-

49

COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR OF mATuRAL GASES AT 6 0 0 ~ AKD ONE ATMOSPHERF:

D. McA. Mason and B. E. =in

I n s t i t u t e of Gas Technology Chicago, Illinois

INTRODUCTION

Modern a n a l y t i c a l techniques Pave markedly improved r;he accuracy For many y e a r s f u e l gases were analyzed by volumetric techniques, such a s the Orsat o r Podbielniak. Heating values and s p e c i f i c g r a v i t i e s were a l s o determined a t atmospheric conditions f o r pure components and f u e l gas mixtures, thus r e s u l t i n g i n r e a l gas values. However, because of low accuracy i n the a n a l y t i c a l methods, p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h r e s p e c t t o determination of t h e heavier hydrocarbons, d i f f e r e n c e s between calcul a t e d and observed h e a t i n g values were g e n e r a l l y a s c r i b e d t o experimental techniques, and not i n t e r p r e t e d on the basis of gas law deviations.
w i t h which t h e composition of a gas can be measured.

With t h e advent of the mass spectrometer, more a c c u r a t e and complete analyses o f gas mixtures m y be obtained. These analyses a a r e on a t r u e mole f r a c t i o n , OP i d e a l g a s , basis. Also, a c c u r a t e i d e a l gas heat of combustton values can now be derived from t h e work of Rossini et API p r o j e c t 44'. However, f u l l u t i l i z a t i o n o f t h i s i m p r o v z accuracy can not p r e s e n t l y be obtained i n t h e calcul a t i o n of r e a l gas h e a t i n g values and s p e c i f t c gravit-Les. The l a c k of s u f f i c i e n t data t o permit a c c u r a t e p r e d i c t i o n of the c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y f a c t o r f o r r e a l gas mixtures mag r e s u l t i n s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s between measured values and those c a l c u l a t e d from the gas a n a l y s i s . Largest d e v t a t i o n s occur i n f u e l gases containing a p p r e c i a b l e quant i t i e s of h e a d e r c o n s t i t u e n t s .

s.,

A n experlmental program was t h e r e f o r e planned t o o b t a i n c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y f a c t o r data a t 60F and one atmosphere on f u e l gas components and mixtures. It was a n t i c i p a t e d that these data would provide the b a s i s f o r development o f generalized procedures f o r p r e d i c t i o n of c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y f a c t o r s of gas mixtures. T h i s p r o j e c t was undertaken a s p a r t of the continuing b a s i c r e s e a r c h program of t h e I n s t i t u t e of Gas Technology, and was sponsored by The Peoples Natural Gas Company. The r e s u l t s obtained f o r n a t u r a l gas components and mixtures a r e reported here.

Methods used f o r determination of gas c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y f a c t o r f a l l i n t o two groups: 1) gas d e n s i t y , and 2 ) p r e s s u r e - r e l a t i v e volume measurement. I n the ffrst group of methods, gas d e n s i t y i s measured by gas balance o r by d i r e c t weighing i n a bulb. The c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y f a c t o r i s c a l c u l a t e d from the expression:

50

where V i s t h e volume of one mole c a l c u l a t e d from t h e d e n s i t y and molecular weight of the gas. The accuracy of t h i s method depends on a b s o l u t e values of p r e s s u r e , volume and temperature.
I n che second group of methods, measurements of pressure and r e l a t i v e volume a r e made over a range of p r e s s u r e , and pV o r a r e l a t e d parameter i s e x t r a p o l a t e d t o zero pressure, a s i n che A method of t h i s kind f o r use a t p r e s s u r e s near Wlrnett atmospheric was described by J e s s e n and Lightfoot .6 Data are obtained a t two o r three different p r e s s u r e s by confining t h e sample of gas i n p r o g r e s s i v e l y l a r g e r volumes over mercury. The c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y f a c t o r i s calculated by f i t t i n g t h e pV measurements (V is the measured volum h e r e ) with a n equation such a s :

Here t h e accuracy depends primarily on r e l a t i v e volime and pressure measurements, and constancy of temperature, r a t h e r than on a b s o l u t e values of t h e s e q u a n t i t i e s . Absolute values of pressure and t e m p e r a t u r e a f f e c t t h e r e s u l t i n a much less c r i t i c a l way; that i s , by t h e dependence of z on pressure and temperature, and not by the dependence of pV and RT. S i a i l a r l y t h e accuracy of z f o r mixtures i s not a f f e c t e d by the dependence of gas d e n s i t y on composition, Hwever, the method i s dependent on the l i n e a r i t y of z w i t h pressure.

