e s a t i s 1 that t h e p r i v i l e g e w a s o n l y i n t e n d e d t o a p p l y t o t h e H i g h l a n d s .

ON THE PART

DEFINITION IX]

OF

THE

EUROPEAN

HIGHLANDS

IIICHAPTER

1951. N e v e r t h e l e s s w e h a v e to r e m e m b e r t h a t it is not thi a l t i t u d e itself w h i c h r e n d e r s l a n d f a v o u r a b l e t o E u r o p e a n s , but th c o o l e r a n d m o r e b r a c i n g c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h g o w i t h i t . I n Keny t h e c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h h a v e in t h e p a s t g e n e r a l l y been re g a r d e d as f a v o u r a b l e t o E u r o p e a n s e t t l e m e n t h a v e usually beei e n c o u n t e r e d at a b o u t 5,000 f e e t a n d u p w a r d s . B u t it would h i d l e t o seek a d e f i n i t i o n of t h e H i g h l a n d s b y f o l l o w i n g t h e 5,000 fee c o n t o u r l i n e , e x c e p t a s a r o u g h g e n e r a l g u i d e . C l i m a t i c condition a r e n o t u n i f o r m at a l l p o i n t s a l o n g such a l i n e , a n d t h e r e would b n o l o g i c i n f o l l o w i n g i t . I t is a epiestion of c l i m a t e , w h i c h cat b e b e t t e r a s c e r t a i n e d b y c o n s i d e r i n g t h e h i s t o r y of f a r m s w h i c h hav a c t u a l l y b e e n a l i e n a t e d o n t h e b o r d e r s of t h e H i g h l a n d area, thai b y slavish f o l l o w i n g of a c o n t o u r l i n e . The Proposal of the Sub committee of Executive "Council made in 1923. 1952. A v e r y a b l e m e m o r a n d u m , " s u b m i t t e d m i s s i o n e r of L a n d s , w h i c h C. E. M o r t i m e r , of maps all of pauying we understand Department, proposals The the L a n d t o us b y the Com

t o b e t h e w o r k of Mr d e s c r i b e s w i t h accom have been mad; proposal w h i c h appear of altitude ant which

the principal

for the definition to us to a c c o r d the fairest climate, is Executive the

the H i g h l a n d s . t h e de facto of

best w i t h

s i t u a t i o n , a n d also to givi in r e s p e c t 1928 the Sub-Committee o l of L a n d s , thi Harvey. an ori by tL words i; provir, wasi

interpretation

Highlands of

recommendation

Council, consisting of the Commissioner

Chief N a t i v e C o m m i s s i o n e r , and the H o n . M r . C o n w a y 1953. T h e ginal proposal: of t h e in omission Sub-Committee (6) the same area of Mwea made three

p r o p o s a l s : (a) amended certain (b) not of

proposal

slightly

and the

the addition proposal

t h e f o r m of a n e x p l a n a t o r y n o t e ; considered acceptable. 2 8 4 1 et seq. the event

( c ) a n a l t e r n a t i v e proposal to b under

A l l t h e s e p r o p o s a l s m a y b e s t u d i e d o n t h e m a p at par of t h e E v i d e n c e . Highlands of T h e d e f i n i t i o n p r o p o s e d in (b) Kenya comprise the

the f o l l o w i n g t e r m s :
;

' The

Administrate

Districts of T r a n s N z o i a , Administrative Districts

U a s i n G i s h u , B a v i n e , N a k u r u , Ni of Eericho, Eiambu and F o r t lb

v a s h a , L a i k i p i a , N o r t h N y e r i , N a i r o b i ; a n d t h o s e parts of ti w h i c h a r e n o t g a z e t t e d n a t i v e r e s e r v e s ; t h a t p a r t of the M c h a k o s d i s t r i c t w h i c h is n o t g a z e t t e d n a t i v e r e s e r v e , and whit lies to the of west of of Sultan No. Hamud 1758; Station the district and which t h e eastei farms at lies east boundaries that part farm L.O. Eaimosi

the E i s u m u - L o n d i a n i

t h e e a s t e r n b o u n d a r i e s of f a r m s N o s . L . O . 3 0 7 5 , 1 6 2 1 , 3076 a n d 1620.

5 4 2 2 , 1612, 30"

a n d 3 0 7 5 , a n d n o r t h o f t h e n o r t h e r n b o u n d a r i e s o f farms X

ON T H E D E F I N I T I O N OF T H E E U R O P E A N IIT III-CllAPTEK I X ]

HIGHLANDS

" Note.Land i n n a t i v e r e s e r v e s w h e r e v e r s i t u a t e d has been e x c l u d e d f r o m t h e d e f i n i t i o n , in o r d e r not t o r e s t r i c t in any w a y t h e p o w e r s of t h e N a t i v e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d to be established u n d e r t h e N a t i v e L a n d s T r u s t O r d i n a n c e . " 1954. T h e m o s t c o n t r o v e r s i a l p o i n t s in t h i s d e f i n i t i o n a r e t h e Certain thern b o u n d a r y , w h i c h e x c l u d e s L e r o k i . i n d i s p u t a b l y tin u p l a n d Coiuwweiaial i ; and t h e w e s t e r n b o u n d a r y in t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d of M u h o r o n i . (,) Leroki. have a l r e a d y e x p r e s s e d our o p i n i o n in C h a p t e r V I of P a r t 1 1 the R e p o r t t h a t L e r o k i has b e e n r i g h t l y e x c l u d e d , b e c a u s e of e x t e n t of t h e n a t i v e i n t e r e s t s i n v o l v e d . T h e o t h e r m a t t e r has yet b e e n d i s c u s s e d . 1955. I t a p p e a r s t h a t i n M a r c h , 1 9 2 4 , t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r of (\\) The nds m a d e t h e p r o p o s a l i l l u s t r a t e d b y t h e l i n e a a o n t h e plan ChenieiU Line, page 2 8 4 2 o f t h e E v i d e n c e , w h i c h w o u l d h a v e p l a c e d t h e w e s t e r n tits of t h o H i g h l a n d s at K i b i g o r i . I n 1 9 2 5 , lie m a d e a n a m e n d e d posal, t h e l i n e b b o n t h e m a p , p l a c i n g it n e a r M u h o r o n i . e S u b - C o m m i t t e e of E x e c u t i v e C o u n c i l , s i t t i n g in 1 9 2 9 , s p l i t difference a n d p l a c e d i t n e a r C h e m e l i l , at t h e l i n e cc. 1956. I t i s u n d e r s t o o d t h a t t h e r e a s o n s w h y t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r Lands a m e n d e d h i s p r o p o s a l of 1924 w e r e p a r t l y t h e f a c t t h a t a tain n u m b e r of a p p l i c a t i o n s h a d b e e n r e c e i v e d f r o m I n d i a n s , ing l e a v e t o p u r c h a s e l a n d in t h e a r e a , a n d p a r t l y a r e a l i z a t i o n t his o r i g i n a l p r o p o s a l w o u l d h a v e p l a c e d t h e b o u n d a r y t o o far o the 5,000 f e e t l i n e , a n d in an a r e a w h i c h c a n n o t w i t h a n y w litude b e c a l l e d f a v o u r a b l e f o r s e t t l e m e n t b y E u r o p e a n s . O n t h e h a n d , b y s e t t i n g t h e l i n e b a c k as f a r as M u h o r o n i , h e d i d in t e x c l u d e a l a r g o n u m b e r of f a r m s a l r e a d y a l i e n a t e d to E u r o tits u n d e r t h e S o l d i e r S e t t l e m e n t S c h e m e . I t m i g h t perhaps argued in t w o w a y s w h e t h e r t h i s i m p a i r e d t h e E u r o p e a n i n t e r e s t not. O n t h e o n e h a n d , it is p o s s i b l e t o p o i n t t o s e v e r a l E u r o in t h e a r e a w h o h a v e sold o r h a v e asked s a n c t i o n t o sell to lians. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , if t h e E u r o p e a n s o f t h e a r e a a r e arded c o r p o r a t e l y r a t h e r than i n d i v i d u a l l y , i t is c l e a r t h a t t h e i r pnrate o p i n i o n w o u l d c o n d e m n such a c t i o n a n d r e g a r d it as an ingement o f p r i v i l e g e . W e consider that the S u b - C o m m i t t e e Executive Council r e a c h e d a fair a n d i m p a r t i a l decision on a cult q u e s t i o n . 1957. T h e r e i s , h o w e v e r , a c o m p a r a t i v e l y s m a l l b l o c k of f a r m s nediately t o t h e east o f M u h o r o n i . w h i c h w a s a l i e n a t e d to I n d i a n s 1906. W e r e c o m m e n d : (a) T h a t t h i s b l o c k s h o u l d b e d e e m e d the p r e s e n t t o b e e x c l u d e d f r o m t h e E u r o p e a n H i g h l a n d s ; ( 6 ) at if a n y p l o t c o m e s i n t o t h e m a r k e t i t should b e p e r m i s s i b l e f o r er a E u r o p e a n or an A s i a t i c t o b u y i t ; (c) T h a t w h e n a n y such has b e e n b o u g h t b y a E u r o p e a n , it s h o u l d t h e r e a f t e r b e tided i n t h e E u r o p e a n H i g h l a n d s .

ON THE DEFINITION PAHT 111CHAPTEB IX]

OE T H E

EUROPEAN

HIGHLANDS

(Note.This which nor W h i t e (iii) The Kenya and Elgon Boundaries.

block

forms

an

exception

to

the

general

nilefl

w e r e c o m m e n d , t h a t w h e r e l a n d is n e i t h e r a n a t i v e Highlands it is to b e r e g a r d e d race.) as a D Area,

reservj

avail ! a f l

f o r a l i e n a t i o n to p e r s o n s of a n y

1.958. T h e r e is o n e p a r t o f t h e b o u n d a r y S u b - C o m m i t t e e w h e r e a difficulty cerns the South Nyeri district. district Committee included this of In in its first the

r e c o m m e n d e d In d,,, I t con. definition the Sub.

i n t e r p r e t a t i o n occurs. Highlands,

e x c e p t such

p a r t of it as w a s g a z e t t e d n a t i v e r e s e r v e . and the Sub-Committee, supposing

S h o r t l y a f t e r w a r d s it was no longer am

a g r e e d t h a t t h e M w e a a r e a s h o u l d b e a d d e d t o t h e n a t i v e reserve that there w a s p a r t of the d i s t r i c t w h i c h w a s n o t n a t i v e r e s e r v e , e x c l u d e d it from the definition of t h e H i g h l a n d s " a s t h e w h o l e of reserve". T h e w h o l e of tin the S o u t h Nyeri district n o w lies w i t h i n n a t i v e

1959. T h e S u b - C o m m i t t e e w a s m i s i n f o r m e d .

d i s t r i c t d i d n o t l i e w i t h i n t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e ; it c o n t a i n e d also 52! s q u a r e m i l e s o f g a z e t t e d f o r e s t r e s e r v e , p a r t of w h i c h is in Moan: K e n y a f o r e s t a n d the r e m a i n d e r i n t h e A b e r d a r e s . 1 9 6 0 . T h e d r a u g h t s m a n o f t h e m a p w h i c h i l l u s t r a t e s the Sab C o m m i t t e e ' s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n a p p e a r s t o h a v e e x e r c i s e d discretion ii i n t e r p r e t i n g t h e i n t e n t i o n of t h e S u b - C o m m i t t e e . and has excluded w h o l e of We Mount similar In the M o u n t Kenya block. We H e has include' c o n s i d e r that t! t h e A b e r d a r e s b l o c k of 277 s q u a r e m i l e s as p a r t of t h e Highland the M o u n t K e n y a f o r e s t r e s e r v e s h o u l d be included.

c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e p o s i t i o n as r e g a r d s t h e forest reserve o i Elgou lines. making these r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s , the Committee The situated. matter we tire f o l l o w i n g the pre is o n a similar footing, and should be treated o:

cedure adopted by serves similarly

with regard

t o o t h e r forest re practical

is of n o g r e a t If

p o r t a n c e , s i n c e t h e r e is n o i n t e n t i o n of a n y c h a n g e of user and land will continue to be forest reserve. by our r e c o m m e n d a t i o n this contingency. of the E u r o p e a n "that reserve and the Mile H i g h l a n d s , as given b t h e M a c h a k o s distrif lies t o t h e west to t h e south of tl in e v e r a c h a n g e of safeguard? in which s h o u l d t a k e p l a c e , t h e n a t i v e i n t e r e s t w i l l b e sufficiently s e c t i o n 1977 b e l o w , with ( i v ) The Mile Zone.

1961. T h e definition the Sub-Committee, w h i c h is n o t w i t h i n Sultan Haiiiud This seems clearly

includes native

p a r t of

which Zone

S t a t i o n a n d t h e e a s t e r n b o u n d a r i e s of L . O . 1758 to i n c l u d e

ON T H E

DEFINITION IX]

OF THE

EUROPEAN

HIGHLANDS

LIT 1 1 1 C H A P T E R

Unda E a i l w a y . B u t t h e m a p Itiuii e x c l u d e s t h e M i l e Z o n e .
I this r e s p e c t , a n d w e are

drawn to illustrate the We of the opinion

recommenwrong the

c o n s i d e r t h e m a p to be

firmly

that it w a s

en tion of t h e S u b - C o m m i t t e e to i n c l u d e i t . 1962. T h e tion e x c l u d e s map illustrating L.O. the Sub-Committee's 371 and 3 7 2 , section recommen since these (v) The Kinangop. Oireu incision Exchange
A r o a

farms

369,

370.

mi: w e r e a p p r o v e d b y E x e c u t i v e C o u n c i l f o r a d d i t i o n to t h e M a s a i serve b y r e s o l u t i o n o n 4 t h A p r i l , 1930 (see \\[ the C o m m i t t e e ' s r e s o l u t i o n , as w o r d e d , 1963. T h e Kaptumo block of farms 696 a b o v e ) . Here the includes them. excluded from

shall f o l l o w t h e m a p , a n d n o t t h e r e s o l u t i o n . was (vi) The .V^! "

n m o

Inn it ion of t h e H i g h l a n d s m a d e b y t h e S u b - C o m m i t t e e . ; satisfied t h a t t h i s w a s n o t i n t e n t i o n a l , b u t t h a t t h e ttee, in including in its d e f i n i t i o n that it had all the farms these in shu d i s t r i c t , strict. The supposed map included the

But we Sub-Com Uasin over Sub in be

farms, the t h e as

iking t h e f a c t t h a t t h e y a r e a c t u a l l y in t h e N a n d i drawn at the time the to i l l u s t r a t e the niinittee's recommendation that w e followed

Administrative worded, i t to

definition in

: in s p i t e o f

shall read that the

definition in it.

the sense

ich w e a r e satisfied

Sub-Committee

intended

d, a n d r e g a r d t h e s e f a r m s as i n c l u d e d 1961. T h e r e kh w e it the find are to be no

1

other

matters
J

concerning and

the we

boundary consider decision, that des the the it

Our General Ki' ement with the Sub

A e

particularly reached map

controversial, a fan and

Sub-Committee where the the

equitable to the

committee^ Recommenda

vertheless, bed, fie we Zone.

which

purports only in been

illustrate m a t t e r of by

ision differs f r o m i t in t h e p o i n t s of d e t a i l w h i c h w e h a v e prefer map, the excepting map to Assuming the M i l e have amended

usion of

Z o n e and the Kapturno farms, w e accept describe.

the basis of o u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n , s u b j e c t t o c e r t a i n 1 exceptions w h i c h w e shall n o w 500 s q u a r e I 1965. I n miles. enumerating the qualifications first to w h i c h

qualifications is Exceptions and

1 c a t l o n S

T h e area s h o w n on the m a p , t o g e t h e r w i t h the M i l e Z o n e ,

our acceptincluded wdiat deal note of

Ice of this d e f i n i t i o n m u s t b e h e l d to be s u b j e c t , w e shall o b s e r v e i following order : W e as, n o w elly w i t h excluded, shall state w h a t areas, n o w included. We W e . shall the d e f i n i t i o n , o u g h t i n o u r o p i n i o n ought to be n a t i v e r i g h t s or i n t e r e s t s . to b e e x c l u d e d ; a n d next shall t h e n a d d a

Jicerning t h e p o s i t i o n of f o r e s t r e s e r v e s i n s i d e t h e b o u n d a r i e s Hismlands.

ON T H E PART

DEFINITION IX]

OF THE

EUROPEAN

HIGHLANDS

III-CHAPTER

Exclusions.

1966. T h e f o l l o w i n g a r e a s , i n c l u d e d i n t h e a b o v e definition I s h o u l d , in o u r o p i n i o n , b e e x c l u d e d for r e a s o n s a l r e a d y given i ' n L this R e p o r t :

TABLE SHOWING EXCLUSIONS RECOMMENDED.

Present utilization of the land recommended to be excluded Are a to which the land Area which the land excluded is recommendexcluded recommended to be added added Forest Reserve Acres (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Kikuyu Native Area Masai ,, . . Kamba ,, .. Kerio ,, Nandi ,, . . Lumbwa ,, Kavirondo ,, Northern Frontier Province 13,731 9,290 3,850 Mission Land Acres 2,40 Township Reserve Acres 50 Alien ated Farms Acres 1,328 230 1C0 Unalienated ' Crown Land Acres Total

Acres

2,002 19,641 4,762 14,232 720 820 213,518 217,366 1,920 19 0 ,2 94,960 94,960 4,500 4,5C0 104,000 I04.COO

26,921

2,4.0

50

1,658

426,382 457,491

Total in Square Miles ..

r

715 (approximately).

- A o/e.The figures in the above table are explained in detail in Appendix No. 12. Much of the land recommended to be excluded is already in native use, for instance, 79 square miles now occupied by the Uasin Gishu Masai, the land occupied by the M ukogodo, the Njemps in Baringo and by the East Suk in Churo. It is also to be noted that our recommendation regarding- the removal of the Tinet Dorobo to Chepalungu will have the effect of setting free several square miles of country for disposal by the Crown as an integral part of the European Highlands. At a rough estimate the total of the areas included in this note would be about 460 square miles. Additions Recommended. 1967. I n c o n n e x i o n lowing additions : with exchanges, we Acres with the Mau Forest Ex .. .. .. with the farm 410/1 Ex with the Momandu Ex with the Elgeyo Exchange 70 (see section 399 above) 13,245 (see section 694 above) 230 (see section 697 above) 20 (see section 774 above) 4,933 (see sec. 1,007 above) 18.498 acres or approximately 29 square miles. recommend the folj

Item
1 .. Kithirioni 2 .. In connexion change 3 .. In connexion change 4 .. In connexion change 5 .. In connexion

ON T H E D E F I N I T I O N OF T H E E U R O P E A N
HICHAPTKU IX]

HIGHLANDS

19G8. W o also r e c o m m e n d " a s m a l l a d d i t i o n t o t h e E u r o p e a n hlands in t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d of S u l t a n H a m u d b y a n e x t e n s i o n wards b e t w e e n t h e M b i u n i R i v e r a n d t h e R a i l w a y to a p o i n t nximately one m i l e up-line f r o m E m a l i Station ; the eastern ndary b e i n g a l i n e d r a w n d u e n o r t h f r o m t h a t p o i n t t o t h e r i v e r . area thus a d d e d w o u l d b e a p p r o x i m a t e l y e l e v e n s q u a r e m i l e s . A l t h o u g h this a r e a l i e s below t h e a l t i t u d e w h i c h in g e n e r a l have r e g a r d e d as H i g h l a n d s , it is c l i m a t i c a l l y o f t h e s a m e ncral n a t u r e as t h e H i g h l a n d s t o t h e e a s t w a r d of N a i r o b i . M o r e , a g l a n c e at t h e c o l o u r e d m a p a t t h e e n d of t h e R e p o r t w i l l o\v that f o r g e n e r a l s u i t a b i l i t y of a r r a n g e m e n t i t i s b e t t e r t h a t block should b e classed as H i g h l a n d s .
7

1969. W e a l s o r e c o m m e n d t h e a d d i t i o n of t h e f o l l o w i n g i t e m s forest r e s e r v e , w h i c h w o u l d b e s u b j e c t t o t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n i n ion 1977 b e l o w : Square Miles That portion of the Mount Kenya Forest which is not included in the Sub-Committee's definition .. .. .. .. .. That portion of the Mount Elgon forest reserve which is not included in the Sub-Committee's definition, except the areas recommended in sections 1087 (3) and 1148 T h e t o t a l of a l l a d d i t i o n s t h e n b e c o m e s 9 1 1 s q u a r e m i l e s . 1970. W e a r e n o w , i took as our basis 19 S u b - C o m m i t t e e o f agree at all p o i n t s Irate, w e 1971. W e found it in a p o s i t i o n to d e f i n e t h e H i g h l a n d s ; W e Total Area recom ,i .. . ' , ,, t h e m a p i l l u s t r a t i n g t h e p r o p o s a l s o l t h e mended to be E x e c u t i v e C o u n c i l . A l t h o u g h t h e m a p d i d European w i t h t h e r e s o l u t i o n w h i c h it p u r p o r t e d to Highlands.
T l l e a

658

213

generally facts.

preferable,

as

showing

closer Zone, Euro square al is

espondence w i t h e x i s t i n g neb, in c o m m o n mi H i g h l a n d s . les.

first m o d i f i e d t h i s m a p b y a d d i n g i n t h e M i l e w i t h the S u b - C o m m i t t e e , w e hold thus o b t a i n e d

7

to b e

We

a total area

of

16,500

W e t h e n m a d e a list o f e x c l u s i o n s t o t a l l i n g 715 s q u a r e m i l e s with recommendations The which total have area proposed ascer square

ie m a d e i n c o n f o r m i t y ditions t o t a l l i n g

ly a p p e a r e d e l s e w l i e r e i n o u r R e p o r t , a n d w e h a v e n o w 911 square miles. resultant

696 s q u a r e m i l e s , b u t t h e a r e a s h a v e n o t b e e n so c l o s e l y ned that r e l i a n c e c a n b e p l a c e d o n t h e we therefore call the area, in figures round figures, 16,700

to t h e n e a r e s t u n i t ,

les; t h e i r p o s i t i o n i s s h o w n o n t h e m a p w h i c h w e p r e s e n t at t h e of this c h a p t e r a s our d e f i n i t i o n of t h e E u r o p e a n Highlands.

T h e t o t a l a m o u n t of f o r e s t r e s e r v e i n t h i s a r e a is a p p r o x i m a t e l y 50 square m i l e s .

O N T H E D E F I N I T I O N OE T H E E U R O P E A N 1'AKT 111CUAPTEIt I X ]

HIGHLANDS

?nd"oi i .11H aims.

i K h

' ' * P o s i t i o n c r e a t e d b y t h e e x i s t e n c e of native E u r o p e a n f a r m s h a s a l r e a d y b e e n r e v i e w e d in a previous j-ightg c h a p t e r , in w h i c h w e h a v e m a d e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s for the ex t i n g u i s h i n g of t h o s e r i g h t s u p o n p a y m e n t o f c o m p e n s a t i o n in cases w h e r e i t is f o u n d t o b e d u e . W e r e c o m m e n d t h a t , as soon as thai h a s b e e n d o n e , s e c t i o n SO o f t h e C r o w n L a n d s O r d i n a n c e , 1915, s h o u l d b e r e p e a l e d , a n d s e c t i o n s 30 a n d 3 1 of t h e C r o w n Land? O r d i n a n c e , 1 9 0 2 , in so f a r as t h e y still h a v e f o r c e , should be re pealed also.
l 9 7 2 1 1 1 6 s e r o u s o n

mdSraoT jtlooka.

11

P a n d K a i m o s i fan,, b l o c k s a r e s i t u a t e d is n a t i v e r e s e r v e , a n d t h e r e f o r e in a territorial s e n s e c a n n o t b e said t o b e E u r o p e a n H i g h l a n d s . B u t w e are asked t o d e f i n e tire a r e a w i t h i n w h i c h p e r s o n s of E u r o p e a n descent are t o h a v e a p r i v i l e g e d p o s i t i o n , a n d s i n c e w e hold that Europeans s h o u l d h a v e t h e s a m e p r i v i l e g e s i n r e s p e c t of initial grants and t r a n s f e r s o f l a n d in t h e s e t w o b l o c k s as t h e y h a v e in the Highlands p r o p e r , w e i n c l u d e t h e m in t h e a r e a c o v e r e d by our definition, but w i t h t h e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s t h a t t h e l a n d s h o u l d r e m a i n n a t i v e reserve; t h a t a l l r e n t s a n d o t h e r p r o f i t s a c c r u i n g f r o m C r o w n leases should b e p a i d t o t h e L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l ; a n d t h a t t h e n a t i v e s should retain the reversionary interest.
1 9 7 3 T l l e l a n d i n w h i c h fche K i k i a T e n

Nat/v^ \
XC

the

1974. I n l a n d in and

sections

1490

and

1496 w e

have recommended if

thai

itlichland"

the E u r o p e a n

Highlands may of

only

b e leased t o natives if Government H i g h l a n d s all

it is a d j a c e n t t o t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e the accredited 1975. cations we representatives agree.

c o n c e r n e d , and the European to apply

T h i s p r o v i s i o n is i n t e n d e d may be made for

t o a n y future appi
;

which

permission to b e leased to will not

for

natives

to

lea

l a n d i n t h e H i g h l a n d s , b u t w e d o n o t s u g g e s t t h a t t h e areas whb i ourselves h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d Class B 2 , should that until they be however, to natives upon by t h e in native We pre of D I U reserves, sumo, subject this c o n d i t i o n . act

Government

any

recommendations Council. A point

S

have been debated

Legislativ

1 9 7 6 . I n c o n s i d e r i n g t h e r i g h t s of n a t i v e s t o land in the Euro p o a n H i g h l a n d s , it is p e r h a p s n e c e s s a r y t o m e n t i o n or squatters. They have no right while to in the land, temporary a labour But right t o use l a n d the employment. allowed, than labour-tenants they In for that have our view his greatei for bis but

LaWur" tenants.

c a r e s h o u l d b e t a k e n t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e e s s e n c e o f t h e contract i contract, if he is employee to being comfort, use. to k e e p t h e n u m b e r of c a t t l e w h i c h allowed keep more a r e necessary

number the

c h a r a c t e r of t h e c o n t r a c t c h a n g e s in e f f e c t , u n t i l it is predominant];

DIAGRAM

ILLUSTRATING T H E BOUNDARY FOR THE EUROPEAN HIGHLAi

DIAGRAM

ILLUSTRATING FOR THE

THE

BOUNDARY HIGHLAI

EUROPEAN

IAGRAM

ILLUSTRATING FOR THE

THE

BOUNDARY

RECOMMENDED

EUROPEAN

HIGHLANDS.

/ R E F E R E N C E :

EUROPEAN HIGHLANDS AIAT/VE AREA ALL OTHER EUROPEAN

LEASED

FROM SHEW A
1

THUS

HIGHLANDS A &t 3

NATIVE: CLASS FOREST

RESERVES B 2 AREAS RESERVES

ON T H E D E F I N I T I O N OK T H E E U R O P K A N
hiT i l l - C H A P T E R IX]

HIGHLANDS

tenancy c o n t r a c t , w h i c h , in o u r o p i n i o n , o u g h t t o b e being c o n t r a r y t o t h e p u r p o s e f o r w h i c h t h e E u r o p e a n ve been reserved.

prevented, Highlands

1977. W e r e g a r d a l l f o r e s t r e s e r v e s w h i c h a r e c o m p l e t e l y sur Forest Reserves. atded b y E u r o p e a n H i g h l a n d s as b e i n g i n c l u d e d i n t h e H i g h Js, a n d p o t e n t i a l l y s u b j e c t t o E u r o p e a n p r i v i l e g e , if e v e r a uge of user t a k e s p l a c e a n d t h e l a n d b e c o m e s a v a i l a b l e for ietiltural u s e . B u t i n r e s p e c t of f o r e s t r e s e r v e s , such a s t h e erdares, w h i c h a r e b o u n d e d p a r t l y b y E u r o p e a n H i g h l a n d s a n d tly b y n a t i v e r e s e r v e , w e c o n s i d e r t h a t a n y q u e s t i o n c r e a t e d b y age of u s e r in r e s p e c t of a n y p a r t of t h e f o r e s t c o n t i g u o u s or r to t h e r e s e r v e s h o u l d b e a s p e c i a l c a s e t o b e d e c i d e d o n i t s tits. 1978. I t h a s t o be a d m i t t e d t h a t t h e p r o v i s i o n w h i c h w e h a v e ommended f o r n a t i v e s w i l l e n t a i l s o m e s a c r i f i c e o n t h e p a r t of European community. R e l u c t a n c e to m a k e the concession Id be n a t u r a l , s i n c e it w a s g e n e r a l l y b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e g a z e t t e it of t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e b o u n d a r i e s -in 1926 w o u l d s e t t l e t h e iter of n a t i v e c l a i m s a n d r e q u i r e m e n t s in r e s p e c t of l a n d for ny y e a r s t o c o m e , a n d a c e r t a i n e x a s p e r a t i o n w i l l n a t u r a l l y b e that s u b s t a n t i a l a l t e r a t i o n s h a v e t o b e m a d e so s o o n . But anstive i n q u i r y h a s s a t i s f i e d us t h a t t h e s e m o d i f i c a t i o n s a r e essary, a n d w e c o n s i d e r t h a t , w h e n t h e e v i d e n c e h a s b e e n lied, t h e n e e d f o r t h e m s h o u l d b e g e n e r a l l y r e a l i z e d . 1979. T h e s e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s m a y p e r h a p s g i v e r i s e to a tira 1 a p p r e h e n s i o n a m o n g E u r o p e a n s t h a t t h e e x t e n t of t h e lilands m a y b e a g a i n d i m i n i s h e d . O n e o f t h e m a i n o b j e c t s of o u r ott has b e e n t o f r a m e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w h i c h w o u l d i n s t i l a ins of s e c u r i t y i n t h e m i n d s of t h e n a t i v e s w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e i r I f , i n d o i n g s o , w e h a d o n l y t r a n s f e r r e d t h e f e e l i n g of i n irity f r o m the. n a t i v e s t o t h e E u r o p e a n s , w e c o u l d n o t f e e l t h a t had s u c c e e d e d i n o u r t a s k . W e t h e r e f o r e r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e ularies of t h e E u r o p e a n H i g h l a n d s should b e s a f e g u a r d e d b y er in C o u n c i l , so t h a t t h e E u r o p e a n c o m m u n i t y m a y h a v e t h e i m e a s u r e o f s e c u r i t y in r e g a r d t o l a n d a s w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d lie n a t i v e s . Loss of Lam', sustained by the European. Highlands.

Recommenda tion for S a f e guarding the European Highlands.

CHAPTER
T H E POSITION TION OF CHEATED LIVE BY

X.
ACCUMTJ FOB

UNECONOMIC AND

STOCK,

PROPOSALS

AMELIORATION. \Vh.v Over stocking is a Question relevant to -our Report. 1 9 8 0 . I t m a y b e a s k e d w h y a C o m m i s s i o n a p p o i n t e d to inquit i n t o t h e q u e s t i o n of n a t i v e lands s h o u l d d e v o t e so much spat o v e r s t o c k i n g in n a t i v e r e s e r v e s . O u r a n s w e r is t h a t , under tl h e a d i n g of " T h e f u t u r e needs of t h e n a t i v e s as r e g a r d s l a n d s " , tl use a n d c o n s e r v a t i o n o f t h e i r e s t a t e s is at l e a s t a s important the e x t e n t of t h e a r e a s a l l o t t e d t o t h e m ; t h e a m o u n t of land i q u i r e d is m a i n l y d e p e n d e n t upon t h e m a n n e r in w h i c h it is use B r i t i s h A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , b y m i n i m i z i n g or a b o l i s h i n g the cause such as r a i d i n g , w h i c h f r e q u e n t l y s p r e a d s d i s e a s e , and epidemii w h i c h , u n c o n t r o l l e d b y v e t e r i n a r y m e a s u r e s , f o r m e r l y used to act: a c h e c k ou t h e i n c r e a s e of s t o c k , h a s c a u s e d an e n o r m o u s additie t o t h e stock p o p u l a t i o n o f K e n y a , w h i c h g r a v e l y threatens w h o l e future o f the n a t i v e l a n d s . T h i s p r o b l e m is the direct resu of B r i t i s h r u l e , a n d it is t h e r e f o r e an o b l i g a t i o n on Governnie t o f a c e it a n d d e v i s e a d e q u a t e r e m e d i e s . I t is definitely no; p r o b l e m w h i c h can b e s o l v e d b y a n i n c r e a s e of l a n d . I f the uncoi t r o l l e d i n c r e a s e of s t o c k be p e r m i t t e d to c o n t i n u e , then the whole A f r i c a w o u l d b e i n s u f f i c i e n t t o s a t i s f y t h e w a n t s of t h e f u t u r e 1981. W e t h i s difficult feel t h a t t h e s e m o s t e s s e n t i a l p o i n t s h a v e been ne. we shall h e r e b r i e f l y review t h e position

l e c t e d in t h e p a s t , a n d b e f o r e c o m i n g t o o u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s c question the m o r e i m p o r t a n t w e s e e it n o w . The Position sibout 1900. 1982. A t known previous the beginning Colony, years from their of the a this c e n t u r y , cattle series few, had of in the country no; for epidemics; pastoral r e s e r v e s , a s i t h a s d e v e l o p e d and

as K e n y a twenty

been

suffering

disastrous

numbers they were comparatively than amide t o supply tin 1920.. 1983. W i t h inary total needs.

a n d t h e g r a z i n g was m t o

the introduction the control Up to of

of B r i t i s h A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , vela these diseases w e r e year signs of introduce; to an estimar overstocking a n

measures for of 3,000,000.

a n d b y 1 9 2 0 , the c a t t l e p o p u l a t i o n h a d i n c r e a s e d that

c o n s e q u e n t d e t e r i o r a t i o n of l a n d a n d c a t t l e w e r e h a r d l y noticeable. 1984. W e h a v e h e a r d e v i d e n c e t h a t t w e n t y y e a r s ago the Ki c o u n t r y , a n d the Suk wei t o conlrollir

n i a s i a D e s e r v e w a s still a w e l l - g r a s s e d

b u r n i n g their g r a z i n g areas e v e r y y e a r w i t h a v i e w

560
ON
JT

OVERSTOCKING

IIICHAPTER

X]

rass.

A l s o , to the personal k n o w l e d g e of t w o of our m e m b e r s , the tolerable.

conditions in t h e K a m b a B e s e r v e a n d in t h e d r i e r p a r t s of sal R e s e r v e w e r e s t i l l

19S5. N o w , i n m a n y p a r t s w h e r e t h e r e u s e d t o b e . g r a s s , t h e r e T o d a y , lothing b u t b a r e e a r t h , a n d , a l t h o u g h w e d o n o t a g r e e w i t h s o m e ;acsses t h a t t h e r e has b e e n a d e c l i n e in t h e a n n u a l r a i n f a l l , t h e r e io d o u b t t h a t , o w i n g t o t h e d e n u d a t i o n o f t h e s o i l , such rain as 5quickly r u n s off t h e h a r d p a n w h i c h h a s f o r m e d , o r e v a p o r a t e s , 1 is of far less b e n e f i t to t h e l a n d t h a n it w a s w h e n t h e soil w a s ered w i t h grass. L986. A n o t h e r s e r i o u s f a c t o r ; p o i n t e d o u t t o us b y s e v e r a l w i t ses a n d c o r r o b o r a t e d b y o u r o w n o b s e r v a t i o n , is t h a t a r e a s w h i c h I to b e o p e n g r a s s p l a i n s a r e n o w .,e t h o r n hush, w h i c h being rapidly overgrown plant food by at absorbs the moisture and

expense of a n y g r a s s w h i c h m a y b e e n d e a v o u r i n g to r e - e s t a b l i s h

If.
11)87. P r o b a b l y a b o u t 1 9 2 0 , t h e m a i n s t o c k ureas of t h e rves h a d attained their optimum carrying capacity, agli f u l l y s t o c k e d , w e r e n o t o v e r s t o c k e d . by t h e C h i e f 1988. W e state of iws : A Veterinary Since then the native al cattle and,

ulation h a s , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e e v i d e n c e g i v e n b e f o r e t h e C o m m i s Officer, increased to about 6,000,000, roughly s p e a k i n g , d o u b l e d i t s e l f i n t h e l a s t t w e l v e y e a r s . have t h e r e f o r e , at the present m o m e n t , a preposter affairs human in the Colony, of many which under can be summarized owns as The population 3,000,000 about

10,000 c a t t l e , a n d p r o b a b l y e majority

m o r e sheep and goats.

o f t h a t p o p u l a t i o n h a s l i t t l e o r n o m i l k f o r t h e use sufficient below

iiemselves o r t h e i r c h i l d r e n d u r i n g t h e d r y m o n t h s o f t h e y e a r , many p a r t s of t h e r e s e r v e s , t h e c o w s d o n o t p r o d u c e k even to feed their calves. Meat consumption is f a r

it w o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d t h e n e c e s s a r y r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e n a t i v e s ; annual s a l e s , a p a r t f r o m sheep and g o a t s , to outside markets not m o r e t h a n 2 0 , 0 0 0 b e a s t s a n d a n e g l i g i b l e a m o u n t o f g h e e . 1989. I n t h e m i d s t of p l e n t y , t h e n a t i v e s i n p a s t o r a l a n d s e m i - Heal Poverty oral a r e a s ;rty. are, in fact, living under conditions of extreme able of of Aj tiyes
a 0ral

A f t e r p a y i n g their taxes ( w h i c h t h e y are not a l w a y s

o), m o n e y f o r f o o d a n d c l o t h i n g is p r a c t i c a l l y n o n - e x i s t e n t , a n d continue t o b e so u n t i l t h e y t u r n t h e p r o d u c t s a n d i n c r e a s e r large h e r d s of s t o c k i n t o s o m e m o r e u s e f u l ency. 1990. A s a c o n t r a s t t o t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s , w e m a y c o m p a r e t h e m the p o s i t i o n in A u s t r a l i a . A s g i v e n in t h e Official Y e a r B o o k lie C o m m o n w e a l t h ( N o . 2 4 ) , 1 9 3 1 . A u s t r a l i a , w i t h a p o p u l a t i o n ,176,032, h a s 1 1 , 2 0 2 , 1 3 4 h e a d o f c a t t l e . W i t h less t h a n t w i c e a n d fluid k i n d

ON PART I I I C H A R T E R X]

OVERSTOCKING

the n u m b e r of c a t t l e w h i c h t h e r e a r e i n K e n y a , A u s t r a l i a not onlJ k e e p s m o r e t h a n d o u b l e t h e i n h a b i t a n t s of K e n y a o n a far hisrhj scale of l i v i n g , b u t also e x p o r t e d in 1 9 2 9 - 3 0 , 157,748,655 lb. of bed 107,663,264 l b . of b u t t e r , a n d 3,094,092 l b . of c h e e s e .

Tho Waste of
Valuable Alatoiial in Kenya.

1 9 9 1 . T h e e n o r m o u s w a s t e of v a l u a b l e m a t e r i a l in Kenya lamentable. F o r e x a m p l e , d u r i n g a p e r i o d of t w o or three "ocfl seasons in t h e A l a s a i E e s e r v e t h e c a t t l e p o p u l a t i o n w i l l probabll i n c r e a s e b y t w o or t h r e e h u n d r e d t h o u s a n d ; a bad y e a r ensues, J n e a r l y t h e w h o l e of t h a t i n c r e a s e w i l l d i e . I n t w o m o n t h s of dry y e a r of 1 9 2 9 , 5 0 , 0 0 0 h i d e s w e r e sold o u t of t h e E a j i a d o dismal of t h e M a s a i E e s e r v e a l o n e , a n d p r o b a b l y at least as many rnorl left t o r o t o n t h e v e l d t . S i m i l a r c o n d i t i o n s a p p l y t o other pastorj a n d s e m i - p a s t o r a l r e s e r v e s , a n d all t h e t i m e t h e r e is a steady dete o r a t i o n in tl*e q u a l i t y of t h e s t o c k .
;U]

T h e r e is r e a s o n t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e m o r t a l i t y of cattle in tfj p r e s e n t d r o u g h t is at least as s e v e r e as in 1 9 2 9 , and we quotej in A p p e n d i x 1 0 , e x t r a c t s f r o m r e p o r t s f u r n i s h e d b y the frovinc Commissioners. 1 9 9 2 . W e h a v e n o d o u b t that in t h e last t w e n t y years tli K a m b a c a t t l e h a v e n o t a b l y d e t e r i o r a t e d b o t h in s i z e and in mil yielding quality. T h e e x p e r i e n c e of t h e n a t i v e t r a i n i n g centrj r e c e n t l y e s t a b l i s h e d n e a r A l a c h a k o s . i n d i c a t e s t h a t about 50 c e n t of t h e h e i f e r s a r e c o n s i d e r e d u n f i t f o r b r e e d i n g purposes whel they attain m a t u r i t y . 1993. T h e r e is m o r e r e l i a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n f o r us concermd the K a m b a E e s e r v e t h a n w i t h r e g a r d to o t h e r s w e h a v e mentionei but w e s e e n o r e a s o n to t h i n k t h a t c o n d i t i o n s in g e n e r a l are s i m i l a r t h r o u g h o u t o t h e r p a s t o r a l r e s e r v e s in t h e c o u n t r y . 1 9 9 4 . I t m a y b e a p p r o p r i a t e h e r e t o q u o t e a f e w extracts froj The Similarity with Condi the E e p o r t of t h e S o u t h A f r i c a n E c o n o m i c C o m m i s s i o n of 1932 : tions in South Para. 6 9 . " T h e result is t h a t w e h a v e n o w throughoi Africa. t h e r e s e r v e s a s t a t e of affairs in w h i c h , w i t h f e w exceptions, c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y of t h e soil f o r b o t h h u m a n b e i n g s and animJ is d e f i n i t e l y o n t h e d o w n g r a d e ; a s t a t e of affairs w h i c h , mile soon r e m e d i e d , w i l l w i t h i n o n e or at the outside t w o decad c r e a t e in t h e U n i o n an a p p a l l i n g p r o b l e m of n a t i v e poverty.' Para. 7 1 . - " T o w h a t h a s t h i s l e d ? T o a state of affai in w h i c h , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n of a f e w f a v o u r e d parts, a nati a r e a c a n b e d i s t i n g u i s h e d at s i g h t , b y its b a r e n e s s . Overstoc i n g is so g e n e r a l in t h e r e s e r v e s as t o h a v e b e c o m e an evil t h e first m a g n i t u d e . Y o u r C o m m i s s i o n e r s w i s h to stress t f a c t t h a t unless s o m e l i m i t c a n b e p l a c e d t o the universal ovi s t o c k i n g , t h e v e r y e x i s t e n c e of t h e l a r g e n u m b e r s of natives t h e r e s e r v e s w i l l in t h e n e a r f u t u r e b e i m p o s s i b l e . "

ON ,r I I I - C H A P T E R X]

OVERSTOCKING

Para. have in existed." Para.

7 2 . " In twenty

G c l u k s location, actual created where

desert

conditions grazing taken the what work the suc of

years been

once

good are

7 3 . " Unless

precautionary in

measures the

against o v e r s t o c k i n g , that of the Giskei is

the conditions to-day. The

Transkei are

and at

native a r e a s in t h e r e s t of t h e U n i o n there, a n d t h e y w i l l i n e v i t a b l y near f u t u r e d e n u d a t i o n , cession, d e s t r u c t i o n desert c o n d i t i o n s . Commissioners drawn. Your of weeds,

will be to-morrow causes

same

p r o d u c e t h e s a m e effects in drying up of springs,

donga-erosion, deleterious plant

robbing

the soil of its r e p r o d u c t i v e p r o p e r t i e s ; in s h o r t , t h e c r e a t i o n

T h e s e are strong w o r d s , and people w h o h a v e may perhaps consider the picture over them

not had t h e o p p o r t u n i t y of s e e i n g c o n d i t i o n s in d e t a i l , as y o u r had, Commissioners must, however, reiterate

and c o n t i n u e r e i t e r a t i n g t h e m if t h e y h o p e f o r success in b r i n g ing t o t h e n o t i c e of of the e v i l of Para. 9 2 (partthose concerned the e x t r e m e seriousness overstocking." of).-" Measures for combating animal dis Normally, outlook reduced of

eases h a v e l a r g e l y i n c r e a s e d t h e n u m b e r of c a t t l e . ing p o p u l a t i o n ; b u t the natives' non-economic

this should h a v e i n c r e a s e d t h e c a p a c i t y of t h e c o u n t r y f o r c a r r y cattle caused it t o h a v e a n o p p o s i t e e f f e c t . cattle." Para. 108 (part of)." Another by factor in the problem and goats, which these animals in of are steps re Overstocking even

the m i l k y i e l d , i n s p i t e o f a l a r g e i n c r e a s e i n t h e n u m b e r

overstocking i s r e p r e s e n t e d should b e t a k e n t o l i m i t serves." Para. 109 (part of)."

donkeys

very d e s t r u c t i v e of v e g e t a t i o n .

I t is m o s t d e s i r a b l e t h a t

t h e n u m b e r of

A n y scheme to deal with the prob marketing animals that econ is the I t is of n o u s e t r a n s f e r r i n g It

lem of o v e r s t o c k i n g w i l l h a v e t o f a c e t h e q u e s t i o n of the p r e s e n t s u r p l u s s t o c k . from one overstocked area to another.

is i m p e r a t i v e to the best

large n u m b e r s b e s l a u g h t e r e d a n d c o n v e r t e d omic u s e . " Para. appalling. 11G (part But at of)." their

T h e m a g n i t u d e of which will rapid present pace

the p r o b l e m itself, if towards on

the problem

present

reserves c o n t i n u e

desert

conditions, w i l l b e e v e n act, m u c h of t h e a b o v e e native reserves Us mutandis, of

g r e a t e r and m o r e Commission^ Africa might

appalling." overstocking been written, have

Beport

South

b y us w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e r e s e r v e s in K e n y a .

ON PART H I - C H A P T E R Xj

OVERSTOCKING

The Evidence of the Veterinnry Department in Kenya. Tho View of Sir Daniel Hall'8 Commission.

1 9 9 5 . T h e m e m o r a n d u m a n d e v i d e n c e of the Chief Veterinarv O f f i c e r arid A s s i s t a n t C h i e f V e t e r i n a r y Officer on the subject, in bi f o u n d in t h e E v i d e n c e , is w o r t h y of s t u d y . 1 9 9 0 . I n t h e f o l l o w i n g e x t r a c t s f r o m i h e R e p o r t of the A y i c u l t u r a l C o m m i s s i o n , p r e s i d e d o v e r b y Sic D a n i e l H a l l , K.C.B. D L . D . , F . R . S . , t h e r e is e v i d e n c e of w h a t so distinguished ani a u t h o r i t y t h o u g h t of t h e c o n d i t i o n s p r e v a i l i n g in K e n y a in 1929 : Para. 1 1 7 . " O f t h e n a t i v e l i v e stock, the goats consti t u t e p r o b a b l y t h e g r e a t e s t d a n g e r . T h e y not o n l y g r a z e closer b u t t h e y a t t a c k shrubs a n d y o u n g t r e e s on t h e h i g h e r land, mid so d e s t r o y t h e scrub a n d f o r e s t w h i c h should regulate tin' re t e n t i o n of w a t e r b y t h e soil a n d p r e v e n t t h e starting of dan g e r o u s e r o s i o n . I t w i l l be r e m e m b e r e d that to the goat more t h a n a n y t h i n g ' else m a y b e a t t r i b u t e d t h e -deforestation ol G r e e c e a n d o t h e r M e d i t e r r a n e a n d i s t r i c t s , w h e r e the former! soil h a s b e e n c o m p l e t e l y w a s h e d a w a y , c r e a t i n g on the one h a n d a b a r e h i l l s i d e , a n d o n t h e o t h e r s w a m p s in the valleys." Para. 1 1 8 . " T h i s p r o c e s s is g o i n g ou in K e n y a , and will in t h e e n d d e p r i v e t h e n a t i v e p e o p l e s of m u c h of their means of sustenance. I t is n e c e s s a r y to t a k e in h a n d at once the rediic t i o n in t h e n u m b e r s of l i v e s t o c k k e p t by the natives. Though t h e u l t i m a t e s o l u t i o n c a n o n l y b e o b t a i n e d b y the education of t h e n a t i v e to treat his l i v e stock as a m e a n s of producing fooi it w i l l in s o m e cases b e n e c e s s a r y t o a p p l y i m m e d i a t e com put s i o n to g e t t h e n a t i v e s t o p a r t w i t h t h e stock that are in excess of w h a t t h e l a n d w i l l c a r r y . T h e c o n d i t i o n s tire not the same in a l l t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e s , a n d t h e C o m m i s s i o n proposes to treat them separately." Para. 1 2 1 (part of; re Ukamba)." I t is not too much to! s a y t h a t a d e s e r t h a s a l r e a d y b e e n c r e a t e d w h e r e g r a z i n g for m e r l y w a s g o o d , a n d w h e r e e v e n c u l t i v a t i o n e x i s t e d , and tha t h e s a m e d e s e r t c o n d i t i o n s a r e s t e a d i l y a p p r o a c h i n g tho land at present carrying stock and cultivation. The droughts of ilie past t w o seasons h a v e i n t e n s i f i e d t h e r a t e of destruction and to the extent that and we do not:

are causing great disturbance in the t r i b e . " Overstocking may yet be remedied. 1998. "We believe that K e n y a overstocking is of comparatively is f o r t u n a t e recent growth,

consider the d a m a g e already d o n e t o be irreparable. T h i s f a c t is p e r h a p s o n e of t h e s t r o n g e s t a r g u m e n t s which eanj b e f o u n d in f a v o u r of p r o m p t a c t i o n , w h i l e the evil is still capablej of b e i n g r e m e d i e d .

B u t the Problem is Grave and Urgent.

1 9 9 9 . I n m a k i n g t h e f o r e g o i n g q u o t a t i o n s , w e wish to reinforce] o u r o w n s t r o n g c o n c l u s i o n s t h a t t h e p r o b l e m of overstocking is grave: a n d u r g e n t , a n d t h a t u n l e s s i m m e d i a t e and decisive steps are takes

562
ON
-CHAPTER X]

OVERSTOCKING

iiiibat t h i s e v e r - i n c r e a s i n g e v i l , m a n y of t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e s w i l l -trievably ruined and their inhabitants of reduced to a state * on s t a r v a t i o n . The process denudation and destruc

oiive s t a r t e d , c o n t i n u e s a t an e v e r - i n c r e a s i n g r a t e as t h e s t o c k ply at c o m p o u n d i n t e r e s t , a n d t h e l o n g e r firm a c t i o n is d e l a y e d ater will be the difficulty and expense of restoring the It solved, the Natives and the Colony will be Wealthy.. . to p r o s p e r i t y . jOOO. B u t t h e r e is a n o t h e r s i d e to t h e p i c t u r e w h i c h w e p r e f e r -age. T h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e s of K e n y a c o n t a i n s o m e of t h e drying land in the w o r l d , and should be c a p a b l e , n o t o n l y ividing a m p l e s u p p l i e s of m e a t a n d m i l k f o r t h e i r i n h a b i t a n t s , o of e x p o r t i n g l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s of d a i r y p r o d u c e . T h i s w o u l d not o n l y t o t h e i r o w n w e a l t h b u t a l s o t o t h e w e a l t h o f t h e of w h i c h t h e y a r e a p a r t . T h e potential w o r k i n g capital d e v e l o p m e n t of these estates is present in the shape of stock a n d the a n n u a l i n c r e a s e . I f t h e s e e s t a t e s w e r e p r o v e l o p e d , a n d t h e r e v e n u e , or p a r t of i t , a c c r u i n g f r o m t h e (I of surplus s t o c k a p p l i e d t o t h e i r b e t t e r m e n t in t h e s h a p e tor w a t e r s u p p l y , f e n c i n g , d i p p i n g , and all t h e o t h e r i m p r o v e with w h i c h the i n t e l l i g e n t E u r o p e a n f a r m e r d e v e l o p s his the f u t u r e of t h e s e r e s e r v e s i s i n d e e d b r i g h t . T h e l a n d s w o u l d irry e v e n m o r e s t o c k t h a n t h e y d o n o w , a n d of a b e t t e r , producing w e a l t h for the n a t i v e i n h a b i t a n t s . Xtl. ally The disastrous be money losses which from of he the now drought past; which now to occur natives buy be free the so that letter,

would

memories

the

pastoral which the

then h a v e

lacks w i t h

from his a g r i c u l t u r a l miservalion intent of ;ded;

kinsman, All

who, this

in h i s t u r n , w o u l d promote and are the

i obtain c h e a p a n i m a l f e r t i l i z e r n of. h i s l a n d s . "tion of m o n e y in and between Government,

products for would which reserves as

renovation

encourage at present feel in t h e could

the subsidiary and the

industries

trustees,

sere c a r r y i n g o u t t h e i r t r u s t , n o t o n l y as n o w the true s p i r i t of h o n e s t guardians.

(12. I n v i e w of t h e r e m a r k s w h i c h h e r e f o l l o w , a n d l e s t a n y W h a t ^ - . ' . Administrative mild c o n s t r u e t h e m as in a n y w a y r e f l e c t i n g o n the officers Officers have 'ilile for t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e s , w e d e s i r e done. tribute t o t h e w o r k w h i c h
1

t h e y h a v e d o n e , and are and his land. They have

doing, been funds, peculiar

betterment

of

the

native

apped b y t h e n o v e l t y a n d s t r a n g e n e s s of t h e c o n d i t i o n s in a m r a p i d l y d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r y a n d b y t h e a b s e n c e of l fiain a d i s t r i c t i n h a b i t e d b y o n e t r i b e , w i t h i t s o w n agencies of t h e S e r v i c e o f t e n d e m a n d t h e t r a n s f e r e n c e of an

ON
PART I I I C H A P T E R X]

OVERSTOCKING

p r o b l e m s a n d l a n g u a g e , t o a n o t h e r w i t h e n t i r e l y different custom a n d l a n g u a g e , b e f o r e h e h a s h a d a c h a n c e of l e a r n i n g t h e problem of t h e p e o p l e . 2003. ment any done such Since the G r e a t W a r , it has b e e n difficult for Govern t o l a y d o w n a s t e a d y , c o n t i n u o u s p o l i c y of d e v e l o p m e n t fo I n a l l t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s , i t is r e m a r k a b l e tha made, and and T h e ability credit to for who the what lias beei go to the D i s t r i c t Officers and h a v e displays agricultural progress must untiring has b e e n devotion

the n a t i v e reserves. largely

t e c h n i c a l staff

w h o h a v e assisted and advised

them.

