Beruflich Dokumente
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2000
:
, 2001
-
:
-
DTP - :
,
.
,
.
1959. 1984 .
....
(....) 1995.
- 2000
4 .
:
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2. EC8 ()
EC7 ().
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2000,
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2001
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2. 2, . 2 . 1349/83 "
(....) " (' 52).
3. 29' . 1558/85 (' 137),
27 . 2081/1992 (' 154) 1 . 2 .
2469/97 (' 38)
.
4. . 1933/21-10-1999 .... . 77/21-101999 ....
"
2000 (... 2000)"
(....)
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16/15/663//10-10-1994 .
17/04/46/ 275/20-6-1995 (... 534 ').
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(1) .
2. '
.
3.
- 2000 (... 2000),
.
4.
.
.
, 15 1999
XV
21
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
23
43
23
27
27
29
29
31
31
31
33
39
41
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4
2.3.5 q
2.3.6
2.3.7
45
69
45
45
47
49
49
53
53
53
55
55
55
3.1
3.2
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
71
71
75
77
77
77
79
2000
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.3.3
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4
3.5.1 -
3.5.2
3.5.3
81
81
81
83
89
89
91
91
93
97
97
101
103
107
109
113
4.1
4.2
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.2.1
4.1.2.2 2
4.1.3
4.1.4
() .
4.1.4.1
4.1.4.2
.
.
4.1.5
4.1.6
4.1.7
4.1.7.1
.
.
.
4.1.7.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
2000
115
115
115
115
117
119
121
125
129
129
129
131
133
133
133
133
139
139
141
141
141
143
145
XI
151
, ,
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.3.1
5.2.3.2
.
( )
.
.
5.2.3.3
(, , )
.
.
1.
( )
2.
3.
5.2.4
5.2.4.1
5.2.4.2
5.2.4.3
. /
.
. -
.
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
153
153
153
153
155
155
155
155
157
159
159
159
159
163
165
165
165
167
167
169
169
171
171
171
173
175
175
179
179
181
181
181
183
185
187
.1
A.2
XII
A.2.1
A.2.2
189
189
191
191
2000
193
B.1
B.2
B.1.1
B.1.2
B.1.3
B.1.4
195
195
195
197
197
201
209
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.4.1
.4.2
.4.3
.5.1
.5.2
.5.3
.6.1
.6.2
.6.3
211
211
211
215
215
215
217
217
217
219
221
221
221
223
225
227
229
231
235
237
241
2000
243
XIII
247
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
249
251
251
255
255
257
.
.
XIV
2000
(K.2 .A),
(. 3), (.).
exA
, (.3).
B ,A
(.3).
Dr
(.).
(K.4).
(K.3).
Fd
Fi
(.5).
(K.4).
Gk
i (K.3).
(K.4).
(.3),
(K.5).
Hp
(K.4).
(K.4).
Ki
i (K.3).
(K.3),
(K.3).
(K.4), (K.3).
M CD ,c
(K.4).
Md
(.4 .).
ME
M EW
M pc
M pd
MR
M RC
M Rd
MS
Mv
(K.5).
(.B).
(.).
(.).
(.4, .5).
(.B).
(.4, .).
(.).
(K.5).
(K.4), () (.3).
N cr
Nm
N
N pd
Euler (.).
XVI
(.5).
(.4).
(.).
2000
NS
(.).
(.4).
Q k ,i
i (.4).
Rd
(.4).
d (T )
(.2).
d , v (T )
(.3).
e (T )
(.A).
Rf
(.).
R fy
(.).
, , (.3).
Sd
(.4).
SE
(.5).
Sfd
(.5).
Sv
(.5).
(.3).
T1 , T2
(. 2 .A).
Tn
(.3).
VCD
(.B).
VEW
(.B).
VH
(.3).
VM
(.).
V0
( ) (.3).
(.4).
VOb
(.B).
Vpc
(.).
Vpd
(.).
Wp
(.4).
Fi (.3).
(.4).
e oi
i (.3).
e i
T i (.3).
e fi
i
(.3 .).
e ri
i
(.3 .).
2000
XVII
fy
(K.4 .).
(.4).
(.).
k
l
lc
(.5).
mi
i (.3).
p(z )
(.5).
(. 1,2,3 4).
qp
(.4).
qw
(.5).
ri
M i (.3
(.).
(.B), (.).
.).
r
yi
, r = Tj / Ti (.3).
(.3),
(.3).
(.5).
zi
i (.3).
A,B,,,X
(.2).
(K.2 ).
(.4).
1,,4
(.2).
(. 2),
(.3).
/
(.5).
CD
(.4 .5).
(.5 .).
(.5).
(.),
(.3).
(.2 .A).
(.5 .).
(.5).
XVIII
2000
(.2 .A).
(.4).
(.4).
Rd
(.4).
(.5).
(.5 .).
(.3 .4).
(.2 .).
(.2).
(.4).
(.2),
(.4).
(.B).
(.).
(.3).
x , y
x, y (.3).
mx,i , my,i
M i (i)
x, y (.3).
(.5 .).
i
(.3).
(.4).
2000
XIX
.1.1
.1.1.1
[1]
, (), ,
, ., .
:
,
,
.
[2]
, ,
,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
, ,
.
.
, , ,
.
.
,
.
22
2000 -
1.1
1.1.1
[1]
.
, ,
.
.
[2]
.
.
2000
23
:
, ,
(.. , , .),
. T ,
, ,
.
,
.
[3]
.
,
:
,
, q.
- .
- .
(..
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,
.
[4]
,
.
,
.
24
2000 -
[3]
,
, .
[4]
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.
2000
25
.1.1.2
[1]
()
. , -
, () , -
, . ,
,
/
.
. , ,
. , ,
.
[2]
,
,
, .
.1.1.3 -
[1]
)
,
,
865, .
)
,
, .
, .. ...
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, , ,
. ,
, ,
, .
26
2000 -
[5]
1.1.2
[1]
, :
,
, ,
.
[2]
H
, ,
,
, ,
.
1.1.3 -
[1]
O
(, , ,
..), ,
.
2000
27
,
.
[2]
: - - - .
.1.2
[1]
) :
,
.
,
, . 2.
, ,
,
. 2.
) , .
1.2.1, 1.2.2 1.2.3,
.
, , , ,
. ,
.
1.3.1.[5].
.1.2.1
[1]
) ,
,
. 1.2.2 , . 1.2.3.
)
:
28
2000 -
1
[2]
H
.
[3]
,
,
.
1.2
[1]
O ,
,
,
,
(. . 2)
,
.
1.2.1
[1]
( )
,
,
.
2000
29
.
, .
, .
, ,
.
, , ,
,
,
.
.1.2.2
[1]
.1.2.3
[1]
, ,
,
. 1.2.1 1.2.2. ,
(.. , ,
, .),
, ,
.
.1.3
[2]
,
,
, ,
.
30
2000 -
1.2.2
[1]
,
.
1.2.3
[1]
,
,
.
1.3
[1]
:
,
,
().
[2]
,
.
2000
31
[3]
,
,
. 1.2,
. ,
,
,
.
.1.3.1
. 1.3.1,
, 4.
[2]
,
,
.
[3]
) ,
,
,
,
.
()
(1/q)
,
. ,
.
, ,
,
/
.
) ,
,
,
, .
32
2000 -
[3]
.1.2 ,
,
.
1.3.1
. 1.2.1 ,
(. . 2):
[1]
,
.
[2]
, 2 ,
.
[3]
,
:
,
,
(..
).
.
,
,
,
.
2000
33
, ,
,
. ,
.
.
,
, ,
,
, ,
(
).
,
(storey mechanism) (soft storey).
,
,
,
,
(..
