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Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 1
Motivations
If you assigned a negative value for radius in Listing 2.1, ComputeArea.java, the program would print an invalid result. If the radius is negative, you don't want the program to compute the area. How can you deal with this situation?
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
Objectives
To declare boolean type and use Boolean values true and false (3.2). To apply relational operators (<, <=, ==, !=, >, >=) and logic operators (!, &&, ||, ^) to write Boolean expressions (3.2). To use Boolean expressions to control selection statements (3.3-3.5). To implement selection control using if and nested if statements (3.3). To implement selection control using switch statements (3.4). To write expressions using the conditional operator (3.5). To display formatted output using the System.out.printf method and to format strings using the String.format method (3.6). To know the rules governing operator precedence and associativity (3.7). (GUI) To get user confirmation using confirmation dialogs (3.8).
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671 3
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
Comparison Operators
Operator Name < <= > >= == != less than less than or equal to greater than greater than or equal to equal to not equal to
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
Boolean Operators
Operator Name ! && || ^ not and or exclusive or
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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Examples
System.out.println("Is " + number + " divisible by 2 and 3? " + ((number % 2 == 0) && (number % 3 == 0)));
System.out.println("Is " + number + " divisible by 2 or 3, but not both? " + ((number % 2 == 0) ^ (number % 3 == 0)));
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
AdditionQuiz
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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Companion Website
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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Companion Website
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Selection Statements
if Statements switch Statements
Conditional Operators
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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Simple if Statements
if (booleanExpression) { statement(s); } if (radius >= 0) { area = radius * radius * PI; System.out.println("The area" + " for the circle of radius " + radius + " is " + area); }
false
true area = radius * radius * PI; System.out.println("The area for the circle of " + "radius " + radius + " is " + area);
(A)
(B)
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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Note
Outer parentheses required Braces can be omitted if the block contains a single statement Equivalent
if ((i > 0) && (i < 10)) { System.out.println("i is an " + + "integer between 0 and 10"); }
(a)
if ((i > 0) && (i < 10)) System.out.println("i is an " + + "integer between 0 and 10");
(b)
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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Caution
Adding a semicolon at the end of an if clause is a common mistake. if (radius >= 0); Wrong { area = radius*radius*PI; System.out.println( "The area for the circle of radius " + radius + " is " + area); } This mistake is hard to find, because it is not a compilation error or a runtime error, it is a logic error. This error often occurs when you use the next-line block style.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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true
Boolean Expression
false
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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if...else Example
if (radius >= 0) { area = radius * radius * 3.14159; System.out.println("The area for the + circle of radius " + radius + " is " + area); } else { System.out.println("Negative input"); }
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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Equivalent
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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animation
if (score >= 90.0) grade = 'A'; else if (score >= 80.0) grade = 'B'; else if (score >= 70.0) grade = 'C'; else if (score >= 60.0) grade = 'D'; else grade = 'F';
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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animation
if (score >= 90.0) grade = 'A'; else if (score >= 80.0) grade = 'B'; else if (score >= 70.0) grade = 'C'; else if (score >= 60.0) grade = 'D'; else grade = 'F';
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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animation
if (score >= 90.0) grade = 'A'; else if (score >= 80.0) grade = 'B'; else if (score >= 70.0) grade = 'C'; else if (score >= 60.0) grade = 'D'; else grade = 'F';
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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animation
if (score >= 90.0) grade = 'A'; else if (score >= 80.0) grade = 'B'; else if (score >= 70.0) grade = 'C'; else if (score >= 60.0) grade = 'D'; else grade = 'F';
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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animation
if (score >= 90.0) grade = 'A'; else if (score >= 80.0) grade = 'B'; else if (score >= 70.0) grade = 'C'; else if (score >= 60.0) grade = 'D'; else grade = 'F';
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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Note
The else clause matches the most recent if clause in the same block.
int i = 1; int j = 2; int k = 3;
Equivalent
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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Note, cont.
Nothing is printed from the preceding statement. To force the else clause to match the first if clause, you must add a pair of braces:
int i = 1; int j = 2; int k = 3; if (i > j) { if (i > k) System.out.println("A"); } else System.out.println("B");
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TIP
if (number % 2 == 0) even = true; else even = false;
(a) Equivalent
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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CAUTION
if (even == true) System.out.println( "It is even.");
(a) Equivalent
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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Problem: An Improved Math Learning Tool This example creates a program to teach a first grade child how to learn subtractions. The program randomly generates two singledigit integers number1 and number2 with number1 > number2 and displays a question such as What is 9 2? to the student. After the student types the answer in the input dialog box, the program displays a message dialog box to indicate whether the answer is correct.
SubtractionQuiz Run
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Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
Problem: Lottery
Randomly generates a lottery of a two-digit number, prompts the user to enter a two-digit number, and determines whether the user wins according to the following rule: If the user input matches the lottery in exact order, the award is $10,000. If the user input matches the lottery, the award is $3,000. If one digit in the user input matches a digit in the lottery, the award is $1,000.