2 0 0 4 . U n l e s s , h o w e v e r , in a m a t t e r w h i c h so c l o s e l y affects ;hj Need for a Definite Policy n a t i v e as d e s t o c k i n g , a c l e a r a n d d e f i n i t e p o l i c y is laid down bj of Destoekinp;. h e a d q u a r t e r s , a n d an officer c a n b e assured of t h e fullest supped a n d s y m p a t h y in w h a t w i l l b e a t first a t h a n k l e s s and most difficul t a s k , t h e r e m a y b e a n a t u r a l i n c l i n a t i o n to m i n i m i z e the evil, the h o p e s t h a t m a t t e r s m a y last o u t his t i m e , and A pre,? moi deluge. R e a l i z i n g t h i s , w c r e c o r d o u r o p i n i o n t h a t a n y policy d e s t o c k i n g s h o u l d b e o n e l a i d d o w n b y G o v e r n m e n t on compr h e n s i v e l i n e s , a n d m u s t h a v e as its m a i n c o n s i d e r a t i o n the fa that t h e r e is a d e f i n i t e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e area of t h e land and tl stock w h i c h it can s u p p o r t . U n l e s s t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p is constant b o r n e in m i n d , a n d t h e p r i n c i p l e a d h e r e d t o , e v e n further deterior tion of b o t h t h e l a n d a n d t h e q u a l i t y of t h e stock is i n e v i t a b l e . 2 0 0 5 . I n a c o u n t r y s u c h a s K e n y a , w h e r e t h e n a t i v e looks i It will at first i be unpopular. his s t o c k as c u r r e n c y , a n d n o t as a p r o d u c t i v e asset, and whe mere numbers count far more than quality, where, in fact, t question of s t o c k is i n t e r w o v e n i n e v e r y d i r e c t i o n w i t h the nati

h a b i t s a n d c u s t o m s , t h e s o l u t i o n of t h e p r o b l e m is indeed diliicu R a d i c a l a n d drastic a t t a c k s o n d e e p - r o o t e d c u s t o m s are repugna to t h e g e n e r a l p r i n c i p l e s of B r i t i s h A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , and may ev lead t o unrest and r e s e n t m e n t a m o n g the natives concerned. Its Urgency -has been frequently pressed on *Governmont. 2006. W e overstocking hides and cultural the tion 1926. taken Kamba w o u l d p o i n t o u t t h a t t h e u r g e n c y of action agail has been pressed on Government for many Hails veal An

A C o m m i t t e e to i n q u i r e i n t o t h e disposal of surplus live stock aj skins w a s appointed of overstocking Ordinance in 1 9 2 7 . in native Sir Daniel reserves, The the C o m m i s s i o n , w h i c h r e p o r t e d in 1 9 2 9 , laid great stress especially Crop Trod R e s e r v e , and Stock For made recommendations. w a s p u t on

seriousness and L i v e

Statute Book

v a r i o u s r e a s o n s , this O r d i n a n c e has not been put i mentioned.

o p e r a t i o n , e x c e p t in m i n o r d e t a i l s , a n d n o e f f e c t i v e action has bffl to i m p l e m e n t " t h e r e p o r t s just

56
O N [II-CHAPTER X] OVERSTOCKING

2007. A s w e h a v e a l r e a d y s t a t e d , w c a r e f u l l y a l i v e t o t h e ;ulties of the s i t u a t i o n c a u s e d b y t h e d e e p - r o o t e d n a t i v e c o n ion o f s t o c k as t h e o n l y s o u r c e Of w e a l t h , b o u n d u p as i t is the r e l i g i o u s s i g n i f i c a n c e w h i c h i s a t t a c h e d t o t h e m . 2008. W e a l s o f u l l y a p p r e c i a t e h o w m u c h b e t t e r it w o u l d b e if natives c o u l d b e m a d e t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r d e king, a n d if t h e G o v e r n m e n t c o u l d g e t t h e i r s u p p o r t f o r such

Our o/ tj^ * Difficulties,

I c i a t

o n

licy.
'009. I t h a s b e n u r g e d t h a t t h e o n l y c o u r s e in t h i s c o n n e x i o n wait until, by a process of e d u c a t i o n , the n a t i v e s ' consent has w o n ; b u t w e a r e c o n v i n c e d t h a t , e x c e p t p o s s i b l y in t h e case le of t h e m o r e a d v a n c e d t r i b e s , such c o n s e n t w o u l d n o t b e lined for m a n y y e a r s , and p r o b a b l y n o t for o n e or t w o g e n c r a :, by w h i c h l i m e t h e p r o g r e s s i v e r u i n a t i o n of p a s t u r e l a n d s deterioration a stage 2010. T h e ject of that fact in t h e q u a l i t y any action large that of the stock w o u l d h a v e too late. cattle are the in of an interest of native reached would several come

numbers

trusts, whereunder

persons have

beast, in i t s e l f taken k i n d n e s s

precludes the possibility for years to c o m e to await the t i m e so b r i n g when the almost

lining c o n s e n t to t h e c u l l i n g of s t o c k .

I t i s , in o u r o p i n i o n , a inevitable hundreds to the cycles

irrenco of d r o u g h t a n d p e s t i l e n c e w i l l t a k e i t s t o l l of housands of a n i m a l s a n d grazed pastures, only to a temporary again by be f o l l o w e d disease.

respite dreary

iverstocking a n d e p i d e m i c s of 2011. W e lnnand, that

t h e r e f o r e r e c o m m e n d , w i t h all the e m p h a s i s at our action be taken with the least possible delay to unremittingly

Tho Urgency
t o r

Action,

jgurate t h e c u l l i n g of s u r p l u s s t o c k a n d t o p u r s u e

niicy of c o n t r o l l i n g t h e c a t t l e p o p u l a t i o n w i t h i n t h e l i m i t s w h i c h I grazing facilities a v a i l a b l e f r o m t i m e to t i m e d i c t a t e . 2012. W e leticable. should This make no is such r e c o m m e n d a t i o n already upon shared will by fall if we of were the of the
T b o

satisfied t h a t , in lor a d m i n i s t r a t i v e

spite of officers

a l l t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s , s u c h a c o u r s e is several the whom burden

Piaetihilifef proposals,

opinion

ug that the t a s k i s c a r r i e d o u t .

T h e y r e a l i z e t h a t such m e a s u r e s

not b e p o p u l a r , a n d m a y c a u s e s t r a i n e d r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n Justified, a n d , as o n e of them has stated, whenever

piiiistratiou and t h e n a t i v e s , but t h e y feel that n o other course droughts the and llie jir and steps h a v e t o b e t a k e n t o c o n f i n e continue t o a r i s e , b u t Jition. carries w i t h it the cattle within of

pularies set t o t h e t r i b e s , a s i m i l a r s i t u a t i o n a l r e a d y a r i s e s no amelioration

ON PAHT I I I C H A P T E K X ]

OVERSTOCKING

' '' ....

201-1. B e f o r e s e t t i n g out our p r o p o s a l s , w h i c h follow in b r o j o u t l i n e t h o s e w h i c h h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n m a d e in the R e p o r t s to wind w e h a v e a l l u d e d , t h e r e a r e o n e o r t w o f u r t h e r p o i n t s w h i c h we wisl to emphasize. T h e r e i s n o s t a g e of t h e o p e r a t i o n s reconimendeT a t w h i c h t h e f o o d s u p p l i e s of t h e pastoral t r i b e s w i l l he d e t r i m e n t a l ! a f f e c t e d . T h e y w i l l t h r o u g h o u t h a v e a d e q u a t e supplies of meat a i j b l o o d , and the m i l k available, w i l l n e v e r he d i m i n i s h e d but wil progressively augmented. T h e a m o u n t of stock available for m a r r i a g e t r a n s a c t i o n w i l l f o r t h e t i m e b e i n g he less, hut will a h v a i b e g r e a t l y in e x c e s s of t h a t w h i c h t h e y h a d in the early days of c e n t u r y , a n d w i l l l a t e r i n c r e a s e b y d e g r e e s until it exceeds t i l p r e s e n t a m o u n t . F r o m t h e b e g i n n i n g t h e i r actual material positiol w i l l be i m p r o v e d , e v e n t h o u g h t h e y r e c e i v e o n l y four or five shilling f o r e a c h b e a s t w h i c h is c u l l e d .

Proposals for Amelioration. Demonstration

or

2014. W e remedying

n o w turn to t h e p r o p o s a l s w h i c h the present dangerous situation.

w e have to makj

2015. W e c o n s i d e r g e n e r a l l y that t h e m e r e addition of mot l a n d t o t h e r e s e r v e s w ' o u l d d o l i t t l e t o s o l v e the problem, thouu i n c e r t a i n c a s e s s o m e a d d i t i o n s a r e necessary upon economi g r o u n d s a n d i n o r d e r t h a t r e c o n d i t i o n i n g of the devastated area m a y be undertaken. T h e i d e a l t o b e a i m e d at is to educate th n a t i v e s in b e t t e r m e t h o d s of a n i m a l h u s b a n d r y , in the econonii u s e of t h e i r l a n d a n d s t o c k , a n d to b r i n g h o m e to them by ever p o s s i b l e m e a n s t h e c a l a m i t o u s r e s u l t s o f o v e r s t o c k i n g , both in thei o w n i n t e r e s t s a n d t h o s e of t h e c o u n t r y at l a r g e . 2016. A l t h o u g h recommend more that it intensively (which to the such he education We in our has not think been neglected, w widely am traininj

pressed hitherto. so far, of

forward

persistently,

than have,

t h a t a. great deal eai given insulin iea

be done b y teaching and demonstration centres attention question

a t t h e veterinary opinion, by boundary

overstocking),

fem-inM

b u s h f e n c i n g , p a d d o e k i n g , r e s t i n g of g r a z i n g g r o u n d s , recondition i n g , a n d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of such s y s t e m s as t h e kisesc Kamba. and We believe also that much through can the m i n i s t r a t i v e T officers tribal working Local The amongst thi Coiim.il] officer! he, accomplished by adfl Native veterinary

authorities, by

agricultural

officers,

and even by the Education l a n d , a n d at t h e s a m e their of cattle.

Department.

natives must learj

t o l i m i t t h e n u m b e r s of t h e i r stock to t h e c a r r y i n g capacity of till time improve grazing, should outlook t h e l a n d and the quality ol its resultant be the made natives inequalities till then Communal with also of

s h o u l d b e c o n t r o l l e d , a n d t h e s y s t e m g r a d u a l l y superseded by oiil private tenure. and Efforts religious to change towards superstitious

s t o c k , a n d t o p e r s u a d e t h e m t o r e g a r d t h e m m o r e as an economiJ

564
ON
i III-CHAPTER X]

OVEU.STOri.KING

;t.

T h e establishment of m e a t m a r k e t s and butcheries should b e n a t i v e s t o i n c l u d e m e a t as an article

:

red w i t h a v i e w t o e n c o u r a g i n g nary of the their diet. of the

2017 . B u t , as w e h a v e c l e a r l y s a i d , and as h a s b e e n so s t r o n g l y iliasized in Report South African Economic Com opinion to land, tribes, direct with Bush Clearing.
r

ssion of 1 9 3 0 - 3 2 , it is a race; a g a i n s t t i m e , a n d w e a r c of front t h e i r r e p a r a b l e (jit p o s s i b l y among ii as t h e K a m b a limits m u s t , w e destruction one or t w o of of

the a b o v e m e t h o d s of t h e m s e l v e s c a n n o t t a k e e f f e c t in t i m e l a r g e a r e a s of g r a z i n g the m o r e p r o g r e s s i v e Other and more

of M a c h a k o s

District.

consider, also be carried out concurrently

it of e d u c a t i o n in t h e p r o p e r m a n a g e m e n t of l i v e s t o c k . 201.8. T h e p r e v a l e n c e of t s e t s e - f l y , c a r r y i n g t r y p a n o s o m i a s i s lie o v e r t a r g e a r e a s o f m a n y o f the n a t i v e r e s e r v e s , is an : factor in connexion grazing with land overstocking. well Such areas land) ;clt v a l u a b l e (as as a g r i c u l t u r a l in

import contain which

mot b e u s e d f o r d e p a s t u r i n g c a t t l e , w h i l e t h e r e is o v e r - c o n c e n t r a i of stock in o i l i e r p a r t s of t h e r e s e r v e s . 'A)19. B u s h c l e a r i n g f o r ease t h e be r e s t e d . 2020. W e 'of the ich, we r e c o m m e n d t h a t an e x t e n s i v e c a m p a i g n f o r t h e c l e a r areas b e u n d e r t a k e n , and that the measures, have met with considerable success in studied. t h e q u e s t i o n of " f l y " , in order that to h a v e seen thorn is also and is of Ap previ scrub devoid in of the reserves We areas w h i c h cattle. improve years fly-infested overstocking the eradication would of fly would do available much further

problem,

render

lensivo a r e a s of g r a z i n g , a n d so e n a b l e o t h e r p a r t s o f t h e r e s e r v e s

understand,

attanyika T e r r i t o r y , b e -i n e c e s s a r y in m a n y

2021. B u s h c l e a r i n g , a p a r t f r o m tease t h e a v a i l a b l e g r a z i n g . id I v s p r e a d i n g -s and useless over many for

were a few Figures

open g r a s s y p l a i n s , but w h i c h a r e n o w depasturing

practically

quoted

lix N o . 11 s h o w t h a t v e r y s u b s t a n t i a l r e s u l t s c o u l d b e o b t a i n e d by a c o m p a r a t i v e l y s m a l l l a b o u r f o r c e , if t h e effort organized. 2022. E o r inly d e v o t e d . restrictions. been v e r y many itself years to past, the Veterinary of the Department of has stock in Quarantine gnd stock the of question native eradication have been is c o n d u c t e d

flses, a n d a c o r o l l a r y o f t h i s h a s b e e n t h e i m p o s i t i o n of Most the reserves

quaran kept

lost p e r p e t u a l q u a r a n t i n e ; t h e sale of c a t t l e o u t s i d e such r e s e r v e s m u c h restricted, and the o v e r s t o c k i n g accentuated. It is futile problem the has, time ictisequence, b e e n t o tell natives

t they h a v e t o o m a n y c a t t l e f o r t h e l a n d a n d a t t h e s a m e hibit o r h a m p e r m o v e m e n t t o t h e m a r k e t s .

ON PART IIICHAPTER X ]

OVERSTOCKING

2023. I n the above c o n n e x i o n , w e w o u l d quote the follow!., e x t r a c t ( p a r a . 84) f r o m t h e R e p o r t of t h e K e n y a A g r i c u l t u r a l C o m . m i s s i o n , 1929 : " T h e C o m m i s s i o n , h o w e v e r , d o u b t s w h e t h e r the quaran t i n e r e g u l a t i o n s h a v e b e e n successful or e v e n can be properly e n f o r c e d , h a v i n g r e g a r d to t h e p r e s e n c e of n a t i v e - o w n e d cattle in c l o s e p r o x i m i t y to E u r o p e a n s e t t l e m e n t s . M e a n t i m e , ir j u n d o u b t e d t h a t t h e r e s t r i c t i o n of m o v e m e n t does impose a grave h a n d i c a p u p o n t h e p r o g r e s s of t h e stock i n d u s t r y . M a n y com p e t e n t w i t n e s s e s h a v e m a i n t a i n e d to t h e C o m m i s s i o n that thei w o u l d b e b e t t e r a b l e to p r o s e c u t e t h e i r business if the quaran t i n e r e g u l a t i o n s w e r e a b o l i s h e d . T h e y c o n s i d e r that they would run n o m o r e risks of d i s e a s e , w h e r e a s t h e y w o u l d be able tc o b t a i n a n d t o sell c a t t l e on b e t t e r t e r m s .
s

'

" T h e C o m m i s s i o n r e c o m m e n d s t h a t the quarantine re f i l i a t i o n s should r e c e i v e c o n s i d e r a t i o n , in w h i c h the needs the i n d u s t r y for f r e e r m o v e m e n t and m o r e markets shoult r e c e i v e c a r e f u l a t t e n t i o n . I n p a r t i c u l a r , the Commission eon s i d e r s t h a t t h e p r o v i s i o n of s t o c k r o a d s , w h e r e b y the settleri c o u l d o b t a i n b r e e d i n g c a t t l e f r o m , for e x a m p l e , the Northen F r o n t i e r , should b e f a c i l i t a t e d . "
0

2 0 2 4 . W e h a v e n o i n f o r m a t i o n as to the measures taken ti i m p l e m e n t t h e a b o v e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s , but t h e fact remains tha m o s t of t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e s a r e s t i l l in q u a r a n t i n e for cattle, and ni p r o v i s i o n a p p e a r s to h a v e b e e n m a d e f o r stock roads. 2025. I n " o u r o p i n i o n , it is, m o s t n e c e s s a r y such movement. to p e r m i t of free

. m o v e m e n t of c a t t l e f r o m

the n a t i v e r e s e r v e s , and to provide Mod

routes in order to facilitate Stock T a x . 2026. T h e imposition though he regarded

of a s t o c k t a x has m u c h to recommeni from the point of view of taxatio

i t , a n d h a s t h e s u p p o r t of so e m i n e n t an a u t h o r i t y as L o r d Moynt it m o r e t h a n f r o m t h a t of o v e r s t o c k i n g . t a x has h i t h e r t o precluded under present conditions. European even millions stock are farmers comparatively small the B u t t h e a b s e n c e of markets for tit

l a r g e n u m b e r of c a t t l e w h i c h w o u l d h a v e to be sofd to realize tha its i n t r o d u c t i o n , a n d , even if sulhcier We of h a v e h a d e v i d e n c e f r o m experience difficulties of of accurately when great very countk seven indeei c a t t l e , and become m a r k e t s w e r e a v a i l a b l e , s e v e r a l f a c t o r s m i l i t a t e against its succei the

numbers difficulties

involved

C o n s t a n t m o v e m e n t i n s e a r c h of g r a z i n g , and t h e n a t i v e method i k e e p i n g h i s s t o c k in s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t p l a c e s , o f t e n w i d e l y separate! are other factors against accurate assessment. We think also th: t h o n a t i v e w o u l d g e n e r a l l y p r e f e r to sell a small number of his bei

ON JI I I I C H A P T E R X]

OVERSTOCKING

x'k at a g o o d p r i c e t h a n a l a r g e n u m b e r of i n f e r i o r stock at a p o o r je, and so its effect on the overstocking problem might be iligible.

-2027. W e w o u l d n o t , h o w e v e r , r u l e o u t t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n of a o tax i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e , a n d w e c o n s i d e r t h a t i t w i l l b e p o s s i b l e k introduce i t i n t h e n o t v e r y r e m o t e f u t u r e , b u t it w o u l d n o t be ised d i r e c t l y to deal w i t h t h e o v e r s t o c k i n g p r o b l e m a n d w o u l d .ayable i n c a s h . W e h a v e a d v o c a t e d a s y s t e m of c u l l i n g in t h e [owing p a r a g r a p h , b u t w e t h i n k t h a t t h e t i m e is n o t v e r y f a r ant w h e n i t m a y b e s u p e r s e d e d b y a s t o c k t a x . W h i l e t h e r e f o r e are d o u b t f u l of t h e p r a c t i c a b i l i t y of a s t o c k t a x or i t s a d e q u a c y solving t h e o v e r s t o c k i n g p r o b l e m u n d e r p r e s e n t c o n d i t i o n s , w o lid r e c o m m e n d c o n s i d e r a t i o n of its i n t r o d u c t i o n its e a r l y as sible. W e w o u l d f u r t h e r r e c o m m e n d , s h o u l d if b e i m p o s e d , : ilte r e v e n u e d e r i v e d f r o m it b e e m p l o y e d f o r t h e b e n e f i t of t h e ;ives.
t

-2028. T h e winced in j stock. It

Crop

Production

and

Live

Stock

Ordinance as

was

1926, but has never

been put

into force

regards number, area: stock;

p r o v i d e s f o r t h e d e f i n i n g or l i m i t i n g of t h e the improvement of of the quality of the

i, a g e s a n d s e x e s of t h e l i v e s t o c k t o b o c a r r i e d o n a n y promoting I for t h e live stock. disposal are of surplus and that undesirable live the Ordinance

2029. W e

opinion

is an

excellent

. and w o u l d r e c o m m e n d its a p p l i c a t i o n , i n t h e first i n s t a n c e , on national l i n e s , as soon as t h e n e c e s s a r y m a r k e t s f o r m e a t , b l o o d bone p r o d u c t s , e t c . , w h i c h ph, a r e a v a i l a b l e . 2030. W e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h e O r d i n a n c e s h o u l d b e a p j j l i e d g r a d u , and be e m p l o y e d p r i m a r i l y i u t h e a r e a s in w h i c h devastation methods irrepar that iking p l a c e m o s t r a p i d l y a n d w h e r e p u r e l y e d u c a t i o n a l likely t o b e s l o w i n t h e i r e f f e c t a n d u n l i k e l y t o p r e v e n t ' d a m a g e t o the l a n d w i t h i n a s h o r t 2031. I n t h e first y e a r or t w o period. will be d i s c u s s e d i n a l a t e r para

therefore, w e recommend

ing u n d e r t h e O r d i n a n c e b e l i m i t e d t o a l l l a m e , b l i n d , w o r n o u t , repit a n i m a l s of l i t t l e or n o v a l u e as f o o d o r i n c a p a b l e of b r e e d i n g iekling m i l k . materially e the iindant aid b e c o m e male opposite We realize that this w o u l d , in the initial ihe number In and more of stock, but might, be succeeding severe, generally years, however, and applied beasts. uneconomic stage, culling to till The to reduce possibly,

effect.

progressively animals

ives s h o u l d b e g i v e n t h e o p p o r t u n i t y of s e l l i n g i n a m e a t f slaughtering and eating any animals

market

w h i c h i t is d e c i d e d

, but s h o u l d t h e y be u n w i l l i n g t o d o s o , or t h e n u m b e r s r e n d e r

ON PART H I - C H A P T E R X]

OVERSTOCKING

t h i s p r o h i b i t i v e , t h e r e s p o n s i b l e officer should kill the a n i m a l s bur sell', or t h r o u g h a g e n t s , i f t h e i r c o n d i t i o n r e n d e r s this c o m a b l e , or r e m o v e t h e m t o t h e n e a r e s t m a r k e t or f e r t i l i z e r factor^ I n t h e l a t t e r c a s e , t h e o w n e r w o u l d b e p a i d t h e e s t i m a t e d value t h e a n i m a l , e i t h e r in c a s h or b y m e a n s of a ticket redeemable t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r s office. W e w o u l d suggest that, p o s s i b l e , an a r r a n g e m e n t s h o u l d b e m a d e w i t h the natives t h a t p e r c e n t a g e of t h e p r i c e p a i d f o r all a n i m a l s should be credited t h e N a t i v e B e t t e r m e n t F u n d , or to a fund for r e c o n d i t i o n i n g , pa] d o c k i n g , f e n c i n g and g e n e r a l i m p r o v e m e n t s in the r e l a t i v e reserve! Fertilizer Factory. 2 0 3 2 . I t is c l e a r t h a t , e v e n w i t h t h e moderate, d e g r e e of cullit p r o p o s e d in t h e i n i t i a l s t a g e s , t h e t o t a l n u m b e r of stock to slaughtered would be very considerable. T h e n u m b e r of natij c a t t l e h a s b e e n e s t i m a t e d b y t h e C h i e f V e t e r i n a r y Officer at si m i l l i o n h e a d , a n d w e d o n o t t h i n k t h a t t h i s is v e r y wide of m a r k . A s s u m i n g that c u l l i n g m e a s u r e s w e r e applied to half thj n u m b e r to the e x t e n t of 7-J- p e r c e n t of t h e m (a very modern! f i g u r e ) , i t w o u l d m e a n t h a t 225,000 a y e a r w o u l d have to s l a u g h t e r e d , a n d m a n y of t h e m w o u l d b e u n s a l e a b l e or unfit fl h u m a n c o n s u m p t i o n . T h i s b r i n g s us to t h e q u e s t i o n of a fertili?! f a c t o r y f o r t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of b l o o d a n d b o n e m e a l , subsidinl a c t i v i t i e s s u c h a s c u r i n g a n d t a n n i n ' h i d e s , a n d , if possible, tl l i e of f r e s h o r d r i e d m e a t . W i t h a n i m p r o v e m e n t in the world e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n s , t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of m e a t e x t r a c t for exp m i g h t also be 2033. W e factories must deal with the considered. wdsh to emphasize that, in our opinion, fen b e an e s s e n t i a l c o r o l l a r y overstocking of a n y measures taken;

p r o b l e m , a n d in this c o n n e x i o n won] 1929 :factory must At be established, water preferal improbaM stoffl

q u o t e t h e f o l l o w i n g e x t r a c t ( p a r a g r a p h 126) f r o m the R e p o r t of t] Agricultural Commission, meat on B e f o r e s u c h a c t i o n c a n b e t a k e n , o n e preliminary st is e s s e n t i a l : A at some over point the stock the R a i l w a y , with facilities, to ta T h e live

t o fie c u l l e d .

t h e o u t s e t , it is proposition.

t h a t this f a c t o r y that w i l l

can be a paying

b e c u l l e d a r e of

such p o o r q u a l i t y and in so low Moreoq would the grea] and hie

c o n d i t i o n t h a t l i t t l e s a l e a b l e m e a t can b e o b t a i n e d . it is s t a t e d t h a t stock " p a r t of that The unsaleable. factory will therefore meat have to c o n v e r t fertilizer i t s -purchases i n t o extract, a considerable proportion of the meat

' m e a s l e s ' is so p r e v a l e n t a m o n g s t the. K a t

F r o m t h e e v i d e n c e t h e C o m m i s s i o n h a s r e c e i v e d , it is imprj a b l e t h a t t h e f a c t o r y w o u l d be a b l e t o p-ay for the cattle at value the native places upon t h e m . T h e M k a m b a considers,)

ON m IIICHAPTER X]

OVERSTOCKING

the n a t i v o w i t n e s s

stated,

that

all

cattle

are

of

equal

worth, knows

a n d , if h e h a s t o r a t e t h e m a s m o n e y , h e i s d i s p o s e d t o r e g a r d even t h e w o r s t s t a r v e l i n g as w o r t h t h e k i n d of p r i c e h e is b e i n g g i v e n for working o x e n or b e e f cattle."

2034. W e p r e f e r t o r e c o m m e n d a f e r t i l i z e r f a c t o r y , as i n d i c a t e d the p r e c e d i n g p a r a g r a p h , a n d s e e n o r e a s o n w h y i t s h o u l d n o t ia p a y i n g p r o p o s i t i o n . In t h e first p l a c e , t h e p r i c e p a i d f o r an limal w o u l d h a v e t o b e b a s e d o n its e c o n o m i c v a l u e , a n d w o u l d iihably a m o u n t t o a f e w s h i l l i n g s o n l y . Secondly, there would rtainly b e a l a r g e a n d i n c r e a s i n g d e m a n d f o r f e r t i l i z e r p r o d u c t s , lieh a r e n o w i m p o r t e d t o t h e a m o u n t of s o m e 2 , 5 0 0 i o n s a n n u a l l y , j t h i r d l y , t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of h i d e s for e x p o r t s h o u l d b e a p r o f i t a b l e idertaking, w h i l e i n c i d e n t a l l y b e n e f i t i n g t h a t i n d u s t r y . 2035. W h i l e t h e r e f o r e w e t h i n k n o loss s h o u l d be i n c u r r e d , w e iisider t h a t , if it w e r e , it S t a t e s u b s i d y w o u l d b e a m p l y j u s t i f i e d the c i r c u m s t a n c e s ; a s h a s b e e n s t a t e d , t h e q u e s t i o n is n o t w h e er the c o u n t r y can a f f o r d t o h a v e a m e a t f a c t o r y , b u t w d i e t h e r it n afford t o b e w i t h o u t o n e . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , i t is e s s e n t i a l it the i n t e r e s t s of t h e p r o d u c e r s h o u l d b e p r o t e c t e d a n d t h a t h e cmld b e p a i d as g o o d a p r i c e f o r h i s s t o c k as p o s s i b l e . T h i s p r i c e o u r opinion should d e p e n d on the prices r e a l i z e d for f e r t i l i z e r s , tich w o u l d h a v e t o b e fixed a t such r a t e s as w o u l d e n a b l e t h e m secure t h e wdiole of t h e E a s t A f r i c a n m a r k e t f o r t h e s e t y p e s of ttilizer. 2030. W e recommend something in the nature of a public be

ility c o m p a n y , o v e r w h i c h t h e S t a t e w o u l d e x e r c i s e a c o n s i d e r a b l e asure of c o n t r o l , a n d t h a t a c e r t a i n p e r c e n t a g e of t h e p r o f i t s dited t o t h e N a t i v e B e t t e r m e n t F u n d a n d e a r m a r k e d ility should be given to such a company, but if the i m p r o v e m e n t a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e p a s t o r a l a r e a s . none or iticed t o e s t a b l i s h a n d o p e r a t e t h e n e c e s s a r y f a c t o r y a we consider G o v e r n m e n t itself must step into the 2037. Tn the opinion areas cattle, by of many wituesses. numbers opinion the of exclusively Every can be

factories,

breach. caused goats, than to be be and there Q^J,''

damage and

the g r a z i n g Hi c o n s e q u e n t it caused te. The by

excessive with

sheep we are

denudation and

a n d soil e r o s i o n , is g r e a t e r that is a more difficult one,

even as

inclined

problem,

however,

aid p r o b a b l y n o t b e a m a r k e t f o r t h e l a r g e n u m b e r s it w o u l d :essary t o c u l l , a n d t h e i r v a l u e :y s m a l l . to a fertilizer factory would

A t a x w o u l d b e d i f f i c u l t , if n o t i m p o s s i b l e , t o assess or

brce, a n d w o u l d b e s t r o n g l y r e s e n t e d b y t h e n a t i v e s . S h e e p

its a r e , m o r e o v e r , v e r y n e c e s s a r y as a f o o d s u p p l y t o t h e n a t i v e s , 1 in m a n y a r e a s t h e y d o l i t t l e d a m a g e a n d a r e t h e o n l y l i v e s t o c k

ON PART I I I - C H A P T E R X ]

OVERSTOCKING

w h i c h t h r i v e s ; C u l l i n g m a y b e n e c e s s a r y i n c e r t a i n l o c a t i o n s , bu g e n e r a l l y w e w o u l d r e c o m m e n d t h a t steps b e t a k e n to con line then t o c e r t a i n a r e a s , w h e r e t h e y a r e u n l i k e l y t o cause serious d a m a g e . 2 0 3 8 . T h e e v i d e n c e of M r . T . J . 0 ' S h e a , a m e m b e r of Le"is: l a t i v e C o u n c i l , on t h e s u b j e c t of s q u a t t e r s a n d their stock is o i n t e r e s t a n d w o r t h y of c a r e f u l s t u d y . H e has reason to believ t h e r e a r e s o m e t h i n g l i k e a q u a r t e r o f a m i l l i o n of n a t i v e cattle oi E u r o p e a n f a r m s in t h e N z o i a P r o v i n c e a l o n e , and there are probabf a t l e a s t t h a t n u m b e r of s h e e p a n d g o a t s . T h e R e s i d e n t Nativ' L a b o u r e r s O r d i n a n c e , so far a s s t o c k is c o n c e r n e d , appears to be i d e a d l e t t e r ; t h e n u m b e r s k e p t on t h e f a r m s a r e o u t of all proportioi t o t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e n a t i v e s ; a s y s t e m o f " k a f t i r farming' i s p r e v a l e n t , a n d t h e a b u s e , as A i r . 0 ' S h e a has s a i d , far outweigh: a n y p o s s i b l e b e n e f i t . W e a r e in c o m p l e t e a g r e e m e n t w i t h the view: e x p r e s s e d b y h i m , a n d r e c o m m e n d t h a t a strict l i m i t a t i o n of the n u m b e r of s t o c k w h i c h r e s i d e n t l a b o u r e r s a r e a l l o w e d to have r.i the farms should b e imposed.
Squatters.

2039. W e excess squatter overstocking

fully

realize in

that

the return embarrass

en

niassc

of

all tin

stock to the

reserves w o u l d and

seriously the

increase tlit

problem

them

Administration

b u t a p o l i c y of l i m i t i n g

t h e n u m b e r s o n t h e f a r m s t o t h e economic

r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e n a t i v e s s h o u l d g r a d u a l l y a n d steadily be pursued c o n c u r r e n t l y w i t h t h a t of r e d u c i n g t h e n u m b e r s of u n e c o n o m i c stock in the reserves themselves. We do not consider it is a matter w h i c h should be left entirely Proposed Committee on tho Over stocking Question. to l o c a l opinion.

20-10. T h e m e a s u r e s w h i c h a r e n e c e s s a r y a n d desirable lo eon: b a t t h e e v i l of o v e r s t o c k i n g that broad we" h a v e the confined would matter lines, and b y n a t i v e s a r e so m a n y a n d so v a r i e d ! to c e r t a i n in greater recommendations c detail than w e hai t h a t a C o m m i t t e e be appointed I ourselves advise and

consider

further

found possible in our R e p o r t . Summary, I n b r i e f , o u r p r o p o s a l s a n d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s are as f o l l o w s : ( a ) T h a t e d u c a t i o n a n d p r o p a g a n d a i n t h e e c o n o m i c use of Ian a n d s t o c k i n t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e s b e pressed forward i w i d e l y a n d i n t e n s i v e l y as p o s s i b l e . (b) T h a t m e a s u r e s b e t a k e n t o c o r r e l a t e t h e stock to the avai a b l e g r a z i n g in t h e n a t i v e a r e a s . r e l a x a t i o n of t h e q u a r a n t i n e r e g u l a t i o n s , a n d the provision of s t o c k r o u t e s , b e i n v e s t i g a t e d . (rf) T h a t t h e i m p o s i t i o n o f a s t o c k stances permit be considered. tax us e a r l y as circun

( c ) T h a t t h e q u e s t i o n of a l l o w i n g f r e e r m o v e m e n t of stock b

ON
IB

OVERSTOCKING

T IIICHAPTER

X ]

(e) T h a t t h e p r i n c i p l e of c o m p u l s i o n in r e d u c i n g t h e n u m b e r s of s t o c k in a r e a s i n w h i c h t h e l a n d is b e i n g d e v a s t a t e d b y o v e r s t o c k i n g be a c c e p t e d , a n d t h a t t h e p r o v i s i o n s of t h e C r o p P r o d u c t i o n and L i v e Stock Ordinance be put into f o r c e in t h o s e a r e a s as s o o n as p r a c t i c a b l e . (/) T h a t i m m e d i a t e s t e p s be t a k e n f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t fertilizer factories, either by a public utility company directly b y G o v e r n m e n t , in such places as are d e e m e d be necessary. (g) of or to

T h a t r e g u l a t i o n s b e m a d e t o c o n t r o l t h e g r a z i n g of s h e e p a n d g o a t s , a n d r e s t r i c t t h e m t o c e r t a i n a r e a s in w h i c h t h e y a r e u n l i k e l y to c a u s e s e r i o u s d a m a g e t o t h e l a n d . T h a t s t e p s b e t a k e n t o l i m i t t h e n u m b e r s of s q u a t t e r s t o c k t o t h e a c t u a l r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e r e s i d e n t labourers in, a Committee be appointed to consider the matter

(h)

(j) T h a t

detail.

CHAPTER
T H E FINANCIAL

XL
OF OUE

ASPECT

RECOMMENDATIONS. M a i n I t e m s of x.non ure. 2 0 4 1 . O u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s , if c a r r i e d i n t o e f f e c t , w i l l involve c o n s i d e r a b l e e x p e n d i t u r e , w h i c h f a l l s u n d e r t h e f o l l o w i n g heads : (a) Direct, of which the following are some of tho main

items : ( 1 ) T h e p u r c h a s e of a l i e n a t e d l a n d . (2) Compensation to n a t i v e s i n respect of t h e i r r i g h t s under s e c t i o n S 6 o f t h e C r o w n L a n d s O r d i n a n c e , 1915. ( 3 ) C o m p e n s a t i o n t o d e t r i b a l i z e d n a t i v e s in r e s p e c t of their p r o p o s e d r e m o v a l f r o m c e r t a i n l o c a l i t i e s in w h i c h they a r e at present resident. ( 4 ) C o m p e n s a t i o n to c e r t a i n D o r o b o in r e s p e c t of their proposer! removal. (5) C o m p e n s a t i o n t o t h e N a n d i t r i b e in r e s p e c t of certain stand p r e m i a w h i c h w e r e w a i v e d in E i p k a r r e n and K a i m o s i . ( 6 ) T h e f e n c i n g of C h e m a t u m Meru. (S) L e a s i n g of certain f a r m s f o r the (10) T h e re-creation of Kamasia. of T i t l e s at the ( 9 ) K e n t in r e s p e c t of t h e K i n g ' s A f r i c a n R i f l e s lines at Meru. t h e office of R e c o r d e r Coast. T h e a p p r o x i m a t e e s t i m a t e o f t h e t o t a l u n d e r t h e s e heads ip s h o w n i n A p p e n d i x N o . 1 3 , a n d a m o u n t s t o d36,000 for capital c o s t s , i n c l u s i v e of t e n y e a r s ' e s t i m a t e d r e n t u n d e r i t e m S. Nearly d l l , 5 0 0 o f t h e c a p i t a l a m o u n t r e p r e s e n t s c o m p e n s a t i o n in respect of the the removal of natives by the from Alan Tigoni, Kithirioni, and Tinet Dorobo, Pangani, and for land occupied salt-lick.

( 7 ) T h e u p k e e p o f t h e s u p p l y f u r r o w t o t h e M o r a n i a furrow in

p a r t i a l e v a c u a t i o n of t h e s e t t l e m e n t at K i b i r a . which should more than cover the financial

T h e land so evacu-l costs of the com-'

a t e d w i l l b e a n a s s e t in t h e h a n d s of G o v e r n m e n t , t h e disposal of] pensation. T h e f i g u r e f o r r e c u r r e n t c o s t s u n d e r i t e m s ( 6 ) , ( 7 ) , ( 9 ) and (10) is e s t i m a t e d at 1,300. t h a t a t t h e e n d o f t e n y e a r s it m a y become T h e contingency

n e c e s s a r y t o r e n e w t h e l e a s e of t h e K a m a s i a f a r m s is n o t taken into a c c o u n t in t h e a b o v e e s t i m a t e .

ON HI-CHAITEU X I ]

T H E

FINANCIAL

ASPECT

An i n c i d e n t a l cost n o t i n c l u d e d in t h e e s t i m a t e is t h e c o s t of vcving t h e b o u n d a r i e s o f a d d i t i o n s t o t h e r e s e r v e s and of C A r e a s , in our o p i n i o n a r o u g h d e m a r c a t i o n b y a d m i n i s t r a t i v e officers inkl g e n e r a l l y b e all t h a t i s n e c e s s a r y , e x c e p t p o s s i b l y i n p a r t s Kikuyu.

lb) Indirect.Loss of p o t e n t i a l r e v e n u e ( s t a n d p r e m i a a n d its! caused b y s e t t i n g a s i d e f u r t h e r a r e a s f o r n a t i v e r e s e r v e s in i of o p e n i n g s u c h l a n d f o r s e t t l e m e n t . 2042. T h e p r a c t i c a b i l i t y o f t h e s e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s m u s t d e il to s o m e d e g r e e o n q u e s t i o n s of finance; therefore w e make following suggestions as t o h o w m o n e y for these projects m a y found a n d h o w t h e c o s t s h o u l d b e b o r n e . 2043. T h e K e n y a M i s s i o n a r y C o u n c i l , i n t h e i r m e m o r a n d u m , Responsibility stated : " T h e r e a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e e r r o r s of t h e p a s t l i e s Government :i the I m p e r i a l G o v e r n m e n t , a n d w h i l e m a n y of t h e s e e r r o r s e c o m m i t t e d w i t h o u t a n y w r o n g i n t e n t , but through i g n o r a n c e lack o f staff a n d r e s o u r c e s , y e t a d e f i n i t e o b l i g a t i o n of h o n o u r upon t h e I m p e r i a l G o v e r n m e n t t o e n d e a v o u r in e v e r y p o s s i b l e to s e c u r e e i t h e r a r e s t i t u t i o n o f a l i e n a t e d l a n d , o r , w h e r e t h i s so difficult or c o s t l y , a g r a n t i n g o f o t h e r l a n d , or of a d e q u a t e tetary c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r t h e i n j u s t i c e s clone in t h e p a s t . It ild be u n f a i r to l a y t h e w h o l e b u r d e n of t h i s o n t h e local G o v e r n it. w h i c h w o u l d m e a n t h a t t h e c o s t w o u l d b e b o r n e b y n a t i v e non-native a l i k e , and that this g e n e r a t i o n would h a v e to pay the f a u l t s of t h e p a s t . T h e l o c a l officials w e r e t h e s e r v a n t s of Imperial G o v e r n m e n t , a n d that G o v e r n m e n t should itself itlder t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y a n d m a k e p r o p e r r e p a r a t i o n i n e v e r y :ed c a s e . " 2044. W h i l e n o t e n d o r s i n g t h e w h o l e of t h i s c r i t i c i s m o f irnent, e s p e c i a l l y it by a c t s of the when it is t r u e at that m a n y a time finances as of t h e the what

been d o n e , w e t h i n k t h a t t h e r e i s c o n s i d e r a b l e f o r c e in t h e m a i n purchases in the Imperial in the payments w h i c h w e have recommended are occasioned when

Government opinion and

eminent w a s directly c o n t r o l l i n g the n local n o n - o f f i c i a l local G o v e r n m e n t , nees, t h e y weight that,

of t h e c o u n t r y , a n d the need for of this

w a s l i t t l e , if a t a l l , r e p r e s e n t e d inasmuch when it took over control on the assist

-nditure w a s n o t r e c o g n i z e d constituted that the

an u n d i s c l o s e d Imperial

liability

Govern in the re local

it. W e t h e r e f o r e t r u s t t h a t t h i s v i e w of t h e m a t t e r w i l l b e g i v e n and Government will ision o f t h e f u n d s n e c e s s a r y t o i m p l e m e n t mendations a n d t h e c o s t o f eminent to make good the balance and these particular the loss of

this C o m m i s s i o n , leaving the

potential

inue d u e t o t h e p r o p o s a l s f o r a d d i t i o n s t o t h e r e s e r v e s .

ON PAHT IIICHAVTKH XI]

THE

FINANCIAL

ASPECT

-Counter balancing Advantages.

2 0 4 5 . A s a set-off t o the e x p e n d i t u r e c a u s e d b y t h e appointmerl (if o u r C o m m i s s i o n a n d our r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s , w e c o n s i d e r that I t h e p o l i c y w e h a v e o u t l i n e d in c o n n e x i o n w i t h the p r o p e r use o f tlj l a n d b y t h e n a t i v e s a n d m a r k e t s f o r t h e i r surplus stock be carrief o u t , t h e i r p r o s p e r i t y a n d t h a t of t h e c o u n t r y g e n e r a l l y wil g r e a t l y e n h a n c e d , w i t h a c o n s e q u e n t i m p r o v e m e n t i n CovernmeiJ revenue. 2 0 4 6 . W e r e c o m m e n d t h a t e v e r y e n c o u r a g e m e n t should g i v e n t o a c o m p a n y o r c o m p a n i e s t o e s t a b l i s h and o p e r a t e fertilizi f a c t o r i e s w h i c h w o u l d o b v i a t e t h e n e c e s s i t y of c a p i t a l h a v i n g to found by the G o v e r n m e n t . B u t if t h i s b e f o u n d i m p r a c t i c a b l e , or if it be considered tin such f a c t o r i e s s h o u l d b e a G o v e r n m e n t c o n c e r n , t h e finding o f t necessary capital w o u l d then d e v o l v e on G o v e r n m e n t .

Fertilizer Factory.

Development Expenditure.

2 0 4 7 . W e h a v e t h r o u g h o u t o u r B e p o r t l a i d stress on the nee. s i t y f o r t h e p r o p e r u t i l i z a t i o n of l a n d in t h e n a t i v e reserves, a h a v e m a d e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w i t h r e g a r d to the need of the in p r o v e m e n t of w a t e r s u p p l i e s , f e n c i n g , c o m b a t i n g of soil e r o s i o i t h e e l i m i n a t i o n of t s e t s e - f l y , a n d t h e r e c o n d i t i o n i n g and conservi of l a n d , all of w h i c h w i l l i n v o l v e c a p i t a l a n d r e c u r r e n t expenditt w h i c h a r e n o t i n c l u d e d in s e c t i o n 2 0 4 1 a b o v e . 2 0 4 8 . W e c o n s i d e r t h a t m u c h of t h e e a r l y e x p e n d i t u r e could p r o p e r l y m e t b y t h e a l l o c a t i o n t o t h e s e p u r p o s e s of t h e sum of near .-50,000 w h i c h is o w i n g b y t h e I m p e r i a l E x c h e q u e r in respect u n c l a i m e d b a l a n c e s of p a y d u e to n a t i v e c a r r i e r s of the Milita: L a b o u r C o r p s , wdio d i e d o r d i s a p p e a r e d w h i l e e m p l o y e d in ti campaign against G e r m a n E a s t Africa. 2 0 4 9 . T h e p a y m e n t of. t h e d e b t h a s r e p e a t e d l y been urged 1 s u c c e s s i v e S e c r e t a r i e s of S t a t e f o r t h e C o l o n i e s f o r a period of twel' y e a r s , b u t h a s b e e n r e f u s e d b y t h e W a r Office a n d t h e Treasury 2050. T h e w h o l e p o s i t i o n is r e v i e w e d a t l e n g t h in Despatcl K e n y a , N o . 8 3 , of t h e 7 t h F e b r u a r y , 1 9 3 1 , f r o m t h e A c t i n g G o ] e r n o r of K e n y a t o t h e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e f o r t h e C o l o n i e s , which e m p h a t i c a l l y e n d o r s e d in D e s p a t c h , U g a n d a P r o t e c t o r a t e , N o . li of t h e 1 6 t h M a y , 1 9 3 1 , f r o m t h e G o v e r n o r of U g a n d a . W e si e n d e a v o u r t o s t a t e t h e p o s i t i o n , as i t a p p e a r s to u s , as shortly possible. 2 0 5 1 . A t t h e o u t b r e a k of t h e G r e a t W a r , f o r c e s had t o r a i s e d f o r t h e d e f e n c e of K e n y a a g a i n s t a t t a c k s f r o m G e r m a n IA f r i c a , a n d t h e n e c e s s a r y t r a n s p o r t h a d t o b e i m p r o v i s e d by ti e n r o l m e n t of n a t i v e p o r t e r s . 2 0 5 2 . T h e r e w e r e n e i t h e r t h e m e n n o r t h e t i m e to provide; p r o p e r o r g a n i z a t i o n f o r r e g i s t e r i n g t h e m e n e n r o l l e d ; it was vil

Money owing to Carriers of the Military Labour Corps.

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2053. I n such c i r c u m s t a n c e s , n o a d e q u a t e s y s t e m f o r t h e f u t u r e ndication of e a c h i n d i v i d u a l w a s p o s s i b l e ; m o r e o v e r , n o t o n l y e there b o u n d to b e m a n y c a s e s of m e n s e r v i n g u n d e r t h e s a m e ne. but in s e v e r a l t r i b e s a m a n m a y n o t b y t r i b a l c u s t o m m e n his b i r t h - n a m e . 205-1. A similar course w a s f o l l o w e d until l a t e r in t h e W a r , m Lieut.-Colonel W a t k i n s , w h o w a s appointed to c o m m a n d the itary L a b o u r C o r p s , e v o l v e d a s y s t e m of r e g i s t r a t i o n .

2 0 5 5 . T h e c o n s e q u e n c e h a s b e e n t h a t of a t o t a l of o v e r 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 lives of E a s t e r n A f r i c a w h o p a s s e d t h r o u g h t h e b o o k s of t h a t s o m e 3 9 , 0 0 0 a r e still u n t r a c e d , as t h e i r r e l a t i v e s h a v e n o t in able to i d e n t i f y t h e n a m e s u n d e r w h i c h t h e y s e r v e d , a n d h of c o u r s e in m o s t c a s e s i g n o r a n t of t h e n u m b e r s u n d e r w h i c h 1 particular i n d i v i d u a l s w e r e e n r o l l e d . 2056. I n 1 9 1 8 , an O r d i n a n c e w a s p a s s e d i n K e n y a w i t h t h e loval ( e x c e p t in o n e p a r t i c u l a r ) o f t h e G e n e r a l H e a d q u a r t e r s Ithe E a s t A f r i c a n C a m p a i g n , p r o v i d i n g , inter alia, t h a t a n y tin jiied m o n e y b e l o n g i n g t o a n a t i v e o f t h e M i l i t a r y L a b o u r C o r p s jcli r e m a i n e d u n d i s p o s e d of s h o u l d b e m a d e o v e r f o r t h e b e n e f i t lie tribe t o w h i c h t h e n a t i v e b e l o n g e d . O w i n g t o i n a d v e r t e n c e , 1 Ordinance w a s n o t s u b m i t t e d t o t h e W a r O f f i c e , a n d in 1 9 2 0 s r e p u d i a t e d b y it o n t h e g r o u n d t h a t i t w a s ultra vires f o r t h e Legislature to legislate r e g a r d i n g t h e disposal of I m p e r i a l :ds; this p r o v i s i o n of t h e l a w h a d t h e r e f o r e to b e r e p e a l e d . 2057. I n t h e e a r l y d a y s o f t h e w a r i n E a s t A f r i c a t h e r e w a s , eeessity, n o a d e q u a t e s y s t e m of i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , a n d H i s M a j e s t y ' s eminent w a s r e l i e v e d f r o m i n c u r r i n g t h e e x p e n d i t u r e w h i c h

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an o r g a n i z a t i o n w o u l d h a v e n e c e s s i t a t e d . T h e W a r O f f i c e l a t e r ed to i n c u r e x p e n d i t u r e i n a p p o i n t i n g a s p e c i a l m i l i t a r y staff ivestigate t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s i n w h i c h so m a n y n a t i v e s h a d ; o u t s t a n d i n g t o t h e i r c r e d i t , t o find t h e m or t h e i r h e i r s , a n d to Ithe s u m s d u e . A s a r e s u l t of s a v i n g m o n e y u n d e r t h e s e t w o . the W a r Office finds i t s e l f e n t i t l e d t o r e t a i n t h e m o n e y fli had b e e n a c t u a l l y e a r n e d b y p o r t e r s , a n d w h i c h s h o u l d h a v e i paid to t h e m or t h e i r h e i r s . 2058. T h e r e a r e t h r e e f a c t o r s of i m p o r t a n c e in t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n le question t o w h i c h 20 59. T h e first w e can find no r e f e r e n c e the war in t h e records were were ng w i t h t h e m a t t e r , a n d t o w h i c h w e w i s h t o i n v i t e a t t e n t i o n . is t h a t throughout the natives e l e c a l p o s i t i o n of " p r o t e c t e d f o r e i g n e r s " , a n d t h a t t h e y elled t o s e r v e in a w a r w h i c h w a s in n o w a y c a u s e d

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t h e i r a c t i o n o r b y l o c a l m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g s , b u t w h i c h w a s di E u r o p e a n dissensions w i t h w h i c h they were not concerned, in w h i c h t h e y h a d t o t a k e p a r t t o h e l p in p r o t e c t i n g their protectors.