). ,
,
( ),
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
34
2000 -
2000
35
,
,
,
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.
( )
(q).
. ()
.
.
/
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-
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().
[4,5] ) . 4, ,
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:
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36
2000 -
[4]
. ..
.
2000
37
.
,
.
,
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.
2 .
, ,
,
(.. , .).
) ,
, ,
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(, ,
).
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,
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,
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[6]
4
.
.1.3.2
, , .
1.3.1.[5], 1.3.1.[6] 1.3.2.
38
2000 -
[5]
( ),
.
[6]
,
, ,
.
1.3.2
. 1.2.2
. 1.3.1 :
2000
39
[1]
[2]
, ,
.
,
(.. , .),
.
.1.3.3
.1.2.3.
40
2000 -
[1]
,
.
[2]
,
,
.
1.3.3
[1]
. 1.2.3.
(
, , .).
[2]
. 1.3.1
1.3.2
.
2000
41
.2.1
[1]
- -
. ,
,
, ,
.
[2]
.
( , )
.
[3]
,
I > 1 ,
, .
.2.2
.2.2.1
[1]
,
,
.
[2]
Penzien-Watabe,
,
{1}.
,
( ).
.
,
( ),
( ).
{2}.
.
,
,
{3}.
44
2000 -
2.1
[1]
,
.
.
[2]
, ,
(. . 2.3.3).
[3]
(
I A ),
(. . 2.3.4).
2.2
2.2.1
[1]
[2]
( ) .
.
2000
45
[3]
:
, ,
,
, ,
.
,
.
,
/,
.
,
(..
).
,
()
, ,
.
(..
), (.. )
(.. ). , ,
, , .
, ,
,
.
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[1]
, ,
.
[2]
e
,
(
, , .)
.
(. . 3.4.1).
46
2000 -
[3]
.
. ,
,
.
2.2.2
[1]
( ) .
[2]
e ,
.
2000
47
(. ). ,
. ,
.
[3]
(
),
.
[4]
( 2/
3 1). ,
q,
(. .
.3.1.1.[2]).
[5]
- ( )
.
.2.3
,
:
)
,
,
.
o
T1 T2 .
(1985) Loma Prieta (1989)
( )
I p . ,
.
( 12 ,
I p > 6. ).
:
(. ).
48
2000 -
2
[3]
, 0.70.
[4]
,
d . 2.3,
.
[5]
,
.
2.3
2.3.1
[1]
( 2.1):
d (T )
A I
0
q
1
0.25
T (sec)
0
0.2
0.4 0.6
0.8
1 1.2
2.1: :
2000
d ( )
I
0
=2.5/2.0]
q
49
(. I )
( , , q ).
q , ,
,
.
, , ,
. q , ,
.
,
q (x y)
.
( ),
q q .
q
q .
,
( ),
:
q=
Vi2
i
(Vi q i )2
i
Vi q i
.
,
5%.
( )
q.
,
,
, . .
1923 ,
, ,
.
, I
.
50
2000 -
0 T < T1 :
T 0
d (T) = I A 1 +
1 ........................... (2.1.)
T
q
T1 T T2 :
d (T) = I A
0 ............................................... (2.1.)
q
T2 < T :
d (T) = I A
0 T2
q
T
2/3
................................... (2.1.)
[2]
A = g
(.
2.3.3),
(. 2.3.4),
(. 2.3.5),
K5%,
(. 2.3.7),
T1 T2
( 2.4),
0 = 2.5
, , ,
(. 2.3.6).
7
0.7
2+
........................................................................................................................................ (2.2)
(%) 2.8
.
(..
),
0.5,
.
,
(..
),
.
2000
51
52
2000 -
[3]
, d (T)
(2.1.).
[4]
d (T)
0.25 ..... ............................................................................ (2.3)
A i
2.3.2
[1]
(2.1) :
A v = 0.70 A ,
q
q v = 0.50 q 1.00
1.0.
2.3.3
[1]
, II, III IV,
(
2.2).
[2]
2.1
.
[3]
, 2.2.
[4]
2.2 ,
,
10% 50 .
2.3.4
[1]
,
.
[2]
I 2.3.
2000
53
54
2000 -
2.3.5 q
[1]
,
.
[2]
q 2.6
.
( )
( ).
[3]
q = 1.
2.3.6
[1]
, , , , 2.5.
[2]
,
,
(. . 5).
[3]
5 m
.
2.3.7
[1]
[2]
1.0.
2.7,
.
2000
55
56
2000 -
2.2:
2000
57
58
2000 -
2.1: ,
. ,
.
49
132
114
66
74
79
84
1
55
129
118
68
70
86
88
120
104
96
25
21
45
72
127
28
54
67
II
III
II
II
II
II
III
III
III
II
II
III
III
II
IV
II
III
II
III
III
III
III
III
II
II
II
II
II
III
II
II
II
IV
III
III
II
III
II
IV
III
II
II
III
27
26
35
95
38
91
3
63
12
24
47
9
115
116
42
131
11
19
71
117
103
60
37
8
85
2000
ZIXNH
6
39
80
107
59
89
121
18
62
46
77
73
102
II
II
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
III
IV
III
II
II
II
II
II
III
III
II
III
III
III
II
II
II
II
II
III
II
II
III
III
III
III
III
II
IV
II
III
II
III
93
92
75
65
40
111
116
130
97
109
110
29
69
81
15
16
41
7
2
22
119
83
20
82
44
33
100
87
128
122
78
105
108
113
5
23
13
134
59
60
2000 -
85
98
76
52
136
126
53
123
64
61
133
135
31
36
101
17
125
32
III
III
II
II
II
III
III
III
II
III
III
III
III
III
II
134
34
14
56
57
4
94
51
III
II
II
II
II
III
II
III
III
III
III
III
III
II
48
50
99
43
30
58
124
112
10
2.2: : A = g (g: )
II
III
IV
0.12
0.16
0.24
0.36
2.3:
, ..
, , .
0.85
, ,
.
1.00
, ,
24.
(.. ,
) .
, ,
, ,
, , ,
, .
1.15
1.30
(..
.).
2000
61
62
2000 -
2.4:
T1 , T2 (sec)
T1
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.20
T2
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.20
2.5: .
, 70.
70.
5. 70.
70.
5.
70.
5.
( l p > 50 ) 10.
,
(
, )
. (.
. 5.1[3]).
.
,
.
(). .
.
2000
63
64
2000 -
2.6: q.
1.
2
q
3.50
3.00
. 50% -
1/3 .
2.00
4.00
. *
4.00
. :
2.
3.00
V L
1.50
( *)
1.00
* .
3.
4.
1.50
2.00
. ( )
2.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
3.00
2.7: .
1.
1.
1.
2.
2.
2.
0.90
0.80
( )
: ,
.
2000
65
{1}
{2}
{3}
66
2000 -
2.8: .
:
:
:
:
2
%
2000
67
.3.1
.3.1.1
[1]
, ,
/
.
- . 4.1.2.2, 5.2.3 5.2.4.
,
- ( , ,
, .), - .
[2]
,
( .3.1.1):
.3.1.1:
)
,
( ).
( Fe* , *e )
2.3
q=1 .
Fe ,
,
Fe = Fe* q .
( u = *e ).
q {1}:
70
2000 -
3.1
3.1.1
[1]
, -
, , -
- ( 2 ).
[2]
q.
2000
71
q=
Fe* Fe* Fy
=
= qd qo
Fe Fy Fe
qd =
Fe* *e
=
Fy y
qo =
Fy
Fe
y
e
, .
,
-
.
q d = 2 1 ,
q d = , = u y
.
qo ,
. 2.6
q, q d q o
.
:
-
,
.
u = *e ( ),
q = q o u = q e ,
T > 0.6 sec .
