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Ondansetron HCL is used for : a- Hypertension b- Angina pectoris c- Prophylaxis of migraine d- Anti-emetic It is used as anti-emetic with patients receiving cytotoxics due to its serotonin antagonism. Ondansetron is [ Zofran 2 , 4 mg. Tab & Amp. ]
All These are side effects of Chloramphenicol except : a- Irreversible a plastic anemia b- optic neuritis c- peripheral neuritis d- iron deficiency anemia
All These drugs cause anti-metabolic effect except : a- Methotrexate b- Flurouracil C- Cytabrin d- Azothioprine e- Cyclophosphamide
All These drugs can be used for Parkinsonism except : a- Selgitine HCL b- Carbidopa c- Pergolide d- Nedocromil Sod.
all These cases not cure with thiazides except : a- Hypernatrimia b- hyperglycemia c- Hypokalaemia d- hyperuricaemia
Cardiac arrest could be managed by the following except : a- Ephedrine b- Ledocaine c- Propranolol d- Normal saline
Insulin which can be given I.V. is : a- Regular type b- 30/70 type c- NPH type d- Non of the above
Trimethopirm + Sulphmethoxazole
14 Which one of the following has vasodilator effect :
a- Direct proportion to the rate of administration b- Indirect proportion to the rate of administration c- Indirect proportion to the rate of elimination d- Direct proportion to the rate of elimination
36 All these are Anti-Coagulants except :
Vit. K has an essential role in the synthesis of coagulation factors by hepatic cells.
41 Thiazide diuretics cause all the following except :
a- It is not stable in the gastric PH b- It is needed in large quantities in case of oral route c- It is eliminated very quickly
45 Amilorid as trimetren causes :
a- True b- false
48 Mention two Thiazide diuretics ?
1- Chlorothiazide
2- Hydrochlorothiazide
for hyperlipidaemia for gastro-oesophegyal reflux SSRI [ selective serotonin reuptake inh.] ( Antidepressant ) for hyperthyrodism Tricyclic anti-depressant Anti muscarinic as broncho-dilator
a- Ist, Generation Cephalosporin b- 2nd, generation Cephalosporin c- 3rd, generation Cephalosporin d- None of the above
54 Which Aminoglycoside antibiotic can be taken orally ?
of Ulcerative Colitis
59 Mention 4 lipid soluble vitamins ?
Vit. A, D ,E & K
60 Imipenam [ Carbapenam ]
a- Cefixime b- Itraconazole
66 Which one is Sporanox ?
a- Cefixime b- Itraconazole
67 All of These can be used in treating leprosy except :
70 Betahistine HCL
a- Can cause muscle spasm b- Is taken I.M. only c- Is derivative from Morphine d- Is not used for long term
74 Maximum dose of Paracetamol is 4 Gm / day 75 The duration of treatment of T.B. by CTC is :
[ CTC is Tuberculosis Committee Thoracic Society ] a- One week b- Two months c- One month d- 6 months
76 Metoclopramide is a dopamine antagonist
acts centrally by blocking Vomiting Center [ V.C. ] and peripherally acts on the Chemo-Receptor Trigger Zone [ CTZ ] to be used as anti-emetic.
Is the quantity of the active constituent of the drug absorbed by the blood through the intestine or any other route in a certain period of time . OR : It is the conc. of the drug in the blood in a certain period of time
79 Give an ex. Of a drug induce Hepatotoxicity ?
1- Paracetamol 3- Rifampcin
2- Ketoconazol 4- Quinolones
Aminoglycosides as Gentamycin
81 Give the anti-dote for each of the following :
Cyanocobolamine
83 Zidovudine is used for HIV 84 What is the meaning of poor patient compliance ?
The patient did not take the medication properly [ not proper dose, not proper time ] may be due to the dose regimen is not easy or the dose is high, or the side effects is clear
85 Fluxotine is :
Prozac
86 Omeprazole is
Losec
1- Renal Failure
Aspirin B-Blockers Aspirin & Ampicillin Vit. K Phenobarbital Digoxin Pot. Sparing diuretics
e- Sod. Sulphate
91 Terbinafine is used topically for :
1- False
2- True
adenosine triphosphate enzyme system of gastric cell [ Misoprostol is Cytotic ] 1- False 2- True
103 MMR vaccine is Measles - Mumps - Rubella vaccine 104 Oral re-hydrate solution is one of the following :
a- Sod. Citrate - Pot. Chloride - Glucose b- Sod. Citrate - Pot. Chloride - Sod. Chloride c- Sod. Chloride - Pot. Citrate - Sod. Citrate - glucose d- Sod. Chloride - Pot. Chloride - NaHCO3 - Citric acid
105 Gemfibrazile
a- Increase HDL & Triglycerides b- Increase HDL & decrease Triglycerides c- Decrease HDL & LDL d- Increase LDL & Triglycerides.