2 0 6 0 . S e c o n d l y , h o w e v e r m u c h it m i g h t be a r g u e d thi I) t h e e a r l y p a r t of t h e w a r t h e n a t i v e s w e r e h e l p i n g to protect o w n c o u n t r y f r o m i n v a s i o n , this a r g u m e n t c o u l d not be said to a p p h l to t h e l a t e r s t a g e s of t h e w a r , w h i c h t o o k p l a c e in G e r m a n K ,JI A f r i c a in f u r t h e r a n c e o f I m p e r i a l p o l i c y ; a n d it w a s during tha p a r t of t h e w a r t h a t t h e g r e a t b u l k of t h e p o r t e r s w e r e called upon to s e r v e a t t h e r i s k o f t h e i r l i v e s ; n o such n u m b e r s would hi b e e n n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e m e r e d e f e n c e of K e n y a , w h o s e natives ham n o s h a r e o r p r o f i t in t h e t e r r i t o r y w h i c h has b e e n acquired. la 2 0 6 1 . T h i r d l y , in s u p p o r t of t h e p a y m e n t of unclaimed bal a n c e s of p a y b e i n g h a n d e d o v e r f o r t h e b e n e f i t of the tribe tt w h i c h t h e i n d i v i d u a l p o r t e r b e l o n g e d , t h e a n a l o g y of t h e Kegimenta D e b t s A c t of 1893 hits b e e n i n v o k e d . U n d e r t h a t A c t , arrears o: p a y a r e a p p l i e d t o w a r d s the c r e a t i o n of c o m p a s s i o n a t e funds fo: t h e b e n e f i t of w i d o w s o r c h i l d r e n of s o l d i e r s d y i n g on service, etc. it w o u l d t h u s a p p e a r t h a t it is f e l t t h a t special consideration shottli :1 b e g i v e n i n r e s p e c t o f s u c h m a t t e r s t o t h e s e c t i o n of t h e communiti t o w h i c h t h e s o l d i e r b e l o n g s i n p r e f e r e n c e t o t h e interests of g e n e r a l b o d y of t a x p a y e r s , a l t h o u g h t h a t s e c t i o n f o r m s a part of t a s a m e c o m m u n i t y a n d w o u l d h a v e pro tunto b e n e f i t e d if the monej n d u e h a d b e e n r e t a i n e d i n t h e n a t i o n a l p u r s e . B u t w h e n money h; b e e n e a r n e d , in fighting t h e b a t t l e s of a n o t h e r p e o p l e , b y natives t r i b e s in o b e d i e n c e t o t h e o r d e r s of t h e i r t r i b a l c h i e f s , the plain of t h o s e t r i b e s t h a t t h e m o n e y e a r n e d b y t h e i r t r i b e s m e n , w h o a d e a d or m i s s i n g , s h o u l d b e r e c e i v e d b y t h e m , i n s t e a d of going t h e b e n e f i t of a n e x c h e q u e r i n w h i c h t h e y h a v e n o share, won s e e m t o b e v e r y m u c h s t r o n g e r t h a n in t h e case f r o m which tl a n a l o g y is t a k e n .
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2065. T h e W a r O f f i c e , w h i l e a p p a r e n t l y a d m i t t i n g t h a t t h i s ey is d u e t o d e a d a n d m i s s i n g p o r t e r s , c o n t e n d e d t h a t in n o ewas t h e full sum p a y a b l e , as f r o m it w o u l d h a v e t o b e d e d u c t e d y which h a d been overpaid to o t h e r porters a n d the pay of era w h o h a d d e s e r t e d . T o w h a t e x t e n t s u c h o v e r p a y m e n t s or ajtions e x i s t e d i t w o u l d b e i m p o s s i b l e t o p r o v e , b u t in a n y e v e n t most i m p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e s u m s w h i c h w o u l d be a n offset c o u l d ant to the i n t e r e s t w h i c h w o u l d h a v e b e e n e a r n e d o n t h e s u m (subject t o such d e d u c t i o n s ) if it h a d b e e n c r e d i t e d t o t h e n a t i v e e w h e n it s h o u l d h a v e b e e n p a i d , s o m e t w e l v e y e a r s a g o ; t h e s ish T r e a s u r y h a s in effect h a d t h e use of t h e m o n e y d u r i n g period.
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2066. T h e p o s i t i o n t h e n , as it a p p e a r s t o us in r e l a t i o n t o v,!. is that t h e c o m p u l s o r y l a b o u r of t h o u s a n d s o f n a t i v e s h a s i utilized b y t h e B r i t i s h G o v e r n m e n t in t h e m a i n f o r t h e . :fit of t h e E m p i r e , a n d t h a t t h e p a y e a r n e d b y t h o u s a n d s of i who died or w h o w e r e m i s s i n g in t h e w a r h a s h i t h e r t o b e e n ined b y the B r i t i s h G o v e r n m e n t f o r i t s o w n u s e , a n d w i t h h e l d a the r e l a t i v e s a n d f e l l o w t r i b e s m e n of t h e s e m e n , m a i n l y b e j the B r i t i s h G o v e r n m e n t w e r e s a v e d e x p e n d i t u r e i n e s t a b l i s h a proper s y s t e m of r e g i s t r a t i o n or of i n s t i t u t i n g i n q u i r i e s t o rtain t h e i r h e i r s a n d n e x t - o f - k i n . 2067. T h e b e n e f i t s of t h e w o r k of t h e s e m e n a r e b e i n g e n j o y e d be B r i t i s h G o v e r n m e n t , a n d t h e losses h a v e a l b f a l l e n on t h e : w h o s e n t t h e i r f e l l o w t r i b e s m e n to t h e w a r b y o r d e r o f t h e 5 :! authorities. 2068. W e c o n s i d e r t h a t if such t r e a t m e n t w e r e m e t e d o u t it !1 constitute a m u c h m o r e c a l l o u s v i o l a t i o n o f t h e p r i n c i p l e s of eeship t o t h e n a t i v e s t h a n a n y of t h e i n j u r i e s w h i c h t h e n a t i v e s i suffered b y t h e a l i e n a t i o n o f t h e i r l a n d , w h i c h , a s w e h a v e 3, w e r e clue t o i g n o r a n c e of t h e i r n e e d s a n d o f t h e i r l a n d t e n u r e sns, a n d w e r e i n f l i c t e d w i t h a c o m p l e t e a b s e n c e of a n y c o n s c i o u s ose of d e p r i v i n g t h e m of w h a t w a s t h e i r d u e . M69. A s r e g a r d s t h e m a i n e x p e n d i t u r e r e q u i r e d f o r t h e i m tment o f p a s t o r a l a r e a s , w e a r e of o p i n i o n t h a t t h i s m i g h t be by the a l l o c a t i o n of a p r o p o r t i o n of t h e r e v e n u e o f t h e f e r t i l i z e r ries f o r the p u r p o s e , b u t w e r e c o g n i z e t h a t t h i s w o u l d n e c e s s i a very l o w p r i c e i n d e e d b e i n g p a i d b y t h e s e f a c t o r i e s , f o r t h e t dealt w i t h b y t h e m . A n a l t e r n a t i v e to t h i s p r o p o s a l w o u l d special l e v y o n p a s t o r a l t r i b e s , t h e p r o c e e d s of w h i c h w o u l d ntirely e x p e n d e d in c a r r y i n g o u t t h i s p o l i c y , o r , if a s t o c k tax

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(fly) a n d v e n i n t h i s eJ

a b l e p e s t s ( i n c r e a s e of b u s h ) , b u t c a s e s of e m e r g e n c y 2073. I t seems that t h e n a t i v e s in

n e x i o n w o u l d n e v e r a r i s e if such w o r k c o u l d b e o r d e r e d to be d o n these areas, owing t o d e c r e e s of E u r o p e a n G o v e r n m e n t s , d i r e c t e d t o w a r d s t h e p r e v e n t of c o m p u l s o r y l a b o u r b y n a t i v e s f o r o t h e r s , a r e l i k e l y to find the .,- s e l v e s in t h a t u n f o r t u n a t e p o s i t i o n d e s c r i b e d b y t h e P r i n c e o f W a in a r e c e n t s p e e c h : " I t is h a r d e n o u g h t o b e o u t of a j o b , bul ..' is f a r w o r s e n o t t o b e fit e n o u g h t h r o u g h e n f o r c e d idleness t o ti up a job w h e n g i v e n the idleness is in part due opportunity." to the disinclination of such natives I t is t r u e t h a t i n t h i s c a s e t h e l a c k of a j o b and the e n f o n w o r k , a n d i t i s s u b m i t t e d t h a t i t is t o t h e i r u n d o u b t e d moral

, 111CHAPTER

ON X I ]

THE

FINANCIAL

ASPECT

jieal i n t e r e s t s t h a t t h e y s h o u l d b e r e q u i r e d , f o r a f e w m o n t h s [jeh y e a r , u n d e r p r o p e r s a f e g u a r d s , t o d o w o r k f o r t h e i r o w n erinl b e n e f i t , r a t h e r t h a n t h a t t h e y s h o u l d b e p e r m i t t e d t o de erate, as t h e y u n d o u b t e d l y w i l l , if t h e y a r e p e r m i t t e d t o l i v e a of idleness. We suggest that if the w o r d s re-mentioned A r t i c l e a r e h e l d kind, s t e p s be t a k e n to d e l e t e lie m i g h t w i t h a d v a n t a g e b e :r work f o r t h e b e n e f i t of t h e " i n cases of e m e r g e n c y " in t h e t o p r e v e n t r e c l a m a t i o n w o r k of. t h e m , and that the scope of t h e s o m e w h a t widened t o embrace natives themselves.

2074. T h e a b o v e r e m a r k s a p p l y n o t o n l y t o t h e p a s t o r a l , b u t to s o m e e x t e n t t o s o m e of t h e s e m i - p a s t o r a l and a g r i c u l t u r a l :s. That such a c o u r s e w o u l d h a v e t ?al r e s u l t s i n i n c r e a s i n g t h e ; available f o r n a t i v e use m a y b e g a t h e r e d f r o m A p p e n d i x 1 1 , ritich it is s h o w n t h a t a t h o u s a n d n a t i v e s , w o r k i n g f o r a y e a r ler s u p e r v i s i o n , s h o u l d be a b l e t o c l e a r 5 0 , 0 0 0 a c r e s of l a n d .

CHAPTER
SUMMARY Purpose of tlio Chapter. OE

XIT.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

2 0 7 5 . W e s h a l l c o n c l u d e o u r R e p o r t b y a b r i e f survey of p r o b l e m s r e f e r r e d to us a n d t h e m a n n e r in w h i c h w e have t e m p l e d to deal w i t h t h e m . A l t h o u g h t h e c h a p t e r w i l l contai s u m m a r y of our c o n c l u s i o n s , w e w i s h t o be c o n c i s e , e v e n al somi s a c r i f i c e of a c c u r a c y . I n t h e c o u r s e of t h e R e p o r t it has sometime! b e e n n e c e s s a r y t o discuss m i n o r , but difficult, p r o b l e m s in ineticJ l o u s d e t a i l , w h i l e r e l a t i v e l y m o r e i m p o r t a n t p r o b l e m s h a v e occupiel less s p a c e . A s u r v e y of t h e k i n d w h i c h w e n o w c o n t e m p l a t e maf b e of a s s i s t a n c e i n r e s t o r i n g a p r o p e r p e r s p e c t i v e and enabling tlJ r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s to be r e g a r d e d as a w h o l e . B u t w e take p r e c a u t i o n of s t a t i n g t h a t t h e v e r y m u c h a b b r e v i a t e d version wl w i l l be g i v e n of t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s in s u m m a r y form musl b e a c c e p t e d as a n y t h i n g but a d e s c r i p t i o n in o u t l i n e , and in no vva q u a l i f i e s t h e a u t h e n t i c r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w h i c h a p p e a r in the bod] of t h e R e p o r t .
1

The Terms of Reference.

2(170. I t is c l e a r , b o t h f r o m t h e t e r m s of r e f e r e n c e and oinen w i s e , that y o u r C o m m i s s i o n w a s a p p o i n t e d w i t h t w o prineipi o b j e c t s in v i e w : t h a t w e s h o u l d m a k e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s for satisf] HILT t h e n e e d s o f n a t i v e s in r e s p e c t of l a n d , a n d that w e shou! p r o p o s e a s e t t l e m e n t f o r c e r t a i n d o u b t f u l q u e s t i o n s of r i g h t . The first, a n d p e r h a p s t h e m o s t d i f f i c u l t , q u e s t i o n to whirl) J w a s h o w w e s h o u l d d e a l w i t h the first teti fj

directed our attention

of r e f e r e n c e , in w h i c h w e w e r e a s k e d t o " c o n s i d e r the needs of itm n a t i v e p o p u l a t i o n , p r e s e n t a n d p r o s p e c t i v e , in r e s p e c t of l a n d " , what TTlie Future Needs of Tribes. basis should we determine future needs?

2 0 7 7 . I t w i l l b e a p p r e c i a t e d t h a t t h e r e h a s b e e n g r e a t difneull in d e t e r m i n i n g w h a t l a n d is n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e f u t u r e needs of unit tribes. the If a p o p u l a t i o n is i n c r e a s i n g i t is h a r d to set any limit it m a y ultimately for that need. the land is n o t At the present be reserved stage to the natives h a v e , most should p a r t , t o be regan land w h i c h

development

t r i b a l l y , a n d it beyond be

is n e c e s s a r y

t r i b e sufficient f o r its n e e d s in t h e p r e s e n t a n d t h e n e a r future, that point as t h a t the necessity there should to t h e so m u c h reserved be a facility of by which

BH

t h a t land sho tribes W e cannot It t h a t this or tl T h e great cornprom

i n d i v i d u a l s c o u l d o b t a i n m o r e l a n d , if it is n e e d e d . forward into the future extent saying

t r i b e w i l l b e m o s t in n e e d of l a n d o r e v e n say h o w l o n g natives \ w i s h t o h o l d l a n d t r i b a l l y or l i v e in t r i b a l c o n d i t i o n s . disservice we could do to the country would be to

572
SUMMARY ,i 111CHAPTER X I I ] OF RECOMMENDATIONS

ore d e v e l o p m e n t b y l o c k i n g u p r i g i d l y in t r i b a l c o m p a r t m e n t s i not y e t r e q u i r e d b y t h e t r i b e s , b e c a u s e w e a p p r e h e n d t h a t at d ne uncertain d a t e in t h e f u t u r e it m i g h t b e r e q u i r e d . R e g a r d e d in t h a t l i g h t t h e p r o b l e m b e c a m e s i m p l e r : it w a s a estion of p l a n n i n g a l a n d s y s t e m w h i c h w o u l d a d m i t of a r e a s o n I elasticity, w h i l e at t h e s a m e t i m e g i v i n g all n e c e s s a r y s e c u r i t y ; s lies must b e g i v e n e n o u g h l a n d f o r t h e i r p r e s e n t a n d n e a r f u t u r e jiiirements a n d t h e i r c l a i m s o f r i g h t m u s t b e s a t i s f i e d ; b e s i d e s i there m u s t b e f a c i l i t i e s f o r e x p a n s i o n e i t h e r by t h e a c q u i s i t i o n more l a n d t r i b a l l y o r b y i n d i v i d u a l s o r f a m i l i e s l e a v i n g t h e t r i b a l titory a n d l e a s i n g l a n d e l s e w h e r e ; o r b y i n t e r p e n e t r a t i o n , iriter lotl leases, o r o t h e r w i s e . 3)78. W i t h these c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n m i n d w e iry c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of n a t i v e a r e a s . O u r first class : called C l a s s A , w a s t o c o m p r i s e t h e p r e s e n t jjther w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n s to b e m a d e on g r o u n d s irecommend to be " N a t i v e L a n d s " . made a prelim- n r ^ a * i ' * e " of l a n d , w h i c h Areas. native reserves of r i g h t . These
W

Our s e c o n d class of l a n d w a s t o c o m p r i s e t h e l a n d w h i c h w e uld r e c o m m e n d to b e a d d e d on e c o n o m i c g r o u n d s . These we titled t o c a l l C l a s s B l , o r " N a t i v e R e s e r v e s ' ' , if t h e n e e d t o b e [filled a p p e a r e d t o b e o f an e n d u r i n g c h a r a c t e r , a n d C l a s s B 2 , or -mporary N a t i v e R e s e r v e s " , if t h e n e e d a p p e a r e d t o be of a ire t e m p o r a r y k i n d . 2079. W e d e c i d e d a l s o t h a t it w o u l d w h i c h m i g h t b e h e l d b y n a t i v e s on rare t h a n is a t p r e s e n t p o s s i b l e in t h e ref ore p r o p o s e d t h e p r o v i s i o n o f C l a s s C I Areas". d be necessary to provide a m o r e p r i v a t e f o r m of n a t i v e r e s e r v e s , and w e l a n d , or " N a t i v e L e a s e -

2080. W e a l s o d e c i d e d to r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e r e should b e ih Class D , i n w h i c h n o s p e c i a l p r i v i l e g e o f r a c e s h o u l d o b t a i n respect e i t h e r o f i n i t i a l g r a n t s o r t r a n s f e r s . S u c h l a n d w o u l d in jet be. all t h e l a n d in t h e c o u n t r y , w h i c h is n e i t h e r e x i s t i n g n a t i v e serve, n o r A , B , or C , n o r E u r o p e a n H i g h l a n d s , n o r an a r e a , .li as T u r k a n a , i n w h i c h c e r t a i n t r i b e s h a v e s p e c i a l , t h o u g h n o t elusive, r i g h t s . 2081. W e c o n s i d e r e d t h a t b y such an a r r a n g e m e n t w e s h o u l d able t o p r o v i d e for t h e n e e d s of n a t i v e s , b o t h on tribal a n d lividual l i n e s , a n d t o p r o p o s e s a f e g u a r d s w h i c h w o u l d c r e a t e a Sictent s e c u r i t y , w h i l e a t t h e s a m e t i m e p r e s e r v i n g a r e a s o n a b l e sticity. 2082. tare of ige of pect of W i t h t h i s g e n e r a l p l a n in m i n d , b u t l e a v i n g t h e p r e c i s e t h e s a f e g u a r d s f o r s u b s e q u e n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n in a l a t e r t h e R e p o r t , w e first a d d r e s s e d o u r s e l v e s t o t h e t r i b a l t h e m a t t e r , a n d f o r t h e first t w o p a r t s of t h e R e p o r t

SUMMARY PART i l l C H A P T E R Xli]

OF

RECOMMENDATIONS

confined ourselves principally the several tribes could claim

t o t h e t a s k of d e c i d i n g on historical

(a) what h (6) w]

g r o u n d s , and

i a n d is n e c e s s a r y t o t h e m for t h e p r e s e n t or f o r such future reqtii m e r i t s as c a n b e c l e a r l y The Satisfaction of Tribal Rights. 2083. have made 2084. made In a The so far as detailed total foreseen. tribal claims in we of of right are concerned, and have rn: to It (oni examination which each case

r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r a final to t r i b a l territory in

settlement. have recommended satisfaction such c l a i m s amount

additions

b a l a n c e , after a l l o w i n g for e x c h a n g e s ) to a p p r o x i m a t e l y

1,474 s q u a r e !

m i l e s , o r 3 p e r c e n t o f t h e p r e s e n t t o t a l a r e a of t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e s . Estimate of Tribal Needs. 2 0 8 5 . I n o r d e r t o r e a c h a n e s t i m a t e of t h e n e e d s of t h e v a r i o u s t r i b e s in r e s p e c t o f l a n d , w e t o o k e v i d e n c e r e g a r d i n g t h e q u a l i t y of t h e land at the disposal of each tribe and r e g a r d i n g d e g r e e of a d v a n c e m e n t of t h e p e o p l e . t a k e n as a w h o l e , s h o u l d e a s i l y square mile. But there We found be able to support uneven t h e h a b i t s and t h e t o t a l native that t h e reserves,

p o p u l a t i o n w h i c h l i v e s in t h e m , t h e g e n e r a l d e n s i t y b e i n g 53 t o the is a v e r y distribution. that it could i n the neces 2086. W e f o u n d t h a t in t h e t h r e e K i k u y u d i s t r i c t s some degree e x i s t s , but n o g e n e r a l c o n g e s t i o n ; husbandry, designed the to learning and of by b y t h e p r a c t i c e of b e t t e r m e t h o d s of modifications a greater lessons would promote these f l u i d i t y of

of l o c a l c o n g e s t i o n agriculture system of and land

to a large m e a s u r e be r e l i e v e d animal tenure that

distribution ; but

sarily be a slow process, and

t h a t an a d d i t i o n o f l a n d w a s r e q u i r e d

in o r d e r t o r e d u c e t h e p r e s s u r e of p o p u l a t i o n o n t h e land u n t i l such t i m e as t h e K i k u y u s h o u l d h a v e a t t a i n e d g r e a t e r skill in a g r i c u l t u r e a n d t h e c o n d u c t of s o c i a l l i f e , s u c h as w o u l d r e n d e r t h e l a n d capable of to supporting We the Kikuyu a larger have population in a greater degree of material addition comfort. therefore r e c o m m e n d e d , a substantial

Reserve.

2087. among

T h e c a s e o f t h e T e i t a is s o m e w h a t s i m i l a r , and for then Biri tribes g e n e r a l l y , and especially the Kavir

a l s o w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d a n e x t e n s i o n on e c o n o m i c g r o u n d s . the agricultural o n d o , w e f o u n d t h a t t h e l a n d is b e i n g so u n s k i l f u l l y a m o d e r a t e l y successful pastoral practice should suffice to raise the

used t h a t ever of life pro

p r o g r a m m e o f e d u c a t i o n in agricultural ant standard

g r e s s i v e l y f o r m a n y y e a r s , e v e n t h o u g h t h e p o p u l a t i o n is i n c r e a s i n g 20S8. tribes and on C l a i m s f o r e x t e n s i o n o f t e r r i t o r y w e r e a d v a n c e d b y rnos the g r o u n d In and that they have not enough pasture the l a n d foi Tavefi s o m e f e w cases, for t o a less e x t e n t the claim instance t h o s e of

their cattle.

the E l g e y o

the K a m b a

o f M a c h a k o s dis unless i

frict, w e have found

to be justified

in t h e sense that the

l a n d w h i c h t h e t r i b e h a s at i t s c o m m a n d

is n o t sufficient,

573
S U M M A R Y OF
IIICriAPl-EB XII]

RECOMMENDATIONS

johible i m p r o v e m e n t L ble it to k e e p
a

in m e t h o d s of In

of

stock-farming which we cases have

takes place,

to

the number

cattle

it m a y

reasonably

. thought

to

require.

these

recommended

Jdiiions of l a n d o n e c o n o m i c

grounds.

But in m o s t c a s e s f o r i n s t a n c e , t h o s e of t h e S u k a n d t h e p u p s t h e t r u t h of t h e m a t t e r is t h a t t h e t r i b e c o n c e r n e d , b y juton a c c u m u l a t i o n of u n m a r k e t a b l e l i v e s t o c k f a r in e x c e s s of its eeds, has p r o d u c e d such d e v a s t a t i o n b y o v e r s t o c k i n g t h a t , u n l e s s juditions a r e d r a s t i c a l l y c h a n g e d , t h e r u i n a t i o n of "these r e s e r v e s is . sight. I n such c a s e s , t h e o n l y r e a l r e m e d y is to s t r i k e a t t h e ,;: of the e v i l a n d r e d u c e t h e n u m b e r of l i v e s t o c k , a n d w e h a v e litton a s p e c i a l c h a p t e r s t a t i n g t h e l i n e s o n w h i c h , in o u r o p i n i o n , lion o u g h t t o b e t a k e n . I n t h e c o n f i d e n c e t h a t t h e s e m e a s u r e s 3 he t a k e n , w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d c e r t a i n a d d i t i o n s of g r a z i n g 1 ids in o r d e r t h a t t h e y m a y b e u s e d a s r e s t i n g g r o u n d s in c o n don w i t h a n o r g a n i z e d p l a n of r e g e n e r a t i n g t h e r e s e r v e s . 2089. T h e sum total of the additions miles which we have recom square total

ended t o b e m a d e o n g r o u n d s of ies as C l a s s B l a n d 259 s q u a r e

economic

n e e d a r e 896 The

as C l a s s B 2 .

Sitions w h i c h w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d

to be m a d e to n a t i v e a r e a s , increase

tether as C l a s s A . B , or C , a r e 2,629 s q u a r e m i l e s , or an

5.4 p e r c e n t of t h e p r e s e n t t o t a l a r e a o f t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e s . 2090. T h e specific r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s be s u m m a r i z e d w h i c h w e h a v e m a d e for shortly. complaint what facts is m a d e is n o w by the the time much to the R^eommencln tions by Tribes. Kikuvn.

e various t r i b e s m a y -2091. M o s t i Kikuyu took iambu d i s t r i c t .

of t h e a l i e n a t i o n s of w h i c h place in or o n the of Our examination the

b o r d e r s of

has j u s t i f i e d

inclusion t h a t t h i s d i s t r i c t w a s o n l y s p a r s e l y o c c u p i e d a t t h a t far as a n y v i s i b l e o c c u p a t i o n w a s c o n c e r n e d , a n d it w a s isfe l a n d lives. 2092. B u t t also in ttlement m the alienations increased ways." resulted They in were the density of the of of the of which could be alienated without detriment at G o v e r n m e n t s h o u l d h a v e t a k e n t h e v i e w t h a t t h e r e w a s

natural

native white that

pnlation i n t h e K i k u y u R e s e r v e , n o t o n l y b y r e s t r i c t i n g t h e a r e a , other which part policy a the establishment considerable

and m a r k e t a t N a i r o b i , w h i c h h a s d r a w n

p o p u l a t i o n in

tection, a n d p r o b l e m s of l o c a l c o n g e s t i o n are a r i s i n g i n t h e r e s e r v e lich t h r e a t e n t o b e c o m e a c u t e in t h e n e x t 2093. I n generation. be a an

a l l t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s w e d e c i d e d t h a t it w o u l d the K i k u y u t r i b e if we should first

it s e t t l e m e n t w i t h

make

sessment o n t h e l i n e s of a " p r o f i t a n d l o s s " a c c o u n t , s h o w i n g t h e

S U M M A R Y FART I I I - C H A P T E R X I I ]

OF

RECOMMENDATIONS

e x t e n t of t h e i r t r u e losses of t e r r i t o r y a n d g i v e t h e m cbmpensa t i o n b y a n a d d i t i o n o f an e q u i v a l e n t a r e a to r a n k as " N a t i v e L a n d s " a n d s h o u l d t h e n a d d a n o t h e r a r e a as N a t i v e E e s e r v e , Class B . to satisfy their e c o n o m i c needs. 2094. F o r the purposes of striking the balance we assumed had

t h a t t h e f o l l o w i n g a r e a s h a d a l r e a d y b e e n a d d e d to the reserve :

The Mwea Area.205

s q u a r e m i l e s , t h e a d d i t i o n of w h i c h

a l r e a d y b e e n a p p r o v e d b y t h e G o v e r n o r in C o u n c i l ii 1928, a n d w h i c h had b e e n used as n a t i v e r e s e r v e eve since, L.O. though n e v e r so gazetted.

4 4 5 0 . 0 . 6 9 s q u a r e m i l e s , w h i c h h a d b e e n used by n a t i v e w i t h t h e p e r m i s s i o n of G o v e r n m e n t f o r a n u m b e r o f y e a r s

L.O.

3 8 8 / 1 . 0 . 6 2 s q u a r e m i l e s , s u r r e n d e r e d b y t h e A f r i c a In l a n d A l i s s i o n at K i j a b e i n 1930 to s a t i s f y n a t i v e claims.

2 0 9 5 . B y a n e x h a u s t i v e e x a m i n a t i o n of t h e e v i d e n c e a n d r e c o r d s w e r e a c h e d a c o n c l u s i o n o n t h e p o s i t i o n of the old K i k t i y e b o u n d a r i e s in 1 8 9 5 , a n d t h e e x t e n t o f t h e a r e a w h i c h m i g h t he held t o h a v e b e e n " a d m i s s i b l y a c q u i r e d " s i n c e t h a t d a t e , and l i n a l h c o n c l u d e d t h a t a f u r t h e r b a l a n c e o f 1 6 , 5 2 0 a c r e s w a s due t o the K i k u y u t r i b e to b e a d d e d as " N a t i v e L a n d s " . W e then a d d e d 1 1 f u r t h e r 2 , 0 0 0 a c r e s as g e n e r a l c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r d i s t u r b a n c e ; m f u r t h e r 1,000 a c r e s i n c o n n e x i o n w i t h t h e a d m i s s i o n t o the r e s e r v e ! of c e r t a i n D o r o b o n o w r e s i d e n t in t h e f o r e s t r e s e r v e ; and a f u r t h e r ! 1,522 a c r e s as a p r o v i s i o n f o r t h e K i t h i r i o n i a n d T i g o n i e x c h a n g e s ! W e k n o c k e d off t h e o d d a m o u n t o f 4 2 a c r e s , a n d m a d e t h e r e s u l t J r o u n d f i g u r e of 2 1 , 0 0 0 a c r e s . 2 0 9 6 . W e t h e n m a d e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s at section 1 6 6 . a s iM h o w the necessary land m i g h t be found. T h e bulk o f it i s f r o i r j f o r e s t r e s e r v e ; 2 , 0 0 0 a c r e s a r e b y v o l u n t a r y s u r r e n d e r of m i s s i o n ] land ; a n d t h e r e a r e four cases w h e r e the acquisition o f p r i v a t e l a n d ' e i t h e r b y e x c h a n g e o r p u r c h a s e , is r e c o m m e n d e d . T h e s e a r e a r e a w h i c h a r e a l r e a d y to a c o n s i d e r a b l e e x t e n t in o c c u p a t i o n by n a t i v e w h o c l a i m r i g h t s u n d e r s e c t i o n 8 6 of t h e C r o w n L a n d s O r d i n a n c e T h e y are :

A cres.
P a r t of L . O . 3 2 5 / E , S a b a S a b a L i m i t e d L.O. 2 9 5 / 2 / E , b e l o n g i n g to t h e W h i t e 134/4, N j u n u E s t a t e Sisters 250 P a r t of L . O . 1,000

P a r t o f t h e B r i t i s h E a s t A f r i c a W a t t l e E s t a t e in the D a g o r e t t i area 1.408

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S U M M A R Y OF XII] RECOMMENDATIONS

It is a l s o p r o p o s e d t h a t L . O . 1 3 2 2 , D a g o r e t t i T o w n s h i p R e be a d d e d to t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e , p a r t of t h e l a n d so a d d e d be set a p a r t f o r a t r a d i n g a n d social s e r v i c e c e n t r e . 1

(jrve,

2097. T h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s in r e g a r d to t h e T i g o n i e x c h a n g e , jy winch t h e n a t i v e s w o u l d b e m o v e d f r o m T i g o n i on f a v o u r a b l e jrius and T i g o n i w o u l d b e at t h e disposal of t h e C r o w n , a r e to b e ound at s e c t i o n 394 of t h e R e p o r t . 2098. I n s e t t l e m e n t of t h e c l a i m of t h e K i k u y u to m o r e l a n d ent*oHfcta the g r o u n d of e c o n o m i c n e e d s , w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d , at s e c t i o n Kikuyu Claim that 383 square m i l e s of t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t of t h e Y a t t a be co Land on I K^ommik'" Wed to t h e K i k u y u t r i b a l area as N a t i v e R e s e r v e , C l a s s B l .
1 1

Needs. 2099. A point arose at to whether tho settlement of tribal The Kikuyu

biros as a w h o l e c o u l d e q u i t a b l y b e h e l d t o c o m p r i s e a s e t t l e m e n t h-onVthe^ e v e r y m e m b e r of t h e t r i b e , or w h e t h e r i n d i v i d u a l s s h o u l d still Point of View sable to c l a i m r i g h t s o u t s i d e t h e t r i b a l b o u n d a r i e s , on t h e s t r e n g t h l*r^va.te githaka r i g h t s or c l a i m s t o p r o t e c t i o n u n d e r s e c t i o n 80 of t h e Irown L a n d s O r d i n a n c e . W e r e v i e w e d t h e m a t t e r in c o n s i d e r a b l e jetail in C h a p t e r s V I I to I X of P a r t I . O u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n , g i v e n section 8 6 7 , w a s t o t h e effect t h a t in c o n s i d e r a t i o n of a s u m of ! 01)0 to b e p a i d to t h e L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l s f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n t o Jie persons a f f e c t e d , a n d in c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e b l o c k a d d i t i o n ' two t h o u s a n d a c r e s w h i c h w e had r e c o m m e n d e d t o be a d d e d to lie tribal t e r r i t o r y in g e n e r a l c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r d i s t u r b a n c e a n d in p i s i d e r a t i o n of the g e n e r a l s e t t l e m e n t w i t h t h e t r i b e , b o t h in speet of its r i g h t s a n d its e c o n o m i c n e e d s , all p r i v a t e r i g h t s of bkuyu t o l a n d o u t s i d e t h e K i k u y u N a t i v e R e s e r v e should b e Ixtinguished. e x c e p t ( a ) such r i g h t s , if a n y , as m a y b e h e l d u p o n file and (b) such r i g h t s as m a y h a v e b e e n a c q u i r e d in a n o t h e r lative r e s e r v e , e . g . as a muhoi or t e n a n t u n d e r t h e s y s t e m of l a n d lenure o b t a i n i n g .

2100. T h e p r o p o s e d b o u n d a r i e s of t h e M e r u N a t i v e R e s e r v e ere g a z e t t e d f o r c r i t i c i s m in 1 9 2 5 . but d i f f e r e n t b o u n d a r i e s w e r e reclaimed i n 1926, w h i c h e x c l u d e d 626 s q u a r e m i l e s . A r e v e r s i o n

Toe Claims ot Meru ' '

1 1

the b o u n d a r i e s as- p r o v i s i o n a l l y g a z e t t e d in 1925 w a s a p p r o v e d ly the G o v e r n o r in C o u n c i l in 1 9 2 8 , b u t t h e a d d i t i o n h a s nor y e t pen g a z e t t e d . W e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t t h e a d d i t i o n b e m a d e .

A t s e c t i o n 569 w e h a v e m a d e a r e c o m m e n d a t i o n t h a t G o v e r n ent should m e e t t h e f u l l c h a r g e s in c o n n e x i o n w i t h t h e s u p p l y irrow t o t h e M o r a n i a f u r r o w , b o t h in r e s p e c t of a c t u a l cost a n d Hpaintenance. A t s e c t i o n 5 7 0 , w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e M e r u s h o u l d be a l l o w e d n e g o t i a t e f o r t h e p u r c h a s e o f L . O . 4 6 3 4 , i f t h e lessee is w i l l i n g sell.

S U M M A R Y FART I I I C H A T T E R XII]

OF

RECOMMENDATIONS

A t section 5 r 2 , w e r e c o m m e n d

t h a t t h e S o m a l i s should eviicii

ate the land w h i c h they n o w occupy in the M e r u N a t i v e Reserve. dary A t s e c t i o n 5 7 3 , w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e q u e s t i o n of the boun of t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e f o r e s t r e s e r v e be r e c o n s i d e r e d . A t section Reserve. The Land Problems of the Masai. 2101. In Chapter I of Part I I we review the circumstances w h i c h l e d t o t h e M a s a i A g r e e m e n t s of 1904 a n d 1 9 1 1 , and consider t h e e f f e c t of t h o s e a g r e e m e n t s . A t section 671, w e recommend in P a r t all H I of and the Report that there t h a t , in so far as our proposals the L a n d s for special Trust Ordinance the respecting is n o need 576, w e r e c o m m e n d that the K i n g ' s African Rifles

s h o u l d p a y r e n t f o r t h e l a n d w h i c h t h e y o c c u p y in t h e M e r u N a t i v e

a r e a c c e p t e d b y G o v e r n m e n t , t h e y s h o u l d b e e q u a l l y applicable to tribes, clauses for Masai. A t s e c t i o n 677 w e h a v e r e c o r d e d o u r finding t o t h e effect that t h e M a s a i h a v e n o c l a i m of r i g h t e i t h e r t o t h e M i l e Z o n e or the Chyulu T r i a n g l e . A t s e c t i o n 6 8 1 . w e r e c o m m e n d that the Masai s h o u l d b o g i v e n an o p p o r t u n i t y of t a k i n g o u t a n n u a l leases at a r e a s o n a b l e r e n t , such l e a s e s t o b e r e n e w a b l e until such time as e q u i v a l e n t w a t e r i n g f a c i l i t i e s a r e m a d e a v a i l a b l e in t h e adjoining p a r t s of t h e M a s a i N a t i v e R e s e r v e . A t s e c t i o n 1963 in P a r t H I of t h e R e p o r t w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t , t h i s t e m p o r a r y f a c i l i t y to the M a s a i n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g , t h e s t a t u s of t h e M i l e Z o n e should be European Highlands. A t s e c t i o n 6 8 4 , f o l l o w i n g a d e c i s i o n o f t h e G o v e r n o r in Council, we have recommended that t h e area k n o w n as the Q u a r t e r Mile! Z o n e a l o n g t h e M a g a d i R a i l w a y , b e i n c l u d e d i n t h e M a s a i Native Reserve. At River the section are at 691 w e have recorded our in the paid Masai to Native Native finding t h a t those parts we have of f a r m s L . O . recommended amount the land. A t s e c t i o n 6 9 5 , w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t t h e M a s a i should r e c e i v e an a r e a of t h e t o t a l e x t e n t o f 1 4 . 0 6 S a c r e s , m o s t of which is v a l u a b l e g r a z i n g l a n d on t h e s o u t h e r n e x t r e m i t y of the Eastern M a u F o r e s t R e s e r v e , i n e x c h a n g e f o r an area, of 13,245 acres of forest w h i c h w o u l d b e c o m e f o r e s t r e s e r v e . T h e area which the M a s a i w o u l d r e c e i v e c o n t a i n s a t o n g u e of f o r e s t l a n d , about 1,216 a c r e s in e x t e n t , in w h i c h t h e r e is v a l u a b l e c e d a r . W e h a v e recom m e n d e d t h a t i t should b e c o m e n a t i v e f o r e s t r e s e r v e . 1 9 3 , 196 a n d 197 w h i c h a r e s o u t h of t h e Mbagathi present that which R e s e r v e , and Council for t h e the Masai L o c a l was should receive purchase of

Government

575
SUMMARY 1'AHT I I I C H A P T E R XII] OF RECOMMENDATIONS

A t s e c t i o n 6 9 0 , f o l l o w i n g a r e c o m m e n d a t i o n of t h e C l o v e r n o r ui C o u n c i l w h i c h h a s a l r e a d y t a k e n e f f e c t , w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d lliat t h e g i f t to the M a s a i of 118 s q u a r e m i l e s in t h e K e d o n g V a l l e y in r e t u r n f o r t h e K i n a n g o p c i r c u m c i s i o n a r e a should be r e g u l a r i z e d r,y t h e a d d i t i o n of t h e a r e a to the M a s a i N a t i v e R e s e r v e . A t s e c t i o n 6 9 7 , w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t a p o r t i o n of L . O . 110/1 be e x c h a n g e d f o r an e q u i v a l e n t p o r t i o n of a d j a c e n t n a t i v e reserve w i t h a v i e w to g i v i n g t h e M a s a i a m o r e c o n v e n i e n t access :o t h e r i v e r M a r m o n e t . A t s e c t i o n 6 9 8 , w e h a v e discussed t h e a d v i s a b i l i t y of c e r t a i n exchanges o r leases w h i c h a r e i l l u s t r a t e d in t h e m a p a t s e c t i o n 700 of the R e p o r t . O n e of t h e s e e x c h a n g e s is a l r e a d y in o p e r a t i o n as i temporary a r r a n g e m e n t b e t w e e n the M a s a i and the K i k u y u , by rhich t h e A l a s a i h a v e t h e use of a p a r t of t h e N d e i y a l o c a t i o n of Kikuyu in r e t u r n f o r an e q u i v a l e n t a r e a n e a r t h e E n i b a k a s i forest reserve. T h e a r e a i n v o l v e d on e a c h s i d e is b e l i e v e d to be a p p r o x i mately t e n s q u a r e m i l e s , a n d w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d m u t u a l l e a s e s . I t is p a r t i c u l a r l y i m p o r t a n t t h a t , if p o s s i b l e , Government should s e c u r e , b y lease or e x c h a n g e , t h e a r e a m a r k e d E o n t h e nap in o r d e r t h a t it m a y b e used as a n a t i v e l e a s e h o l d a r e a . We have s h o w n it as such in t h e s c h e d u l e at s e c t i o n 1 8 7 9 , a n d h a v e made c l e a r , at s e c t i o n 6 2 0 , the a d v a n t a g e s of s e c u r i n g such an uea in r e a s o n a b l e p r o x i m i t y to N a i r o b i . At s e c t i o n s 712 a n d 713 w e c o n s i d e r t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of future

exchanges. 2102. T h e facilities w h i c h w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d f o r t h e The Claims of ^ i ^ Kamba t r i b e c o m p r i s e ( i ) t h e a d d i t i o n of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 300 s q u a r e idles of t h e Y a t t a P l a t e a u ; ( i i ) a n a d v a n t a g e o u s e x c h a n g e b y riiich t h e t r i b e w o u l d g i v e u p t h e K i k u m b u l i u l o c a t i o n of 389 square m i l e s s o u t h of t h e r a i l w a y a n d r e c e i v e an a r e a of a p p r o x i nately 512 s q u a r e m i l e s n o r t h of t h e r a i l w a y b e t w e e n E m a l i a n d ilakindu ; ( i i i ) t h e a d d i t i o n of 700 a c r e s at M w a n i h i l l ; a n d ( i v ) ibout t h r e e s q u a r e m i l e s i n t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d of E m a l i s t a t i o n . The first o f t h e s e i t e m s is r e c o m m e n d e d as C l a s s B 1, a n d t h e remainder a s C l a s s A . T h e section r e f e r e n c e s are 759, 776, 779, 183, and t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e l a n d i n v o l v e d is s h o w n o n t h e c o l o u r e d nap f o l l o w i n g t h i s c h a p t e r .
r a m b a

R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s of a m i n o r k i n d i n c l u d e a p r o p o s e d e x c h a n g e if t w e n t y a c r e s in t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d o f M o m a n d u ( s e c t i o n 774) aid a p r o p o s a l t h a t , if e v e r N g a l e n i f a r m ( L . O . 4 9 6 9 ; 100 a c r e s ) Mines i n t o t h e m a r k e t , t h e K a m b a s h o u l d b e a l l o w e d to b i d for it isection 7 7 2 ) ; a n d a p r o p o s a l t h a t G o v e r n m e n t should n e g o t i a t e rith t h e C h u r c h o f S c o t l a n d M i s s i o n f o r a c o r r i d o r of a c c e s s t o lonnect t h e M b u i n z a o b l o c k w i t h t h e m a i n r e s e r v e ( s e c t i o n 7 8 9 ) .

S U M M A R Y PART PCICHAPTER XII]

OF

RECOMMENDATIONS

A t s e c t i o n 782 w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t an area of approxi m a t e l y 100 s q u a r e m i l e s e a s t w a r d of E m a l i in the g e n e r a l position s h o w n o n t h e m a p ( a t s e c t i o n 796) s h o u l d r e m a i n at the disposal o f t h e C r o w n , s i n c e w e c o n s i d e r t h a t t h i s a r e a m a y be r e q u i r e d in c o n n e x i o n w i t h t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a b l o o d and b o n e fertilizer factory. A t s e c t i o n 793 w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t a m i s t a k e which o c c u r r e d in t h e g a z e t t e m e n t of t h e K i t u i district boundary be rectified. T h i s w i l l a d d s i x t y s q u a r e m i l e s t o the K i t u i Native R e s e r v e as a t p r e s e n t g a z e t t e d . Native Rights in the Northern Frontier anrl Turkaua Provinces. 2 1 0 3 . W e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t e x c e p t f o r t h e W e s t Suk a n d N o r t h P o k o m o r e s e r v e s t h e r e s h o u l d be n o n a t i v e reserves in t h e N o r t h e r n F r o n t i e r a n d T u r k a n a P r o v i n c e s ; the l a n d , except i n t h e s e t w o r e s e r v e s , s h o u l d n o t be r e g a r d e d as w h o l l y devoted to n a t i v e p u r p o s e s ; b u t i t s h o u l d be r e c o g n i z e d as l a n d in which n a t i v e s h a v e a p r i o r i n t e r e s t ; l e a s e s t o n o n - n a t i v e s should not be a l l o w e d to such a n e x t e n t as t o j u s t i f y t h e a p p r e h e n s i o n that the n a t i v e s m i g h t n o t h a v e sufficient l a n d r e m a i n i n g f o r their use. T h e a b o v e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s h o u l d a p p l y g e n e r a l l y t o the Leroki P l a t e a u as w e l l a s t o o t h e r p a r t s of t h e s e p r o v i n c e s , at least for m a n y y e a r s t o c o m e , b u t l e a s e s of l a r g e a r e a s t o n o n - n a t i v e s on the L e r o k i P l a t e a u s h o u l d n o t b e a l l o w e d e x c e p t f o r purposes directly b e n e f i c i a l to n a t i v e s ( s e c t i o n s 8 0 5 - 8 0 7 ) . 210-1. W e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t t h e M u k o g o d o area should b e d e t a c h e d f r o m t h e K i k u y u P r o v i n c e and a d d e d to the Northern F r o n t i e r P r o v i n c e f o r p u r p o s e s of l a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , and that t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r s h o u l d m a k e a r r a n g e m e n t s for the p r o v i s i o n of sufficient l a n d f o r t h e M u k o g o d o , t h e N d i g i r i , the I l i m w e s i and the M u m o n y o t M a s a i (section 8 1 0 ) . 2 1 0 5 . W e h a v e n o t t h o u g h t it n e c e s s a r y t o r e c o m m e n d any l a n d to b e g i v e n t o t h e W e s t S u k in a d d i t i o n to the l a n d of which t h e y n o w h a v e t h e u s e . A p r o p o s a l w a s p u t f o r w a r d f o r our con s i d e r a t i o n t o t h e effect t h a t , b y an a d j u s t m e n t of t h e inter-colonial b o u n d a r y , t h e d i s t r i c t s of T u r k a n a a n d W e s t Suk in K e n y a and K a r a m o j a in U g a n d a s h o u l d b e i n c l u d e d u n d e r o n e administration. W e r e g a r d e d t h i s m a t t e r a s o u t s i d e o u r t e r m s of r e f e r e n c e , but r e m a r k e d t h a t it a p p e a r s t o m e r i t serious c o n s i d e r a t i o n (sections 909-913). 2 1 0 6 . A t s e c t i o n 9 2 3 w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e U a s i n Gishu A l a s a i s h o u l d l e a v e t h e i r p r e s e n t a r e a and b e a c c o m m o d a t e d in the T r a n s - A l a r a r e g i o n of t h e A l a s a i N a t i v e E e s e r v e . 2107. A t should h a v e that the square m i l e s . area section 939 w e of the have recommended native reserve be should that the P o k w o t ( C l a s s B 2) and 130 and 150 C h u r o as a p r o v i s i o n a l extension

The Mukogodo, the Ndigiri, the Ilimwesi and tlie Mumonyot Masai. Claims of the West Suk.

Tlie Uasin Gislm Masa

The Pokwot (East Suk).

between

SUMMARY ,
B1

OF

RECOMMENDATIONS

HI-CHAPTER

XII]

2108. W e have recommended an e x t e n s i o n a m o u n t i n g al The Njemp^ irether to 100 s q u a r e m i l e s t o b e a d d e d to t h e r e s e r v e as Class 13 1. a n d the Kamasin. lections 9 4 2 a n d 9 6 9 . ) As f u r t h e r f a c i l i t i e s f o r t h e K a m a s i a w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d i (hat t h e y s h o u l d b e g i v e n a p p r o x i m a t e l y 74 s q u a r e m i l e s of the ml e v a c u a t e d b y t h e U a s i n G i s h u M a s a i as n a t i v e r e s e r v e Class I a n d t h a t t h e b a l a n c e of s o m e f i v e s q u a r e m i l e s r o u n d Eklalat II should b e f o r e s t r e s e r v e ; ( i i ) t h a t G o v e r n m e n t s h o u l d l e a s e f o r em c e r t a i n alienated farms comprising twenty-three square lies; ( i i i ) t h a t L . O . 1168 ( 9 2 0 a c r e s ) a n d a f u r t h e r area of 960 res to t h e east of L e m b u s f o r e s t should b e g i v e n t o t h e m as ,tive land C l a s s A . (See s e c t i o n s 9 6 7 , 9 6 8 , 970 a n d 9 7 1 . )

2109. A t s e c t i o n 9 7 7 , in a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e findings of the Accommodation lecial c o m m i t t e e a p p o i n t e d in 1929 t o r e p o r t u p o n t h e D o r o b o for the Dorobo. o b l e m , w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t as a g e n e r a l r u l e , D o r o b o on id b e m o v e d i n t o t h e r e s e r v e s of t h o s e n a t i v e t r i b e s w i t h iich they h a v e the m o s t affinity. B u t in r e g a r d t o the Mais l i o n w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d a t section 979 t h a t t h e y s h o u l d b e Q s u i t e d as to w h e t h e r t h e y w o u l d p r e f e r t o g o t o t h e C h e p a l u n g u i h e a d d e d as p a r t o f t h e L u m b w a N a t i v e D e s e r v e ) o r i n t o other native reserve. 2110. T h e f a c i l i t i e s w h i c h w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d for t h e The Elgeyo. ffeyo, C h e r a n g a n i a n d M a r a k w e t c o m p r i s e : (i) an a d v a n t a g e o u s Cherangani change b y w h i c h t h e E l g e y o g i v e up 4 , 9 3 3 a c r e s of forest or rub in r e t u r n f o r 4,977 a c r e s c o n t a i n i n g a l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n of stare l a n d ; (ii) t h e a d d i t i o n to t h e r e s e r v e as C l a s s D 1 of L . O . 69 and a l s o o f c e r t a i n u n a l i e n a t e d l a n d in t h e C h e r a n g a n i f a r m :a, the t o t a l e x t e n t of t h e r e l i e f afforded b e i n g , on b a l a n c e . 161 lare m i l e s (see s e c t i o n s 1 0 0 S , 1 0 0 9 , a n d 1 0 2 0 ) .
a n d M a r a k w

2111. A t s e c t i o n 1066 w e r e c o m m e n d e d a p a y m e n t t h e N a n d i as an e s t i m a t e d e q u i v a l e n t of t h e t r u e loss t h e m b y r e a s o n of c i r c u m s t a n c e s c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e t h e K i p k a r r e n a n d K a i m o s i f a r m s , p a r t i c u l a r l y in th t h e w a i v i n g of s t a n d p r e m i a . At section lie L i n e les to native 1068 w e use have have recommended t h e effect with valuable

of o . 0 0 0 T h e Nandi. sustained alienation connexion

a modification three We land salt licks.

of

the have

which would

of r e s t o r i n g

square

together in

led a r e c o m m e n d a t i o n ins has b e e n amended

t h a t w h e n t h e b o u n d a r y of t h e this w a y , the unalienated to E u r o p e a n s .

Kipkarren inside

should be a v a i l a b l e f o r a l i e n a t i o n 2112.

Our r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s regarding the E l

G o n y i are stated

The Ei Gonyi.

section 1 0 S 7 , a n d a r e t o t h e effect t h a t ( i ) t h e y s h o u l d b e m o v e d i the a l i e n a t e d f a r m s , c o m p e n s a t i o n n b e i n g p a i d to t h o s e n a t i v e s ohave r e s i d e d t h e r e c o n t i n u o u s l y f o r t h r e e y e a r s o r m o r e , a n d t h a t

SUMMARY PART I I I - C H A P T E R Xll]

OF

RECOMMENDATIONS

t h e a s s e s s m e n t of such c o m p e n s a t i o n should b e l e f t to t h e A d m i : is t r a t i o n ; ( i i ) the m o o r l a n d a r e a of M o u n t E l g o n , c o m p r i s i n g some 4 0 , 0 0 0 a c r e s , s h o u l d b e a d d e d t o t h e K a v i r o n d o N a t i v e Reserve a n d set a s i d e f o r t h e use of t h e E l G o n y i , w h o should also be aide t o find a c c o m m o d a t i o n in o t h e r p a r t s of t h e K a v i r o n d o Native R e s e r v e , o r , to t h e e x t e n t t h a t t h e U g a n d a G o v e r n m e n t inay be w i l l i n g to a c c o m m o d a t e m o r e E l G o n y i in its t e r r i t o r y , they should h a v e t h e o p t i o n of g o i n g t h e r e . 2 1 1 3 . B e s i d e s t h e a d d i t i o n o f t h e 4 0 , 0 0 0 a c r e s just mentioned The Claims of the Kavirondo t h e f o l l o w i n g f a c i l i t i e s h a v e b e e n r e c o m m e n d e d f o r t h e Kavirondo Reserve. Native Reserve. A t s e c t i o n 1 1 1 8 w e n o t e d t h e i n t e n t i o n o f G o v e r n m e n t to add] t o t h e r e s e r v e 1,380 a c r e s w h i c h n o w f o r m p a r t of the Eisunru] T o w n s h i p , a n d w e r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t it be i m p l e m e n t e d , remark i n g t h a t i n o u r o p i n i o n t h e n a t i v e s w i l l h a v e b e e n t r e a t e d not only I f a i r l y but g e n e r o u s l y . At section 1127 we have recommended that 900 acres at] M a s e n o , a t p r e s e n t i n u s e as a s o c i a l s e r v i c e c e n t r e but excluded j f r o m t h e r e s e r v e , b e n o l o n g e r e x c l u d e d but b e c o m e a social service c e n t r e in At the reserve. 1136 we have made a proposal that, if ever the! section

f a r m L . O . 653 c o m e s i n t o the m a r k e t , t h e n a t i v e s should be allowed! t o b i d f o r i t , e i t h e r t r i b a l l y or p r i v a t e l y . A special chapter 2114. A t

1

( N o . 13 of P a r t I I ) h a s b e e n d e v o t e d to the! area. that approximately! 1176 we recommended

q u e s t i o n o f m i n i n g l e a s e s in t h e K a k a m e g a The Claims of the Lumbwa. section

148 - s q u a r e m i l e s of t h e a r e a k n o w n as C h e p a l u n g u be added to the] Lumbwa for N a t i v e R e s e r v e as n a t i v e l a n d C l a s s A , but that Govern the D o r o b o who are m o v e d i n t o Chepalungu fromI m e n t s h o u l d r e s e r v e in i t such l o c a t i o n s as it m a y c o n s i d e r advisable! the use of area. that the L u m b w a and that should have should of the Chematum salt-lick Government the M a u the use

A t s e c t i o n 1153 w e r e c o m m e n d

e r e c t a n d m a i n t a i n a f e n c e a l o n g t h e r o a d of access out of general revenue. A t s e c t i o n 1180 w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t the L u m b w a access to the K i b e i t salt but s h o u l d Bitein salt-lick for the n o t h a v e r i g h t s t o t a k e t h e i r stock should havel removing! p u r p o s e of there.