0.1 < T < 0.6 sec
( ),
u = ( 2 1 ) *e q = q o 2 1 < q o .
, ..
2 (
2/3 1),
.
q
.
72
2000 -
2000
73
[3]
q,
.
, e
Fe = Fe* q ( .
2.1) q
*e = u .
[4]
. . .2.2.1.[2].
[5]
, , g = 1.35 q = 1.50
( ),
.
(, ).
.
.3.1.2
[1]
,
, ,
.
,
,
.
{2},{3},{4},{5}.
[2]
(, , , ).
-
( ).
,
.
[3]
,
,
.
74
2000 -
[3]
()
,
q.
3
[4]
[5]
, ,
,
V.
. 3.6, . ,
, , ,
.
3.1.2
[1]
:
) .
) ( ).
. 3.4 3.5 .
[2]
,
, ,
, .
.
[3]
, , .
2000
75
.3.2
.3.2.1
[1]
.
(
).
( ).
[2]
. , , ,
.
[3]
[4]
, , , .
.3.2.2
[1]
)
,
.
) ,
.
)
/,
.
[2]
, ,
.
76
2000 -
3.2
POOMOIH
3.2.1
[1]
O
.
[2]
( ).
[3]
, ,
,
.
[4]
H , , .
(
).
3.2.2
[1]
H
:
K
,
.
H
.
E
.
[2]
2000
77
. ,
, , ,
.
[3]
(. . 3.7) 1 = 0 ,
2 = 0 . ,
(.. ,
, , .) .
.3.2.3
[1]
,
-
,
( ).
- . . 4.1.7.1.
, ,
. ,
,
. , , ,
(. .3.1.1).
[2]
, .
0.40E I g ,
0.60E I g
0.80E I g {6},{7} ( I g =
). ,
b m = 8h f + b w
b m = 3h f + b w .
[3]
)
. -
- (. .
.3.1.1.[2]).
)
( )
.
78
2000 -
[3]
G k + 2 Q k ,
G k Q k
2
4.1.
3.2.3
[1]
.
,
.
.
[2]
II.
, II
I,
(
), 2/3 ,
1/2,
( ) 1/10
I.
[3]
:
H
q.
( )
,
(%) .
2000
79
) -
q.
.
[4]
.
(.. ).
.3.3
.3.3.1
[1]
( )
, ,
,
(.
. .2.2.1.[3]).
[2]
.3.3.2
[1]
,
( 3.3.2).
,
.
[2]
(
). ,
. (3.11),
. 3.4.4.[4].
80
2000 -
H
(. . 4.1.2.2, 4.1.7 5.2.4).
[4]
, ,
( ).
3.3
3.3.1
[1]
,
,
m i Fi
,
,
e i i.
[2]
H e i 0.05 L i , L i
.
3.3.2
[1]
m i
M i ,
,
.
[2]
,
, ,
,
2 e i Fi . Fi
, ,
(3.15) .
.
2000
81
3.3.2:
.3.3.3
[1]
e f e r (
)
{11}.
e f = e r = 0
.
[2]
( ).
,
,
,
.
( )
, .
{8}.
( ),
82
2000 -
3.3.3
[1]
,
, Fi
M i
( )
( 3.1):
Po
z o = 0.8 H (i o ) ,
M zi = + c Fi , c
Fi (.. c=1).
2000
83
{9},{10}:
Fi ,
2
i i
i
.
[3]
x y
:
x y, z 0.8H
.
[4]
. (3.2)
(.. < 10 o ) .
(.. u XX u YY )
, = 0 .
[5]
84
2000 -
[3]
, x, y
Po XY
:
2 =
2 u XY
......................................................................... (3.2)
u XX u YY
u XX , u YY u XY = u YX Po
Fi :
X: u XX , u YX
Y: u XY , u YY
Y
y
Fi, x
Mi
max e y,i = efy ,i + e y ,i
eoy ,i
eox ,i
Fi, x
Fi, y
Po
Fi , y
max e x ,i = efx ,i + e x ,i
min e x ,i = e rx ,i e x ,i
3.1: .
[4]
,
x, y
.
[5]
,
,
2000
85
[6]
e f e r
e o ,
{11}. ,
e r .
[7]
,
{11},{2}.
86
2000 -
e fi = 1.50 e oi , e ri = 0.50 e oi
............................................................................................
(3.3., )
e oi i
(. e ox ,i e oy ,i ).
[6]
e fi , e ri e oi
(. ),
.
[7]
,
(x y) m,i
M i ri
( m ,i ri ). mx ,i my,i
x y :
2
mx ,i = 2x + e ox
,i
2
my,i = 2y + e oy
,i
............................................................
(3.4.)
............................................................. (3.4.)
e ox ,i e oy ,i
x, y
x y
, :
x =
cuy
z
, y =
cux
z
...............................................................................................
(3.5 , )
ux,uy
Po
Fi x
y
(i o )
M zi = + c Fi .
2000
87
.3.4
.3.4.1
[1]
,
.
[2]
:
)
,
.
,
(, )
( ).
,
( ).
,
( ).
[3]
, (. 2.2.1.[2]),
{12}. ,
.
[4]
1
i Ei
E i
Ei
( E = E i ).
i
88
2000 -
3.4
3.4.1
[1]
[2]
[3]
( )
. q = 1
e (T) ( ),
q > 1 d (T) .
[4]
,
.
2000
89
.3.4.2
[1]
-,
.
,
.
.
[2]
,
, (
).
(residual mode)
M = M M i I A
i
{5}. , ,
M
.
[3]
.3.4.3
[1]
(3.6) :
1 Ti
=
1 + 0.1 i j
r Tj
i j ( %)
.
[2]
A i , B i , ...
(i)
,
. ,
ex A , ex B , ...
,
. (3.7)
CQC- (Complete Quadratic Combination),
(3.9)
SRSS- (Square Root of the Sum of the Squares). ,
90
2000 -
3.4.2
[1]
,
M i 90%
M .
[2]
(..
)
T = 0.03 sec ,
,
M M i .
[3]
T 0.20 sec .
3.4.3
[1]
i j ( i < j ) Ti T j ( Ti T j )
:
1 Ti
=
1 + 0.1
r Tj
....................................................................................................................................... (3.6)
( %) .
[2]
, ex A
:
ex A =
( ij A i A j ) ............................................................... (3.7)
i
A i (i = 1,2,...) :
ij =
8 2 (1 + r ) r 3 2
10 4 1 r 2
+ 4 2 r (1 + r )2
2000
................................................................................ (3.8)
91
, ij :
ij =
[3]
10 4 1 r 2
8 i j i + r j r3 2
+ 4 i j r 1 + r 2 + 4 i2 + 2j r 2
. , ..
ex (3.7) (3.9)
ex M ex N
N .
(..
).
.3.4.4
[1]
ex A
, , .
[2]
,
{2},{5},{6},{12}. ex A
B, A ( )
B, A B .
92
2000 -
i j ( ii = 1, ij = ji ).
ij = 0
:
ex A =
A i2
...................................................................................................................................... (3.9)
[3]
, ,
.
3.4.4
[1]
,
ex A :
ex A =
........................................................... (3.10)
ex A, x , ex A, y ex A, z
x, y z,
(. 3.7 3.9).
[2]
ex A B, A
:
B, A =
PAB
ex A
............................................................................................................................................ (3.11.)
PBA = PAB = ij A i , x B j , x + A i , y B j , y + A i , z B j , z
i
.................... (3.11.)
A, B
( A i , x , B j , x ), ( A i , y , B j , y ), ( A i , z , B j , z ), i, j = 1,2,...N
x, y z, .
2000
93
[3]
(.. ),
ex ex . (3.10).
-
-
, .
, ,
,
Gupta {5}
{12}.
