Sedev0912 10

TP CH PHT TRIN KH&CN, TP 12, S 12 - 2009
Bn quyn thuc HQG-HCM Trang 73

THC HIN H THNG OFDM TRN PHN CNG
ng L Khoa, Nguyn Trng An, Bi Hu Ph, Nguyn Hu Phng
Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin, HQG-HCM
TM TT: Ngy nay, k thut OFDM (ghp knh phn chia tn s trc giao) c ng
dng trong cc h thng h thng truyn thng s nh: DVB-T, WiFi, WiMAX, h thng
MIMO[1]. OFDM c th gi lung d liu tc cao bng cch dng cc sng mang trc
giao. Ngoi ra, k thut OFDM c th trnh nhiu lin k hiu (ISI: Inter-symbol interference)
v nhiu lin knh (ICI: Inter-carrier interference)[2]. V vy, OFDM c xem l mt
cng ngh thit yu trong truyn dn tc cao. Ni dung chnh ca bi bo l thc hin h
thng thu pht tn hiu OFDM di gc (baseband) trn Kit DSP Development s dng
FPGA vi h tr phn mm DSP Builder ca hng Altera. Kt qu nghin cu ca bi bo c
th ng dng trong ging dy v pht trin k thut OFDM.
T kho: OFDM, DVB-T, WiFi, WiMAX, ISI, ICI
1. GII THIU
tng v k thut OFDM xut hin t khong nm 1950 trong qun s[1]. Tuy nhin,
vic nghin cu v ng dng ph bin k thut ny ch pht trin rng ri trong vi nm gn
y. OFDM l h thng s dng hiu qu bng thng bng cch dng cc sng mang con
(subcarrier) trc giao. Trong mt symbol OFDM c th cha rt nhiu subcarrier m khng
cn phi c khong phn cch ln, nh vy, bng thng c tn dng hiu qu. Cng vi
l vic thc hin OFDM kh n gin vi thut ton IFFT cho lung pht v thut ton FFT
lung thu. y l cc l do chnh cho s ph bin ca OFDM trong cc h thng thng tin
hin nay v trong tng lai. Bn cnh , vic s dng cyclic prefix l mt ng gp quan
trng gip k thut OFDM khc phc c cc hiu ng a ng[2]. nc ta, phn ln cc
nghin cu v OFDM ch tp trung vo l thuyt hoc m phng trn my tnh. Trong khi ,
mc nh ca bi bo ny l thit k mt h thng thu/pht tn hiu di gc s dng k thut
OFDM trn b Kit DSP Development. Nhiu khi ca h thng c thit k cho chun
802.16 (WiMAX).
2. TNG QUAN V OFDM
OFDM l k thut truyn khi. D liu sau khi thc hin nh x chm sao (v d BPSK,
QPSK, QAM,) thnh cc symbol d liu dng phc, cc symbol d liu ny s c sp
xp thnh tng khi v iu bin trong mt nhm sng mang con rt st nhau. Khi sng
mang con ny to thnh mt symbol OFDM. Cc lung d liu c th iu khin chim
mt hay nhiu knh con hoc ton b symbol OFDM. Tn hiu OFDM c truyn i l a
hp ca cc lung d liu ny.
2.1. Symbol OFDM
Mt symbol OFDM bao gm N sng mang con trc giao c iu bin bng N lung d
liu song song. thun tin, tn hiu OFDM c trnh by dng di gc f
k
, chuyn
thnh dng di qua, tn hiu ny s c trn vi sng mang f
c
: f
k
f
c
+f
k
. Mi subcarrier c
dng nh sau:
2
( )
k
j f t
k
t e
t
| =
(1)
Science & Technology Development, Vol 12, No.12 - 2009
Trang 74 Bn quyn thuc HQG-HCM
k
f l tn s tng ng vi ch s k ca subcarrier trong symbol OFDM.