A t s e c t i o n 1183 w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t an area not I e x c e e d i n g t w o s q u a r e m i l e s s h o u l d be set a p a r t a t C l i e n t a g e ] foi t o w n s h i p , b u t s h o u l d n o t b e e x c l u d e d f r o m t h e n a t i v e reserve. The Claims of the Duruma. 2 1 1 5 . A t s e c t i o n 1203 w e h a v e s t a t e d t h e facts c o n c e r n i n g theI D u r u m a c l a i m t o t h e M w a c h i V a l l e y i n so f a r as t h e y arc known j

577
S U M M A R Y hiiT I I I - C H A P T E R XII] OF RECOMMENDATIONS

i, us. B u t c e r t a i n e v i d e n c e c o m i n g t o h a n d a t t h e l a s t m o m e n t laused a d o u b t as t o w h e t h e r w e h a v e , e v e n n o w , a l l t h e f a c t s
0

icfore us. txcept t h a t At llwuchi !j,le. thirl y

W e therefore decided to m a k e no r e c o m m e n d a t i o n , a special inquiry should be undertaken, preferably by Commissioner. 1213 area we have recommended approximately will include an exchange acres in on the each sacred N a t i v e Tlu- Claims ol the Taveta. involving 2,000 two to

lie P r o v i n c i a l section forest defined

The

chief

advantage boundary

t o t h e n a t i v e s is t h a t

they w i l l have a

which

kayas or

laces in t h e 21.16. W e

reserve. have recommended additions the T a v e t a

2117. I n o r d e r to satisfy a c l a i m of r i g h t b y t h e T e i t a t r i b e have recommended that Government purchase L.O. 924 i n d a n y i E s t a t e a n d that it b e a d d e d t o t h e D a b i d a Native Reserve a s n a t i v e l a n d , C l a s s A . T h e s e c t i o n r e f e r e n c e is 1 2 5 5 . W e h a v e also r e c o m m e n d e d that n e g o t i a t i o n s be o p e n e d w i t h [he T e i t a C o n c e s s i o n s , L i m i t e d f o r t h e s u r r e n d e r of t w o a r e a s , -pectively three square miles a n d e l e v e n square miles in e x t e n t , t h e r e a b o u t s , in s a t i s f a c t i o n o f r i g h t s h e l d r e s p e c t i v e l y b y t h e pita and the K a s i g a o , these areas b e i n g , in our o p i n i o n , subject fo native r i g h t s a n d d e e m e d t o b e e x c l u d e d f r o m t h e l e a s e as p r o in s e c t i o n 86 of t h e C r o w n L a n d s O r d i n a n c e . W i t h the Iddilion o f t h e s e a r e a s t o t h e r e s e r v e , t h e r e s i d u e of t h e e s t a t e 1-hould p a s s u n e n c u m b e r e d t o t h e l e s s e e s , w h o , u n d e r s e c t i o n 31 jjf the 1 9 0 2 o r d i n a n c e w o u l d b e e n t i t l e d t o a r e d u c t i o n of r e n t .

teserve o f 22 J- s q u a r e m i l e s as C l a s s B 1. W e h a v e a l s o r e c o m lended t h a t t h e L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l s h o u l d b e a l l o w e d t o o p e n ,., ntiatiotis f o r t h e p u r c h a s e of L . B . 4 8 8 1 front M e s s r s . G o o d w i l l i e (srr sections 1229-1231). Sedgwick

Tiv.- Claims of the Teita and the Kasigao.

tSee s e c t i o n s
We

1259-1271.)
r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a t s e c t i o n s 1273 as n a t i v e as lands, Class A and and 119 Class Crown

have m a d e further to the native be

i 5 , b y w h i c h a d d i t i o n a l l a n d a m o u n t i n g t o 65 s q u a r e m i l e s w o u l d e added pare reserve added miles we would temporary t h a t , if native reserve, are

-1. T h e s e a r e a s w o u l d b e a d d e d f r o m a d j a c e n t u n a l i e n a t e d have recommended 1. have recommended bridge. recommended that, At we have a very minor the T e i t a

tnd, a n d

successful

it c l e a r i n g t h e t e m p o r a r y a r e a o f t s e t s e f l y , t h e y s h o u l d h a v e i t as iative r e s e r v e , C l a s s B At section At 12S0 w e section adjust if c o n Tho Sagalla t o Native Reserve. section fact

ent of t h e b o u n d a r y n e a r V o i B i v e r 2118. 1286

tidered d e s i r a b l e , t h e S a g a l l a n a t i v e s s h o u l d b e g i v e n p e r m i s s i o n cultivate o n M a u n g u h i l l o n t e m p o r a r y l e a s e o r l i c e n c e . w e p r o p o s e a s m a l l a d j u s t m e n t of b o u n d a r y , d u o t o t h e the V o i B i v e r h a v i n g a l t e r e d its c o u r s e .

S U M M A R Y OF
PART I I I - C H A P T E R XII]

RECOMMENDATIONS

Native tho Coa stai Strip.

SC 8

J ho Galla.

2 1 1 9 . A t s e c t i o n 1293 w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d that t h e native r e s e r v e s o n t h e c o a s t a l s t r i p s h o u l d n o t b e e x t e n d e d w i t h o u t very g o o d r e a s o n ; b u t w e h a v e f o u n d g o o d r e a s o n t o e x i s t for g i v i n g 600 a c r e s , n o w used as c o m m o n a g e , t o t h e P n n g u - M z i c h e n d a Native R e s e r v e (section 1296). 2 1 2 0 . A t s e c t i o n 1297 w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t t h e land o c c u p i e d b y t h e G a l l a b e t w e e n t h e T a n a R i v e r a n d t h e K i t u i Native R e s e r v e s h o u l d be t r e a t e d o n t h e s a m e f o o t i n g as w e h a v e recom mended for the N o r t h e r n F r o n t i e r P r o v i n c e and Turkana.

Native^ands.

2 1 2 1 . I t s e e m e d t o u s t h a t t h e L a n d s T r u s t O r d i n a n c e , by r e s e r v i n g p a r t i c u l a r l a n d s f o r t h e u s e a n d b e n e f i t of particular tribes " f o r e v e r " , h a d i n t r o d u c e d a r i g i d i t y i n t o t h e l a n d s y s t e m which m i g h t be e x t r e m e l y detrimental to future progress. W h i l e fully a p p r e c i a t i n g t h e n e e d f o r s e c u r i t y w e d e c i d e d t h a t g r e a t e r elasticity o u g h t to b e i n t r o d u c e d . 2 1 2 2 . I n o u r o p i n i o n t h e p r e s e n t s y s t e m of a l a r g e number of c o m p a r a t i v e l y s m a l l r e s e r v e s h a d l i t t l e t o c o m m e n d i t . There a p p e a r e d , f o r i n s t a n c e , t o b e n o r e a s o n w h y t h e l a n d of the homog e n e o u s K i k u y u t r i b e s h o u l d b e d i v i d e d a r t i f i c i a l l y i n t o t h r e e units. W e c o n s i d e r e d t h a t p e a c e f u l i n t e r p e n e t r a t i o n w o u l d be facilitated a n d a m o r e e c o n o m i c d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e p o p u l a t i o n w o u l d ultimately b e s e c u r e d if t h e t r i b a l u n i t s w e r e l a r g e r . W e t h e r e f o r e recom m e n d e d o n l y n i n e m a i n u n i t s of n a t i v e l a n d s , a s set out in the t a b l e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n 1 5 1 0 of t h e R e p o r t .

Degrees of^ Different Classes of

L a n d 0 l

2123. I t

w a s a l s o i n t h e i n t e r e s t s of

elasticity

t h a t w e made

t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f l a n d s i n t o A , B 1, B 2 , e t c . economic guarantee mined class. need should be added that the need a different degree of "for ever",

I t s e e m e d to us

a b s u r d t h a t l a n d a d d e d t o t r i b a l t e r r i t o r y f o r t h e f u l f i l m e n t of an a l t h o u g h t h e r e is no We t h e r e f o r e deterwill be permanent. security

that

w a s n e c e s s a r y for each

The Security of Native Areas.

2 1 2 1 . A t s e c t i o n 1639 w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t N a t i v e Lands s h o u l d c e a s e to b e and be subject C r o w n l a n d , b u t s h o u l d b e v e s t e d in a trust. . ' to t h e s o v e r e i g n t y of t h e C r o w n and its rights to control.

m i n e r a l s , f o r e s t s , w a t e r , a n d g e n e r a l p o w e r of in sections 1518 a n d 1 5 2 1 .

T h e c o n d i t i o n s o n w i n c h e x c l u s i o n s m a y t a k e place a r e covered 2125. T h e Board. should They security proposed for N a t i v e R e s e r v e s could not ( B l ) is that

t h e y s h o u l d b e C r o w n l a n d s u n d e r t h e p r o t e c t i o n of t h e L a n d s Trust be d i m i n i s h e d o r t a k e n a w a y without the of State (section 1459). "Temporary c o n s e n t of t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d , e x c e p t i n g o n l y t h a t an appeal lie to the Secretary

578
S U M M A R Y OF
lp.tUT I I I - C U A F T K U XII]

RECOMMENDATIONS

i alive r e s e r v e s " would be held on lease t e r m i n a b l e [ g o v e r n o r , w i t h t h e a p p r o v a l of t h e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e , (bands T r u s t B o a r d s h o u l d b e c o n s u l t e d ( s e c t i o n 1 4 6 0 ) .

n

by but

the the

2126. T h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s h i t h e r t o r e v i e w e d i n t h i s s u m Questions of mary h a v e c o n c e r n e d t h e m s e l v e s m a i n l y w i t h m a t t e r s a f f e c t i n g t h e Internal Tenure. tribal b o u n d a r i e s , e i t h e r i n r e s p e c t of e x t e n s i o n s , o r e x c h a n g e s o r safeguards. W e n o w turn to the r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s affecting t h e tenure of l a n d i n s i d e t h e b o u n d a r i e s : Such q u e s t i o n s a r e of t w o k i n d s : t e n u r e of l a n d as b e t w e e n ative a n d n a t i v e , a n d q u e s t i o n s a f f e c t i n g t h e a c q u i s i t i o n of l a n d jo p u r p o s e s of s o c i a l s e r v i c e , t r a d e , or i n d u s t r y . [r recommended, at s e c t i o n s 1639 a n d 1 7 9 6 , t h a t the r i g h t s of p a r t i c u ileclaration t h a t t h e y s h a l l h a v e all t h e r i g h t s a n d p o w e r s i n r e s p e c t of land w h i c h t h e y h a v e u n d e r n a t i v e l a w a n d c u s t o m , as i t i s o r as i t may b e c o m e , i n so f a r as t h e y a r e n o t r e p u g n a n t t o t h e L a n d s T r u s t Ordinance o r r u l e s u n d e r i t , or a n y Colony. 2128. A t s e c t i o n 1653 w e h a v e d i s c u s s e d t h e p o i n t w h e t h e r t h e If stem of l a n d t e n u r e s h o u l d d e p e n d e n t i r e l y o n n a t i v e c u s t o m , o r jdiether it s h o u l d b e c a p a b l e of m o d i f i c a t i o n b y r u l e . W e have recommended, at s e c t i o n 1 6 5 5 , t h a t G o v e r n m e n t m u s t t a k e a n d :se t h e p o w e r t o m a k e r u l e s . A t s e c t i o n 1657 w e r e c o m m e n d e d a irocedure w h i c h w o u l d e n s u r e t h a t n o r u l e s w o u l d b e m a d e w i t h o u t rolonged d e l i b e r a t i o n or w i t h o u t c o n s u l t a t i o n of t h e n a t i v e s . The Method of regulating the System of Land Tenure. o t h e r l a w o r o r d i n a n c e of the h a v e Tenure of Land by Natives. lir t r i b e s , g r o u p s , f a m i l i e s a n d i n d i v i d u a l s s h o u l d b e c o v e r e d b y a 2127. On the question of tenure of land by natives w e

I I

2129. I n C h a p t e r I I I o f B a r t I I I w e h a v e . discussed e x h a u s t The Aequisi tion of Plots vely t h e m e t h o d s w h i c h w e r e c o m m e n d f o r t h e a c q u i s i t i o n of p l o t s for purposes or t h e p u r p o s e s of social s e r v i c e , t r a d e o r i n d u s t r y . T h e c h a p t e r of Social Service, Trade loes n o t l e n d i t s e l f t o c o m p r e s s i o n i n t h e f o r m of a s u m m a r y . or Industry. 2130. A t s e c t i o n 1544 w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t i n t h e c r e a t i o n a n d Townships in evelopment of t o w n s h i p s i n n a t i v e r e s e r v e s , t h e b a s i c p r i n c i p l e Native iould b e t h a t t h e y s h o u l d r e m a i n i n t h e r e s e r v e a n d g r o w p r o Reserves. jessively o u t of p l o t s set a p a r t as n e e d arises.

A t s e c t i o n 1 5 5 1 w e r e c o r d e d o u r o p i n i o n t h a t in t h e cases of ort H a l l a n d K a k a m e g a t o w n s h i p s t h e r e a r e c e r t a i n r i g h t - h o l d e r s ) w h o m c o m p e n s a t i o n is d u e ; w e a l s o r e c o r d e d our o p i n i o n t h a t fiese cases a r e e x c e p t i o n a l a n d t h a t t h e r e a r e n o o t h e r e x i s t i n g swnships i n n a t i v e r e s e r v e s i n r e s p e c t of w h i c h a n y c o m p e n s a t i o n due t o p r i v a t e r i g h t - h o l d e r s . 2 1 3 1 . O u r g e n e r a l r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s i n r e g a r d t o m i n i n g l e a s e s Alining Leases. ad o t h e r m a t t e r s r e l a t i n g t o m i n i n g a r e t o b e f o u n d at s e c t i o n s 1)58-1594. B u t in t h e p a r t i c u l a r c a s e of K a k a m e g a w e h a v e m a d e S e r i a l p r o p o s a l s at s e c t i o n 1146 et scq.

SUMMARY PAIIT I I I - C H A P T E R XII]

OF

RECOMMENDATIONS

Water Rights, 2132. O u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s in r e g a r d to w a t e r r i g h t s arc at Roads and s e c t i o n s 1 5 9 5 - 1 6 0 6 ; in r e g a r d to r o a d s and r a i l w a y s at sections Railways, Native Reserve 1 6 0 7 - 1 6 1 7 : a n d in r e g a r d to n a t i v e r e s e r v e forests t h e v a r e -it Forests.sections 1618-1622. Conservation oi' Land. 2133. T u r n i n g f r o m t h e subject of l a n d t e n u r e to the a l l i e d subject of t h e u t i l i z a t i o n of l a n d w e w i s h to i n v i t e especial attention to t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a t s e c t i o n 2 0 4 0 of t h e "Report in which w e state t h e m e a s u r e s n e c e s s a r y t o s a f e g u a r d t h e n a t i v e areas f r o m deterioration through overstocking. 2134. A t s e c t i o n 1 6 9 1 w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d t h a i , w h i l e the f u n c t i o n of t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d is t o p r o t e c t , the responsibility f o r t h e m a n a g e m e n t , d e v e l o p m e n t , a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d control of native lands rests directly w i t h G o v e r n m e n t . A t s e c t i o n 1 6 9 7 , a f t e r r e v i e w i n g t h e d u t i e s of t h e B o a r d , a n d stating the comparative advantages and disadvantages of a B o a r d r e s i d e n t in E n g l a n d a n d a B o a r d in K e n y a , w e h a v e e x p r e s s e d n p r e f e r e n c e f o r t h e f o r m e r , f o r r e a s o n s s t a t e d in t h e section. The Working of the LandTrust Ordinance.' 2135. III) W e We h a v e d e v o t e d a special c h a p t e r of t h e w o r k i n g s of ( C h a p t e r V I o f Part Trust Ordinance. lines

H i e Duties of the Lands Trust Board and of the Administra tion.

to a r e v i e w

the L a n d s

have recommended task of to

a r e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e o r d i n a n c e o n and development would

w h i c h w i l l constitute the L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d essentially a protector, wdiile t h e internal control Government. We belong that unequivocally We Facilities for Natives outside the Tribal Areas. Ufcban Natives. have also r e c o m m e n d e d

t h e e x i s t e n c e o f p r i v a t e r i g h t s s h o u l d b e k e p t m o r e c l o s e l y in m i n d . f o u n d in t h e p r e s e n t o r d i n a n c e t o o p r o n o u n c e d t h e n a t i v e r e s e r v e s as a That concludes our common. summary We of those parts ol the n o w turn to the r e c o u i of P a r t II a tendency to regard

2136. Eeport

wdiich d e a l w i t h t r i b a l a r e a s .

m e n d a t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g f a c i l i t i e s f o r n a t i v e s o u t s i d e t h e tribal a r e a s . 2137. In Chapter X V I I Our specific at of P a r t I and Chapter V I will be w e h a v e e x a m i u e d c e r t a i n s p e c i a l p r o b l e m s of N a i r o b i and M o m b a s a respectively. following village; the recommendations 591, found in the native quarter: regarding sections : section regarding Pangani native 1363

at s e c t i o n s 5 9 3 , 5 9 4 , r e g a r d i n g P u m w a n i on Nairobi scheme.
f

at 601-608 r e g a r d i n g K i b i r a S u d a n e s e s e t t l e m e n t ; at 6 3 1 , regarding Somalis commonage: and at Mombasa housing

2 1 3 8 . A t s e c t i o n 623 w e m a k e a r e c o m m e n d a t i o n of a m o r e 1 liu case of Urban Natives g e n e r a l a p p l i c a t i o n . . I t is to the effect that,- w h e n a native is who are r e t u r n e d to h i s r e s e r v e f r o m a n u r b a n a r e a , e i t h e r as a vagrant or returned to their Reserves. u n d e r a n y l a w f u l o r d e r , t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r of his o w n reserve must have p o w e i to find a c c o m m o d a t i o n f o r h i m ; the rules

SUMMARY p.uiT " i l l C H A P T E R X I I ]

OF

RECOMMENDATIONS

1f land t e n u r e m u s t n o t b e s u c h a s t o p r e c l u d e such a u a t i v e f r o m obtaining a c c o m m o d a t i o n at l e a s t a s a t e n a n t , a n d r e c e i v i n g a (sufficiency o f l a n d t o c u l t i v a t e .

0

lra ae

2139. A t s e c t i o n 1 8 7 9 w e h a v e g i v e n a s c h e d u l e o f t h e l a n d s Iwhich w e r e c o m m e n d t o b e n a t i v e l e a s e h o l d a r e a s . T h e i r total is 939 s q u a r e m i l e s . A t s e c t i o n 1 8 8 0 w e r e c o m m e n d t h a t e v e r y such a r e a s h o u l d b e

j^klAr^

e a s e

'

I
I I

under t h e s u p e r v i s i o n a n d c o n t r o l o f t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r i n whose p r o v i n c e i t i s s i t u a t e d , a n d t h a t h e s h o u l d d e a l w i t h it t h r o u g h an a d v i s o r y b o d y c o n s t i t u t e d o u t h e l i n e s of a L o c a l L a n d B o a r d I in a n a t i v e r e s e r v e . S e c t i o n s 1882-1935 c o n t a i n o u r p r o p o s a l s Iteuure of l a n d i n n a t i v e l e a s e h o l d a r e a s . 2140. for the method i n effect of Section 86 of

A t section 1854, w e have r e c o m m e n d e d

that,

provided t h a t o u r p r o p o s a l s f o r e x t e n s i o n s o f n a t i v e r e s e r v e s a r e accepted, a n d p r o v i d e d t h a t c o m p e n s a t i o n in o t h e r f o r m s i s p a i d Ordinance, in cases in w h i c h w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d i t ( e . g . t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n at section 1 0 8 7 r e g a r d i n g t h e E l g o n y i ) , t h e n s t e p s s h o u l d b e t a k e n to render s e c t i o n 86 o f t h e C r o w n L a n d s O r d i n a n c e , 1 9 1 5 , a n d vi ion 31 of t h e C r o w n L a n d s O r d i n a n c e . 1 9 0 2 , i n o p e r a t i v e b o t h [in e x i s t i n g a n d f u t u r e l e a s e s ; p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n [should n o t a p p l y t o l a n d in t h e C o a s t s t r i p . 1858, t h a t

jlj^,^

rown

I n t h i s c o n n e x i o n w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d , at s e c t i o n Ian i irder i n C o u n c i l b e s o u g h t .

2141. S e c t i o n 1970 s t a t e s t h e m a n n e r i n w h i c h w e h a v e a r r i v e d The European at a d e f i n i t i o n o f " t h e E u r o p e a n H i g h l a n d s ; i n s e c t i o n 1 9 7 1 , t h e H ^ M m d a . area is s t a t e d t o b e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 6 , 7 0 0 s q u a r e m i l e s , as s h o w n jutt the m a p f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n 1 9 7 6 . I n s e c t i o n 1979 w e r e c o m m e n d that t h e b o u n d a r i e s of t h e E u r o p e a n H i g h l a n d s b e s a f e g u a r d e d b y In Order i n C o u n c i l . n 2142. A l t h o u g h t h e m a t t e r is n o t s t r i c t l y w i t h i n o u r t e r m s of Proposals f o r tTcnce, w e s u p p o r t e d , a t s e c t i o n 6 3 2 , a p r o p o s a l b y t h e G a m e Game P a r k . [Warden t h a t t h e g r e a t e r p a r t o f t h e N a i r o b i C o m m o n a g e should Become a n a t i o n a l g a m e p a r k , a n d w e s t a t e d t h a t , i n o u r o p i n i o n , would b e i n t h e best i n t e r e s t s o f t h e C o l o n y t h a t t h e l a n d should e devoted to this purpose. I n r e g a r d to a further proposal b y the lame W a r d e n t h a t t h e r e b e a n a t i o n a l g a m e p a r k n e a r M o u n t Marsabit, w e s t a t e d , a t s e c t i o n 8 1 7 , t h a t w e s a w n o o b j e c t i o n t o i t , provided t h a t a d e q u a t e s a f e g u a r d s a r e i n t r o d u c e d f o r l i m i t i n g t h e number o f a n i m a l s t o a p o i n t a t w h i c h t h e r e i s n o d a n g e r o f t h e i r pausing i m p a i r m e n t t o t h e l a n d . 2143. W e i n v i t e a t t e n t i o n t o t h e financial hich w e h a v e m a d e in t h e p r e v i o u s c h a p t e r . recommendations TtSs^tniSenda tions.

SUMMARY P A R T 111CHAPTER X I I J

OF

RECOMMENDATIONS

Recommendaan Order i a ' Council.

1 1 5

2144. B e f o r e

closing

our

Report,

we

wish

to

make

final

r e c o m m e n d a t i o n . I n r e g a r d to all c l a i m s b a s e d o n a n allegation of r i g h t , t h e p u b l i c of K e n y a , b o t h n a t i v e a n d n o n - n a t i v e , i s looking to us f o r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w h i c h w i l l s e c u r e finality. T h e s e we h a v e s t r i v e n to p r o v i d e , a n d w o h o p e t h a t , if our r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s in this r e g a r d a r e a c c e p t e d b y G o v e r n m e n t , s t e p s w i l l be taken to e n s u r e t h a t t h e s e c l a i m s w i l l n o t a g a i n b e r e o p e n e d . W e consider t h a t n o o t h e r s a f e g u a r d c o u l d b e so e f f e c t i v e as an O r d e r in Council. W e a r c n o t c o n c e r n e d to p r o p o s e w h a t f o r m it s h o u l d t a k e , but the effect should b e t h a t , subject t o the s p e c i a l e x c e p t i o n s a n d qualifica t i o n s c o n t a i n e d in o u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n a t s e c t i o n 1S54 a b o v e , all n a t i v e r i g h t s o u t s i d e t h e r e s e r v e s s h o u l d n o w bo e x p u n g e d in view of the a d d i t i o n s m a d e to t r i b a l t e r r i t o r y a n d t h e o t h e r forms of compensation provided. 2 1 4 5 . I t m u s t n o t b e t h o u g h t t h a t t h i s p r o p o s a l is m a d e with a n y i n t e n t i o n of p r e v e n t i n g t h e n a t i v e s f r o m o b t a i n i n g rights in land outside the reserves. O n the c o n t r a r y , the recommendations m a d e in the R e p o r t c o n c e r n i n g n a t i v e l e a s e h o l d a r e a s a n d areas in w h i c h a l l r a c e s s h o u l d h a v e e q u a l p r i v i l e g e s i n r e s p e c t of land will p r o v i d e the n a t i v e s w i t h f a r m o r e f a c i l i t i e s for a c q u i r i n g land out s i d e t h e i r r e s e r v e s t h a n t h e y h a v e e v e r h a d b e f o r e . B u t it is to t h e a d v a n t a g e of n o b o d y t h a t t h e p r e s e n t p r e c a r i o u s o c c u p a n c y , rest i n g on u n a s c e r t a i n a b l e c l a i m s o f r i g h t or t h e p r o t e c t i o n of section 86 of t h e C r o w n L a n d s O r d i n a n c e , s h o u l d c o n t i n u e . W e recommend t h a t t h e s l a t e b e c l e a n e d b y an e x p u n g i n g of t h e s e n e b u l o u s rights, a n d a f t e r w a r d s n a t i v e s w i l l h a v e a m p l e o p p o r t u n i t y to t a k e up land on l e a s e in n a t i v e l e a s e h o l d a r e a s should t h e y p r e f e r that course to l i v i n g in t h e r e s e r v e s . 2116. T h e e s s e n t i a l p o i n t is t h a t t h e r e s h o u l d be n o hang-over of f u r t h e r c l a i m s in t h e a r e a s f o r w h i c h w e h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d a s e t t l e m e n t o n t r i b a l l i n e s . A r e a s s u c h a s t h e K e n y a Protectorate a r e e x c e p t i o n a l , a n d a r e e x c l u d e d f r o m t h e s c o p e of our reconv mendation. 2147. I n the nature of the satisfaction tire subject, of e c o n o m i c needs we finality have is not, it proposed i

procurable.

But

g e n e r a l f r a m e w o r k f o r a l a n d s y s t e m w h i c h p r o v i d e s , in our opinion b o t h sufficient s e c u r i t y a n d sufficient e l a s t i c i t y . accepted by Government, would be embodied Native L a n d s Trust Ordinance. but in all c a r d i n a l m a t t e r s . 2148. W e the Order in recommend Council; and that that the boundaries the clauses in of the nine mai TrusJ T h i s framework, i in a reconstitute!

W e r e c o m m e n d t h a t the Ordinanc

i t s e l f be s a f e g u a r d e d b y O r d e r in C o u n c i l ; not as t o all its clause;

u n i t s of n a t i v e l a n d s w h i c h w e

have recommended

be defined b

the Lands

SUMMARY "ART I I I - C H A P T E R XII]

OF

RECOMMENDATIONS

Ordinance w h i c h l a y d o w n h o w a d d i t i o n s , e x c l u s i o n s or e x c h a n g e s may b e m a d e s h o u l d b e s a f e g u a r d e d a g a i n s t a m e n d m e n t , u n l e s s b y i now O r d e r i n C o u n c i l . 2 1 4 9 . W e r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e p r o t e c t i o n of t h e O r d e r in Council s h o u l d also b e e x t e n d e d to n a t i v e l e a s e h o l d a r e a s i n r e s p e c t if their e x t e r n a l b o u n d a r i e s . 2150. W e irotected. 2 1 5 1 . W e f u r t h e r r e c o m m e n d t h a t t h e O r d e r i n C o u n c i l should ontain a d e c l a r a t i o n r e g a r d i n g t h e p r i v a t e r i g h t s of n a t i v e s in t h e eserves o n t h e l i n e s s u g g e s t e d i n s e c t i o n 1796 a b o v e . 2152. W e c o n s i d e r t h a t i t w o u l d be i n v i d i o u s if t h e n a t i v e eserves w e r e t o b e j i r o t e c t e d i n t h i s m a n n e r a n d n o s i m i l a r s e c u r i t y ie g i v e n t o t h e E u r o p e a n H i g h l a n d s . W e recommend therefore hat t h e e x t e r n a l b o u n d a r i e s of t h e E u r o p e a n H i g h l a n d s b e d e f i n e d aider t h e O r d e r i n C o u n c i l , a n d b e s u b j e c t t o a n a l o g o u s s a f e g u a r d s j to e x c l u s i o n s , a d d i t i o n s a n d e x c h a n g e s . further recommend that the clauses which define he c o n s t i t u t i o n a n d p o w e r s of t h e L a n d s T r u s t B o a r d b e similarly

W. E. F.

MOERIS W. 0'B.

CARTEL.

HEAISTED. WILSON.

Vt July,

1933.

581

APPENDICES

APPENDIX I Extracts from Documents and Evidence Relating to the Question of the Extent of Kikuyu Territory in the period 1895-1902
NOTE.The following extracts from files, documents and evidence are quoted for purposes of ready reference, but it is of course obvious that the conclusions reached by the Commissioners arc based on the whole of the evidence. There is much important evidence which does not lend itself to quotation in short extracts.

SECTION

A.

O N T H E S U B J E C T OF T H E B O U N D A R Y W O O D . (lieferring to Sections 32-01 of the Report.) Extracts from Through Masailand (Joseph Thomson), 1S83-S4: Page 308." Tho Alasai have made repeated attempts to penetrate into the country, but they have found that the Kikuyu were more than a match for them in their dense forests." Mar) from Through Masailand (Joseph Thomson):

" Tho position of the words 'High Forest Region' shows that the forest existed along the eastern boundary, where there is now very little trace of it, as well as on the other sides." Extracts from Discovery by Count Teleki of Lakes Itudolf and Stephanie (Von Hohnel), published in 1894 (the extracts relate to 1387) l'agc 289." The Kikuyu do not venture out of the forests foar of the M a s a i . " for

Page 302."The narrow belt of primeval forest which forms a natural frontier encircling the whole of Kikuyuland." Page 330. Our camp on the ridge was near the eastern frontier of Kikuyuland, about 2i to 3 miles from the wood which seems to encircle the whole district."
11

Page 3 3 2 . T h e next two days we marched in a north-easterly direction, at a distance of about 3J to 4V miles from the boundary . wood." Page 352." The industrious natives have cleared away almost every trace of a forest from the interior, leaving only a belt as a frontier buttress from one to two hours' march deep." Extract from Early relating to 1891: Days in East Africa (Sir Frederick Jackson),

Page 169." Our camp just outside the protective belt of forest and natural boma of Kikuyu." Extract from The llise of Our East African 1893: Page 419." It (Kikuyu) timber forest." Empire (Lord Lugard), fine

is surrounded by a belt of very

APPENDIX

Icontd.

Extract from Kenya (Hobloy):

jrom

Chartered

Company

to Crown

Colony

L'age 110." Much of the land so allocated (to settlers) was a buffer zone between the Masai and Kikuyu." Extract from British Mission to Uganda in 189.3 (Sir Gerald Portal): " W e left the open plain and plunged into the darkness of a dense bolt of forest which forms the natural boundary of the regions inhabited by the treacherous, cunning and usually hostile people of the Kikuyu." Extract from British East Africa or IlifiA ( P . L . McDermott) 1895:Page -123." Encircled by a dense belt of forest, which affords effective protection to the people from their enemies." Extract from James Hanninglon (Rev. E. C. Dawson), 1885: Page 342.-"August 25th : Arrived in the evening at Ngongo ;i Bagas. This place is situated on the borders of Masai land and the country of the Kikuyu. . . . Tho Kikuyu inhabit the forest-clad uplands, which hero abut upon the plains of the Masai country. . . ." Page 343." The bishop was very anxious to hold some inter course with the Kikuyu, but they dared not venture down to his camp. H o therefore went up to them with an escort of only ten men. Even then, he failed to gain their confidence. So far from attempting to do him any violence, the unhappy Wa-Kikuyu (led before him every whero." Page 334." After waiting two hours, a single man came out from the forest, with fresh leaves in his hand, as a mark of submission and peace. He said the Chief was close by, and wanted to know whether we had come to fight or to buy grain. W e explained . . . Three men next stepped out of the wood, told us the Chief was coming, and disappeared. Then the Chief came towards us, a man of about fifty years old, and half-drunk, reeling to and fro like a ship in a storm. . . . They refused to eat muma with us, and clamoured for the presents, which I gave them; after that they promised to bring food for sale. Off they went, and in a quarter of an hour buying and selling began . . . " Page 347." Things went for a whole very smoothly, though our famishing men were hard to restrain; till suddenly the cry of 'Masai' was raised, and a number of warriors leapt from the jungle with spears and shields. It was a false alarm, but the Kikuyu took fright, and again the market was stopped . . . The apparently desolate forest was in reality swarming with the Kikuyu; but they live in impene trable fastnesses. Even the Swahili traders, with all their pretences, have not succeeded in peeping into their huts, and the formidable Masai cannot cope with them in tho recesses of their own forest high lands. On Monday, the 7th, a more successful attempt was made to purchase food. Tho Bishop again wont out with about a hundred men, whom he caused to sit in a circle while he dealt with the natives. Tho plain was soon crowded with the Kikuyu, who pressed in on every side. Our men, who had no trust in them, each had his loaded gun by his side. It was, however, almost impossible to prevent things from being stolen by these thievish people . . . "

APPENDIX

Jcontd.

Extract from Through Musailand (Joseph Thomson): Page '.107.(At Ngongo Bagas): " W e had to try to get into con nexion with tho Kikuyu to buy food. It was not an easy matter. . . . The large numbers of Masai who came to the camp by their presence prevented their enemies venturing down to us. . . . A fight resulting in several deaths took place." Extracts from The Genesis of a Colimy (R. O. Preston): Of the forest near Nairobi, he states: " Those people (the Kikuyu) lived in fear and trembling of the Masai, and would not venture out ill their forest country. When therefore the rails arrived in their country, aud the hordes of railway workmen appeared on the scone, the Kikuyu felt safer and ventured out more." Of the Escarpment forest, he states: " T h e Masai constantly preyed on their timid neighbours and were ever on the alert to drive off any sheep or cattle that might stray a short distance from tho herds. Lying on the plains for days they would watch their oppor tunity and silently stealing up the hill would drive tho wanderers down the mountain. When a Kikuyu herdsman caught sight of a Masai anywhere in their vicinity, he would sound the warning cry that would at once be taken up by all the women in tho fields for miles along the escarpment, and the herdsmen would hurriedly gather their flocks together and make for safety, further up the mountain." From the evidence of Hassan bin Jumbe (Evidence, p. 244): 1 was ou a safari with Count Teleki, who was known to the natives as Dakitumbo. He went to Ndoro in Masai country, about four days' march from the Kikuyu border. Nyeri was then Kikuyu country and the Paso Nyiro was the Kikuyu boundary in the north and the Chania was the boundary between Masai and Kikuyu in the south. Count Teleki met the Samburu people near Rudolf." From the evidence of Hindi bin Hamisi (Evidence, p. 242): " Mr. Thomson went to Ngongo Bagas. The place was inhabited by Masai, who were in fact spread over the whole countryside, includ ing Thatiiini. The manyatta of the Laibon Lenana was at Keya. On two occasions I visited Ngongo Bagas: once with M r . Jackson, and once with Bishop Hannington, and saw Maisai there but no Kikuyu. If we wanted food, we used to follow the Kikuyu with thirty or forty riflemen, and buy food at their market at Dagoretti, which was then in Masai country; so was Karen Estate, so was Mararoi." SECTION B.

O N T H E E X T E N T OF K I K U Y U O C C U P A T I O N O N P L A I N S BEYOND THE BOUNDARY WOOD. (Referring to Sections 45-51 of the Report.) Mr. 0. W. llobley, C.M.G., speaking of 1 8 9 4 : " W e . . . camped on the future site of Nairobi Town. It was an open plain with relics of old Masai villages, and there were many skulls of Masai who had died in a smallpox epidemic a few years previously. There was no evidence of the Kikuyu having established any villages or cultivation on the plains outside the forest belt."

APPENDIX

Icontd.

Colonel Ainsworth, C.M.G., D.S.O., C.B.E., writes that in 1892 ho recovered a number of Masai women and children, who had been captured by Akamba, and wishing to hand them back sot out to find the Masai. H e continues: " Wo eventually arrived within tho vicinity of the place we know now as Muthaiga, where some kraals were located. Here I handed over the women and children. . . . As I wanted to buy somo donkeys for transport, tho Masai took me to some kraals located near the Kamiti BiyOr. I went short distances up some of the forest glades. I, how -ever, saw no cultivation and no natives other than the Masai." But in another part of his memorandum he records: " Long beforo 1898, those sections of the Masai who had been in tlie habit of occupying tho grazing along the forest area had become considerably weakened through pleuro amongst their cattle, and smallpox. During 1S95, it was necessary to take tho remnants of the Kapfce and Matapatti elans under tho direct protection of Government, arid they wero moved temporarily to a place near Port Smith, but early in 189G we moved them to Ngong. . . . From this time on, the grazing north of the Nairobi River was loss and less used by the Masai, but up to about 1898 a few kraals wero to be seen on the higher land now known as Nairobi H i l l . " S E C T I O N C. O N T H E S U B J E C T OF T H E N O R T H E R N B O R D E R NEAR NYERI. (Referring to Sections 73-87 of the Report.) Senior Chief Wambugu (Evidence, p. 83): " Another old man called Wangai Kigira used to go to the junction of the Amboni and Gathingurengai Rivers for the same purpose (sacrifice)." Evidence of Chief Enderi (Evidence, p. 85): " Our grandfathers used to tell us that the boundary with the Masai was the Amboni R i v e r . " Evidence of Chief Nduini (Evidence, p. 107): " The boundary of tho Kikuyu was the Amboni. . . ." Q. " W e r e the Dorobo beforo the K i k u y u ? " A. " Neither was there before the other. When we went to hunt wo used to find their fires. Our great-grandfathers used to tell us that they found Dorobo living on the other side of the river, but there was a market where we used to sell food to them. They used to wander about, and oven went as far as Chief Murigo's home to hunt." Evidence of Kithegi Kagwamba (Evidence, p. 109): '" These Europeans camped at Munyu Airitu. It was Kikuyu country. Now it is on -Mr. Tuke's farm, between tho Nairobi and :Sagana Rivers." Evidence of Wainbugu Mwigwa (Evidence, p. 110): Q. " Did you tell M r . Evans that in your young days there were mo Kikuyu north of the junction of the Chania and Sagana Rivers?" A. " Yes, 1 did."

APPENDIX

Icontcl.

Itovision Case No. 23/29, N y e r i : Statement by Muhoya Kagumba. ^tbo defendant): " Before tlie Government came, all that land was Bush, and no body went there because of lions and elephants and the Masai. When my father went in, although he was not the first man who went into tho bush, nobody else had established himself in that part, and no ithaka had boon fixed." (Note.Tho hind in question was in Ihururu githaka, near Nyeri Hill.) Extract from King of the Wakikuyu, (John Boyes), p. 132: " Arriving at last at Kakeri's village, we were met by the chief himself and some of tho elders of the tribe." Evidence of Mr. John Boyos (Evidence, p. 729): Tho Chairman made reference to a passage in Mr. Boyes' book, reading, " There is now a fort and Government station at his old place at Nyeri, where I had first come across him," and asked: Q. " Could you swear if that was the actual spot? " A. " No, I could not." Extract from King of the Wakikuyu (John Boyes), p. 151: " I t was Wangombe's boast that Mount Kenya belonged to him, and tho Wanderobo were his people, and joined him if there was a fight." Evidence of M r . John Boyes (Evidence, p. 729): Q. " H a d Karuri got a lot of people? " A. " Y e s ; but after I crossed the Chania River there were no more Kikuyu. Wangombe lived on the south-west slopes of Kenya on a hill near Ragati River at K a r g e n a . " Evidence, p. 730: " N e a r Nyeri, tho Chania River was considered the boundary, but Kikuyu went to graze their cattle on the north side after the Masai had shifted." Evidence of Brother Benedetto (Evidence, pp. 546, 547): " When I came here in 1903 there wore no natives on the whole -of our present farm. There were some Masai on the polo ground. . . . I hear that the Aithirandu Clan were on the west of Nyeri Hill. I never heard of anybody claiming the other side. . . . Before we came here, the Aithirandu Clan claimed tho west side of Nyeri Hill, at, I think, the line they marked on the other side of the Chania River. The name 'Muthari' means 'place of division' in K i k u y u . " SECTION ON T H E (Referring AVESTERN to Sections D. FRONTIER. Report.)

95-128 of the

Evidence of Mr. F. W . Isaac (Evidence): " The forest was tho hiding-place of their live stock. They were ;pasturing in the forest glades." Q. " Could they pasture cattle in the forest itself? " A. " N o , not cattle, but they could pasture goats. All those forests are divided up, and you will get open glades suddenly in the middle of the forest."

APPENDIX

Icontd.

" At the back (of the Aberdare Eorest) it would have been entirely Dorobo. The disputes which arose, which I can remember, were largely botween Wa-Kikuyu and Dorobo. . . . They wero scattered. If they wero hungry they would go and steal tho honey, and periodically the Kikuyu would steal theirs back again to get even. Then there would probably bo a murder." Extract from a Memorandum by the Fort Hall Native Council (Evidence, p. 1 1 9 ) : " The boundaries on the west of Port Hall District were in the earliest times as follows: " Erom the junction of Chania and Kiboro Rivers (which was the boundary of Kikuyu and Masai, who met with the Masai at a place called Gatura-ini). "-Erom Kiboro River to the junction of lbuteti and Chania Rivers right up to Gathara-ini to the junction of Gathara-ini and Turasha Rivers, thence to Mutarakwa or Gitamaiyu (whore Kikuyu of Fort Hall and Nyeri were making their sacrifices before proceeding to Masai R eservc).'' Evidence of Lokomoro Olo Mbirya (Kakanyuki: Masai) (Evidence, p. 2 3 8 ) : " I showed you four different manyattas. One at Uplands (Ngar oya's), one (my own) at Escarpment, two at tho junction of Limuru and Kikuyu roads, one between two hills, in the valleys. I swear that all these were in Masai country and were not Kikuyu country." Evidence of Turuthi wa Githei (Evidence, p. 239) : " Most of the evidence given by They (the witnesses) said they had (Lari) and Uplands. They never had (Dorobo) (Comments on above),

these Masai is quite untrue. . . . their manyattas at Escarpment their manyattas there."

From the evidence of Abdulla bin Omari (Evidence, p. 2-13): " Mr. Hall and I saw Lelian at Uplands. His manyatta was just below the station, and he herded his cattle above it. Where Escarp ment Station now is was purely Masai country. The Masai wero at Kijabe when M r . Dick was killed, and indeed their country stretched from Kijabe to the Kinangop, and on to Naivasha. Tho Kikuyu stayed in tho forest because they were afraid of tho M a s a i . " Evidence of Mr. Battiscombe (Evidence, p. -108): Regarding 1907 or thereabouts: " T h e greater part of the forest round the Lari Swamp . . . was claimed by a native chief . . . to have been bought from the Dorobo, but his claim was not recognized by Government. . . . I think they still claim a great deal of that forest, but the claim has never been recognized (the southern end of the forest surrounding Uplands Bacon Factory). H e claimed the whole nf the forest." -- ; " There was cultivation by Kikuyu. They were encroaching in the forest. Tho Railway had been constructed, and the country settled, and there was nothing to worry the natives; I think they were increas ing their cultivation then. . . . The Kikuyu were all eating into the forest. . . . To a certain extent, secondary forest grew up behind, them, but they were continually going on ail the time."

APPENDIX

Icon til.

Q. '.' Did you over sco any signs of boundaries having been cut or indicated by marking trees P " .1. " No. 1 have no recollection of any having been pointed out to ino, or having come across one. 1 do think it is possible that the . forest was cut up into sections, but that was for purposes of elephant (ivory) and honey-gathering.'' Evidence of tho Hon. Charles Dundas (regarding 1911) (Evidence, p. - 1 1 9 ) : Q. " Would they have used the forest for any distance in? " A. " O h , yes, thoy would go a long way in. And there arc also certain grasses and, if I recollect rightly, also mosses which they used for the bedding of stock and so on. Undoubtedly, 1 should think they might justifiably claim forest territory of which they had tho absolute use before wo came." Evidence of M r . A. G. Baker (regarding 1907) (Evidence, p. 447): " (On the Aberdare Range? there wero constant encroachments by tho Kikuyu, who were continually burning and destroying the forests, eating their way in. . . They liko every other year to get on to fresh land; they like to get new forest land. I think it was a general move westwards, as far as 1 could tell." (,). " I see you say in your memorandum that there were a largo number of pockets, as it wore, of cultivation in tho forest? " A. " Yes. Generally speaking, it was only within, say, half mile of tho edge. They did not go very far i n . " A. " Not many. It was all practically on the edge." a

Q. " Where there any traces of cultivation well into tho forest? " Q. " W a s there any grazing inside the forest itself? " A. " Very little. The Kikuyu had very few cattle in those days. . . . (goats) were going into the little glades. They were working in. They would go into the glades and work into the forest, and eat up all tho young trees . . . (there were) quite a lot in those days. There wero a good many sheep. Generally speaking, there was not much grazing in the forest. It is a wet tropical forest, and it is naturally very thick. It is only as a result of fires or destruction by human beings or animals that you get much grass at all." Q. " Did you see any signs of the forest being demarcated in any way between various sections of the tribe? " A. " Not that I saw." Q. " D i d you find beehives in the f o r e s t ? " A. " Y e s ; I should say they would be a good way i n . " S E C T I O N E. ON THE L I M U R U FARM AREA. (Referring lo Sections 129-137 of the llcport.) Extract from Discovery hi/ Count Teleld, etc. (p. 3 1 5 ) : " On September 12th, wo started again . . . the path leading, as before, over many ridges and streams, the whole district being covered with fairly steep hills, oxtending north-west and south-east with a south-easterly trend. . . . The country is almost bare of trees, but

APPENDIX

Icontd.

very well cultivated, the more humid valleys with sugar-cane, more rarely with bananas or colocasia ; the hill slopes with potatoes, beans, millet, tobacco, and so on. . . . Count Teleki at tho head of the caravan had the worst of it, for ho had to clear his way through tho natives, who always gathered in force at the streams. . . ." " Tho next day's march (September Pith) took us over tho highest ridge of Kikuyuland, and we camped at a height of about 0,800 feet, tho maximum reached by us so far. The Hat summit of the ridge was now completely overgrown with a species of fern from (it to 8 feet high, forming whole thickets. . . . Tho camp was besieged once more by hundreds of natives." " On September 14th we resumed our march amid scenery very much tho same as that just passed through, except that there was less cultivation, with more grass, bush and ferns. The country was, how ever, still well populated, aud we passed several little settlements, consisting of from three to about twenty huts, either hidden in the woods or nestling against the slopes of the mountain in the midst of banana plantations. . . . Tho number of natives who attended our march increased to thousands as we proceeded, the women and children dashing oil' in terror at the slightest incident, whilst tho warriors pressed more closely upon the caravan. . . . (A light ensued, followed by a ceremony of blood-brotherhood.) W e also paid for the use of our camping ground." From the evidence of Hindi bin Hauiisi (Evidence, p. 243): " Near Limuru there was a swamp which the Masai called Mnn gao (Kiboko), and there was a boma nearby belonging to Neilyani. I myself never saw these Masai at Limuru, although I am certain of my facts because we Swahili intermarry with the Masai, and they nro our brothers." Evidence of Hon. A . de V . Wade, Chief Native Commissioner: " I have often heard Mr. Hope talk about what happened in the Kiambu area. H e mentioned the existing boundary, with particular reference to Farm 12.'! and the "corridor'. J asked him about that, and old maps on which this farm used to bo marked "Native Reserve'. He said: ' The reason I reserved that farm was that I realized I had been giving away too much grazing, so I secured what T could at the last moment, and made that reserve with the corridor to it.' He said, generallv in regard to that bit, and the Limuru farms: ' If we had known then what we know now we could not possibly have done it.' Tt was a source of very bitter regret to him." . (,'. " When he made that statement, did you understand him to mean that, if he had realized what the nature of the Kikuyu native was, he would not have done it? " A. " T h a t is what ho meant Limuru farms. H e knew nothing tenure; he thought there; was room no injustice would be done. They when he was talking about these about the Kikuyu svstein of land for the natives elsewhere, and that had compensation."

Evidence of Omar Mohamed (Evidence, p. 1805): " At Limuru in the old days there were Dorobo. They were Kikuyu Dorobo."

APPENDIX

j-contd.

Evidence of Lengimnjik, Masai (Evidence, p. 335) " All this Kikuyu land I showed you was ours. Where the Kikuyu Railway Station is now, nil that country from Maguga down to the Kikuyu Railway Station and down to Fort Smith was Alasai country, including the Ondiri Swamp and Naikumu, ami all tho country we wont through till we got to Kiboko Swamp belonged to Masai." SECTION V.

ON T H E SOL-1'11-WESTERN F R O N T I E R N FA R D A U O R E T T I . (Referring to Sections 142-155 of (lie Report.) Extract from Through Masailand (Joseph Thomson), p. 310: " (Setting out from Ngongo Bagas) Wo traversed one of the most lovely woodland scenes. . . . Roads ten to twenty feet broad . . penetrated the woods in every direction. Every here and there these roads opened out on a beautiful park or charming glade. Everywhere were evidences of the presence of elephants, although wo saw none. These fine footpaths were a great puzzle to me at first. . . . On in quiry, 1 found that they had been formed by the continual passage of the great, herds of the Masai between the different open reaches in the forest." Extract from The Hi.se of our East African Empire (Lord Lugard), 1893: Page 326." I spent sumo time in examining the surrounding country (i.o. from Fort Smith) towards the forest under tho guidance of the local chief, Eiyeki, and his brothers, and eventually selected a charming site at a little distance from the cultivation and villages. A clear mountain stream flowed at the foot of the slope; beyond was dense forest: in rear was another stream. Timber and fuel were of course in abundance. Tho name of the place was Dagoretti." Page 3 3 2 . - - " (In building tlio fort at Dagoretti) we paid tho penalty of disturbing the virgin soil, in a certain amount of fever in the caravan. '
7

Extract, from, the private diary of Captain I-'. I ) . Lugard (now Lord Lugard) : " To-day we settled up with Eiyeki and gave him a handsome pre serifc for the ground, etc. Altogether, to various chiefs, headmen, etc., everything included and deducting tlie value of 5 sheep bought, I estimate we. had given the local value of 14 goats for presents, land, etc. I think this very fair on both sides." Extract from Soldiering and Surveying in British Kant Africa (-Major J. R. L. MaeDonald, R.E.) (1891-94), p. I l l : - " I n 1890, the Company decided to form a station near Kikuyu . . . and Captain Lugard was entrusted with this tusk. . . . Lugnrd decided on a place called Dagorettil He chose the site more for poli tieal than military considerations, as he considered that there would be less chance of friction with the natives if tho fort was not actually located among their clearings. By this means he also hoped to bo able to influence the Masai, who could hardly venture to visit a station in the midst of their hereditary enemies, although they might go to Dagoretti with safety."

APPENDIX

I-contd.

From a judgment by Mr. Justice Maxwell (Supremo Court Case 4358/20 of 17th November, 1920: Kimani and Kitosho sons of Kahoto versus Kioi wa N n g i ) - " U p to that year (1899), and probably after, two rival bands of Masai used to come to this neighbourhood raiding. In one, probably the last such raid, Kahoto, the putative father of both plaintiffs, was killed, 'ono harvest beforo the famine'. According to one old gentle man, in 1899 the Masai and the Dorobo were "fighting with tongues and not with spears'. I cannot be far wrong then in assuming that after the raid in which Kahoto was killed there was an armistice, and that "peace was signed' some few months later. " And one of the conditions of peace was that tho Masai were to have all that part of my imaginary square south of the Neangara River and the Dorobo were to more over to tho north of it " I am satisfied that it is an historical fact. The entries in the Dagbrotti record book allude to it. Ellagombe (a Masai) and Thindo Nuanambe (Dorobo) . . . speak of it quite clearly." (Note.The sketch plan at the head of it makes it clear that tho section of the Neangara River in reference is a stretch of approxi matoly five miles immediately to tho north of Dagoretti boma.) Evidence of Mr. Johustonc Kenyatta (Evidence, p. 42G) : " The Ngong is a boundary. . . . Tho Masai call it Ngong, and wo call it Gitiba. . . . Take people like the missionaries who are near to tho boundaries, like D r . Arthur. When he built his mission house thero ho would havo started teaching the Masai, or ho would have got his land from the Masai. I think that is a proof showing that the land along there was occupied by Kikuyu people . . . " " Wayaki was not very far away from Dagoretti, and not very far from the Ngong River. All that part used to bo Kikuyu land. You havo asked me about my personal experience. I remember when [ was a young liny . . . it must have been some time ago, because there was no boma in Dagoretti; we used to take our sheep and goats to the Gitiba, where there were salt-licks. . . . I know the land there used to belong to Kikuyu. Gitiba is south-west of Dagorotti on the way io Ngongo Bagasj but nearer to Ngongo Bagas." Evidence of Chief Koinange (Evidence, p. 245): ' What was really known as the boundary between tho Masai and Kikuyu was tho Mbagathi River."
-

From the evidence of Hindi bin Hamisi (Evidence, p. 244): " The Kikuyu who brought food to the Dagoretti market lived across the Karura River. There were no Kikuyu where the Scotch Mission now is. There were Masai living there. I remember quite clearly that we moved them from what is now the Scotch Mission land owing to the fact that they were infected with smallpox." Evidence of Mr. C. R. W. Lane (relating to 1S96) (Evidence, p. 4 0 0 ) : " South of the Railway there wero natives in the vicinity of Dagoretti. . . . Before the move to Laikipia there were Masai all round Lake Elmenteita and Nakuru, and they were moved up to Laikipia with tho Naivasha Masai. The Kikuyu then spread from the vicinity of Dagoretti towards Ngong, occupying lands which hitlier to bad belonged to tho M a s a i . "

APPENDIX

Icontd.