According t o the s t a t i s t i c a l mechanical expressions f o r vLria1 coefficients i n the equation

p-J
=

RT ( 1

Bp

Cp2

...)

(3)

t h e second v i r i a l c o e f f i c i e n t , B, r e p r e s e n t s t h e d e v i a t i o n from i d e a l behavior involving c o l l i s i o n s between two molecules .' Frorn t h i s theory i t a l s o follows that t h e second v i r i a l c o e f f i c i e n t f o r mixtures involves o n l y binary i n t e r a c t i o n terms, and i s of t h e form:

B,
+

x12& + xz2B2

~ 3 ~ B 3 +

...
+
- . a

2 ~ 1 ~ 2 B ~ ~ 1 ~ 3 B 1 3 2X2x3B23 + 22 +

(4)

where B1, B2, &, a r e second v i r i a l c o e f f i c i e n t s of t h e pure componenT;s, and B12, B13, B23, a r e interaction coefficiencs. The l a t t e r can be evaluated by experimental determination of on b i n a r y mixtures, t o g e t h e r w t t h knowledge of t h e B f s f o r pur %Is components. The e f f e c t of t h e t h i r d a r i a 1 c o e f f i c i e n t a t one atmosphere i s very small and i s consldered l a c e r .

...

...

F i v e components u s u a l l y occur i n n a t u r a l gases i n concentrations of 5% o r more: methane, ethane, propane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Minor amoimts of isobutane, _n-butane, isopentane and 2-pentane a l s o occur, t o g e t h e r v i t h t r a c e s of heavier hydrocarbons. A review of the l i t e r a t u r e indicated that s u f f l c i e n t l y r e l i a b l e values of atmospheric pre s s u m compres s i b i l i t y f a c t o r s a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e major components, 1 4 but not f o r Ghe minor components. Also, although ' o n l y very limited d a t a were a v a i l a b l e on mixtures of t h e s e components, t h e d a t a Indicated that composition had a very s i z e a b l e e f f e c t O L ~ compressibility f a c t o r .

51

Therefore, c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y f a c t o r measurements were made on the pure butanes and pentanes, and on a series of s e l e c t e d mixtures. The InteracLion c o e f f i c i e n t s among the f i v e major components, and of methane v i t h the f o u r minor components, were determined. I n a d d i t i o n , the i n t e r a c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s of n-butane v i z h a l l t j o r couponents m vas measured t o provide a b a s i s Tor p r e d i c t i o n of those not determined experinentally. APPARATUS
The apparatus i s shorrn i n Fig. 1. The mixture p r e p a r a t i o n system, gas e:qxnsion system, mercury r e s e r v o i r and the lower p a r t of the mercury mnorilezer a r e mounted i n a v a t e r b a t h w i t h a p l a t e - g l a s s f r o n t . The temperature of the bath vas maintained w i t h i n 0 0 ' of .5 15.55OC ( G O O F ) , and d i d not vary more than O.0loC d u r i n g any one run.
A and B a r e Hoke s t a i n l e s s s t e e l cam-closing valves. Connection t o g l a s s parts i s made through s t a i n l e s s s t e e l Swagelok fittings and 1/8-in. s t a i n l e s s steel tubing sealed t o the g l a s s w i t h Cekhotinsky cement. Other valves a r e 3oke toggle o r needle valves. The upper part o f t h e long manometer arm extends out of the b a t h and i s equipped w i t h a jacket for water c i r c u l a t i o n . F!anometer arms and jacket a r e constructed of p r e c i s i o n bore tubing; arms 1 and 2 , 1 2 m I D ; arm 3 , 13.8 mm I D . Vacuum i s maintained a t 0.02 mm o r l e s s w i t h a mechanical vacuun pump and dry i c e cold t r a p , and i s read w i t h a t l l t i n g IkLeod gage s e n s i t i v e t o 0.01 mm Hg. Mercury l e v e l s a r e read t o 0.05 mm w i t h a Gaertner 100 em cathetometer.