Tn hiu OFDM di gc ca N sng mang con l:
1
'
,
0
1
( ) ( )
N
m m k k
k
S t a t
N
|
=
=

, 0 t NT < < (2)
, m k
a l symbol phc th k trong chui d liu sau khi thc hin iu bin di gc, NT
l chiu di ca symbol OFDM cha N subcarrier, T l thi gian ly mu. Mi subcarrier cch
nhau mt khong (spacing) u nhau:
1
f
NT
A = ,
k
f c tnh theo cng thc:
k
k
f
NT
= (3)
Cc
k
f trn khi trn vi sng mang tn s
c
f to thnh b N sng mang trc giao.
Hnh 1. V d tng hp cc sng mang con trc giao
Hnh 1 m t s tng hp cc sng mang con trc giao. Cc sng mang con c to ra
vi tn s theo cp s cng, cng sai f A , khi phn tch ph tn hiu tng hp ca N sng
mang con ta c ph nh hnh 2.
Hnh 2. Ph ca cc sng mang con trc giao
Nhn xt th nht l cc ph dng sinc ny chng lp ln nhau, khong cc gia hai ph
chnh bng rng ca mi ph. Nhn xt th hai l khi mt ph t cc i th tt c cc
thnh phn cn li u v tr cc tiu. y l cc c im gip cho OFDM s dng hiu qu
bng thng truyn, cc di con khng cn phi c phn cch tn s nh a hp phn chia tn
s.
im c bit na ca OFDM l cch thc thc hin kh n gin. Nm 1971, Weinstein
v Ebert ngh cch thc hin OFDM ri rc nh sau:
1
2
'
,
0
1
( )
nk
N
j
N
m m k
k
S nT a e
N
t
=
=

, 0 1 n N s s (4)
y chnh l bin i Fourier ngc ri rc (IDFT) ca chui
, m k
a , iu ny lm cho vic
thc hin OFDM tr nn d dng v DFT/IDFT l cng c c bn c thc hin hiu qu
c phn cng ln phn mm. Vic gii a hp tn hiu OFDM s l bin i Fourier ri rc
(DFT).
2.2. Cyclic Prefix
H thng s dng OFDM gp hai vn kh khn. Mt l khong cch gia cc subcarrier
nh dn n d xy ra can nhiu lin sng mang (ICI). Kh khn th hai l khi cc symbol
OFDM c truyn lin tip, nu p ng ca ng truyn ko di s xy ra can nhiu lin
k hiu (ISI). Nu ta phn cch cc symbol OFDM bng nhng khong zero im lng th vn
ISI c th c gii quyt nhng ICI th khng th khng ch c. Nm 1980, Peled v Ruiz
a ra tng dng on cyclic prefix. y l phng php ly mt phn d liu cui chp
ln u tn hiu OFDM, nh vy, cyclic prefix c th gii quyt c ISI ln ICI. Vic s dng
cyclic prefix c minh ha hnh 3[1].
Hnh 3. Tn hiu OFDM vi cyclic prefix
Khi thm cyclic prefix, tn hiu OFDM c biu din li l:
1
,
0
1
( ) ( )
N
m m k k
k
S t a t
N
|
=
=

,
G
t NT A < < (5)
vi
G
A l khong cyclic prefix
Khong cyclic prefix c chn sao cho ln hn thi gian p ng ca knh truyn v
thng l mt trong cc thng s thch nghi ca h thng m bo tc truyn tt nht.
Vic dng thm on cyclic prefix c mt hu qu l ta phi mt thm mt lng nng lng
cho cyclic prefix v lm chm tc truyn.
3. CNG C THIT K
Phn thit kt c thc hin trn DSP Builder. DSP Builder l mt tin ch do Altera thit
k nhm h tr ngi s dng c th thit k nhanh chng cc ng dng x l tn hiu s. DSP
Builder chy trn nn Simulink ca Matlab v tha hng kh nng m phng ca Simulink.
V vy s dng c DSP Builder ngi s dng cn bit v Matlab v Simulink trc.