Evidence of Dr. .1. W . Arthur (Evidence, p. 45(S): " Thoy (tho Kikuyu) spread south until thoy reached tho Dagoretti area. . . . Even at the time tho mission on mo there was a good deal of forest there that is not there now. The mission itself stands absolutely on the south-westernmost point of the Kikuyu country." 4th September, 1912: Provincial Commissioner, Naivasha (Mr. JT. W . T. McClellan), writing to tho Provincial Commissioner, Nairobi (on tho subiect of tho Kikuyu claiming tho source of tho Mbagathi River as "Kikuyu w a t e r " ) : " If there is likely to be friction over this water source, T would suggest that the Kikuyu be removed to the lino jusfc below tho Dagoretti Station, which was their boundary in 1902." 13th February, 1912: Mr. M. W . Beech, Assistant District Oom missioner, Dagoretti, writing to Mr. F. 0 . Hamilton, District Com missionor, Ngongo B a g a s : " I n tho event of further dispute, 1 am prepared to furnish in disputable evidence proving that tho country really belongs to tho Kikuyu as far as tho Ngong Hills." 18th March, 1913: Provincial Commissioner, Naivasha (Mr. McOlellan), writing to Chief Secretary: " I know the country in question and tho respective rights of Kikuyn and Masai probably better than anyone, as I selected tho Dagoretti Station site (i.o. the new station at Dagoretti, which was made after tho old station made by Captain Lugard had been des troyed), in order to be on tho dividing line as nearly as possible between tho Kikuyu and the Masai. Mr. Liobley, however, having only Kikuyu with him, went over a line agreeable to them, which, as gazetted, gave Kinanjui, a man with no hereditary claim whatever, tho lands on which tho Masai kraals stood, including Lcnana's, in 1902. W e therefore have not only deprived tho Masai of grazing land . . . but have now taken away their water supply by giving it to the tribe they most despised, i.e. tho Kikuyu." 15th December, 1912: District Commissioner, Ngongo Bagas, to Provincial Commissioner, Naivasha (regarding the fence erected near tho M b a g a t h i ) : " On the Kikuyu side of this fence is a vast amount of hind which was undoubtedly Masai. I was shown to-day tho site of an old kraal of Lonana's, perhaps a mile from tho fence, where Kinanjui now keeps a largo herd of cattle, which .[ saw grazing." 8th April, 1913: Provincial Commissioner, Nairobi (Mr. C. W . Hobley), writing to Chief Secretary: " I would point out that the area immediately north of tho line was not occupied by the Kikuyu on their own initiative, but tho Quar antino Board, with the approval of Government, moved some 10,000 head of stock into that area off tho European farms, and there was no other area to move tho cattle to . ... No land was given to Kinanjui. Kinanjui is only one among many Kikuyu stockowners . . . ho has never claimed hereditary rights . . ."

APPENDIX

Jcould.

31st May, 1913: Provincial Commissioner, Nairobi (Mr. S. L. I Undo), writing to Chief Secretary: " I have no hesitation in stating that Mr. McCIellan is right in that tho Masai certainly in 1898, when I was stationed at Ngong, oc eupied the banks of the Mbagathi River and several miles to the north of this river. Their stock route ran north-west to within a couple of miles of the Sclater Road, about two hours' inarch west of what is now Kikuyu Railway Station." S E C T I O N Q. N O R T H - E A S T E R N F R O N T I E R , N E A R FORT SMITH AND TOWARDS NAIROBI. (Referring to Sections 15G-162 of the Report.) Evidence of Mr. Hobley (Evidence, p. 442): " (1891, starting from Nairobi) There was no evidence of the Kikuyu having established any villages or cultivation on the plains outside tho forest belt. Within about half a mile of our camp wo entered the forest. We passed through a quarter or half a mile of forest, and then passed an open area which in later years became the sports ground. There was no occupation in this stretch. We then passed through another belt of forest, perhaps a mile thick, and then entered a scrub-covered area, with occasional villages of Kikuyu which extended to what is now Fort Smith. At Fort Smith, we found Mr. F. G. Hall in command. This station had been founded a couple of years previously. There was a considerable amount of Kikuyu cultiva tion and occupation in tho vicinity . . . " ON T i l E " Dagoretti had been vacated by Mr. George Wilson owing to an attack by the natives. In the vicinity of this fort (Fort Smith) there was also a considerable settlement of Masai. I understood that this section had quarrelled with tho main Masai, and they had been brought there by Mr. Hall for shelter." Extract from Memorandum by Colonel Ainsworth (Evidence, p. 494): " Early in 1893, the Kikuyu of Luguru and the area round Fort Smith attempted tho same tactics which were successful in the case of Dagoretti ; they also endeavoured to invest the station. Mr. Purkiss was successful in getting a message through to Machakos. upon receipt of which I left at once with a mixed force to help Purkiss. We pro ceeded via Muthaiga, and duly arrived at Fort Smith. The arrival of this force was the signal for the Kikuyu to disperse. It was only the fact that between Muthaiga and Fort Smith very few villages existed until close to Fort Smith that onabled us to arrive at oar destination without any hostile opposition on the part of the Kikuyu." Evidence of M r . Lane (Evidence, p. 400): " 1898. There were dense forests on either side of the road from Nairobi to Fort Smith. All caravans had to close up here, as there were always natives in the bush to spear the stragglers. Very soon this country was brought under administration by the late Jlr. Frank Hall, and caravans were able to pass through unmolested. I have often ridden through the valleys down to Nairobi, shown on the north of the Uganda Railway, and I found native stock grazing in those valleys. I "cannot remember whether there was any cultivation. I know thoy wero grazing lands."

APPENDIX

Iconid.

Evidouce of Hindi bin Hamisi (Evidence, p. 24.3): " Mr. Hall told one section of the Masai to live at Port Smith, and they built their manyattas there. Tho Kikuyu were then some distance off, although at the time the Fort was built by Major Smith it was then in Kikuyu country. There was a Slasai manyatta where the present Agricultural Showground is, near K a bete. This was beforo tho Loita fighting. Lord Delamere actually built his house at Loresho. which was in Kikuyu country " Evidence of Abdulla bin Omari (Swahili) (Evidence, p. 243): " There was a Masai manyatta where the present Agricultural Showground is near Kabete. This was before tho Loita fighting." Evidence of Ole 1'idis (Kaputie Masai, age about 50-60) (Evidence, P. 2 3 7 ) : " W h e n Mr. Hall was here, Kikuyu were on the Showground. They were right up to Fort Smith; going to Fort Smith all that was full of Kikuyu. They were like grass at this place called Ngechi. At the time when the white people came to this country, some Kikuyu had crossed over on the other side of tho Nairobi River, and were cutting down forest." Evidence of Mr. John Patterson (Evidence, p. 744):- " Mr. AVatson and myself went to Kikuyu . . . in September, 1895. Wo stayed in Kikuyu until October. During that time we examined the country round Fort Smith. . . . From Nairobi to Fort Smith the greater part of the Kikuyu country was forest, intersected with small open glades, and in one part of the country of which I am speaking theso glades were occupied by Masai and Dorobo, who were grazing their cattle. The Masai manyattas were all over these plains. Also at that time, the Kikuyu forest extended from Nairobi round the edge of the country to Fort H a l l . " Evidence of M r . T. A. Wood (Evidence, p. 742): " (1902) 1 took up a piece of land on the Karura River-Limuru Roadthe road that goes through the top half of Mnthaiga, north west of the Karura Forest Reserve (vide map 19/1). When I took up that land there were one or two natives living on it. This was in 1902. Just a few Kikuyu. " I was taking up a piece of land for residential purposes on tho other s de of Ainsworth Bridge; the house which is behind tho one called 'Daraia'. . . . There were one or two native kraals there, and I paid compensation to tho natives at Mr. Ainsworth's suggestion."
;

Q. " Kikuyu natives? " A. " Yes." " (Regarding Eastleigh) I do not remember anyone being there at all. It was all black cotton soil. There was a small settlement now known as Pangani, which Government are now trying to remove. Natives of all kinds were there." Q. " The plot which you had at Karura, did you see any native occupation round you? " A. " V e r y little; just odd ones here and there." " (Regarding tho country from Nairobi to Ruiru, flanking the Fort Hall Road, 1904-05): That part of tho country seemed to be very empty in those days. That part was given out to European settlers, mainly because it was bare then . . . "

APPENDIX

Icontd.

Q: " You do not recollect any signs of native occupation near the Showground ? " .1. " I do not remember seeing any. If there bad boon I should have seen them. . . . It was a sort of buffer area between Masai and Kikuyu.'' Evidence of Father Hernhard (Evidence, p. 721): " (Regarding 1901) A man, Gathuku wa Chego, claims one mile by two miles of land on St. A'JStin's Mission Estate. . . . Gathuku occu pied hardly three acres of that land, huts and cultivated land together. But even to that he had only the Chief Kinaniui's permission to use it, as it was Kmanjui's, and the chief gave it to tlio mission. . . . " " T h e old aerodrome (Dagoretti and Ngong Roads) is claimed by the Kikuyu and some individuals to be theirs, whereas all know that it was not occupied by Kikuyu, and was in Masai area." (The witness goes on to explain that the Masai who were living there when be came were refugees, and that the nearest Kikuyu were on Mr. ThotnsonVs estate.) " Kinanjui, then the chief, and a blood-brother of the Masai, was acknowledged by the Masai and Kikuyu as being the chief controller of land on tho south side of the Nairobi River. . . . " Q. " W a s there no occupation on the mission land?" .1. " O n l y the chief, Kanathego, Njuguiia and his people." (). " D i d your land consist entirely of forest?'' .1. " Yes.
"

Just a few huts dotted here and there.

. . .

There were
.

very few shambas and a few cut trees." (Note.The impression conveyed by this evidence is that Kinanjui obtained this land as being an acknowledged- chief and also as having established friendly relations and blood-brotherhood with the Masai, and that other Kikuyu were only there by his permission; in that case, the beginning of this settlement could not well be earlier than 1895.) Evidence of Mr. McQueen " I arrived in 1S96. . . . time and returned to Nairobi the Kikuyu round where the were no Kikuyu natives near maniall Masai. (Evidence, tip. 716-718): I remained at Fort Smith for some in March, 1S98. . . . W e first located Scott Laboratory is now. . . . There the French Mission nor along by Kili

" In 1898, I built my house, by the Cemetery. It was tho first European house in Nairobi. I bad to pay Sh. 5 a month for my plot. was to the right and one to the left. . . . 1 was Ono Masai nuinyatta on the plains, but right up against the forest. " In 1897, 1 went out with Mr. Hall, of Fort Smith, on an elephant hunt. 1 should say we were about eight miles north of Fort Smith. . . . There were plenty of Kikuyu there." Q. " Did you notice any difference in where the Kikuyu were from tho time in October, 1896, when you first arrived at Fort Smith, and when yon came from Uganda in 1902? " '' A. " R a t h e r . They were stretching down that way, in spite of having lost large' numbers from the famine."

APPENDIX

Lcontd.

Q. " W o r e

there more in 1902 than

1890?" p. 653):

.1. " Y e s ; spreading towards Nairobi and Ngong. Evidence of Mr. Sandbach Baker (Evidence, Q. " Were the Kiknyu at Government House? " A. " That was getting on to the boundary. They wero down below Government House, but there %vere Masai to the north of the Ngong River and to the- south of Nairobi. The Kikuyu were certainly on both sides of the Nairobi River, i.e. above Nairobi, because the French Mission were, the first people to start round there, and they wero working in the Kikuyu country. That is from memory." Evidence of Canon Leakey (regarding the land round the site of the Church Missionary Society Mission at Kabete, 1902) (Evidence, P. 8 4 7 ) : " The first thing my predecessor. Dr. MacGregor, did when I ar rived was to show me the boundaries . . . W e bought only from the mbari of Muthemba. . . . The whole land in the neighbourhood was parcelled up into mlaris." (Tho witness goes on to state that two land at Kabeto was the boundary of M r . natives named Kariuki wa Muti and Mingu site of the Government farm. H o regarded held in clan ownership.) miles east of the mission Cooper's land, and that had land on or near tho the land as having, been

Evidence of Dr. fl. A. Boedeker (regarding 1896) (Evidence, p. 095): " W e marched in a straight line to the Nairobi River and camped at tho present causeway where the Limuru Road begins, which was then dense forest, which began at that point. After leaving the last camp, there was no sign of cultivation until we reached the placo where the Scott Laboratory now stands. W e saw a very few Kikuyu huts on both sides of the road, but on approaching Fort Smith the huts began to increase in numbers and there were more signs of cultivation. There was a good deal of forest on both sides of the road: not con tinuous, but in patches. Where the Kabeto Veterinary Laboratory uow is was all open grazing laud, which was being grazed by Kikuyu people round there."
T

Evidence of Omar Mohamed, a Bajun (Evidence, p. 1SG5): " When we came up from Mombasa we knew Fort Smith. The Masai had not leached Fort Smith. Nairobi in the old days was Masai country up to Ngong. Near to Fort Smith wo found Kikuyu. . . . There were a lot of nhambas at Fort Smith." Summary of points in a letter written by Mrs. I Undo, widow of Mr. S. L. Hinde, at one time a Provincial Commissioner: " I n 1S9S, the forest extended, and was actual forest, to the Parklands side of the Nairobi River; there wero also a considerable number of trees on the Nairobi River side. The first stretch of the road to Fort Smith was through part of this forest, and there was also forest between Fort Smith and Ngong, sparse on the Fort Smith sido but fairly dense from Dagoretti on and between Ngong and Nairobi. Tho forest was irregular in patches, and it had always been the right of the Masai to graze their cattle along the edges of the forest during tho dry weather when there was not sufficient grass on tho plains.

APPENDIX

Icontd.

Since the Kikuyu had, in tho.se days, their villages and their cultivation in the finest (for fear of tho Masai raids), clashes during the drought wore frequent. These were stopped, and the position was regulated by the partition of the land and the definite boundaries fixed. The Masai retained their right over certain stretches of tho foresttho outer fringe. The boundary was very uneven, but it was accepted by Lenana for tho Masai and by Kinanjui for tho Kikuyu, and it was honourably kept. " Ngong in 1898 was undisputed Masai territory; the Wanderobo wero not hunting there, as tho game was easily approached, which was never tho case in regions where tho Wanderobo wero hunting." SECTION II. ON THE EASTEUN FRONTIER. (lieferring fo Sections 103-214 of the Iteport.) Evidence of M r . F. W . Isaac (regarding 1892) (Evidence) : " There w-as nothing at all on the Athi Plains. They had all boon willed out with smallpox. It was absolutely bare. There was nothing but game." Extract from letter from District Commissioner, Kiambu, No. 340721/13 of April, 1913, to the District Commissioner, Fort H a l l : " . . . . Some questions have arisen as to tho date on which tho Masai evacuated this part of tho Kikuyu Reserve, and it has boon sug gested that Kibalabala might possibly bo able to throw some light on this question. Could you very kindly obtain from him the approximate date on which tho Masai used the salt-lick which is close to this station: whether he can remember tho Masai herding their cattle there; or how it was they gave it up. Any information on this question I shall be grateful for." Letter from District Commissioner, Embu, to Provincial Commis sionor. Kikuyu Province, dated 30th April, 1913: " Kibalabala states that tho salt-lick near Kiambu was never used by tho Masai, except possibly when they raided the Kikuyu. He says it was a Kikuyu salt-lick." Evidence of Abdulla Ambari (Swahili) (Evidence, p. 1865): " T helped build Fort Hall with Mr. Hall. . . . Going from Nairobi to Fort Hall, Ruiru was the first halt. Between Nairobi and Ruiru T did not see any people or shambas on the right; on the left hand side, I saw shambas up on the hills. Ndarugu was the second day's halt. On the left again we saw shmnbas up on the hills; nothing on the right. Tho third day's halt was Panda Milia. I only saw people on tho left-hand side up on the hills. On the fourth day we arrived at Fort Hall. On that day we saw people and slmmbns on both sides of the road. W c crossed the Maragua. Between Punda Mdia and tho Maragua there were people. There were more on the left-hand side; on the right, there wero a few. It was before wo reached Maragua." Evidence of Omar Mohamed (Evidence, p. 1865): " In the old days we crossed tho country where Kiambu lloma is now. W o saw Kikuyu there. There wero small shambasnot very many of them . . . At Kiambu it was heavy forest; tho big trees had not been cut down."

APPENDIX

1 - conld.

Evidence of Air. C. It. W . Lane (Evidence, pp. -101, 4 0 2 ) : " Leaving my camp standing. I left at night and went down the valleys to what is now known as Kiambu. I took the natives by sur prise, and found their cattle there. Those lands in the vicinity of Kiambu were grazed over by a few head of cattle, sheep and goats belonging to the Kikuyu. At that time the Kikuyu had very few cattle"." Prom the evidence of Abdulla bin Omari (Evidence, p. 243): " Returning from Fort, Hall, we followed more or less the present track, only we went, round by Kilimaboga (Donyo Sabuk). Karura was said by the Masai to be on their boundary with the Kikuyu. Muthaiga is Alasai country'. Actually, Mr. Jackson camped at Me piran, which is near the old King's African Rifles lines beside the Power Stationabout half a mile from Muthaiga. It was forest country; inside were the Kikuyu, and outside was entirely controlled by the"Masai." Evidence of Air. C. B. Hausborg (Evidence, p. 3 9 1 ) : " (Regarding 1899; on safari from Nairobi.) W e followed the plain. The present, road follows the Railway to Fort Hall, but we followed the plains along the base of the foothills " i n a more or less straight lino from Nairobi, marching east of the present Thika Station" The chief signs we saw of natives tbero were skulls and bones lying on the plain, tin' result of a scrap either between Masai and Wakamha or between tho Masai and Kikuyuprobably the latter, I should think. From Thika we marched practically northwards for about 15 miles to Punda M i l i a . " Q. " What was the condition natives there? " .4. " There was none at all." Evidence of Mr. John Boyes (regarding 1901) (Evidence, p. 725): " The donkeys were missing . . . W o went all round Parklands, looking for them, and saw no one at allno Masai, Kikuyu, or any other natives. . . . " Q. " W e r e the cattle allowed to graze in the Masai country? " .4. " N o ; they would only graze on tho edge of the country." Evidence of Mr. R. Woekes (regarding 1903) (Evidence): " I remember trekking from Nairobi to Fort Ha!!. I saw no natives at all. . . . There was little (cultivation) as far as I can remember. I would not say there was any on this side of the Maragua River." Evidence of Lord Phillimore (regarding 1904) (Evidence, p. 414): " From the time I left Nairobi until I reached the Thika River, where there was at that time a rope and cradle crossing, I cannot remember having seen any evidence of native cultivation or native herds, and uncommonly few natives on the track, if any." (Tho witness remembered that at one point he "must have been ablo to see a breadth of quite ten miles of country".) Evidence of Lord Cranworth (regarding 1906) (Evidence, p. 479): " On the way from Nairobi to Fort Hall there was no cultivation on tho route at all, and I do not think there was a single native. I never saw ono." with regard to occupation of the

APPENDIX

Icontd.

Evidence of Rev. Dr. ,7. AY. Arthur; 0.1!.E. (regarding 1908) (Evi dcncc, p. 460): " My memory is that there was not a groat deal of cultivation, especially between Thika and Fort H a l l . " Q. " If a witness came before this Commission and said that in 1904 ho went from Nairobi to Fort Hall and saw practically no signs of any natives until he got to the Maragua, would you think that was wrong? " A. " I do not think it is an over-wide statement." Extract from Memorandum by Loyal Kikuyu Patriots of South Nyeri (Evidence, p. 174): " In 1907 and 190S, the Kikuyu cattle were grazed on the follow ing plains: Below Kiambu, Kamiti, Thika, Thuthia, and onward." Extract from Memorandum by the Fort Hall Local Native Coun cil (Evidence, p. 11.7): " T h o boundaries wero: From the junction of Tana and Thika Hirers along the banks of the Thika River to a place called Gathithiu ini, thence to Mururi-ini, thence to the junction of the Thika and Kabuko Rivers, thence to the junction of the Thika and Chania Rivers, thence up-stream on the Chania River to the intersection of the Fort Hall Reserve. From the junction of the Tana and Thika Rivers with tho Tana River, thence following the Tana River up-stream to the South Nyeri Reserve boundary." SECTION I.

G E N E R A L E V I D E N C E F R O M T H E KIKTJYTJ ON T H E Q U E S T I O N OF T H E B O U N D A R I E S . The following maps illustrative of the boundaries as claimed have been reproduced opposite pages in the evidence as stated below: 1. By Senior Chief Koinange, page 3S0. 2. By Mr. Johhstone Kenyattu, page 434. .'!. By the Central Kikuyu Association (Mr. Harry Thukn), page 218.
1

General descriptions of tho boundaries have also been offered by: Senior Chief Wambugo, Evidence, p. 83. Senior Chief Koinange. Evidence, p. 167. Memorandum by Nyeri Local Native Council, Evidence, p. 91. Memorandum by Progressive Kikuyu Party, Evidence, p. 97. Memorandum by Fort Hall Local Native Council, Evidence, p. 117. Memorandum by Loyal Kikuyu Patriots, South Nyori, Evi dence, p. 174. Memorandum by Kikuyu Central Association, Evidence, p. 192. (Note.The general descriptions do not lend themselves to quota tion in the form of extracts.)

APPENDIX

Icontd.

APPENDIX II Extracts from the Crown Lands Ordinances, 1902 and 1915
From the 1902 Ordinance. " 3 0 . I n all dealings w i t h C r o w n l a n d r e g a r d shall bo bad to the rights and r e q u i r e m e n t s of tho n a t i v e s , and in particular the Com missioner shall not sell or lease a n y land in the actual occupation of the natives. " 3 1 . (1) T h o C o m m i s s i o n e r m a y g r a n t leases of areas of bind c o n t a i n i n g n a t i v e v i l l a g e s or s e t t l e m e n t s w i t h o u t specially excluding such v i l l a g e s or s e t t l e m e n t , but land in t h e actual occupation of n a t i v e s a t the d a t e of t h e lease shall, so long as it is actually occupied b y t h e m , bo d e e m e d to be e x c l u d e d f r o m t h e l e a s e . " ( 2 ) ) T h e C o m m i s s i o n e r may allot for the purpose of native s e t t l e m e n t s or v i l l a g e s portions of t h e land so leased, and when and so long as these portions are so o c c u p i e d , t h e y shall be d e e m e d to be e x c l u d e d f r o m the l e a s e . " ( 3 ) A n y l a n d w i t h i n an urea leased which has been in tho o c c u p a t i o n of n a t i v e s shall, on ceasing t o bo so occupied, pass to the lessees. " ( 4 ) D i s p u t e s b e t w e e n lessees of l a n d and n a t i v e s o c c u p y i n g land w i t h i n or near the area leased shall be r e f e r r e d to t h e Collector of the district. " ( 5 ) C l a i m s by lessees for r e d u c t i o n of rent on account of the d i m i n u t i o n of the a m o u n t of land l e a s e d , o r for o t h e r compensation on account of t h e e x e r c i s e of tho p o w e r s conferred b y this seetion, and c l a i m s b y the C o m m i s s i o n e r for an increase of r e n t on account of the v a c a t i n g of l a n d f o r m e r l y occupied by n a t i v e s , shall be referred to the arbitration of a J u d g e of t h e H i g h C o u r t , under section 525 of the I n d i a n C o d e of C i v i l P r o c e d u r e . " ( 6 ) A n y doubts t h a t m a y arise as to w h e t h e r any land is or is not included in any n a t i v e s e t t l e m e n t or v i l l a g e , or in lands allotted for t h a t purpose, shall b e d e c i d e d by t h e C o l l e c t o r of the district. " ( 7 ) E i t h e r the lessee of the laud or t h e n a t i v e s , if with t h e decision of the C o l l e c t o r , may appeal to C o m m i s s i o n e r of the p r o v i n c e , w h o s e decision shall be From the 1905 Ordinance. dissatisfied the Subfinal."

" 8 6 . (1) T h e G o v e r n o r m a y g r a n t leases or areas of land eon tainiug n a t i v e v i l l a g e s or s e t t l e m e n t s w i t h o u t specially excluding such villages or s e t t l e m e n t s , but land in t h e actual o c c u p a t i o n of natives a t t h e d a t e of t h e lease shall, so long as it is actually occupied by t h e m , be d e e m e d t o b e e x c l u d e d f r o m t h e l e a s e . " ( 2 ) Any occupation of lessee: land w i t h i n an area leased which has been in the n a t i v e s shall, on c e a s i n g to be o c c u p i e d , pass to the

APPENDIX

U-contd.

P r o v i d e d that the S e n i o r C o m m i s s i o n e r for t h e t i m e b e i n g of tho province in which such l a n d is s i t u a t e d shall certify t h a t t h e n a t i v e s liavo c e a s e d to occupy such land of t h e i r o w n w i l l and accord w i t h o u t any duress on the p a r t of t h e lessee. " ( 3 ) A n y d o u b t s t h a t m a y arise as t o w h e t h e r a n y land is or is oofc included in any n a t i v e s e t t l e m e n t or v i l l a g e , or in l a n d s a l l o t t e d tor that purpose shall be d e c i d e d b y t h e Senior C o m m i s s i o n e r . " ( 4 ) E i t h e r t h e lessee of t h e land or the n a t i v e s , if dissatisfied with t h e decision of t h e Senior C o m m i s s i o n e r , m a y a p p e a l t o t h e Governor."

APPENDIX III The Extent of Land now in Occupation by Missions, which has been " Taken from Kikuyu."
(The reference is tu section 541 of the Report.) T h e f o l l o w i n g M i s s i o n Stations fall w h o l l y or partly within tho area w h i c h w e h a v o found to h a v e been K i k u y u T e r r i t o r y , but have been excluded f r o m the native r e s e r v e : 1. Church of Scotland Mission. Of the 3,000 acres of the Church of S c o t l a n d Mission S t a t i o n at K i k u y u , tho portion which falls w i t h i n the area found to h a v e been K i k u y u territory is 2,000 acres 2 . Consolata Catholic Mission. Of the Consolula C a t h o l i c M i s s i o n S t a t i o n at N y e r i the portion w h i c h falls w i t h i n the area found to have been K i k u y u territory is 2,227 acres, of the Con solata C a t h o l i c Mission S t a t i o n at L i m u r u t h e w h o l e (644 acres) falls w i t h i n the area f o u n d to h a v e been K i k u y u territory ... ... ... ... ... 3 . The White Sisters Mission. Of the W h i t e Sisters M i s s i o n 5,150 acres fall w i t h i n the area which w e h a v e found to h a v e been K i k u y u territory, but is a part w h i c h w e h a v e found to have been, as to half of it, " l o s t by a b a n d o n m e n t . " T h e a m o u n t fully w i t h i n the area " t a k e n from the K i k u y u " is therefore 2,575 acres ... ... ... 4 . The White Sisters (St. Austin's Missioyi). Of t h e S t . A u s t i n ' s M i s s i o n S t a t i o n the p a r t which falls w i t h i n the area which w e have found to have been K i k u y u territory is 374 acres ... ... ... ... 5. The Church Missionary Society. T h e Church M i s s i o n a r y S o c i e t y ' s S t a t i o n at K a b e t e falls w h o l l y w i t h i n the area w h i c h w e h a v e found to be K i k u y u territory ... ... ... ... ... ... 6. Mission (Vide Islands in tlie Reserve. 11). s e c t i o n 223 ( a ) , I t e m Acres

a,000

2,871

2,575

374

19

T h e r e are several mission stations held on lease in the r e s e r v e , but these are u o t e x c l u d e d f r o m the reserve aud are t h e r e f o r e not c o u n t e d in this t o t a l . Only areas h e l d o n freehold arc c o u n t e d . T h e v comprise L . O . 1150 (30 acres) and L . O . 1067 (32 acres), and o t h e r s m a l l areas m a k i n g up t h e t o t a l of approxi m a t e l y 100 acres or 0.10 square m i l e s ... ... Tctnl

100 7,939

APPENDIX IV VALUATION OF AREAS

(Referring Concerning Items to Sections 223 and 224 of the 223 ( b ) . Report.) 1 and 2 of Section

T h e p a r t of M w e a which ranks as g i v e n by G o v e r n m e n t is 174.45 square m i l e s . W o find t h a t i t is of small rise for a g r i c u l t u r e , but is passable g r a z i n g l a n d , and w e consider t h a t , after a l l o w i n g for its s o m e w h a t r e m o t e position, w e can class 4 i acres of i t as being equal t o 1 acre of g o o d agricultural l a n d of t h o K i a m b u a v e r a g e . I t t h e r e f o r e provides a set-off equivalent to 38.76 square miles of such agricultural l a n d . Note.The e v i d e n c e as t o t h e v a l u e t o be a t t a c h e d t o this l a n d is conflicting, and w e h a v e f o u n d difficulty in c o m i n g t o a v a l u a t i o n . After considering all t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s , M r . H e m s t e d w o u l d h a v e s e t die p r o p o r t i o n as l i v e acres to one, and C a p t a i n W i l s o n ( w h o has m a d e a personal i n s p e c t i o n of part, of i t ) w o u l d p u t it at four to o n e . We have a g r e e d to v a l u e it at 4 acres to 1, w h i c h t h o C h a i r m a n r e g a r d s as a fair assessment. H e is satisfied, f r o m t h e e v i d e n c e of C a p t a i n G r a n t , who has s t a t e d t h a t t h e n a t i v e s consider t h e l a n d to be b e t t e r t h a n any land e x c e p t o n e part, in U k a m b a , t o g e t h e r w i t h the e v i d e n c e of M r . L a F o n t a i n e and M r . L c c k i e t h a t , in v i e w of the fact t h a t t h e M a e h a k o s district a l r e a d y has a p o p u l a t i o n of 125 t o the square m i l e , the area is c a p a b l e of s u p p o r t i n g a considerably l a r g e r p o p u l a t i o n t h a n that w h i c h M r . K a z a n in his e v i d e n c e has a t t r i b u t e d t o it. Concerning Item 3 of Section Ndeiya 223 (b). be regarded as falling into four

W e find parts: (a) (b)

that

should

T w e l v e square m i l e s of agricultural

land.

T w e n t y - f o u r square m i l e s of good to a v e r a g e g r a z i n g l a n d , s o m e of w h i c h is arable, (o) E i g h t e e n s q u a r e m i l e s of second-class g r a z i n g land, b u t of n o agricultural value, ( d ) T w e n t y square m i l e s suitable for g o a t p a s t u r e , but indifferent for c a t t l e . I n regard to ( a ) . W e consider t h e t w e l v e square m i l e s of agri eultural land as in o t h e r r e s p e c t s fit t o be set off, acre for acre, a g a i n s t the l a n d l o s t , but t a k i n g i n t o account t h e difficulties about w a t e r , which h a v e b e e n o v e r c o m e b y b o r e - h o l e s , and t h e e x p e n s e of u p k e e p of these bore-holes, w e consider t h a t a d e d u c t i o n of o n e square m i l e is equitable, m a k i n g t h e set-off v a l u e e l e v e n s q u a r e m i l e s . I n r e g a r d to (b).We consider a set-off of t h r e e acres o f t h e land against one t o b e e q u i t a b l e . E o r purposes of set-off this area t h e n becomes e i g h t square m i l e s . I n r e g a r d to ( c ) . W e consider a set-off of e i g h t acres of t h e l a n d against one t o b e e q u i t a b l e . F o r purposes of set-off this l a n d counts as 2.25 square m i l e s .

APPENDIX

IVcontd.

i n regard" to (d).We consider a set-off of t w e l v e acres to one to be equitable. T h i s land therefore counts as 1.67 square miles. 8 T h e total value of N d e i y a for sot-off purposes is t h e r e f o r e : -1 2.25 4- 1.07 = 22.92 square m i l e s . 11 p

I n m a k i n g the a b o v e assessment w e h a v e f o l l o w e d M r . S. 1'. D e c k , P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r [vide E v i d e n c e , p p . 938-939). I t is r e m a r k a b l e that another and independent valuation m a d e for us a g r e e s w i t h M r . D o c k ' s total to w i t h i n 0.04 of a square m i l e . I n regard to i t e m s 4, 5, and 0, w e find that they m a y be reasonably sot off acre for acre, since they are good agricultural land. T h e i r totn! area i s : 17.29 square m i l e s . 27ii! total sot-off on the basis becomes: Square Mwea Ndeiya ... 6 ... ... ... ... ... I t e m s 4 to Miles. 38.76 22.92 17.29 78.97 Say; 79 square m i l e s . T h i s figure has to bo set off against 109.50 square m i l e s " t a k e n by G o v e r n m e n t " , and t h e b a l a n c e of loss to t h e K i k u y u is thus rendered 30 J square m i l e s , or 19,520 acres.

APPENDIX IV VALUATION OF AREAS

(Referring Concerning Items to Sections 223 and 224 of the 223 ( b ) . Report.) 1 and 2 of Section

T h e p a r t of M w e a w h i c h ranks as g i v e n b y G o v e r n m e n t is 174.45 square m i l e s . W e find t h a t i t is of s m a l l use f o r a g r i c u l t u r e , b u t is passable g r a z i n g l a n d , and w e consider t h a t , a f t e r a l l o w i n g for its s o m e w h a t r e m o t e p o s i t i o n , w e can class 44 acres o f it as b e i n g e q u a l to 1 acre of g o o d a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d of t h e K i a m b u a v e r a g e . I t t h e r e f o r e provides a set-off equivalent to 38.70 square miles of such agricultural l a n d . Note.The e v i d e n c e as t o t h e v a l u e to be a t t a c h e d t o this l a n d is c o n f l i c t i n g , and w e h a v e found difficulty in c o m i n g t o a v a l u a t i o n . After considering all the c i r c u m s t a n c e s , M r . H e m s t e d w o u l d h a v e set the p r o p o r t i o n as f i v e acres to one, and C a p t a i n W i l s o n ( w h o has m a d e a p e r s o n a l i n s p e c t i o n of part of i t ) w o u l d p u t it at four to o n e . We have a g r e e d t o v a l u e it at 4h acres t o 1, w h i c h t h e C h a i r m a n r e g a r d s as a fair assessment. H e is satisfied, f r o m t h e e v i d e n c e of C a p t a i n G r a n t , who has s t a t e d t h a t t h e n a t i v e s consider t h e l a n d to b e b e t t e r than any l a n d e x c e p t o n e p a r t , in U k a m b a , t o g e t h e r w i t h the e v i d e n c e of M r . L a F o n t a i n e a n d M r . L e c k i e t h a t , in v i e w of t h e f a c t t h a t t h e M a c h a k o s district a l r e a d y has a p o p u l a t i o n of 125 to t h e square m i l e , the area i s c a p a b l e of s u p p o r t i n g a considerably l a r g e r p o p u l a t i o n t h a n that w h i c h M r . F a z a n in his e v i d e n c e has a t t r i b u t e d t o i t . Concerning Item 3 of Section Ndeiya 223 (b). be regarded as falling into four

W e find parts:

that

should

( a ) T w e l v e square m i l e s of a g r i c u l t u r a l ( 6 ) T w e n t y - f o u r square m i l e s of s o m e of w h i c h is arable. good

land. to a v e r a g e grazing land,

( c ) E i g h t e e n square m i l e s of seeond-elass g r a z i n g l a n d , but of n o agricultural value. (d) T w e n t y s q u a r e m i l e s suitable for g o a t p a s t u r e , b u t for cattle. indifferent

I n r e g a r d to (a).We consider t h e t w e l v e s q u a r e m i l e s of agri cultural l a n d as iu o t h e r r e s p e c t s fit to be set off, acre for a c r e , against the l a n d l o s t , b u t t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h e difficulties a b o u t w a t e r , which h a v e b e e n o v e r c o m e b y b o r e - h o l e s , and the e x p e n s e of u p k e e p of these bore-holes, w e consider t h a t a d e d u c t i o n of o n e s q u a r e m i l e is equitable, m a k i n g t h e set-off v a l u e e l e v e n square m i l e s . I n r e g a r d to (b).We consider a set-off of t h r e e acres of t h e land against o n e to b e e q u i t a b l e . F o r purposes of set-off t h i s area t h e n becomes e i g h t s q u a r e m i l e s . I n r e g a r d to ( e ) . W e consider a set-off of e i g h t acres of the l a n d against o n e t o be e q u i t a b l e . F o r purposes of set-off this l a n d counts as 2.25 s q u a r e m i l e s .

APPENDIX

IV-contd.

I n regard? to (d).We consider a set-off of t w e l v e acres to one to be e q u i t a b l e . T h i s land therefore counts as 1.67 square m i l e s . 8 -f T h e t o t a l v a l u e of N d e i y a for set-off purposes is t h e r e f o r e : 2.25 -p 1.67 = 22.92 square, m i l e s . 11 4.

In m a k i n g the above, assessment w e h a v e f o l l o w e d M r . 8 . V. D e c k , P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r (vide E v i d e n c e , p p . 938-939). I t is r e m a r k a b l e t h a t another and independent valuation m a d e for us agrees w i t h M r . D e e k ' s t o t a l to w i t h i n 0.04 of a square m i l e . in. r e g a r d to i t e m s 4, 5, and 0, we find t h a t they m a y be reasonably set off a c r e for acre, since t h e y are g o o d agricultural land. area i s : 17.29 square m i l e s . The total set-off Mwea Ndeiya I t e m s . 4 to 6 ... ... ... ... on the basis becomes: Square Miles. 38.70 22.92 17.29 78.97 T h e i r total

B a y , 79 square m i l e s . T h i s f i g u r e has to bo set off against 109.50 square miles " t a k e n by G o v e r n m e n t " , and t h e b a l a n c e of loss to t h e K i k u y u is thus rendered 301 square m i l e s , or 19,520 acres.

APPENDIX V Description of Blocks Recommended to be Added to the Kikuyu Native Reserve as Native Lands Class A.
( Vide Section 466 of i/te Report). NYERI Locality DISTRICT. Description As surveyed : 770 acres. Being the area of Forest Reserve which lies west and south west of the track which runs from the foot-bridge on the Little Hombe Riverto the foot-bridge on the Muthira River and thence to the Forest Reserve Boundary as shown on Sheet " J " (Mt. Kenya Forest Reserve, October, 1922) : 1,125 acres. An area between the Sagana River and the Ka gati Plain marked " bush and scattered trees and grass " on Sheet " J " (Mount Kenya Forest Reserve, Oct., 1922), and extending northwards till it encloses an area of ap proximately 500 acres, exclusive of the steep slope down to the Sagana River, which is recommended to remain in the forest reserve. An area in the Mt. Kenya Forest Reserve be tween Narkothi Hill and Castle Forest Sta tion, bounded on the south by the native reserve and on the north by a line to be cut and beaconed so as to enclose an area of approximately 2,000 acres. An area approximately rectangular, comprising 500 acres, between beacons 196 and 197, and adjoining the reserve. (i) An area of approximately 350 acres south of the line adjoining Ipeaepns 179 and 178 in the Tusu District of the Aberdare Forest Reserve.-. (ii) An area of approximately 160 aTcres between beacons 183 and 1 8 5 / (iii) An area of approximately 400 acres between beacons 186 and 187. (iv) An area of approximately 850 acres between beacons 189 and 196. The Commissioners make no recom meridations as to the precise de limitation of the areas.

1.-Nyeri Hill

.. '

2.Mount Kenya Forest Re serve : The tongue of forest near Chief M u rigo's village.

Mount Kenya Forest Re serve : Between Saga na River and Kagnti Plain.

4 . - M o u n t Kenya Forest Re serve : The Narkothi Hill Area.

5.Aberdares : The Gikira River area. 6.In the Aberdarts : four areas in the Tusu Divi sion.

APPENDIX

V-contd.

Locality
7 . - P a r t of L.O. 325/R, Saba Saba, Limited.

Description
1,000 acres of L.O. 325, south of L.O. 326 ; boundaries as may be arranged. The Com missioners make no recommendations as to the precise delimitation.

8 . - L O . 1957 and 1958 near j As surveyed : 893 acres. Saba Saba, Limited. 9 . - L . O . 4961 10.In the Aberdares : The Bathi River area. 11. In the Mugaga Forest area As surveyed : 669 acres. As shown on the map illustrating the Tigoni and Kithirioni Exchange proposals at p. 24 of the printed Evidence : 1,556 acres. (i) An area of approximately 1,440 acres in the north west of the Mugaga Forest Re serve, bounded on the north and west by the native reserve in the approximate position shown on the map following s. 542.

(ii) A n area of approximately 2,460 acres in the south-west of the Muguga Forest Re serve, bounded on the west and south by the native reserve ; the position being approximately as shown on the map following s. 542. [2.In the Ngubi Forest area All the Ngubi Forest Reserve which lies south of a line starting from the point where the Limuru-Naivasha main road enters the forest reserve, and thence running in a gen eral westerly direction south of the planta tions to an unnamed hill at the south-western corner of the cedar plantations and thence north-westerly to meet the reserve boundary of the north-west corner of Forest Compart ment 74 : 800 acres. A corridor from the Ngarariga Native Reserve 13.In the Ngarariga area to the main native reserve from the south east end and running south-east, and com prising 200 acres. Two areas known as Riu in the north-western 1 4 , - I n the Dagoretti Forest part of the Dagoretti Forest Reserve, adjoin ' area. ing the Ndenja location of the native reserve, and a corridor of approximately 100 acres joining them to the land agreed to be sur rendered to the native reserve by the Church of Scotland Mission : Altogether 670 acres. An area of 2,000 acres, approximately as shown 1 5 - P a r t of L.O. 185 and 186 : on the plan produced by the Mission in the Church of S. Mission. evidence ; the precise position to be as may be arranged between Government and the Mission. 1 6 . - L . O . 295/2/R Eighty acres of the White Sisters' land. As sur veyed.

-r---f&

595
APPENDIX

V-coittd. Description

Locality
17.- P a r t of L.O. 134/4

Tin part which lies eastward of a line joining the south-eastern corner of L.O. 5876 with the north-eastern corner of L.O. 134/5: 250 acres. As shown on the map at page 20 of the printed Evidence : 78 acres. Da, joretti Township as surveyed : 50 acres.

18.Part of the Pritish East Africa Wattle Estate in the Dagoretti area. 19 - L . O . 1322 Dagoretti

The above areas comprise 18,801 acres, and there remains a balance of 2,199 acres to be made up as may be convenient, vide s. 480. The boundaries of the above areas have, in several crises, been left vague, since the Commissioners wish to indicate the general locality but to leave the boundaries entirely to the discretion of Government without any special recommendation.

APPENDIX VI A Short Description of the Githaka System

(Being a Scries of Extracts Land from the Report in Kikuyu of the 1 9 2 9 Committee Province.) System. the methods of i n relation to the onNative I.General " clan land." " the the The to T h e Githaka a n d patriarchal (Chapter 3, Tenure

Description control para.

of the Githaka themselves

System

i n its integrity expressing 3.)

is s i m p l y

77.The The immediate called githaka, eldest muramati diminish the muramati branch

Muramati. a responsible person who living is on (administrator), o f t h e mbari with that, usually . . . were of the resort, he has

c o n t r o l lies w i t h

s o n of the senior is v e r y families, with

resident

there.

chary

of i n t e r f e r e n c e

the shares in t h e last affected, the

various after " hold their

occupant

b u t it i s a d m i t t e d to increase (Chapter

if o n e f a m i l y

a n d another

abnormally,

consultation

the group when

a n d the members 1, paras. in 19-23.)

powers

of r e a d j u s t m e n t . " It is s t a t e d that,

the tribal s y s t e m position a n d that their

is intact,

aramati with which ceased

a n important natural

and special

providing

the people

leaders a n d rulers,

disappearance,

w o u l d b e the n a t u r a l result of s u b d i v i s i o n , w o u l d a g g r a v a t e the problem w h i c h i s c r e a t e d b y t h e fact t h a t ' t h e y o u n g m e n a s a c l a s s h a v e to respect It Githaka Hall which few." is their elders'." as (Chapter being 3, para. 31.) System. tribute a t o the thousand possible III.General represented where though S y s t e m that " Efficiency of the Githaka

t h e greatest

there are several p l a c e s i n the N y e r i a n d Fort a n d see more than are the they a n d the disputes surprisingly Commission used to be,

districts occur,

one m a y stand complicated hand,

acres at a stretch w i t h scarcely a n acre u n c u l t i v a t e d , a n d troublesome, evidence given to in (Chapter that 1, para. 22.) the other disputes are far m o r e time frequent than

Note.On indicates and that " normal githaka continue the s m a l l full s w i n g , (man, wife,

far too m u c h

and money Tendencies district

is spent have

litigation. District. departed from whole to e i t h e r of a be

IV.Disintegrating The Kikuyu Kikuyu or a part area custom of a for

in Kiambu outright it time .

of K i a m b u

definitely

and admit githaka. another

the sale

If t h e p r e s e n t generation, by that tenure.

tendencies m a y have given

were

unchecked holding

conjectured p l a c e to is i n family

that i n this

t h e githaka

woidd

as the unit of l a n d w e have

. . .

Subdivision .

a n d though

n o t yet got to the i n d i v i d u a l

a n d children), a l l districts

a n d to the s m a l l holding of t h e p r o v i n c e , except

. definite pro t h i s dis (Chap

gress h a s b e e n m a d e i n that d i r e c t i o n . " Note.-In ter 1,

( C h a p t e r 1, p a r a s . 2n, 29.) Kiambu,

i n t e g r a t i o n o f ithaka i s p r e v e n t e d b y t h e d e v i c e o f r e d e e m a b i l i t y para. 23).

APPENDIX

VI-contd.

V.The Position of Tenants. T e n a n t s (ahoi) h a v e n o security in t h e o r y and m a y be e v i c t e d at w i l l . H i t h e r t o , this has b e e n t e m p e r e d in p r a c t i c e b y the basis of friendship on w h i c h t h e w h o l e transaction rests. A s t h e c o m m e r c i a l spirit g r o w s , t h e basis of f r i e n d s h i p and quasi-feudal d e p e n d e n c e dis appears, and the p o s i t i o n o f t e n a n t s b e c o m e s p r e c a r i o u s . " " VI.Native Aspirations. " N a t i v e o p i n i o n a p p e a r s to bo u n i t e d in c o n s i d e r i n g cardinal p o i n t is t h a t ithaka shall bo r e c o g n i z e d : . " " that the

( a ) T h a t o w n i n g mbari shall bo secure in t h e possession of their l a n d b o t h for t h e p r e s e n t and for t h e future. ( 6 ) T h a t d i s p u t e s arising shall be s e t t l e d w i t h due regard for and due knowledge of native law and custom.

" I t i s , h o w e v e r , n o t i m p o s s i b l e t h a t in t h e K i a m b u area s o m e of t h e m o r e s o p h i s t i c a t e d n a t i v e s join w i t h these o b j e c t s another w h i c h is n o t o n all-fours w i t h t h e m , n a m e l y , t h o h o p e t h a t r e g i s t r a t i o n w i l l t e n d to c o n f i r m t h e ' o w n e r ' in t h e absolute p r o p r i e t o r s h i p of l a n d a n d f a c i l i t a t e t r a n s a c t i o n s of b u y i n g and selling, and t h e y p r o b a b l y h a v e in v i e w t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of p r i v a t e o w n e r s h i p w i t h full t i t l e . " (Chapter 1, para. 3 5 . ) VII.Individualism and the Githaka System. " W h e n w o o b s e r v e an e v o l u t i o n in progress w h i c h is t e n d i n g m o r e and m o r e in t h e d i r e c t i o n of i n d i v i d u a l t e n u r e and a w a y f r o m the controls of t r i b a l i s m , w e shall c o n c l u d e t h a t , a l t h o u g h the process m a y m a r k an a d v a n c e , it is not a ratification of t h e Githaka S y s t e m , but a d e p a r t u r e f r o m i t . " ( C h a p t e r 3, para. 3.) VIII.Causes of Evolution towards Individualism. " T h e principal causes of t h e e v o l u t i o n t o w a r d s i n d i v i d u a l i s m a r e stated t o b e : ( a ) T h e fixation of b o u n d a r i e s ; (b) T h e g r o w t h of p o p u l a t i o n ; ( c ) M o n e y ; and ( d ) P e r m a n e n t c r o p s . " ( C h a p t e r 3, paras. 4-8.) IX.Modern Requirements is ' to which Ill-adapted. the Githaka System

A f o r m i d a b l e list of m o d e r n r e q u i r e m e n t s is g i v e n to w h i c h t h e Githaka S y s t e m is s t a t e d to b e u n s u i t e d . I t c o m p r i s e s : T o w n s h i p s , trading c e n t r e s , p e r m a n e n t b u i l d i n g s , r e q u i r e m e n t s of social s e r v i c e , the p r o p e r use of g r a z i n g , p r o p e r security for t e n a n t s , and the d e v e l o p m e n t of small h o l d i n g s . I t is n o t s u g g e s t e d in t h e R e p o r t t h a t t h e s e things c a n n o t e x i s t u n d e r the Githaka S y s t e m , but i t is s t a t e d t h a t difficulties arise i n r e c o n c i l i n g t h e Githaka S y s t e m w i t h t h e m . (Chap ter 3, p a r a . 9 et seq.)

APPENDIX The Method (Note.This Commissioners of Tenure for Appendix by Mr. School

VII and written Church at the Plots in request the

Kikuyu Fazan.

Reserve of the . 1543 of the Report.)

has been

Yide-section

Plots for Mission Schools and Churches. T h e D i r e c t o r of E d u c a t i o n lias pointed out in his e v i d e n c e that t h e initial i m p e t u s in starting a sehool g e n e r a l l y c o m e s f r o m tlie natives. S o m e b o d y builds a building g e n e r a l l y on his o w n giihaka, and i n v i t e s a m i s s i o n to t a k e it over as a school. I n t h e s e initial stages t h e m i s s i o n is p r e p a r e d to a c c e p t the position t h a t it has no rights in t h e l a n d , and that the local body of i t s A f r i c a n adherents has o n l y such rights as n a t i v e l a w and c u s t o m a l l o w . I n process of t i m e c o m p l i c a t i o n s m a y arise, and h a v e in fact arisen in m a n y cases. T l i o githaka holder m a y die, and his successor m a y be less well disposed to t h e m i s s i o n . Or s o m e question m a y arise as to the i n h e r i t a n c e of the p r o p e r t y , or there m a y be a d i s p u t e about church d o c t r i n e . I n a n y case a t i m e c o m e s w h e n s o m e g r e a t e r security of t e n u r e is felt t o be r e q u i r e d . T h e first p o i n t of d i s a g r e e m e n t n o w arises. W h a t should next be d o n e ? T h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e officers of t h e p r o v i n c e favour the proposal, in r e s p e c t of a school as apart f r o m a church, that there should be t w o a l t e r n a t i v e courses o p e n t o t h e N a t i v e C o u n c i l : set apart a plot, on w h i c h the C o u n c i l w o u l d build and o w n the buildings, and the mission w o u l d o n l y have ., teacher's contract, ( i i ) T o set apart a p l o t and t h e n lease it to the mission or to a corporate b o d y of its adherents for t h e purpose of a school to be c o n d u c t e d by t h e mission. I n either ease the w o r k of c o m p e n s a t i n g the r i g h t - h o l d e r w o u l d devolve o n t h e Council, but in tile second ease it w o u l d r e i m b u r s e itself from rent. T h e D i r e c t o r of E d u c a t i o n expressed t h e opinion that t h e first oi these a l t e r n a t i v e s , if a c c e p t e d , w o u l d t e n d to c o m m i t G o v e r n m e n t to a p o l i c y of S t a t e education, a consideration w h i c h m u s t n o t be allowed to d e p e n d on a l a n d issue. M r . D o u g a l l , E d u c a t i o n a l A d v i s e r to P r o t e s t a n t M i s s i o n s , agreed w i t h h i m . M r . C a l d e r w o o d , representing t h e Church of S c o t l a n d M i s s i o n , agreed as to the tendency but r e c o m m e n d e d t h e course in spite of it. ( E v i d e n c e , p p . 2994.) I t is a g r e e d on all hands t h a t there is a serious o b j e c t i o n to the m e t h o d by w h i c h t h e N a t i v e Council builds and o w n s t h e buildings, because the school m a y also be used as a c h u r c h . T h e proposal of M r . C a l d e r w o o d , speaking as o n e of t h e d e l e g a t e s of t h e K e n y a Mis sionary Council, w a s t h a t in such a case a corner of t h e plot should b e l e a s e d or sot apart on special t e r m s to t h e A f r i c a n adherents of the mission as a church p l o t w h i l e t h e r e m a i n d e r w o u l d be set apart for (i) T o

5S7
APPENDIX VII-contd.

m. school. B u t this course w o u l d h e a v i l y c o m p r o m i s e t h e Council if -ever it should desire t o m a k e a c h a n g e in its t e a c h i n g a r r a n g e m e n t s and g i v e the c o n t r a c t t o a n o t h e r i n s t i t u t i o n . I n r e g a r d t o t h e m e t h o d of l e a s e , t o w h i c h t h e D i r e c t o r of E d u c a tion sees n o o b j e c t i o n so far as his D e p a r t m e n t is c o n c e r n e d , t h e v i e w s of the M i s s i o n a r y C o u n c i l are t h a t , w h i l e at p r e s e n t missions arc not likely to a v a i l t h e m s e l v e s of it o n a c c o u n t of the n a t i v e opposition t o be e x p e c t e d , it m i g h t b e f o u n d t h a t their local n a t i v e adherents, a f t e r f o r m i n g t h e m s e l v e s i n t o a c o r p o r a t e body w i t h a recognized m e t h o d of succession, could o b t a i n a l e a s e w i t h o u t incur ring o d i u m . I u n d e r s t a n d t h a t in such case t h e r e w o u l d be no objection if t h e p a r t of t h e p l o t w h i c h is l e a s e d as a school and t h e part leased as a c h u r c h should carry s e p a r a t e c o n d i t i o n s , a course which has b e e n r e c o m m e n d e d by a r e s o l u t i o n of the K i a m b u School Area C o m m i t t e e . T h e d e l e g a t e s of the K e n y a M i s s i o n a r y C o u n c i l h a v e s u g g e s t e d that s o m e t h i n g s i m p l e r t h a n a l e a s e should be d e v i s e d , and t h a t at all e v e n t s t h e r e should be n o n e e d for s u r v e y . M o r e o v e r t h e y p o i n t out t h a t the r i g h t - h o l d e r w o u l d o f t e n p r e f e r to r e c e i v e no c o m p e n s a tion, and t h e y s u g g e s t t h a t t h e full e c o n o m i c r e n t a l as p r o v i d e d in section 1 0 of t h e o r d i n a n c e should n o t be r e q u i r e d . A s y s t e m exists in t h e N y e r i D i s t r i c t b y w h i c h the N a t i v e Council has set aside p l o t s a f t e r a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e r i g h t - h o l d e r s , w h o in most eases h a v e a g r e e d t o f o r g o a n y c o m p e n s a t i o n . T h e p l o t has then b e e n a l l o c a t e d to a m i s s i o n as a c o m b i n e d school and church p l o t , and a resolution of t h e c o u n c i l e x i s t s d e c l a r i n g t h a t , if after t h r e e y e a r s ' trial t h e school is h e l d to be fulfilling a useful f u n c t i o n , t h e right-holder should c e a s e t o h a v e a n y p o w e r t o e v i c t . T h i s s y s t e m is said by t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r to be w o r k i n g w e l l . I n r e g a r d t o t h e K i a m b u D i s t r i c t , y e t another m e t h o d has b e e n suggested. M r . C a l d e r w o o d proposes t h a t , since o u t r i g h t sale is a d m i t t e d by n a t i v e c u s t o m in t h a t district, t h e n a t i v e adherents of a mission in a n y l o c a l i t y should be a b l e to b u y l a n d for school purposes without approaching the L o c a l N a t i v e Council. H e a g r e e d t h a t , if the consent of t h e P r o v i n c i a l C o m m i s s i o n e r should be m a d e necessary before a sale under n a t i v e c u s t o m is r e c o g n i z e d , it w o u l d p r o b a b l y be a useful a d m i n i s t r a t i v e p r a c t i c e that such c o n s e n t should n o t be g i v e n unless the a p p l i c a n t s h a d e n r o l l e d t h e m s e l v e s as a c o r p o r a t e body w i t h a r e c o g n i z e d m e t h o d of succession. I h a v e b e e n a s k e d to g i v e m y o w n c o n c l u s i o n s , and shall n o w do so. I n r e a c h i n g t h e m I h a v e b e e n g u i d e d not o n l y by the e v i d e n c e and m e m o r a n d a , b u t also b y r e c o r d s c o n t a i n e d in t h e m i n u t e s of L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l m e e t i n g s and S c h o o l A r e a C o m m i t t e e m e e t i n g s . The Initial Stage.I agree with the general opinion that with very small schools t h o b u i l d i n g s should b e "held to b e l o n g to t h e n a t i v e a d h e r e n t s and that no security is r e q u i r e d b e y o n d w h a t n a t i v e c u s t o m affords to a t e n a n t .

