Gps Project Report

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM
A Dissertation Submitted to Acropolis Institute of Technology & Research In the Partial Fulfillment of the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering) SESSION 2010-2011
Guided By:
Er. Ashutosh Sharma
Submitted By:
Mr. Vaibhav Mathankar (0827EI071014) Mr. Sankalp Lal (0827EI071029) Mr. Ravi Vyas (0827EI071026) Mr. Rahul Kansothiya (0827EI061041)
Submitted To:
Department of Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering Acropolis Institute of Technology & Research,
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INDORE, M.P.-452001
ACROPOLIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH, INDORE

Department of Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering
RECOMMENDATION
The Project work entitled GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM Submitted by,
1. 2. 3. 4.
Mr. Vaibhav Mathankar Mr. Sankalp Lal Mr. Ravi Vyas Mr. Rahul Kansothiya
0827EI071014 0827EI071026 0827EI071029 0827EI061041
Is a Satisfactory account of work done during the academic session 2010 2011 under my Supervision and is recommended as a partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering).
Er. Ashutosh Sharma (Project Guide) DATE:

ACROPOLIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH, INDORE

Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled "GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM" submitted by, Mr. Vaibhav Mathankar (0827EI071014), Mr. Sankalp Lal (0827EI071029), Mr. Ravi Vyas (0827EI071026), Mr. Rahul Kansothiya (0827EI061041) to ACROPOLIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH, Indore in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Electronics And Instrumentation Engineering) is a satisfactory account of their project work and are recommended for the award of degree.
Internal Examiner
External Examiner
Head of Department
Principal
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DATE:
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
From the bottom of our heart, we thank God for giving us the strength to complete the major project GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM and the report based on it. We are very thankful to our respected teacher and project guide, Mr. Ashutosh Sharma for giving us the golden opportunity to widen our knowledge and extending his kind support which encouraged us throughout the completion of the major project and its report. We are also thankful to the HOD (Electronics & Instrumentation Dept.) and the related teachers who inspired and motivated us to take the above said project. We would also like to thank our parents, friends for providing us the most possible aid required, and full cooperation throughout the completion of the major project and the report based on it. We hope this will be found as per the expectations of our honorable teachers, whom we respect very much and whom we look for their guidance and blessings. Project conceived & developed by: Mr. Vaibhav Mathankar Mr. Sankalp Lal Mr. Ravi Vyas Mr. Rahul Kansothiya (Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering)
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CONTENTS

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW HISTORY LITERATURE SURVEY COMPONENTS USED COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION BLOCK DESCRIPTION BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION P C B LAYOUT WORKING SOFTWARE CODING FLOW CHART RESULTS And CONCLUSION FUTURE SCOPE COST ANALYSIS APPENDIX BIBLIOGRAPHY
9 12 13 17 20 21 22 64 65 67 68 69 70 71 72 74 76 78 80 84 86 90
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INDEX
LIST OF FIGURES
1. Fig 1: Working of GPS Positioning System 2. Fig 2: Microcontroller AT89s51 3. Fig 3: PIN LAYOUT of AT89c52 4. Fig 4: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF GPS 5.