DSP Builder to ra mt mi trng thn thin thit k cc h DSP. Nh nhng khi
chc nng sn c, vic thit k tr nn d dng. Ngi s dng c th to ra ng dng mong
mun v m phng bng Simulink kim tra kt qu. Quan trng nht l DSP Builder cung
cp cng c chuyn i thit k thnh dng VHDL cho php bin dch v tng hp thnh cc
cu hnh phn cng, cho php rt ngn thi gian bin tng thnh hin thc. Song song ,
DSP Builder cn cho php xy dng thm cc khi bng ngn ng Verilog hoc VHDL.
DSP Builder c cc khi cha bit v chu k chnh xc nn thc hin c cc chc nng
v s hc, lu tr, v d nh cc gii thut v sa li, v lc. Chng ta c th tch hp nhng
chc nng phc tp bng cch s dng cc MegaCore Functions trong DSP Builder model.
Cc Function ny tng cng sc mnh cho DSP Builder v m ra kh nng pht trin rng
ln.Phn th nghim thc hin trn Kit Stratix DSP Development. y l mt b kit FPGA c
nhiu khi chc nng mnh m, linh kin FPGA thuc h Stratix 5ns, c sn cc b
ADC/DAC tc cao[3].
4. THIT K H THNG
H thng OFDM gm b randomizer - derandomizer, channel encoder-channel decoder,
IQ mapper - IQ demaper, symbol OFDM, signal OFDM, channel estimation, v equalizer. D
liu sau khi qua b ngu nhin ha s c a qua b m ha knh. y l khi c nhim v
sa cc li bit trong qu trnh truyn d liu. B m ha sa sai c s dng l
convolutional code. Sau , cc bit d liu c chuyn tun t vo khi nh x chm sao
(constellation mapper). Php iu bin c s dng l QPSK theo m Gray. B to symbol
OFDM c nhim v ghp cc d liu ca data, pilot, thnh phn DC v cc s 0. Symbol
ny s c qua b ni tip sang song song, FFT v song song sang ni tip to thnh tn
hiu OFDM. Tn hiu trc khi truyn s c cng thm vi mt on cyclic prefix. Tn hiu
OFDM s cng vi nhiu c lu trong b nh v n pha thu. Pha u thu thc hin cc
qu trnh ngc li nhm ly li thng tin ban u. Tuy nhin, tn hiu qua knh truyn lun b
nh hng bi cc hin tng nhiu x, tn x, hp thu lm cho tn hiu pha u thu b sai
lch. V vy, pha u thu cn mt b cn bng c p ng l nghch o ca knh truyn.
iu ny gp phn hn ch cc nh hng ca knh truyn ln tn hiu truyn.
D liu dng kim tra h thng c to bng phng php ngu nhin v t trong b
nh. Vic kim tra hot ng tng khi v ca c h thng c thc hin bng cng c
Signal Tap ca Altera. Kit s kt ni vi my tnh thng qua chun JTAG (Joint Test Action
Group). Tn hiu OFDM c bin i t s sang tng t (DAC) v hin th kt qu trn my
phn tch ph (spectrum analyzer). H thng x l trn tn hiu di gc. V vy, phn kho st
ph ca h thng c thc hin trn tng gi tr thc v o. M hnh nghin cu ca bi bo
c trnh by hnh 4.
Hnh 4. S khi h thng OFDM
4.1. Mch randomizer v derandomizer
Ngu nhin ha c thc hin trn tng symbol. a thc to chui ngu nhin PRBS
(pseudo-random binary sequence) l 1 + X
14
+ X
15
[4] nh hnh 5. Tng byte data s tun t
i qua b randomizer, MSB vo trc. Gi tr c khi to cho lung uplink l
100101010000000. Thanh ghi dch ca b randomizer s c khi to li sau mi khi
data. Vic derandomizer c thc hin bng cch cho qua li b randomizer u thu.