APPENDIX

VII-contd.

The Stage when more Security methods have been proposed:

in

required.Altogether

five

( i ) S e t t i n g t h e plot apart, tho N a t i v e Council arranging to coni pensate the r i g h t - h o l d e r , generally by an annual compensation r e s e m b l i n g a r e n t , w h e r e a f t e r the Council w o u l d build such buildings as arc r e q u i r e d , and g i v e tho t e a c h i n g contract to a mission. T. a g r e e w i t h t h e objection t h a t this m e t h o d , if m a d e general, w o u l d v e r y p r o b a b l y load to S t a t e education, and t h e r e f o r e do not think it satisfactory e x c e p t perhaps in a f e w particular instances. 1 also a g r e e t h a t practical c o m p l i c a t i o n s w o u l d arise, especially in regard to churches. T h e m e t h o d therefore is not. g e n e r a l l y to be recommended. (ii) S e t t i n g t h e p l o t apart in the s a m e w a y as a b o v e , but with t h e difference t h a t the Council does n o t build t h e buildings itself, but p e r m i t s a mission or the local adherents of tho mission to build thorn, a n d the r i g h t - h o l d e r cannot, e v i c t a f t e r t h e first three y e a r s . I f n o t h i n g is p a i d t o ( b e right-holder, it is o b v i o u s t h a t the a r r a n g e m e n t c a n o n l y bo m a d e w i t h bis consent. I f ho requires pay m e n t , e s p e c i a l l y in t h e f o r m of annual c o m p e n s a t i o n , which, would h a v e to be r e c o v e r e d f r o m t h e missiou, t h e m e t h o d is practically in distinguishable f r o m l e a s e . So long as t h e r i g h t - h o l d e r s a r e c o n t e n t a n d t h e m e t h o d suits the r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e district ( N y e r i ) w h e r e it is found, t h e r e is much to be said for it. B u t it does n o t a p p e a r b y w h a t r i g h t t h e Council c a n declare that t h e r i g h t - h o l d e r m a y not evict a f t e r three years, especially if h e has r e c e i v e d no c o m p e n s a t i o n . T h e m e t h o d appears likely t o break d o w n as soon as it is seriously c h a l l e n g e d . (iii) S o t t i n g t h e plot apart and then leasing it to a mission or to a corporate b o d y of m i s s i o n a d h e r e n t s . T h e L o c a l N a t i v e Council w o u l d c o m p e n s a t e t h e r i g h t - h o l d e r by an initial " s w e e t e n e r " and annual c o m p e n s a t i o n , and w o u l d reimburse itself f r o m t h e r e n t s . A p a r t f r o m t h e n a t i v e objections this m e t h o d appears to be p e r f e c t l y sound. T h o N a t i v e C o u n c i l is p r a c t i c a l l y only the go b e t w e e n or g u a r a n t o r b e t w e e n tho lessee and the r i g h t - b o l d e r . A s i m p l e m e t h o d of. marking-out could easily be devised, and t h e r e is no n e e d for s u r v e y . I see no reason w h y t h e right-holder should bo r e q u i r e d to a c c e p t a n y t h i n g less in c o m p e n s a t i o n than the full e c o n o m i c rental of the land, but, if he wishes to b e generous, he is at liberty to r e t u r n it. I do not t h i n k t h a t n a t i v e prejudices should be a l l o w e d to stand in the w a y . A l e a s e is p e r f e c t l y fair and is the m e t h o d of tenure c o n t e m p l a t e d in t h e o r d i n a n c e . W h i l e s o m e missions m a y desire to a v o i d u n p o p u l a r i t y by arranging for their n a t i v e adherents rather than t h e g o v e r n i n g b o d y to a p p l y for the lease, there are probably other missions w h i c h w o u l d n o t a g r e e . N o principle of l a n d tenure is in v o l v e d in t h e issue, and T see no reason w h y tho s a m e m e t h o d of lease should not be applied u n i f o r m l y w h e t h e r the applicants ire w h i t e or black.

APPENDIX

Vll-contd.

( i v ) T h o s a m e as N o . 8 a b o v e , but d i s t i n g u i s h i n g b e t w e e n schools and c h u r c h e s , t h e l e a s e b e i n g in t w o sections c a r r y i n g different conditions. T h e proposal is s u p p o r t e d by a r e s o l u t i o n of t h e K i a m b u S c h o o l A r e a C o m m i t t e e and a p p e a r s t o bo g e n e r a l l y sound. I t is i n t e r e s t i n g to n o t e t h a t a similar p r o v i s i o n w a s m a d e b y t h e G o v e i - n m e n t of t h e C a p e P r o v i n c e of t h e U n i o n of S o u t h A f r i c a in 1 9 0 0 : " I n 1909 t h e C a p e G o v e r n m e n t d e c i d e d t h a t applications f o r joint church and school p u r p o s e s w o u l d n o t be c o n s i d e r e d , but t h a t sites w o u l d b e a p p r o v e d for t h e s i n g l e p u r p o s e c h u r c h or s c h o o l o n l y " (extract from a Government m e m o r a n d u m entitled " O c c u p a t i o n of C h u r c h , S c h o o l a n d M i s s i o n S i t e s in N a t i v e A r e a s " ; 1918). ( v ) T h e p r o p o s a l t h a t in t h e K i a m b u D i s t r i c t t h e n a t i v e a d h e r e n t s of a m i s s i o n should be able to f o r m t h e m s e l v e s into a c o r p o r a t e b o d y and b u y l a n d for a c h u r c h or a school, s u b j e c t t o t h e a p p r o v a l of t h e Provincial Commissioner. I see n o r e a s o n w h y t h e p r o p o s a l should n o t be c o n s i d e r e d , but I find n o r e c o r d of a n y discussion o n t h e p o i n t , and t h e r e f o r e prefer t o g i v e n o o p i n i o n . A s t h e s u m t o t a l of t h e w h o l e m a t t e r , I consider that l e a s e is t h e proj)er m e t h o d , and should be a p p l i e d w h e r e v e r possible, and n a t i v e o p i n i o n should b e e d u c a t e d to t h a t e n d . M e a n w h i l e o t h e r e x p e d i e n t s m a y b e j u s t i f i e d upon o c c a s i o n . I h a v e d e a l t w i t h this q u e s t i o n at s o m e difficulties which h a v e b e e n e x p e r i e n c e d . length because of the

APPENDIX THE MASAI

(Referring to Sections

VIII

AGREEMENTS
015 and 650 of the Report.)

AGREEMENT,

DATED

10TH AND

AUGUST, EOR THE

1904, THE

BETWEEN EAST THE OF

HIS

MAJESTY'S TRIBE.

COMMISSIONER

AFRICA MASAI

PROTECTORATE

CHIEFS

W e , t h e u n d e r s i g n e d , b e i n g the L y b o n Chiefs (representatives) of t h e e x i s t i n g elans a n d sections of the M a s a i tribes in the E a s t Africa P r o t e c t o r a t e , h a v i n g this 9th day of A u g u s t , 1904, m e t Sir D o n a l d S t e w a r t , H i s M a j e s t y ' s C o m m i s s i o n e r for t h e E a s t Africa P r o t e c t o r a t e and discussed f u l l y t h e question of a l a n d settlement s c h e m e for t h e M a s a i , h a v e of our o w n free w i l l , d e c i d e d that it is for our best interests to r e m o v e our p e o p l e , flocks and herds into definite r e s e r v a t i o n s a w a y f r o m t h e r a i l w a y line, and a w a y from any land that m a y be thrown o p e n to E u r o p e a n s e t t l e m e n t . W e h a v e , after h a v i n g already discussed the m a t t e r with M r . H o b l e y at N a i v a s h a and M r . A i n s w o r t h at N a i r o b i , g i v e n this matter e v e r y consideration, a n d w e r e c o g n i z e t h a t the G o v e r n m e n t , in taking up t h i s question, are t a k i n g into consideration our b e s t interests. N o w w e , b e i n g f u l l y satisfied t h a t the, proposals for our removal to definite and final r e s e r v e s are for t h e undoubted g o o d of our race, have a g r e e d as f o l l o w s : That the Elburgu, Gekunuki, Eoita, D a m a t settlement shall b e , a p p r o x i m a t e l y , and L a i t u t o k sec tions shall r e m o v e a b s o l u t e l y to L a i k i p i a , and t h e boundaries of the as f o l l o w s : Mountains. or N y a m and Guaso Narok On the north, by the L o r o g h i On the south, Rivers. On the east, by K i s i m a (approximate). by t h e L e s u s w a

O n t h e w e s t , b y the L a i k i p i a ( N d o r o r ) E s c a r p m e n t .

A n d b y t h e r e m o v a l of tho foregoing sections to the reserve we u n d e r t a k e to v a c a t e t h e w h o l e of t h e R i f t V a l l e y , t o b e used b y the G o v e r n m e n t for the purposes of E u r o p e a n s e t t l e m e n t . Further, that t h e K a p t e i , M a t a p a t u , N d o g a l a n i and Sigarari sections shall r e m o v e into t h e territory o r i g i n a l l y o c c u p i e d by t h e m to t h e south of Donyo L a m u y u ( N g o n g o ) , . a n d t h e K i s e a r i a n s t r e a m , and t o c o m p r i s e within t h e area t h e D o n y o L a m u y u , N d o g a l a n i , .and M a t a p a t u Mountains, and the D o n y o N a r o k , and t o e x t e n d t o Sosian on t h e w e s t . I n a d d i t i o n to t h e foregoing, L e m m a , as C h i e f L y b o n , and his successors, to be a l l o w e d to occupy the land l y i n g in b e t w e e n tho M b a g a t h i and K i s e a r i a n s t r e a m s f r o m D o n y o L a m u y u t o the point w h e r e both s t r e a m s m e e t , w i t h the e x c e p t i o n " of l a n d already occupied b v M r . O u l t o n , M r . M c Q u e e n , and M r . P a t e r s o n .

APPENDIX

VllI-contd.

I n addition to t h e f o r e g o i n g , w e ask t h a t a r i g h t of road to i n c l u d e certain access t o w a t e r be g r a n t e d to us to a l l o w of our k e e p i n g up c o m m u n i c a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e t w o r e s e r v e d areas, a n d , further, t h a t w e be a l l o w e d t o r e t a i n control of a t least f i v e square m i l e s of l a n d (at a p o i n t o n t h e slopes of K i n a n g o p to bo p o i n t e d out b y L e g a l i s h u . and M a s a k o n d i ) , w h e r e a t w e can c a r r y out our c i r c u m c i s i o n rites a n d c e r e m o n i e s , in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e c u s t o m of o u r ancestors. W e ask, as a m o s t i m p o r t a n t p o i n t in this a r r a n g e m e n t , t h a t t h e G o v e r n m e n t w i l l establish a n d m a i n t a i n a s t a t i o n o n L a i k i p i a , a n d that officers w h o m w e k n o w and t r u s t m a y be a p p o i n t e d to look after us t h e r e . A l s o t h a t t h o G o v e r n m e n t w i l l pay r e a s o n a b l e c o m p e n s a t i o n any M a s a i c u l t i v a t i o n at p r e s e n t e x i s t i n g n e a r N a i r o b i . for

I n c o n c l u s i o n , w e wish to s t a t e t h a t w e a r e q u i t e satisfied w i t h the f o r e g o i n g a r r a n g e m e n t , and w o b i n d ourselves and our successors, as w e l l as o u r p e o p l e , to o b s e r v e t h e m . W e w o u l d , h o w e v e r , ask t h a t t h e s e t t l e m e n t n o w a r r i v e d at shall be enduring so l o n g as t h e M a s a i as a r a c e shall exist, and t h a t E u r o p e a n or other settlers shall not b o a l l o w e d to take up l a n d in the S e t t l e m e n t s . I n c o n f i r m a t i o n of this A g r e e m e n t , w h i c h h a s b e e n r e a d and fully e x p l a i n e d t o us, we h e r e b y set our m a r k s against our n a m e s as under: Lenana, S o n of M b a t i a n , L y b o n of all t h e M a s a i . Masakondi, Lemani, Leteregi, Lelmurua, Lakombe, Lisiari, Me-paku, Lambari, Naivasha, baitutok: Legalishu, Olmugeza, Olainomodo, Oloiogia, Olieti, Lanainigu, Lingaldu, Ginomun, Liwala, Lembogi, L e g a n a u of Leganan of Leganan Elburgu. Elburgu. of Elbttrgu. S o n of A r u r i u , L y b o n at Naivasha.

S i g n e d at N a i r o b i , 15th A u g u s t , 190-1: E l m u r a of M a t a p a t u . Elumura of Matapatu. Ndogalani. Ndogalani. E l m u r a of E l m u r a of E l m u r a of

Ndogalani. Ndogalani. Gekunuki, Eoita, Damat and

H e a d E l m o r a n of M a t a p a t u . L e g a n o n of Elburgu,

representing

L e g a n a n of E l b u r g u . Elburgu. of Elburgu. Elburgu. Elburgu. Gekunuki. Laitutok. Leganan L e g a n a n of L e g a n a n of Leganan Leganau of of

L e g a n a n of

APPENDIX

VUI-contd.

S i g n e d at N a i r o b i ,

15th A u g u s t ,

.1904:

Sabori,
We,

E l m u r a o E l b u r g u .

t h e u n d e r s i g n e d , w e r e i n t e r p r e t e r s in this A g r e e m e n t :

C. W. Hobley ( S w a h i l i ) . Mwe sjo Lithugu ( M a s a i ) . Lybich s/o Keretu ( M a s a i ) . Waeiri bin Mwynbego ( M a s a i ) .
I , D o n a l d S t e w a r t , K . C . M . G . , H i s M a j e s t y ' s C o m m i s s i o n e r for t h e E a s t A f r i c a P r o t e c t o r a t e , hereby a g r e e to the foregoing, provided t h e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e a p p r o v e s of the A g r e e m e n t , and in witness t h e r e o f I h a v e this 10th d a y of A u g u s t , 1904, set m y hand and seal.

D. Stewart.
W e , t h e u n d e r s i g n e d officers of t h e E a s t A f r i c a P r o t e c t o r a t e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , h e r e b y c e r t i f y t h a t w e w e r e present at t h e meeting b e t w e e n H i s M a j e s t y ' s C o m m i s s i o n e r and t h e M a s a i at N a i v a s h a o n t h e 9 t h A u g u s t , 1904, a n d w e further h e a r d this d o c u m e n t fully ex plained t o t h e m , and w i t n e s s e d their m a r k s affixed to s a m e :

C. W. Hobley, A c t i n g D e p u t y C o m m i s s i o n e r . John Ainsworth, H i s M a j e s t y ' s Sub-Commissioner,

Ukamba.

S. Bagge, H . M . S u b - C o m m i s s i o n e r , K i s u m u . J. W. T. McGlellwn, A c t i n g S u b - C o m m i s s i o n e r , Naivasha. W. J. Monson, A c t i n g S e c r e t a r y t o t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n .

S. 1, D o n a l d S t e w a r t , K . C . M . G . , H i s M a j e s t y ' s C o m m i s s i o n e r f o r t h e E a s t A f r i c a P r o t e c t o r a t e , h e r e b y f u r t h e r a g r e e to t h e foregoing parts of this A g r e e m e n t c o n c e r n i n g K a p t e , M a t a p a t u , N d o g a l a n i and Sigarari M a s a i , p r o v i d e d t h e S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e a p p r o v e s of t h e Agrec m e n t , and in w i t n e s s t h e r e o f I h a v e this 15th day of A u g u s t , 1904. s e t m y h a n d and seal.

D. Stewart.
W o , the u n d e r s i g n e d officers of the E a s t Africa P r o t e c t o r a t e , h e r e b y certify t h a t w e w e r e present a t t h e m e e t i n g b e t w e e n His M a j e s t y ' s C o m m i s s i o n e r and the Alasai at N a i r o b i on the 15th August, 1904, a n d w e further heard this d o c u m e n t explained t o t h e m , and w i t n e s s e d their m a r k s affixed t o s a m e :

C. W. Hobley, A c t i n g John Ainsworth, His

Ukamba.

Deputy

Commissioner.

Majesty'8 Sub-Commissioner,
Officer.

T. T. Gilhison, 11'. ,/. Monson,

Acting

Land

A c t i n g S e c r e t a r y t o the Administration.

1, the u n d e r s i g n e d , hereby certify t h a t 1 translated the contents -of this d o c u m e n t to t h e Alasai L y b i c h , w h o , I b e l i e v e , interpreted it -correctly to t h e M a s a i a s s e m b l e d at both N a i v a s h a and N a i r o b i .

John Ainsworth,

11 is M a j e s t y ' s

Sub-Commissioner.

A P P E N D I X

VIUT-COBW.

AGREEMENT

OE

1911.

AGREEMENT.
W e , t h e u n d e r s i g n e d , being t h e P a r a m o u n t C h i c f * o f all the M a s a i and his regents and t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of. t h a t portion of t h e M a s a i tribe l i v i n g in t h o N o r t h e r n M a s a i R e s e r v e , as defined in t h e agree nient e n t e r e d into w i t h t h e late Sir D o n a l d W i l l i a m S t e w a r t , K n i g h t C o m m a n d e r o f t h e M o s t D i s t i n g u i s h e d Order of Saint M i c h a e l and Saint G e o r g e , H i s M a j e s t y ' s C o m m i s s i o n e r for the E a s t A f r i c a P r o tectorate, on the ninth d a y of A u g u s t , O n e thousand nine hundred and four, and m o r e particularly set out in tho P r o c l a m a t i o n of M a y thirtieth, O n e thousand n i n e hundred and six, and published in the Official G a z e t t e of J u n e first, O n e t h o u s a n d nine h u n d r e d and six, d o hereby o n our o w n behalf and on behalf of our p e o p l e , w h o s e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s w e are, b e i n g satisfied t h a t it is t o t h e best interest of their tribe t h a t the M a s a i p e o p l e should i n h a b i t one area and should n o t ' b e d i v i d e d i n t o t w o sections as m u s t arise under t h e a g r e e m e n t aforesaid w h e r e b y t h e r e w e r e r e s e r v e d to t h e M a s a i tribe t w o separate and distinct areas of l a n d , e n t e r of our o w n free w i l l into t h e f o l l o w i n g a g r e e m e n t w i t h Sir E d o u a r d P e r c y C r a n w i l l G i r o u a r d , K n i g h t Cora m a n d e r of t h e M o s t D i s t i n g u i s h e d O r d e r of Saint M i c h a e l and Saint G e o r g e , M e m b e r of the D i s t i n g u i s h e d S e r v i c e Order, G o v e r n o r and Cornmander-in-Chief of t h e E a s t A f r i c a P r o t e c t o r a t e , h e r e i n a f t e r re ferred to as " t h e G o v e r n o r " : W e a g r e e to v a c a t e at such t i m e as t h e G o v e r n o r m a y d i r e c t t h e N o r t h e r n M a s a i R e s e r v e w h i c h w e h a v e h i t h e r t o i n h a b i t e d and oc cupied and t o r e m o v e by such routes as t h e G o v e r n o r m a y n o t i f y t o us our p e o p l e , herds and rlocks t o such area on t h e south side of t h e U g a n d a R a i l w a y as the. G o v e r n o r m a y l o c a t e to us the said area being bounded a p p r o x i m a t e l y as f o l l o w s , and as shown on ( l i e attached map: O n t h e south by the A n g l o - G e r m a n frontier. R i v e r , other eastern and a line d r a w n of t h e Sotik set aside for O n t h e w e s t by t h e Ol-orukoti R a n g e , b y the A m a l a wise called A n g - a r e - d a h a s h or E n g - a r e - e - ' n - g i p a i , by t h e northern boundaries of the S o t i k N a t i v e R e s e r v e , and b y from t h e m o s t n o r t h e r l y p o i n t of the n o r t h e r n b o u n d a r y N a t i v e R e s e r v e to t h e s o u t h - w e s t e r n b o u n d a r y of t h e land M r . E . P o w y s C o b b , on M a u :

O n t h e n o r t h by the s o u t h e r n and eastern boundaries of the said land set aside for M r . E . P o w y s C o b b , and by a s t r a i g h t line drawn from the n o r t h - e a s t e r n b o u n d a r y o f the said laud t o the h i g h e s t point of M o u n t S u s w a , o t h e r w i s e called O l - d o i n y o - O n y o k e : O n t h e east by t h e S o u t h e r n M a s a i N a t i v e R e s e r v e , a s defined in t t h e P r o c l a m a t i o n d a t e d J u n e e i g h t e e n t h , O n e thousand nine hundred and six, and p u b l i s h e d in the Official G a z e t t e of J u l y first, One thousand nine hundred and six. P r o v i d e d that n o t h i n g in this a g r e e m e n t c o n t a i n e d shall b e d e e m e d to d e p r i v e t h e M a s a i tribe of the r i g h t s r e s e r v e d t o it u n d e r the ngreo m e n t of t h e A u g u s t n i n t h . O n e thousand n i n e h u n d r e d and four afore

APPENDIX

VlU-coiitd.

said t o t h e land ou t h e slopes o f K i n a n g o p w h e r e o n t h e circumcision rites a n d c e r e m o n i e s m a y b e h e l d . I n w i t n e s s " w h e r e o f a n d i n c o n f i r m a t i o n o f this a g r e e m e n t which has b e e n fully explained t o us w e h e r e b y set o u r m a r k s against our n n m e s as u n d e r : M a r k of Segi, S o n o f O l - o n a n a ( L e m m a ) , P a r a m o u n t Chief of all t h e M a s a i . M a r k o f Ol-lc-Gclcsho ( L e g a l i s h u ) , R e g e n t during the m i n o r i t y of Segi, head of t h e M o l e l y a n Clan, and chief s p o k e s m a n ( O l - a i g w c n a n i ) of t h e I l - K i t o i p ( I l - M e r i s h o ) a g e grade o f t h e P u r k o M a s a i . M a r k of Ngarmja, R e g e n t during t h e m i n o r i t y of S e g i , of t h e A i s e r Clan. M a r k o f Ol-lc-Ycli, h e a d o f t h e M o k e s e n Clan of the P u r k o M a s a i , a n d o n e of t h e s p o k e s m e n (01-aigwen ani) of t h e T l - K i t o i p ( I l - M e r i s h o ) a g e grade of the Purko Masai. M a r k o f Ol-lc-Turcrc, h e a d o f t h e M o k e s e n Clan of the Purko Masai. M a r k of Olc-lc-Malit, one of M a s i k o n d i ' s representatives, of t h e L u g h u m a e branch of t h e A i s e r Clan of the Purko Masai. M a r k of Ol-le-Matipe, o n e o f M a s i k o n d T s representatives, of t h e L u g h u m a e branch of t h e A i s e r Clan of the Purko Masai. M a r k of Ol-le-Nakolal h e a d o f t h e T a r o s e r o Clan of the Purko Masai. M a r k of 01-le-Naigha, head of t h e A i s e r Clan of t h e Purko

Masai.
M a r k of

Marmaroi, uncle a n d personal a t t e n d a n t of Segi.

M a r k of Saburi, t h e P r i m e M i n i s t e r o f t h e late Chief Ol-onana ( L e n a n a ) . and principal elder of t h e Southern Masai Reserve. M a r k of Agali, u n c l e o f S e g i , r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e L o i t a Masai. of t h e T a r o s e r o C l a n , chief spokes M a r k o f Ol-le-Tanyai, m a n (01-aigwenani) of t h e L e m e k ( M e i t a r o n i ) a g e grade of t h e P u r k o M a s a i . T h e a b o v e set their m a r k s t o this a g r e e m e n t at Nairobi o n the fourth d a y o f A p r i l , n i n e t e e n h u n d r e d and e l e v e n . A. G. HoUis, S e c r e t a r y , N a t i v e Affairs. Ole-lc Masikondi, h e a d of t h e L u g h u m a e section of the A i s e r C l a n , chief elder of t h e P u r k o M a s a i , called in the f o r m e r t r e a t y 01-Oboni o f t h e P u r k o M a s a i . Olc-lc-Batict, h e a d o f t h e A i s e r Clan of t h e P u r k o Masai on L a i k i p i a , O l a i g w e n a n i o f t h e a g e known as I I Merisho.

APPENDIX

VUL-contd.

T l i e a b o v e s e t their marks to this a g r e e m e n t at R u m u r u t i on the day of A p r i l , 1911. Witness: E. D. Browne, Assist. District Commissioner, Laikipia. District Commissioner, Laikipia. A. J. M. Oollyer, H i s m a r k : Ol-lc-Lengiri, of t h e A i s e r Clan, P u r k o M a s a i ; His mark: Ol-le-Gesheen, b e a d of T a m o s e r o Clan of Pnrko Masai. f l i s m a r k : 01-le-Salon, brother of 0 1 - l e - K i t o k o s l i , as a d e p u t y for O M e - K i t o k o s h . T h e a b o v e s e t their m a r k s to this a g r e e m e n t at R u m u r u t i o n t h e 19th day of A p r i l , 1911. E. We, the D. Broivne, Assist. District Commissioner, that we correctly Laikipia. this who undersigned, certify interpreted

d o c u m e n t to the chiefs, r e g e n t s and r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e M a s a i were present at t h e m e e t i n g at N a i r o b i . A. C. Hollis, Ol-lc-Tinka, We, the undersigned, A. J. M. Secretary, N a t i v e of the I l - A i s e r certify that we Affairs. correctly interpreted Clan.

this

d o c u m e n t to the r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the M a s a i at E u m u r u t i . Colly er, District Commissioner. Ol-le-Tinka (his m a r k ) .

I n consideration of t h e a b o v e , I , E d o u a r d P e r c y C r a n w i l l G i r o u a r d , Knight C o m m a n d e r of t h e M o s t D i s t i n g u i s h e d O r d e r of S a i n t M i c h a e l and S a i n t G e o r g e , M e m b e r of t h e D i s t i n g u i s h e d S e r v i c e O r d e r , G o v ernor and C o m m a n d e r - i n - C h i e f of the E a s t A f r i c a P r o t e c t o r a t e , a g r e e on behalf of H i s M a j e s t y ' s G o v e r n m e n t , but s u b j e c t t o t h e a p p r o v a l of H i s M a j e s t y ' s P r i n c i p a l S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e for t h e C o l o n i e s t o reserve for the e x c l u s i v e use of t h o M a s a i t r i b e t h e area on t h e south side of t h e U g a n d a R a i l w a y as defined a b o v e and as s h o w n on t h e attached m a p , w h i c h area is c o a d u n a t e w i t h t h e S o u t h e r n M a s a i N a t i v e R e s e r v e and to further e x t e n d t h e e x i s t i n g S o u t h e r n M a s a i N a t i v e R e s e r v e b y an addition of an area of a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h r e e thousand and o n e h u n d r e d square m i l e s , such area as s h o w n o n t h e a c c o m p a n y i n g m a p the a p p r o x i m a t e b o u n d a r i e s b e i n g on t h e south, the A n g l o - G e r m a n F r o n t i e r , on t h e w e s t t h e eastern b o u n d a r y of t h e aforesaid S o u t h e r n M a s a i R e s e r v e : o n the n o r t h a n d east b y t h e Uganda R a i l w a y z o n e f r o m t h e A t h i R i v e r to S u l t a n H a m u d r a i l w a y station, t h e n c e in a line d r a w n f r o m t h e said s t a t i o n to the n o r t h - w e s t point of the Chiulu R a n g e , t h e n c e a l o n g t h e Cbiulu R a n g e to t h e south-eastern e x t r e m i t y thereof, t h e n c e b y a straight l i n e to t h e m e e t i n g point of t h e E n g - a r e R o n g a i and t h e T s a v o R i v e r s , t h e n c e bv the E n g - a r e R o n g a i R i v e r t o the A n g l o - G e r m a n F r o n t i e r ; and t o undertake on b e h a l f of H i s M a j e s t y ' s G o v e r n m e n t t o e n d e a v o u r t o r e m o v e all E u r o p e a n settlers f r o m t h e said areas and not t o l e a s e or grant a n y land w i t h i n t h e said areas ( e x c e p t such l a n d as m a y be required for m i n i n g purposes or for a n y p u b l i c p u r p o s e ) w i t h o u t t h e sanction of the p a r a m o u n t chief and t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the M a s a i tribe.

A P P E N D I X V I I I - c o n td.

I n w i t n e s s w h e r e o f I h a v e hereunto set m y hand and ofliciat seal bins t w e n t y - s i x t h day of A p r i l , One t h o u s a n d nine hundred and eleven. (L.S.) Signed, Percy sealed a n d d e l i v e r e d b y E. P. C. Girouard. the within-named C. Sir Edouard

C r a n w i l l G i r o u a r d , in t h o p r e s e n c e of A.

Hollix.

W o , t h e u n d e r s i g n e d , w o r e p r e s e n t at a m e e t i n g b e t w e e n H i s E x c e l l e n c y t h e G o v e r n o r and the M a s a i at N a i r o b i o n the fourth day of A p r i l , O n e thousand nine hundred and e l e v e n , and w e heard this d o c u m e n t e x p l a i n e d t o t h e chief and t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e Masai, w h o e n t e r e d i n t o t h i s a g r e e m e n t of t h e i r o w n free w i l l and with full k n o w l e d g e of t h e c o n t e n t s thereof. B. M. Combe, Crown A d v o c a t e . G. W. Hobley, Ainsworth, W. T. Lane, Hinde, Provincial Commissioner, Provincial Commissioner, Provincial Commissioner, Ukamba. Nyanza. Naivasha. Kenya. John C. R. S . L. J. W.

Provincial Commissioner,

Naivasha.

MeClcllan,

Provincial Commissioner, M.L.C.

A. C. Hollis, C. C. Bowrinq,

S e c r e t a r y for N a t i v e Affairs. T r e a s u r e r and

A P P E N D I X IX Rainfall Records for Solai, Nakuru and Kabarnet

(Referring to Section 961 of the Solai Year 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1930 1931 1931 1932 42-83 47-48 37-14 38-64 49-68 26-03 30-29 40-68 52-15 31-64 45-41 56-88 60-65 32-21 44-52 Indies Nakuru Inches 38-16 35-61 .44-68 68-21 24-49 40-92 38-53 25-62 34-67 44-75 29-05 26-45 36-21 25-60 23-96 28-22 50-89 34-14 38-94 80-84 92-41 24-12 53-76 44-65 40-50 48-25 67-85 39-96 44-85 66-21 32-44 36-24 42-00 55-76 43-80 44-24 Report). Kabarnet Inches

APPENDIX X Extracts from Official Reports concerning the Effects of the Present (1933) Drought
(Referring Extract from lo section KIKUYU a report dated 1091 of the PROVINCE. 13(7/ June, Nyeri. 1933, from District Report.)

Comm issioner, (a)

I n South N y e r i t h e position is briefly as f o l l o w s : N o m o r t a l i t y w o r t h m e n t i o n has o c c u r r e d in t h e n a t i v e stock. be w o r s e : it is eaten stock withered. to their ( 6 ) T h o c o n d i t i o n of g r a z i n g could hardly d o w n to t h e g r o u n d or dried up and ( c ) N a t i v e s are f e e d i n g to supplement (d) grazing. banana

stems extensively

T h e r e is no m i l k supply at all. from a report dated 2lst June, 1933, from Agricultural

Extract

Officer, Fort

Hall.

I n all t h e h i g h e r l o c a t i o n s the g r a z i n g , t h o u g h d r y i n g up badly, is a d e q u a t e for t h e p r e s o l d . I n t h e l o w e r l o c a t i o n s t h e position is m o r e serious, particularly in N d a m a i y u ' s . N o d e a t h s of stock due to s t a r v a t i o n h a v e been r e p o r t e d , but it is t h o u g h t t h a t , o v e n if g o o d rains fall in t h e near future, t h e grass has suffered too m u c h to m a k e a n y rapid g r o w t h , and the g r a z i n g will bo i n a d e q u a t e to support the h e a d of stock. I f t h e rains do n o t break, soon a n d no stock are m o v e d f r o m this location, the m o r t a l i t y w i l l bo v e r y h e a v y . The position in K i g w a i n e ' s , though not so serious as in N d a n i a i y u ' s l o c a t i o n , is causing g r a v e c o n c e r n , and unless g o o d rains fall w i t h i n the n e x t few- w e e k s , m o r t a l i t y of stock will be considerable. I n t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e locations, as W a w e r u ' s , the position less serious is sufficient to cause s o m e c o n c e r n . Extract from a report dated 17th June, 1933, from Commissioner, Kiambu. though

District

T h e r e is a t present a serious shortage of g r a z i n g in this reserve and t h e situation is a g g r a v a t e d considerably b y t h e lack of w a t e r in the N d e i y a g r a z i n g area. U p t o t h e present no e x t e n s i v e m o r t a l i t y has b e e n reported but w h e n the stock is in poor condition as at p r e s e n t , it is usual for some e n z o o t i c disease or o t h e r to t a k e h o l d and c a u s e serious m o r t a l i t y . E r o m w h a t I h a v e seen of this r e s e r v e , I a m l e f t w i t h t h e impresSion t h a t it m u s t be seriously o v e r s t o c k e d e v e n in n o r m a l seasons.

APPENDIX

X-contd.

a report dated 26th June, 1933, from District Commissioner, Embu. I n this district to d a t e there has b e e n no m o r t a l i t y a m o n g s t stock of a serious n a t u r e . I t can be said thai there is no f e a r of a serious m o r t a l i t y as y e t .

Extract

from

Report

dated 26th June,

1033, from

the District

Commissioner,

Meru.

G r a z i n g in this district is rapidly b e c o m i n g scarce and a serious shortage w i l l u n d o u b t e d l y be felt b y n a t i v e s t o c k - o w n e r s in the n e a r future. No mortality lias as y e t occurred.

Extract

from

MASAI PROVINCE. a report dated loth June, 1933, from Commissioner, Narok.

District

T h e present s t a t e of this district is drier t h a n I h a v e e v e r seen it at t h e e n d of t h e dry w e a t h e r . T h e f u r r o w w h i c h supplies N a r o k S t a t i o n w i t h w a t e r is dry, and r i v e r s such as t h e M a r a a r e reduced to t h e m e r e s t t r i c k l e s . G r a z i n g is a l m o s t non-existent.

U p t o d a t e t h e r e has, I think, boon v e r y l i t t l e m o r t a l i t y a m o n g the s t o c k f r o m s t a r v a t i o n , b u t this is n o w b e g i n n i n g and if w e o n l y get 3.9 inches of r a i n w i t h i n the n e x t four m o n t h s ( w h i c h is t h e a v e r age rainfall for t h e m o n t h s of J u l y , A u g u s t , S e p t e m b e r a n d O c t o b e r o v e r a p e r i o d of t e n y e a r s ) I a m afraid t h e m o r t a l i t y a m o n g s t stock will be v e r y considerable. R a i n has f a l l e n in tho T r a n s M a r a country and I do n o t a n t i c i p a t e t h a t this area w i l l suffer f r o m the d r o u g h t . Extract from a report dated 14th Jane, 1033, from District

Commissioner.

Kajiado.

T h e stock of t h i s district a r e g e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g still in fair c o n d i t i o n o w i n g t o g o o d rains in J a n u a r y , g r a z i n g , h o w e v e r , is b e c o m ing scarce t h r o u g h o u t t h e d i s t r i c t . M o r t a l i t y f r o m s t a r v a t i o n is e x p e c t e d t o i n c r e a s e s t e a d i l y up to a figure of at l e a s t t w o t h o u s a n d a m o n t h until t h e a r r i v a l of the short r a i n s . Extract from a report dated 23rd June, 1933, from Ngong. Kekonyukie the Acting

Provincial

Comynissioner,

A deputation has been received to-day from the l i v i n g in t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d of W e i k e i and t h e K e d o n g .

T h e y s t a t e t h a t their g r a z i n g is b e c o m i n g so e x h a u s t e d o w i n g to t h e d r o u g h t , t h a t h e a v y m o r t a l i t y a m o n g s t their c a t t l e is e x p e c t e d .

APPENDIX

X-contd.

KAMBA Extract from a report dated Commissioner,

PROVINCE. IQth June, 1933, from District Machakos.

T h e effects of the d r o u g h t upon g r a z i n g in m o s t of t h e locutions of the U l u R e s e r v e are b e c o m i n g serious, but a t t h e m o m e n t I do n o t a n t i c i p a t e t h a t there will b e much g e n e r a l m o r t a l i t y a m o n g stock due to starvation. L a r g e n u m b e r s of c a t t l e h a v e been and are still being m o v e d to t h e Y a t t a , w h e r e g r a z i n g is plentiful . . . Extract from a report dated Ylth June, 1933, from Kitui. Co mm ission e r, District

S o far no i n f o r m a t i o n has been r e c e i v e d of t h e m o r t a l i t y of any stock in t h e K i t u i R e s e r v e due to the d r o u g h t , b u t t h e r e is a decided s h o r t a g e of g r a z i n g . . . I a m , h o w e v e r , e m p h a t i c a l l y of the opinion t h a t t h e district is not n o r m a l l y o v e r s t o c k e d , nor are the p e o p l e w e a l t h y in c a t t l e or goats. NORTHERN Extract from a report FRONTIER 17th June, Commissioner. A t t h e m o m e n t t h e L e r o k i P l a t e a u area is a s bare as it w a s in 1929 and I a m in the s a m e position as w a s M r . R . \V. H e m s t e d then in b e i n g c o m p e l l e d to a l l o w t h e Saniburu c a t t l e t o g r a z e on t h e south bank of t h e U a s o . N a t u r a l l y , I h a v e not a l l o w e d t h e i r v i l l a g e s to cross. T h o u g h the losses in c a t t l e at the m o m e n t are not too h e a v y , they w i l l p r o b a b l y b e c o m e e x c e e d i n g l y so as t h e d r o u g h t continues. I t is true t h a t such m o r t a l i t y aids o v e r s t o c k i n g b u t I d o u b t if the Samburu h a v e m o r e stock than necessary for t h e i r e x i s t e n c e , d u e regard being g i v e n to t h e n a t u r e of the area in w h i c h t h e y h a v e to l i v e . I wish that t h e L a n d C o m m i s s i o n could v i s i t it n o w . PROVINCE. 1933, from Provincial

dated

TURKANA Extract from a report

PROVINCE. the Provincial

dated ISth July, 1933, from Commissio ner.

W h e n m o r t a l i t y a m o n g s t stock is caused b y lack of g r a z i n g , it reduces t h e h e a d to a n u m b e r which is a l w a y s slightly in excess of t h e c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y of t h e pasture a v a i l a b l e at t h e t i m e . This n u m b e r increases if t h e pasture i m p r o v e s a n d so t h e evils of over g r a z i n g r e m a i n , and t h e i m p r o v e m e n t w h i c h w i l l be of short duration g i v e s place e v e n t u a l l y t o e v e n m o r e d e p l o r a b l e conditions than those o b t a i n i n g b e f o r e . . . I t is o n l y w h e n stock are killed off by disease (see r e c e n t r e p o r t s b y P r o f e s s o r S w y n n e r t o n on t h e tsetse fly") to such an e x t e n t t h a t their n u m b e r s drop c o n s i d e r a b l y b e l o w the grazing c a p a c i t y of " t h e area that t h e p a s t u r a g e is g i v e n the chance to r e c o v e r . . . W e m u s t therefore e x p e c t a very serious depreciation of

APPENDIX

X-contd.

t h e g r a z i n g in T u r k a n a during tiie n e x t f e w y e a r s . T h i s if u n c h e c k e d will gradually c a u s e to set in t h e d e s e r t conditions w h i c h are already to be o b s e r v e d in s o m e p a r t s of T u r k a n a and c o m p e l t h e r e m a i n i n g population to c o n c e n t r a t e on t h e banks of the r i v e r s . . . H a v e w e any reason to suppose t h a t t h e fprces of n a t u r e w h i c h g a v e rise to the Sahara a n d caused t h e o n c e pastoral p e o p l e s w h o i n h a b i t e d that area, to pass in t h e course of m a n y g e n e r a t i o n s i n t o t h e fellahin of E g y p t a n d t h e L o w e r N i l e w i l l n o t continue to a c t in t h e s a m e manner? If w e a c c e p t this p r i n c i p l e t h e n w e m u s t : and lessen t h e hard by reconditioning ( a ) H a s t e n t h e process of a g r i c u l t u r i z a t i o n ship of t h e transitional s t a g e . (b) T a k e a c t i v e steps against and c o n t r o l of stock. these

processes

W h i c h e v e r w e d o , n a t u r e w i l l in t h e end w i n .

Extract

from

a report

dated

20th

June,

1933, from Suk.

District

Commissioner, I h a v e just returned from of the m a i n c a t t l e l o c a t i o n s in see t h e c o n d i t i o n of all c a t t l e , which a t this t i m e of t h e y e a r past six w e e k s a n d be in fair

West

a safari to S o o k location w h i c h is one this district, and i t w a s a p p a l l i n g t o specially t h e y o u n g c o w s and heifers should h a v e h a d g o o d g r a z i n g for t h e condition.

S i n c e t h e last rains in 1932, t h e r e has o n l y b e e n one s h o w e r and I fail to see any grass w h a t s o e v e r on the p l a ' n s . C a t t l e t h a t w e r e being h e r d e d o n t h e plains w e r e f e e d i n g on bushes and w e e d s , and in certain parts t h e r e w e r e no edible w e e d s and bushes and t h e n a t i v e s w e r e s e e n to b e c u t t i n g tho branches of trees w h i c h w e r e d e v o u r e d by their s t o c k . M o s t of t h e grass o n t h e hill-sides bad a l r e a d y b e e n c o n s u m e d , b u t I n o t i c e d a l i t t l e in p l a c e s w h i c h w e r e i n a c c e s s i b l e t o stock. S h e e p are also in v e r y poor c o n d i t i o n , but t h e g o a t s appeared all to b e t h r i v i n g . T h e m o r t a l i t y in t h e s t o c k l o c a t i o n s of this district h a v e been e s t i m a t e d by t h e n a t i v e s at 60 p e r c e n t , b u t I a m i n c l i n e d to t h i n k this is e x a g g e r a t e d and an e s t i m a t e of 35 p e r c e n t w o u l d b e n e a r e r tho figure.

Report

dated

2Sth

Juno,

1933, from the South Turkana.

District

Commissioiicr.

My g e n e r a l i m p r e s s i o n a f t e r a three w e e k s safari, j u s t c o m p l e t e d , in the K a r p e d d e area, is t h a t f r o m a third t o a half of c a t t l e , s h e e p , goats and d o n k e y s h a v e d i e d ; c a m e l s h a v e b e e n spared t o a v e r y great e x t e n t . S o m e n a t i v e s h a v e lost e v e n a l a r g e r p r o p o r t i o n . I w o u l d say t h a t t h e rest of t h e district has suffered e v e n h e a v i e r losses, all s t o c k - e x c e p t c a m e l s a r e in v e r y poor c o n d i t i o n , and if rains do not fall soon t h e m o r t a l i t y will e x c e e d 75 p e r c e n t t o 80 per c e n t .

APPENDIX

X-contd.

I t is harder to say what effect the drought will have on grazing; grass roots are left in areas whore grass grows, and given good rains, nob too heavy but general, they will spring up again; as however most of the so-called " g r a z i n g " is shrub and bushes, with general rains it will recover. a report dated 8th July, 1933, from the District Commissioner, North Turkana. The drought this year is the worst within living memory of the oldest members of the tribe, and the search for grazing and water has driven the Turkaua northwards and westwards, to such an extent that the southern and eastern parts of the district are to all intents and purposes depopulated. Extract from Grazing, in the accepted sense of the word as meaning " g r a s s " is now practically non-existent except for scattered and dried up patches . . . W h a t m a y be described as camel and goat grazing remains in a limited and much reduced quantity, and is steadily deteriorating. This consists of edible thorn, small shrubs, and scrub. M a n y water-holes have dried up, and w h a t poor grazing remains, is in certain areas, useless owing to lack of water. L a r g e quantities of cattle, sheep and goats, have already died from starvation . . . I should estimate (the losses) at not less than twenty per cent of the total stock owned by Turkana in this district.

RIFT Extract from a report District

VALLEY dated IS th

PROVINCE. June, 1933, from and Suk) the is a Provincial complete

Commissioner. Baringo desert. The only feed is thorn threes and bushes. and the ground round the but it may easily T h e cattle mortality is very heavy, bo mas' is strewn with carcasses. I t is impossible reach 50 per cent. to estimate (Kamasia, Njemps

Che mortality,

a report dated 11th June, 1933. from the District Commissioner, Baringo. I estimate that more than half the cattle in B a r i n g o District have died, quite qossibly more. If the drought continues probably nearly three-quarters of the cattle will die. The condition of sheep is bad, and there is a heavy mortality here also, possibly 50 per cent. Goats are standing the strains better, but here again there is considerable loss. Y o u n g stock of all kinds are dying through lack of milk. Extract from

APPENDIX

X-comtri.

NZOIA Extract from a report dated

PROVINCE. 26th June, 1933, from the Provincial

Commissioner. In the E l g e y o portion of the reserve the mortality owing to drought has been heavy. S o m e owners h a v e lost up to 50 per cent of their stock: a n d I estimate that in the grazing area lying on the plateau between Sergait rock and the T a m b a c h escarpment about 15 per cent of the cattle have died. Shortage of water rather than lack of grazing has been mainly area. and responsible for the mortality. There have b e e n no losses from drought in the Cherangani Rain has fallen in the E l g c y o area during the last w e e k : conditions there will probably improve from n o w onwards.

I n the N a n d i Reserve a belt of about six miles wide on the eastern boundary suffered from shortage of grazing for about a month, owing mainly to injudicious burning of grass. There w a s a slight mortality till rain fell on 24th April, since when there has been ample

Extract

from

a report

dated

2ith

June. nor.

1933, from

Provincial

Gommissio

I have had replies from all District Commissioners which confirm my own opinion that no part of the province is at present overstocked and no mortality has occurred amongst cattle owing to drought. B u t if the question of overstocking is leading up to that of culling I w o u l d like to state again that I consider a very large n u m b e r of inferior stock should be culled and I am in favour of it being done compulsorily. W e want to build up the native herds by keeping -only selected animals and all " w e e d s " should be done a w a y with find so leave more grazing for better beasts.

APPENDIX XI
Figures showing Results Obtainable in Bush Clearing by Organized Native Labour
(The reference is to Section 2021 of the, Report.)

The undermentioned facts are of interest with regard to what eould be achieved if natives were induced to turn out in large numbers in their reserves for the purpose of clearing bush for the improvement of pasture and the destruction of fly. T h e y are based on actual results obtained in clearing land of the light thorn scrub which is typical of that which obtains in most of the semi-arid native areas. O n e m a n (after he has had time to get accustomed to the work) can dig out 1-10 trees to a depth of 14 inches as his d a y ' s work, and finish by 1 p a n . O n this basis, five country in one day. men would clear an acre of typical bush

If 1,000 m e n w e r e turned out daily they could clear 250 acres per diem, or a total of 50,000 acres iu 250 working days. I t is, of course, unlikely that results such as this would be obtained in a native reserve, where conditions as to supervision, etc., cannot be fairly compared with those obtaining on a private estate, but the figures do show w h a t real and appreciable results should be obtained from organized effort in bush clearing.

