Lambertian Sources

E C E
4 2 5
C L A S S
N O T E S
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RADIOMETRY OF LAMBERTIAN SOURCES

Relate M and L
Valuable exercise in spherical coordinate integration
L dA2
r
dA1
Area element of sphere, radius r

d A 2 = rdr sin d = r sin dd
2
Start with radiance to get flux within area dA2

157
DR. ROBERT A. SCHOWENGERDT schowengerdt@ece.arizona.edu 520 621-2706 (voice), 520 621-8076 (fax)
E C E
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d L ( , ) = -----------------------------d A 1 cos d d = L ( , ) cos d A 1 d d A2 = L ( , ) cos d A 1 --------2 r = L ( , ) cos d A 1 sin dd

2
Total flux in hemisphere above source

2 2
= d A1
d
0 0
L ( , ) cos sin d
Now, in general L = L(,), but for a Lambertian source
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L = constant
Therefore
( sin ) = d A 1 2L ----------------2 = Ld A 1
2 2 0
Radiant exitance definition

M = --------d A1 = L
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Include spectral variation

M = L or L = M
Can think of as having units of sr, which cancels the sr-1 units of L Note: M 2L, as one might guess since hemisphere is 2 sr
Why?
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TRANSMITTANCE
Defined as ratio of transmitted output flux to input flux
filter t() in out = in()
t ( ) =
out
in
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REFLECTANCE
Three types:
L L E E specular (mirror) E directional diffuse (Lambertian) L
Most natural surfaces are approximately Lambertian
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for < 40, snow and sand for < 60

At larger , natural surfaces tend to become directional
Reflectance of Lambertian surface

L dA2
r
dA1
Reflectance defined similarly to transmittance

( ) =
out in
From earlier derivation

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out
= L d A 1
and
= E d A1
in
Therefore,
( ) = L E , 0 ( ) 1
Given reflectance of surface and incident irrradiance, can get radiance

L = ( )E
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BAND-AVERAGED IRRADIANCE
Cascade spectral quantitites from source-to-surface-tosurface . . .
E = (geometric factors) L t 1 ( ) t 2 ( ) 1 ( )
until arriving at a spectrally-integrating element, i.e. a detector,

E total =
E S ( ) d
where S() is the detectors spectral sensitivity
Example of a specific detector S() is human vision system sensitivity V()
Etotal is the effective irradiance, because it is what is
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detected and measured Band-averaged spectral irradiance

E total E b = --------------------
S ( ) d
0
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RADIOMETRY OF OPTICAL SYSTEMS

telescope
collects light from point source light bucket
aperture (diameter d) z0 point source (radiant intensity I) zi detector lens (or mirror)
assume: source and detector on optical axis object-to-sensor distance much greater than aperture
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diameter
z0 d
no transmission losses irradiance at lens aperture flux collected by aperture

c = E A aperture d = E -------4 I d = ---- -------2 4 z0
2 2
E = I z0
(inverse square law)
flux at detector (no losses)
i = c
proportional to radiant intensity of source proportional to square of aperture diameter

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inversely proportional to square of object-to-sensor distance

What is the only way to increase the amount of light collected by a telescope?
Camera
assume: Lambertian source and detector plane normal to optical axis magnification
m = hi ho = zi zo
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aperture (diameter d) z0 Lambertian source (radiance Lo, height ho, area Ao) zi image (height hi, area Ai) lens (or mirror)
flux collected by aperture

c = Lo Ao A = L o A o ---2 zo L o A o d 2 = ------------ -------2 4 zo
NOTE: similarity to light bucket equation flux at detector (no losses)

i = c
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irradiance at detector
E i = c Ai c = ------------2 m Ao d = L o --------------2 2 m 4z o
2
by definition of magnification (see Geometrical Optics)

d E i = L o -------2 4z i
2
define effective f-number N of sensor, then,

E i = L o --------2 4N
N = zi d
Camera Equation
NOTE: proportional to radiance of source

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inversely proportional to square of sensor f-number does not depend on zo, the source-to-sensor distance f-number N typically preset on camera to 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, 22
What is rationale for the above preset values of N?
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Camera imaging reflecting object

Irradiance on object E Reflectance of object
source
aperture (diameter d) irradiance E image (height hi, area Ai) lens (or mirror)
Lambertian reflector (reflectance o, height ho, area Ao)
From earlier derivation:
Eo E i = --------2 4N
173
DR. ROBERT A. SCHOWENGERDT
schowengerdt@ece.arizona.edu
520 621-2706 (voice), 520 621-8076 (fax)
E C E
4 2 5
C L A S S
N O T E S
2 0 0 0
Camera imaging extended reflecting object
source
aperture (diameter d) irradiance E
image (height hi, area Ai) Lambertian reflector (reflectance o, height ho, area Ao) lens (or mirror)
Cos4 Law applies:

Eo 4 E i ( ) = --------- ( cos ) 2 4N
With object irradiance and reflectance fixed, what is the only way to increase the
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amount of light collected by a camera?
175

Lambertian Sources

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E C E

RADIOMETRY OF LAMBERTIAN SOURCES

Area element of sphere, radius r

Start with radiance to get flux within area dA2

d L ( , ) = -----------------------------d A 1 cos d d = L ( , ) cos d A 1 d d A2 = L ( , ) cos d A 1 --------2 r = L ( , ) cos d A 1 sin dd

Total flux in hemisphere above source

Now, in general L = L(,), but for a Lambertian source

Radiant exitance definition

Include spectral variation

Most natural surfaces are approximately Lambertian

for < 40, snow and sand for < 60

Reflectance of Lambertian surface

Reflectance defined similarly to transmittance

From earlier derivation

Given reflectance of surface and incident irrradiance, can get radiance

until arriving at a spectrally-integrating element, i.e. a detector,

where S() is the detectors spectral sensitivity

Example of a specific detector S() is human vision system sensitivity V()

Etotal is the effective irradiance, because it is what is

detected and measured Band-averaged spectral irradiance

RADIOMETRY OF OPTICAL SYSTEMS

no transmission losses irradiance at lens aperture flux collected by aperture

(inverse square law)

flux at detector (no losses)

proportional to radiant intensity of source proportional to square of aperture diameter

inversely proportional to square of object-to-sensor distance

flux collected by aperture

NOTE: similarity to light bucket equation flux at detector (no losses)

by definition of magnification (see Geometrical Optics)

define effective f-number N of sensor, then,

NOTE: proportional to radiance of source

Camera imaging reflecting object

Lambertian reflector (reflectance o, height ho, area Ao)

From earlier derivation:

DR. ROBERT A. SCHOWENGERDT

520 621-2706 (voice), 520 621-8076 (fax)

Camera imaging extended reflecting object

aperture (diameter d) irradiance E

Cos4 Law applies:

amount of light collected by a camera?

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