106 Nitroprusside Sod. Is :
1- Amikacin 2- Theophyllin
3- Warfarin 4- Digoxin
a- It is activated by Penicillinase enzyme b- It is taken by oral route only c- It is base stable d- It is better absorbed than Cloxacilin
109 What are the instruction for patient taken Metamucil
Or any other bulk foaming laxative as Bran, methyl Cellulose & Psyllum : The adequate fluid intake should be maintained to avoid intestinal obstruction
110 Cytotec
Cefuroxime
115 Thiabendazole is one of Thiazides diuretics
1- False
2- True
116 Praziquantil is :
a- Cause loss of intracellular calcium of worms b- Used for malaria c- Biltracid is the trade name d- a & c
117 Nitrofurantoin is indicated for :
a- Increase formation of clotting factor b- Increase conversion of Vit. K to the active form c- Prevent conversion of Vit. K back to the active form d- Non of the above
119 Quinidine Sulphate is :
a- Converting Ag11 to vasoconstrictor Ag1 b- Converting Ag1 to vasoconstrictor Ag11 c- Converting Ag1 to vasodilator Ag11 d- Converting Ag11 to vasodilator Ag1
121 One of these side effects not occur with Thiazide diuretics
a- Stimulation of the stomach b- Stimulation of the CTZ c- a & b d- Inhibition of the stomach through CNS
123 Theophyllin is
is antifungal
126 Treatment of anaphylactic reaction is initiated by immediate :
a- Broad spectrum bacteriostatic b- Broad spectrum bactericidal c- Inhibit protein synthesis d- Used for acne
134 Give 2 indications for allopurinol
1- Decrease conversion of Ag1 to Ag11 2- Effective hypotensive when others are contra-indicated [ B blockers & diuretics ]
138 Type 2 Diabetics is characterized by :
a- Lack of response to Insulin b- Lack of response to sulphonylurea c- Respond to dietary therapy alone d- Slowly increasing sulphonylurea requirement
139 Give 2 side effects of Aminoglycosides ?
Ototoxicity - Nephrotoxicity
140 Mention 2 quinolones
Ciprofloxacin
Norfloxacin
carbonic anhydrase enz. This reduce the carbonate in the aqueous humor leads to reduction of I.O.P.
143 Which one reduces the metabolism of other drugs in the liver :
a- Aspirin d- Tegretol
b- Maalox
c- Bisacodyl
146 Acetohexamide is hypoglycemic 147 List the trade name of the following :
Prescription Only Medicine Twice Daily Electro Cardio Gram Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase British Pharmacopial Codex
Enalprilate
156 Mention 3 drugs contraindicated in pregnancy :
1 Water & sod. Retention 2 Cushing syndrome 3 Gastric ulcer 4 Hypertension 5 Pot. Loss 6 DM [ diabetes mellitus ] 7 Glaucoma 8 Osteoporosis
160 Maximum dose of Captopril is 150 mg / day 161 Amantadine is used for all of the following except :
a- Arrange contraception. b- Send wife to the family doctor c- Send the wife to her mother
171 Side effects of Insulin ?
Neomycin sulphate
174 Chloramphenicol affect liver inhibitory enzyme. So
a- Decrease metabolism & increase response b- Decrease metabolism & decrease response c- Increase metabolism & increase response d- Increase metabolism & decrease response
175 OTC simple analgesic is paracetamol 176 Enteric coated tab
a- Pass the stomach & release in the intestine b- Pass the stomach & intestine c- Release in the stomach
177 All of these are true for Levodopa except :
a- precursor of dopa b- Does not pass B.B.B. c- Effective in parkinsonism d- Stimulate dopamine
178 Morphine & Morpin are similar in addiction 179 Cytocin is one of the posterior pituitary hormones 180 The conc. Of the drug on Exp. Date is :
a- Not less than 100% b- Not less than 90% c- From 90-110% d- Non of the above
a- Effect of the body on the drug b- Drug - receptor reaction c- Non of the above
184 Surfactant not used orally
a- Tween b- Spon c- Na lauryl sulphate d- B & C 185 Type 1 Diabetes. advise to use : a- Insulin B- Glibneclamide c- a & b c- Non of the above. 186 Type 11 Diabetes. advise to use : a- Diet control b- Insulin c- Sulphonyl urea d- All of the above 187 One of the following is the main side effect of insulin : a- Hyperglycemia b- Hypoglycemia c- Fluid retention C- All of the above
188 Pentobarbital differs from Phenobarbital in : a- Longer b- Faster C- Not use very much d- a & b 189 Morphine & morpin are similar in : a- Miosis b- Addiction C- Analgesic d- All of the above 190 Theophyllin dose in children. a- Increased metabolism & dose must be increased . b- Decreased metabolism & dose must be increased . c- Decreased metabolism & dose must be decreased .
