PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.

139
TABLE 5.23 Properties of Combustible Mixtures in Air
The autoignition temperature is the minimum temperature required for self-sustained combustion in the absence
of an external ignition source. The value depends on specied test conditions. The ammable (explosive) limits
specify the range of concentration of the vapor in air (in percent by volume) for which a ame can propagate.
Below the lower ammable limit, the gas mixture is too lean to burn; above the ammable limit, the mixture is
too rich. Additional compounds can be found in National Fire Protection Association, National Fire Protection
Handbook, 14th ed., 1991.
For alternative nomenclature, see Table 1.15.
Substance
Autoignition
temperature, C
Flammable (explosive)
limits, percent by
volume of fuel (25 C,
760 mm)
Lower Upper
Acetaldehyde 175 4.0 60
Acetanilide 540
Acetic acid, glacial 463 4.0 19.9
Acetic anhydride 316 2.7 10.3
Acetone 465 2.5 12.8
Acetonitrile 524 3.0 16.0
Acetophenone 570
Acetylacetone 340
Acetylene 305 3.0 65
Acetyl chloride 390
Acrolein 220 2.8 31.0
Acrylic acid (2-propenoic acid) 438 2.4 8.0
Acrylonitrile 481 3.0 17.0
Adiponitrile 550 2 5
Allyl acetate 374
Allyl alcohol 378 2.5 18.0
Allylamine 374 2.2 22
Ammonia, anhydrous 651 16 25
Aniline 615 1.3 11
Asphalt 485
Benzaldehyde 192
Benzene 498 1.2 7.8
Benzoyl peroxide 80
Benzyl acetate 460
Benzyl alcohol 436
Benzyl benzoate 480
Benzyl chloride 585 1.1
Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine 399
Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether 369 2.7
Biscyclohexyl 245 0.7 5.1
Bis(2-hydroethyl) ether 229
Bromobenzene 565
1-Bromobutane 265 2.6 6.6
Bromoethane 511 6.8 8.0
Bromomethane 537 10 16.0
1-Bromopropane 490
5.140 SECTION 5
TABLE 5.23 Properties of Combustible Mixtures in Air (Continued)
Substance
Autoignition
temperature, C
Flammable (explosive)
limits, percent by
volume of fuel (25 C,
760 mm)
Lower Upper
3-Bromopropene 295 4.4 7.3
1,3-Butadiene 420 2.0 11.5
Butanal (butyraldehyde) 218 1.9 12.5
Butane 287 1.9 8.5
1,3-Butanediol 395
2,3-Butanediol 402
Butanenitrile 501 1.65
Butanoic acid (butyric acid) 443 2.0 10.0
Butanoic anhydride (butyric anhydride) 279 0.9 5.8
1-Butanol 343 1.4 11.2
2-Butanol 415 1.7 11
2-Butanone 404 1.4 11.4
trans-2-Butenal (crotonaldehyde) 232 2.1 15.9
1-Butene 384 1.6 9.3
cis-2-Butene 324 1.7
trans-2-Butene 324 1.8 9.7
1-Butene oxide 1.5 18.3
3-Buten-1-ol 4.7 34
2-Butoxyethanol 238 4 13
2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate 299
Butyl acetate 425 1.7 7.6
sec-Butyl acetate 1.7 9.8
Butylamine 312 1.7 9.8
tert-Butylamine 380 1.7 8.9
Butylbenzene 410 0.8 5.8
sec-Butylbenzene 418 0.8 6.9
tert-Butylbenzene 450 0.7 5.7
Butyl formate 322 1.7 8.2
Butyl methyl ketone 423 1 8
Butyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate 294 2 8
Butyl propanoate 427
Butyl stearate 355
Butyl vinyl ether 255
2-Butyne 1.4
Camphor 466 0.6 3.5
Carbon disulde 90 1.3 50.0
Carbon monoxide 609 12.5 74.2
Carbonyl sulde 12 28.5
Chlorobenzene 593 1.3 9.6
1-Chloro-1,3-butadiene 4.0 20.0
1-Chlorobutane 240 1.8 10.1
2-Chloro-2-butene 2.3 9.3
1-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane 411 4 21