Hnh 5. Mch thc hin randomizer
4.2. Mch channel encoder v channel decoder
B m ha knh c s dng l b m Convolutional code, tc mc nh l 1/2, chiu
di b m ha l 7 v dng a thc sinh l:
G
1
= 171
OCT
cho X v G
2
= 133
OCT
cho Y
B gi m c thit k bng thut ton Viterbi. Kin trc c bn ca thut ton Viterbi
gm ba khi chnh: khi tnh khong cch nhnh (branch metric) dng tnh khong cch
Haming ca cc bit (l 2 bit nu s dng tc m l R=1/2) vi cc nhnh, khi cng-so
snh-chn c nhim v tnh tng khong cch Haming v chn ng c khong cch ngn
nht, khi cui cng qun l b nh cho ng cn gia li. y l chui bit gii m ca
thut ton. Hnh 7 trnh bi b gii m dng thut ton Viterbi. Trong , chiu di qui hi
c chn l 42.
Hnh 6. Mch thc hin b m ha
Hnh 7. M hnh gii m dng thut ton Viterbi
4.3. Mch IQ mapper IQ demapper
Hnh 8 trnh by khi IQ mapper theo phng php QPSK. Khi IQ mapper c thit k
bng bng tra. Khi IQ demapper c thit k bng ngn ng Verilog vi cu trc IF-THEN.
Hnh 8. Mch IQ Mapper
4.4. Mch to Pilot
Thanh ghi to chui bit gi - ngu nhin c s dng to ra cc bit ca pilot. a thc
sinh ca PRBS ny l: 1 + X
9
+ X
11
[4]. Gi tr ca php iu bin Pilot ng vi symbol
OFDM th k s c suy ra t cc w
k
. Cc v tr dng chn pilot v gi tr chn c tnh
nh sau:
c
-88
= c
-38
= c
13
= c
38
= c
63
= c
88
= 1-2w
k
va c
-63
= c
-13
= 1-2(!w
k
) (6)
Tn hiu index dng xc nh v tr bit trong symbol OFDM. Mch to pilot c trnh
by hnh 9.
Hnh 9. Mch to pilot
4.5. Mch ghp symbol OFDM
Phn to symbol c thit k bng ngn ng Verilog nh hnh 10. V d, mt symbol
OFDM dng trong chun 802.16 c nh ngha nh sau: {28 s zero,100 data, zero, 100
data, 27 s zero}. Trong cc v tr chn pilot l c
-88
, c
-63
, c
-38
, c
-13
, c
13
, c
38
, c
63
v c
88
.
Hnh 10. Mch ghp symbol
4.6. Mch IFFT v Cyclic prefix
Phn IFFT c thit k da trn MegaCore ca Altera nh hnh 11. Php bin i c
s dng l IFFT 256 im. Tn hiu trc khi pht i s c thm on cyclic prefix c chiu
di l . Phn cyclic prefix c thit bng cch kt hp cc b nh FIFO v khi iu khin
bng Verilog. Mch thc hin thm cyclic prefix c trnh by hnh 12.
Hnh 11. Mch thc hin IFFT
Hnh 12. Mch thc hin thm Cyclic prefix
4.7. Knh truyn v cn bng
Tn hiu OFDM s(t) c truyn qua knh truyn c p ng xung h(t), u thu ta nhn
c r(t). Trong trng hp c nhiu AWGN n(t), ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) r t h t s t n t = - + (7)
Tng ng trong min tn s, ta c:
( ) ( ). ( ) ( ) R f H f S f N f = + (8)
Trong ( ) S f chnh l OFDM symbol ban u. Vic khi phc tm li ( ) S f tr
thnh cng vic lc nhiu ( ) N f c ph tri u v c lng p ng tn s ca knh
truyn.
Ti u thu, tn hiu OFDM lun phi c chuyn v symbol OFDM bng bin i
Fourier nn tn hiu nhn c lc ny l ( ) R f thay v r(t). im thun li khi c lng
p ng tn s l cc php nhn chp trong min thi gian c chuyn thnh nhn thng
trong min tn s.