15 23 24 32 33 34 35 39 46 47 49 51 52 55 57 59 61 61 62 63 65
Fig 5: GPS Receiver
6. Fig 6: GPS Interfaced with Micro Controller 7. Fig 7: GPS Interfaced with DB9 8. Fig 8: LCD Display System 16 x 2 9. Fig 9: PIN Diagram of RF Module 10. Fig 10: RF Schematic Diagram 11. Fig11: MAX232 12. Fig12: Interfacing microcontroller with MAX232 13. Fig13: 12 V Power Supply Circuit 14. Fig 14: A 12V AC Transformer 15. Fig 15: 12 V DC Battery 16. Fig 16: Co-axial Resistor 17. Fig 17: 100mF Capacitor 18. Fig 18: 1000mF Capacitor 19. Fig 19: Serial In Line Resistor 20. Fig 20: DB 9 Male Receptacle 21. Fig 15: Block Diagram
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22. Fig 16: Block Diagram 23. Fig 17: Circuit Schematic Diagram 24. Fig 18: Circuit Board Diagram 25. Fig 19: Flow chart of the System
66 69 71 77
COLOURED PICTURE OF PROJECT
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GPS TRACKING VEHICLE TRACKING END
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MONITORING END
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ABSTRACT
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ABSTRACT
The Vehicle Positioning or Tracking System combines the installation of an electronic device in a vehicle, or fleet of vehicles, with purpose designed software at least at one operational base enable the owner or a third party to track the vehicles location, collecting data in the process from the field and deliver it to the base of operation. Modern Vehicle tracking System commonly use GPS Technology for locating the vehicle, but other types of technology can also be used. Vehicle information can be viewed on electronic maps via the Internet or specialized software. Urban public transit authorities are an increasingly common user of vehicle tracking systems, particularly in large cities. The VPS (Vehicle Positioning System) is a GPS based vehicle tracking system that is used for security applications as well. The project uses two main underlying concepts. These are GPS (Global Positioning System) and GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication). The main application of this system in this context is tracking the vehicle to which the GPS is connected, giving the information about its position whenever required and for the security of each person travelling by the vehicle. This is done with the help of the GPS satellite and the GPS module attached to the vehicle which needs to be tracked. The GPS antenna present in the GPS module receives the information from the GPS satellite in NMEA (National Marine Electronics Association) format and thus it reveals the position information. This information got from the GPS antenna has to be sent to the Base station wherein it is decoded. For this we use GSM module which has an antenna too. Thus we have at the Base station; the complete data about the vehicle. Along with tracking the vehicle, the system is used for security applications as well. Each passenger or employee will have an ID of their own and will be using a remote containing key
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for Entry, Exit and Panic. The Panic button is used by the driver or the passenger so as to alert the concerned of emergency conditions. On pressing this button, an alarm will be activated which will help the passenger or employee in emergencies and keep them secure throughout the journey .The vehicle can also be immobilized remotely. Several types of Vehicle Tracking devices exist. Typically they are classified as "Passive" and "Active". "Passive" devices store GPS location, speed, heading and sometimes a trigger event such as key on/off, door open/closed. Once the vehicle returns to a predetermined point, the device is removed and the data downloaded to a computer for evaluation. Passive systems include auto download type that transfer data via wireless download. "Active" devices also collect the same information but usually transmit the data in real-time via cellular or satellite networks to a computer or data center for evaluation. Many modern vehicle tracking devices combine both active and passive tracking abilities: when a cellular network is available and a tracking device is connected it transmits data to a server; when a network is not available the device stores data in internal memory and will transmit stored data to the server later when the network becomes available again. Historically Vehicle Tracking has been accomplished by installing a box into the vehicle, either self powered with batteries or wired into the vehicles power system. For detailed vehicle locating and tracking this is still the predominant method, however, many companies are increasingly interested in the emerging cell phone technologies that provide tracking of the sales person and the vehicle. These systems also offer tracking of calls, texts, and web use and generally provide a wider safety net for the staff member and the vehicle.
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INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
Vehicle tracking systems are devices used for tracking location of vehicles in real time. This is made possible by installing electronic devices in the vehicle; it is the signals sent out by the devices that enable owners or other parties entrusted with the tracking job to trace and follow the vehicle. It was the shipping industry that first started using vehicle tracking systems. When large fleet of vehicles were spread out over the vast expanses of ocean, the owner corporations often found it difficult to keep track of what was happening. As the saying goes necessity is the mother of invention; thus GPS tracking systems which originally were used in military operations found their application here. The commercial application grew popular very soon and these days consumer vehicles of all sorts use tracking systems as devices to prevent theft and enhance retrieval. GPS (Global Positioning System) is the technology most commonly used for vehicle tracking these days. There are also other variants of AVL (Automatic Vehicle Location) that enable easy location of vehicles. The GPS modules with their satellite linked positioning technique make easy and accurate location of the vehicle possible. The information can be viewed on electronic maps that are connected to the Internet or otherwise supported by specialized software. Advanced GPS modules may also have cellular or satellite transmitters that communicate with remote users apart from the central station from where the tracking is done.
