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Revision History
Product Version Document Version 1.0 1.1 Serial Number Reason for Revision First published Second amendment
Author
Date 2010-7-15 2010-8-19 Document Version 1.0 1.1 Prepared by Xiang Yijie Xiang Yijie Reviewed by Approved by
II
Proposal: Before reading this document, you had better have the following knowledge and
skills. SEQ 1 2 3 Knowledge and skills CDMA-BSSB Skills Certification Level II Reference material
Follow-up document: After reading this document, you may need the following
information SEQ 1 2 3 Reference material Information
III
2 Starting Here 3 Fault Phenomenon 4 Fault Location Tool 5 Troubleshooting Steps 6 Case Study 6.5 References
IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Overview 1 1.1 Summary......................................................................................................................1 1.2 Abbreviation..................................................................................................................1 1.3 Product Version............................................................................................................1 1.4 Intended Reader...........................................................................................................1 1.5 General Skill Requirements for Onsite Support Engineers of ZTE CDMA Devices.......2 2 Starting Here..................................................................................................................2 2.1 Meaning of RSSI...........................................................................................................2 2.2 Normal RSSI Range......................................................................................................2 3 Fault Phenomenon.........................................................................................................3 4 Fault Location Tool........................................................................................................4 5 Troubleshooting Steps..................................................................................................4 5.1 Checking BTS Alarm and Radio Parameter..................................................................4 5.1.1 Finding and Confirming an RSSI Fault.................................................................4 5.1.2 Checking BTS Alarm............................................................................................5 5.1.3 Checking Radio Parameter..................................................................................5 5.2 Analyzing Characteristics of Abnormal RSSI Values.....................................................6 5.2.1 Time-variant Characteristics of RSSI Strength.....................................................7 5.2.2 Relation between Traffic and RSSI Strength........................................................9 5.2.3 Geographic Distribution Diagram of RSSIs...........................................................9 5.3 Checking Relation between Abnormal RSSIs and OMC / Engineering / Optimization Operation..........................................................................................................11 5.3.1 OMC Operation..................................................................................................11 5.3.2 Engineering and Optimization Operation............................................................12 5.3.3 Forwarding the Problem to Related Departments...............................................12 5.4 Checking BTS Devices...............................................................................................12 5.4.1 BTS Running Status...........................................................................................12 5.4.2 BTS Type...........................................................................................................13 5.4.3 External or Internal Interference.........................................................................13 5.4.4 BTS Problem or Other Device Problem..............................................................14 5.5 Checking Passive/Active Parts....................................................................................18 5.6 Checking Antenna Feeder System..............................................................................20 5.7 Finding External Interference......................................................................................26 6 Case Study...................................................................................................................27 6.1 Abnormal RSSI Arisen from External Interference......................................................27 6.2 Abnormal RSSI Arisen from Repeater Problem..........................................................28 6.3 Abnormal RSSI Arisen from Loose Link Connection...................................................28 6.4 Abnormal RSSI Arisen from Hardware Problem..........................................................29 6.5 Abnormal RSSI Arisen from Terminal Problem...........................................................29
AppA References............................................................................................................31 A.1 RSSI Query Method....................................................................................................31 A.2 Reverse Spectrum Scanning......................................................................................31
VI
FIGURES