,
. (3.10) (3.11). ..
(2x3)
,
:
ex M
M , M
M , N
1 = 4 = M , M , 2 = 5 = ex M , 3 = 6 = M , N
N ,
N ,
ex N
M
M
ex M , ex M ex N
( 1 , 2 , 3 )
( 4 , 5 , 6 ). , o
M o , M o N o
G k + P + 2i Q ki ,
i =i o + i , (i = 1,2,...6) .
(. . 3.3.2.[1]) 4x6=24
.
[4]
, ( x,
y) :
S = S x 0.3 S y
S = 0.3 S x S y
:
S1 = + S x + 0.3 S y = S5
94
2000 -
[3]
,
( ) .
[4]
, ,
:
S = Sx S y Sz
S = S x S y S z
S = S x S y S z
= = 0.30 . S x , S y S z
A, B,...
x, y z, .
(. . 3.1.1.[5])
2000
95
S 2 = + S x - 0.3 S y = S 6
S3 = + S y + 0.3 S x = S 7
S 4 = + S y - 0.3 S x = S8
:
ex M , y
ex M , x
S x = ex M , x S y = ex M , y
ex N , y
ex N , x
( ,
) x y .
S o = [M o M o N o ]T
G k + P + 2i Q ki ,
Si = S o + S i , (i = 1,2,...8) i.
4x8=32
.
S x S y M , M N
,
.
.
.3.5
.3.5.1 -
[1,2]
{10},{11}:
96
( )
x y
( ).
x y,
- .
Fi , x Fi , y
2000 -
= 0 . ,
,
.
3.5
3.5.1 -
[1]
(- ).
,
. 3.3.3.
[2]
d (T) .
2000
97
,
.
)
-
(. ).
Fi , x
Fi , y
. , d q=1,
e .
[3]
.
,
. , ,
-
, .
[4]
q,
(. 2.6).
(..
), -
. ,
-
, -
e f e r (. ). , ,
G A s h
E I h .
98
2000 -
[3]
[4]
:
)
10 .
5
.
4
3
V.
, :
)
. ,
,
( )
4, 35%
.
K i = K i +1 K i K i
0.35K i 0.50K i , .
E I h .
m i = m i +1 m i m i
0.35m i 0.50m i , .
.
2000
99
.3.5.2
[1]
(3.12) : ,
,
, d (T )
.
[2-4] VH
. (3.14)
,
(3.15)
( ).
100
2000 -
3.5.2
[1]
( ) :
Vo = M d (T )
...................................................................................................................................... (3.12)
d (T )
,
. (2.1)
,
.
:
T = 0.09
H
H
L H + L
.............................................................................................................. (3.13)
[2]
Fi = (Vo VH )
m i i
,
mj j
mi
i,
i
,
,
VH =
0.07 T Vo ( 0.25 Vo )
2000
101
.3.5.3
[1-3] Fi , x Fi , y
, . 3.3.3.[1]:
1. (max e x , i , max e y , i )
2. (max e x , i , min e y , i )
3. (min e x , i , max e y , i )
4. (min e x , i , min e y , i )
102
2000 -
T 1.0 sec
[3]
Fi = (Vo VH )
mi zi
,
mj zj
i, j = 1,2,...N
............................................................ (3.15)
[4]
z i i .
(3.15)
:
)
1, 2 3
.
1 2
, .
1 2
.
3.5.3
[1]
Fi
x, y . 3.3.3,
. 3.6,
ex A
:
2
ex A = A, x + A, y + A, z
.................................................................................................... (3.16)
A, x , A, y A, z ( )
x, y z, .
[2]
ex A B, A
:
B, A =
A, y
A,
A, x
B, x +
B, y + z B, z
ex A
ex A
ex A
...................................................................... (3.17)
B, x , B, y B, z ( )
2000
103
.3.5.3.(1):
3.5.3.(1).
ex A
- A, x , A,y
A,z .(3.16) .
.(3.17).
3.4.4 [1], [2] [3].
[4]
F = Fx 0.3 Fy
F = 0.3 Fx Fy
:
F1 = + Fx + 0.3 Fy = F5
F2 = + Fx - 0.3 Fy = F6
F3 = + Fy + 0.3 Fx = F7
F4 = + Fy - 0.3 Fx = F8
:
104
2000 -
x, y z, .
[3]
[4]
. 3.4.4.[3].
, ,
:
F = Fx Fy Fz
F = Fx Fy Fz
F = Fx Fy Fz
= = 0.30 . Fx , Fy Fz
x, y z F .
(. . 3.1.1.[5]), = 0
.
2000
105
F1 , y
F1 , x
F ,
F ,
2 y
2 x
Fx = . , Fy = .
.
.
FN , y
FN , x
x
y
, 4x8=32
(. 3.5.3(4)).
.
3.5.3.(4): .
.3.6
[1]
.
,
.
106
2000 -
3.6
[1]
:
)
Rayleigh:
2000
107
[2,3]
. 3.5.3 . 3.4.4
.
. (3.11.)
. (3.17).
.3.7
[1]
, .
[2]
,
= g
A (1 + z H ) z
-. (
2 )
. T > 2T = 1
( ).
108
2000 -
T = 2
m i y i2
i
mi yi
......................................................................................................................... (3.18)
yi (i = 1,2,...,n)
mi mi 1.
)
Fi = M d , v (T )
mi yi
,
mj yj
M , d , v (T)
(n) m i .
[2]
Fi
, ,
,
.
[3]
3.7
POAPTHMATA KTIPIN
[1]
.. ,
. H
.
[2]
(4.17),
:
= (1 + z / H)
........................................................................................................................................ (3.20)
:
= A/g ,
2000
109
[3]
{1}
Uang, Chia-Ming, (1991): Establishing R (or R ) and C Factors for Building Seismic
w
d
Provisions, Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol.117, No1, pp. 19-28.
{2}
{3}
, ., (1983): , ., , ...,
.
{4}
{5}
Gupta, A.-K., (1992): Response Spectrum Method in Seismic Analysis and Design
of Structures, CRC Press, Inc.
{6}
{7}
{8}
., (1991): M , ,
TEE, .5-56, 5.
{9}
, . - , ., (1997):
: . , 17, 1-2,
.
{10} , . - , ., (1997):
: . , 17, 3,
.
{11} Anastassiadis, K. - Athanatopoulou, A. - Makarios, T., (1998): Equivalent Static
Eccentricities in the Simplified Methods of Seismic Analysis of Buildings, Earthquake
Spectra, Vol. 14, Number 1, p. 1-34.
{12} Anastassiadis, K., (1993): Directions Sismiques Defavorables et Combinaisons
Defavorables des Efforts, Annales de l I.T.B.T.P. No 512, p. 82-99.
110
2000 -
[3]
2
1 + (1 T / T )2
1 , ....................................................................... (3.21)
2000
111
.4.1.2
.4.1.2.1
[1]
, (4.1) :
Sd = G k + 2 Q k E
[2]
Gk
Qk
({1}, {2})
, 2
, ,
.
: {1}, {2}, {5}, {7}, {8}, {9}.
114
2000 -
4.1
AOYH KATAPPEYH
4.1.1
[1]
.
:
E
( ),
2 ,
, 2 T.
E ,
, .
E
.
O :
4.1.2
4.1.2.1
[1]
2
,
:
Sd = G k + P E + 2 Q k ,i
[2]
[3]
........................................................................................................... (4.1)
Gk
Q k ,i
(
) .
,
,
,
2000
115
.4.1.2.2 2
[1]
(4.2)
,
,
, 2 .
,
( , , .)
.
z
.
.
, ( )
( )
. ,
.
,
( 0.005 ),
. 4.2.2,
(. . .4.2.2).