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As we saw earlier, the GPS system uses satellite signals. These systems were originally developed by the government for defense purposes. The satellite part is thus available to civilians and commercial users free of cost. All the user needs to do is install the appropriate devices for sending out and receiving signals. This makes GPS an inexpensive technology. The other AVL systems like Loran and LoJack are terrestrial based and use radio frequency (RF) transmitters. RF transmitters send out powerful signals that can pass through walls, garages and other indoor barriers. Terrestrial or otherwise, most of these do not need antenna to be in direct line of sight with the satellite. This is a major advantage of the technologys progress. Of all the applications of GPS, Vehicle tracking and navigational systems have brought this technology to the day-to-day life of the common man. Today GPS fitted cars, ambulances, fleets and police vehicles are common sights on the roads of developed countries. Known by many names such as Automatic Vehicle Locating System (AVLS), Vehicle Tracking and Information System (VTIS), Mobile Asset Management System (MAMS), these systems offer an effective tool for improving the operational efficiency and utilization of the vehicles. GPS is used in the vehicles for both tracking and navigation. Tracking systems enable a base station to keep track of the vehicles without the intervention of the driver whereas navigation system helps the driver to reach the destination. Whether navigation system or tracking system, the architecture is more or less similar. The navigation system will have convenient, usually a graphic display for the driver which is not needed for the tracking system. Vehicle tracking systems combine a number of well-developed technologies. To design the Vehicle Positioning System (VPS), we combined the GPSs ability to pinpoint location along with the ability of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) to communicate with a control center in a wireless fashion. The system includes GPS-GSM modules and a base station called the control center. Let us briefly explain how GPS works. In order to monitor the vehicle, it is equipped with a GPS-GSM VMSS system. It receives GPS signals from satellites, computes the location
information, and then sends it to the control center. With the vehicle location information, the control center displays all of the vehicle positions on an electronic map in order to easily monitor and control their routes. Besides tracking control, the control center can also maintain wireless communication with the GPS units to provide other services such as alarms, status control, and system updates.
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Fig 1: Working of GPS Positioning System
The GPS Antenna is situated on the Moving Vehicle which receives the signal from the Space Satellite. These give the exact location of the vehicle anywhere on earth. When the Position is monitored by the antenna then it forwards its location to the base station or the observer via Internet or any other mode of wireless communication. In this project AT89S52 microcontroller is used for interfacing to various hardware peripherals. The current design is an embedded application, which will continuously monitor a moving Vehicle and report the status of the Vehicle on demand. For doing so an AT89S52 microcontroller is interfaced serially to a GSM Modem and GPS Receiver. A GSM modem is used to send the position (Latitude and Longitude) of the vehicle from a remote place. The GPS modem will continuously give the data i.e. the latitude and longitude indicating the position of the vehicle. The GPS modem gives many parameters as the output, but only the NMEA data coming out is read and displayed on to the LCD. The same data is sent to the mobile at the other end from where the position of the vehicle is demanded. The hardware interfaces to microcontroller are LCD display, GSM modem and GPS Receiver. The design uses RS-232 protocol for serial communication between the modems and the microcontroller. A serial driver IC is used for converting TTL voltage levels to RS-232 voltage levels. When the request by user is sent to the number at the modem, the system automatically sends a return reply to that mobile indicating the position of the vehicle in terms of latitude and longitude.
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HISTORY
The design of GPS is based partly on similar ground-based radio navigation systems, such as LORAN and the Decca Navigator developed in the early 1940s, and used during World War II. In 1956 Friedwardt Winterberg proposed a test of general relativity using accurate atomic clocks placed in orbit in artificial satellites. To achieve accuracy requirements, GPS uses principles of general relativity to correct the satellites' atomic clocks. Additional inspiration for GPS came when the Soviet Union launched the first man-made satellite, Sputnik in 1957. A team of U.S. scientists led by Dr. Richard B. Kershner were monitoring Sputnik's radio transmissions. They discovered that, because of the Doppler Effect, the frequency of the signal being
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transmitted by Sputnik was higher as the satellite approached, and lower as it continued away from them. They realized that because they knew their exact location on the globe, they could pinpoint where the satellite was along its orbit by measuring the Doppler distortion. The first satellite navigation system, Transit, used by the United States Navy, was first successfully tested in 1960. It used a constellation of five satellites and could provide a navigational fix approximately once per hour. In 1967, the U.S. Navy developed the Timation satellite that proved the ability to place accurate clocks in space, a technology required by GPS. In the 1970s, the ground-based Omega Navigation System, based on phase comparison of signal transmission from pairs of stations, became the first worldwide radio navigation system. Limitations of these systems drove the need for a more universal navigation solution with greater accuracy. While there were wide needs for accurate navigation in military and civilian sectors, almost none of those were seen as justification for the billions of dollars it would cost in research, development, deployment, and operation for a constellation of navigation satellites. During the Cold War arms race, the nuclear threat to the existence of the United States was the one need that did justify this cost in the view of the United States Congress. This deterrent effect is why GPS was funded. The nuclear triad consisted of the United States Navy's submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) along with United States Air Force (USAF) strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). Considered vital to the nuclear deterrence posture, accurate determination of the SLBM launch position was a force multiplier. Precise navigation would enable United States submarines to get an accurate fix of their positions prior to launching their SLBMs. The USAF with two-thirds of the nuclear triad also had requirements for a more accurate and reliable navigation system. The Navy and Air Force were developing their own technologies in parallel to solve what was essentially the same problem. To increase the survivability of ICBMs, there was a proposal to use mobile launch platforms so the need to fix the launch position had similarity to the SLBM situation.