191 Biotransformation
a- Antacid + H2 antagonist. b- Use more than one H2 antagonist. c- Four medicines including antibiotic.
196 In case of Osteoarthritis & peptic ulcer of elderly patients use :
a- Body fluid interaction b- Enzymatic reactions c- Ready programmed & no influece of the body fluid d- Stomach PH.
a- Not less than 100% b- Not less than 90% c- From 90 - 110% d- Not of the above
205 Type 11 Diabetes. Advise to use :
a-Effect of the body on the drug. b- Drug - Receptor reaction c- Non of the above.
208 Specific Serotonin reuptake inhibitors are used as :
a- It is non explosive & non inflammable b- It induces rapid induction & rapid recovery c- It is potent muscle relaxant d- All of the above
219 All of the following have GIT upset except :
and you do not have this anti-biotic. You can phone the doctor to change it with : a- Clarithromycin b- Amoxicillin c- Clindamycin d- Ampicillin
221 A child of 41 degrees centigrade, when his father ask you about him,
you must tell him to : a- Go to hospital which is 30 m. distance. b- Sponge by tap water and go to hospital. c- Take 1 GM. Paracetamol d- Go to home.
222 The patient under the prescribing drug.
when he comes to you , Then you must tell him : a- All the drug side effects. b- Some relatively side effects. c- Another side effects. d- Non of the above
what are you ask him ? a- Any product of K do you need. b- You take any other anti-hypertensive c- You need syrup or tablets. d- Not of all
224 ACE inhibitors are used for the treatment of :
a-Increasing of Oxygen consumption b- Increasing of ectotopic effect c- Increasing of inotopic effect d- All of the above
227 Atropine is used as pre-anaesthetic to :
a- Give skeletal muscle relaxation b- Decrease saliva c- Treat the side effects of anesthesic. d- Help the sleeping effect of anaesthetic
one teaspoon full every 4-6 hours. you should call doctor and tell him that : a- The dose is very high b- The dose must not exceed 180 mg daily c- The dose is not sufficient d- There is no need to call the doctor.
229 Malignant hypothermia is usually a side effect of :
when taken with Warfarin anti-coagulant leads to : a- Increasing the activity of liver enzymes so, decreasing the activity of Warfarin b- Increasing the activity of liver enzymes so, increasing the activity of Warfarin c- Decreasing the activity of liver enzymes so, decreasing the activity of Warfarin c- Decreasing the activity of liver enzymes so, increasing the activity of Warfarin
234 Tetracycline, when taken with metals such as Calcium, Iron & Aluminium
from a chelate which is : a- Inactive & not absorbed b- Active & poorly absorbed c- Inactive & poorly absorbed d- Active & absorbed
235 Disulfiram is used for :
a- Treatment of chronic alcohol dependence b- Protection of liver cells from alcoholism c- Prevention of conversion of acetaldehyde to acetic acid d- All of the above
236 The drug transfer through the cell membrane by :
a- Inactive while the free part is active b- Highly active while the free part is inactive c- Less active while the free part is active d- Active while the free part is more active
238 The drug metabolism in the body occurs in :
a- GIT & Plasma b- Gut wall during absorption c- Gut wall during absorption & in plasma stream d- Liver , Kidney & bowel mucosa
239 Clonidine is used as :
a- A drug that prevents the recurrence of Migraine b- Anti-hypertensive acting centrally c- a & b d- Non of the above