: {2}, {3}, {4}, {5}, {10}, {15}, {18}.
116
2000 -
. ,
(.. ).
[4]
,
4.1.
4.1:
A/A
1.1
, , , ,
0.3
1.2
(, ,
.)
0.5
1.3
0.6
1.4
(, ,
, , , .)
0.8
1.5
0.0
0.0
( )
0.3
4.1.2.2 2
[1]
,
(4.1) ( P-),
,
(4.2), 0.10.
N
V h
......................................................................................................................................................... (4.2)
N , V
(4.1),
. H :
= q
........................................................................................................................................................ (4.3)
:
q
2000
117
.4.1.3
[1]
(4.4)
. ,
, m ,
,
,
.
.
[2]
/ ,
, .
, ( ),
,
, .
,
4 :
118
2000 -
,
,
(4.1)
.
[2]
O
X Y.
[3]
[4]
0.20 .
[5]
2
[1],
[3] [4],
2
.
.
4.1.3
[1]
Sd R d ............................................................................................ (4.4)
:
[2]
Sd
(4.1)
Rd
,
( m )
.
(..
)
.
2000
119
max M
min M
max N
min N
...................................................(1)
E x E y ,
X Y , (
), (
)
(. . 4.1.2.3):
E x + 0.30 E y E y + 0.30 E x ,
-. 4
, 4 (1),
(4.1),
,
.
2
3 , M x , M y . ,
6 (max min
) ,
.
, ,
,
, , . ,
min M,
( ).
120
2000 -
4.1.4 ()
- .
[1]
,
,
,
( ).
.
[2]
. ,
2000
121
.4.1.4
[4]
,
. ,
.
,
, .
.
122
2000 -
(
).
[3]
[4]
.
,
.
.
H
. ,
:
(
)
( )
( 4.1).
().
M
(.. )
.
.
(. . 4.1.4.1.[2],
. 5.2.2, B), M R
, ,
. H
.
[5]
2000
123
.4.1.4.1
[1]
, ,
,
,
.
,
.
, ..
(. . .4.1.4.2.()). ,
, .
[2]
CD > 1.00
, ,
().
, ,
.
Rd = 1.40
/ ,
.
CD ( CD = Rd ),
M Rd / M Eb = 1.00 ,
.
124
2000 -
q 1.5 q/2,
1.0, q 2.6.
. 4.1.4.1, . 4.1.5 4.1.6,
(
. .5.2.[2]).
. 5.2.2, cd .
4,
3, q=1.
4.1.4.1
[1]
.
,
. ,
. 4.1.4.2,
,
( M CD ) (4.1). H
(4.1).
[2]
H M CD,c
M Ec , ,
,
M CD ,c = CD M Ec
...................................................................................................................................... (4.5)
CD ( ),
:
CD = Rd M Rd / M Eb
.................................................................................................................
(4.6)
M Rd
,
M Ec .
2000
125
[6]
:
, ,
.
Rd .
:{10}, {11}, {19}.
126
2000 -
M Eb
M Ec .
Rd
=1.40
.
[3]
H
. O
, ,
.
[4]
CD , ,
.
[5]
M Ec,1
, .
M Ec ,1 > M Eb
:
M CD ,c =1.40 M EC M SC
...................................................................................................................... (4.7)
M SC (4.1).
[6]
,
(4.1)
.
.
2000
127
.4.1.4.2
.
[4]
,
( )
.
M Rd / M Eb ,
CD (4.6). ,
CD .
,
,
(. . .4.1.4.1.[1]).
, CD
q .
: {10}, {17}.
.
[1]
(. 4.1.5.1.[4]), (
) . ,
128
2000 -
4.1.4.2
.
[1]
. .
[1]
.
.
[2]
(
).
. O
1.35 M Ec M SC
.
[3]
,
,
.
[4]
, CD
q
( CD q ).
.
[1]
2000
129
.
.
[2]
V 0.60
.
[3]
,
.
: {10}, {12}, {13}, {19}.
130
2000 -
( . .1.4).
[2]
,
v =
,
v > 0.60
............................................................................................................................................................... (4.8)
,
.
[3]
[4]
.
:
)
, ,
,
1/3
,
[2] .
. 3.3.3.[7].
.
, ,
.
, .
(), (), ()
[3], . 4.1.4.1
(4.8).
4.1.5
[1]
[2]
2000
131
.4.1.7
.4.1.7.1
.
[1]
,
. (), ()
() , , ,
. (), () ()
, , . (), () (),
132
2000 -
.
[3]
B.
4.1.6
[1]
. O
1.20.
[2]
.
( ,
, ).
[3]
H
.
[4]
4.1.7
4.1.7.1
[1]
.
.
.
E :
.
[1]
( / )
.
, ,
2000
133
,
, .
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
()
,
,
.
[3]
,
.
[4]
(
) ,
(, , ). , ,
134
2000 -
.
[2]
[3]
() .
(.. )
2
( . 4.1.4.2.).
( )
.
4.00
( L, ..).
,
.
. H
.
.
, , , ,
..
. O
( B,
B1.3) q = 1.00.
[4]
,
. 4.1.4.2..
2000
135
,
, .
,
.
,
.
, ,
. , ,
.
,
,
, .
,
,
,
.
,
,
.
, ,
. ,
,
.
, ,
.
( ),
, .
,
( ),
. 4.1.4.1,
.
,
(
136
2000 -
, (.. Pilotis
).
2000
137
) (Pilotis
).
, . 4.1.4.2., ,
,
.
[4]
138
2000 -
.
[1]
( ) .
()
(..
)
. ,
.
[2]
.
[1]
,
.
[2]
[3]
,
.
.
[4]
[5]
(..
, Gerber ..)
.
2000
139
.4.1.7.2 -
[1]
, ,
( ) ,
, .
[3]
,
,
. ,
,
( ), /
( , ,
).
.
[4]
,
, ,
,
. ,
, ,
,
, ,
.
: {2}, {19}, {20}.
140
2000 -
4.1.7.2
[1]
,
,
.
[2]
.
.
[3]
( = q ) ,
.
,
.
[4]
,
,
, ,
:
4 cm 3
8 cm 4 8
10 cm 8
.
4.2
EPIOPIMO BABN
4.2.1
[1]
2
,
.
2000
141
.4.2.2
< ,
:
q
2.50 h
h
0.005 0.007
,
:
N q
V h
. 4.1.2.4 .
, , :
= 2.50 m / , q 2.50
= q m / , q < 2.50
:
= V / N ,
m ,
m < .
= V / N
,
(
). , 0.10,
:
:
= 25 , q 2.50 ,
= 10 q , q < 2.50
op
0.20
0.175
op = 0.007
0.125
op = 0.005
0.10
2.50
1.00
142
2.00
3.00
4.00
2000 -
4.2.2
[1]
[2]
, ,
,
0.005.
( ,
.)
0.007.
O
3,
q / 2.50 1.00.
.
2000
143
, ,
, 0.10 ,
m .
: {2}, {3}, {4}, {5}, {15}, {16}, {17}, {19}, {22}.
144
2000 -
4.2.3
[1]
H p = Wp p / q p
................................................................................................................................... (4.17)
Wp ,
[2]
. 3.7.[2],
qp
p
1.50:
A
.
.
[3]
q p
q p =1.00
.
.
K, ,
1/2
.
T
.
2000
145
{1}
, .
, 1995.
{2}
{3}
{4}
{5}
146
2000 -
q p =2.50
E . M
2.00 m.
K, ,
1/2 .
.
A .
A .
H ,
, 2 KN.
[4]
1 2 I
q p =2.50 2
II.
2000
147
{6}
{7}
New Zealand Standard Code of Practice for the Design of Concrete Structures,
Standard Association of New Zealand, 1982.
