Lect 09

Physics 212 Physics 212 yy
Lecture 9 Lecture 9
Today's Concept: Today's Concept: Today s Concept: Today s Concept:
Electric Current Electric Current Electric Current Electric Current
Ohms Law & resistors, Resistors in circuits, Power in circuits Ohms Law & resistors, Resistors in circuits, Power in circuits , , , ,
Physics 212 Lecture 9, Slide Physics 212 Lecture 9, Slide 1 1
Music
Who is the Artist? Who is the Artist? Who is the Artist? Who is the Artist?
A) A) Dave Brubeck Dave Brubeck
B) B) Thelonius Monk Thelonius Monk B) B) Thelonius Monk Thelonius Monk
C) C) Bill Evans Bill Evans
D) D) Keith Jarrett Keith Jarrett
E) E) Oscar Peterson Oscar Peterson
Now theres an example of abstract thinking Now theres an example of abstract thinking composing in real time! composing in real time! p g p g p g p g
Who will be next!? Who will be next!?
Physics 212 Lecture 9 Physics 212 Lecture 9
Some Exam Stuff Some Exam Stuff
Exam tomorrw (Wed. Sep. 21) at 7:00
l l ( ) Covers material through lecture 8 (no resistors)
Bring your ID
Conflict exam at 5:15 you will need to stay in the room until exam ends
Where do I go? EXAM ROOMS (by discussion section)
Preparation
p
Practice exams
Exam Prep Exercises
Worked examples
Your Comments Your Comments
Thank God were are moving on to easier material. Makes my life easier :)
I CURRENTly have only a few concerns
Can we review for tommorrow's exam?
will we have a review section?
I was confused with current density
Can we do more practice with resistor circuits that have both parallel and
series?
Consider the comments
They help us understand what you are having trouble with
Writing even briefly helps you to think logically Writing, even briefly, helps you to think logically
I bet you put typos in the I bet you put typos in the powerpoints powerpoints to make it look like you are to make it look like you are
actually using what students wrote, when you are actually writing them. actually using what students wrote, when you are actually writing them.
Checkmate! Checkmate!
Can we look at schematics for electronics we use everyday? Do they have Can we look at schematics for electronics we use everyday? Do they have
circuits that look like these? circuits that look like these?
ELECTRONICS WE USE EVERYDAY (almost) your iClicker
A BIG IDEA REVIEW A BIG IDEA REVIEW
C ul mbs L C ul mbs L

F
Coulomb s Law Coulomb s Law
Force law between Force law between
point charges point charges
1 2
1,2 1,2
2
1,2
kq q
F r
r
qq
11
qq
22
1,2
r
1,2
F
Electric Field Electric Field
Gauss Law Gauss Law
Force per unit charge Force per unit charge
F
E
q

Property of Space Property of Space
Created by Charges Created by Charges
Superposition Superposition
Gauss Law Gauss Law
Flux through closed Flux through closed
surface is always surface is always
proportional to proportional to
0
enc
Q
E dA
c
=
}

Gauss Law Gauss Law

Can be used to Can be used to
determine E field determine E field
Spheres Spheres
Cylinders Cylinders
Infinite Planes Infinite Planes
p p p p
p p p p
charge enclosed charge enclosed
0
determine E field determine E field
Electric Potential Electric Potential
Potential energy per Potential energy per
}
=
A
A

b
b a
l d E
U
V

Electric Potential Electric Potential
Scalar Function that Scalar Function that
V E V
Potential energy per Potential energy per

unit charge unit charge
}
= A

a
b a
l d E
q
V
Scalar Function that Scalar Function that
can be used to can be used to
determine E determine E
V E V =
Capacitance Capacitance
Q
05
Relates charge and Relates charge and
potential for two potential for two
conductor system conductor system
Q
C
V
APPLICATIONS OF BIG IDEAS APPLICATIONS OF BIG IDEAS

C ndu t s C ndu t s Conductors Conductors
Charges free to Charges free to
move move
What Determines What Determines
How They Move? How They Move?
They move until They move until
E = 0 !!! E = 0 !!!
E = 0 in conductor E = 0 in conductor
determines charge determines charge
densities on surfaces densities on surfaces
Spheres Spheres
Cylinders Cylinders
Gauss Gauss
Law Law
Field Lines & Field Lines &
Equipotentials Equipotentials
Capacitor Networks Capacitor Networks
Work Done By E Field Work Done By E Field
} }
= =
b
a
b
a
b a
l d E q l d F W

