Circulatory systems

Form and Function

Circulation
Transport of:
Nutrients Metabolic wastes Metabolic gases Various elements of the immune system Hormonal signals Heat energy

The evolution of circulation in animals

Primitive animals rely upon diffusion as a mechanism of transport (Porifera, Cnidaria) Diffusion becomes inefficient over distances of 23 cells (limits size of Platyhelminthes) Development of a pseudocoelom provided primitive circulatory sac with fluid Eucoelomates (Mollusca onwards) developed true circulatory systems

Some animals use diffusion for circulation Such as Hydra and Barrel Sponge

Types of Circulatory Systems

Open q blood pressure
insect adaptations mollusk adaptations

Closed o blood pressure

arterial system permits ultrafiltration

q velocity flexibility q distribution flexibility problems with aerobic animals

o velocity flexibility o distribution flexibility adapted for aerobic animals

Open and Closed Circulation

Open systems (Mollusca, Arthropoda) bathe organs in haemolymph. organs held in secondary spaces (sinuses) that may join together to form haemocoel Closed systems contain circulatory fluid (blood) in a vascular system that feeds individual organs Both open and closed systems require a pump (heart)

Pacemaker Cells
Neurogenic Hearts
modified nerve cells invertebrates (crustaceans) cardiac ganglion CNS regulated heart rate

Myogenic Hearts
modified muscle cells vertebrate & mollusks sinoatrial node fastest pacemaker regulates heart rate latent pacemaker ectopic pacemaker

Hearts
Hearts have evolved from two, to three, to four chambered systems Human heart powers dual circuit (pulmonary and systemic) EKG reflects complex waveform (systole / diastole)

Comparing Vertebrate Hearts

The cardiovascular network

Blood contains...
Plasma (dissolved metabolites, wastes, hormones, ions, proteins) Red blood cells (Erythrocytes = O2/CO2 transport) White blood cells:
Neutrophils (immune defense) Eosinophils (parasite defense) Basophils (inflammatory response) Monocytes (immune surveillance) B-Lymphocytes (antibody production) T-Lymphocytes (cellular immune response) Platelets (blood clotting)

The EKG cycle

The PQRST complex

Abnormal EKGs

Mammalian Kidney
Bowmans capsule glomerulus: tuft of capillaries (ultrafiltrate)

The Lymphatic system

Collects fluids and particles in the interstitial fluid primarily the result of capillary leakages Filters fluid at Lymph Nodes, removing foreign substances Foreign substances are subsequently destroyed by white blood cell activity

What could this animal be?

Large size and weight More complex than animal that uses diffusion Has blood not hemolymph closed system 4 chambered heart

A mammal