Figure 1 Statistical RSSI Data..........................................................................................3 Figure 2 RSSI Values of a Region....................................................................................7 Figure 3 Abrupt Increase of RSSIs in a Period...............................................................8 Figure 4 High Main RSSIs after a DO Carrier Being Added...........................................8 Figure 5 Relation between RSSI Strength and Traffic...................................................9 Figure 6 Distribution of Abnormal RSSIs in a Region..................................................10 Figure 7 Antenna Swapping Method: Main or Diversity RSSIs Are Abnormal...........15 Figure 8 Antenna Swapping Method: Main and Diversity RSSIs Are Abnormal........16 Figure 9 Procedure of Antenna Swapping Method......................................................16 Figure 10 Procedure of Dummy Load Connection Method.........................................18 Figure 11 Indoor Coverage of Active/Passive Devices................................................19 Figure 12 Checking 1/2" jumpers on top of the cabinet..............................................21 Figure 13 Checking Lightning Arresters.......................................................................22 Figure 14 Checking 7/8 Feeders..................................................................................23 Figure 15 Checking the 1/2" jumpers at the antenna side...........................................24 Figure 16 Procedure of Dummy Load Connection Method for Checking Antenna Feeder System.................................................................................................................25 Figure 17 Procedure of Swapping Method for Checking Antenna Feeder System. . .26 Figure 18 Reverse Spectrum Scanning: Main RSSIs Are Normal, while Diversity RSSIs Are Low.................................................................................................................32 Figure 19 Reverse Spectrum Scanning: Narrowband Interference Signals Present in Main and Diversity Bandwidth........................................................................................32
TABLES
VII
Table 1 Abbreviations and Acronyms.............................................................................1 Table 2 Product Version...................................................................................................1 Table 3 Abnormal RSSI Phenomenon.............................................................................4 Table 4 Typical Abnormal RSSI Phenomena and Possible Reasons.........................11
VIII
1
1.1
Overview
Summary
This guide first describes the phenomena of faults arisen from abnormal RSSIs and then discusses the approach to fault location as well as the handling procedure.
1.2
Abbreviation
The following table lists abbreviations and acronyms used in this guide.
Table 1 Abbreviations and Acronyms Abbreviations/Acronyms RSSI RFE TRX PA Full Name Received Signal Strength Indicator Radio Frequency Front End Transceiver Module Power Amplifier
1.3
Product Version
This document is applicable to the following product versions:
1.4
Intended Reader
This document is intended for the following persons:
CDMA technical support engineer CDMA maintenance engineer
1.5
General Skill Requirements for Onsite Support Engineers of ZTE CDMA Devices
The onsite support engineers, including technical support engineers or onsite maintenance engineers, should take certain training on the operations of ZTEs CDMA devices before they operate or maintain these devices. Specifically, they should have the following knowledge or pass certain certification level. Knowledge about ZXC10-BSSB product; ZXC10-BSSB OMC-related specifications; Handling methods of common ZXC10-BSSB faults Passing ZXC10-BSSB Level-2 skill certification
2
2.1
Starting Here
Meaning of RSSI
RSSI stands for received signal strength indicator. As an index indicating the strength of a signal received at antenna interface, it can be used to analyze the received signals of a BTS. Generally, the TRX module of a BTS detects the strengths of received signals and then works out the power strength of the antenna interface based on the receiver link gain. Once the signals are too strong or too weak, a high RSSI or low RSSI alarm is raised.
2.2
When there is no signal at the antenna interface or there is interference, the statistical RSSI values (i.e. more than 95%) should be -110 6 dBm, typically -110 3 dBm. The fluctuation of 3 dBm or 6 dBm depends on RFE module, TRX module and BTS type. In the case there are a few subscribers and there is no interference, due to small-scale fading and multipath effect in mobile radio propagation, as well as the power control mechanism and rate of the CDMA network, the reverse power at the antenna interface may rise by 10-20 dB in a short time. Accordingly, RSSIs rise instantaneously. In this case, as long as the statistical RSSI values are less than -105 dBm, reverse link is regarded in good condition and external interference is within an acceptable range. When there are lots of subscribers, the useful signals at the antenna interface cannot be ignored. In this case, the upper limit of the statistical RSSI values are 3 ~ 5 dB more than the case where there are a few subscribers. That is to say, as long as the statistical RSSI values are less than -100 dBm, reverse link is regarded in good condition and external interference is within an acceptable range. In addition, main and diversity RSSIs may differ due to such factors as subscriber distribution and landform. On the average, there is a difference of 10 dB between them. Specific to ZXSDR RF products, which currently include distributed RRU and RSU installed in BS8800, RSSI alarm thresholds are -120 dbm and -89 dbm. If RSSIs are continuously more than -89 dbm or less than -120 dbm, they are regarded abnormal, so is the reverse link.
Fault Phenomenon
The abnormal RSSI-arisen fault phenomena are described in Table 3.