1-Chloro-1,1-diuoroethane 6.2 17.9
1-Chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene 2.0 22
1-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane 411 3.8 21
Chloroethane 519 3.8 15.4
2-Chloroethanol 425 4.9 15.9
Chloromethane 632 8.1 17.4
1-Chloro-3-methylbutane 1.5 7.4
1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2.0 8.8
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.141
TABLE 5.23 Properties of Combustible Mixtures in Air (Continued)
Substance
Autoignition
temperature, C
Flammable (explosive)
limits, percent by
volume of fuel (25 C,
760 mm)
Lower Upper
3-Chloro-2-methyl-1-propene 2.3 9.3
1-Chloronaphthalene 588
1-Chloropentane 260 1.6 8.6
1-Chloropropane 520 2.6 11.1
2-Chloropropane 593 2.8 10.7
1-Chloro-1-propene 4.5 16
2-Chloro-1-propene 4.5 16
3-Chloro-1-propene 485 2.9 11.1
Chlorotriuoroethylene 24 40.3
m-Cresol 558 1.1
o-Cresol 599 1.4
p-Cresol 558 1.1
Cumene 424 0.9 6.5
Cyanogen 6.6 32
Cyclobutane 1.8
Cyclohexane 245 1.3 8
Cyclohexanol 300 1 9
Cyclohexanone 420 1.1 9.4
Cyclohexene 244 1.2
Cyclohexyl acetate 334
Cyclohexylamine 293 1 9
Cyclopentane 361 1.5
Cyclopentene 395
Cyclopropane 500 2.4 10.4
p-Cymene 436 0.7 5.6
trans-Decahydronaphthalene 255 0.7 5.4
Decane 210 0.8 5.4
Decene 235
Diborane(6) 38 to 52 0.8 88
Dibutylamine 1.1 6
Dibutyl decanedioate (dibutyl sebacate) 365 0.44
Dibutyl ether 194 1.5 7.6
Dibutyl o-phthalate 402 0.5
1,2-Dichlorobenzene 648 2.2 9.2
1,1-Dichloroethane 458 5.4 11.4
1,2-Dichloroethane 413 6.2 16
1,1-Dichloroethylene 570 6.5 15.5
cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene 460 3 15
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene 460 6 13
Dichloromethane 556 13 23
1,2-Dichloropropane 557 3.4 14.5
Diethanolamine [2,2 -iminobis(ethanol)] 662 2 13
1,1-Diethoxyethane (acetal) 230 1.6 10.4
Diethylamine 312 1.8 10.1
Diethylene glycol [bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ether] 224 2 17
Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether 310
Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate 425
Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 240 1.4 22.7
Diethylenetriamine 358 2 6.7
Diethyl ether 180 1.9 36.0
3,3-Diethylpentane 290 0.7 5.7
5.142 SECTION 5
TABLE 5.23 Properties of Combustible Mixtures in Air (Continued)
Substance
Autoignition
temperature, C
Flammable (explosive)
limits, percent by
volume of fuel (25 C,
760 mm)
Lower Upper
Diethyl peroxide 2.3 15.9
Diethyl sulfate 436
1,1-Diuoroethylene 5.5 21.3
1,3-Dihydroxybenzene (resorcinol) 664
1,4-Dihydroxybenzene 516
Diisopropylamine 316 1.1 7.1
Diisopropyl ether 443 1.4 7.9
Dimethoxymethane 237 2.2 13.8
N,N-Dimethylacetamide 490 2.0 11.5
Dimethylamine (anhydrous) 400 2.8 14.4
N,N-Dimethylaniline 371
2,3-Dimethylaniline 1.0
2,2-Dimethylbutane 405 1.2 7.0
2,3-Dimethylbutane 405 1.2 7.0
3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone 423 1 8
cis-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane 304
trans-1,2-Dimethylcyclohexane 304
Dimethyl ether 350 3.4 27.0
N,N-Dimethylformamide 445 2.2 15.2
2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanol 0.8 6.1
2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone 396 0.8 6.2
