DATA COMMUNICATION

Lecture-12

Recap of Lecture 11
Signals Analog and Digital Analog and Digital Data & Signals Periodic & Aperiodic Signals Sine Waves and its Characteristics

Overview of Lecture 12

Sine Waves and its Characteristics Control of Signals Time and Frequency Domain Composite Signals

Period and Frequency

1 T f

or

1 f T

Example 4.3
A Sine wave has a frequency of 6 Hz. What is its period? Solution

1 1 T 0.17 sec f 6

Example 4.5
A Sine wave completes one cycle in 4 seconds. What is its frequency? Solution:

1 1 f 0.25Hz T 4

Another Way to Look at Frequency

Measurement of the rate of change

How fast the wave moves from its lowest to its highest point

Changes in Short Time: High Frequency

Two Frequency Extremes

No change at all Zero frequency

Instantaneous changes Infinite frequency

Phase
Phase describes the position of the waveform relative to time zero Phase describes the amount of backward or forward shift of the waveform
Measured in Degrees or Radians

Phase

Example 4.7
A sine wave is offset 1/6 of a cycle with respect to time zero. What is its phase?
One Cycle = 360 Degrees 1/6 of a cycle =360/6= 60 Degrees

Control of Signals
Signal can be controlled by three attributes: Amplitude Frequency Phase

Control of Signals- Amplitude

Control of Signals- Frequency

Control of Signals- Phase

Time and Frequency Domain

Time and Frequency Domain Example

Composite Signals

Summary
Sine Waves and its Characteristics Control of Signals Time and Frequency Domain Composite Signals

Suggested Reading
Section
4.4, 4.5
Data Communications and Networking 4th Edition by Behrouz A. Forouzan