240 Dolomol is :
a- Paracetamol with analgesic & anti-inflammatory b- Paracetamol with analgesic & without anti-inflammatory c- Non Paracetamol with analgesic & anti-inflammatory d- Non Paracetamol with analgesic & without anti-inflammatory
241 Metoclopramide gives its anti-emetic through :
Ondansetron HCL is used for : a- Hypertension b- Angina pectoris c- Prophylaxis of migraine d- Anti-emetic It is used as Ondansetron is
All These are side effects of Chloramphenicol except : a- Irreversible a plastic anemia b- optic neuritis c- peripheral neuritis d- iron deficiency anemia Ticlopidine is used for : a- Anticoagulant b- Antibiotic c- anticholinergic d- Antiplatelets All these drugs are fibrinolytic except : a- Dipyridamole b- Steptokinase c- urikinase All These drugs cause anti-metabolic effect except : a- Methotrexate b- Flurouracil C- Cytabrin d- Azothioprine e- Cyclophosphamide All These drugs can be used for Parkinsonism except : a- Selgitine HCL b- Carbidopa
1
6
all These cases not cure with thiazides except : a- Hypernatrimia b- hyperglycemia c- Hypokalaemia d- hyperuricaemia Cardiac arrest could be managed by the following except : a- Ephedrine b- Ledocaine c- Propranolol d- Normal saline Insulin which can be given I.V. is : a- Regular type b- 30/70 type c- NPH type d- Non of the above
a- Ketotifen
d- propyl thiouracil
27 Benzyl peroxide is a local treatment for 28 Vit. A daily dose is
d- Regular Insulin
35 The steady state conc. Of the drug in the plasma depends on :
a- Direct proportion to the rate of administration b- Indirect proportion to the rate of administration c- Indirect proportion to the rate of elimination d- Direct proportion to the rate of elimination
36 All these are Anti-Coagulants except :
a- Hypokalamia
a- It is not stable in the gastric PH b- It is needed in large quantities in case of oral route c- It is eliminated very quickly
45 Amilorid as trimetren causes :
a- True b- false
48 Mention two Thiazide diuretics ?
QID = Q6H =
50 What is the difference between the following anti-fungal ?
a- Ist, Generation Cephalosporin b- 2nd, generation Cephalosporin c- 3rd, generation Cephalosporin d- None of the above
54 Which Aminoglycoside antibiotic can be taken orally ?
10
10
60 Imipenam [ Carbapenam ] is
11
11
a- Cefixime b- Itraconazole
66 Which one is Sporanox ?
a- Cefixime b- Itraconazole
67 All of These can be used in treating leprosy except :
12
12
a- Can cause muscle spasm b- Is taken I.M. only c- Is derivative from Morphine d- Is not used for long term 13 74 Maximum dose of Paracetamol is Gm / day 13
[ CTC is Tuberculosis Committee Thoracic Society ] a- One week b- Two months c- One month d- 6 months
76 Metoclopramide is
a- Sucralfate b- Ethambutol
c- Chlorphenramine d- Ciprofloxacin
78 What is the definition of Bioavailability of the drug ?
13-
24-
14
81 Give the anti-dote for each of the following :
14
85 Fluxotine is :
86 Omeprazole is
1-
2-
15
15
a- Virus b- Bacteria
c- Parasite d- Mycobacterum
94 Which of the following is not antibiotic ?
16
16
17
17
1- False
2- True
2- True
a- Sod. Citrate - Pot. Chloride - Glucose b- Sod. Citrate - Pot. Chloride - Sod. Chloride c- Sod. Chloride - Pot. Citrate - Sod. Citrate - glucose d- Sod. Chloride - Pot. Chloride - NaHCO3 - Citric acid
105 Gemfibrazile
a- Increase HDL & Triglycerides b- Increase HDL & decrease Triglycerides c- Decrease HDL & LDL d- Increase LDL & Triglycerides.