The mixture p r e p a r a t i o n bulbs, gas expansion b u l b s , and manometer arm 1 were caltbraced i;j 1-eight o f mercury d e l i v e r e d . The volume of valve 3 and t h e c a p i l l a r y manifold i n t h e expansion system, and t h e volume betireen valves A and ,B and t h e t o p of t n e upper bulb i n t h e mixture p r e p r a t i o n system, were determlned w i t h a 1 0 cc gas b u r e t t e . Tine volume betveen t h e t o p and bottom menisci of t h e manometer arm 1, and c o r r e c t i o n s f o r c a p i l l a r y depression, were t a k e n from K i ~ t e m a k e r ~ ' ~ .

PNrnALS

T'ne hydrocarbons used were P h i l l i p s r e s e a r c h grade. According t o the s u p p l i e r , p u r i t y of t h e methane vas 99.68 mole $, with i m p u r i t i e s of ethane and n i t r o g e n . P u r i t y of t h e o t h e r hydrocarbons was 99.9s o r better. The carbon dioxide was PIatheson, bone d r y grade; t h e n i t r o g e n vas Matheson p r e p u r i f i e d . Components o t h e r than n i t r o g e n and methane were condensed i n t h e freezeout t r a p t o remove a i r . The p a r t of t h e apparatus being f i l l e d was f l u s h e d w i t h t h e component before f i l l i n g

PRO CEDURZ

I n making binary mixtures the f i r s t component was measured i n t h e gas expansion system. The second component was measured i n t h e mixture p r e p a r a t i o n system by means of manometer arms 2 and 3 . Thsn valve 4 was closed and t h e gases were mixed by being forced from one b u r e t t o t h e o t h e r s e v e r a l t i m e s . A s i m i l a r procedure was folloved i n maldng multicomponent mixtures, except t h a t t h e i n t e r mediate components vere,measured one a t a t i m e i n the mixture prepa r a t i o n buret and t r a n s f e r r e d t o the gas expansion b u r e t . Cas

52

WERCURY

F i g . l.-SCHEMATICDIAGRAM O F LOW PRESSURE P- APPARATUS V WITH INTEGRAL VOLUMETRIC MIXTURE PREPARATION SYSTEiM

- 53

r e m i n i n g i n the s e c t i o n betiieen valves A and B a f c e r t h e t r a n s f e r vas discarded. I n mos;'cases, t h e two upper b u l b s of the %as expansion buret riere f i l l e d t o a pressure of about 950 mn Hg. Three t o f i v e readings of t h e t o p aDd bottom of t h e mercury menisci i n t h e t u o z m s of t h e m n o u e t e r , and of a reference p o i n t on manometer a m 1 riere caken. The p o s i t i o n of the mercury vas changed a m i l l i m e t e r o r s o f o r each r e a d i n s , t o minimize t h e e f f e c t of l o c a l imperfections of the S i m i l a r readings were nanomezer cubing and place g l a s s irindow taken a f z e r :he gas rras expanded t o f i l l a l l ?;hree bulbs. Heasuremencs on C5 hyd~ocarbons had G O be taken a t lower pressures; a maximum of about 80% of s a t u r a t i o n pressure was used.

Tke a p p r a t u s vas conszructed v i t h t h r e e bulbs t o alloir measurements a t shree d i f f e r e n t p r e s s u r e s on t h e same c'harge of gas i n order t o d e t e c t vayiation of t h e slope i n equation ( 2 ) v i t h pi-essure. EoTiever, from variances o f t h e pV measurements a t d i f f e r e n t p r e s s u r e s , i t vas concluded t h a s b e t c e r accuracy might be obtained i f o n l y t h e l a r g e r volumes rrere used s i n c e volume measurement a s well a s pressure measurement contributed t o ?;he e r r o r . Accordingly , d a t a a t loiier p r e s s u r e s Tvas obtained by relnoval of p a r t of che sample and r e p e a t i n g tzeasurements on t h e same two combinations of b u l b s .

B t a riere f i t t e d t o equation ( 2 ) by l e a s t squares computation on a n Alrrac I11 d i g i t a l compucer.