2,3-Dimethylhexane 438
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 249 2 95
2,3-Dimethylpentane 335 1.1 6.7
Dimethyl 1,2-phthalate 490 0.9
2,2-Dimethylpropane 450 1.4 7.5
Dimethyl sulfate 188
Dimethyl sulde 206 2.2 19.7
Dimethyl sulfoxide 215 2.6 42
1,4-Dioxane 180 2.0 22
Dipentene 237
Dipentyl ether 170
Diphenylamine 634
Diphenyl ether 618 0.8 1.5
Dipropylamine 299
Dipropyl ether 188 1.3 7.0
Divinyl ether 360 1.7 27.0
Dodecane 203 0.6
1-Dodecanol 275
1,2-Epoxybutane 439 1.7 19
Ethane 515 3.0 12.5
1,2-Ethanediamine 385 2.5 12.0
1,2-Ethanediol 398 3.2 22
Ethanethiol 299 2.8 18.2
Ethanol 363 3.3 19
Ethanolamine 410 3.0 23.5
2-Ethoxyethanol 235 3 18
2-Ethoxyethyl acetate 379 2 8
1-Ethoxypropane 1.7 9.0
Ethyl acetate 426 2 11.5
Ethyl acetoacetate 295 1.4 9.5
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.143
TABLE 5.23 Properties of Combustible Mixtures in Air (Continued)
Substance
Autoignition
temperature, C
Flammable (explosive)
limits, percent by
volume of fuel (25 C,
760 mm)
Lower Upper
Ethyl acrylate 372 1.4 14
Ethylamine 385 3.5 14.0
Ethylbenzene 432 0.8 6.7
Ethyl benzoate 490
Ethyl butanoate 463
2-Ethylbutanoic acid 463
Ethyl chloroformate 500
Ethylcyclobutane 210 1.2 7.7
Ethylcyclohexane 238 0.9 6.6
Ethylene 490 2.7 36.0
Ethylene glycol diacetate 482 1.6 8.4
Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether 202
Ethylene glycol ethyl ether acetate 379 2 8
Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 238 4 13
Ethylene glycol methyl ether acetate 392 2 12
Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether 235 3 18
Ethyleneimine 320 3.3 54.8
Ethylene oxide 429 3.0 100
Ethyl formate 455 2.8 16.0
2-Ethylhexanal 197
2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol 360
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 231 0.88 9.7
2-Ethylhexyl acetate 268 0.76 8.14
Ethyl lactate 400 1.5
Ethyl methyl ether 2.0 10.0
3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane 460
Ethyl nitrate 85 explodes 3.8
Ethyl nitrite 90 explodes 3.0 50.0
Ethyl propanoate 440 1.9 11
Ethyl vinyl ether 202 1.7 28
Formaldehyde 430 7.0 73.0
Formic acid, 90% 434 18 57
2-Furaldehyde (furfural) 316 2.1 19.3
Furan 2.3 14.3
Furfuryl alcohol 491 1.8 16.3
Gasoline, 50-100 octane 280 to 456 1.4 7.6
Glycerol 370 3 19
Heptane 204 1.05 6.7
2-Heptanone (methyl pentyl ketone) 393 1.1 7.9
4-Heptanone (diisobutyl ketone) 396 0.8 7.1
1-Heptene 260
1,1,2,3,4,4-Hexachlorobutadiene 610
Hexane 225 1.1 7.5
1,6-Hexanedioic acid 420
Hexanoic acid 380
2-Hexanone 423 1 8
1-Hexene 253
Hydrazine 23 to 270 4.7 100
Hydrogen 400 4.1 74.2
Hydrogen cyanide, 96% 538 5.6 40.0
Hydrogen sulde 260 4 46
5.144 SECTION 5
TABLE 5.23 Properties of Combustible Mixtures in Air (Continued)
Substance
Autoignition
temperature, C
Flammable (explosive)
limits, percent by
volume of fuel (25 C,
760 mm)
Lower Upper
N-Hydroxyethyl-1,2-ethanediamine 368
1-Hydroxy-2-methylbenzene 599 1.4
1-Hydroxy-3-methylbenzene 559 1.1
1-Hydroxy-4-methylbenzene (see p-cresol)
4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone 643 1.8 6.9
Isobutanal 196 1.6 10.6
Isobutyl acetate 421 1 10.5
Isobutylamine 378 2 12
Isobutylbenzene 427 0.8 6.0
