HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE II

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX

L 50 C 100 D 500 M 1000

RomanNumbers

MMXI MXMLXXVI XVIII

1 11.9.2011 2 18.9.2011 3 25.9.2011 4 2.10.2011 5 9.10.2011 6 16.10.2011 7 13.11.2011 8 20.11.2011 9 27.11.2011 10 4.12.2011

introduction+RomanI:Buildingsforthecity RomanII:Domus,Insulae andVillae Byzantine+CopticCairo

Thissemester

IslamicCairoCairothroughthecenturies RomanicTheaddictivesystem GothicStaticexperimentsforverticality ItalianRenaissanceBacktorelax Mannerismsand500Dancingarchitecture AndreaPalladio

11 11.12.2011 BaroqueArchitecturelooseitsweight 12 18.12.2011 BaroqueoutsideItaly

Lecture exam 60% (end of the semester) Seminar work 40% Islamic Cairo

ROMAN ARCHITECTURE _ I

11.9.2011

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

At the beginning Rome is onthe border of the Hellenistic culture,afterwards it becomes aNEWCENTRE (impactofRomeontheHellenisticcultureisadisaster,onthecontrary:Rometakesadvantagefrom Hellenisticexperiences!) Rome accepts the Hellenistic experience,butit develops much more further TheORDERS=intheHellenisticarchitectureareafixsystem,theydefinebuildings Romelooksat theorderasaningredient,theyfeelfreetoadoptthem,butasaninstrument whichcanbeadapted (thereisnomorethepushtoidealperfection,rulesarebroken!) Specialtasteforeclecticism,contamination,thepureGreekorderdoesntexist any more IntheGreekarchitecture=structureanddecoration=isONE IntheRoman=structurebecomesfreeandindependent,anddecorationsdevelopautonomously Sometypologiesaredefined,aswellastheurbanpath=therestisquitefree!

GREEK:trabeated system (vertical+horizontal) =Idealperfection

ROMAN reinstatedthewall,developedthearchand involveddomes,apsesandvaults Architectureismuch moreadaptivethanGreek

Some technical aspects of the roman architecture

MATERIAL :: BRICKS

Binding materials

MATERIAL :: OPUS CAEMENTITIUM

>CEMENThydraulic Binder >CONCRETECement +gravel

withPozzolanaorCocciopesto(ton)

>CONCRETE

MATERIAL :: OPUS CAEMENTITIUM

Opuscaementitium =Casted /moulded walls Stratified not casted!!

Castings

MATERIAL :: OPUS CAEMENTITIUM Technique :: Walls

Castings

Opusincertum

MATERIAL :: OPUS CAEMENTITIUM Technique :: Walls

Castings

OpusReticulatum

MATERIAL :: OPUS CAEMENTITIUM Technique :: Walls

Pompei,close toRome

MATERIAL :: OPUS CAEMENTITIUM

Cistern for water in Chieti (Italy)

(only inin technical buildings is possible to see concrete without cladding)

TECHNIQUE :: ARCHES

TECHNIQUE :: ARCHES
Discharging Arch

Infrastructures STREETS ACQUEDUCTS CENTURIATIO CITY WALLS GATES AND TRIUMPHAL ARCHES The URBS = The roman city FORUM During the Republic During the Imperial Time BASILICA THERMAE MARKET TEMPLES BUILDINGS FOR SPORT and FUN - THEATER - ANFITEATHER - CIRCUS

CONTENTS

HISTORICAL SUMMARY

Maximalextention oftheRomanEmpire,117CE

Archaicperiod The7kingsofRome Republic 509BCE=>lastEtruscanking PunicWars 151146BCECartagototallydestroyed(todayTunisia) 133BCEAttalo,lastkingofPergamom,givehiskingdomtotheroman 89BCEius Latii =LatincitizenshiptopeoplesinnorthItaly

HISTORICAL SUMMARY

Periodbetweentherepublicandempire(8744BCE) PeriodofTriumvirate 46BCECaesarremainthelastmemberoftheTriumvirat,andproclaimeddictator 44BCECaesarkilledbyBrutusandCassius ImperialEra(4327BCE) SecondTriumvirate 27BCEOctaviantookthetitleofAugustus=passagetotheimperialtime OctavianAugustus27BCE 14CE . . Tetrarchstime(from284CE) 4Capitals Augustus+Caesar Lateimperialtime(312CE)(Constantine) 313CEChristianityliberalized 330CEConstantinople(nea Roma) romanEmpiredividedin2parts 395CEdefinitiveseparationoftheWesternandEasternEmpire 403CE CapitalfromRometoRAVENNA(byHonorius) FROM408CE InvasionbyBarbaricpopulationsandendoftheRomanEmpire 476CE 1453EndoftheEasternRomanEmpire(conqueredbytheOttomans)

Infrastructures STREETS ACQUEDUCTS CENTURIATIO CITY WALLS GATES AND TRIUMPHAL ARCHES The URBS = The roman city FORUM During the Republic During the Imperial Time BASILICA THERMAE MARKET

CONTENTS

TEMPLES BUILDINGS FOR SPORT and FUN - THEATER - ANFITEATHER - CIRCUS

STREETS

STREETS
Italy inthe IVcen.CE

STREETS
Pompei,close to Rome

ACQUEDUCTS
PontduGard,built under Agrippa (about 19BCE)

Opusquadratum Plaster (with pozzolana)

CENTURIATIO
Closeto Cesena (Italy),endof 1800

CITY WALLS

AurelianWalls,IIIcentury CE
Madeby bricks 3,5thick=11 ft 8metreshigh=26 ft asquared tower every 29,6m=100ft

GATES and TRIUMPHAL ARCHES

Arch of Agustus,25BCE,inAugustaPretoria,today Aosta (Italy)

GATES and TRIUMPHAL ARCHES

Arch of Costantin,315CE,inRome

GATES and TRIUMPHAL ARCHES

Arch of Septimius Severus,Leptis Magna,Libya,203CE