COtFiESSII3IUTf FACTORS OF PUR3 COEIPONENTS

equation ( 2 ) obtained cn C 4 Fiesulzs f o r t h e c o e f f i c i e n t and C5 p a r a f f i n hydrocarbons a r e presented i n Table 1. Determinat i o n s a t lover pressures were made a s a p a r t of Runs 2 and 6 on n-bucane, and of Runs 3 and 4 on isobutane, t o d e t e c t t h e change of c o e f f i c i e n t \ r i c h pressure. A trend i n the d i r e c t i o n of smaller numerical values of t h e c o e f f i c i e n t a t l o v e r p r e s s u r e s i s evident. Such t e s 5 s Irere conf'ined t o the C4 hydrocarbons, since the e f f e c t i s b a r e l y d e t e c t a b l e w i t h them and i s l i k e l y t o be less w i t h l i g h t e r hydrocarbons and w i t h mixtures. Determination on t h e C5 hydrocarbons a t n e c e s s a r i l y lower p r e s s u r e s would not y i e l d s i g n i f i c a n t r e s u l t s on t n i s question. I n order t o o b t a i n the best value of 1 - 2 (1a t m , GOOF), the t h i r d v i r i a l c o e f f i c i e n t was introduced t o account f o ne observed trend of 2 w i t h pressure: z m,= = 1 + B p + c p 2
KIv

(5)

An approximation formula vas derived from which values of B and C/B could be evaluated from tiT0 measured values of and the average 5 n i t i a l and f i n a l p r e s s u r e s , p1 and p2 of each run

(6) Tae ratio C/B was evaluated by a p p l i c a t i o n of formula ( 6 ) t o the eats from p a i r s of runs on t h e same sample, one made a t normal pressures

Table 1.

54

Rcn No.

n- But a ne 1 2a
2b

-0.03413 -0.03466 -0.03433

-0 -03422 -0 .03423 -0 .034 53

2c 3 4

5'
6a 6b 5c

-0.03411 -0.03437 -0 03397

-0.03416

1 .901 1.826 1.437 1.044 1.849 1.830 1.845 1.852 1.458

0.0336l
0.03417
0.03410
Y

0.03419 0.07374

0.03387 0 A3370 1.027 0.03414 Yeighted Avc 0.03394

u20.00008

o .03362

0. o j 4 o h

(a)

I sobu t a ne
1 2 3a
-0.03022
LO.

02993

3'0 4a 4b

-0.02973
-0.03022

-0.03013

-0.02942

1.894 1.a91 1.a89 0 -937 1.881 0 -895

o .02982
0.02953 0.02973 0.02970 0.02982 0.02947 ifelghted Av&O ,02971
-0.00010 ( a )

n-Pentane
1
2
-0.05504 -0 .05632
0 0

578 525

0.05570 0.05703 Veighted Avg+O .0565

-0.0007

(b)
i
I

Isopentane -0.05199 -0.05076

0 -723

0.766

0.05236 ireighted Ave: 0.0518 20.0005

0.05107

(b)

(a )

From pooled variance or' b values f o r both butanes.

(b) From variance of t h e p'r measurements.

55 -

and the o t h e r a t about h a l f the normal p r e s s u r e s . Runs 2a with 2c, and 6a w i t h 6c, on q-butane, and Runs 3a w i t h 70, and 4a rrith 4b, on isobutane, g i v e C/B r a t i o s of 0.016, 0.007, 0.014 and 0.026, r e s p e c t i v e l y . The average of the f o u r , weighted according t o the variance of t h e pV measurements, was 0.016; i t s standard deviation, a l s o c a l c u l a t e d from t h e variance of t h e pV measurements, vas 0.006.

for

It was d e s i r a b l e t o apply s i m i l a r c o r r e c t i o n s t o our r e s u l t s However, the C/B r a t i o f o r l i g n t e r gases a t 60F i s smaller than those observed f o r the butanes, e . g . , et'hane, 0.0061'3, v h i l e higher r a t i o s a r e t h e o r e t i c a l l y expected f o r heavier hydrocarbons3. The observed r a t i o of C/B f o r t h e butanes iras approximately equal t o B/2. I n o r d e r t o c o r r e c t o u r r e s u l t s on a c o n s i s t e n t b a s i s over t h e complete range of e / d e v i a t i o n s , w adopted a C/B r a t i o of B 2 for a l l the hydrocarbons and mixtures.
C5 hydrocarbon and mixtures.

Gas law d e v i a t i o n s of the C4 and Cs hydrocarbons, i n t h e form of 1-2 values, f o r easy comparison v i t h t h e uncorrected a r e shorrn i n Table 1. blaximum e r r o r of t h e c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y f a c t o r s of t h e butanes i s estimated t o be 0 . 0 3 $ , and f o r t h e pentanes, 0.1s.

