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+1 +1
=
=0
+1 +1
=
=0
+1 +1
=
=0
+1
+1
=1
+1
=1
+1
=1
1 =
=1
+1
+
=1
+
=1
+1
=1
= + + 4
1 = 1+ +
Kalikan kedua ruas (2) dengan +1 kemudian diambil sigma dengan 1
+1
=1
+1
+1
4
=1
+1
=1
0 =
=1
=1
1
=
1 ()
1 4
=
(5)
1 4
Kalikan kedua ruas (3) dengan +1 kemudian diambil sigma untuk 1
+1 +1 =
=1
4 +1
=1
+1
=1
0 =
=1
=1
1
=
1 ()
1 4
=
(6)
1 4
(5) & (6) :
()
1 4
1 4
2
=
+ 2 ()
1 4 1 4
1 2 =
(1 )
1 4
1
=
1 4 1 2
=
(7)
1 4 (1 + )
=
1 4
1 4 (1 + )
=
1
1 4
1+
1
=
(8)
1 4 1 +
= ()
=
1 4 (1 + )
2
1 4 (1 + )
2
+
(9)
1
1 4 (1 + )
Pers (9) :
+
=
+
+
1
1 4 (1 + ) 1 4 1 + 1
2 2 = 1 + 1 + 1 4 1 + 1 4 (1 + )
= 1 2 + 1 5 + 4 2 + (1 3 + 4 2 )
= + + + 5 3 + ( + 4 4) 2
+ + = 0 9
5 3 = 0 (9)
+ 4 4 = 2 9
9 + 9 5 3 = 2 9
9 9 10 = 2 = 1 5 (9)
9 & 9 1 3 = 0 = 1 3 (9)
9, 9, 9 + 1 5 1 3 = 0
=
2
15
2
1
1
1
+
1 15 1 4
3 1
=
=0
+1
=0
+1
=0
+1 = 1 +
2
+
15
2
+
15
2
+
15
=0
4
+1=0
+1
1
4 +
5
=0
1
4 +
5
+1
1
(1)
3
=0
1
(1)
3
1
+
5
2 +1 1
1
4
+ (1)+1
15
5
3
=0
=0
=0
(1)
+1=0
+1 +1
+1
+1=0
2 2 +1 1
+ 4
+ (1)+1
3 15
5
+1 =
=
2 2 1
+
4 + (1) ,
3 15
5
1 4 (1 + )
=
+
1 4 (1 + ) (1 4) (1 + )
= 1 + + (1 4)
= + + 4
+ =0
4 = 1
5 = 11
1
= 5
=
=5
1
1
1
1
5 1 4
5 1+
1
=
5
1
=
5
+1 =
1
4
5
=0
(1)
=0
+1
4
+1=0
+1
(1)+1 +1
+1=0
1 +1
4
(1)+1 , 0
5
Atau
1
= 5 4 (1) , 0
5c) 0 = 2 ; 1 = 1 ; +2 2 +1 + = 2 , 0
Penyelesaian:
Misal :
+2 +2
=
=0
+2
+2
=0
+1
+2
=0
=0
+1
+1
=0
2 +2
=0
+2
=0
2 = 0
=0
2 + 1 + 2 ( + 0 0 + 1 1 =
2 2 2 + 2 + 2 2 + 3 =
1 2 + 2 =
2
1 2
2
1 2
2
3
1 2
2
3
=
1 2 (1 )2 (1 )2
2
=
+
+
1 2 (1 )2 (1 2) (1 ) (1 )2
2 = (1 )2 + 1 1 2 + (1 2)
++ =0
2 3 2 = 0
+ 2 = 1
= 1 ; = 0 ; = 1
1
1
3
1 2 (1 )2 (1 )2
=
=0
( + 1) 3
=0
2
=0
=0
=0
+2
2
+2=0
+2 =
( + 1) +3
( + 1)
( + 1)
=0
+2
+3
+2=0
2+2 + 3 , = 0
2+2 + 3 , 1
Atau
= 2 2 + 1, 0
+2
+2
=1
0 = 1 ; =
1 , 0
=0
Penyelesaian
=
=0
=
=1
=1 =0
1
1 1
0 =
=1 =0
1=
=0 =0
=0
=0
1 = ( )2
()
1 1 4
2
1 4
1
2
+1=0
=
=0
1
1
=
+
2 2
1 1
=
+
2 2
=0
=0
4 , 0
4 1
1 1
2
2
=1
4 1
1 1
2
2 +1
=0
1 1
2
2 +1
1
=
2
2
=
2
2
=
2
=
1
2
+1
1
1
1
=
2 2
+1
+1
, 0
=0
1 1
2
2
=0
4 1
1 1
2
2
=1
4 1
1 1
2
2 +1
=0
1
4
1 1
2
2 +1
+1
4
1
+1
+1
21
2 2 .
