Physics 212

Lecture 25

Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 1

Music
Who is the Artist? A) B) C) D) E) The Band Bob Seger CCR Eagles Steve Miller Band

Why? SOMETIMES PERSISTENCE PAYS OFF. CCR CCR CCR CCR!!!! it means Creedence Clearwater Revival BTW! and they are the best band ever! anyone with style would play this in lecture

Physics 212 Lecture 24

Your Comments
Finally, something tangible! Can you link polarization in this unit to the polarization from the previous unit? Also, Well go over the key steps which beam are we considering polarized in the water example, the refracted or the reflected? confused about the polarization and E fields of the waves when reflected/ refracted... I'm not sure that I quite understand how the light becomes polarized from the reflection off of a surface. the swimming pool question is interesting:) obviously, the checkpoints We will definitely discuss the pool.. a small demo, even

Note that the Reflection, Refraction and Lenses HW is now available (due Nov. 29)

Hour Exam 3: 2 weeks from tomorrow (Wed. Nov. 30) covers L19-26 inclusive (LC circuits to lenses)
Sign up for conflicts, etc. no later than Fri. Nov. 18 at 10:00 p.m.
PLEASE ANSWER THIS IN LECTURE!!!!! everyone has been asking if this class is curved at all. none of the TA's know so will you let us know if it is?! THANKS :)
05

Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 3

Lets start with a summary:

from n1 to n2

from n1 to n2

Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 4

The speed of light in a medium is slower than in empty space:

since 0 <

Remember: is dielectric constant (capacitors)

Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 5

vmedium = c / nmedium

A ray of light passes from air into water with an angle of incidence of 30 degrees.

Checkpoint 1a

Which of the following quantities does not change as the light enters the water? A. wavelength B. frequency C. speed of propagation Well it stated in the prelecture the speed's change, and the index is frequency dependent so, I'm choosing wavelength.

Frequency will eb constant as wavelength and speed change.

if wavelength changes then frequency changes therefore it must be speed of propagation.

Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 6

A ray of light passes from air into water with an angle of incidence of 30 degrees.

Checkpoint 1a

Which of the following quantities does not change as the light enters the water? A. wavelength B. frequency C. speed of propagation

What about the wave must be the same on either side ??? Observers in both media must agree on the frequency of vibration of the molecules

Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 7

Reflection

Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 8

Refraction: Snells Law

D sin 2 D sin 1 = c / n2 c / n1

n2 sin 2 = n1 sin 1

Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 9

Think of a day at the beach

What's the fastest path to the ball knowing you can run faster than you can swim?

This one is better Not the quickest route

Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 10

A Same Principle works for Light !!

x1 l1
D

y1

y2 x2

l2 B

Time from A to B :
To find minimum time, differentiate t wrt x1 and set = 0 How is x2 related to x1? Setting dt/dx1 = 0

l l t= 1+ 2 = v1 v2

2 2 2 2 x1 + y1 x2 + y 2 + v1 v2

dt x1 x2 dx2 = + 2 2 2 2 dx1 v1 x1 + y1 v2 x2 + y2 dx1

x2 = D x1
dx2 = 1 dx1
sin 1 sin 2 = v1 v2
v = c/n

x1 x 2 =0 v1l1 v2l2

n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2

Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 11

The path of light is bent as it passes from medium 1 to medium 2.

Checkpoint 2a

Compare the indices of refraction in the two media. A. n1 > n2 B. n1 = n2

C. n1 < n2

Snell's law demonstrates that when the angle of incidence is smaller, the index of refraction is larger.

the index of refraction is usually greater as it passes through different mediums other than air. more refraction in n2, thus it is bigger
Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 12

The path of light is bent as it passes from medium 1 to medium 2.

Checkpoint 2a

Compare the indices of refraction in the two media. A. n1 > n2 B. n1 = n2

C. n1 < n2

Snells Law: n1sin1 = n2sin2 n decreases increases

Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 13

Total Internal Reflection

NOTE: n1 > n2 implies 2 > 1

BUT: 2 has max value = 90o !!

1 > c

Total Internal Reflection

Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 14

A light ray travels in a medium with n1 and completely reflects from the surface of a medium n2.

Checkpoint 2b

The critical angle depends on: A. n1 only B. n2 only

C. both n1 and n2

It does not go through n2 at all.

The light is only refracting off N2 so thats what it depends on.

if n2 is too large, no light is refracted; if n1 is too small, no light is refracted

Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 15

A light ray travels in a medium with n1 and completely reflects from the surface of a medium n2.

Checkpoint 2b

The critical angle depends on: A. n1 only B. n2 only

C. both n1 and n2

c clearly depends on both n2 and n1

Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 16

Intensity

Anything looks like a mirror if light is just glancing off it.

If two materials have the same n then its hard to tell them apart.
Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 17

Polarization

56.3

1 + 2 = 90

sin 2 = sin( 90 1 ) = cos 1

Snells Law: n2 sin 2 = n2 cos1 = n1 sin 1

n2 tan1 = n1
Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 18

A ray of light passes from air into water with an angle of incidence of 30 degrees.

Checkpoint 1b

Some of the light also reflects off the surface of the water. If the incident light is initially unpolarized, the reflected light will be A. unpolarized B. somewhat horizontally polarized C. somewhat vertically polarized The light will be unpolarized until the Brewster's angle is reached where the light becomes horizontally polarized.

since the virtical componet will be smaller

In order to reflect back, there must be some vertical element to it.

Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 19

A ray of light passes from air into water with an angle of incidence of 30 degrees.