106 Nitroprusside Sod. Is :
18
18
12-
34-
a- It is activated by Penicillinase enzyme b- It is taken by oral route only c- It is base stable d- It is better absorbed than Cloxacilin
109 What are the instruction for patient taken Metamucil
Or any other bulk foaming laxative as Bran, methyl Cellulose & Psyllum :
110 Cytotec
Is used for
19
114 Zinnat contains :
19
1- False
2- True
116 Praziquantil is :
a- Cause loss of intracellular calcium of worms b- Used for malaria c- Biltracid is the trade name d- a & c
117 Nitrofurantoin is indicated for :
a- Increase formation of clotting factor b- Increase conversion of Vit. K to the active form c- Prevent conversion of Vit. K back to the active form d- Non of the above
119 Quinidine Sulphate is :
20
20
a- Converting Ag11 to vasoconstrictor Ag1 b- Converting Ag1 to vasoconstrictor Ag11 c- Converting Ag1 to vasodilator Ag11 d- Converting Ag11 to vasodilator Ag1
121 One of these side effects not occur with Thiazide diuretics
a- Stimulation of the stomach b- Stimulation of the CTZ c- a & b d- Inhibition of the stomach through CNS
123 Theophyllin is
21
Is
126 Treatment of anaphylactic reaction is initiated by immediate :
21
130 Triazole is
22
22
a- Broad spectrum bacteriostatic b- Broad spectrum bactericidal c- Inhibit protein synthesis d- Used for acne
134 Give 2 indications for allopurinol
136 Famotidine is
1- Decrease conversion of Ag1 to Ag11 2- Effective hypotensive when others are contra-indicated [ B blockers & diuretics ]
138 Type 2 Diabetics is characterized by :
23
a- Lack of response to Insulin b- Lack of response to sulphonylurea c- Respond to dietary therapy alone d- Slowly increasing sulphonylurea requirement
139 Give 2 side effects of Aminoglycosides ?
23
1 2
141 Give 3 drugs as Pot. Sparing diuretics
142 Acetazolamide is
143 Which one reduces the metabolism of other drugs in the liver :
a- Aspirin d- Tegretol
145 Simvastatin is used for 146 Acetohexamide is
b- Maalox
c- Bisacodyl
24
24
gm. NACL
152 Levodopa with Cardiodopa for the treatment of 153 Specific Serotonin reuptake inhibitor are used as :
25
25
1 2 3
157 List 3 drugs used to treat T.B. :
1 2 3
158 Calcipotriol is indicated for :
27
27
a- Arrange contraception. b- Send wife to the family doctor c- Send the wife to her mother
171 Side effects of Insulin ?
28
28
a- Decrease metabolism & increase response b- Decrease metabolism & decrease response c- Increase metabolism & increase response d- Increase metabolism & decrease response
175 OTC simple analgesic is 176 Enteric coated tab
a- Pass the stomach & release in the intestine b- Pass the stomach & intestine c- Release in the stomach
177 All of these are true for Levodopa except :
a- precursor of dopa b- Does not pass B.B.B. c- Effective in parkinsonism d- Stimulate dopamine
178 Morphine & Morpin are similar in
29 179 Cytocin is
180 The conc. Of the drug on Exp. Date is :
29
a- Not less than 100% b- Not less than 90% c- From 90-110% d- Non of the above
a- Effect of the body on the drug b- Drug - receptor reaction c- Non of the above
184 Surfactant not used orally
30
a- Tween b- Spon c- Na lauryl sulphate d- B & C 185 Type 1 Diabetes. advise to use : a- Insulin B- Glibneclamide c- a & b c- Non of the above. 186 Type 11 Diabetes. advise to use : a- Diet control b- Insulin c- Sulphonyl urea d- All of the above 187 One of the following is the main side effect of insulin : a- Hyperglycemia b- Hypoglycemia c- Fluid retention C- All of the above
30
188 Pentobarbital differs from Phenobarbital in : a- Longer b- Faster C- Not use very much d- a & b 189 Morphine & morpin are similar in : a- Miosis b- Addiction C- Analgesic 31 d- All of the above 190 Theophyllin dose in children. a- Increased metabolism & dose must be increased . b- Decreased metabolism & dose must be increased . c- Decreased metabolism & dose must be decreased .
191 Biotransformation
31
32
32
a- Antacid + H2 antagonist. b- Use more than one H2 antagonist. c- Four medicines including antibiotic.
196 In case of Osteoarthritis & peptic ulcer of elderly patients use :
33
201 Immunocompromised means ?
33
a- Body fluid interaction b- Enzymatic reactions c- Ready programmed & no influece of the body fluid d- Stomach PH.
204 The conc. Of the drug on exp. Date is :
a- Not less than 100% b- Not less than 90% c- From 90 - 110% d- Not of the above
205 Type 11 Diabetes. Advise to use :
34
34
a-Effect of the body on the drug. b- Drug - Receptor reaction c- Non of the above.
208 Specific Serotonin reuptake inhibitors are used as :
35
35
36
36
a- Guaifenesin b- Dextromethorphane
a- It is non explosive & non inflammable b- It induces rapid induction & rapid recovery c- It is potent muscle relaxant d- All of the above
219 All of the following have GIT upset except :
37
and you do not have this anti-biotic. You can phone the doctor to change it with : a- Clarithromycin b- Amoxicillin c- Clindamycin d- Ampicillin 37
221 A child of 41 degrees centigrade, when his father ask you about him,
you must tell him to : a- Go to hospital which is 30 m. distance. b- Sponge by tap water and go to hospital. c- Take 1 GM. Paracetamol d- Go to home.