{8}
{9}
148
2000 -
2000
149
152
2000 -
, ,
5.1
5.1.1
[1]
,
, ,
.
5.1.2 P
[1]
2, 3 4
.
[2]
O
.
.
.
,
,
.
[3]
,
.
.
25% 2.
5.1.3
[1]
,
.
H
. 5.4. ,
.
2000
153
154
2000 -
, ,
5.1.4
[1]
O
,
.
2 ( ),
.
[2]
, ,
,
.
[3]
,
,
,
(.
. .5).
5.1.5
[1]
()
.
.
,
.
.
5.2
5.2.1
[1]
,
.
[2]
O
. ,
2000
155
.5.2.2
, (5.1) (5.2),
.
20%
.
: {1}, {2}, {3}, {4}, {5}, {6}.
156
2000 -
, ,
.
.
5.2.2
[1]
SFd ,
, :
S Fd = S v + CD SE
.................................................................................................................................... (5.1)
[2]
Sv
(, , )
SE
CD ,
(5.2).
CD ,
:
CD =1.20 M R / M E M V / M E q
..................................................................................... (5.2)
M R M E
,
(. . 4.1.4.[3]
4.1.4.[4])
[3]
,
, CD
. .5.3.[1].
[4]
(, ),
(5.1) CD , 1.35
.
2000
157
.5.2.3
.5.2.3.1
[2]
,
,
,
( c u ,
c tan).
158
2000 -
, ,
[5]
. 3.4.4.[2] 3.5.3.[4],
,
==0.3
CD = 1.0.
[6]
(.. )
(5.1)
,
.
5.2.3
5.2.3.1
[1]
H . 5.2.2
.
, . 5.2.3.2 5.2.3.3,
:
(
)
( ).
. 5.4
. 5.2.3.2 5.2.3.3, .
[2]
. 5.2.3.2
5.2.3.3 Z,
c d d .
.
5.2.3.2
[1]
, :
( )
[1]
2000
159
160
2000 -
, ,
N Fd R Nd
..................................................................................................................................................... (5.3)
N Fd
( )
(5.1),
R Nd
( )
,
, S Fd (5.1).
[2]
R Nd ,
.
, ,
.
[3]
.
.
[4]
1/3
, (5.3)
,
, , 1/
3 (
, 1/9 ).
1/3
:
,
. 5.2.4.1
( q > 1.0 ) CD
(5.2) q.
. 5.1.5.
1/4 ,
.
2000
161
.5.2.3.2
.
[1]
40% ,
. 5.2.1.
: {1}, {4}, {5}, {6}.
162
2000 -
, ,
[1]
VSd R Sd + R Pd
....................................................................................................................................... (5.4)
[2]
VSd
(5.1),
,
, . 5.2.2.[6],
R Sd
R Pd
.
40%
.
R Pd
,
.
R Sd :
1) :
R Sd = NFd tan( d )
................................................................................................................................. (5.5)
NFd
(5.1)
:
d ,
,
2000
163
.5.2.3.3
: {3}, {5}, {11}.
164
2000 -
, ,
( 2 / 3) d ,
,
/,
.
2) :
R Sd = A s u 0.4 N Fd
...................................................................................................................... (5.6)
,
,
su
N Fd
[1]
(5.1)
.
( Winkler),
,
.
5.2.3.3 (, , )
[1]
.
,
.
[1]
,
:
H .
H ( ).
H .
2000
165
166
2000 -
, ,
[2]
H
(. . 5.1.5)
.
[3]
.
.
[4]
.
.
[5]
:
,
,
.
[6]
O
.
, ,
:
, 3.[3]
.
V
3 4.
[1]
1, 2 3 :
( )
[1]
N Pd R Nd
..................................................................................................................................................... (5.7)
N Pd
2000
167
168
2000 -
, ,
(5.1)
R Nd
( )
, /
.
,
R Nd .
[2]
.
,
40 mm.
[1]
VT ,d R Td
..................................................................................................................................................... (5.8)
VT ,d
,
(5.1)
R Td
VT ,d ,
, ,
/ .
. 5.1.5, ,
.
[1]
. 5.2.3.3..
[2]
(
(5.1))
.
(5.1)
(5.2).
2000
169
170
2000 -
, ,
[3]
[4]
2d
.
( > 5), 2d
.
.
,
.
(. 5.2.3.3[6]),
30%
,
.
5.2.4
5.2.4.1
[1]
.
. ,
.
.
5.2.4.2
[1]
[2]
.
:
Fd = N m
................................................................................................................................................... (5.9)
( = A / g ),
Nm
2000
171
172
2000 -
, ,
[3]
0.40 A, 0.50
B 0.60 .
H
:
A I II,
.
M
12.00 m, .
[4]
,
.
(5.1).
[5]
, ,
0.20m.
[2].
[6]
( )
.
5.2.4.3
[1]
,
. 5.2.3.1 5.2.3.2,
,
.
,
.
[2]
,
( )
.
.
.
.
2000
173
.5.3 ANTITHPIEI
MononobeOkabe, ,
.
q w = 1.00
() , , ,
, ,
. ,
, .
174
2000 -
, ,
5.3
ANTITHPIEI
[1]
,
, .
. 5.2.3.2 5.2.3.3 .
.
[2]
.
( 10m)
( 30m)
.
[3]
,
:
[1]
/
0.10% .
Mononobe - Okabe,
h W
V W W.
( ),
[7] .
[2]
O h
h = / qw
................................................................................................................................................. (5.10)
qw
2000
175
[6]
Mononobe - Okabe (. )
)
=i=0 (
), (.2) :
K AE =
cos 2 ( )
sin( + ) sin( )
cos cos( + ) 1 +
cos( + )
max K AE =
176
cos 2 (i )
cos( i) cos 2 cos( + + i)
2000 -
, ,
q w
300 ( mm)
2.00
200 ( mm)
1.50
1.20
1.00
()
0.70
[3]
O v 0.30.
= = 0.30 . 3.4.4.[4] 3.5.3.[4].
[4]
h v
( L).
[5]
H -
( 2 / 3) d , d
.
[6]
, MononobeOkabe.
2000
177
,
h , ,
K AE .
o
6
.
:
: {6}, {7}, {8}, {9}.
1.50 H
0 H
0.50 H
[1]
, ,
,
Mononobe-Okabe.
( ) .
, ,
. , ,
'
(
178
2000 -
, ,
5
[7]
( ),
.
.
[1]
. ..
,
.
[2]
1.50 H
0.50 H ,
H ( = . H
10.00m).
. ( ).
[1]
,
, ,
.
.
(),
K AE K A
K AE K A , Mononobe-
2000
179
Mononobe-Okabe). ,
(
s ).
[2]
,
.
, ( ),
( Eestergaard)
. ,
Mononobe-Okabe
( ).
: {1}, {10}.
180
2000 -
, ,
Okabe (. . ), { h , v } ,
.
,
,
s .
[2]
p(z) = (7 / 8) h w Hz
............................................................................................................... (5.11)
:
H
[3]
,
p(z )
().
[1]
.
,
1+1.50.
[2]
2.00
.
5.4
PANH - ANAXMATA
5.4.1
[1]
H
.
2000
181
182
2000 -
, ,
: h =
............................................................................................................................ (5.12)
: V = 0.50
................................................................................................... (5.13)
,
0.5 ( B + K ) / 2
5.4.2.
[2]
, III IV
3 4
,
/
.
( ) .
5.4.2
[1]
H 15.00 m
,
:
B = 0.50 ,
K = B (T ) ,
:
(T)
, : T = 2.5 (H / Vs )
: Vs
.
[2]
15m,
, ,
. ,
.
,
.2,
q=1.0, =1.0 =1.0.