Checkpoint 1b

Some of the light also reflects off the surface of the water. If the incident light is initially unpolarized, the reflected light will be A. unpolarized B. somewhat horizontally polarized C. somewhat vertically polarized

o = horizontal

Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 20

A ball sits in the bottom of an otherwise empty tub at the front of the room. Suppose N people sit high enough to see the ball (N = ).

Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 21

A ball sits in the bottom of an otherwise empty tub at the front of the room. Suppose N people sit high enough to see the ball (N = ).

Suppose I fill the tub with water but the ball doesnt move. Will more or less people see the ball? A) More people will see the ball B) Same # will see the ball C) Less people will see the ball

??

A w

Snells Law: ray bent away from normal going from water to air
Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 22

A light is shining at the bottom of a swimming pool (shown in yellow in the figure). A person is standing at the edge of the pool.

Checkpoint 3

Can the person standing on the edge of the pool be prevented from seeing the light by total internal reflection at the water-air surface? A. yes B. no There is a critical angle where the light is perfectly reflected back at the surface of water From experience I think no, but from prelecture, I think yes. The light will span the entire area over the pool, so even if the line that connects the man to the light will be below the critical angle, there will be another beam that is able to reach the man. not all off the light from the light will be at the correct angle for total internal reflection Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 23

A light is shining at the bottom of a swimming pool (shown in yellow in the figure). A person is standing at the edge of the pool.

Checkpoint 3

Can the person standing on the edge of the pool be prevented from seeing the light by total internal reflection at the water-air surface? A. yes B. no

The light would go out in all directions, so only some of it would be internally reflected. The person would see the light that escaped after being refracted.

DRAW SOME RAYS

Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 24

Example: Refraction at water/air interface

Divers illusion

97

Diver sees all of horizon refracted into a 97cone

air = 90

sinwater =

na n 1 sin90 = a = nw nw 1.33

water = 48.5
Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 25

Exercise
A meter stick lies at the bottom of a rectangular water tank of height 50cm. You look into the tank at an angle of 45o relative to vertical along a line that skims the top edge of the tank. What is the smallest number on the ruler that you can see?

45o

nwater = 1.33 50 cm

20

40

60

80

100

Conceptual Analysis: - Light is refracted at the surface of the water Strategy: - Determine the angle of refraction in the water and extrapolate this to the bottom of the tank.

Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 26

Exercise
A meter stick lies at the bottom of a rectangular water tank of height 50cm. You look into the tank at an angle of 45o relative to vertical along a line that skims the top edge of the tank. What is the smallest number on the ruler that you can see?

45o

nwater = 1.33 50 cm

20

40

60

80

100

If you shine a laser into the tank at an angle of 45o, what is the refracted angle R in the water ? A) R = 28.3o B) R = 32.1o C) R = 38.7o

Snells Law: nairsin(45) = nwatersin(R) sin(R) = nairsin(45)/nwater = 0.532 R = sin-1(0.532) = 32.1o

Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 27

Exercise
A meter stick lies at the bottom of a rectangular water tank of height 50cm. You look into the tank at an angle of 45o relative to vertical along a line that skims the top edge of the tank. What is the smallest number on the ruler that you can see?

45o

nwater = 1.33
R

50 cm

20

40

60

80

100

R = 32.1o

What number on the ruler does the laser beam hit ?

A) 31.4 cm

B) 37.6 cm tan(R) = d/50

C) 44.1 cm

d = tan(32.1) x 50cm = 31.4cm

Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 28

Follow-Up
A meter stick lies at the bottom of a rectangular water tank of height 50cm. You look into the tank at an angle of 45o relative to vertical along a line that skims the top edge of the tank.

45o

50 cm

nwater = 1.33

20

40

60

80

100

If the tank were half full of water, what number would the laser hit? (When full, it hit at 31.4 cm) A) 25 cm B) 31.4 cm C) 32.0 cm D) 40.7 cm E) 44.2 cm

Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 29

45o

45o

nwater = 1.33
R

50 cm
d = 31.4 cm
0 20 40 60 80 100

50 cm
d = 50 cm
0 20 40 60 80 100

R = 32.1o
45o

50 cm
R 0 20 40

nwater = 1.33
d = 40.7 cm
60 80 100
Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 30

25 cm + (31.4/2) cm

More Practice
A monochromatic ray enters a slab with n1 = 1.5 at an angle b as shown
b
TOP n=1 n1 = 1.5 BOTTOM n=1

(A) Total internal reflection at the top occurs for all angles b, such that sinb < 2/3

(B)

Total internal reflection at the top occurs for all angles b, such that sinb > 2/3

(C) There is no angle b (0 < b < 90o) such that total internal reflection occurs at top.

Snells law:

n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2

nsin is conserved

Ray exits to air with same angle as it entered !!

Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 31

Follow-Up
A ray of light moves through a medium with index of refraction n1 and is incident upon a second material (n2) at angle 1 as shown. This ray is then totally reflected at the interface with a third material (n3). Which statement must be true? 1 n1 n2 n3 1

(A)

n3 < n1

(B) n1 < n3 n2

(C)

n3 n2

If n1 = n3

n1 n2 n3 1

Want larger angle of refraction in n3

n3 < n1
Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 32

Does gravity affect reflection/refraction? Would the reflection of the ray depend on say where you are in space? ex: standing on jupiter etc?

Gravity affects the path taken by light, but small effect: Einstein ring

Physics 212 Lecture 25, Slide 33