Table 3 Abnormal RSSI Phenomenon Aspect Service Phenomenon The sensitivity and capacity of the reverse link of a BTS decrease. The BTS may not deliver normal services in case of a serious fault. The subscribers far from the BTS can receive signals but cannot access the network.
RSSI of reverse link is low; Reverse link of TRX (main/diversity) raises low RSSI alarm; RSSI of reverse link is high.
Alarm
5
5.1
5.1.1
Troubleshooting Steps
Checking BTS Alarm and Radio Parameter
Finding and Confirming an RSSI Fault
Objective
To verify if an RSSI value is in normal range.
Procedure
Extract RSSI value of a BTS from the OMC. Judge whether the RSSI values of a BTS is normal based on such factors as, statistic period, traffic and distribution.
Reference Information
For details about RSSI query method, please refer to Appendix A.1.
5.1.2
Procedure
1. 2. In the Alarm Management of OMC system, double-click related modules. If an alarm is found, check its occurrence time to see if it is time correlated to RSSI abnormality. If yes, process the alarm. After all alarms of related modules are processed, observe the RSSI value again and see if it returns to normal.
3.
Reference Information
1. 2. The modules that are related to RSSI values include: RFE, TRX and PA. RSSI-related alarms involve the following aspects: VSWR, over power of PA, LNA, lock-loss of TRXs phase-locked loop, and transmission.
5.1.3
Procedure
The incorrect settings of some parameters may cause RSSI to rise. If an RSSI fault is reported but related devices are found normal, check the settings of the following radio parameters: 1. 2. 3. Registration parameters: TOTAL_ZONE, ZONE_TIMER, etc.; Access parameters: INIT_PWR, PWR_STEP, NUM_STEP, ACC_TMO, etc; Power control parameters: ER_LEN1/2/3/4, Up_INI1/2/3/4, Up_ER1/2/3/4, etc.
Reference Information
Parameter Description A large value may increase both access success rate and interference on access channels; A small value may reduce interference on access channel but let the MS send more access probes before it receives the acknowledgement message from the BTS, thus increasing the load of access channel as well as the access channel collision probability.
INIT_PWR
Parameter
Description A large value may increase both access success rate and interference on access channels; A small value may reduce interference on access channel but increase the load of access channel and the access channel collision probability. There should be a tradeoff between NUM_STEP and PWR_STEP. A large setting of this parameter may increase the probability of access with one access probe sequence but also increase interference on reverse links and setup delay; A small setting may decrease the possibility of access with one access probe sequence, leading to more access probe sequences and longer connection delay. A large setting may increase access success rate; A small setting may increase the load of access channel as well as the access channel collision chance because the MS will send another access probe before the BTS has time to acknowledge the MS's first access probe. They are the continuous error frame thresholds (RC1, RC2, RC3 and RC4). A large setting may affect the performance of reverse link as the increase of Ec/Io speeds up only when there are lots of continuous error frames; A small setting may cause Ec/Io to be increased at an early time, thus increasing the load and interference on reverse link. A large setting may cause Ec/Io to increase at a large step, thus increasing the load and interference on reverse link; A small setting may affect the performance of reverse link as Ec/Io increases at a small step. A large setting may cause Ec/Io to rise at a large step in case of continuous error frames, and reverse power increases quickly, thus increasing the load and interference on reverse link; A small setting may affect the performance of reverse link as Ec/Io increases at a small step and the reverse power cannot be increased timely.
PWR_STEP
NUM_STEP
ACC_TMO
ER_LEN1/2/3/4
UP_INI1/2/3/4
UP_ER1/2/3/4
To modify the setting of a parameter, strictly follow related procedures of ZTE or other equipment vendors. Besides, this modification operation should be done by a specialist. After a parameter setting is modified, have eyes on related performance indexes. If a performance index worsens, analyze the reasons quickly and notify related departments in order to take proper measures.
5.2
RSSI values are closely related to the statistic period, traffic, regional distribution, repeaters and indoor distribution system. By collecting historical data, we can obtain corresponding RSSI values. If RSSI values are within specified range in most cases, but become abnormal in some periods or regions, we can analyze their characteristics to find out the reasons.