2000
183
{1}
{2}
{3}
{4}
{5}
{6}
Seismic Design of Bridges, Bridge Commitee, New Zealand National Society for
Earthquake Engineering, 1980.
{7}
{8}
Okabe S., General Theory of Earth Pressure, Journal Japanese Society of Civil
Engineers, Volume 12, No. 1, 1926.
{9}
Richards R. and Elms, D.G., Seismic Behavior of Gravity Retaining Walls, Journal
of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Volume 105, No. GT4, 1979.
{10} Japan Society of Civil Engineers: Earthquake Resistant Design for Civil Engineering
Structures, Earth Structures and Foundations in Japan, 1977.
{11} Gazetas G., Fan K., Kaynia A., Kausel E., Ahmad S., Kinematic Seismic Response of
Single Pipes and Pile Groups, Journal Geot. Engineering, ASCE, Vol.117, 1991.
184
2000 -
, ,
5.4.3
[1]
H
1.00.
2000
185
188
2000 -
A.1
[1]
e (T) :
0 T < T1
T
e (T) = A I 1+ ( 0 1)
TI
T1 T T2
e ( T) = A I 0
T2 < T
T
e ( T) = A I 0 2
T
e (T )
T1 T2
,
2.4
,
2.2,
2.3,
0 =2.50
5%.
[2]
0.70.
[3]
A.2
[1]
/
,
,
. A.2.1.
2000
189
190
2000 -
A.2.1
[1]
:
)
, ,
, ,
.
0.02 sec.
, ,
,
.
,
,
. A.1 5%.
:
[2]
(5) . .
. A.1.[2].
.
E
. A.1 0.20 sec.
18 0.01 1 sec.
10 1 2 sec.
8 2 4sec.
A.2.2
[1]
. A.1.
2000
191
194
2000 -
B.1
B.1
[1]
. 4.1.4.[4] .
B.1.1
[1]
..................................................................
(B.1)
M R ,c1 , M R ,c 2
,
.
(. .
4.1.4.[4]),
VE ,c
lc
B.1.2
[1]
.......................................... (B.2)
V0,b
(4.1),
M R ,b1 , M R ,b 2
,
,
VE ,b
lb
2000
195
.B.1.4
196
2000 -
B.1.3
B.1.3
[1]
,
,
, . B.1.1 B.1.2,
. 4.1.4.[4]
.
[2]
CD (4.6)
(4.7).
( M R ,b > M R ,c ),
M R ,c M R ,b (. . 4.1.4.[4]) (4.6).
[3]
H e ( )
:
VCD,e = V0 ,e + VCD ,e
.................................................................................................................................. (B.3)
:
VCD ,e = ( CD ,1 M E ,e1 + CD , 2 M E ,e 2 ) / l e
................................................................................... (B.3)
[4]
V0,e
(4.1),
CD,1 , CD , 2
, [2],
M E ,e1 , M E ,e 2
le
.
. B.2.[4].
B.1.4
[1]
( , l / b > 4 )
()
.
, .
2000
197
[2]
1.30 ,
(.4.), ,
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
.
MR , w O / 3
VCD , w O / 3
MR , w O
VCD , w O
198
2000 -
,
. ,
.
[2]
H
,
,
:
VCD , w 0 = CD VE , w 0
.................................................................................................................................... (B.4.)
:
CD = Rd M R , w 0 / M E , w 0 q
...............................................................................................................
(B.4.)
[3]
Rd
1.30
,
M E , w 0 VE ,w 0
()
M R ,w 0
, .
4.1.4.[4].
CD (B.4.),
1/3 ,
:
2000
199
.B.2
.
, (
d )
( c ) :
d = 1 + 3 p (1 0.50 p ) ( c 1)
:
c = 1 + ( d 1) /[3 p (1 0.50 p )]
:
p = l p / l = / .
200
2000 -
[4]
,
CD (B.4.).
1/3 M R , w 0
M R , w 0 , :
M CD , w = CD M E , w
.............................................................................................................................. (B.6)
M R , w 0 / 3 M CD , w M R , w 0
........................................................................................................ (B.6)
,
,
, K
M K . O
,
.
[5]
,
.
,
VCD , w 0 / 3 M CD, w 0 / 3
[3] [4],
1/ 3
(J w / J w 0 ) , J w J w 0
.
B.2
[1]
.
,
cu = 0.35% .
0.50 cu .
:
,
2000
201
l p
, ( p )
d :
l p = pd ,
(0.50 p 1.00)
c
20
5
16
4
12
3
8
2
4
0
0
8 10 12 14 16
0 = l / h
, p
0 :
0 = l / d (= / )
:
l p = p / 0
d c
0 ,
p (
0.50 < p < 1.00 ).
, 2.50 3.50
6.00 12.00.
d c
,
/
.
,
(..
,
).
, , d
c
.
( 4): {10}, {14}.
202
2000 -
2000
203
c
( u h ) ( y h )
.
:
cu =
cu
u h
H :
cy =
sy
(1 y ) h
c u / c y c .
, :
cu 1 y
c cu 0.35% sy = 0.20%
sy u
u 1.75 (1 y ) / c
H
c = 10
max u
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.15
0.30
0.45
0.10
0.05
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
y u
,
s = sy = 0.20% y c = cu = 0.35%
u .
204
2000 -
2000
205
,
,
. 18.3.2
. (
),
( , , .),
.
[3]
.
, ,
.
( 4): {1}, {2}, {10}, {21}.
[4]
,
,
,
.
, ,
( )
. ,
, (
) .
,
.
. ,
.
,
( )
.
206
2000 -
[2]
, ,
,
.
[3]
.
.
[4]
,
CD
. ..
.
A
.
2000
207
..2
[1]
net /A
.
, .
210
2000 -
.1
[1]
, , (b/t). O
(q),
, , 1.
.2
[1]
, ,
,
A net / A = 1.262 f y / f u
f y f u
.
A
.
.3
[1]
.
,
( ).
[2]
,
.
[3]
R d 1.20 R fy
................................................................................................................................................ (.1)
R d , R fy
.
[4]
2000
211
212
2000 -
1: b/t
.
(
)
q4 4q2
2>q
33
38
42
50 2
70 2
90 2
, &
b
66
78
90
33
39
41
33
39
41
10
12
10
12
b
b
.
b
.
.
.
b
.
b
10
12
20
22
26
2000
213
214
2000 -
= 235 / f y
T 1 ( )
(+)
.
.4
fy
235
275
355
1.00
0.92
0.81
.4.1
[1]
E . 4.1.4.1 4.1.4.2 A
K.
.4.2
[1]
[2]
M s / M pd 1.00
.................................................................................................................................... (.2.1)
N s / N pd 0.15
...................................................................................................................................... (.2.2)
Ms
Ns
N pd , M pd , VPd
,
,
Vo
2000
215
..5
:
216
2000 -
VM = (M RA + M RB ) / l
.
l
[3]
. .3 Mpd
Vo + VM
.
.4.3
[1]
. 4.1.4.1 .
[2]
H
:
,
4
,
:
V / Vpd 1.00
.......................................................................................................................................... (.3.2)
[4]
.5
.5.1
[1]
.
.
[2]
2 :
.
,
( ). O
2000
217
( )
..5.2
.
,
. ,
,
{1}.
.
. ,
.
.
L/r
,
, .
,
.
{1}
218
AISC Seismic Provisions for structural steel building, June 15, 1992
2000 -
( X)
. Acos
( A
) 10% 2
.
V .
.
O V
.
[3]
K,
,
2 ,
(q = 1.00). H
I 1.
.5.2
[1]
Ns
N pd .
E . .2 .3 .
[2]
H
:
fy
N cr = 2 EI / l 2
Euler .