Lottery Run
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Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
ComputeBMI
Run
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Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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ComputeTax
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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Problem: Guessing Birth Date The program can guess your birth date. Run to see how it works.
= 19 +
16 20 24 28
17 21 25 29
18 22 26 30
19 23 27 31
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Set2
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 Set3
2 10 18 26
3 11 19 27
6 14 22 30
7 15 23 31
4 5 6 7 12 13 14 15 20 21 22 23 28 29 30 31 Set5
Set1
Set4
GuessBirthDate
Run
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Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
switch Statements
switch (status) { case 0: compute taxes for single filers; break; case 1: compute taxes for married file jointly; break; case 2: compute taxes for married file separately; break; case 3: compute taxes for head of household; break; default: System.out.println("Errors: invalid status"); System.exit(0); }
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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Next Statement
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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switch (switch-expression) { case value1: statement(s)1; break; case value2: statement(s)2; break; case valueN: statement(s)N; break; default: statement(s)-for-default; }
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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The default case, which is optional, can be used to perform actions when none of the specified cases matches the switch-expression.
switch (switch-expression) { case value1: statement(s)1; break; case value2: statement(s)2; break; case valueN: statement(s)N; break; default: statement(s)-for-default; }
The case statements are executed in sequential order, but the order of the cases (including the default case) does not matter. However, it is good programming style to follow the logical sequence of the cases and place the default case at the end.
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Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
animation
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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animation
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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animation
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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animation
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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animation
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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animation
Next statement;
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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animation
switch (ch) { case 'a': System.out.println(ch); break; case 'b': System.out.println(ch); break; case 'c': System.out.println(ch); }
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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animation
switch (ch) { case 'a': System.out.println(ch); break; case 'b': System.out.println(ch); break; case 'c': System.out.println(ch); }
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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animation
switch (ch) { case 'a': System.out.println(ch); break; case 'b': System.out.println(ch); break; case 'c': System.out.println(ch); }
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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animation
switch (ch) { case 'a': System.out.println(ch); break; case 'b': System.out.println(ch); break; case 'c': System.out.println(ch); }
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
51
animation
switch (ch) { case 'a': System.out.println(ch); break; case 'b': System.out.println(ch); break; case 'c': System.out.println(ch); } Next statement;
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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Conditional Operator
if (x > 0) y=1 else y = -1; is equivalent to y = (x > 0) ? 1 : -1; (booleanExpression) ? expression1 : expression2 Ternary operator Binary operator Unary operator
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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Conditional Operator
if (num % 2 == 0) System.out.println(num + is even); else System.out.println(num + is odd);
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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Formatting Output
Use the new JDK 1.5 printf statement. System.out.printf(format, items); Where format is a string that may consist of substrings and format specifiers. A format specifier specifies how an item should be displayed. An item may be a numeric value, character, boolean value, or a string. Each specifier begins with a percent sign.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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Frequently-Used Specifiers
Specifier Output %b %c %d %f %e %s a boolean value a character a decimal integer a floating-point number
a number in standard scientific notation
a string
int count = 5; items double amount = 45.56; System.out.printf("count is %d and amount is %f", count, amount);
display
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Operator Precedence
var++, var-+, - (Unary plus and minus), ++var,--var (type) Casting ! (Not) *, /, % (Multiplication, division, and remainder) +, - (Binary addition and subtraction) <, <=, >, >= (Comparison) ==, !=; (Equality) ^ (Exclusive OR) && (Conditional AND) Short-circuit AND || (Conditional OR) Short-circuit OR =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %= (Assignment operator)
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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Operator Associativity
When two operators with the same precedence are evaluated, the associativity of the operators determines the order of evaluation. All binary operators except assignment operators are leftassociative. a b + c d is equivalent to ((a b) + c) d Assignment operators are right-associative. Therefore, the expression a = b += c = 5 is equivalent to a = (b += (c = 5))
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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Example
Applying the operator precedence and associativity rule, the expression 3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * (4 + 3) - 1 is evaluated as follows:
3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * (4 + 3) - 1 (1) inside parentheses first 3 + 4 * 4 > 5 * 7 1 (2) multiplication 3 + 16 > 5 * 7 1 (3) multiplication 3 + 16 > 35 1 (4) addition 19 > 35 1 (5) subtraction 19 > 34 (6) greater than false
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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Companion Website
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
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Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
63
Problem: Guessing Birth Date The program can guess your birth date. Run to see how it works.
= 19 +
16 20 24 28
17 21 25 29
18 22 26 30
19 23 27 31
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Set2
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 Set3
2 10 18 26
3 11 19 27
6 14 22 30
7 15 23 31
4 5 6 7 12 13 14 15 20 21 22 23 28 29 30 31 Set5
Set1
Set4
GuessBirthDateUsingConfirmationDialog
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Seventh Edition, (c) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0136012671
Run
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