pp
a a
b
Change in Potential Energy Change in Potential Energy
Series: Series:
(1/C (1/C
23 23
)=(1/C )=(1/C
22
)+(1/C )+(1/C
33
))
05
}
= = A

b
a
b a b a
l d E q W U

Parallel Parallel
CC
123 123
= C = C
11
+ C + C
23 23
Key Concepts for Today: Key Concepts for Today:
1) 1) How resistance depends on A, L, How resistance depends on A, L, oo, ,
2) 2) How to combine resistors in series and parallel How to combine resistors in series and parallel
3) 3) Understanding resistors in circuits Understanding resistors in circuits
Todays Plan: Todays Plan:
1) 1) Review of resistance & preflights Review of resistance & preflights
2) 2) Work out a circuit problem in detail Work out a circuit problem in detail )) pp
II AA
oo
LLLL
V V
Ohms Law: J Ohms Law: J = = o o EE
Conductivity Conductivity high for good conductors. high for good conductors.
V = EL V = EL
I JA I JA
Observables: Observables:
I/A = I/A = ooV/L V/L I = V/(L/ I = V/(L/oA) oA)
I = JA I = JA
V/(L/ V/(L/ ))
R = R =
L L
I = V/R I = V/R
R = Resistance R = Resistance
R = R =
ooA A
I = V/R I = V/R
R Resistance R Resistance
= 1/ = 1/oo
This is like plumbing! This is like plumbing!
II is like flow rate of water is like flow rate of water
VV is like pressure is like pressure VV pr ur pr ur
RR is how hard it is for water to flow in a pipe is how hard it is for water to flow in a pipe
R = R =
LL
To make To make RR big, make big, make LL long or long or AA small small
R = R =
ooAA
T m k T m k RR sm ll m k sm ll m k LL sh t sh t AA bi bi To make To make RR small, make small, make LL short or short or AA big big
Checkpoint 1a Checkpoint 1a Checkpoint 1b Checkpoint 1b
Same current through Same current through
both resistors both resistors
Compare voltages Compare voltages
across resistors across resistors
A
L
R
A
A
L
IR V =
A
1 2 1 2
2 2 V V L L = =
1
4
1
2 1 2
4 V V A A = =
Checkpoint 3 Checkpoint 3
The SAME amount of current I passes through three different resistors. R
2
has twice the cross-
sectional area and the same length as R
1
, and R
3
is three times as long as R
1
but has the same
1 3 1
cross-sectional area as R
1
.
In which case is the CURRENT DENSITY through the resistor the smallest? In which case is the CURRENT DENSITY through the resistor the smallest?
A. Case 1 B. Case 2 C. Case 3
The smaller the resistor the smaller the current density The smaller the resistor the smaller the current density
Has most area for current to spread out in so density is lowest Has most area for current to spread out in so density is lowest
Case has the smallest volume of the resistor with same amount of electric current. So, Case has the smallest volume of the resistor with same amount of electric current. So,
Current density is the smallest in case3. Current density is the smallest in case3.
Checkpoint 3 Checkpoint 3
The SAME amount of current I passes through three different resistors. R
2
has twice the cross-
sectional area and the same length as R
1
, and R
3
is three times as long as R
1
but has the same
1 3 1
cross-sectional area as R
1
.
In which case is the CURRENT DENSITY through the resistor the smallest?
I
In which case is the CURRENT DENSITY through the resistor the smallest?
A. Case 1 B. Case 2 C. Case 3
A
I
J
2 3 1
2J J J = =
1
Same Current Same Current
A
J
1
Resistor Summary
Series
Parallel
R
1
E h i t th E h i t
R
1
R
2
1
R
2
V lt
Different for each Same for each
Wiring
Each resistor on the
same wire.
Each resistor on a
different wire.
Voltage
Different for each
resistor.
V
total
= V
1
+ V
2
Same for each resistor
Same for each
resistor.
V
total
= V
1
= V
2
Different for each
Current
Increases
Same for each resistor
I
total
= I
1
= I
2
Decreases
Different for each
resistor
I
total
= I
1
+ I
2
Resistance
Increases
R
eq
= R
1
+ R
2
Decreases
1/R
eq
= 1/R
1
+ 1/R
2
Checkpoint 2a Checkpoint 2a
Three resistors are connected to a battery with emf V as