607

APPENDIX X I I Details of the Figures given in the Table at Section 1966, show ing Areas Included in the 1928 Sub-Committee's Definition of the European Highlands, but now Recommended to be Excluded.
1.Kikuyu. I t e m ( i ) . 1 3 , 7 8 1 acres? of forest r e s e r v e . T h i s figure is the s u m of ( h e i t e m s 1-0 and 10-1-1 of t h e table at S e c t i o n 466. I t e m ( i i ) . 2 , 4 8 0 acres of mission l a n d . T h i s figure is t h e s u m of the i t e m s 15 and 16 of t h e t a b l e a t S e c t i o n 4 6 6 , plus L . O . 388/1, 400 acres s u r r e n d e r e d b y t h e A f r i c a I n l a n d M i s s i o n S e c t i o n 463 ( i ) . I t e m ( i i i ) . 5 0 acres of t o w n s h i p r e s e r v e . T h i s i t e m 19 of t h e t a b l e a t S e c t i o n 466. figure represents

I t e m ( i v ) . 1 , 3 2 8 acres of a l i e n a t e d f a r m s . T h i s figure is t h e s u m of i t e m s 7, 17, a n d 18 of t h e t a b l e at S e c t i o n 466. Item ( v ) . 2 , 0 0 2 acres of u n a l i e n a t e d C r o w n l a n d . T h i s figure is the sum of i t e m s 8 and 0 of t h e t a b l e at S e c t i o n 4 6 6 , plus L . O . 4450, 440 a c r e s - s c . ; S e c t i o n 463 ( i ) . Note.The S e c t i o n 1958). 2.-Masai. reserve.See S e c t i o n 695, Item (i).9.290 acres of forest (N.B.Of t h e area t h e r e r e c o m m e n d e d to b e a d d e d to t h e M a s a i , 9,290 acres are forest r e s e r v e , t h e r e m a i n i n g 4,762 acres b e i n g unalienated Crown lands.) I t e m ( i i ) . 2 3 0 acres of a l i e n a t e d C r o w n l a n d . P a r t of M r . C o l vile's farm Item (see S e c t i o n 6 9 7 ) . (iii).4,762 acres of u n a l i e n a t e d C r o w n l a n d . S e c above. 3.Kamba. Item Item (i).100 (ii).720 acres of a l i e n a t e d f a r m acres of unalienated 4.Kerio. Item (i).3,850 acres of forest reserve.See Section 1007 (Area D ) . I t e m ( i i ) . 2 1 3 , 5 1 8 acres of u n a l i e n a t e d C r o w n l a n d . C h u r o , r e c k o n e d as 140 square m i l e s (see S e c t i o n 9 3 9 ) ; 100 square m i l e s a d joining t h e N j e m p s c o u n t r y (see S e c t i o n s 942 and 9 6 9 ) ; 74 square miles r e c o m m e n d e d t o b e e v a c u a t e d b y the U a s i n Gishu M a s a i and a d d e d t o t h e K e r i o N a t i v e R e s e r v e (see S e c t i o n 9 6 7 ) ; 12 square m i l e s of t h e C h e r a n g a n i e x t e n s i o n (sec S e c t i o n 1020); 920 acres, L . O . 1168 (see S e c t i o n 9 7 0 ) ; 1,129 acres, A r e a E ( S e c t i o n 1 0 0 7 ) ; and 2,829 a:-res land.Ngalini Crown Farm (see Hill Section 773). land.Mwani (sec S e c t i o n 7 7 5 ) . Section M w e a area is n o t i n c l u d e d in this t a b u l a t i o n , b e c a u s e in t h e S u b - C o m m i t t e e ' s amended definition ( s e c it w a s not included

695, a n d n o t e o n i t e m (i)

APPENDIX

XII-contd.

of C O . 1809 ( S e c t i o n 1009). T h e total of these areas is 326 square m i l e s and 4,878 acres. I n order to express the w h o l e in acres, the 326 square m i l e s h a v e been taken to represent e x a c t l y 208,640 acres, although t h e areas are not so precisely d e t e r m i n e d that a s t a t e m e n t in acres is, strictly speaking, a d m i s s i b l e . A f t e r adding in t h e remaining 4,878 acres, the total b e c o m e s 213,518 acres. 5.Nandi. I t e m . 1 , 9 2 0 acres of unalienated C r o w n l a n d . E x c l u s i o n by the a m e n d m e n t of the C o g l c lane as r e c o m m e n d e d (see 1068). 6.Luinbua. I t e m . 9 4 , 9 0 o acres of unalienated Grown l a n d . I n S e c t i o n 1170, il is r e c o m m e n d e d that C h e p a l u n g u be added t o t h e L u m b w a N a t i v e R e s e r v e , e x c e p t tor 10,000 acres, w h i c h r e m a i n i n t h e E u r o p e a n H i g h lands. A t S e c t i o n 1168, t h e t o t a l area of C h e p a l u n g u is g i v e n as a p p r o x i m a t e l y 164 square m i l e s . T h e total of 94,960 has b e e n obtained by m u l t i p l y i n g 16-1 by 640, and d e d u c t i n g 10,000. I t m u s t , h o w e v e r , be " r e m e m b e r e d t h a t the true area has not b e e n precisely ascertained, and the m a r g i n of error is considerable. 7.Kavirondo. I t e m . 4 , 5 0 0 acres of u n a l i e n a t e d C r o w n l a n d . A t S e c t i o n 1087 (8) it is r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t s o m e 40,000 acres of m o o r l a n d on Mount E l g o n be a d d e d to the K a v i r o n d o N a t i v e l l e s e r v e . Of t h i s area, some 4,500 acres are at present i n c l u d e d in the T r a n s N z o i a administrative district, and so fall w i t h i n the S u b - C o m m i t t e e ' s definition of the E u r o p e a n H i g h l a n d s . T h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n w o i d d h a v e t h e effect of e x c l u d i n g these 4.500 acres f r o m the E u r o p e a n H i g h l a n d s . 8 . N o r t h e r n Frontier Province. I t e m . 1 0 4 , 0 0 0 acres of u n a l i e n a t e d C r o w n l a n d . A t S e c t i o n 810 it is r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t the M u k o g o d o area be d e t a c h e d f r o m the K i k u y u P r o v i n c e and added to t h e N o r t h e r n F r o n t i e r P r o v i n c e for the purpose of a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , and t h a t it should be an area in which n a t i v e s should h a v e prior but not exclusive rights. H e n c e it is shown , as excluded f r o m the E u r o p e a n H i g h l a n d s . I n the a b o v e section i t is stated t h a t t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of the area should be l e f t t o G o v e r n m e n t . I n order to avoid c o m p r o m i s i n g t h e issue, t h e area shown o n t h e m a p for d i a g r a m m a t i c purposes has b e e n d r a w n so as t o split t h e difference e q u a l l y b e t w e e n t h e t w o p r i n c i p a l proposals, and t h e area in the t a b l e corresponds w i t h the diagram. I t is o b v i o u s , h o w e v e r , that the m a r g i n of error is very large. caused Section

APPENDIX XIII Recommendations Involving Direct Expenditure

(Referring lo section 1. The 2041 of the of land. that the following acres ,, ,, ,, acres Report.) purchase

I t e m ( i ) . A t section 460 it is r e c o m m e n d e d ireas bo purchased or a c q u i r e d by e x c h a n g e : (a) (h) P a r t of L . O . L.O. 295/2/R eastern of end of L.O. 134/4 Wattle. E s t a t e British East A f r i c a 325/R, Saba-Saba, L t d

1,000 80 250 ... ... 78 1,408

(c) T h e (d) Part

Total

S i n c e t h e cost of acquisition w o u l d c l e a r l y f o r m the s u b j e c t of n e g o t i a t i o n b e t w e e n G o v e r n m e n t a n d t h e o w n e r s , w e shall refrain from s e t t i n g d o w n a n y figure as an e s t i m a t e , for fear of p r e j u d i c i n g the t r a n s a c t i o n s . R u t w e t a k e t h e s e i t e m s into account in r e a c h i n g our e s t i m a t e of t h e t o t a l cost of our r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s , w h i c h w i l l b e found a t t h e end of this a p p e n d i x . T h e s a m e r e m a r k s a p p l y to o t h e r i t e m s b e l o w , for w h i c h w e g i v e no s e p a r a t e e s t i m a t e . I t e m ( i i ) . A t section 1068 a r e c o m m e n d a t i o n is m a d e for a m o d i f i c a t i o n of t h e C o g l e line i n v o l v i n g the acquisition of t h r e e f a r m s o n t h e s o u t h - w e s t c o r n e r of t h e a l l o t m e n t . T w o of t h e t h r e e f a r m s belong to o n e o w n e r , w h o is w i l l i n g to e x c h a n g e t h e m f o r l a n d of, equal v a l u e in the block m a r k e d S a r o r a , w h i l e the o w n e r of t h e t h i r d farm has expressed his readiness to e x c h a n g e il for u n a l i e n a t e d C r o w n land in the N o r t h N y e r i D i s t r i c t . N o d i r e c t e x p e n d i t u r e of m o n e y is i n v o l v e d , e x c e p t possibly f o r i n c i d e n t a l costs of s u r v e y . I t e m ( h i ) . A t sections 1254, 1255 it is r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t Wimdanyi Estate, 128S a c r e s , b e purchased for addition to t h e D a b i d a n a t i v e r e s e r v e , and at s e c t i o n 1253 it is s t a t e d t h a t t h e price asked is 5 , 0 0 0 . to natives in respect of their rights under section 86 of the Crown Lands Ordinance. A t section 367 i t is r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t 62,000 should be p a i d in r e s p e c t of c o m p e n s a t i o n to K i k u y u for loss of r i g h t s t o l a n d o u t s i d e the r e s e r v e . 3. Compensation to detribalizcd or detached natives in respect of their removal from areas in which they are at present resident. I t e m ( i ) . A t s e c t i o n 398, r e a d in conjunction w i t h section 395, it is r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t t h e n a t i v e s to be m o v e d f r o m T i g o n i be e o m p e n s a t e d in a m a n n e r w h i c h w o u l d i n c l u d e : c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r o r d i n a r y round h u t in t h e f o r m of e x e m p t i o n f r o m o n e y e a r ' s . t a x o n the h u t ; cash c o m p e n s a t i o n ad valorem for a b e t t e r class but or h o u s e ; c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r p l a n t e d trees ( i . e . g u m s and w a t t l e s ) at a cash v a l u a t i o n ; 2. Com pensation

APPENDIX

XIII-contd.

c o m p e n s a t i o n for wire f e n c i n g , if a n y , at a cash v a l u a t i o n . T h e num b e r of persons l i v i n g in T i g o n i is s t a t e d in section 389 to be G07. a c c o r d i n g t o a count m a d e in 1932. I t e m ( i i ) . A t s e c t i o n 399 it is r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t K i t l i i r i o n i , an area of s e v e n t y acres, bo t r e a t e d i n t h e s a m e w a y as T i g o n i . I t e m ( i i i ) . A t s e c t i o n 591 (7) it is r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t Pangaui v i l l a g e , N a i r o b i , bo e v a c u a t e d by sections. A t section ;'.8S tho number of houses is stated t o be 3 2 0 ; at section 591 ( 1 ) t h e opinion is e x p r e s s e d t h a t 1 5 m a y be an a p p r o x i m a t e e s t i m a t e of the average v a l u e of a h o u s e , and at s e c t i o n 591 ( i i ) it is r e c o m m e n d e d that com pensation should be a l l o w e d for disturbance as w e l l as for t h e value of the houses. I t e m ( i v ) . A t s e c t i o n s 003 and 006-008 w e h a v e m a d e alternative proposals r e g a r d i n g K i b i r a s e t t l e m e n t , N a i r o b i , and h a v e expressed t h e g e n e r a l opinion t h a t t h e second of t h e m is p r e f e r a b l e . I n reach i n g o u r t o t a l e s t i m a t e of costs w e h a v e assumed t h a t t h e second a l t e r n a t i v e w i l l be a d o p t e d . T h i s w i l l entail c o m p e n s a t i o n for 320 houses ad valorem a n d c o m p e n s a t i o n for disturbance as s l a t e d in the section under r e f e r e n c e . I t e m ( v ) . A t s e c t i o n 923 it is r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t the U a s i n Gishu M a s a i be m o v e d to t h e T r a n s - M a r n area. T h e incidental costs should not be l a r g e , and o n l y a s m a l l t o k e n s u m has b e e n included in our estimate. 4. Compensation to certain Dorobo removal. I t e m ( i ) . A t s e c t i o n 375 a r e c o m m e n d a t i o n is m a d e w h i c h would i n v o l v e tho m o v e m e n t of certain D o r o b o l i v i n g in t h e forests adjacent to the K i k u y u N a t i v e R e s e r v e , m a i n l y in the K i j a b e area. I t is recom m e n d e d t h a t t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n should c h a r g e itself w i t h t h e task of finding a c c o m m o d a t i o n for t h e m , and incidental m o n e t a r y costs should be v e r y s m a l l . I t e m ( i i ) . A t s e c t i o n 9S2 it is r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t , in order to f a c i l i t a t e t h e m o v e of t h e M a u D o r o b o , their stock m i g h t be ex c h a n g e d , t h r o u g h G o v e r n m e n t , for i m m u n e a n i m a l s . A n a m o u n t has been set d o w n in our e s t i m a t e to c o v e r any incidental losses in con n e x i o n w i t h t h i s and o t h e r a r r a n g e m e n t s in c o n n e x i o n w i t h m o v i n g the Mau and Tinet Dorobo. I t e m ( i i i ) . A t s e c t i o n 10S6 it is r e c o m m e n d e d tlint the E l Gonyi b e m o v e d and that all those w h o h a v e r e s ' d e d in t h e f a r m area con tinuously for a period of three y e a r s should r e c e i v e c o m p e n s a t i o n . T h e total n u m b e r of E l G o n y i r e p o r t e d to be in the f a r m area is about 1,900 (sec s e c t i o n 1079). 5. Compensation Stand to the Nandi were Tribe in respect in of Certain Prcmia which and ivaived Kiplcarren in respect of their proposed

Kaimosi.

A t S e c t i o n 1067, it is r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t c o m p e n s a t i o n of 5,000 be p a i d .

A P P E N D I X X l l Icontd.

Fencing of Ghcmatum Salt-lick (sec Sections 1153 and 1154). T h o l e n g t h of: fencing required has b e e n e s t i m a t e d b y t h e S u r v e y D e p a r t m e n t to be about 2 ] miles o f fencing ( a l l o w i n g for f e n c i n g round tho salt-lick and both sides of t h e road of a c c e s s ) . T h e Chief V e t e r i n a r y Officer advises that the c a p i t a l cost should b e about 5 0 a m i l e , and t h e recurrent annual cost a b o u t 15 per cent of t h e capital cost. Upkeep of the Small Furrow to the Morania Furrow. A t S e c t i o n 569, it is r e c o m m e n d e d that G o v e r n m e n t should m e e t t h e full cost o f t h e s u p p l y - f u r r o w t o t h e M o r a n i a f u r r o w , b o t h in respect of initial cost and m a i n t e n a n c e . A perusal of t h e P u b l i c W o r k s D e p a r t m e n t files shows t h a t in 1927 the M e r u L o c a l N a t i v e C o u n c i l c o n t r i b u t e d 1 0 0 t o w a r d s t h e costs a n d , a c c o r d i n g to t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n , t h e r e w o u l d be a l i a b i l i t y t o r e i m b u r s e t h e M e r u for this s u m . I t is b e l i e v e d that t h e cost of m a i n t e n a n c e will be about 50 per a n n u m . 8. The Leasing of Certain Farms for the Kamasia. A t S e c t i o n 968, it it r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t G o v e r n m e n t should o p e n n e g o t i a t i o n s for leasing f a r m s N o s . 4 8 8 , 489, 490, 5249, 5276, 6202, 5461, and 493, c o m p r i s i n g s o m e t w e n t y - t h r e e square m i l e s , for a period of t e n y e a r s , and a l l o w the K a m a s i a t o use t h e m . 9. Rent of the King'8 African Rifles Lines at Meru. T h i s is a recurrent cost, w h i c h m a y p e r h a p s be in t h e r e g i o n of 20 per a n n u m or t h e r e a b o u t s . 10. The Re-creation of the Office of Recorder of Titles. N o r e c o m m e n d a t i o n has b e e n m a d e as t o the salary of the p o s t , and the s u m w h i c h w e h a v e a l l o w e d for t h e purposes of m a k i n g an e s t i m a t e is set d o w n w i t h o u t any w i s h to prejudice the issue. I t is assumed t h a t 1,200 per a n n u m w i l l c o v e r salary and o t h e r e m o l u ments. Total Cost. I t is e s t i m a t e d that the c a p i t a l cost of t h e s e i t e m s w o u l d be about 36,000 ( t h e wdiole t e n y e a r s ' r e n t a l under H e a d 8 being r e garded as a c a p i t a l c h a r g e ) . T h e r e c u r r e n t annual c h a r g e s are e s t i m a t e d at l 3 0 0 .
r

0. The

7. The

Cost of the Commission. T h e cost of tho C o m m i s s i o n has n o t b e e n i n c l u d e d in t h e a b o v e figures, w h i c h deal only w i t h t h e cost pf t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s . As nearly as can b o ascertained at t h e t i m e of w r i t i n g , the total cost of the C o m m i s s i o n , a p a r t f r o m t h e c o s t of p r i n t i n g a n d p u b l i s h i n g t h e R e p o r t , is 5 , 9 5 0 .

INDEX
A A.-Class A Lands, ss. 22,26, 1433, 1434, 1433-1451. For particular lands re cdnimended to be Class A sec Schedule following s. 1510, and notes attached. Aberdares, ss. 53, 60, 88, 107 scg., 466, 1959 seg. Accommodation for natives in townships, see under " Townships " . Accommodation in the reserves for nat ives expelled from townships, s. 624. Acknowledgments, ss. 18-21. Adams, C. H., District Commissioner, Evidence cited, ss. 611, 932. ' Additions to native reserves For lands recommended to be added as Class A see first schedule follow ing s. 1510, and notes attached. For lands recommended to be added as Classes Bl and B2, see second schedule following s. 1510, and notes attached. For method of making additions, and conditions in which they may be made, see ss. 1473, 1474-1476, 1513-1517. 1616, 1676, 1739-1741, 1797. Adjustments and Exchanges For particular adjustments and ex changes recommended, see under each tribe by name. For general method of effecting ad justments and exchanges, ss. 1473 1476. Administration, the functions of the A d ministration in the management, con trol and develoomant of native lands, ss. 531-533, 1432, 1439, 1672-1684, 1687-1691, 1750, 1810, 1811, 1824. Adu, s. 1197. Africa Inland Mission, Kijabe, ss. 100, 126,217,414-420. AgreementsThe Masai agreement of 1904, ss. 643-648. The Masai agreement of 1911, ss. 649-650. The Nandi agreement of 1906, s. 1047. The Duruma agreement of 1908, s. 1205 seg. The agreement between Great Britain and Zanzibar, s. 1344. A(contd.) AgricultureKikuyu, ss. 492-498 (see also 1390 seg.); Masai, s. 662; Kamba, ss. 723-731; West Suk,906 (c); Kamasia, s. 954 ; Elgeyo, ss. 990-995, Marakwet, ss. 996, 997; Nandi, ss, 1033, 1043; Kavirondo, ss. 1096-1102 (see also s. 1390 s e g . ) Lumbwa; s. 1157 ; Pokomo. s. 1191 ; Taveta, ss. 1233-1235 ; Tcita, ss, 1241-1244 (see also s. 1390 seg.): For stock-farming see " Am ual Husban dry ", also " Over stoc! ing. Agricultural Census, 1932, s. 1035. Agricultural Commission, Kenya, see under " Commissions ". Agricultural-Commission, Royal, in India (1929), see under " Commissions ". Ainsworth, Colonel John, C.M.G., C.B.E., D.S.O., Evidence cited, ss. 37, 39, 42, 45, 165, 168, 298, 753, 767, 768. Alexander, W. P., s. 240. Amboni River, s. 209. Appendices, list of, see page ix. -Appointment of the Kenya Land Corn mission, s. 1. Arabs, Claim of the Lamu Arabs, ss. 1311 and 1324-1337 ; the Mazrui Lands, s. 1304 ; the Wassin Arab and African Communal Settlement, ss. 1312-1317 Arap Chemoi, Evidence quoted, s. 1064. Arap Chepkigcn, Evidence quoted, s. 1064. Arap Karmussein, 1022. Evidence cited, s.

Arap Kasisi, headman of El Gonyi, s. 1077, Evidence cited, s. 1076. Arap Koko, Evidence quoted, s. 1064. Arap Tendetti, s. 1084. Armstrong, Alexander, Evidence cited, s. 858. Arrangement of the Report, ss. 13-16. Arthur, Dr. J. W., O.B.E., ss. 37, 142, 173 Athi River, ss. 285, 752, 759. Athi River Station, s. 676. Attorney General, opinion cited, ss. 362, 486. Aubrev, W . B., s. 957.

B B.Lands Class B, ss. 23, 26 ; 1452 1460. For particular lands rccom mended to be Class B see second schedule following s. 1510 and notes attached. Utilization, ss. 1669, 1670 Bader, H. E., District Officer, Memor andum cited, s. 825 ; Stock census made by, ss. 838, 845. Baillie, F. W., Evidence quoted, s. 946. Bajun, the, s. 1345. Baker, A . G., late Surveyor-General, ss. 53, 88, 111, 119 seq., 855/ Baker, G. S., ss. 45, 103, 104, Bamber, F. T., s. 844. Baringo, s. 937. Barlow, Rev. A . R., Evidence cited, s. 423 Barth, Sir Jacob, Member of Land Corn mission of 1905, s. 1941. Barth, " The Barth Judgment," (Orig inal Civil Case 626/1921, cited, s. 1635 Barton, C. J. J. T., O.B.K., Memorandum by Mr. Barton and Mr. Hosking cited, s. 1002. Bathi River, s. 466. Battiscombe, E., late Conservator of Forests, Evidence cited, ss. 88, 111. B.E.A. Wattle Estate, ss. 466, 473. Beech, the late Mervyn, late District Commissioner, opinion regarding Ki kuyu land tenure and purchases from Dorobo, ss. 99-103, 140, 238, 251. Belfield, Sir H. C , late Governor of Kenya, Despatch cited, 1635. Bell, Dr. D., s. 1392. Benedetto Brother, Evidence cited, s. 80. Bera, mbari of, s. 422. Bernhard, Rev. Father, Evidence cited, s. 161. Block, A., Evidence cited, s. 37. Blunt, D. L., Acting Deputy Director of Agriculture, Evidence cited, s. 495. Boedeker, Dr., Evidence cited, ss. 41, 133, 144, 157, 161-163, 171, 172, 298. Boinjuki, ss. 203-205. Boundaries of native reserves, see under each tribe by name. Boyes, John, ss. 42, 49, 77, 78, 84, 90, 199, 212, 242, 285. Brookes, Professor E. H., " History of Native Policy in South Africa," quoted, s. 1385.

B-(contd.) Browne, Major E. D., late District Com missioner in Kenya, Evidence cite/ s. 679.
1

Buholo, s. 1039. Bunyore, s. 1124. Burns, Rev. Canon, Evidence cited, s. 45. Bush clearing, s. 2018 seq. Buxton, Major C. E. V., District Com missioncr, s. 131 ; Evidence cited s. 1090. 0 C.Class C hands (native leasehold areas), ss. 24, 26, 1461-1459 ; sched ule showing the land proposed to be native areas Class C, s. 1879 (sec also s. 620seq.); security for Class C Lands, s. 1469, 1249; utilization, ss. 1380 1935. Cainc, A . G., s. 131. Caldcrwood, Rev. R. G. cited, s. 423. M., Evidence

Campbell, W . F. G., late Provincial Com missipner, s. 384. Carr, II. A., District Officer, Evidence quoted, s. 612. Carter, Sir Morris, C.B.E., Chairman of the Commission, an opinion, s. 542. Castle-Smith, G. M., late District Com missioner, s. 833. Cator, Judge, s. 241. Central Kavirondo Native Reserve, see under " Kavirondo " . Central Pokomo Native Reserve, see under " Pokomo ". Chagga, the, s. 1293. Chamier, late District Commissioner, s. 835. Champion, A. M., Provincial Conimis sioner, s. 204. Chania. Southern Chania River, s. 39. Betw-een the Chania and the Katniti, ss. 112, 173, 190, 214 (a), 271,304. 306 Chaplin, C. 0 ' N , s. 654. Chemagel, s. 1183. Chemalil, s. 1955. Chematum salt lick, ss. 1153, 1154. Chepalungu, ss. 973-985, 1167-1179. Cherangani, ss. 1016-1020, 1842. Church of Scotland Mission, ss. 240, 296, 421-430. 466, 474. 475. 739.

INDEX(ctrn/d.)
C(contd.) Churchill, Rt. Hon. Winston .S., s. 1049. Churo, ss. 923-939. Chyulu, Chyulu triangle, s. 676 seq.

595

C-(eontd.) Commissions, whose reports arc cited

(could.)
The Kenya Agricultural Commission of 1929, ss. 1996, 2023, 2033. The Commission of Enquiry into the Wassin Arab and African. Com munal Reserve, s. 1314. The Malindi Commission of Inquiry, s. 1200. The Report of the 1929 Committee on Land Tenure in Kikuyu, ss. 230, 242, 282, 503, and Appendix No. 6. The Report of the 1923/9 Sub-Cpm mittec of Executive Council, on the subject of the European Highlands, ss. 1933, \9S2 scq. . The Report of the Sub-Committee of Executive Council regarding the Mile Zone, s. 679. The Report of the 1930 Committee on the subject of Leroki Plateau, s. 855. The Report of the 1929 Committee on the Subject of the Dorobo, s. 975. The Report of the Committee on Native Land Tenure in North Kav irondo, s. 1103. Commonage, ss. ss. 625-634. 526, 1670 ; Nairobi,

Chyulu sub-location, ss. 7J3-790. Clarke, Paul, L.O. 4961, ss. 434-437, 466, 473. Classification of Lands, ss. 22-26, 1433 1436, 2073-2082. Also, regarding the extent of land alienated, surveyed for alienation, Crown land nnsur veyed, etc., ss. 1375-1373. oast Province, The, ss. 1186-1365. Coast Native Reserves: rocoinmenda tions regarding combination, s. 1299. For the special recommendations regarding the several native reserves see under each reserve by name. The Coast Ten-Mile StripA gen eral recommendation, s. 1303; excep tions or special cases, s. 1304 ; see also s . 1319seq; the Tezo ex-slave reserve, s . 1307 ; the Mahaji Reserve at Mida, s. 1309; the four reserves for de tribaliscd natives, s . 1310; the Was sin Arab and African Communal Reserve, ss. 1312-1317 ; the Likoni Commonage, s. 1318; the claim of the twelve tribes, ss. 1321-1325 ; the claim of the Lamu Arabs, s. 1311 and 1324-1337 ; other claims on the Coast i . 1338 ; the Land Titles Ordinance, s. 1339 ; recommendations regarding -communal claims and communal tenure generally, ss. 1343-1347 ; Wakf lands, s. 1348 ; facilities for natives, ss. 1349-1365 ; native ten ants on the Coast, ss. 1351-1353 ; natives living in Mombasa, ss. 1354 1365. Cogle, C. T., District-Surveyor, The Cogle Line, s. 1055; recommenda tion, s. 1068. Colvile, G., The " Colvile Exchange ", s. 697. Commissions, whose reports are citedCommission on Closer Union, ss. 1383, 1486. Royal Commission on Agriculture in India (1928), s. 1388. The Native Economic Commission of the Union of South Africa (1930 32), ss. 1422, 1923, 1994, 2017. The (B.E.A.) Land Commission of 1905. s. 1941.

Common Minerals, Licences or Permits to remove, ss. 1626-1629, 1729, 1755, 1766, 1762, 1780-1783, 1801, 1804. Communal labour in Native Reserves, ss. 2070-2074. CompensationPaid to the Kikuyu in respect of the alienation of farms, ss. 131, 136, 296, 299, 302, 305, 311, 320,321,322-379. General compensation recommended in settlement of the Kikuyu claims of right, s. 463. For other tribes see under the tribes by name. Compensation for the removal of Pangani Village, s. 591. Compensation to right-holders in respect of land set apart, s. 1541. Congestion of population, s. 1406 ; Con gested 8. TO. Districts Act in Scotland,

C(contd.) Cooper, Douglas, Evidence cited, s. 298. Cornell, C. A., District Evidence cited, s. 845. Corporate bodies, leases of land to, in C areas, s. 1909. Coryndon, Sir Robert, late Governor of Kenya. The Coryndon line, ss. 847, 849, 852. Cowie, Capt., Evidence cited, s. 184. Cramvorth, Lord, Evidence cited, ss. 173, 181,753. Crown Lands Ordinance, ss. 290, 360 372, 1636. Crown, Rights of the Crown over Native lands, ss. 1638-1649, 1811. Culling of uneconomic live stock, ss. 718, 743, 906, 944, 963, 2028, 2041, 2133. Custom, Native Land Customs, sec under Land Tenure. D D.Class D Lands, ss. 25, 1303 s e q , 1349-1365, 1470, 1471, 1936. Dabida Native Reserve, sec under Teita. Dagoretti, ss. Dagoretti 296, 299, Dagoretti Dagoretti 149. 140, 141, 444, 445, 466, 479; Register B, ss. 131, 136, 302, 305, 311, 320, 321 ; Forest, ss. 412, 466, 474 ; Political Record Book, s. Commissioner,

D(contd.) Detribalised natives, special rescrves"on the Coast for, s. 1310 ; see also under " Urban Natives " . Development of Native Lands, see under " Utilisation of Lands ". Dickinson, Judge, s. 1314. Digo For Digo in the main reserve see under " Nyika Native Reserve South ". Native reserves in the Digo district other than the Nyika Native Re serve ; Area and density, ss. 1238 1292; petition for extension and recommendation regarding,?. 1293. Commonage adjoining Pungu-Mzich enda Reserve, ss. 1294-1297. Dobbs, C. M., C . M . G . , late Provincial Commissioner, s. 385. Dololo, s. 1197. Dorobo, ss. 34, 54 58, 150, 231-286, 324 375, 09-811, 972-965, 2109. Dru Drury, Major. Evidence cited, s. 1250. Dundas, Hon. Charles, Evidence cited, s. 111. Duruma, ss. 1202-1216, 1851, 1852.2115. E East Africa Estates, Ltd., s. 1289. East Suk, see " Pokwot ". Economic Surveys KikuyuScope of the survey, ss. 487 491 ; the present position, ss. 492 499; distribution of population, ss. 500-502; the Githaka system, ss. 503-521, and Appendix 6 ; tribal versus individual tenure, ss. 522, 523 ; plots for purposes of trade and social service, ss. 524-527 ; control and regulation, ss. 528-535 ; re quirements external to the reserve, ss. 536-558 ; additions recommend ed, ss. 533-542; utilization of added block, ss. 543-548 ; Kikuyu resident native labourers on farms, ss. 549-552 ; general comment on the solution of the Kikuvu problem, ss. 556-558. MasaiPopulation and stock, s. 658 ; density compared with that of Ki kuyu and Kavirondo, s. 659-660 ; quality of the land. ss. 661-663.

Dakacha, s. 1197. Dalzicl, Rev. E. B., Evidence cited, s. 960. Damat, s. 646. . Davenport, C. T., District Commissioner, Evidence cited, s. 1203. Dawson, Rev. E. C , s. 55. Deck, S. F., Provincial Commissioner, Evidence cited, s. 711. Definition of the European Highlands, ss. 1937-1979, and map. Delamere, the late Lord, ss. 861, 1941. Delegation of powers by Lands Trust Board, ss. 1631-1633, 1799, 18C0. Demarcation, ss. 1634, 1662-1665, 2041. In C areas, ss. 1919, 1920. Density of Population, sec under " Popu . ..- J3t.ion.L .
, -

INDIJX(contd.)
E(contd.)

597
E(cowd.)

conomic Surveys(contd.) KambaPopulation and density, s . 720 ; rate of increase, s . 722; the position in regard to agriculture and live stock, s. 723- 746 ; land tenure, ss. 747-750. SamburuPopulation and stock, ss. 833-846; character of the Leroki Plateau, ss. 847, 848 ; character of the land north and east of the Cor yndon line, ss. 849-851 ; economic argument regarding Leroki, s. 863. iVest SukArea and Population, ss, 888-889 ; condition of the country ss. 891-901 ; live stock and pasture available, s. 902; gross overstock ing, s . 906 seg. Uasin Gishu MasaiArea, popula tion and stock, ss. 914, 921 ; recom mcndcd move, ss. 922, 923. Pokwot (East Suk)Area, population and stock, ss.914, 935-937. NjempsArea, population and stock, ss. 914, 940. KamasiaArea, population and stock ss. 914, 951-964. Mau Dorobo, s. 973. Tinct Dorobo, ss. 933-984. ElgeyoArea and population, s. 987 ; agricultural and pastoral conditions ss. 939-995. Marakwet, ss. 937, 939-996. NandiArea and population, ss. 1030-1032 ; agricultural develop ment, s. 1033 ; live stock and pas toral conditions, ss. 1034-1040 ; capacity of the land to support a larger population, s. 1041 ; land tenure, s. 1042; markets, s. 1043; quarantine restrictions, s. 1044. KavirondoArea and population, ss. 1038-1092 ; rate of increase 1093 ; uneven distribution, ss. 1094, 1095 ; agricultural conditions, ss. 1096 1102; land tenure, ss. 1103-1107; adequacy of the reserves, ss. 1103 1110. LumbwaArea and population, s. 1156 ; agricultural and pastoral conditions, ss. 1157-1162; land tenure, ss. 1163, 1164 ; recommend ation for an extension, s. 1176. PokomoCentral and Southern, ss. 1188-1195. Nyika, NorthernPopulation and density, s. 1196.

Economic Surveys(contd.) Nyika, Southern-Population density, s. 1202. and

TavetaPopulation and density, 5. 1217; history, ss. 1218-1220 :'live stock, s. 1221 ; the need for more pastoral land, ss. 1222, 1223 ; the need for an upland area, s. 1224; additions recommended, ss. 1229 1231 ; development of the reserve, ss. 1233-1235. TcitaDabida Native ReservePop ulation and density, and rate of in crease, ss. 1236-1233 ; land tenure, s. 1239 ; agricultural and pastoral conditions, ss. 1240-1244; effect of . extensions recommended, ss. 1276 1277. Sagalla Native Reserve-Population and density, s. 1234. Economic Survey, General, ss. 1363 1432 ; regarding the position created by excessive accumulation of live stock, ss. 1930-2040. El Barta, s. 823. Elburgo, see " Purko " . Eldama Ravine, s. 827. Eldama River, s. 949. ElgeyoClaim to rights in the Grogan Concession, ss. 993-1006 ; the Eldorct water supply and Tomeiyo Exchange proposals, ss. 1007, 1003, recommend ation, s. 1003 ; recommendation re garding L O . 1869, s. 1009 ; the pro posed Taylor and VVallis farm ex change, s. 1010; claim to Lake Ser goit and grazing in the vicinity, ss. 1011-1015; claim to land between the Moiben River and the present reserve, ss. 1021-1024; rccummenda tion for a combination of the Elgeyo and certain other tribes into one re serve,ss. 1023, 1029. Thequestion of private rights outside the reserve, s. 1844. Summary, s. 2110. (For economic conditions see under " Econ omic Surveys ".) Elgin, Lord, declaration regarding Euro pean Highlands, ss. 1939, 1943, 1944. Elgon, Mt., ss. 1076-1073; 1033, 1037; 1953-1960. El Gonyi, ss. 1076-1037, 1844, 2112. Eliot, Sir Charles, ss. 635, 640. El Masuln, s. 835.

P.-(con tel.) Elmenteita, s. 651. Emali Station, ss. 777-779 ; land between Emali and -Sultan Ilamud, ss. 780, 781 ; land cast of Emali, s. 782. Embu District, ss. 206, 577-581. Escarpment, s. 249. Escheatmcnt, ss. 1796, 1921. European HighlandsDefinition of, ss. 1937-1979, and map. Safeguards, ss. 1979, 2152. Leases to a native tribe of land in the European High lands, ss. 1494-1496. EvidenceWhere heard,'s. 3 ; method of recording, ss. 7-11 ; valuable memor anda received, s. 19 ; untrustworthi ness of Kikuyu evidence, s.s 214 (a), 260, 261 ; valuable evidence of old Swahili caravan porters, s. 214 (rr). ExchangesMethod for making ex changes, ss. 1474-1476. For par ticular exchanges recommended see under the several tribes by name. Exclusions of land from native reserves, when and how permissible, ss. 1512 1521, 1536-1540, 1676-1678, 1741, 1775-1779, 1798 ; in the special case of mining leases, ss. 1567-1576 and 1146 seq. ExpenditureRecommc ndation involv ing direct expenditure, s. 2041 and Appendix 13 ; expenditure on devel opment, s. 2047 ; sources from which funds might legitimately be found for expenditure on development, ss. 2048 2068, 2069. Expulsion of native vagrants from towns, s. 623 scq.

F(contd.) Forest Reserves, native reserve forest rc serves, ss. 1618-1622 ; forest reserve^ in European Highlands, s. 1977. Forest Department, s. 31. Forest belt surrounding Kikuyu, ss. 32 61 ; distinction of, ss. 58, 89-96, 112. Fort Hall District, density of population before and after the famine, s. 30; station, ss. 193, 453, 1551-1556. Fort Smith, ss. 35, 158, 298. Fragmentation, ss. 514-516, 1393, 1404, 1897, 1898. " Free List " in Kikuyu, i.e. land taken from the Kikuyu for which no com pensation is held to be due, ss. 450-459 Future needs of tribes, s. 2077. For specific provision for particular tribes sec under the various tribes by name. G Gakunuki, see " Kakonyukc ". Galla, ss. 809, 1297, 2120. GameGame in Masai, ss. 714-713; game in Northern Frontier Province, 881 ; national game park, ss. 632,633 817-820. Gardner, H. M., Conservator of Forests, Evidence cited, ss. 97, 468 seq. Gethumbwini Limited, s. 449. Gikira River, s. 466. Gilbert, C. O., Evidence cited, s. 105. Gilks, Dr. J. I.., Director of Medical and Sanitary Services, s. 492 (3). Girouard, the late Sir Percy, late Govcr nor, s. 650. Githaka system, ss. 235, 286, 503-521, and Appendix 6. Githaka rights out side Kikuyu territory, s. 324. Gitiba River, s. 142. Glenday, G. L., O.B.E., Acting Provincial Commissioner, s. 850. Gosdcn, F. J., Senior Staff Surveyor, ss. 18, 74. Government Farm, Kabete, ss. 403-413. Government Housing Scheme, Nairobi, s. 597. Grazing Permits, ss. 1624 seq., 1726' Grazing Fees, ss. 1755, 1756, 1762, 1801. Grieve, M. H., Agricultural Officci, Evi dence cited, s. 1090.

Famine, effects of 1898/9 famine on popu lation in Kikuyu, ss. 30, 69, 304, 309. Fannin, C. G., District Surveyor, s. 18. Fazan, S. H., O.B.E., Secretary to the Commission, ss. 20, 178, 494, 525 : Evidence cited, s. 535. Fawcus, D., s. 946. Fertilizer Factor)', ss. 782, 2031-2036. Financial Considerations, ss. 2041-2074 ; for recommendations involving direct expenditure see Appendix 13. Fluidity, as a principle in land tenure s. 1504.

613
INDEX(contd.)
F(contd.) Griffiths, Rev. L. B., s. 1203. Grigg, -Sir Edward, late Governor of Kenya, ss. 853, 1483. Grogan, Major E. .S., Evidence quoted, ?. 918, 1392. Grogan, the Grogan Concession, ss. 948, 998-1008, 1841. Croup holdings in native leasehold areas, s. 1887 seq. Guaso Nyiro River, s. 648. Giira River, ss. 73, 76, 254. Guy, H. C , Stock Inspector, Evidence cited, s. 1039.

599

H(contd.) Hope, the late J. O. W., late Provincial Commissioner, s. 830. Home, Hon. E. B., O.B.E., Provincial Commissioner. Evidence cited, ss. 88, 173, 182. Hosking, E. P.., O.B.E., Acting Commis sionerof Mines, ss. 933, 1002, 1103. Hospitality received by the Commission, s. 21. Huntingford, Major W . G. B., Evidence cited, s. 1042. Hutchins, D. E., late Conservator of For ests, s. 95. Hyde Clarke, E. M., District Officer, Evi dence cited, s. 838.

Kali, creates better relations between Kikuyu and Masai, s. 41 ; estimates the width of Kikuyu country, s. 89; establishes a " neutral zone " between Kikuyu and Masai, ss. 144-147. Hall, \V., s. 13!. Hamilton, Sir R., late Chief Justice, now Under Secretarv of State, ss. 860, 1941. Hannington, Bishop, s. 55. Harries, C. G., Evidence cited, s. 184. Hartley, A . S., Agricultural Officer, Evi dence cited, s. 1090. Ilausburg, C. B., Evidence cited, ss. 173, 195. Haves Sadler, Sir James, late Governor, s. 769. Hemsted, R. W., O.B.E., member of the Commission, ss. 137,451,679, 1697. Hill, J. K., s. 654. Hinde, the late S. L., late Provincial Com missioner, ss. 95, 112, 139. Hinde, Mrs., s. 147. Hindi bin Hamisi, Evidence cited, s. 1257 Hinga, Mbari of, s. 425. Hobley, C. W., C.M.G., late Provincial Commissioner, ss. 45, 59, 131, 147, 164, 246, 265, 753, 1249, 1257, 1392. Hodge, S. O. V., District Commissioner, ss. 833, 849, 872. Hoey, A . C , Evidence cited, ss. 1013, 1019. Holm, Hon. A., Director of Agriculture, Evidence quoted, s. 1392. Hook, Raymond, Evidence cited, s. 826.

Ilirmvesi, s. 09. Imperial Government, responsibility in respect of early land transactions in Kenya, ss. 2043, 2044. Impey, A. D., Evidence cited, s. 133, 310. Indian Community, objection regarding European Highlands, s. 1945. Individual title in native leasehold areas, Si 1903 ; individual versus private ten ure, ss. 522, 523, 1316. 1317, 1344, 1347, 1650, 2127. Industry, acquisition of plots for purposes of, ss. 1526-1535, 1541, 160, 1752 1761, 1799, 1600. Regarding the special case of mining, see also 1553 1594; (for Kakamege see also ss.. 1146-1148). Innes, Rev. H. \V., Evidence cited, s. 1132. Interpenetration, ss. 1477-1432. Intertribal leases, ss. 1433-1438. Introduction to the Report, ss. 1-21. Introductory statement regarding classification of lands, ss. 22-26. the

Introduction to Part I of the Report, ss 27-29. Isaac, F. W., late Provincial Commissron er, ss. 37, 111, 403, 943, 1001, 1328. Isiolo quarantine, s. 874. Ithanga hills, s. 182. Iveti hills, s. 769.

J
Jackson, the late Sir Frederick, late Gov ernor of Uganda, ss. 97, 1942. Jairo Owino Omondi, Evidence cited, s. 1132. Jeanes School, s. 155. Johnstone. Rev. C. F., Evidence cited, ss. 767, 769. Jordan, F. H., ss. 194, 195. K Kabarnct, s. 961. Kabete, s. 293, Government Farm, ss. 403-416. Kacherobo Estate, s. 129. Kaimosi farms, ss. 1047-1074, 1973. Kajiado, s. 711. Kakamega, mining leases, ss. 1144, 1146 1148 (see also 1553-1594) ; Kakamega Township, ss. 1551-1556. Kakeri, formerly a prominent Kikuvu, ss. 77, 84. Kakonyukc, s. 646. Kamaha, s-. 210. Kamakwa, s. 0. Kamani and Kitosho wa Kahoto v. Kioi wa Nagi, Supreme Court case before Mr. Justice Maxwell, s. 140. Kamasia, claims on historical grounds, ss. 945-950; claims on economic grounds, see under " Economic Sur veys " ; recommendations for addi tional facilities in land, ss. 967-971 ; effect of the recommendations, s. 965 ; question of private rights outside the reserve, s. 1840. Summary, s. 2103. Kamba, the Kamba tribe, raids on the Kikuyu, ss. 43, 174, 183, 196; claim to the Yatta Plateau, ss. 752-762 ; claim in respect of the western bound ary between Machakos and -Sultan Hamud, ss. 763-766 ; claim to the Mua farm ares, ss. 767-771 ; claim to Ngeleni farm, s. 772 ; the Momandu exchange, s. 774; claim to Mwani hill, ss. 775, 776 ; claim to Emali, ss. 777-779 ; possibility of a blood and bone fertilizer factory, s. 732 ; recom mendation regarding the addition of certain land north of the railway, and the cession of certain land south of the railway, ss. 7d3-788; recommendation for a corridor to Mbuinzao, s. 769 ; gain to the Kamba, ss. 790-792.

K(contd.) Kamba(contd.) A mistake in gazetting the Kitui Reserve boundary, ss. 793-795 ; re commendation for the combination of the Kamba Native Reserves into one reserve, s. 796 ; the question of private rights outside the reserve-, s. 1833. Summary, s. 2102. For population, stock, condition of country, land ten urc, etc., see under Economic Sur vcys .
,:

Kambe, s. 1197. Kambui, ss. 167, 169, 175, 133. Kamiti River The forest boundary north of, s. 112 seq. Areas south of, s. 129 seq. Kamunyu Syndicate, s. 129. Kano, s. 1096. Kanyakwar clan, s. 11 13. Kapchemutwa, s. 1021. Kapenguria, s. 1077. Kapio River, s. 706. Kapiti, s. 36. Kaption salt lick, s. 1017. Kaptumo farms, s. 1963. Kaputici Masai, s. 41. King's African Rifles at Meru, s. 574 ieq.; Kibira, ss. 593-603. Karanja, Headman Philip Karunja, s. 261. Karanja Waweru, a Dorobo, s. 276. Karimenu River, s. 178. Karua, s. 195. Karura, s. 157. Karuri, formerly a prominent Kikuvu, ss. 90, 242. Karamojong, ss. 905, 91 1, 1076. Kanisuria River, s. 949. Kasigao, claim and recommendation, 1264-1270, 2117. Kavirondo, the three Kavirondo reserves claim by the Kanyakwar clan, s. 1113; claim to Kisumu Township, ss. 1114 1121 ; the Bantu claim to Masana, s. 1122 ; claim to land at Maseno, ss. 1123-1127 ; claim to Yala Township, ss. 1123-1130; claim to certain land north of the railway between Kisumu and Muboroni, ss. 1131-1134; claim to Mr. Maxwell's farm, ss. 1135-1136; claim to a mill plot on Kisiani River,

INDEX[contd.)
K(contd.)

G01

K(contd.)

Kavirondo(contd.) ss. 1137, 1138 ; Mkenda -Swahili Set tlement, ss. 1139, 1140; the North Kipkarren farms, ss. 1141, 1142 ; hap py position of the Kisii natives, s. 1143 ; conclusion regarding the Kavi rondo claims, s. 1145. -Mining leases in the Kakamega district, ss. 1146 1143 (see also 1553-1594). The ques tion of private rights outside the re serve, ss. 1847, 1848. Summary, ss. 2113. For population, stock, agriculture, condition of the country, land tenure, etc., see under " Economic Surveys ". Kedai Fibre Estate, s. 1231. Kenya Mt., inclusion in Highlands, ss. 1953-1960. Kiambu, density of population before and after the famine, s. 30 ; Kiambu Gov crhment station, ss. 164-166, 293, 318, 458. Kiandongoro, s. 77. Kibeit Bitein salt lick, s. 1180. Kibigori, ss. 1131, 1955. Kiboko River, s. 676. Kibuswa, s. 1021. Kichugu, a division of Kikuyu, s s . 27, 206 Kiheriko, mbari of, ss. 100, 126, 127, 414 420. Kii River, s. 207. Kijabe, s. 103. Kikumbuliu Native Reserve, ss. 733-792. KikuyuThe three Kikuyu districts Principles and underlying factors guiding settlement of claims, s. 30 ; density of population before and after the famine, s. 30 ; density of popula tion in 1902, ss. 62-72 ; attempt to ascertain the old Kikuyu boundaries, ss. 32-214 ; establishment of the " Profit and Loss " account after tak ing into account compensation for dis turbance, exchanges, adjustments, comparative values, etc., ss. 215-462. Recommendation for settling the Ki kuyu claims of right, s. 463 ; recom tnendation for a further addition on economic grounds, s. 542. The ques tion of private rights outside the re serve, ss. 1835, 1836 ; summary, ss. 2091-2100. For present density of population, agricultural and pastoral conditions, land tenure, etc., see under " Econ omic Surveys " .

Kikuyu family groups, ss. 223-379. cis of mbari claims, s. 260.

PreV

Kikuyu native labourers resident outside the reserve, ss. 493, 549. Kilimanjaro, ss. 646, 656, 1293. Kilindini Harbour, Wharf and Estates Company, s. 1234. Kimunyi, a Dorobo, s. 390. Kinanjui, the late Chief, ss. 54, 143-152 Kinangop, ss. 36, 40 ; Circumcision Ex change, ss. 696, 1962. Kingatore Estate, s. 129. Kinyatta, J., s. 142. Kipkarren farms, 1142. ss. 1047-1074. 1141,

Kipsonoi River, s. 713. Kiscse system among the Kamba, s. 2016. Kisiani River, claim to a mill plot, i . 1137. Kisima, s. 865. Kisserian River, s. 711. Kisumu, ss. 1114-1121. Kithirioni, ss. 118-123,399-402, 463, 538. Kitosh, ss. 916, 1034, 1096. Kittermaster, Sir Harold, the Kitter master line, ss. 832, 847, 852, 384. Knapp, Rev. XV. P., Evidence cited, s s . 40, 163, 167, 175, 293. Knight, W . E., s. 303. Knightly, F. W., s. 18. Koinange wa Mbiu, Senior Chief of the Kiambu district, ss. 266, 276, 1396. Korokoro, s. 1187. L Lafiti, s. 1197. Laikipia, ss. 643, 646, 652, 932. Laikipiak-Masai, ss. 637, 609, 827, 828, 837. Laitoyok Masai, s. 646. Laitutok Masai, s. 646. Lamu Arabs, claim by, ss. 1324-1337 ; also s. 1311. Land Acquisition, ss. 407, 1496, 1520 1521, 1537, 1533, 1548, 1677, 1776. Land Disputes, settlement natives, s. 1666

of,

between

I.(contd.) Rand Tenure Native systems describedKikuyu, ss. 228-290,503-534, and Appendix 6. Kamba, ss. 747-750 ; Elgeyo, ss. 990, 991; Nandi, -. 1042; Kavi rondo, ss. 1103 . i07; Lumbwa, ss. 1163, 1164 ; Teita, s. 1239. -Special problems of land tenure in the more densely populated reserves, ss. 1398-1409, 1670, 1650-1652; the need for regulation, ss. 531-535, 1408, 1409, 1653-1668. -Special problems in regard to the acquisition of land for purposes of social service, trade, industry, etc., ss. 1511-1634 (see also s. 526 and Appendix 7 in respect of school and church plots). Status of native land, ss. 1635-1649. Land tenure in B.1 areas, ss. 543-543 (Kikuyu) ; necessity for strict con dirions of conservatism, ss. 761, 1454. Land Tenure in C (native leasehold) areas, ss. 1880-1935. Land tenure bv natives in D areas, ss. !936. Lands, classification of, sec " Classifica tion ol Lands ". -Lands Trust Board DutiesDuties in respect of Class A lands regarded as a whole, ss. 1439 1441 ; in respect of component parts, s. 1449 ; in respect of Class Bl lands, s. 1459; in respect of Class B2 lands, s. 1460 ; in respect of Class C lands, s. 1469 ; in res pect of exchanges, ss. 1474-1476 ; in respect of exclusions, ss. 1518 1521 ; in respect of inter-tribal leases, s. 1486 ; in respect "of setting apart and leasing, ss. 1526, 1531, 1541 (4) ; in respect of townships, ss. 1547, 1548 ; in respect of pros pecting licences, s. 1584 ; in respect of special alluvial claims s. 1594; in respect of water permits, ss. 1599 1606; in respect of roads and rail ways, ss. 1610, 1616, 1617 ; in res pect of native reserve forest reserves, s. 1618 ; in respect of licences, s. 1628 ; in respect of the regulation of native systems of land tenure, s. 1657. General statement of duties, s. 1812.

L(conid.) Land Trust Board(contd.) Respective functions of the Lands Trust Board and the Administra tion compared, ss. 531-533, 1432. 1672-1684, 1687-1691, 1750, 1810- 1312,1814, 1824. Personnel of the Lands Tru^t Board ss. 1692-1697, 1813, 2150, Dele gation of powers, ss. 1631, 1632. Lands Trust OrdinanceCriticised, ss. 1698-1789 ; recommendations for re construction, ss. 1790-1825 ; regard ing the obscure clauses relating to the Masai, s. 671 ; need for a special clause to protect the priority of native interests in the Northern Frontier Province and Turkana, ss. 805, 806. Lane, C. R. WV, late Provincial Commis sioncr, Evidence cited, ss. 46, 133, 136, 142, 298, 753, 1257. Langridge, W . H., Agricultural Officer. ss. 849, 872, 959. Lari. ss. 30 (6), 99-103, 118-123, 249, 538. Law, \V. P., Evidence quoted, s. 1023. Leakey, Rev. Canon, Evidence cited, s. 45 Lean, Col. A. I., Evidence cited, s. 957. Leases Tribal, ss. 1483-1496 ; inter-tribal, ss. 1433-1438 ; leases to a native tribe of land situated in the Euro pean Highlands, ss. 1494-1496 : lease as the normal method of ex tending land at the disposal of a tribe, ss. 1741. Setting apart as a step preliminary to the issue of a lease, ss. 1526, 1541 ; industrial, agricultural and other leases, ss. 1527-1535, 1561, 1680; regarding school and church plots see s. 1543 and Appendix 7 ; leases in townships, s. 1545 ; mining leas es. ss. 1558-1577 (for Kakamega see also ss. 1146-1148). Criticism of the Lands Trust Ordin ance in respect of leases, ss. 1723 1725, 1752-1761, 1738, 1799, 1800. Leckie, W . G., Senior Agricultural Oft cer, s. 494. Legalishu, s. 651. Lembus forest, ss. 948, 1001. Lenana. Masai Laibon, ss. 39, 40. 639.. 640,649, 685, 689, 827. Lengemojik ole Nakorde, Masai Elder, Evidence cited, s. 57.

! N DEX(could.) I.(contd.) Lengishu, s. 829. Leroki, Evidence heard at, s. 5 ; charac tcr of the Leroki Plateau, s. 847 ; claims of the Samburu and of Euro pcan and other interests discussed, ss. 857-883 ; recommendations, ss. 844, 1954. (The whole of the ss. 822 884 are relevant to the issue.) Licences and PermitsIn connexion with prospecting and mining, ss. 1581 1594; in connexion with water, ss. 1595-1606 ; licences of other kinds, ss. 1623-1630 : permits in respect of camping in a native reserve, s. 1667 ; criticism of the clauses relating to licences in the Lands Trust Ordinance ss. 1723, 1762-1767; recommenda tions for reconstruction, ss. 1681-1683, 1601-1805. Likoni, ss. 1295, 1318. Lime see under " Common Mineral ". Limuru farms and neighbourhood, ss. 56, 129-137,221,307-314,318. Lindsay, K. G., District Commissioner, Evidence cited, s. 810. Live stockFor live stock owned by the several tribes sec " Econoinic Sur veys ". For the problem created by excessive accumulation of unecon omiclive stock, see " Overstocking ". Local Land BoardDutiesIn respect of exchanges, s. 1475 ; in respect of exclusions, s. 1518 ; in respect of set ting apart and leasing, ss. 1526, 1531, 1546; in respect of teownships, ss. 1545, 1546; in respect of mining leas es, s. 1562 ; in respect of water per mits, s. 1602 ; in respect of roads and railways, s. 1615 ; in respect of regu lation of the native system of land ten ure, s. 1657 ; general statement of duties, s. 1813; personnel, s. 1813. Local Native CouncilDutiesIn res pect of land in respect of exchanges, s. 1475 ; in respect of exclusions, s. 1518 ; in respect of setting apart, s. 1526, 1541 (9) ; in respect of town ships, s. 1546 ; in respect of mining leases, ss. 1562, 1566; in respect of roads, ss. 1611-1615; in respect of licences, s. 1627 ; in respect of regu lation of the native system of land ten ure, s. 1657. Lodging houses for natives Nairobi, ss. 591 (5), 592. H(contd.) Lodging houses for natives(contd.) Mombasa, s. 1364. Elsewhere, s. 1871 seq. LoitaMasai, ss. 41, 639. Luck, Cardale, s. 1077. Lugard, Lord, ss. 35, 45. Luguthu River, s. 563.

60$

Lukenya, s. 144. LumbwaRelative strength in compari son with the Masai about 1395, s. 640.; claims made by the Lumbwa to land alienated to Europeans, ss. 1149-1154; economic condition, ss. 1155-1164; utilisation of land and apparent short age of grazing, ss. 1159-1162; land tenure, s. 1163 ; case for an extension of the reserve, s. 1165; the. question of adding Chepalungu to the reserve, ss. 1167-1175 ; recommendation, s. 1176; comment upon the recommendation, ss. 1177-1179; the Kibeit Bitein salt lick, s. 1180 ; the question of a town ship at Chcmagel, ss. 1131-1185; recommendation, s. 1183; the ques tion of private rights outside the re serve, ss. 1845. 1846 ; summary, s. 2114. Luosee " Kavirondo ". Luxford, Major, Evidence cited, s. 844. Lydeker, C. J. YV., late District Commis ' sioner, ss" 100, 390. M Macdonald, Major R. E., author of " Sol diering and Surveying in East Africa'"" s. 35. MacGregor Ross, Evidence cited, s. 59. Machakos Native Reserve, see unac-r " Kamba " ; Machakos Local Native Council, s. 770. MacKinder, Sir Alfred, ss. 49. 75, 170,. 179, 212. Maclean, the late A. J., late Provincial Commissioner, ss. 1332, 1337. MacLcllan Wilson, \V., Evidence cited, ss. 37, 38, 164, 298. McClure, the late H. R,, formerly a Dis trict Commissioner in Kenya, ss. 136, 138. McConnel, S., Hydraulic Engineer, as.. 849. 872.