5.2.1
Procedure
Analyze the change in the strengths of main and diversity RSSIs over the time.
Reference Information
RSSI strength is often time-variant. It fluctuates on daily basis, rising in busy hours but falling in other hours. But in some special regions (e.g. tourist places), the fluctuation may be weekly, as shown in Figure 2.
1.
If in some periods, the main/diversity RSSIs abruptly increase, the reason is probably external interference, as shown in Figure 3.
2.
If the main RSSIs keep extremely high, it may be a main link problem. For example, something may be wrong with the antenna feeder system after a DO carrier is added, or a repeater is not properly installed. Figure 4 shows the high main RSSI problem arisen from a connection problem after a DO carrier is added.
5.2.2
Procedure
Analyze main/diversity RSSIs of each carrier and see if their strengths are related to traffic.
Reference Information
RSSI strength is directly related to the number of subscribers. The RSSI values in busy hours are often higher than those in other hours.
Example
In Figure 5, to illustrate the relation between traffic and RSSI strength, we deduct the traffic by 110. This figure shows the traffic is indeed related to main/diversity RSSIs. The heavier the traffic, the higher RSSIs are.
5.2.3
Procedure
Analyze the geographic distribution diagram of abnormal RSSIs, focusing on their relation with time, carrier distribution, traffic, main/diversity antenna distribution and/or geographical location. 1. Check if abnormal RSSIs are time-variant. That is to say, whether abnormal RSSI values occur in a fixed period or in the period when some special events take place, e.g. entrance examination or construction of indoor distribution system. Check if the RSSIs of one or all carriers are abnormal. Check if abnormal RSSI values are mainly a result of traffic change. Check main and diversity RSSIs to see if both of them or either of them is abnormal. Check to see if the cells with abnormal RSSIs are in the same region or in a region near to troops' camps.
2. 3. 4.
5.
Example
The following figure shows the distribution of abnormal RSSIs of a region.
Reference Information
By analyzing the characteristics of abnormal RSSIs, the reasons for the problem can be roughly determined. Table 4 lists typical abnormal RSSI phenomena and their possible reasons, which can be used as a reference in troubleshooting of an RSSI alarm.
10
Table 4 Typical Abnormal RSSI Phenomena and Possible Reasons Phenomenon Possible Reasons 1. The power is too large; 2. Something is wrong with feeder connection, feeder, antenna, repeater or indoor distribution system; 3. There is interference. 1. There is external interference; 2. Engineering quality is satisfied. There is external interference. There is external interference. There is external interference. There is external interference. There is periodical external interference. The connection between the feeder and the antenna is interrupted. 1. RFE and/or TRX modules have been damaged. 2. The module is not properly inserted.
Both main and diversity RSSIs are high Only diversity RSSIs are high Both main and diversity RSSIs in a region are high High RSSIs are reported in a fixed period on each day RSSIs of several days are high RSSIs fluctuate sharply RSSIs stay at the noise floor level RSSI are very low
5.3
Checking Relation between Abnormal RSSIs and OMC / Engineering / Optimization Operation
Based on the analysis of characteristics of abnormal RSSIs, you can locate the reasons by checking related devices or systems. First, you can check to see if there is any OMC, engineering or optimization operation in the region where abnormal RSSIs are reported.
5.3.1
OMC Operation
Objective
To check if abnormal RSSIs are caused by improper OMC operations.
Procedure
1. Check whether DO carriers are configured and commissioned at the BTS.
Note: Transmission at full power, engineering quality problem, and performance degrading of antenna feeder devices or passive/active devices may lead to intermodulation due to non-linearity, thus bringing abnormal RSSI values. Therefore, A DO network often impose higher requirements for engineering quality and device performance than other networks.
11
2. 3.
Check to see if any hardware or software has been upgraded. Check to see if carriers or hardware of the BTS have been added, deleted or replaced. Check to see if any parameter's setting has been changed.
4.