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In 1960, the Air Force proposed a radio-navigation system called MOSAIC (Mobile System for Accurate ICBM Control) that was essentially a 3-D LORAN. A follow-on study called Project 57 was worked in 1963 and it was "in this study that the GPS concept was born." That same year the concept was pursued as Project 621B, which had "many of the attributes that you now see in GPS"[5] and promised increased accuracy for Air Force bombers as well as ICBMs. Updates from the Navy Transit system were too slow for the high speeds of Air Force operation. The Navy Research Laboratory continued advancements with their Timation (Time Navigation) satellites, first launched in 1967, and with the third one in 1974 carrying the first atomic clock into orbit.[6] With these parallel developments in the 1960s, it was realized that a superior system could be developed by synthesizing the best technologies from 621B, Transit, Timation, and SECOR in a multi-service program. During Labor Day weekend in 1973, a meeting of about 12 military officers at the Pentagon discussed the creation of a Defense Navigation Satellite System (DNSS). It was at this meeting that "the real synthesis that became GPS was created." Later that year, the DNSS program was named Navstar. With the individual satellites being associated with the name Navstar (as with the predecessors Transit and Timation), a more fully encompassing name was used to identify the constellation of Navstar satellites, Navstar-GPS, which was later shortened simply to GPS.[7] After Korean Air Lines Flight 007, carrying 269 people, was shot down in 1983 after straying into the USSR's prohibited airspace, in the vicinity of Sakhalin and Moneron Islands, President Ronald Reagan issued a directive making GPS freely available for civilian use, once it was sufficiently developed, as a common good. The first satellite was launched in 1989, and the 24th satellite was launched in 1994. Initially, the highest quality signal was reserved for military use, and the signal available for civilian use was intentionally degraded ("Selective Availability", SA). This changed with United States President Bill Clinton ordering Selective Availability turned off at midnight May 1, 2000, improving the precision of civilian GPS from 100 meters (about 300 feet) to 20 meters (about
65 feet). The United States military by then had the ability to deny GPS service to potential adversaries on a regional basis. GPS is owned and operated by the United States Government as a national resource. Department of Defense (USDOD) is the steward of GPS. Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB) oversaw GPS policy matters from 1996 to 2004. After that the National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation and Timing Executive Committee was established by presidential directive in 2004 to advise and coordinate federal departments and agencies on matters concerning the GPS and related systems. The executive committee is chaired jointly by the deputy secretaries of defense and transportation. Its membership includes equivalent-level officials from the departments of state, commerce, and homeland security, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and NASA. Components of the executive office of the president participate as observers to the executive committee, and the FCC chairman participates as a liaison. USDOD is required by law to "maintain a Standard Positioning Service (as defined in the federal radio navigation plan and the standard positioning service signal specification) that will be available on a continuous, worldwide basis," and "develop measures to prevent hostile use of GPS and its augmentations without unduly disrupting or degrading civilian uses."
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LITERATURE SURVEY
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LITERATURE SURVEY
COMPONENTS USED
MICROCONTROLLER G P S ANTENNA LCD DISPLAY RADIO FREQUENCY MODULE
(AT89C51)
Lampex 16X2
MAX 232 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT

TRANSFORMER DC BATTERY
12 V 12 V
MISCELLANEOUS SERIAL INLINE RESISTOR
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DB 9 SERIAL PORT
COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
1. MICROCONTROLLER AT89C51
Features 8K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines Three 16-bit Timer/Counters Eight Interrupt Sources Programmable Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
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The AT89C52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 8Kbytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industrystandard 80C51 and 80C52 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C52 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications
Fig 2: Microcontroller AT89s5
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PIN LAYOUT
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Fig 3: PIN LAYOUT of AT89c52
The AT89C52 provides the following standard features: 8 Kbytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, three 16-bittimer/counters, six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full-duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer or counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. T h e Power down mode saves the R A M contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.