Isobutyl isobutyrate 432 0.96 7.59
Isopentane 420 1.4 7.6
Isopentyl acetate 360 1.0 7.5
Isoprene 220 2 9
Isopropyl acetate 460 1.8 8
Isopropyl alcohol 399 2.5 12.7
Isopropylamine 402 2.3 10.4
Isopropylbenzene (cumene) 424 0.8 6.5
Isopropyl formate 485
4-Isopropyl-1-methylbenzene 436
Kerosene 210 0.7 5.0
Maleic anhydride 477 1.4 7.1
Methacrylic acid 68 1.6 8.8
Methacrylonitrile 2 6.8
Methane 650 5.3 15.0
Methanethiol 3.9 21.8
Methanol 464 6.0 36
Methoxybenzene (anisole) 475
2-Methoxyethanol 285 1.8 14
2-Methoxyethyl acetate 392 1.5 12.3
Methyl acetate 454 3.1 16
Methyl acetoacetate 280
Methyl acetylacetate 280
Methyl acrylate 468 2.8 25
Methylamine 430 4.9 20.7
2-Methylbutane 1.4 7.6
2-Methyl-1-butanol 385 1.4 9.0
2-Methyl-2-butanol 437 1.2 9.0
3-Methyl-1-butanol 350 1.2 9.0
3-Methylbutyl acetate 360 1.0 7.5
2-Methyl-2-butene 275 1.6 8.7
3-Methyl-1-butene 365 1.5 9.1
2-Methyl-1-buten-3-one 1.8 9.0
Methyl chloroformate 504
Methylcyclohexane 250 1.2 6.7
cis-2-Methylcyclohexanol 296
trans-2-Methylcyclohexanol 296
cis-4-Methylcyclohexanol 295
trans-4-Methylcyclohexanol 295
Methylcyclopentane 258 1.0 8.35
Methyl formate 449 4.5 23
2-Methylhexane 280 1.0 6.0
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.145
TABLE 5.23 Properties of Combustible Mixtures in Air (Continued)
Substance
Autoignition
temperature, C
Flammable (explosive)
limits, percent by
volume of fuel (25 C,
760 mm)
Lower Upper
3-Methylhexane 280
5-Methyl-2-hexanone 191 1.0 8.2
Methylhydrazine 196 2.5 97. 2
Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) 448 1 8
2-Methyllactonitrile 688
Methyl methacrylate 1.7 8.2
1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-cyclohexene (dipentene) 237
1-Methylnaphthalene 529
2-Methylpentane 264 1.0 7.0
3-Methylpentane 278 1.2 7.0
2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol 306 1 9
2-Methyl-1-pentanol 310 1.1 9.65
4-Methyl-2-pentanol 1.0 5.5
4-Methyl-2-pentanone 452 2 8.0
4-Methyl-3-penten-2-one 344 1.4 7.2
2-Methylpropanal 223 1.6 10.6
2-Methyl-1-propanamine 378 2 12
2-Methylpropane 460 1.8 8.4
2-Methylpropanenitrile 482
Methyl propanoate 469 2.5 13
2-Methylpropanoic acid 481 2.0 9.2
2-Methyl-1-propanol 415 1.7 10.6
2-Methyl-2-propanol (t-butyl alcohol) 478 2.4 8.0
2-Methyl-1-propene 465 1.8 9.6
2-Methylpropyl acetate 421 1.3 10.5
2-Methylpropyl formate 320 1.7 8
2-Methylpyridine 538
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 346 1 10
Methyl salicylate 454
-Methylstyrene 574 1.9 6.1
Methyl vinyl ether 2.6 39
Morpholine 290 1 11
Naphtha, coal tar 277
Naphthalene 526 0.9 5.9
Neoprene 4.0 20
Nicotine 244 0.75 4.0
Nitrobenzene 482 1.8 9
2-Nitrobiphenyl 179
Nitroethane 414 3.4 17
Nitroglycerine 270
Nitromethane 418 7.3 22
1-Nitropropane 421 2.2
2-Nitropropane 428 2.6 11
Nonane 205 0.8 2.9
Octadecanoic acid (stearic acid) 395
cis-9-Octadecenoic acid (oleic acid) 362
Octane 206 1.0 6.5
1-Octene 230
Paraldehyde 238 1.3
Pentaborane(9) 0.42
Pentanamine 2.2 22
5.146 SECTION 5
TABLE 5.23 Properties of Combustible Mixtures in Air (Continued)
Substance
Autoignition
temperature, C
Flammable (explosive)
limits, percent by
volume of fuel (25 C,
760 mm)
Lower Upper
Pentane 260 1.5 7.8