Vzlues of gas law d e v i a t i o n s f o r pure components used i n the c a l c u l a t i o n of data on mixtux%s a r e c o l l e c t e d i n T a b l e 3 .

BINARY IDTI?ERACTIOl'?COE?FICIETlTS
I n t e r a c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s determined by neasurernent of r;he compressibility f a c t o r s of binary mixtures of n a t u r a l gas components a r e presented i n Table 2 . These have been c a l c u l a t e d by means of the mixture r u l e o f equation ( 4 ) b u t using the gas lair d e v i a t i o n (1-z) r a t h e r than a c t u a l second v i r i a l c o e f f i c i e n t s . Since t h e t h i r d and higher v i r i a l c o e f f i c i e n t s m&e o n l y a small cont r i b u t i o n (mxinilm about l$) t o t h e d e v i a t i o n , e r r o r from t h i s approximation should not be s i g n i f i c a n t . Estimated standard d e v i a t i o n s of t h e methane - n-butane and methane - n-pentane averages a r e 0.00034 and 0.000455 r e s p e c t i v e l y . The estimated standard d e v i a t i o n of o t h e r average i n t e r a c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s i s 0.00022. Agreement of experimental gas law d e v i a t i o n s w i t h t h e mixture r u l e v a s tested by determinations of i n t e r a c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s on 1:3 and 3:1 mixtures o f methane w i t h ;-butane, and of carbon dioxide Tritn ;-butane. O t h e carbon diox'ide - n-butane system, n agreement i s w i t h i n experimental e r r o r and no wend i s apparent. O t h e nethane - n-butane system, a trend of i n c r e a s i n g i n t e r a c t i o n n coefficien; i r i t h Tncreasing mer;hane content i s noGiceable; hovever , t h e difference between j:1 and 1 : 3 c o e f f i c i e n t s i s not s i g n i f i c a n t a t the 905 confideme l e v e l . Compressibility I'acLors of t h e nethane n-butane mixtures calculated from t h e average i n t e r a c t i o n coefficLenz reporGed i n Table 2 agree v i t h t h e detemnlned values v i t h i n O.OE:', maximum d e v i a t i o n , and agree t o 0.035 on t h e average.

4 COlnooc-N
00

d
CuOCurlN

mo
rld
0 0 00

\Dw\ou)u)
00000 00000

n t

.....
4

..

OCOJ

mot-

lnlnln

000

s%%
000

rlwm

nuJrllnn;ft-=tt000000000

999 9 9 9 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
4

- 57

I n she %nedict-i*lebb-Rilbin equation t h e l i n e a r square r o o t coa'Jination i s u s e d t o p r e d i c t c o n s t a n t s f o r mixtures from cons t a n t s for t h e pure components f o r the second v i r i a l terms. Applied t o c u r parameter t h i s y i e l d s :

Comparison i r i t h eqiacion 4 i n d i c a t e s t h a t i n t e r a c t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t s f o r a given component s h o u l d l i e on a s t r a i g h t line of slope b " l i f p l o t t e d a g a i n s t bZ1 T h i s p l o t i s s h o 1 m i n F i g . 2. Ekperimencal p o i n t s f a l l TeasoEably c l o s e t o t h e predicr,ed value, except f o r carbon dioxide mixtures. I n o r d e r t o r e t a i n t h e advantages of the l i n e a r square rooc combination f o r c a l c u l a t i n g t h e comgressib i l i t y f a c t o r of complex mixtures, a gseudo b value f o r carbon dioxide :has Seen calcula2ed (Table 3 ) .

..

?,TO .four-component mixtures were p?epared and t h e i r gas law deviations measured t o test Eethods of p r e d i c t i n g the c o z p e s s i b i l l c g f a c t o r s of complex mixtures. The measured values a r e presented i n Table 4 , toger;her v i t h values c a l c u l a t e d ,by:

Linear combination of gas lair d e v i a t i o n s of compone~%s, idixture r u l e w i t h binary i n t e r a c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s , e q g a t i o n !", acd Linear sauare r o o t combination of gas law d e v i a t i o n s of p"-lre components equation, ( 7 ) , w i t h t h e pseudo d e v i a t i o n for carbon dioxide. T'nese results i n d i c a t e that t h e c o n p r e s s i b i l j t f a c t o r of complex mixtures can be c a l c u l a t e d by e i t h e r 2 ) o r 3 7 w i t h a n accuracy of 0 . 0 3 5 o r better. T h i s r e p r e s e n t s a d i s t i n c t improvement over t h e l i n e a r combination. Heating values of gas midxtures a r e sometimes c a l c u l a t e d by i s t h e r e a l gas a sumling of terms of t h e form x %i, where l a y i e l d s values heating value of the pure componknt. T h i s f o r t h e tvo mixtures i n Table 4 which are about 3 Btu p e r SCF, o r almost 0.3$, t o o high. A s a r e s u l t of t h i s study i t i s recomended t'hat t h e heating value be calculated on the b a s i s of the i d e a l gas heating values, and be corrected f o r n o n i d e a l i t y by t h e mixture compressibility f a c t o r , calculated by e i t h e r of t h e recomended combining rules, methods 2 ) o r 3 ) . Ey t h i s procedure t h e e r r o r 5 of c a l c u l a t i o n f o r t h e mixtures i n Table 4 i s reduced t o only 0.3 Btu/SCF, o r 0.03%.

fik?l

ACIINO?kmm

This papar summarizes the results of a continuing study of "14easurement of Physical and Thermochemical P r o p e r t i e s of Fuel Gases," sponsored by The Peoples Natural Gas Company s i n c e January, 1959. The authors r a s h t o e x p e s s t h e i r a p p r e c i a t i o n t o t h e sponsor f o r permission t o p u b l i s h t h i s d a t a . IQ. B. X. Tike performed most of the e x p r i m e n t a l measurements agd c a l c u l a t i o n s .

58 -

EXPERIMENTAL ;

0.015

-LINEAR SQUAREROOT COMBINATION

0.0IO

0.00 5

- 59 Table 3 .

GAS L A W DEVIATIONS O NATURAL G S COMPONENTS AT 6 0 O ~ F A AND ONE ATMOSPKECRE

Gas Law Dedation
b Z l - 2

Hydrocarbon Methane Ethane Propane Isobutane n-Putane I sopentane n-Pentane Nitrogen Carbon Dioxide

Source
MI1 API =

0.0019
0.0084 0.0180

MI1

0.0297 0.0339 0.0518 0.0565

o .0003
0.0057*

IGT IGT IGT IGT NBS4 NEB4

* For c a l c u l a t i o n by l i n e a r square r o o t combination, use the

pseudo value, b
= 0.0041.

Table 4.

GAS LAW DEVIATIONS O FOUR-COMPONENT NIXTURES AT F 60O~ AND ONE ATMOSPIIERE

Methane , mole % Ethane, mole $ Propane, mole % Mitrogen, mole $ Carbon Dioxide, mole $ bm measured
bm calculated*

Nixture 1 67.44 16.37 5.30 1 0 .a9

0 .oo

Mixture 2 64.14 20.68

5.02 0 -00

10.16
0.00331

0.00274
(1)
(2)

0.00364 0.00292
0.00285

0.00444 0 00357

(3)

o .00362

bm calculated from

(1) bm =

zxibi
Cxi2bi+C2xixjblj XibiJ
2 ) 2

(2)
(3)

bm = bm = (

- 60 LJTERATCiRE CITED

I358

Amertcan Petroleum Institute, "Selected Values of Properties of Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds," M I Research Project 44. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Institute of Technology, October 31,

Burnett. E.

S.,

J. Applied Mechanics 3 , A-136-40 (1936).

'

DavLd, 9. GG and Hamann, S. D., in Institution of Mechanical Engineers , Themoapmics and Transport Properties of Fluids,'I 74-78. London: The Institution, 1958. Hilsemath, J. et al., "Tables of Thermal Proprties of Gases." mBs Circular - Tashington, D C : Govt. Print. Office, 1955. 5 c . . C. Hirschfelder, J. O., Curtisstl F. and Bird, R. B., "Molecular Theory of Gases and Liqulds, 132. New York: John Wley and Sons, Inc., 1954. Jes'sen,F. W and Lightfoot , J. H., Ind. Eng Chem. 28, . 870-71 (1936) J u l y . Kistemaker, J., Phgsica 11, 270-76 (1945) December. Kistemaker, J., Physica 11, 277-86 (1945) Ikcember. Rossin, F. D. e t al., "Selected Values of Physical and Tkermodynamic PropertEsTf Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds, 44. American Petroleum Institute Research Project - Pittsburgh: Carnegie Press, 1953.

i
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1
1