POWER MANAGEMENT AND POWER FLOW CONTROL OF THE MICROGRID CONNECTED PV-FC HYBRID SYSTEM

*S Bharat Electrical Engineering. PNC & VIET Guntur, India s.yogendra.eee@gmail.com S Yogendra Reddy Electrical Engineering. PNC & VIET Guntur, India s.bharat.eee@gmail.com

Abstract This paper proposes a method for Power Generation in the Smart Grid will be because of Photovoltaic (PV) array and a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) mainly due to the high penetration level of distributed renewable power generators. Starting from electricity generation to its transmission and storage with the ability to respond to dynamic changes in energy supply through cogeneration and demand adjustments. Distributed Generation, storage and intelligence are key components of a smart microgrid. In this paper, we examine the significant role that build to play in energy use and its management in a Smart Microgrid. We discuss how buildings can be enhanced and interfaced with the smart microgrid. The impact of DC side Voltage fluctuation of the DGs and DG tripping on power sharing is also investigated. The efficacy of the proposed control arrangement has been validated through simulation for various operating conditions. The model of the microgrid power system is simulated in MATLAB. Keywords- Photovoltaic array, Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell, & DC side Voltage Fluctuation.

and FC system. The main goal of this paper is to show the dynamic behavior of PV/FC System. The paper is organized as follows. The system configuration is discussed in Section II. The system component characteristics are given in Section III. Section IV discusses the overall power management strategy for the system. Section V gives the simulation results. Section VI concludes the paper. II. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

Overall system configuration of proposed hybrid renewable power generation and storage system are shown in Fig.1. The studied system includes PV/FC as power generateon. Each system is connected to the DC link with appropriate power electronics devices.

I.

INTRODUCTION

The ever increasing energy consumption, the soaring cost and the exhaustible nature of fossil fuel, and the worsening global environment have created increased interest in green [renewable and/or fuel cell (FC)-based energy sources] power generation systems. The growth of wind and photovoltaic (PV) power generation systems has exceeded the most optimistic estimation. FCs also show great potential to be green power sources of the future because of many merits they have (such as high efficiency, zero or low emission of pollutant gases, and flexible modular structure) and the rapid progress in FC technologies. A new control strategy based on optimal usage of FC systems. Different works have done to show the dynamic behavior and power management of hybrid power generation. The effect of dynamic behavior of FC system in transient event such as step load and variation of load demand in hybrid power generation in long duration of time. In this paper, power management and power flow control of hybrid system is proposed .The proposed system comprise PV

Fig .1. System configuration of the hybrid system

III. SYSTEM COMPONENT CHARACTERISTICS To develop an overall power management strategy for the system and to investigate the system performance, dynamic models for the main components in the proposed hybrid system have been developed using MATLAB/Simulink. The models are for the following: PV and FC.

A.

Photovoltaic

system are used as hybrid system to enhance the reliability of whole system. Among different types of FC systems, PEMFC has some advantages such as high power density, high efficiency and also have lower temperature. The PEMFC models have been presented in different based on relationship between output voltage and partial pressure of hydrogen, oxygen and water. Fig. 3 shows the chemical reaction of PEMFC system that occurred inside the cell.

PV effect is a basic physical process through which solar energy is converted directly into electrical energy. The physics of a PV cell, or a solar cell, is similar to the classical p-n junction diode .The relationship between the output voltage V and the load current I of a PV cell or a module can be expressed as (1) where IL is the light current of the PV cell (in amperes), I0 is the saturation current, I is the load current, V is the PV output voltage (in volts), Rs is the series resistance of the PV cell (in ohms), and is the thermal voltage timing completion factor of the cell (in volts). The IV characteristic curves of the PV model used in this study under different irradiances (at 25 C) are given in Fig. 2. It is noted from the figure that the higher the irradiance, the larger are the short-circuit current (Isc) and the open-circuit voltage (Voc). As a result, the larger will be the output PV power. Temperature plays an important role in the PV performance because the four parameters (IL, I0, Rs, and ) in (1) are all functions of temperature. The effect of the temperature on the PV model performance is illustrated in Fig. 2. It is noted from the figure that the lower the temperature, the higher is the maximum power and the larger the open circuit voltage.