222 The patient under the prescribing drug.
when he comes to you , Then you must tell him : a- All the drug side effects. b- Some relatively side effects. c- Another side effects. d- Non of the above
223 A patient has a prescription of Enalpril + KCL,
a- Any product of K do you need. b- You take any other anti-hypertensive c- You need syrup or tablets. d- Not of all
224 ACE inhibitors are used for the treatment of :
38
38
a-Increasing of Oxygen consumption b- Increasing of ectotopic effect c- Increasing of inotopic effect d- All of the above
227 Atropine is used as pre-anaesthetic to :
a- Give skeletal muscle relaxation b- Decrease saliva c- Treat the side effects of anesthesic. d- Help the sleeping effect of anaesthetic
228 A patient weighing 10 kilograms is given a paracetamol
one teaspoon full every 4-6 hours. you should call doctor and tell him that : a- The dose is very high
b- The dose must not exceed 180 mg daily c- The dose is not sufficient d- There is no need to call the doctor.
229 Malignant hypothermia is usually a side effect of :
39
39
40
when taken with Warfarin anti-coagulant leads to : a- Increasing the activity of liver enzymes so, decreasing the activity of Warfarin b- Increasing the activity of liver enzymes so, increasing the activity of Warfarin c- Decreasing the activity of liver enzymes so, decreasing the activity of Warfarin c- Decreasing the activity of liver enzymes so, increasing the activity of Warfarin
40
234 Tetracycline, when taken with metals such as Calcium, Iron & Aluminium
from a chelate which is : a- Inactive & not absorbed b- Active & poorly absorbed c- Inactive & poorly absorbed d- Active & absorbed
235 Disulfiram is used for :
a- Treatment of chronic alcohol dependence b- Protection of liver cells from alcoholism c- Prevention of conversion of acetaldehyde to acetic acid d- All of the above
236 The drug transfer through the cell membrane by :
a- Inactive while the free part is active b- Highly active while the free part is inactive c- Less active while the free part is active d- Active while the free part is more active
238 The drug metabolism in the body occurs in :
41
a- GIT & Plasma b- Gut wall during absorption c- Gut wall during absorption & in plasma stream d- Liver , Kidney & bowel mucosa
239 Clonidine is used as :
41
a- A drug that prevents the recurrence of Migraine b- Anti-hypertensive acting centrally c- a & b d- Non of the above
240 Dolomol is :
b- Paracetamol with analgesic & without anti-inflammatory c- Non Paracetamol with analgesic & anti-inflammatory d- Non Paracetamol with analgesic & without anti-inflammatory
241 Metoclopramide gives its anti-emetic through :
42
42
DEFINITIONS DRUG Is any small molecule that when introduced into the body affect the functions. PHARMACODYNAMIC : Is the interaction between the drug & the body. OR : The effect [ desired & undesired ] of the drug on the body PHARMACOKINETIC : Is the way of the body to handle the drug. [ through absorption, distribution, metabolism & excretion ] EFFICACY : Is the relation between occupancy of receptor sites & the pharmacological response. OR : Is the degree of response regardless the dose. POTENCY : Is the dose or concentration of the drug required to produce a given response. OR : Is the minimal dose required for the needed response. THERAPEUTIC INDEX : Is the ratio between TD50 : ED50. TD50 is toxic dose that produce undesired effect. ED50 is effective dose that produce desired effect.
IDIOSYNCRASY : Is unusual drug response. i.e. single individual may respond differently to the same drug at different times during the course of treatment. HYPERSENSITIVITY : Is allergic or any other immunological response to the drug TOLERANCE : Is the decreasing of the intensity of response during the treatment. [ the patient feels to increase the dose of the drug to get the same response ] TACHYPHYLAXIS : When responsiveness decreases rapidly after drug administration BIOAVAILABILITY : Measure of speed & completeness of absorption from the site of administration. CLEARANCE : Is the measure of the ability of the body to eliminate the drug through the urine[ relative to the plasma drug conc. ] VOLUME OF DISTRIBUTION : Is the measure of the space in the body available to contain the drug.
HALF LIFE : Is the time required to attain 50% of steady state OR : Is the time to decay 50% of the steady state. MAINTENANCE DOSE : The dose needed to maintain a chosen steady state. LOADING DOSE : Is the amount of the drug needed to achieve a given steady state conc. In the plasma. XENOBIOTICS : Substances absorbed across the lungs, skin or ingested with food or drinks or drugs for recreational purposes.