Pin Description
VCC Supply voltage. GND Ground. Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed loworder address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups.
Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification. Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer / counter 2 external count input (P1.0/ T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification. Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pullups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification. Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled
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low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51, as shown in the following table. Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.
Port 3 Pin Alternate Functions P3.0 RXD (serial input port) P3.1 TXD (serial output port) P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0) P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1) P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input) P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input) P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe) P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)
RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator
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frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.
PSEN Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89C52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. EA/VPP External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming when 12 - volt programming is selected.
1. GPS RECEIVER WITH ACTIVE ANTENNA
Global Positioning System (GPS) Satellites broadcast signals from space that GPS receivers, use to provide three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) plus precise time. GPS receivers provides reliable positioning, navigation, and timing services to worldwide users
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on a continuous basis in all weather, day and night, anywhere on or near the Earth. Sunroms ultra-sensitive GPS receiver can acquire GPS signals from 65 channels of satellites and output position data with high accuracy in extremely challenging environments and under poor signal conditions due to its active antenna and high sensitivity. The GPS receivers - 160dBm tracking sensitivity allows continuous position coverage in nearly all application environments. The output is serial data of 9600 baud rate which is standard NMEA 0183 v3.0 protocol offering industry standard data messages and a command set for easy interface to mapping software and embedded devices . Features
High sensitivity -160dBm Searching up to 65 Channel of satellites LED indicating data output Low power consumption GPS L1 C/A Code Supports NMEA0183 V 3.01 data protocol Real time navigation for location based services Works from +5V DC signal and outputs 9600 bps serial data Magnetic base active antenna with 3 meter wire length for vehicle roof top installation
Applications Car Navigation and Marine Navigation, Fleet Management Automotive Navigator Tracking, Vehicle Tracking
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Majorly used in Defense Surveillance Adventure Tours Locate at any part of the World AVL and Location-Based Services Auto Pilot, Personal Navigation or touring devices Tracking devices/systems and Mapping devices application Emergency Locator Geographic Surveying Personal Positioning Sporting and Recreation Embedded applications which needs to be aware of its location on earth Archaeological Surveying
Specification
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Parameter Operating Voltage
Value 5V
Unit V DC Regulated Power Supply
Operating Current
150
mA
Sensitivity
-160
dBm
Channels
65
65 parallel channels
Protocol output baud rate
9600
bps no handshaking(8-N-1)
Protocol format
NMEA0183 V 3.01
GGA,GLL,GSA,GSV,RMC,VTG
Frequency
1,1575.42
Mhz
C/A Code
1.023
Mhz chip rate
Accuracy in Position
Meters
Accuracy in Velocity
0.1
Meters/Second
Accuracy in Time
0.1
Microsecond. Sync GPS time
Time to First Fix for first power on
33
Second approx.
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Time to Reacquisition
Second
Update Rate
1 18,000
Hz Meters
Altitude Limit
Velocity Limit
515
Meters/Second
Table 1
GPS Method Of Operation
A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the constellation of GPS satellites high above the Earth. Each satellite continually transmits messages containing the time the message was sent, a precise orbit for the satellite sending the message (the ephemeris), and the general system health and rough orbits of all GPS satellites (the almanac). These signals travel at the speed of light through outer space, and slightly slower through the atmosphere. The receiver uses the arrival time of each message to measure the distance to each satellite thereby establishing that the GPS receiver is approximately on the surfaces of spheres centered at each satellite. The GPS receiver also uses, when appropriate, the knowledge that the GPS receiver is on (if vehicle altitude is known) or near the surface of a
sphere centered at the earth center. This information is then used to estimate the position of the GPS receiver as the intersection of sphere surfaces. The resulting coordinates are converted to a more convenient form for the user such as latitude and longitude, or location on a map, then displayed. It might seem that three sphere surfaces would be enough to solve for position, since space has three dimensions. However a fourth condition is needed for two reasons. One has to do with position and the other is to correct the GPS receiver clock. It turns out that three sphere surfaces usually intersect in two points. Thus a fourth sphere surface is needed to determine which intersection is the GPS receiver position. For near earth vehicles, this knowledge that it is near earth is sufficient to determine the GPS receiver position since for this case there is only one intersection which is near earth. A fourth sphere surface is also needed to correct the GPS receiver clock. More precise information is needed for this task. An estimate of the radius of the sphere is required. Therefore an approximation of the earth altitude or radius of the sphere centered at the satellite must be known.