5.3.2
Procedure
1. Check to see if RF optimization has been done for the sector with abnormal RSSIs and its neighboring sectors. Check to see if any power splitter, indoor distribution system or repeater has been installed or adjusted. Conduct analysis via OMC tools.
2.
3.
Reference Information
For details about the reverse spectrum scanning method, please refer to A.2.
5.3.3
5.4
5.4.1
Procedure
Check to see if there any BTS alarm in the OMC;
12
Check the communication between the BTS and the OMC to see if it is through.
5.4.2
BTS Type
Reference Information
Currently, ZTE provides the following types of BTSs: CBTSI2, BTSBI4, BS8800, BBU+RRU, and BTSAE. If a sector has two links, one is used for transmitting signals, which is the main link; while the other is for receiving signals, which is called the diversity link. If both links are used for transmitting signals, they act as main and diversity links respectively. Often, if two or more carriers are configured for BTSAE, two antennas of the same sector are used for transmitting signals, so they act as main and diversity antennas respectively. In CBTSI2, BTSBI4, BS8800 and BBU+RRU, one antenna of a sector is assigned the main one, the other antenna the diversity one. In some applications, twoline transmission links can be configured, where the two antennas are main and diversity antennas respectively, as in BTSAE. Check BTS type and its configuration to see if two-line transmission is configured and the antennas acts as main and diversity antennas respectively. And analyze their relation with abnormal RSSIs.
5.4.3
Procedure
1. Record RSSIs in BTS Data Observation and then lower the power via the OMC to see if RSSI values decrease. Disable the power amplifier and measure RSSIs again. If the RSSIs decrease to its normal range, it means the interference is internal, that is, caused by a BTS device or antenna feeder system problem. If RSSI keeps unchanged after the power amplifier is disabled, it means the interference is external.
2.
Note: If the sector with abnormal RSSIs has been configured with an optical repeater or trunk amplifier, the disabling of the power amplifier may not be enough. In this case, it is required to disable the repeater or trunk amplifier to determine if the interference is external.
3. If the BTS has a reverse signal test interface, connect a spectrum analyzer to this interface and analyze the reverse spectrum to determine if there is any external interference.
13
4.
Use the BTS's spectrum scanning tool to analyze abnormal RSSIs, determining if there is any external interference. In case of external interference, please refer to Section 5 for the troubleshooting method. Frequency scanning may be needed to locate the interference source.
5.
Reference Information
Many reasons may result in abnormal RSSIs and they can be divided into two categories: internal interference and external interference. The internal and external interference are defined as follows: Internal Interference refers to the interference caused by a device or connection problem of the BTS and its antenna feeder system. External Interference refers to the interference caused by wireless signals from other BTSs or systems (including wireless repeaters), which comes to the antenna via the air interface.
5.4.4
5.4.4.1
Antenna Swapping
Introduction
The antenna swapping method is to exchange the antennas of the same sector or different sectors and see if abnormal RSSIs are caused internally or externally.
Procedure
1. This method is applicable to the following two cases: 1. Main or diversity RSSIs are abnormal 1) Swap the feeders of main and diversity antennas at the cabinet-top interface; Observe if the RSSIs change; If yes, it means the abnormal RSSI problem is not caused by BTS devices; otherwise, it is caused by BTS devices.
2) 3)
14
Antenna
1/2" Jumper Waterproof Elbow 1/2" Jumper Waterproof Elbow 1/2" Jumper Waterproof Elbow
Antenna
1/2" Jumper Waterproof Elbow Diversity Feeder
Diversity Feeder
Main Feeder
2.
Main Antenna Main Antenna Diversity Antenna Both main and diversity RSSIs are abnormal Interface Interface Interface
1)
Swap the feeder of the sector with normal RSSIs and that with abnormal RSSIs at the cabinet-top interface; Observe if the RSSIs change; If yes, it means the abnormal RSSI problem is not caused by BTS devices; otherwise, it is caused by BTS devices.