ORPHAN DRUGS ; Drugs for rare diseases. 1- What is the mechanism of drug permeation ? There are 4 mechanisms : 1- Aquous diffusion through gut or cornes. 2- Lipid diffusion through cell membranes. 3- Special carriers as B.B.B. 4- Pinocytosis drugs of exceptional large size 2- What are the factors that affect the drug distribution ? 1- Protein binding 2- Blood flow 3- Membrane permeability 4- Tissue solubility Diabetes Mellitus [ DM ]
IDDM Insulin Dependant DM Type 1 Type 1 : Is a severe form. Mainly in juveniles & rare in adults ( non obese & elderly ) Occurs due to infections as mumps or exposure to destructive substance as Cytotoxics. There is ketosis.
NIDDM Non Insulin Dependant DM Type 11 Type 11 : Mainly in adults ( obese ) insulin is insufficient or the tissue sensitivity to insulin is low or B cells impaired to respond to Glucose.
* Insulin Structure : It is 51 amino acids in two chains [ A & B ] linked by disulphide bridges. Beef insulin is differ in 3 amino acids. But Pork is differ in one only. Human Pancreas has Islets of Langerhams which has 4 types of cells A cells [ alpha ]
secretes glycogen
B cells [ beta ]
secretes Insulin
D cells [ delta ]
secretes somatostatin
F cells [ PP ]
secretes pancreatic polypeptides
* Insulin preparations ; 1- Short acting Insulin : a- Regular type [ crystalline zinc ] clear sol. & the only one can be taken I.V. b- Semilente [ amorphous crystalline ] 2- Intermediate acing Insulin : a- Lente type is mixture of [ 30% semilent & 70% ultralent ] b- NPH [ protamine zinc - Isophane ] ex. most common use one is 30/70 type ( NOVOLIN ) from Squibb it is 70% NPH & 30% regular type. 3- Long acting Insulin : ex. Ultralente
* Complications of Insulin Therapy ; 1- hypoglycemia [ treated by sugar intake ] 2- lipodystrophy at the site of injection. 3- Two immunopathology disorders a- Insulin allergy local & systemic urticaria b- immuno insulin resistance the tissues sensitivity to insulin decreased due to IgG anti-insulin antibody neutralize the action of insulin.
** Oral Hypoglycemics : 1- Sulphonyl Ureas mainly are used for type 11 DM as Tolbutamide - Glibenclamide [ Daonil ] - Tolazamide Acetohexamide - Glipizide - Chlorpropamide
Mechanism of action
a- Stimulate B cells to release Insulin b- Decrease the serum glycogen c- Potentiate the action of Insulin on the target tissues.
2- Biguanides : It decreases the level of glucose in the blood as Phenformin [ Glucophage ] - Metformin - Buformin Bronchodilators & Asthma Drugs used to treat asthma are : 1- Cromolyn Sod. ex. Sod. Cromoglycate for prophylaxis. 2- Methyl Xanthines ex. Theophylline - Theobromine - Caffeine Aminophylline [ theophylline + ethyldiamine ] Pentoxyfylline [ Trental ] 3- Sympathomimetics : ex. Ephedrine - Epinephrine - Isoproternol [ non specific B agonist ] B2 selective agonists as : a- Terbutaline [ Bricanyl ] b- Metaproternol [ Alupent ] c- Albuterol [ Salbovent , Ventolin ] 4- Anti-muscarinic drugs : ex. Atropine - Ipratropium [ Atrovent 5- Corticosteroids : ex. Beclomethasone - Dexamethazone - Triamcinolone.
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM [ ANS ] Q- What is the difference between ANS & endocrine system ? ** Is in the mode of transmission in case endocrine system via blood - borne hormones. in case ANS via chemical transmission as acetylcholine & nor-epinephrine And both of them is used to control & integrate the body functions. Q- The nervous system is two divisions : a- Autonomic b- Somatic What is the difference ? ** The autonomic to control the activities that are not under conscious as blood flow , cardiac output The somatic to control the activities that under conscious. as respiration , exercise.
Q- The autonomic nervous system is sub-divided into : a- Sympathetic b- Parasympathetic What is effect on the body activities of both of them ?
Organ 1- Heart Sub-organ
action
Sympathetic
receptor action
Parasympathetic
receptor
constrict contract Relax Relax contract ****** ejaculation Relax Relax contract Increase Increase contract contract
Muscarinic/M M M M M M M
2- Lungs 3- G.I.T.