GPS Block Diagram
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Fig 4: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF GPS
The GPS Receiver consists of two units, first is active antenna which receives RF signals and amplifies it. The antenna is active in the sense it takes power from the module and amplifies the signal for high sensitivity. The RF signal is filtered and processed to generate NMEA format serial data output.
GPS Receiver The connector of GPS contains three wires Red wire is TXD Out Brown wire is +5V Black wire is Ground
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Fig 5: GPS Receiver
These connections are marked on the PCB. Provide regulated +5V DC supply to +5V and Ground. The TXD output wire can be connected to microcontroller directly. The LED onboard will indicate that data is being transmitted out. It will blink every second indicating data out. Note: Do not connect TXD output pin to serial port of PC directly, It needs a MAX232 level conversion circuit since the unit has 5V level output signal.
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Interfacing With MICROCONTROLLER Here is an example of interfacing with microcontroller AT89S52 having UART at 5V level. Configure your microcontroller to communicate at 9600 baud rate and parse the incoming data.
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Fig 6: GPS Interfaced with Micro Controller
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Interfacing with DB 9 If you wish to interface the module with RS232 level like a PC serial port or any other device you need a level convertor such as MAX232 as shown below.
Fig 7: GPS Interfaced with DB9
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General GPS Receiver Users Tips a) If the satellite signals cannot be locked or experiencing receiving problem (while in urban area), following steps are suggested: b) Please plug the external active antenna into GPS receiver and put the antenna outdoor or on the roof of the vehicle for better receiving performance.
c) Move to another open space or reposition GPS receiver toward the direction
with least blockage

d) Move the GPS receiver away from the interference sources.
e) Wait until the weather condition is improved

f) Some vehicles having heavy metallic sun protecting coating on windshields
may affect signal receptions g) Driving in and around high buildings may affect signal reception. h) Driving under tunnels or in buildings may affect signal reception.
i)
In general, GPS receiver performs best in open space where it can see clean sky. Weather will affect GPS reception rain & snow contribute to worsen sensitivity.
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j) When GPS receiver is moving, it will take longer time to get position fix.
Wait for satellite signals to be locked at a fixed point when first power-on the GPS receiver to ensure quick
NMEA Protocol This section provides a brief overview of the NMEA 0183 protocol, and describes both the standard and optional messages offered by the GPS Receiver. NMEA 0183 is a simple, yet comprehensive ASCII protocol which defines both the communication interface and the data format. The NMEA 0183 protocol was originally established to allow marine navigation equipment to share information. Since it is a well established industry standard, NMEA 0183 has also gained popularity for use in applications other than marine electronics. The GPS receiver supports the latest release of NMEA 0183, Version 3.0 (July 1, 2000). The primary change in release 3.0 is the addition of the mode indicators in the GLL, RMC, and VTG messages. For those applications requiring output only from the GPS receiver, the standard NMEA 0183 sentences are a popular choice. Many standard application packages support the standard NMEA output messages. The standard NMEA output only messages are: GGA, GLL, GSA, GSV, RMC, VTC, and ZDA.
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3. LCD DISPLAY
A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs does not emit light directly. They are used in a wide range of applications, including computer monitors, television, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, signage, etc. They are common in consumer devices such as video players, gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones. LCDs have displaced cathode ray tube (CRT) displays in most applications. They are usually more compact, lightweight, portable, less expensive, more reliable, and easier on the eyes. They are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they cannot suffer image burn-in. LCDs are more energy efficient and offer safer disposal than CRTs. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic equipment. It is an electronically-modulated optical device made up of any number of pixels filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce images in colour or monochrome. The earliest discovery leading to the development of LCD technology, the discovery of liquid crystals, dates from 1888. By 2008, worldwide sales of televisions with LCD screens had surpassed the sale of CRT units.
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Fig 8: LCD Display System 16 x 2
Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of transmission of which are (in most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. With no actual liquid crystal between the polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second (crossed) polarizer. In most of the cases the liquid crystal has double refraction.