BTS
Main Feeder
Lightning Arrester
Lightning Arrester
Lightning Arrester
Lightning Arrester
1/2" Jumper
1/2" Jumper
1/2" Jumper
Sector 0
1/2" Jumper
BTS
2) 3)
15
Figure 8 Antenna Swapping Method: Main and Diversity RSSIs Are Abnormal
Antenna 1/2" Jumper Waterproof Elbow
Diversity Feeder
Antenna 1/2" Jumper Waterproof Elbow 1/2" Jumper Waterproof Elbow 1/2" Jumper Waterproof Elbow
Diversity Feeder
Main Feeder
Main Feeder
Main Antenna Diversity Antenna Interface Interface BTS Sector 0 Reference Information
Main Feeder
Lightning Arrester
L ightnin g Arrester
L ightnin g Arrester
Lightni ng Arrester
Lightni ng Arrester
Lightnin g Arrester
Lightnin g Arrester
Lightning Arrester
1/2" Jumper
1/2" Jumper
1/2" Jumper
1/2" Jumper
1/2" Jumper
1/2" Jumper
1/2" Jumper
1/2" Jumper
1.
Swap the feeders of main and diversity antennas at the cabinet-top interface
2.
In case of a BTS device problem, check related modules (e.g. RFE, TRX), power amplifiers to see if there is any alarm on them, the modules are properly inserted or the parameters are correctly set. In case of a non-BTS device problem, refer to Section 5.5, 5.6 and 5.7 for the troubleshooting procedure.
3.
16
5.4.4.2
Preparation
Before using this method, you should prepare the following devices:
A 250 W load with an N-F or DIN-F connector One 1/2" cable with an N-M or DIN_M connector Several DIN-N and M-F adapters
Procedure
1. 2. Block the carriers of the sector with abnormal RSSIs; Disconnect the jumpers of main and diversity antennas of the sector from the output ports TX/RX and RX on top of the cabinet respectively. Connect dummy loads to the output ports respectively, making sure the dummy loads and their connections work well. Ask the persons in the equipment room to unblock related carriers via the OMC. Observe reverse RSSIs in the OMC. Compare observed RSSIs with its normal range. If they are in the range, it means the abnormal RSSI problem is not caused by BTS devices; otherwise, it is caused by BTS devices.
3.
4. 5. 6.
Note: In this method, the dummy load and the cable should meet test requirements and be reliably connected. Reference Information
1. The procedure of dummy load connection method is illustrated in the figure below.
17
Disconnect the jumpers of main and diversity antennas of the sector from the output ports TX / RX and RX on top of the cabinet respectively.
Connect dummy loads to the output ports respectively, making sure the dummy loads and their connections work well.
Ask the persons in the equipment room to unblock related carriers via the OMC.
2.
In case of a BTS device problem, check related modules (e.g. RFE, TRX), power
Check non-BTS devices. is any alarm on them, the modules are properly inserted or amplifiers to see if there
the parameters are correctly set. 3. In case of a non-BTS device problem, refer to Section 5.5, 5.6 and 5.7 for the troubleshooting procedure.
5.5
18
Background Information
Nonlinearity of active/passive devices may lead to signal intermodulation. When intermodulated signals fall within the bandwidth of received signals, RSSIs rise up. Besides, if the parameters of repeaters or trunk amplifiers are incorrectly set, the gain of reverse link is extremely high or self-excitation occurs, the RSSIs of reverse links may rise too.
Coupler
Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
19
repeater. First, disconnect the amplifier and observe RSSIs. If RSSIs return normal, it means the amplifier brings interference. In this case, it is required to adjust the reverse gain parameter or the amplifier. 5. Check tower-mounted amplifier: You can use a jumper to replace the amplifier and observe if RSSIs return normal. If yes, it means the abnormal RSSI problem is caused by the amplifier. Otherwise, it means the amplifier works well.
Reference Information
A power splitter is often used in an indoor distribution system or when a sector is split into several sectors. A coupler is often used when there is a repeater or indoor distribution system. A trunk amplifier is often used in an indoor distribution system, for complementing the signal loss during transmission. A tower-mounted amplifier is often used in the antenna feeder system of a BTS.
5.6
The "dummy load connection" and/or "swapping" methods can be used to check the antenna feeder system.