M-(contd.) McQueen, J., Evidence cited, ss. 37, 45, 685. Magadi RailwayQuarter-mile Zone, ss. 683, 684. Mahaji Reserve at Mida, s. 1309. Maher, C , Agricultural Officer, report quoted, s. 994. Mahommed bin Uweki Shoo, s. 1293. Makupa, Native Location at, s. 1357. Maldistribution of population, ss. 1372 1373 ; as a problem in Kikuyu, s. 500 seg.; means of securing a better distribution in the reserves generally ; by internal adjustments, ss. 1393 1409 ; by additions or exchanges, ss. 1473, l474; bv interpenetration, ss. 1177-14S2; by tribal leases, s. 1483 ;seg. by the provision of native leasehold areas, s. 1461 ; and by facilities in D areas, s. 1471. Maps in the Report 1. illustrating Count Teleki's journey, s. 129. 2. Showing the position of the " line of dots and queries ", facing s. 176. 3. Showing for comparison the Kikuyu Reserve as now gazetted, facing s. 227. 4. Illustrating the " Profit and Loss ' Account, facing s. 227. 5. Illustrating the additions rccom mended to the Kikuyu Native Re serve, facing s. 542. 6. Illustrating certain possible exchang es in the Ngong, Kedong, and Mau
areas, facing s. 700.

M(contd.) Maps in the Report(contd.) 13. Illustrating the Mwache Forest Ex change as recommended, faring s 1215. 14. Illustrating the extensions rccoin mended in the Taveta Native Re serve, facing s. 1235. 15. Illustrating the extensions recom mended for the Dabida (Teita) Nat ive Reserve, facing s. 1271. 16. Illustrating the definition of the Etiro pean Highlands, facing s. 1979. 17. Illustrating- the general recommenda tion of the Report, facings. 2152. 18. Illustrating the site of Old Dagoretti Boma, attached to Appendix No. 1. 19. Showing the boundaries of the South ern Masai Reserve as constituted in 1904, attached to Appendix No. 9. Maps reproduced in the printed Evidence I. The Morania Furrow, Evidence, fac ing p. 2. " W h i t e Sisters" Evidence, facing

2. Illustrating the land problem, p. 12.

3. Illustrating the proposed acquisition of 78 acres of the B.E.A. Wattle Estate (referring to s. 467 of the Report), Evidence, facing p. 20. 4. Showing the land proposed to be offered in exchange for Tigoni and Kithirioni (referring to s. 402 of the Report), Evidence, facing p. 24. 5. Central Kikuyu Association Evidence, facing p. 218. 6. Chief Koinange's boundary Evidence, facing p. 360. Map, map,

7. Illustrating the Kamba Native Re serve as recommended, facing s. 796 8.' Illustrating the Leroki Plateau, the Coryndon line, the Kitterminster line and the proposed C area, facing s. 884. 9. Illustrating the various extensions re commended for the Suk, Njemps and Kamasia, facing s. 985. 10. Illustrating-various extensions reo -m mended for the Elgeyo and Marak wet, facing s. 1029. -11. Illustrating the modification recom mended for the Cogle line, facing s. 1069. 12. Illustrating the present position in the Mwachi Valley, facings. 1206.

7. J. Kinyatta's map, Evidence, facing p. 434. 8. Illustrating the proposed approaches to Njengu salt lick, Evidence, facing p. 512. 9. Dr. Boedeker's map of the Neutral Zone, referring to s. 145 of the Re port, Evidence, facing p. 700. 10. Dr. BoedekeFs amended " green line ", referring to s. 157 of the Rc port, Evidence, facing p. 700. II. To illustrate the Mile Zone and Chyu lu Triangle, Evidence, facing p. 1176.

61
INDEX(contd.) M(contd.) reproduced in the printed Evidence(contd.) 12. To illustrate the Mau Forest ex change (s. 693 of the Report), Evid ence, facing p. 1192. 13. To illustrate the Colvile exchange, facing p. 1196. 14. Illustrating certain possible exchang es in the Ngong Kcdong and Man Areas, Evidence, facing p. 1264. 15. To illustrate a mistake in gazetting the Kitui Native Reserve, Evidence facing p. 1282. 16. To illustrate the Kittermaster and Coryndon lines, Evidence, facing p. 1450. 17. To illustrate certain proposals made by the Director of Agriculture in 1926, Evidence, facing p. 1458. Maps 18. To illustrate certain proposals regard ing the Mukogodo, Evidence, fac ing p. 1560. 19. To illustrate the Eldoret Water Sup ply, Evidence, facing p. 1930. 20. To illustrate the Taylor and Wallace Exchange, Evidence, facing p. 1938 21. To illustrate the Ngoroin salt lick, Evidence, facing p. 1948. 22. To illustrate the 1929 Dorobo Com mittee proposals, Evidence, facing p. 2134. 23. To illustrate the Mwache Forest Ex change, Evidence, facing p. 2526. 24. To illustrate Dabida Native Reserve facing p. 2722.
1

605
M -(contd.)

Mara River, ss. 712, 713. Maragua River, ss. 173, 182, 200. FIcc tric Power Company, s. 436. MarakwetPopulation and density, s. 987 ; economic condition, ss. 996, 997;. the Chcrangani claim, ss. 1016-1020 ;. recommendation, s. 1020; claim to land between the Moibeu River and the reserve boundary, ss. 1021-1024; claim regarding Marakwct-Suk. boundary, ss. 1025-1027 ; rccom mendation that the Marakwet Elgeyo, East Suk (Pokwot), West Suk, Njemp and Kamasia be combined in one re serve, ss. 1023, 1029. The question of private rights outside the reserve,, s. 1842 ; summary, s. 2110. Marama location in Kavirondo, s. 1039. Marimbe, formerlv a prominent Dorobo,. ss. 149, 250. Marsabit, s. 883. Marjan, Ahamed, Evidence quoted, s.. 946. Maruna, Chief, s. 1034. Masai Province, s. 635-718. MasaiArea, population and stock, ss.. 658-660 ; history of the Masai tribe to 1904, ss. 635-642; relations with the Kikuyu circa, 1695, ss. 34-61, 139,. 183. The Masai agreements, ss. 643 650 and 860-S62 ; boundaries of the old northern reserve, s. 865 seq. ; theMasai move, s. 651 ; the " Masai case ", s. 652 ; subsequent extensions of the Masai Reserve, ss. 653-657; effect of the agreements, ss. 664-669 , " effect of Kenya Annexation Order in Council, s. 670 ; special clauses relat ing to the Masai in the Lands Trust Ordinance, ss. 671-674, 1764. Claim to the mile zone and the Chyulu tri angle, ss. 676-682 ; claim to the quar ter-mile zone, ss. 683,634 ; rights over certain farms near Ngong, ss. 685 692 ; the Mau forest exchange pro posal, ss. 693-695 ; the Kinangop cir cumcision area exchange,-s. 1696; the farm 410/1 ( M r . Colvile) exchange, s. 697 ; possibility of further exchang es or leases, ss. 693-713 ; the game reserve, ss. 714-718 ; Masai on the Yatta, s. 754 ; relations with the Sam buru, ss. 826-328 ; the question of" private rights outside the reserve, s. 1837; summary, s. 2101. Masann. s. 1122.

25. To illustrate Taveta Native Reserve, Evidence, facing p. 2728. 26. To illustrate the European lands, facing p. 2840. High

27. To illustrate the European High lands, Evidence, pacing p. 2340. Maps filed with the Original Evidence, Vol. I, but not printed 1. Map illustrating Sir Alfred Mac kinder^ route (referring to ss. 49 and 75 of the Report). 2. The Forest Department map of 1909 (mentioned in ss. 102 and 119 of the Report). 3. Map prepared by the late Mr. H. R. McClure in 1905 (mentioned in ss. 136, 295, 314 of the Report).

M(contd.) Maseno, s. 1123. Mathari Mission, ss. 81, 87, 213. Matthews range, s. 841. Matungulu, s. 770. Mau-Extension to the Masai Reserve in the Mau area, s. 657 ; Mau forest ex change, s. 693 ; Mau Dorobo, ss. 973 982. Maungu Hill, ss. 1285, 1286. Mavueni, ss. 1304, 1310. Maxwell, G. V., late Chief Native Com missioner, s. 1662. Maxwell, W., farm near Kistimu, ss. 1135, 1136. Maxwell, Judge, 140. 141, 250. Maynard, Venerable Archdeacon, ss. 1247, 1249, 1259. Ma7.eras, s. 1203. Mazrui lands, s. 1304. Mbagathi River, s. 139. Mbatian, Masai Laibon, 639, 827, Mbuinzao location, s. 789. Mcru Native Reserve, ss. 559-576 ; re garding the native reserve boundary, ss. 560-562; claim to land between the Luguthu and Morania Rivers, ss. 563-570 ; claim in respect of Isiolo Government station, ss. 571, 572; claim regarding the forest reserve boundary, s. 573 ; claim in respect of land occupied by the King's African Rifles, ss. 574-576. Mgandi, Lucas, s. 1208. Mianziui, ss. 97, 98. Mida, Mahaji Reserve at, s. 1309. Mijomboni, ss. 1304, 1310. Mile Zone, ss. 676-682. Mining leases and other questions relat ing to mining, ss. 1553-1594; for Kakamega see also ss. 1146-1148; summary, s. 2131. Miritim, ss. 1203, 1304, 1310. Mission StationsSpecial position of mission stations in the assessment of the " Profit and Loss Account " , ss. 220, 451-454; mission "islands" in the Kikuyu Reserve, ss. 223 (a), 317 and Appendix 3. Miwani. s. 1131.

M(contd.) Mkenda Swahili Settlement, ss. 1139 1140. Moiben River, ss. 1021, 1077. Molo River, ss. 918, 947. Momandu farm exchange, s. 774. Mombasa, ss. 1292. 1304, 1340, 1354 1364. Mood, H. L., s. 928. Morania, the Mcru claim regarding is 563-570. Morrison, A., the Masai case, s. 652. Morson, S., Evidence cited, s. 310. Mortimer, C. E., ss. 18, 237. Mouat, Kay, ss. 136, 314. Mount Kenya Forest Reserve, ss. 207, 214, 468 ; the Embu claim regarding, s. 577 seq.; inclusion in European lands, s. 1960. Mpckatoni, ss. 1304, 1311. Mua Hills, ss. 767, 770. Muguga ForestOld Kikuyti boundaries ss. 134-138 ; recommendation regard ing, s. 466 (11). Muhoroni, ss. 1131, 1153, 1943, 1957, Muisuni, s. 769. Mukogodo, ss. 809, 810, 2104. Mukoma's location, Kikuyu, ss. 118-123 Mukong River, claim by the Nandi, . 1075. Mulligan, Capt., Committee regarding Leroki, s. 855. Mumonyot Masai, ss. 809. 810, 2104. Municipal Housing Schemes Nairobi, ss. 595, 596. Mombasa, ss. 1356-1363. Elsewhere, s. 1370. Munro, Sir Thomas, quoted, s. 530. Mwache Valley, ss. 1203-1209. Mwache Forest exchange, ss. 1210, 1216 Mwakini, s. 754. Mwakipuli, Charles, Evidence quoted, i 1203. Mwani hill, inclusion in the Kamba Re serve, ss. 775, 776. Mwea, ss. 202, 205, 217. Mwiga River, s. 211. Muinami, formerly a prominent Dorobt s. 149. Mwita Siano, ss. 235, 752, 754, 759.

617
607
N NairobiEvidence taken at Nairobi, s. 5; old Kikuyu boundary near Nairobi, s. 159 ; Nairobi River and the Ki kuyu southern boundary, ss. 144-149, 154, 156 ; problems of in respect of accommodation for natives, ss. 532 634 ; Pangani, ss. 536-591 ; Purn wani, ss. 592-595 ; municipal housing scheme, s. 595 ; Government housing scheme, s. 597 ; Kibira, ss. 593-608 ; native garden suburbs or village set tlements discussed, ss. 609-619 ; a proposal for laud to be developed as a C area near Nairobi, ss. 620, 621 ; summary regarding urban natives in Nairobi, ss. 622-624 ; Nairobi com nionage, ss. 625-634; proposal for the utilisation of part of Nairobi com monagc as a National Game Park, s. 632. Nandi Native ReservePopulation and density, ss. 1032, 1041 ; economic condition, ss. 1033-1043 ; claim to Kipkarren and Kiamosi farms, ss. 1047-1067 ; recommendations, ss. 1068-1070 ; comments on the recom mendations, ss. 1071-1074; recon mendations regarding a possible ad justment of the boundary in the south west, s. 1075. The question of priv ate rights outside the reserve, s. 1843 ; summary, s. 2111. Narkothi Hill, recommendation regard ing, s. 466 (4). Native Reserves, extent of, s. 1375, and Schedule following s. 1510 ; for de tails of particular areas see under the several tribes by name ; combination into larger units, s. 1444; for the particular units recommended see First Schedule following s. 1510 ; gen eral summary of economic conditions in the native reserves, ss. 1363-1432 ; also, regarding the particular prob lem of overstocking, ss. 19.0-2040; the general lines proposed for the solution of the land problem, ss. 1433 1510; problem of land tenure in native reserves, ss. 1511-1670; the appropriate method for the protec tion, administration and control of land in native reserves, ss. 1671-1697 ; the Lands Trust Ordinance and re commendations regarding it, ss. 1693 1825. Native Reserve Forest Reserves, ss. 1618 1622. Native land tenure, see " Land Tenure " . N(confd.) Native Industrial Training Depot, si. 155. Native tribunal cases cited, ss. 50, 252, 258, 259, 263, 267, 269. 276, 273, 279. Native village settlements discussed, ss. 609-619. National game Park, ss. 632, 317 ,320, 884 (e), 2142. Ndarugu River, s. 172. Ndeiya, ss. 139-141 ; exchange, s. 448. Nderi, a Kikuyu headman, ss. 49, 84. 209 -213,316, 456. Ndia, a division of Kikuyu, s. 27. Ndigiri, ss. 809, 2104. Ndoro, ss. 75, 76. Nduini, a Kikuyu chief, ss. 78, SO, 84, 316, 456. Nduni Hill, s. 204. Neangara River as a boundary to Kikuyu territory, ss. 142, 143, 161. Needs of natives in respect of land, First Term of Reference, s. 2 ; for treat ment by tribes see under " Economic Surveys " . For comprehensive sur vey see Part III passim ; for the gen eral manner of dealing with this term of reference see ss. 2076-2032. Neumann, Dr., s. 829. Neutral ZoneAlleged establishment byMr. Hall of a neutral zone between the Kikuvu and the Masai, ss. !44 147, ISO. Ney, R. O., s. 1131. Ngarariga, ss. 99, 118-128, 533. Ngatabus, s. 827. Ngewa River block of farms, ss. 190, 214 (a), 304. Nginyawo, s. 937. Ngongo Bagas, ss. 39, 55, 76. Ngubi Forest, proposal regarding, s. 466. Ngwalu, a Kikuyu elder, s. 168. Niana Hill, ss. 212, 214. NjempsRelation to the Samburu, s. 828 ; population and density, s. 914 ; economic condition of, s. 940 ; recom mendations regarding an additional area, s. 941 (see also s. 969). Over stocked condition of the reserve, ss. 1418, 2038. Summary, s. 2108. Njengu salt lick, s. 446. Njoro, s. 651.

N-(coutd.) Njuni, mbari of, s. 425. Njunu, mbari of, claim to Njunu Estate, s s . 129, 266, 466, 477. Northcotc, Hon. G. A. S., Chief Secre tary, Gold Coast, formerly Asst. Col onial Secretary, Kenya, ss. 202, 205, 383. The Northcotc Line, s. 202. North Kavirondo, sec " Kavirondo ". North Pokomo, see " Pokomo ". Northern Frontier Province, ss. 797-884 ; General character considered in con junction with the Turkana Province, ss. 797, 793 : ihadvisability of pro claiming the land as native reserve, ss. 799-04 ; but recommended to be ?n area in which natives should have priority of interest, ss. 805, 06. The Samburu question discussed in rela tion to Leroki Plateau, ss. 822-884. Nyakach, s. 1096. Nyando River, three farms south of, s. 1153. Nyanza Province, ss. 1088-1185. Nyeri Hill, ss. 50, 80, 82, 83, 466. Nyeri township and neighbourhood, ss. 87, 316, 477, 455. Nyika North Nyika Native ReservePopu lation and density, s. 1196; ques tion of an extension to the northern boundary, ss. 1197-1201. South Nyika Native ReservePopu lation and density, s. 1202; the Mwache Valley claim, ss. 1203 1209; the Mwache Forest ex change, ss. 1210-1216. Nyungu, mbari of, ss. 411, 474. Nzoia Province, ss. 936-1037. O Oates, C. O., Agricultural Officer, Evid ence cited, s. 494. Official Gazette notices- Appointing the Commission, s. 1. Inviting evidence, s. 4. Orchardson, Q., Evidence cited, s. 1163. Orde Brown, Major, O.B.E., ss. 48, 164. Orders in CouncilDesirability of an Order in Council discussed, ss. 364, 486; recommendations, ss. 1441, 1449, 1469, 1697, 1717. 1816, 1979, 2144. Kenya Annexation Order in in Council, 1920, ss. 670, 1635.

0-(contd.) OrdinancesCrown Lands Ordinances, 1902 and 1915, ss. 360-372, 1635, 1829-1832; recommendation, ss. 1854, 2140. Crop Production and Live Stock Ordinance, s. 2028. Native Lands Trust Ordinance ss 1693-1825. The Resident Native Labourers Ord inance, s. 2033. Orr, D r . " Studies in Nutrition, the Physique and Health of two African Tribes ", by Drs. Gilks and Orr s 429 (3). Osborne, G. H., late Provincial Commis sioner, statement regarding the Mwa che Valley cited, s. 1207. 0'Shea, T. J., Evidence cited, s-. 2038. Oulton, J. T., s. 685. Overstocking, ss. 1410, 1424, 1980-2004. Owen, W . E., Venerable Archdeacon, s 1109. P Paiethorpe, R. F., s. 1090. Pangani Village, Nairobi, ss. 586-591. Park, National Game, see " Nationa' Game Park ". Paterson, Dr. A . R., Director of Medical and Sanitarv Services, Evidence cited, s. 613. Patterson, J., Evidence cited, ss. 57, 172 ; farm near Ngong, s. 685. Pease, J. W. K., District Commissioner, Evidence quoted, s. 496. Permits, sec " Licences ". Phillimore, Lord, Evidence cited, s. 173. Pokomo North Pokomo Reserve, ss. 816, 1187. Central and Southern Pokomo Re serves, ss. 1188-1195. Pokwot (East Suk)Population and den sity, s. 914 ; recommendation for the combination of the reserve with ccr tain other reserves in a larger unit, ss. 924-926, 1028. 1029 ; Pokwot claim to Churo, ss. 927-939. Population Kikuyu, ss. 30, 62-67 ; memorandum on the rate of increase of the Kikuyu tribe, s. 64 ; density of population on. the land which was alienated, at

INDEX-(contd.) V-(contd.) Population(contd.) the time when it was alienated, ss. 291-321 ; effects of the famine of 1898/9 on population distribution. ss. 69, 309. Masai, s. 653 ; Kamba, s. 720 ; Nor thcrn Frontier and Turkana, s. 797 ; West Suk, s. 888 ; Pokwot, s. 914 ; Uasin Gishu Masai, s. 914; Njcmps, s. 914; Kamasia, s. 914; Elgeyo, s. 936 ; Marakwet, s. 986 ; Nandi, s. 1032, 1041 ; the three Kavirondo districts, s. 1088; El Gonyi, s. 1079 ; Lumbwa, s. 1156 ; Central and Southern Pokomo. s. 1188 ; North Nyika, s. 1196 ; South Nyika. s. 1202; Taveta, s. 1217; Tcita (Dabida), ss. 1236, 1237, (Sagalla), s. 1284. General remarks on the maldistribu tion of population in Kenya, s. 1372 scq.; methods of securing a better distribution discussed, s. 1381 seg. Precis by the Secretary on " Proposals and Applications affecting the Native Reserve boundaries ". cited, ss. 473. 834, 1007, 1010, 1210. Precis by the Secretary on the claims made by Kikuyu family groups, cited, s. 260. ' Preston, R. O., " The Genesis of a Col ony ', quoted, s. 110. Private rights ol native groups, families or individuals to native reserves,see und er " Land Tenure " ; for the protec tion recommended for native private rights in native reserves, see Part III, Chapters I I I - V I passim, and espcci ally ss. 1718-1731 ; 1796. Private rights claimed by natives to land outside the native reserves, ss. 1829 1858. Private rights in the Kenva Protectorate, ss. 1852-1854. Profit and Loss Account,'' " The. in Ki kuyu, ss. 30 (5), 87, 215-227. " Promised Land ", the, s. 651. Provincial CommissionerCorrect dis tribution of functions between the Lands Trust Board and- the Provin cial Commissioner, ss. 531 seq., 1672 1690. Public Purposes--Method of acquiring plots for public purposes, social ser vice, trade or industry, ss. 1511-1634 ; 1680, 1752-1761. 1764-1766, 1775 1779, 1798-1800.
:

609 P(contd.)

Pugh, W . R. B., Evidence cited, s. 810. Pumwani, Nairobi, ss. 592-594. Pumwani, Coast, ss. 1304, 1310. Punda Milia, ss. 182, 197. Purko Masai, ss. 646, 809, 627, 835. Pungu- Mzichenda Native Reserve, ss. 1292, 1294-1296.

Q
Quarantine Reserve, ss. 829, 853. R RailwaysRailway construction and the Kikuyu boundaries, ss. 110, 133, 139, 161, 176; quarters for railway em ployees in Nairobi, s. 597 ; method of acquiring land for railways, ss. 1607 1617. Rate of population increase, s. 1370 ; see also under " Population ".
R ECO.M M E N D A T I O X S

Kikuyit Province. Recommendations for the settlement of the Kikuyu claim of right, ss. 463, 466, 480 ; subsidi ary recommendations occurring at sections as shown below ; regarding the land lost and the land given, comparative valuation and the resultant sum. ss. 223-225, and Appendix 4 ; regarding compensation for disturb ance and regarding a provision of land so that the tribe may accom modate certain Dorobo, s. 377 ; regarding mission stations and educa tional institutions, ss. 453, 454 : regarding Nyeri township, s. 457 : regarding the total of the " free list ", s. 459; regarding Tigoni and Kithirioni, ss. 393-402; regarding the 80 acres of the White Sisters' land, ss. 407, 476 ; regarding the mbari of Nyungu and others, s. 413 ; regarding the Kiheriko land ("CO. 338/1), s. 420 ; regarding the Church of Scotland . Mission, ss. 428-430, 475 ; regarding L.O. 123, s. 433 ; regarding " Paul Clarke's farm " "(L.0.4961), ss. 437,473;

R(contd.) Kikuyu Provincc-(conid.) Recommendations regarding L.O. 325/R, Saba Saba, Limited, ss. 442, 443 ; regarding Dagoretti township reserve ( L . O . 1322), ss. 444, 445, 479 : regarding L.O. 1957 and L.O. 1958, 472; regarding 134/4 Njunu Estate, s. 477 ; regarding B.E.A. Wattle Estate, s. 478 ; regarding certain areas of forest rec ommended to be added, s. 466 (item 1-6 and 10-14) and Appendix 5 ; regarding the balance of 2,199 acres to make up the total compensation, s.

R - (contd.) The Masai Province. Recommendations- regarding the special clause relating to the Masai in the Lauds Trust Ord inance, s. 671 ; regarding the Mile Zone and the Chyulu Triangle, ss. 680-632; regarding the 0 ^ tcr-Miie Zone, s 684;
u r

regarding certain farms near Ngong, s. 692 ; regarding the Mau Forest exchange, s. 695 ; regarding the Kinangop circumcision area, s. 696; regarding the L.O. 410/1 (Mr. Col vile) farm exchange, s. 697 ; regarding the Ndeiya exchange, s. 709 ( 1 ) ; regarding certain further exchanges and accommodations, s. 709 ; regarding the game reserve, ss. 717, 718. 77' c Kamba Recommendations Province.

4S0;

regarding Njengu salt lick, s. 446 : regarding an addition on economic grounds, s. 542; regarding an Order in Council, s. 486 ; regarding the demarcation of Ithaka in Kiambu district, s. 1665 ; regarding the accommodation of land less Kikuyu in the Kikuyu Native Reserve, s. 1867 ; regarding the security necessary for tenants in Kikuyu, s. 1406 ; regarding the Mcru Native Reserve boundaries, s. 561 ; regarding the Morania furrow and L.O. 4634, 569, 570 ; regarding Isiolo, s. 572 ; regarding the Meru Native Forest Reserve boundary, s. 573. regarding the King's African Rifles in Meru Native Reserve, s. 576 ; regarding the Embu Slaving access to certain salt licks, s. 581 ; regarding separate areas for natives in Nairobi, and regarding exemption, and regarding a special area for well-to-do natives, ss. 583, 584 ; regarding Pangani native quarter, Nairobi, ss. 591, 622 ; regarding Pumwani native quarter, Nairobi, ss. 593, 594, 622 ; regarding Kibira, ss. 603-608 ; 622 ; regarding the leasing of laud for,a C (native leasehold) area near Nairobi s s . 620, 622, 709 ( 3 ) ; regarding Nairobi Commonage, s s . 631, 632.

regarding the Yatta Plateau, s. 760 ; regarding Ngaleni farm, s. 773 ; regarding the Momandu farm ex change, s. 774; regarding Mwani Hill, s. 776 : regarding Emali trading centre, s. 777 regarding Crown land north of the railway between Sultan Haniud and Emali, s. 760 ; regarding 100 square miles to tin eastward of Emali, s. 782 ; regarding the cession by the Kamba of the part of the reserve which is south of the railway, and regarding the addition to the Kamba Native Reserve of certain land north of the railway, s. 787 ; regarding a corridor of access from Mbwinzao to the main Kamb;'. Native Reserve, s. 789 ; regarding the rectification of a mistake in gazetting the Kitui Native Re serve boundary, s. 793 ; regarding the combination of the Kamba Native Reserves into one reserve, s. 796 :

INDEX R(contd.) Northern Frontier and Provinces. Turkana

Recommendations regarding- the prior, but not exclusive rights of natives in these areas, s. 80S ; regarding the West Suk Native Re serve, ss. 808, 906 ; regarding the Mukogodo, Ndigiri, Ilimwesi and the Mumonyok, s. 810 regarding the Uaso Narok and Nyam bire Dorobo, s. 811 ; regarding alien or immigrant Somalis and the creation of a C (native leasehold) area in the land south of the Uaso Nyiro, lying on both sides of the Ngare Ndare River, s. 815 ; regarding the North Pokomo Native Reserve, s. 816; regarding a national game park, s. 820 regarding the Leroki Plateau, s. 884 ; regarding the combination of the West Suk Native Reserve along with cer tain other reserves in a single unit, s. 1023. The Rift Valley and Provinces. Recommendations regarding the combination of the West Suk, East Suk (Pokwot), Njemps, Kamasia, Elgeyo, Chcran gani and Marakwet in one reserve, s. 1028 ; ' regarding the removal of the Uasin Gishu Masai to the Trans-Mara area, s. 923 ; regarding an addition to the native reserve in the Churo area, as Class B.2, s. 939 ; regarding an addition of 78 square miles to the Reserve as Class B.1, and a further 22 square miles ad joiningit (as Class B.1), making 100 square miles in all, ss. 942, 969; regarding the addition to the native reserve of certain land to be evacu ated by the Uasin Gishu Masai, and to be used for the Kamasia, s. 967; regarding the-addition of L.O. 1168 to the reserve, s. 970 ; regarding the addition to the reserve of certain land east of Lembus For est. s. 971 ; Nzoia

R(contd.) The Rift Valley and Proznnces-(contd.) Recommendations regarding solution regarding 932; regarding 935;

Nzoia

the Dorobo; the general of the problem, s. 977 ; the Mau Dorobo, ss. 979 the Tinet Dorobo, ss. 934.

regarding the Elgeyo claim to rights in the Grogan Concession, ss. 1003, 1006; regarding the Eldoret water supply and Tomeiyo exchanges, s. 1003 ; regarding L.O. 1869, s. 1009 ; regarding the Elgeyo claim to L a k
e

Sergoit and grazing in the vicinitv, s 1015; regarding the addition of certain land in the Cherangani area to the native reserve, s. 1020 ; regarding monetary compensation to the Nandi, s. 1065 ; regarding a modification of the Coglc line, s. 1068 ; regarding the land inside the Cogle line, as amended by the above rec ommendation, and its availability for alienation to Europeans, s. 1070; regarding the El Gonyi, s. 1037. The Nyauca Province. Recommendations regarding 1,330 acres of Kisumu township, ss. 1118, 1121 ; that approximately 900 acres at Maseno be added to the native reserve, and be set apart for devel opment as a social service centre, s. 1127 ; regarding Mr. MaxwelFs farm ( L . O . 653), s. ! 136 : regarding Mkenda Swahili settle ment, s. 1140 ; regarding mining leases in the Kaka mega area, s. 1143 (see also ss. 1553 -1594) ; regarding the erection and mainten ance of a fence along the corridor of access to Chematum salt lick, s. 1154; regarding Chepalungu, s. 1176 ; regarding a township site at Chemagel ss. 1183, 1184 ; regarding Sotik Post, s. 1185 ;

K-(coutd.) The Coast Province. Recommendations regarding tlie combination of the native reserves of the Coast Prov ince into one reserve, with the ex ception of the North Pokomo Nat ive Reserve, s. 1299 ; regarding the Central and Southern Pokomo, ss. 1193-1195 ; for an inquiry regarding the Duruma claims in the Mwachi Valley, s. 1209; regarding the Mwachi Forest ex change, ss. 1215, 1216 ; regarding extensions of the Tavcta Native Reserve, ss. 1229. 1231 ; regarding extensions of the Dabida Native Reserve, s. 1276 (see also ss. 1254, 1255, 1262, 1268, 1271. 1273 and 1275); regarding an adjustment of the bound arynear Voi River bridge, s. 1280 ; regarding Maungu Hill, s. 1286 ; regarding an adjustment of the Sagal la Native Reserve boundary, s.1287. regarding the " Native Reserves of the Digo district other than the Nyi ka Native Reserve ", s. 1293 ; regarding the commonage adjoining the Pungu-Mzichcnda Native Re serve, s. 1295 ; regarding the Galla, s. 1297 ; regarding racial privilege, s. 1303 seg. : regarding the Tezo ex-slave reserve, the Mahaji Reserve at Mida, and the four reserves for detribalised natives, ss. 1308-1310 ; regarding the Wassin Arab and Afri can communal reserve, s. 1317 ; regarding the claim of the twelve tribes, s. 1322; regarding the claim of the Lamu Arabs and the Mpekatoni reserva tion, ss. 1336, 1311 ; regarding the revival of the office of Recorder of Titles, s. 1341 : regarding communal claims and com munal tenure generally, on the Coast, ss. 1343-1345 ; regarding private claims and private tenure by natives generally, on the Coast, ss. 1346, 1347 ; regarding investigation as to the posi tion of tenants on Mombasa Island, s. 1363.

R(contd.) Recommendations of more General Application. Recommen dat ions for securing a better distribution of population on the land, s. 1406 ; regarding the need for rules to regu late the native systems of land ten ure. and the method of making such rules, ss. 1406, 1652, 1657, 1658 ; regarding the classification of lands, s. 1433 ; regarding tho security for Class A lands, ss. 1439-144l'; for the grouping of native lands in fewer and larger units ; the particu lar units recommended, s. 1445 and schedule following, s. 1510 : regarding the nature of the reserva tion of areas to particular tribes : the degree of exclusive possession conveyed, s. 1446 ; for effecting adjustments of the bound aries of native reserve units, s. 1450. for effecting adjustments of tribal boundaries within the same unit. s. 1451 ; regarding the nature (if the security required for Class B lands, ss. 1456 1460 ; regarding land to be provided as Class C (native leasehold) areas, ss. 1467. 1469, 1879 : regarding the leasing and utilisation of land in C (native leasehold) areas. ss. 1880-1935 ; regarding D areas, ss. 1471, 1936 ; regarding additions to native reserves, s. 1473 ; regarding exchanges, ss. 1474-1476 : regarding interpetration, s. 1479 ; regarding inter-tribal leases, ss. 1486. "1487: regarding lease of land to a tribe in areas where no special privilege exists, ss. 1490-1493 ; regarding leases to a tribe in areas in the European Highlands, s. 1496 : regarding the nature of the authority required before exclusions of land from native reserves can take place, ss. 1518, 1519; regarding the Land Acquisition Act, s. 1521 ;

IN
R-(conid.) Recommendations of more general application(contd.)

DEX-(contd.)
R(contd.) Recommendations of more general application(contd.)

Recommendations regarding "setting apart ", ss. 1525, 1541, 1631 : regarding compensation in cases of setting apart or leasing, s. 1541 (5-11); regarding church and school plots, s. 1543 ; regarding townships in native reserves ss. 1544-1547, 1550, 1557 ; regarding Fort Hall and Kakamcga townships, s. 1552 ; regarding mining leases, ss. 1562 1563, 1567-1573 (also, in the special case of Kakamega. ss. 1146-1143); regarding prospecting licences, s. 1584 regarding mining from reef claims, s. 1587 ; regarding alluvial mining, s. 1591 ; regarding special alluvial claims, s. 1594; regarding the control of water in native reserves, ss. 1599. 1600. 1602. 1603 ; regarding roads and railways in nat ive reserves, ss. 1609-1617; regarding native reserve forest serves 1618-1620; re

regarding licences of various kinds, ss. 1624-1628 : regarding delegation of powers, s. 1631 ; regarding demarcation and survey, ss. 1634, 1664 ; regarding the status of native lands, s. 1649: regarding the emergence of private tenure of land in native reserves, ss. 1650, 1670 (also, in regard to Ki kuyu, ss. 543-547) ; regarding the settlement of land dis putes between natives, s. 1666 ; regarding rights of protection in res pect of trespass, s. 1667 : regarding the respective functions of the Lands Trust Board and the Ad ministration, s. 1691 ; regarding the constitution of the Lands Trust Board, s. 1697 ; regarding the reconstruction of the Lands Trust Ordinance, ss. 1792 1814;

Recommendations regarding' the extinguishing of native lights in land outside the reserves, except as otherwise provided in the recommendation, and regarding the suspension of the operation of sec tion 86 of the Crown Lands Ordin ance, ss. 1854, 1972 ; regarding accommodation for natives who are not wanted in towns and have no means of supporting them selves honestly there, ss. 1877, 1878 (see also ss. 622-624) ; regarding the boundaries of the Euro pean Highlands, ss. 1970-1971 ; regarding the Kipkarren and Kaimosi farms as part of the European High lands, s. 1973 ; regarding resident native labourers in the European Highlands, s. 1976 ; regarding the security for the Euro pean Highlands, s.'l979 ; for dealing with the problem created by excessive accumulation of un economie live stock by natives, s. 2040; of a financial character, ss. 2044-2074: regarding an Order in Council, ss. 2144-2152: summary of, ss. 2075-2143. Record of Evidence, s. 8. Reformatory at Kabete, s. 155. RegisterDagoretti Register B. ss. 131. * 136,296,299,302,305,311,320,321. Registration of native right-holdings, ss. 1662-1665 ; in C areas, s. 1919, Rents, Stand Premia and other profits, ss. 1484, 1485, 1532, 1541 (11 6), 1546, 1563, 1565, 1723-1729, 1761, 1805, 1808 '; in C areas, ss. 1912-1914. Resident Native Labourers, ss. 493 seq., 1860-1868, 1976, 2038. Rift Valley Province, ss. 914-985. Roads, method of acquiring land for, ss. 1607-1617. Ross, W . MacGrcgor, see MacGrcgor Ross, W . Royal Commission on Agriculture in India, quoted, ss. 510, 514. Ruai Sisal Company, s. 432. Ruiru River, ss. 168, 172. . Rupingazi River, s. 207. Rutherfoord, E. D.. Evidence cited, s 196

S
Saba Saba, ss. 179, 183, 198, 200, 438 442, 466. Sabaki River, s. 1200. Sagalla Native Reserve density, s. 1284 ; question of Maungu Hill, ss. 1285 1286; adjustment of boundary bc tween the reserve and Voi Sisal Es tate, s. 1287 ; summary, s. 2118. Sagam location, s. 1124. Sale, as an innovation in native custom, s. 518 scq. (see also 230-284). Salt licksThathini, s. 36 ; Njengu, s 446 ; salt lick in Nveri townshio, s 447 ; salt lick on L.O. 3147 (Mr. R. L; Nestor), s. 1069 ; Kapkeneroi, s. 1068' Kibeit Bitein, s. 1180 ; Ngengilil, s 1068 ; Chematum, ss. 1153, 1154.
-

S-(contd.) Schedules(contd.) Showing exclusions from the Euro pean Highlands, s. 1966. Showing additions to the European Highlands, ss. 1967-1969. Showing items of direct expenditure, s. 2041 and Appendix 13. Showing certain rainfall records, Ap pendix 9. School and church plots, method of ac quisition and tenure, ss. 525, 1543 ; Appendix 7. Sclatcrs Road, s. 139. Scott, Dr. Ruffelle, s. 296. Scott Laboratory, ss. 155, 160. Secretary's Precis, see Precis. Security For Native Lands Class A, ss. 1438 1451. For Native Lands Class B, ss. 1452 1460. For Native Lands Class C, s. 1469. General, for native reserves, ss. 1816 1823. For different classes of land, ss. 2123, 2124. -Segeju, the Wassin communal reserve, ss 1312-1317. Sembe Hill, s. 1265. Seme location, s. 1124. Sendeyu, Masai laibon, ss. 639, 640. Sergoit, claim by the Elgeyo, ss. 1014. 1015. Serikwa, relation of the El Gonyi to the, s. 1076. Setting apart, ss. 1523-1526, 1528, 1541, 1680 ; application of these methods in special cases, school and church plots, s. 1543 and Appendix 7; townships, ss. 1544-1557: mining, ss. 15558 1577 ; roads and exchanges, ss. 1607 1617, 1753, 1754. 1799. Sheep and goats, damage caused by ex cessive accumulation, s. 2037. Simba, neighbourhood of, recommended as site for a fertiliser factory, s. 782. Siria Masai, s. 639. Smith, Major A . C , Correspondence quoted, s. 957. Social service, acquisition of plots for pur poses of, ss. 1511-1634. 1680, 1752 1761, 1775-1779. 1798-i8C0.

Samburu, s. 1418 ; the area occupied by them, s. 822; their claim to Leroki, ss. 823, 837 ; questions affecting their claims, s. 824 ; description of the tribe ss. 825-828 ; the reasons why they are occupying the land which they at pres ent occupy, ss. 829-836 ; population, stock and economic conditions, ss. 83S-846 ; character of the land south and east of the Coryndon line, ss. 849, 850; suggested alternative area, s. 851 ; various conferences, committees and proposals, ss. 852-855 ; the claim of other interests and the points at issue, ss. 857-883. Sameta, s. 1197. Sand, sec under " Common Minerals ", Sandford, G. R. (" History of Masai " ) , s. 915. Savile, II. O., s. 1126. Sayet ole Nagila, s. 37. Scally, J., Evidence cited, s. 1077. Schedules Showing the units of native lands as recommendedTable 1 following s. 1510. Showing Class IS.1 and B.2 additions as recommended, Table 2 following s. 1510. Showing the total areas recommended to be native lands, native reserves or temporary native reserves ; also for comparison the total areas of the reserves as now existing, Table 2 following s. 1510. Showing C areas, s. 1879.

4l JS
S - (could.)
Solai, rainfall at, s. 961. Soldier Settlement -Scheme, ss. 1060 seq., 1943-1956. Somalis, ss. 812-315; Somalis at Isiolo, Isiolo, s. 571, 572; Somalis on Nai robi Commonage, ss. 625-631. Sotik Post, ss. 1181-1185. South Nyika Native Reserve, see " N y i k a " South Pokomo Native Reserve, see " Po komo " . Sparsely inhabited areas, s. 1374 seq. Spelling of native names, s. 17. Squatters, see " Resident Native Labour ers ". St. Austin's Mission, ss. 157, 161. State (of the population, as a factor in the economic problem), s. 1371. Status of Native Lands Class A, ss. 1635 1649, 1793, 1811. Status of Native Reserves Class 13, s. 1974 Stigand, Capt., regarding the Samburui s. 865. Stock routes, s. 2022. Stock tax, s. 2026. Stone, R. G., Provincial Commissioner, Evidence cited, s. 845. Stordy, Col., Evidence cited, ss. 142, 753. Sudanese at Kibira, ss. 593-608, 622. Sub-division as a problem in the githaka system, ss. 507-513 ; as a problem in the more densely populated reserves, ss. 1398-1403, 1655 ; in C areas, pro vision for the prevention of excessive subdivision of users' rights in group leases, ss. 1896-1899. Suk, WestPopulation and density, s 888, 889 ; economic condition, ss. 891 906 ; excessive accumulation of uu economic live stock and recommenda tions regarding s. 906 (see also s. 2040) the question of an addition to the re serve, ss. 907, 908 ; possible alteration of the Suk-Karamoja boundary, ss. 909-912. Suk, East, see " Pokwot ". Sultan Hamud stationAs a point ou the boundary of the Chyulu Triangle, s. 676 ; as a point on the boundary of the European Highlands as defined bv the 1928 Sub-Committee, s. 1953. Summary of Recommendations, ss. 2075 2152.' Survey, ss. 1634, 1919, 2041.

T
Tait, W . O., Evidence cited, s. 164. Tana River, ss. 202, 1190-1195. Tanganyika Territory, successful cam paign against tsetse fly, s. 2020. Tate, H. R., Evidence cited, ss. 46, 174, 197. Tarlton, H., ss. 199, 204, 205. Taveta, ss. 656. 1850, 2116; the Taveta Native Reserve, population and den sity. s. 1217; history, ss. 1218-1220; live stock, s. 1221 ; the need for more pasture land, s. 1222, 1223 ; the need for an upland area for residential pur poses, s. 1224 ; consideration of pos sibie additions, s. 1226 seq.; recoin mendations, ss. 1229-1231 ; develop ment of the reserve, ss. 1233-1235. TeitaDabida Native ReservePopulation and density and rate of increase, ss. 1236-1238 ; land tenure, s. 1239; agricultural and pastoral conditions ss. 1240-1244, 1390-1396 ; claim to Wundanyi Estate, s s . 1246-1255; tion, ss. 1254, 1255; claim to land on the plains and foothills, s. 1256 seq.; claim to part of Teita Concessions, ss. 1259-1267: recommendations, 1262, 1268, 1273, 1275, 1276; minor adjustments of boundary near Voi River bridge, s. 1280; claim in respect of the Kedai stream ss. 1231, 1233 ; the question of priv ate rights outside the reserve, s. 1849; summary, s. 2117. The Sagalla Native ReservePopula tion and density, s. 1234 ; Maungu Hill, ss. 1234-1286 ; adjustment of boundary with Voi Sisal Estate, s. 1287. ' Teita Concessions, ss. 1259, 1261, 1262. Teleki, CountPlis journey in Kikuyu land in 1887, ss. 35,43,55, 73 and map following s. 129 ; estimates the width of Kikuyu country, ss. 89, 97 ; route over the area which is now occupied by the Limuru farms, ss. 129, 130 ; posi tion of the boundary wood on the eastern boundary of Kikuyu, ss. 170, 179, 254, 255, 285; observations re garding cattle possessed by the Sam buru, s. 846 ; observation regarding the Churo area,.s. 930.

T-(contd.) Tenants: native tenants in native reserves, Kikuyu, more security required, s. 517, 1405 ; native tenants in the Coast strip, ss. 1351-1353 ; in Mombasa Island, ss. 1354-1364 ; labour ten ants (resident native labourers), ss. 1498-1501. Tenure of land, see " Land tenure ".. Terms of reference, s. 2 ; manner of deal ing with the First Term of Reference, ss. 2076-2082. TezO ex-slave reserve, ss. 1307. 1308. Thara River, s. 182. Thatwa, s. 209. Thathini Swamp, ss. 36, 157. Thiba River, s. 205. Thika River, ss. 169, 174, 176. Thimbigwa, ss. 163, 172, 299, Thomson, Dr. Joseph, author of "Through Masailand ". ss. 35. 39. 97, 170. Tigoni. ss. 217 (note 3), 381--398, 401, 402, 463, 538. Timber, lease or permits regarding, ss. 1626-1629. 1728. 1755, 1756, 1762 seq. 1801. Tinet Dorobo, ss. 983-985. Tonks, The Rev., s.1205. Town Planning Scheme (Mombasa), s. 1356. Townships, accommodation for natives in : the question of separate areas, sss 582-584 ; the situation in Nairobi, ss. 585-624; Pangani, ss. 586-591 ; Pumwani, ss. 592-594; Municipal brewery scheme, s. 595 ; Government housing scheme, s. 597 ; Kibira, ss. 598-608 : native garden suburbs or village settlements, ss. 609-621 ; con ditions regarding urban natives in Nairobi, ss. 622-624; accommoda tion for natives in Mombasa, ss. 1354, 1365 ; accommodation for natives in townships other titan Nairobi and Mombasa, and not in native reserves, ss. 1870-1674; accommodation for natives who leave the towns, ss. 1875 1878 : townships in native reserves, ss. 1544-1557,2130. Trade, acquisition of plots for purposes of, ss. 1539-1541, 1531. Traill, F., late Provincial Commissioner, Evidence cited, s. 753.

T(contd.) Trans-MaraExtensions to the Masai Reserve in the Trans-Mara region, ss. 639, 654; possible exchanges affect ing the Trans-Mara region, s. 712. Treaty, alleged treaty between the Kiku yu and Masai said to have been effect cd by Mr. Hall, ss. 144-150. Trespass, ss. 1667-1668. Tribal leases, ss. 1433-1496. Tribessee under each tribe by name. The twelve tribes, the three tribes, the nine tribes, ss. 1321-1323. Troughton, J. F. G., Assistant Secretary to the Commission, s. 20 ; Evidence cited, s. 1204. Tsavo River, s. 712. Tsetse fly, ss. 682, 712, 830, 906 (6), 1222, 1230. Turkana Province, ss. 797-821, 885-913, 1839 ; general character considered in conjunction with the Northern Fron tier Province, ss. 797-798 ; inadvis ability of proclaiming the land as native reserve, ss. 799-804, but recom mended that an area in which natives should have a priority of interest, ss. 805, 806 ; the West Suk Reserve to remain, s. 808 ; economic conditions of the West Suk discussed, ss. 885 906 : proposal for the addition of cer tain farms considered, ss. 907-908 : possible alteration of the Suk-Kara moja boundary, ss. 909-913. Turkana in Samburu country, ss. 842. 876-879. Turuthi Githire, a Dorobo Elder, Evid ence cited, ss. 97, 236, 249, 262. Tusu, certain areas in the Tusu forest rec ommended to be added to the Kikuyu Native Reserve, s. 466. Tyndall, Major, Evidence cited, s. 870. U Uasin Gishu MasaiHistory, ss. 637, 827, 915-919; Population and den sity, ss. 914; the three areas in occu pation, ss. 917-920 ; recommenda tions regarding moving the Uasin Gishu Masai to the Trans-Mara, s. 923 ; recommendation regarding tin disposal of the land so evacuated, ss. 967; summary, s. 2106. Uaso Nyiro, ss. 712, 827.

I N D EX(contd.)

617.

V-(contd.) Uganda, a proposal affecting.the Protec torate boundary, s. 909 scq. Ukamba Province, ss. 719-796. Unequivocal Kikuyu Territory, see under " Kikuyu " . Uplands, extent of Kikuyu occupation on, s. 56. Urban natives, general, ss. 1869- 1878 ; in Nairobi, ss. 582-624 ; in-Mombasa, ss. 1354-1364, 2137, 2133. Utilisation of land in native areasThe present manner, ss. 1368-1432, 1980 2003 (see also under " Economic Sur veys " ) ; recommendations for the futureMethods of securing a better distribution of population, ss. 1381 1387 ; conditions essential to a better development of the reserves, s. 1388 ; observations on the correct method of of holding land in the more densely populated reserves, ss. 1393-1409 (see also ss. 503-523 regarding the Kiku yu) ; the need for regulation, ss. 531 535, 1408, 1409, 1653-1668 ; recom - mendations for ameliorating the posi tion in regard to excessive accumula tion of live stock, ss. 1930-2048 (see also ss. 1419-1424) ; uneconomic character of large grazing common ages, ss. 526 and 1670 ; the acquisi tion of land for public purposes, social service, trade, industry, etc., ss. 1511 1634 (see also 525 and Appendix 7 on the special question of school and church plots) ; recommendations re garding land tenure by natives in the reserves, ss. 1635-1668 ; utilisation of areas added to reserves, ss. 1669, 1670; tenure and utilisation of land in C (native leasehold) areas, ss. 1860 1935 ; facilities in D areas, s. 1936. V Valuation, the basis of valuation of areas in Kiknyu " Profit and Loss " ac count, s. 221. Verbi, Rev. V . V., Evidence quoted, s. 1249. Veterinary Quarantine area, s. 594. VetoThe extent to which an objection by the Lands Trust Board should operate as a veto In respect of Exclusions, s. 1520. Exchanges, ss. 1474, 1475.

V(contd.) VetoThe extent to which au objection by the Land Trust Board should operate as a votecontd. In respect of Intertribal leases, ss. 1486, 1437. Setting apart, ss. 1526 (c), 1631. Leasing, ss. 1531, 1631. Townships, ss. 1547, 1548. Licences, s. 1623 (g), and note. Prospecting licences,.s. 1584. Water permits, ss. 1599, 1600. Roads and railways, s. 1610. Native reserveforestreserve, s. 1618. The external boundaries of Class C areas, s. 1814. * Vidal, M . R. R., District Commissioner, inquiry regarding the Kiheriko mbari, s. 100 ; Evidence quoted, s. 198 ; cited s. 496. . ... , Voi River, minor adjustment of the native reserve boundary recommended near bridge, s. 1280. . . - " Voi Sisal Estate, s. 128.7..- . Von Hohnel, author of ^-"/Discovery by Count Teleki of Lakes Rudolf and Stephanie "', ss. 35; 43, 55, 170, 175, 179, 188, 846, 930. Waa-Mzichenda, s." 1292'. ' Wade, Hon. A . de V., Chief Native Com missioner, Evidenee-crteeW-s-. 245. Wagithuka, mbari of, s. 425. Wahothi, mbari of, s. 425. Wakf lands, s. 1343. Wakwavi tribe, s. 1298. Wanga location, s. 1039. Wangombe, Kikuyu Chief (deceased), ss. 49, 209-213. W a r Office map, s. 97. Wassin Reservation, ss. 1312-1317. Water, questions relating to water in native reserves, ss. 1595-1606. Watkins, F., member of the 1905 Land Commission, s. 1941.
Watkins, Col. O. F., C.B.E., D.S.O., Pro

vincial Commissioner, s. 272. Watson, Rev. F., regarding Kikuyu land tenure, s. 240. Weeks, R., late Provincial Commissioner J Evidence cited, s. 173.

W-(contd.)
Welby, H. E., Acting Provincial Com missioner, Evidence cited, s. 939. West Suk, see " Suk, West " . Whitehouse, L. E., member of the 1930 Committee regarding the Leroki Plateau, s. 855. White Highlands, see under " European Highlands " . White Paper of 1923, s. 1945. White Sisters, Kikuyu claim regarding part of the White Sisters' land, ss. 178, 403-407, 466, 476. Wilson, Capt. F. 0 ' B . , D.S.O., Member of the Commission, separate opinions stated by, s. 451, Appendix 4. Wilson, W. MacLellan, see under " MacLellan Wilson, W. " . Witnesses Number of witnesses examined by the Commission, s. 6. Valuable character of memoranda submitted in Evidence, s. 11. Gratitude of the Commissioners to witnesses who have come forward to give evidence, s. 18. Unreliability of Kikuyu evidence, ss. 110, 214 (a), 265, 266. Reliability of evidence received from old Swahili caravan porters, s. 214

W-(contd.)
Witu, ss. 1324, 1333. Wolfe, H., Acting Director of Agricul ture, Evidence quoted, s. 1392. Wood, T. A., Evidence cited, s. 45. Wundanyi Estate, ss. 1246-1255.

Y
Yala Township, ss. 1128-1130. YattaRecommendation regarding the addition of the northern part of the Yatta to the Kikuyu as an addition (Class B.1) to their reserve, s. 542 ; recommendation regarding the addi tion of the Yatta plateau to the Kamba as an addition (Class B.1) to their re serve, ss. 760, 761 ; discussion regard ing the Yatta Plateau, ss. 752-762 ; recommendation regarding the con stitution of the eastern part of the Yatta as a C (native leasehold) area, s. 1879 ; regarding L.O. 7048 see s. 542.

z
Zipper, Brother Solanus, Evidence cited, s. 37. Zone, the Mile, ss. 676-682 and 1961. Zone, the Quarter-mile, ss. 683, 684.

O).

DIAGRAM IN GENE THE RECOMMENDAT

RAM

IN

GENERAL

ILLUSTRATION OF THE

OF

RECOMMENDATIONS

REPORT.

REFERENCE
EUROPEAN ALL CLASS ,, OTHER A' B. / 'B. n i, i, 2' C D ' 'C- " "O FOREST ARE.A * (SECT/OA/ (/REJECT TO /8y9 A/AT/V/Z PRIOR/TY JA/TEREST).^ .. R/GRLANDS EUROPEAN AREAS n 'f it LEASED FROM R/GHLANDS A/ATJVE AREA SRErVA/ THUS.

RESERVE

Native KIKUYU MASAI. KAMBA KERIO NANDI K AVI R O N D O , LUMBWA NORTH COAST

R e s e r v e s Numbered RESERVE

as under
! .. I

NATIVE

.2 .3

A
.5 6 7 8 .9

POKOMO

MOTE

777/5 D"/ERGRAM RESU/F

SHEWS

/HE

/'/NC//

PAS/F/O/y ars

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