1,5-Pentanediol 335
Pentanoic acid 400
1-Pentanol 300 1.2 10.0
2-Pentanol 343
3-Pentanol 435 1.2 9.0
2-Pentanone (methyl propyl ketone) 452 1.5 8.2
3-Pentanone (diethyl ketone) 450 1.6
1-Pentene 275 1.5 8.7
Pentyl acetate 360 1.1 7.5
Pentylamine 2.2 22
Petroleum ether (solvent naphtha) 288 1.1 5.9
Phenol 715 1.8 8.6
Phosphorus, red 260
Phosphorus, white 30
Phosphorus pentasulde 142
o-Phthalic anhydride 570 1.7 10.4
Picric acid 300 (explodes)
-Pinene 275
-Pinene 275
Piperidine 1 10
1-Propanal 207 2.6 17
1-Propanamine (propylamine) 318 2.0 10.4
Propane 450 2.1 9.5
1,2-Propanediol 371 2.6 12.5
1,3-Propanediol 400
Propanenitrile 512 3.1 14
1,2,3-Propanetriol (glycerol) 370 3 19
1,2,3-Propanetriol triacetate (triacetin) 433 1.0
Propanoic acid 465 2.9 12.1
Propanoic anhydride 285 1.3 9.5
1-Propanol 412 2.2 13.7
2-Propanol 399 2.0 12.7
Propene 460 2.4 10.1
Propyl acetate 450 1.7 8
Propylbenzene 450 0.8 6.0
Propyl formate 455
Propyl nitrate 175 2 100
Propyne 1.7
Pyridine 482 1.8 12.4
Quinoline 480
Sodium 115 (dry air)
Styrene 490 0.9 6.8
Sulfur (di-) dichloride 233
1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 335
Tetrabromoethylene 335
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 5 12
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 5.147
TABLE 5.23 Properties of Combustible Mixtures in Air (Continued)
Substance
Autoignition
temperature, C
Flammable (explosive)
limits, percent by
volume of fuel (25 C,
760 mm)
Lower Upper
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 20 54
Tetrahydrofuran 321 2 11.8
Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol 282 1.5 9.7
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene 385 0.8 5.0
2,2,3,3-Tetramethylpentane 430 0.8 4.9
2,2-Thiodiethanol 298
Titanium, powder 250
Toluene 480 1.1 7.1
Toluene diisocyanate 0.9 9.5
o-Toluidine (also p-) 482
Tributylamine 1 5
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 537 7.5 12.5
1,1,2-Trichloroethane 460 6 28
Trichloroethylene 420 8 10.5
(Trichloromethyl)benzene 211
Trichloromethylsilane 404 7.6 20
1,2,3-Trichloropropane 3.2 12.6
Trichlorosilane 104
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-triuoroethane (Freon 113) 680
Tri-o-cresyl phosphate 385
Triethanolamine 1 10
Triethylamine 249 1.2 8.0
Triethylene glycol 371 0.9 9.2
Triethyl phosphate 454
Trimethylamine 190 2.0 11.6
1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene (hemimellitene) 470 0.8 6.6
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene (pseudocumene) 500 0.9 6.4
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 559 1 5
2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 412
1,1,3-Trimethyl-3-cyclohexen-5-one 462 0.8 3.8
3,5,5-Trimethylcyclohex-2-ene-1-one 460 0.8 3.8
2,2,3-Trimethylpentane 346
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 418 1.1 6.0
2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 425
Trioxane 414 3.6 28.7
Tri-o-tolyl phosphate 385
Turpentine 0.8
Vinyl acetate 402 2.6 13.4
Vinyl bromide 530 9 15
Vinyl butanoate 1.4 8.8
Vinyl chloride 472 3.6 33.0
4-Vinyl-1-cyclohexene 269
Vinyl uoride 2.6 21.7
Vinylidene 573 5.6 16.0
m-Xylene 527 1.1 7.0
o-Xylene 463 0.9 6.7
p-Xylene 528 1.1 7.0