Gi ( )
pilot
S f l cc v tr thng tin bit trc c phn tn trong symbol OFDM
Ti u thu, khi nhn c ( ) R f , cc v tr tng ng vi cc pilot s c trch ra, ta c:
( ) ( ). ( ) ( )
pilot pilot pilot
R f S f H f N f = + (9)
Tm b qua tc ng ca nhiu AWGN, ta c
( ) ( ) ( )
pilot pilot pilot
R f S f H f = (10)
T suy ra p ng tn s ca knh truyn ti cc v tr tng ng vi cc pilot
( )
( )
( )
pilot
pilot
pilot
R f
H f
S f
= (11)
T ( )
pilot
H f , ton b p ng ( ) H f ca knh truyn c th c suy ra bng phng
php ni suy tuyn tnh. Sau khi c c ( ) H f , ta thc hin cn bng cho ton b tn hiu
bng cng thc:
) (
) (
) (
f H
f R
f S = (12)
5. KT QU
Phn ny trnh by cc kt qu th nghim ca h thng OFDM. Hu ht cc kt qu c
c bng cng c Signal Tap. y l cng c ph bin kim tra tng khi chc nng khi
thit k trn FPGA. Kt qu sau c x l trn FPGA s lu trong RAM. Signal Tap cho
php c kt qu trong RAM v my tnh v hin th trn my tnh.
5.1. Kt qu bng cng c Signal Tap
Hnh 13 trnh by kt qu th nghim b randomizer v derandomizer. Ta thy d liu sau
khi qua b randomizer hai ln s ging nh d liu ban u. D liu sau khi thc hin gi ngu
nhin s c trnh c trng hp cc cc s 0 (hoc s 1) xut hin lin tc.
Hnh 13. Kt qu kim tra b ngu nhin ho
(a) D liu gc
(b) D liu sau khi gi ngu nhin
(c) D liu sau khi gii gi ngu nhin
Hnh 14 trnh by kt qu th nghim b m ha Convolutional Code. M hnh th
nghim gm liu ban u sau thc hin m ha c tc . D liu sau khi m ha b cng
nhiu c phn b ri rc. Sau , thc hin thut ton Viterbi gii m. Kt qu cho thy
chui bit sau khi gii m lun ging vi chui bit d liu ban u. iu ny kt lun b m
ha convolutional code c th s dng tt vi cc li ri rc.
(b)
(c)
(a)
Hnh 14. Kt qu th nghim b m ho knh
(a) D liu gc
(b) D liu sau khi m ho
(c) D liu cng nhiu
(d) D liu sau khi gii m
Hnh 15 trnh by kt qu vic ghp thnh symbol OFDM. Symbol OFDM gm 256 im
trong gm cc s zero, pilot v data.
Hnh 15. Cu trc symbol OFDM (a) Trc I, (b) Trc Q
Ta thc hin bin i IFFT 256 im ca symbol OFDM to thnh tn hiu OFDM nh
hnh 16a. D liu ny s thm on cyclic prefix nh hnh 16b.
Hnh 16. Phn thc ca tn hiu OFDM
(a) D liu sau khi bin i IFFT, (b) D liu sau khi thm cyclic prefix
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
5.2. Ph ca tn hiu OFDM
Bi bo thit k h thng OFDM di gc. V vy, vic kho st ph ca h thng c
thc hin o trn trc thc v trc o. Ph ca h thng khi chy trn Matlab thu c kt qu
nh hnh 17. Kt qu ny hon ton ph hp vi l thuyt ca k thut OFDM. Khi thit k
trn DSP Builder, cc khi c thit lp tc bng vi tc ca kit (bng 1). V vy, khi
kho st ph ca h thng bng cng c trn Matlab ch cho bng thng l 1 Hz. Bng thng
ny s nhn vi tc clock ca kit cho ra bng thng tht t. V d, nu ta cu hnh clock
cho kit l 100MHz th y cng chnh l tc truyn ca h thng.
Hnh 17. Ph ca tn hiu OFDM trn Matlab
V bng thng tn hiu l 80MHz nn ta thit lp my phn tch ph c tn s trung tm l
40MHz v span l 80MHz. Kt qu o thc t c khc bit so vi o bng cng c phn tch
ph ca Matlab. Phn khc bit ch yu nm thnh phn tn s cao. iu ny c l gii do
p ng tn s ca mch DAC trn kit khng cao. Tuy c s khc bit v ph nhng khi kim
tra d liu ng ra FPGA th hon ton ph hp vi trn Matlab, v c bit l pha u thu
nhn chnh xc chui d liu truyn. Hnh 18 trnh by ph ca tn hiu OFDM trn my
phn tch ph.