4- Sex Organs Penis uterus 5- Urinary t. Bladder wall sphincters 6- Skin sweat glands Heat stress 7- Eye Radial muscles circular muscles [ mydriasis ]
contract Relax
M M
M M
A- PARASYMPATHOMIMETICS :
A- Direct acting
muscarinic nicotinic
B- Indirect acting
reversible 1- Carbamates 2- Edrophonium
Cholinesterase inhibitors
irreversible
Phosphates
** The main uses of Parasympathomimetics : 1- Glaucoma There are two types of glaucoma
1- Primary 2- Secondary
It is caused by surgical procedures ( chronic ) Angle closure ( Acute ) Open angle ( chronic )
2- Postoperative ileus & Congenital megacolon Use Bethanichole & Neostigmine 3- Myasthenia Gravis : Use Edrophonium & Neostigmine *** Antidote : 1- Atropine
2- Pralidoxime
B- PARASYMPATHOLYTICS : They are contraindicated in Glaucoma & in elderly patients with urinary retention. Examples : 1- Anti-muscarinics : Atropine - Homatropine - isopropamide Cyclopentolate - Hyoscyamine Scopolamine - Propanthine 2- Ganglion Blockers : Mecamylamines - Hexamethonium - Trimethaphan 3- Cholinesterase regenerator : Pralidoxime 4- Sympathomimetics : Nor-epinephrine ** It is used to treat Mashroom poisoning also Atropine is used before anesthesia to reduce secretions & retina examination & as anti-spasmodic. C- SYMPATHOMIMETICS : mainly this group has positive effect on the heart & C.V.S. This group is classified according the selectivity on Alpha & Beta receptors.
Alpha Agonists
1- Epinephrine 2- Nor-epinephrine 3- Phenylephrine 4- Methoxamine
B1 & B2 non-selective
1- Epinephrine 2- Isoproternol
B2 selective
1- Albuterol ( ventolin ) 2- Terbutaline ( Bricanyl 3- Metaproternol ( Alupent ) 4- Ritodrine
B1 selective
1- Norepinph.. 2- Dobutamine
Alpha blockers
1- Prazocin ( Minipress ) 2- Phenoxybenzamine 3- Phentolamine 4- Tolazoline ( Priscoline ) 5- yohimbine ( for sex disorders )
Beta blockers
1- Propranolol ( Inderal ) 2- Timolol 3- Nadolol ( Corgard ) 4- Pindolol ( Visken )
B1 blockers
1- Metoprolol ( Lepressor ) 2- Acebutolol ( Sectral ) 3- Atenolol ( Tenormin ) 4- Esmolol 5- Alprenol
B2 blockers
Butoxamine
N.B.
Betaxolol
( Betoptic )
** Uses : 1- Hypertension 2- Pheichromocytoma 3- Glaucoma 4- Ischemic heart disease 5- Cardiac arrhythmia 7- Hyperthyroidism.
ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS ** Mechanism Of Action Antimicrobial action 1- Through inhibition of cell wall synthesis 2- Through inhibition of cell membrane 3- Through inhibition of protein synthesis 4- Through inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis Q- What is the definition of Cross Resistance ? When micro-organisms resistant to a certain drug may also be resistant to other drugs. CEPHALOSPORINS Antimicrobial group Penicillin's, Cephalosporins, Bacitracin Cycloserin, Vancomycin Amphotericin B, Nystatin, Imidazoles Polymyxines Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin's, Tetracycline's, Aminoglycosides Quinolones, Rifampin, Sulfonamides.
CHLORAMPHENICOL
** Side Effects : 1- G.I.T. disturbances. 2- Bone Marrow Disturbances [ aplastic anemia ] 3- Newborn infants toxicity [ gray syndrome ]
TETRACYCLINE'S
** Side Effects : 1- G.I.T. side effects 2- It affects the bony structures & teeth. 3- Liver & kidney toxicity. 4- Photosensitization [ specially Demecycline ] * examples of tetracycline's :
1 Doxycycline ( Vibramycin ) 2 Minocycline ( Minocin ) 3 Oxytetracycline ( Terramycin ) 4 Tetracycline
AMINOGLYCOSIDES
* Examples :
1- Amikacin ( Amikin ) 2- Gentamycin ( Garamycin ) 3- Neomycin 4- Sreptomycin 5- Tobramycin ( Nebcin )