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Durkheim argues that society has a reality of its own beyond individuals. He believes that social facts like customs, beliefs, and institutions shape human behavior and thinking in a society. Social facts are external to individuals and maintain social order. Durkheim also argues that societies need social solidarity through shared values and moral codes to integrate individuals and function properly. He examines how social facts like collective conscience constrain people to act in ways that meet society's needs.
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Originaltitel
Emile Durkheim Argues That Society Has a Reality of Its Own
Durkheim argues that society has a reality of its own beyond individuals. He believes that social facts like customs, beliefs, and institutions shape human behavior and thinking in a society. Social facts are external to individuals and maintain social order. Durkheim also argues that societies need social solidarity through shared values and moral codes to integrate individuals and function properly. He examines how social facts like collective conscience constrain people to act in ways that meet society's needs.
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Durkheim argues that society has a reality of its own beyond individuals. He believes that social facts like customs, beliefs, and institutions shape human behavior and thinking in a society. Social facts are external to individuals and maintain social order. Durkheim also argues that societies need social solidarity through shared values and moral codes to integrate individuals and function properly. He examines how social facts like collective conscience constrain people to act in ways that meet society's needs.
Copyright:
Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Verfügbare Formate
Als DOC, PDF, TXT herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
based on social facts. Social facts are belief systems, customs and institutions e.g. education. They are chosen by individuals and cannot be changed at will. A social fact continues to exist because it is useful to society.
Members of society are constrained by ‘social
facts’, ‘by ways of acting, thinking and feeling, external to the individual, and endowed with a power of coercion, by reason of which they control him’. Belief and moral codes are passed on from one generation to another and shared by individuals who make up the society. Social facts help maintain social order which is essential in a society. Durkheim argues that there are two ways of explaining social facts. One of them was from showing that suicide is not just a product of individual psychology but also social behaviour.
The social system has four basic fundamental
prerequisites for society to survive. These are adaptation which means that social system must control the environment to meet basic needs and adaptation to systems, goal attainment which means that societies set a particular goal and direct their behaviour toward that goal, integration which is adjustment of conflict and pattern maintenance (Latent) which is maintenance of basic patterns of values institutionalised in society. Durkheim believes that humans have two sides to their nature. One is selfish because humans tend to look after their own interests, which makes it difficult for individuals to be integrated to society. The other is the ability to believe in moral values.
According to Durkheim collective conscience
and social stability are achieved through consensus consisting of common beliefs and sentiments. Without this consensus social solidarity is impossible and humans would not integrate with each other. If self-interest dominates conflict and disorder would be the result therefore mutual obligation should guide behaviour. Collective conscience constrains individuals to act in terms of the requirements of society. Collective conscience is a social fact so it is external to the individual.
Durkheim knew that there was a possibility that
societies might not function according to the social facts. This is proven by his studies on the division of labour where egoism and anomie reduced the control that society had over the individual. Although Durkheim saw this dysfunction within the society, he believed that it wouldn’t create unmanageable problems.
Haroon a. Khan (Auth.)- Globalization and the Challenges of Public Administration_ Governance, Human Resources Management, Leadership, Ethics, E-Governance and Sustainability in the 21st Century-Palgr