+1 !
3
5
1
1
2 2 2 2 .
2
+1 !
+1
3
5
1
2 2 2 2 .
+1 !
1 2
2
+1
3
5
1
2 2 2 2 .
+1 !
1 2
2
+1
2+1
1
(2)+1 (1.3.5 2 1
+1 !
+1
2 +1 +1
+1
+1
2(1.3.5 2 1 22
=
+1 !
=
2(1.3.5 2 1 ! 2
+1 ! !
2(1.3.5 2 1 (2.4.6 2)
+1 ! !
2 2 !
+ 1 ! !
2
2 !
.
+ 1 ! !
2
2
+1
21
=
=0
=
=0
1
+1
2
+1
1
2
, 0
+1
0 =
3 ,
=0
3
=
=3
=3 =0
+3
0 1 2 =
=0 =0
1 2 = 3
=0
=0
= 3 ()
3 ()
+ 2 + + 1 = 0
1 1 4 3 (1 + + 2 )
=
2 3
Pilih :
1
1
= 3 3
2
2
1
= 3
2
1
= 3
2
=0
4 3 1 + + 2
=0
=1
=1 =0 =0
=1
3+
1 12
2
=0
+ 2
=0
3 ++3
Misal : 3 + + 3 =
Dengan , ,
: 3 + + 3 = 0,
Catatan :
1
1
2
2 =2
3
1
2 2 + 1
!
10b) 0 = 1 = 1 ;
1
3 1 , 2
=
=0
=
=0
1
=0 3 1
=
untuk 2 , diperoleh :
1
=
=2
3 1
=2 =0
1
3 1
0 1 =
=2 =0
1 =
=1 =0
=
=0 =0
3
=0
=0
()
1 3
=1
1 3
1 3
=1
1 3
=
1 3
1 4
= 1 3
=0
4 +1
4 3
=0
=0
4 1
4 3
=0
=0
1, =0
4 3. 4 1 , 1
1, = 0
41 , 1
10 c) 0 = 1 = 1 ;
2
2 , 2
=
=0
=
=0
=
=2
2
=2 =0
2
0 1 = 2
2
=2 =0
1 = 2
=0 =0
=0
=0
1 = 2 ()
2 ()
+1+ = 0
PK dalam = 2 , = 1, = 1 +
=
1 1 4 2 (1 + )
2 2
1
1
2 2 2 2
1 4 2 (1 + )
2 2
=
(
2
2
2 2
=
2
2
2 2
=
2
2
2 2
=
2
2
=0
4 2 1 + )
2 (4) 2 1 +
=0
2 (4) 2
=0
2 2
=
2
2
2
=
+
2
2
=
+
2
=1
=1
2 (4) 2
=1
=0
1 12
(4) 2
2
=1
1 2 2 2
2 1
=0
+1
=0
1 12
(4) 2
2
=0
=0
2 +2
2
=
+
2
=1
2 2
1
=0
2 +2
(. 1)
=
=0
=
=1
=
=1
1 12
(4) 2
2
1 2
2
=0
=0
2 2
1
2 2
1
=0
2 +2
2+2
(. 2)
Karena tidak boleh negatif, maka pers.1 tidak memenuhi.