shown. The resistances of the resistors are all the same,
i.e. R
1
= R
2
= R
3
= R.
Compare the current through R
2
with the current through R
3
:
A. I
2
> I
3
B. I
2
= I
3
C. I
2
< I
3
RR
22
in series with R in series with R
33
Current through R Current through R
22
and R and R
33
is the same is the same
2 3 2 3 2 3
3 2
23
R R
V
I
+
=
33
Checkpoint 2b Checkpoint 2b
RR
11
= R = R
22
= R = R
33
= R = R
Checkpoint 2c Checkpoint 2c Checkpoint 2d Checkpoint 2d
pp
pp pp
Compare the current through Compare the current through
RR
11
with the current through R with the current through R
22
Compare the voltage Compare the voltage
across R across R
22
with the with the
voltage across R voltage across R
33
Compare the voltage across Compare the voltage across
RR
11
with the voltage across R with the voltage across R
22
II II II
11
II
22
VV
22
VV
33
VV
11
VV
22
RR
11
= R = R
22
= R = R
33
= R = R
R2 d R3 k i t hi h th t R2 d R3 k i t hi h th t
RR
11
22
R2 and R3 make up one resistor, which means the current R2 and R3 make up one resistor, which means the current
would be multiplied by two. This means that the current would be multiplied by two. This means that the current
through R1 divided by R23 would equal 1/2 through R1 divided by R23 would equal 1/2
I2 t b l t I3 Th f th t I2 d I2 t b l t I3 Th f th t I2 d
A. A. II
11
/I /I
22
= 1/2 = 1/2
I2 must be equal to I3. Therefore, we can reason that I2 and I2 must be equal to I3. Therefore, we can reason that I2 and
I3 are both one third of I total. Therefore, each resistor has I3 are both one third of I total. Therefore, each resistor has
equal current. equal current.
th i t f th i i t i h th t i th i t f th i i t i h th t i
A. A. II
11
/I /I
22
1/2 1/2
B. B. II
11
/I /I
22
= 1/3 = 1/3
C. C. II
11
/I /I
22
= 1 = 1
D D II /I /I 22
the resistance of the series is twice as much so the current is the resistance of the series is twice as much so the current is
halved. halved.
D. D. II
11
/I /I
22
= 2 = 2
E. E. II
11
/I /I
22
= 3 = 3
I
1
I
23
RR
11
= R = R
22
= R = R
33
= R = R
V
RR
11
22
A. A. II
11
/I /I
22
= 1/2 = 1/2
1
3 2
23 1
R
R R
I I
+
=
3 2
23
R R
V
I
+
=
We know: We know:
V
A. A. II
11
/I /I
22
1/2 1/2
B. B. II
11
/I /I
22
= 1/3 = 1/3
C. C. II
11
/I /I
22
= 1 = 1
D D II /I /I 22
1
R R I
Similarly: Similarly:
1
1
R
V
I =
D. D. II
11
/I /I
22
= 2 = 2
E. E. II
11
/I /I
22
= 3 = 3
2
1
3 2
23
1
=
+
=
R
R R
I
I
Checkpoint 2c Checkpoint 2c
V
2
V
3
2
3
V
23
RR
11
= R = R
22
= R = R
33
= R = R
Compare the voltage Compare the voltage
across R across R
22
with the with the
voltage across R voltage across R
33
Consider loop Consider loop
V V =
23
2
3 2
V
V V = =
VV
22
> V > V
33
VV
22
= V = V
3 3
= V = V
VV
22
= V = V
3 3
< V < V
AA
BB
CC
V V R R = =
3 2 23
V V V + =
VV
22
= V = V
3 3
< V < V
VV
22
< V < V
33
CC
DD
3 2 3 2
V V R R = =
Checkpoint 2d Checkpoint 2d
RR
11
= R = R
22
= R = R
33
= R = R
RR
11
22
VV VV VV AA
Since V2 and V3 are in parallel with V1 and V2 and V3 are Since V2 and V3 are in parallel with V1 and V2 and V3 are
equal, they all have the same V equal, they all have the same V
VV
11
= V = V
2 2
= V = V
VV
11
= V = V
2 2
= V = V
VV
11
= 2V = 2V
2 2
= V = V
AA
BB
CC
The voltage is the same the beginning and end of the The voltage is the same the beginning and end of the the the
parallel split. Since the resistors have the same resistance, parallel split. Since the resistors have the same resistance,
then R1=R2+R3. then R1=R2+R3.
VV
11
= V = V
2 2
= 1/5 V = 1/5 V
VV
11
= V = V
2 2
= V = V
DD
EE
V1= V1=Vbattery Vbattery V2+V3= V2+V3=Vbattery Vbattery
Checkpoint 2d Checkpoint 2d
VV
1
V
23
RR
11
= R = R
22
= R = R
33
= R = R
RR
11
22
VV VV VV AA
RR
11
in parallel with series in parallel with series
combination of R combination of R
22
and R and R
33
V V
V V V = =
2 1
2
VV
11
= V = V
2 2
= V = V
VV
11
= V = V
2 2
= V = V
VV
11
= 2V = 2V
2 2
= V = V
AA
BB
CC

