MULTICOMPONENT DISTILLATION

SINGLE STAGE FLASH

USES TWO PHASE EQUILIBRIUM
FLASH BUBBLE POINT DEW POINT

CAN BE TWO LIQUID PHASES http://www.hills2.u-net.com/chemical/distil/fig17.gif USES RELATIVE VOLATILITY

y i ! K i xi Ei, j Ki ! Kj

METHODS TO OBTAIN Ki
EMPIRICAL DATA
SET UP EXPERIMENTS TO MEASURE y = y(x,P,T) FIT TO STANDARD CORRELATIONS DATA CAN BE BASED ON BINARY SETS SEE PERRY'S SECTION 13 FOR BINARY DATA GENERAL CORRELATIONS FOR SPECIFIC TYPES OF MIXTURES - UNIQUAC
http://www.intelligen.com/images/screenshots/BinaryChartDlg_v8.jpg

METHODS TO OBTAIN Ki
DEPRIESTER CHARTS FOR HYDROCARBON SYSTEMS LOW TEMPERATURE DATA PERRYS FIGURE 13-14, P. 13-17

METHODS TO OBTAIN Ki
DEPRIESTER CHARTS FOR HYDROCARBON SYSTEMS HIGH TEMPERATURE DATA PERRYS FIGURE 13-14, P. 13-18

METHODS TO OBTAIN Ki
AIR SEPARATION PLANT DATA

http://www.cryogenicconsulting.com/argon. pdf#search=%22AIR %20SEPARATION%2 0EQUILIBRIA%22

http://www.ecs.umass.edu/che/henson_group/research/air/air_separation_plant.png

!1!

Pi sat xi P

FLASH CALCULATIONS
BUBBLE POINT PRESSURE (DIRECT)
T AND xi ARE GIVEN, FIND yi AND P

y i ! 1 !
i

xi K i P *i ! K i x i (11.7  5) PSYS i

BUBBLE POINT TEMPERATURE (T & E)

P AND xi ARE GIVEN, FIND yi AND T
xi K i P *i ! K i x i (11.7  5) y i ! 1 ! P SYS i i

FLASH CALCULATIONS
DEW POINT PRESSURE (DIRECT)
T AND yi ARE GIVEN, FIND PSYS AND xi
y i PSYS y ! i (11.7  7 ) x i ! 1 ! i K i P *i i Ki

DEW POINT TEMPERATURE ( T & E)

P AND yi ARE GIVEN, FIND T AND xi
y i PSYS yi xi ! 1 ! K P * ! K (11.7  7) i i i i i

FLASH CALCULATIONS
PARTIAL FLASH zi = 1
P, T AND zi ARE GIVEN, FIND xi & yi FLASH LINES ARE DEVELOPED FOR EACH COMPONENT WITH A COMMON f
x iF f 1 ! K REF E i ,REF x i xi  yi ! f f (11.7  10)

SOLVE BY T&E FOR VALUES OF V IN f = V/F x iF zi (K i  1) f (K E  1)  1 ! 1 OR V (K  1)  1 ! 0 REF i ,REF i i i

MULTICOMPONENT FRACTIONATION
GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIFY PRESSURE DETERMINE NUMBER OF EQUILIBRIUM STAGES ADJUST NUMBER OF STAGES FOR STAGE EFFICIENCY DESIGN TRAYS DESIGN COLUMN
http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/no n-renewable/images/FCCDistCol.jpg

SHORTCUT METHOD PSEUDOBINARY SEPARATION

ASSUMES TWO PRIMARY (KEY) COMPONENTS CAN BE USED TO MODEL THE PROCESS NON-KEYS ARE DISTRIBUTED BASED ON i,KEY KEY COMPONENTS
DISTRIBUTED TO DISTILLATE & BOTTOMS MAJOR COMPONENTS IN FEED NON-KEY COMPONENTS LIGHTER THAN LIGHT ARE ASSUMED TO GO TO DISTILLATE HEAVIER THAN HEAVY ARE ASSUMED TO GO TO BOTTOMS INTERMEDIATE ARE ASSUMED TO DISTRIBUTE TO DISTILLATE AND BOTTOMS

http://image.absoluteastrono my.com/images/encyclopedi aimages/d/di/distillation_colu mn.png

COMPONENT DISTRIBUTIONS
EXAMPLE FROM AIR SEPARATION KEYS
O2 N2

NON-KEY
Ar
http://www.cryogenicconsulting.com/argon.pdf#se arch=%22AIR%20SEPARAT ION%20EQUILIBRIA%22

SHORTCUT METHOD
DISTRIBUTE KEYS BASED ON TARGET PRODUCT COMPOSITION COMPLETE DISTRIBUTION TO YIELD FEED AND PRODUCT MATRICES
xFi, xDi, xBi

CALCULATE NMIN WITH FENSKE EQUATION USING KEY VALUES

xDLK DxBHK B ln xDHK DxBLK B ! ln(E LK ,HK )avg

NMIN

(11.7  12)

SHORTCUT METHOD
AVERAGE RELATIVE VOLATILITY,
FEED VALUE
LK,HK

E avg ! E LK ,HK F
E avg ! E LK ,HKD  E LK ,HKB 2

TOP/BOTTOM AVERAGE

GEOMETRIC AVERAGES OVERALL E avg TOP/BOTTOM

! 3 E LK ,HK F E LK ,HK D E LK ,HK B

E avg ! E LK ,HK D E LK ,HK B

SHORTCUT METHOD
CHECK OF NON-KEY DISTRIBUTION
USE FENSKE EQUATION RESOLVED FOR NON-KEY RELATIVE TO KEY:

x iD D xHKD D ! E i ,HK x B x iB HKB B

(11.7  14)

SHORTCUT METHOD
MINIMUM REFLUX RATIO
OPERATING LINES FOR EACH COMPONENT AT TOTAL REFLUX RECTIFICATION SECTION
y ig D xDi D ! 1 .0 ! Vg 1   g Vg K ig L Vg xDi 1  L V K g g ig i

STRIPPING SECTION
y ig !  B xBi Vg 1  Lg Vg K ig

1.0 !

B Vg

 L
i

xBi VgK ig  1

SHORTCUT METHOD
UNDERWOOD EQUATIONS COMPLETE BALANCE OVER THE COLUMN

E i x Fi 1 q ! Ei  U i RdMIN E i x Di ! Ei  U i

NUMBER OF VALUES ARE (1 + NUMBER OF COMPONENTS BETWEEN KEYS) VALUE OF IS BETWEEN VALUES OF ij

SHORTCUT METHOD
USE GILLILAND OR ERBAR-MADDOX CORRELATIONS TO DETERMINE N FOR A SPECIFIC Rd
1  54.4= =  1 N  N MIN ! 1  exp 0.5 N 1 11  117.2= = R  RMIN =! R 1
Molokanov, International Chemical Engineering, 12(2), 209, 1972

McCabe, Smith and Harriontt, Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, Ed. 4, p, 578, 1985.

SHORTCUT METHOD
LOCATION OF FEED TRAY IS CRITICAL TO COLUMN EFFICIENCY
LOSS OF SEPARATION INCOMPLETE SEPARATION

BASIS FOR ESTIMATE

NRECT log NSTRIP x HK ,F ! 0.206 log xLK ,F B xLK ,B Dx HK ,D
2

(11.7  21)