Procedure
1. 1/2" jumper on top of the cabinet
Figure 12 illustrates the swapping of the jumpers. To check the 1/2" jumpers, first, make sure the jumper is properly connected to the
20
cabinet-top interface. Then connect 1/2" jumpers and the lightning arresters in a cross way, as shown in Figure 12.
Antenna
1/2" Jumper Waterproof Elbow 1/2" Jumper Waterproof Elbow 1/2" Jumper Waterproof Elbow
Antenna
1/2" Jumper Waterproof Elbow Diversity Feeder
Diversity Feeder
Main Feeder
2.
Main Antenna
If the 1/2" jumpers on the top of cabinet are found normal, resume their connections with the lightning arresters and connect the lightning arresters with 7/8" feeders of main and diversity antennas in a cross way, as shown in Figure 13.
Main Feeder
Lightning Arrester
Lightning Arrester
Lightning Arrester
Lightning Arrester
1/2" Jumper
1/2" Jumper
1/2" Jumper
1/2" Jumper
21
Antenna
1/2" Jumper Waterproof Elbow 1/2" Jumper Waterproof Elbow 1/2" Jumper Waterproof Elbow
Antenna
1/2" Jumper Waterproof Elbow Diversity Feeder
Diversity Feeder
Main Feeder
3.
If the lightning arresters are found normal, resume their connections with 7/8 feeders and connect 7/8" feeders with the 1/2" jumpers at the antenna side in a cross way, as shown in Figure 14.
Main Feeder
Lightning Arrester
Lightning Arrester
Lightning Arrester
Lightning Arrester
1/2" Jumper
1/2" Jumper
1/2" Jumper
1/2" Jumper
22
Antenna
1/2" Jumper Waterproof Elbow 1/2" Jumper Waterproof Elbow 1/2" Jumper Waterproof Elbow
Antenna
1/2" Jumper Waterproof Elbow Diversity Feeder
Diversity Feeder
Main Feeder
4.
Main Antenna
If 7/8" feeders are found normal, resume their connections with the 1/2" jumpers at the antenna side and connect the 1/2" jumpers at the antenna side with two antennas (or two ports of a dipolarized antenna) in a cross way, as shown in Figure 15.
Main Feeder
Lightning Arrester
Lightning Arrester
Lightning Arrester
Lightning Arrester
1/2" Jumper
1/2" Jumper
1/2" Jumper
Diversity Antenna
1/2" Jumper
23
Antenna
1/2" Jumper Waterproof Elbow 1/2" Jumper Waterproof Elbow 1/2" Jumper Waterproof Elbow
Antenna
1/2" Jumper Waterproof Elbow Diversity Feeder
Diversity Feeder
Main Feeder
ReferenceInterface Information
1.
Main Antenna
BTS Sector 0 BTS Sector 0 Figure 16 illustrates the procedure of dummy load connection method for checking the antenna feeder system.
Main Feeder
Lightning Arrester
Lightning Arrester
Lightning Arrester
Lightning Arrester
1/2" Jumper
1/2" Jumper
1/2" Jumper
1/2" Jumper
24
Figure 16 Procedure of Dummy Load Connection Method for Checking Antenna Feeder System
Connect a dummy load onto 1/2'' jumper on top of the cabinet
Do RSSIs turn normal? Y Connect a dummy load onto the lightning arrester
Do RSSIs turn normal? Y Connect a dummy load onto 1/2'' jumper at antenna side
2.The antenna is faultyillustrates the procedure of swapping method for checking the antenna Figure 17 , which should be feeder system.
replaced
The swapping method can be used when main or diversity RSSIs become abnormal.
25
Do RSSIs turn normal? Y Connect the lightning arresters and 7/8" feeders in a cross way
Do RSSIs turn normal? Y Connect 7/8'' feeder and 1/2'' jumpers at antenna side in a cross way
Do RSSIs turn normal? Y Connect 1/2'' jumpers at antenna side and the antennas in a cross way
5.7
Objective
To check if abnormal RSSIs are a result of external interference.