2 3 2 3 2 3
R = R , I = I V =V
23 1
V V =
VV
11
= V = V
2 2
= 1/5 V = 1/5 V
VV
11
= V = V
2 2
= V = V
DD
EE 2 3 2 23
2V V V V = + =
Calculation Calculation
In the circuit shown: V = 18V
R
1
R
2
In the circuit shown: V = 18V,
R
1
= 1O, R
2
= 2O, R
3
= 3O, and R
4
= 4O.
Wh t i V th lt R ?
V
R
3
What is V
2
, the voltage across R
2
?
C t l A l sis:
R
4
Conceptual Analysis:
Ohms Law: when current I flows through resistance R, the potential
drop V is given by: V = IR.
Resistances are combined in series and parallel combinations Resistances are combined in series and parallel combinations
R
series
= R
a
+ R
b
(1/R
parallel
) = (1/R
a
) + (1/R
b
)
Strategic Analysis g y
Combine resistances to form equivalent resistances: packing
Evaluate voltages or currents from Ohms Law
Expand circuit back using knowledge of voltages and currents: unpacking
R
1
R
2
R
1
= 1O, R
2
= 2O, R
3
= 3O, and R
4
= 4O.
Wh t i V th lt R ?
V
R
3
What is V
2
2
?
C bi R sist s:
R
4
Combine Resistances:
(A) (A) i i (B) (B) i ll l (C) (C) ith i i i ll l
RR
11
and R and R
22
are connected: are connected:
(A) (A) in series (B) (B) in parallel (C) (C) neither in series nor in parallel
Parallel Combination Parallel Combination
S i C bi ti S i C bi ti
R
a
R
a
R
a
R
a
R
b
R
a
R
a
R
b
R
b
Series Combination Series Combination
Parallel: Can make a loop that
contains only those two resistors
R
b
R
b
R
b
Series : Every loop with resistor 1 also
has resistor 2.
R
1
R
2
R
1
= 1O, R
2
= 2O, R
3
= 3O, and R
4
= 4O.
Wh t i V th lt R ?
V
R
3
What is V
2
2
?
W fi st ill bi sist s R R R :
R
4
We first will combine resistances R
2
+ R
3
+ R
4
:
Which of the following is true?
(A) (A) RR
22
, R , R
33
and R and R
44
are connected in series are connected in series
(B) (B) RR
22
, R , R
33
, and R , and R
44
are connected in parallel are connected in parallel
(C) (C) RR
33
and R and R
44
are connected in series (R are connected in series (R
34 34
) which is connected in parallel with R ) which is connected in parallel with R
22
(C) (C) RR
33
and R and R
44
34 34
22
(D) (D) RR
22
and R and R
44
24 24
33
(E) (E) RR
22
and R and R
44
are connected in parallel (R are connected in parallel (R
24 24
33
R
1
R
2
R
1
= 1O, R
2
= 2O, R
3
= 3O, and R
4
= 4O.
Wh t i V th lt R ?
V
R
3
What is V
2
2
?
R
4
R
2
and R
4
are connected in series (R
24
) which is connected in parallel with R
3
Redraw the circuit using the equivalent resistor R Redraw the circuit using the equivalent resistor R
24 24
= series combination of R = series combination of R
22
and R and R
44
..
2 4
(
24
) p
3
V
R
1
R
V
R
1
R
V
R
1
R
3 V
R
1
R
24
R
3
R
24
R
3
R
24
V
R
24
R
3
(A) (B) (C) (A) (B) (C)
R
1
R
1
= 1O, R
2
= 2O, R
3
= 3O, and R
4
= 4O.
Wh t i V th lt R ?
V
R
24
R
3
What is V
2
2
?
Combine Resistances:
RR d R d R d i i R d i i R RR
22
and R and R
44
are connected in series = R are connected in series = R
24 24
RR
33
and R and R
24 24
are connected in parallel = R are connected in parallel = R
234 234
What is the value of R What is the value of R
234 234
??
(A) (A) R
234
= 1 O (B) (B) R
234
= 2 O (C) (C) R
234
= 4 O (D) (D) R
234
= 6 O
R and R in series
R = R + R = 2O + 4O 6O
(1/R
parallel
) = (1/R
a
) + (1/R
b
) 1/R
234
= (1/3) + (1/6) = (3/6) O
1
R
234
= 2 O
R
2
and R
4
in series
R
24
= R
2
+ R
4
= 2O + 4O = 6O
(
parallel
) (
a
) (
b
)
234
( ) ( ) ( )
234
R
1
R
1
= 1O, R
2
= 2O, R
3
= 3O, and R
4
= 4O.
R
24
= 6O R
234
= 2O
Wh t i V th lt R ?
V
R
234
I
1
= I
234
What is V
2
2
?
R
1
and R
234
are in series. R
1234
= 1 + 2 = 3 O
Our next task is to calculate the total current in the circuit
V
R
1234
Ohms Law tells us I
1234
= V/R
1234
= 18 / 3
= I
1234
= 6 Amps
Calculation: begin unpacking Calculation: begin unpacking
V
R
1
= 1O, R
2
= 2O, R
3
= 3O, and R
4
= 4O.
R
24
= 6O R
234
= 2O I
1234
= 6 A
Wh t i V th lt R ?
V
R
1234
I
1234
What is V
2
2
?
R
1
/
V
R
1
R
234
I
234
= I
1234
Since R
1
in series w/ R
234
V = I R
= I = I
aa
R
234 V
234
= I
234
R
234
= 6 x 2
= 12 Volts
= I
1
= I
234
bb
What is V
ab
234
?
(A) (A) V
ab
= 1 V (B) (B) V
ab
= 2 V (C) (C) V
ab
= 9 V (D) (D) V
ab
= 12 V (E) (E) V
ab
= 16 V
V = 18V
R
1
= 1O
R 2O
R
1
R
1
R
2
= 2O
R
3
= 3O
R
4
= 4O.
R
24
= 6O

