6.

EXAMINATION OF STRESS DISTRIBUTION The stress distribution in the shell is given below

Figure 1:
The stress Sigma yy values at different points are given below. Our reference frame is at the lower left corner of the cross section. At about (0,R) the stress is minimum. At about (R, 0) the stress is maximum. Where R is the radius of the hole. So from the points at about (0,R) to (R,0)the stress increases to a maximum value 97.155.and moving towards the points away from the hole in x- direction the stress again decreases. COMMENTS:

For a material to be in stress two conditions are necessary. 1) Force tending to deform the body. 2) Constrains to show opposition to the deformation. For a body to be in stress the above two conditions are necessary. If either of them is absent there will be no stress. For example if there is a force acting on a body and there is no constrain on the body ,so the body cant show resistance to the applied force hence there will be no stress(opposition) in the body. And this the reason for the stress differences between the lift top and right down of the hole. At points at (0,R) there is no constrain, so the strain energy is consumed in deformation so there is low stress. And at the (R, 0) the hole is constrained. So the stress energy is not used and thus the body is in state of stress. After (R,0) points moving towards the right the stress value again decreases because we are moving towards less constrained region, so the stress energy is consumed in deformation and as a result the stress decreases.

6.2 The Value of SCF (stress concentration factor) is 97.155/25=3.88.if we take the average value of stress of the sky color which ranges from 20.313 to 42.268 and its average value is 31.29 and in this case the SCF is 97.155/31.29=3.1. And we have given that the maximum value of SCF is 3.0. With the mesh refinement the stress concentration factor increases.After refinement the Maximum value for stress is 105.92. Stress distribution after refinement is given below

Figure 2 Stress distribution after mesh refinement

6.3:
To reduce the stress concentration factor the following should be done 1) Increase the width of the plate .this will reduce the stress concentration factor.The width of plate in this case is 20 The below plot illustrate this

In this case the concentration factor is 77.19/25=3.01.Other design changes includes reduce the diameter of the hole while keeping the previous plate width.