The surfaces of the electrodes that are in contact with the liquid crystal material are treated so as to align the liquid crystal molecules in a particular direction. This treatment typically consists of a thin polymer layer that is unidirectional rubbed using, for example, a cloth. The direction of the liquid crystal alignment is then defined by the direction of rubbing. Electrodes are made of a transparent conductor called Indium Tin Oxide (ITO). Before applying an electric field, the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules is determined by the alignment at the surfaces of electrodes. In a twisted nematic device (still the most common liquid crystal device), the surface alignment directions at the two electrodes are perpendicular to each other, and so the molecules arrange themselves in a helical structure, or twist. This reduces the rotation of the polarization of the incident light, and the device appears grey. If the applied voltage is large enough, the liquid crystal molecules in the center of the layer are almost completely untwisted and the polarization of the incident light is not rotated as it passes through the liquid crystal layer. This light will then be mainly polarized perpendicular to the second filter, and thus be blocked and the pixel will appear black. By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, light can be allowed to pass through in varying amounts thus constituting different levels of gray. This electric field also controls (reduces) the double refraction properties of the liquid crystal. The optical effect of a twisted nematic device in the voltage-on state is far less dependent on variations in the device thickness than that in the voltage-off state. Because of this, these devices are usually operated between crossed polarizers such that they appear bright with no voltage (the eye is much more sensitive to variations in the dark state than the bright state). These devices can also be operated between parallel polarizers, in which case the bright and dark states are reversed. The voltage-off dark state in this configuration appears blotchy, however, because of small variations of thickness across the device. Both the liquid crystal material and the alignment layer material contain ionic compounds. If an electric field of one particular polarity is applied for a long period of time, this ionic material is attracted to the surfaces and degrades the device performance. This is avoided either by applying
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an alternating current or by reversing the polarity of the electric field as the device is addressed (the response of the liquid crystal layer is identical, regardless of the polarity of the applied field). When a large number of pixels are needed in a display, it is not technically possible to drive each directly since then each pixel would require independent electrodes. Instead, the display is multiplexed. In a multiplexed display, electrodes on one side of the display are grouped and wired together (typically in columns), and each group gets its own voltage source. On the other side, the electrodes are also grouped (typically in rows), with each group getting a voltage sink. The groups are designed so each pixel has a unique, unshared combination of source and sink. The electronics or the software driving the electronics then turns on sinks in sequence, and drives sources for the pixels of each sink.
Brief history
1888: Friedrich Reinitzer (18581927) discovers the liquid crystalline nature of cholesterol extracted from carrots (that is, two melting points and generation of colours) and published his findings at a meeting of the Vienna Chemical Society on May 3, 1888 (F. Reinitzer: Beitrge zur Kenntniss des Cholesterins, Monatshefte fr Chemie (Wien) 9, 421-441 (1888)). 1904: Otto Lehmann publishes his work "Flssige Kristalle" (Liquid Crystals). 1911: Charles Mauguin first experiments of liquids crystals confined between plates in thin layers. 1922: Georges Friedel describes the structure and properties of liquid crystals and classified them in 3 types (nematics, smectics and cholesterics). 1927: Vsevolod Frederiks devises the electrically switched light valve, called the Fredericksz transition, the essential effect of all LCD technology.
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1936: The Marconi Wireless Telegraph company patents the first practical application of the technology, "The Liquid Crystal Light Valve". 1962: The first major English language publication on the subject "Molecular Structure and Properties of Liquid Crystals", by Dr. George W. Gray. 1962: Richard Williams of RCA found that liquid crystals had some interesting electrooptic characteristics and he realized an electro-optical effect by generating stripe-patterns in a thin layer of liquid crystal material by the application of a voltage. This effect is based on an electro-hydrodynamic instability forming what is now called Williams domains inside the liquid crystal.
1964: George H. Heilmeier, then working in the RCA laboratories on the effect discovered by Williams achieved the switching of colours by field-induced realignment of dichroic dyes in a homeotropically oriented liquid crystal. Practical problems with this new electro-optical effect made Heilmeier continue to work on scattering effects in liquid crystals and finally the achievement of the first operational liquid crystal display based on what he called the dynamic scattering mode (DSM). Application of a voltage to a DSM display switches the initially clear transparent liquid crystal layer into a milky turbid state. DSM displays could be operated in transmissive and in reflective mode but they required a considerable current to flow for their operation. George H. Heilmeier was inducted in the National Inventors Hall of Fame and credited with the invention of LCD. 1960s: Pioneering work on liquid crystals was undertaken in the late 1960s by the UK's Royal Radar Establishment at Malvern, England. The team at RRE supported ongoing work by George Gray and his team at the University of Hull who ultimately discovered the cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals (which had correct stability and temperature properties for application in LCDs).