V
R
234
V
R
24
R
3
R
234
= 2O
I
1234
= 6 Amps
I
234
= 6 Amps
V
234
= 12V
234
What is V
2
?
Which of the following are true?
A) V V B) I I C) B th A B D) N A) V
234
= V
24
B) I
234
= I
24
C) Both A+B D) None
R
3
and R
24
were combined in parallel to get R
234
Voltages are same!
Ohms Law
I
24
= V
24
/ R
24
= 12 / 6
= 12 / 6
= 2 Amps
V = 18V
R
1
= 1O
R
R R
I I
R
2
= 2O
R
3
= 3O
R
4
= 4O.
R = 6O
V
R
1
R
R
V
R
1
R
2
R
I
1234
I
24
R
24
= 6O
R
234
= 2O
I
1234
= 6 Amps
I
234
= 6 Amps
R
24
R
3
R
4
R
3
I
234
6 Amps
V
234
= 12V
V
24
= 12V
I
24
= 2 Amps
Which of the following are true?
A) V
24
= V
2
B) I
24
= I
2
C) Both A+B D) None
What is V
2
?
R
2
and R
4
where combined in series to get R
24
Currents are same!
Ohms Law
V
2
= I
2
R
2
= 2 x 2
The Problem Can Now The Problem Can Now
Be Solved! Be Solved!
= 2 x 2
= 4 Volts!
Quick Follow Quick Follow- -Ups Ups
V = 18V
R
1
= 1O
R 2O
R
1
aa
R
1
R
2
I
1
I
2
I R
2
= 2O
R
3
= 3O
R
4
= 4O.
R 6O
V
R
234
V
R
3 ==
I
3
R
24
= 6O
R
234
= 2O
V
234
= 12V
V 4V
What is I
3
?
bb
R
4
V
2
= 4V
I
24
= 2 Amps
I
1234
= 6 Amps
What is I
3
?
(A) (A) I
3
= 2 A (B) (B) I
3
= 3 A (C) (C) I
3
= 4 A
VV
33
= V = V
234 234
= 12V = 12V II
33
= V = V
33
/R /R
33
= 12V/3 = 12V/3OO = 4A = 4A VV
33
= V = V
234 234
= 12V = 12V II
33
= V = V
33
/R /R
33
= 12V/3 = 12V/3OO = 4A = 4A
What is I
1
?
We know I We know I = I = I = 6 A = 6 A We know I We know I
11
= I = I
1234 1234
= 6 A = 6 A
NOTE: I NOTE: I
22
= V = V
22
/R /R
22
= 4/2 = 2 A = 4/2 = 2 A
II
11
= I = I
22
+ I + I
33
Make Sense??? Make Sense???
NOTE I NOTE I
22
VV
22
/R /R
22
4/2 2 A 4/2 2 A
11 22 33

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Lect 09

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Physics 212 Physics 212 yy

Electric Field Electric Field

Gauss Law Gauss Law

Potential energy per Potential energy per

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