Procedure
1. First, check if there are any wireless repeaters connected to the BTS. Shut down the repeaters that bring interference for certain and then check other repeaters by shutting them one by one. If RSSIs return normal after one repeater is shut down, it means this repeater brings interference and need to be adjusted. Check other external interference sources: scan the frequencies of the wireless network to determine the locations of interference sources. For details about the frequency scanning method, please refer to Wireless Network Electromagnetic
2.
26
Reference Information
The common external interference that may cause abnormal RSSIs includes: Interference from other communication systems, such as armys AMPS system, and the interphone system of a hotel Interference from wireless repeaters Interference from illegal terminals, such as wireless fixed stations that do not meet the specifications Television receivers Conference jamming systems
6
6.1
Case Study
Abnormal RSSI Arisen from External Interference
Description
In a commercial office, about 40 BTSs had suffered abnormal RSSIs for a long time: 14 BTSs in Region A, 10 in Region B and 3 in Region C. The interference source of Region A was a television & broadcasting transmitting station, which transmitted signals with high spurious strengths, raising the noise floor level of uplink band of the CDMA network to -64 dBm (the test result at the foot of the station). The interference of Region B raised the noise floor to -80 ~ -90 dBm. As this interference disappeared in a few days, the source had not been found out. The interference source of Region C is the jammers installed in the buildings of municipal and provincial national security bureaus.
Solution
At the BTS sites, YBT250 and Yagi antenna were used to measure the environmental noise floor, which were higher than normal, so a CDMA filter was applied to filter uplink outbound signals out of the signals received by the Yagi antenna.
Summary
The RSSI alarms caused by external interference often have the following features:
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Both main and diversity RSSIs are abnormal; All carriers of main and diversity sectors report RSSI alarms; The disabling/enabling PA operation does not change main and diversity RSSIs.
6.2
Solution
RSSIs returned normal after the repeaters on the branch links were disabled.
Summary
The high RSSI alarms caused by repeater problems have the following features:
The main RSSIs remain high, while the diversity RSSIs are normal; All carriers on the main link report high RSSI alarms and their RSSIs are approximate; After the PA is disabled, the RSSIs still keep at a high level.
6.3
Solution
Lower the power to decrease RSSIs. After the PA is turned off, RSSIs return normal. Find the loose connections and tighten them.
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Summary
The RSSI alarms caused by loose link connections have the following features: The main RSSIs are abnormal, while the diversity ones are normal; All carriers of the main link report high RSSI alarms, that is, the noise floors within 10 MHz bandwidth are relatively high; The alarms are continuously raised.
6.4
Solution
1. The test results at RFE test port show the uplink noise floors are in normal range. (The noise floor is less than -70 dBm at 1.23 MHz bandwidth.) The alarm disappears with the TRX module being exchanged with that of a neighbor cell.
2.
Summary
The RSSI alarms caused by hardware problems have the following features:
Either main or diversity RSSIs or both of them are abnormal; The alarms may be reported continuously or from time to time; One or several carriers may report the RSSI alarms.
6.5
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Solution
During the tests at RFE test port of the BTS, a high CDMA signal is found. The test results show the uplink noise floor is in normal range. (The noise floor is less than -70 dBm at 1.23 MHz bandwidth.)
Summary
The RSSI alarms caused by terminal problems have the following features:
The RSSIs of one carrier of main or diversity link stay high, while the other carriers RSSIs are normal. Scanning the carrier with abnormal RSSIs cannot find any narrowband interference signal.
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AppA References
A.1
2. 3.
4.
5. 6. 7.
A.2
2. 3.
4.
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5.
After the Scanning Successful message is displayed, double-click the desired line (cell) and you can see the reverse spectrum. Or you can select one or more frequencies to see their spectrums.
6.
The following figures show spectrum scanning results obtained in the OMC. From these figures, you can see the difference between main and diversity spectrums as well as the narrowband interference signals in main and diversity bandwidths.
Figure 18 Reverse Spectrum Scanning: Main RSSIs Are Normal, while Diversity RSSIs Are Low
Figure 19 Reverse Spectrum Scanning: Narrowband Interference Signals Present in Main and Diversity Bandwidth
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