Jadi yang memenuhi adalah pers.2 dengan diperoleh :
=
=0
1 2 2
1
2 2 2
1
8b) 0 = 1, 0 = 0 = 0
= 2 1 + 1 + 1 , 1
= 1 1 + 41 , 1
= 1 1 41 , 1
Jawab :
Misalkan A(x),B(x), dan C(x) adalah FPB berturut-turut dari , ,
= 0 + 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 +
= 0 + (20 + 0 + 0 ) + 21 + 1 + 1 2 +
= 1 + 20 + 21 + 22 2 + + 0 + 2 + 1 2 +
+(0 + 1 + 2 2 + )
= 1 + 2 + + ()
1 2 = 1 + + (1)
= 0 + 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 +
= 0 + (0 0 + 40 ) + 1 1 + 41 2 + (2 2 + 42 ) 3
= (0 + 1 + 2 2 ) 0 + 1 + 2 2 + (40 + 41 + 42 2 )
= +
1 =
1 4
(2)
1 4
= 0 + 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 +
= 0 + (0 0 + 40 ) + 1 1 + 41 2 + (2 2 + 42 ) 3
= (0 + 1 + 2 2 ) 0 + 1 + 2 2 + (40 + 41 + 42 2 )
() = +
1 =
1 4
(3)
1 4
Selanjutnya dari (1), (2), dan (3) diperoleh A(x),B(x), dan C(x)
, ,
-5
6
0
3
2
7 + 16 12 = 0
2 2 5 + 6 = 0
2 2 +3 =0
Akar-akar karakteristik adalah :
1 = 2 = 2 3 = 3
Solusi umum :
= 1 2 + 2 2 + 3 3 (1)
Karena kondisi awal adalah 0 = 1, 1 = 2, 2 = 0, makadiperoleh :
1 20 + 02 20 + 3 30 = 1
1 + 3 = 1 2 1 = 1 3
1 21 + 1. 2 21 + 3 31 = 2
21 + 22 + 33 = 2 (3)
1 22 + 2. 2 22 + 3 32 = 0
41 + 82 + 93 = 0 (4)
2 , (3)
2 23 + 22 + 33 = 2
22 + 3 = 0
3 = 22
1
2 = 3 (5)
2
1
2 , 5 , (4)
4(1 3 ) + 8( 2 3 ) + 93 = 0
4 43 43 + 93 = 0
3 = 4,
2 = 2, 1 = 5
Penyelesaian RR adalah :
= 5. 2 + 2. 2 4. 3
= (5 + 2)2 4. 3
1
2
+ 1
+ 2
+ = 0 ()
Adit :
Bahwa 1 , 1 adalah solusi dari rekursif (*).
Pertama-tama akan ditunjukkan bahwa 1 1 adalah solusi dari (*) atau
(i) 1 + 1 11 + + 1 = 0
(ii) 1 + 1 1 1 1 + + 1 = 0
Karena adalah akar dari (***) maka
1 + 1 11 + + 1 = 0
Kalikan kedua ruas dengan
1 + 1 11 + + 1 = 0
Ini berarti bahwa 1 merupakan solusi dari (*).
Karena akar rangkap dua dari (***) maka ruas kiri (***) dapat diperoleh
= 1 2
Dengan D(x) adalah polinom berderajat k-2
= 1 2 kedua ruas dikalikan
= 1 2
Misal :
= ()
= + 1 1 + 2 2 +
() = 1 + 1 ( 1 1 + ( ) 1
() = + 1 ( 1) 1 + ( )
= 1
1 1 = 1 + 1 1 11 + 1
Akar diperlihatkan bahwa 1 = 0 perhatikan 1 2
= 2 1 + 1
= 1 maka :
1 = 0
Berarti 1 1 = 0
Dari (****) dan (*****) diperoleh
1 + 1 1 1 1 + 1 = 0
Ini berarti 1 solusi dari (*)
Berdasarkan Teorema yang telah dibuktikan sebelumnya jika 1 dan 1
solusi dari rekursif (*) maka untuk sebarang konstanta , 1 , 1 juga
merupakan solusi dari rekursif (*)