2000
219
..6
Ic
Ic
220
2000 -
HMEIH: H 1.50
(4.1)
:
N Pdi
N vdi
( N vdi = 0)
N Edi
(4.1).
[2]
V
,
.
.6
.6.1
[1]
(-
-).
.
.
[2]
O
I c
2000
221
222
2000 -
I 0 = 2 M pc / Vpc
M pc Vpc
.
I c / I o 0.80 (
).
I c / I o 1.30 (
).
.
.
[3]
. (,
)
, .
.6.2
[1]
A,
1.
, .
[2]
.
0,75 t w 10 mm.
[3]
I c / I o 1.40 .
, ,
600 mm. H
:
56 t w d / 5 I c / I o 1.15
38 t w d / 5 I c / I o 0.80 .
I c / I o
.
[4]
,
:
2000
223
224
2000 -
N pc = 2b f t f f y + h w t w f y
................................................................................................................. (.6.1)
M pc = b f t f (h w + t f )f y + 0.25t w h 2w f y
Vpc = h w t w f y / 3
............................................................................... (.6.2)
............................................................................................................................... (.6.3)
b f t f
, , ,
h w t w
, ,
fy
[5]
,
(. . 4.2).
[6]
,
:
N sc / N pc 0.10
.................................................................................................................................... (.7.1)
M sc / M pc 0.70
................................................................................................................................... (.7.2)
N sc , M pc , Vsc
,
max
Vsc .
.6.3
[1]
. 5.3 :
................................................................................ (.8)
Vsdi , M sdi
, ,
( )
Vpdi , M pdi
2000
225
226
2000 -
.7
[1]
( / )
,
,
.
[2]
= 1.50.
2000
227
230
2000 -
Mononobe-Okabe
i
v
h
E AE
.1:
[1]
E AE ,
{ h , v }, :
E AE = 0.5 H 2 (1 v ) K AE ................................................................(.1)
:
K AE =
cos 2 ( )
sin( + ) sin( i)
cos cos 2 cos( + + ) 1 +
cos( + + ) cos(i )
= arctan h
1 v
,...(.2)
,..................................................................................(.3)
h v
( i .1),
( )
2000
231
232
2000 -
[2]
(.2) sin( i) ,
0.
[3]
, h
:
h / H = 0.40
[4]
(.4)
,
, :
K PE =
[5]
.....................................................................................................................................................
cos 2 ( + )
sin( + ) sin( + i)
cos cos 2 cos( + ) 1
cos( + ) cos(i )
.(.5)
L ( b H / 3 ), ,
, = i .
, ,
( h , v )
.
b
B
i
v
h
E AE
.2: L
2000
233
236
2000 -
[1]
,
(.. ),
,
(...),
.
,
,
. 4.1.2 4.1.3 ,
.
[2]
,
:
: ,
.
: ,
.. 19/26.2.1959 (
36/) .
: ,
.. 19/26.2.1959 ( 36/),
: 1) 2/01/44/275/4.4.84 (
239/) .. 19/26.2.1959 2)
2/01/94/275/30.9.85 ( 587/)
12 .. 19/26.2.1959.
:
17/08/32/275/30.9.92 ( 613/)
.
[3]
...:
,
, [2],
,
:
)
1 2
2.3 ..., ,,, [2]
.. 19/26.2.1959 ( 36/),
: 1) 2/01/44/275/4.4.84 (
239/) .. 19/26.2.1959
2000
237
238
2000 -
2) 2/01/94/275/30.9.85 ( 587/)
12 .. 19/26.2.1959.
12, ...
)
[2] ,
( )
1.10
,
.
...
.
[2], ,
,
.
2000
239
242
2000 -
[1]
Fi ,x
Fi, y
( (i)
) :
ef =
2
R f eo ,
r
er =
2 1 Dr
1
eo
r l r o 2
L rx ,i
Fi , x
efy ,i
Mi
Mi , y
Fi , x
eoy,i
e ry,i
Po
eox ,i M i, x
Fi , y
Fi, y
e rx ,i
L ry ,i
e fx ,i
.1: .
:
1/ 2
2 1
1
1
2 n + 2 n 212 n n
Rf =
2 A1
A2
A1 A 2
2
2 2r1
Dr =
2 n + r22n + 212 rn1 r 2n
2 A1
A2
A1 A 2
1/ 2
2 =
2 o
o2 + 2 1
, o =
2000
eo
p
,
r
243
244
2000 -
A1 = 1 o ,
A 2 =1+ 0 ,
r =
r1 = l r ,
r 2 = + l r ,
lr =
r12 = A 2 A
1
12 =
Lr
r
8 2 (1 + r12 ) r123 2
10 4 (1 r122 ) 2 + 4 2 r12 (1 + r12 ) 2
o
( ) o = 2 o 2o + 2 1
= o 2 o > 0 = 90 o o 2 o < 0 .
e o
ef , e r
Po Po M i , x Po M i , y
M i x y. Lrx, Lry
( )
.
, x y
(i) (. .1) :
e oi x y
(. e ox ,i e oy.i ).
ri (i).
x y (.
x y ).
oi = e oi ri , i = ri , l ri = L ri ri
x y (. ox ,i = e ox , i ri , x ,i = x ri , l rx ,i = L rx , i ri , .).
n=1 T T2 n = 2 3 T > T2 ,
x y (. Tx Ty ).
( %).
e r
1
. e f e o e r e o
2
.
2000
245
248
2000 -
.1
[1]
(
) R Nd , ,
.
() ,
.
:
c ,
S u ( ),
e = M / N V. , M V
,
( V
),
, , ,
, ,
,
.
[2]
- (
. 5.2.3.2..[2] ),
- ()
= w .
= w (1 + j)
j,
B = B 2 e B
, e B
,
L = L 2 e L
, e L
L B ,
2000
249
250
2000 -
A = B
L
A = B L
,
,
,
.
c, q
, .
.
.2
[1]
R Nd ( )
V :
R Nd / A = (2 + ) Su c c + q
................................................................................................ (.1)
:
:
c = 0.5 1 + 1 V / A S u
.......................................................................................................... (.3)
, ,
c (.3)
.
.3
Z.3
[1]
R Nd ( )
V :
R Nd / A = c N c c c + q N q q q + 0.5 B N
.............. (.4)
:
:
..................................................................................................
2000
(.5.)
251
252
2000 -
N c = ( N q 1) / tan
..................................................................................................................................
(.5.)
, VL ,
L :
q = 1 VL /( N + A c cot )
......................................................................................................
(.7.)
= q ............................................................................................................................................................................ (.7.)
c = ( q N q 1) /( N q 1)
......................................................................................................................
(.7.)
, VB ,
:
q = [1 0.7 VB /( N + A c cot )]
.......................................................................................
(.8.)
................................................................................................
(.8.)
......................................................................................................................
(.8.)
= [1 VB /( N + A c cot )]
c = ( q N q 1) /( N q 1)
VL L, VB
,
B L ,
(-8) (-7), :
tan = VB / VL ...........................................................................................(.10)
2000
253
254
2000 -
.4
[1]
:
(
)
(
)
( ).
[2]
[3]
.3
.
/
.
.5
.5
[1]
, ,
,
u.
[2]
u
.
E :
tan E = (1 u / o ) tan
......................................................................................................
(.11)
u / o = / ,
,
c E .
2000
255
256
2000 -
[3]
,
o E :
E = 0.60
E = 0.40 V.
.6
[1]
1
2 ( 4000 m3),
,
.
.
[2]
E
( ), R Fd
:
R Fd / A = 2 i E
................................................................................................................................
(Z.12)
i,
V ( 2 ),
:
i = (1 V / N)1.4
......................................................................................................................................
(Z.13)
A
.1.
2000
257