Fig.3. Schematic diagram of a PEMFC However, FC system have different and effective problem such as slow dynamic and need hydrogen as fuel continuously. In the previous works, the dynamic behavior of FC system is neglected and FC system is simulated without its slow dynamic. In this paper a new control strategy based on FC system protection is proposed. The proposed control Strategy has two important advantages. First it can simulate the actual dynamic behavior of FC system. Second, this control strategy is simple and economical way for protection of FC system. This control strategy is based on coordination of FC system and the dynamic behavior of utilization factor. This control strategy can keep the utilization factor in its optimal value by synchronizing of between FC system and power electronic interfacing. The proposed control strategy is implemented in hybrid power management. The dynamic behavior of fuel valve is simulated as first order lead-lag transfer function and is applied to the power electronic interfacing through reference power of FC system. With this control strategy, the hydrogen consumed by FC stack is equal to the hydrogen that is injected by hydrogen fuel valve. The overall control strategy that is used for FC system is shown in Fig.4.

Fig.2. The I-V & P-V CURVES.

B. FC Power Generation System Fuel cell power generation system is used as reliable alternative power generation. The power produced by wind power generation is unpredictable. To solve this problem different form of renewable power generation such as FC

power balance equation for this situation can be written as PPV + PFC = Pload, Pne t < 0 ..(4) Where PFC is the power generated by the FC stack.

Fig.4. Overall control strategy used for FC system

III.

POWER MANAGEMENT

An overall control strategy for power management among different energy sources in a multisource energy system is needed. Fig.5 shows the block diagram of the overall control strategy for the proposed hybrid alternative energy system. PV electricity generation unit, controlled by a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller are the main energy sources of the system. The power difference between the generation sources and the load demand is calculated as Pne t = PPV Pload Psc (2) where PPV is the power generated by the PV energy conversion system, Pload is the load demand, and Psc is the self-consumed power for operating the system. The system self-consumed power is the power consumed by the auxiliary system components to keep it running, for example, the power needed for running the cooling systems, the control units, and the gas compressor. For the purpose of simplification, only the power consumed by the compressor (Pcomp) is considered in this study. The governing control strategy is that, at any given time, any excess wind and PV-generated power (Pne t > 0) is supplied to the electrolyzer to generate hydrogen that is delivered to the hydrogen storage tanks through a gas compressor. Therefore, the power balance equation given in (2) can be written as PPV = Pload + Pele c + Pco m p , Pne t >0..(3) Where Pelec is the power consumed by the electrolyzer to generate H2 a n d Pcomp is the power consumed by the gas compressor. When there is a deficit in power generation (Pne t < 0), the FC stack begins to produce energy for the load using hydrogen from the storage tanks. Therefore, the

Fig.5. Overall control strategy and power management of the hybrid power generation system Dynamic models have been used for all the components of the system shown in Fig. 5.

V. SIMULATION RESULTS Using the component models discussed Section IV; a simulation system test bed for the proposed PV/FC energy system has been developed using MATLAB/Simulink. In order to verify the system performance under different situations, situation studies have been carried out using practical load demand data. The output power from the PV array in the system over the 20 hour simulation is shown in Fig .6.

Fig.6. PV Power generated Due to slow dynamic in FC system actuator, the FC system cannot change its power to desired value as fast as

the load variation. In the proposed system, the dynamic respond of fuel valve is simulated as first lead-lag transfer function and this delay time is applied to the power reference to keep the utilization factor of FC system at its optimal value to improve FC system lifetime. The behavior of the FC system in transient events such as step load demand is shown in Fig.7 for a specified zoom.

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Fig.7. FC stack system output power VI. CONCLUSION In this paper, an PV/FC alternative energy system is proposed. The system configuration and unit-sizing are discussed; the characteristics of the main components in the system, namely, the PV, FC, and electrolyzer are given; and the overall control and power management strategy for the proposed hybrid energy system is presented. The PV generation systems are the main power generation devices, and the electrolyzer acts as a dump load using any excess power available to produce H2 . The FC system is the backup generation and supplies power to the system when there is power deficit. The simulation model of the hybrid system has been developed using MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation studies have been carried out to verify the system performance under different scenarios using the practical load.

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