Hnh 18. Ph ca tn hiu OFDM trn my phn tch ph
H thng OFDM hon chnh c th t c tc 60Mbps khi tn s h thng l
100MHz, convolutional code 1/2, s dng QPSK, php FFT/IFFT 256 im, cyclic prefix l
. H thng c BER l 10
-4
khi qua knh truyn AWGN c SNR l 30dB. Vi cc tham s
trn, thi gian cho qu trnh truyn d liu t bn pht n bn thu l khong 2500 xung clock
( 25 s ). Thi gian tr ny phn ln tp trung php bin i IFFT/FFT, b gii m Viterbi,
v cc b nh FIFO. Linh kin c s dng l FPGA Stratix EPS1S25 vi ti nguyn s
dng: Total logic elements l 17389 ( 68 % ), Total LABs l 2020 ( 79 % ).
6. KT LUN
Bi bo hon thnh vic thit k cc khi trong mt h thng OFDM bng DSP Builder
trn nn Matlab Simulink. Vic thit k bng DSP Builder cho php ta tn dng cc khi chc
nng v logic, s hc, php ton trn s phc, v lp trnh c cu trc. Ngoi ra, DSP Builder
khng nhng cho php xy dng cc khi t ngn ng lp trnh Verilog hoc VHDL m cn
cho php s dng cc MegaCore ca Altera. Linh kin c s dng l FPGA Stratix EPS125.
Kt qu th nghim trn cc khi randomizer - derandomizer, channel encoder-channel
decoder, IQ mapper - IQ demaper, symbol OFDM, signal OFDM, channel estimation, v
equalizer cho thy h thng hot ng tt. y l c s thc hin cc h thng thc t s
dng k thut OFDM nh 801.11g, 802.11n (WiFi), 802.16 (WiMAX). ng thi, bi bo m
ra kh nng nghin cu v pht trin cc h thng truyn thng tin tin di gc (baseband).
IMPLEMENTING AN OFDM SYSTEM ON HARDWARE
Dang Le Khoa, Nguyen Truong An, Bui Huu Phu, Nguyen Huu Phuong
University of Sciences, VNU-HCM
Abstract: Recently, OFDM technique has been applied to many digital communications
systems such as DVB-T, WiFi, WiMAX and MIMO systems. OFDM can send multiple high-
speed signals by using orthogonal carrier frequencies. In addition, OFDM technique can
combat inter-symbol interference (ISI) and inter-channel interference (ICI). Therefore, OFDM
has been an essential technology in high-speed communications. The aim of this project is to
implement the base-band OFDM system on hardware exploiting FPGA-based DSP
Development Kit and DSPBuilder software from Altera. The results can be used for
training purpose and for a further development of OFDM-based communication systems.
Keywords: OFDM, ADSL, DVB-T, WiFi, WiMAX, ISI, ICI.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Admand R. S. Bahai, Burton R. Saltzberg, v Mustafa Ergen, Multi-Carrier Digital
Communications: Theory and Applications of OFDM, Boston, MA: Springer Science +
Business Media, Inc., 2004.
[2]. Admand R. S. Bahai, Burton R. Saltzberg, v Mustafa Ergen, Multi-Carrier Digital
Communications: Theory and Applications of OFDM, Boston, MA: Springer Science +
Business Media, Inc, 2004
[3]. Altera Corporation (2005), Stratix EP1S25 DSP Development Board, URL:
http://www.altera.com/technology/dsp/dsp-index.jsp
[4]. 802.16 IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks, Part16: Air Interface
for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems, NY, 2004
[5]. Santhi, M. Kumar, M.S. Lakshminarayanan, G. Prabakar, T.N., Design and
implementation of pipelined MB-OFDM UWB transmitter backend modules on FPGA,
IEEE Xplore, 2009

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