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1970: On December 4, 1970, the twisted nematic field effect in liquid crystals was filed for patent by Hoffmann-LaRoche in Switzerland, (Swiss patent No. 532 261) with Wolfgang Helfrich and Martin Schadt (then working for the Central Research Laboratories) listed as inventors. Hoffmann-La Roche then licensed the invention to the Swiss manufacturer Brown, Boveri & Cie who produced displays for wrist watches during the 1970s and also to Japanese electronics industry which soon produced the first digital quartz wrist watches with TN-LCDs and numerous other products. James Fergason while working with Sardari Arora and Alfred Saupe at Kent State University Liquid Crystal Institute filed an identical patent in the USA on April 22, 1971. In 1971 the company of Fergason ILIXCO (now LXD Incorporated) produced the first LCDs based on the TN-effect, which soon superseded the poor-quality DSM types due to improvements of lower operating voltages and lower power consumption. 1972: The first active-matrix liquid crystal display panel was produced in the United States by Westinghouse, in Pittsburgh, PA. 1996: Samsung develops the optical patterning technique that enables multi-domain LCD. Multi-domain and In Plane Switching subsequently remain the dominant LCD designs through 2010. 1997: Hitachi resurrects the In Plane Switching (IPS) technology producing the first LCD to have the visual quality acceptable for TV application. 2001: Jean Paul Gaultier uses LCD technology at his 2001 fall collection fashionshow which brings LCD to mainstream.
2007: In the 4Q of 2007 for the first time LCD televisions surpassed CRT units in worldwide sales. 2008: LCD TVs become the majority with a 50% market share of the 200 million TVs forecast to ship globally in 2008 according to Display Bank.
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LCDs with a small number of segments, such as those used in digital watches and pocket calculators, have individual electrical contacts for each segment. An external dedicated circuit supplies an electric charge to control each segment. This display structure is unwieldy for more than a few display elements. Small monochrome displays such as those found in personal organizers,
electronic weighing scales, older laptop screens, and the original Nintendo Game Boy have a passive-matrix structure employing super-twisted nematic (STN) or double-layer STN (DSTN) technology (the latter of which addresses a colour-shifting problem with the former), and colourSTN (CSTN) in which colour is added by using an internal filter. Each row or column of the display has a single electrical circuit. The pixels are addressed one at a time by row and column addresses. This type of display is called passive-matrix addressed because the pixel must retain its state between refreshes without the benefit of a steady electrical charge. As the number of pixels (and, correspondingly, columns and rows) increases, this type of display becomes less feasible. Very slow response times and poor contrast are typical of passive-matrix addressed LCDs.
Monochrome passive-matrix LCDs was standard in most early laptops (although a few used plasma displays). The commercially unsuccessful Macintosh Portable (released in 1989) was one of the first to use an active-matrix display (though still monochrome), but passivematrix was the norm until the mid-1990s, when colour active-matrix became standard on all laptops. High-resolution colour displays such as modern LCD computer
monitors and televisions use an active matrix structure. A matrix of thin-film transistors (TFTs) is added to the polarizing and colour filters. Each pixel has its own dedicated transistor, allowing each column line to access one pixel. When a row line is activated, all of the column lines are
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connected to a row of pixels and the correct voltage is driven onto all of the column lines. The row line is then deactivated and the next row line is activated. All of the row lines are activated in sequence during a refresh operation. Active-matrix addressed displays look "brighter" and "sharper" than passive-matrix addressed displays of the same size, and generally have quicker response times, producing much better images.
4. RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) MODULE RF modem can be used for applications that need two way wireless data transmission. It features adjustable data rate and reliable transmission distance. The communication protocol is self controlled and completely transparent to user interface. The module can be embedded to your current design so that wireless communication can be set up easily.
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Features Automatic switching between TX and RX mode. FSK technology, half duplex mode, robust to interference. 2.4 GHz band, no need to apply frequency usage license. Protocol translation is self controlled, easy to use. High sensitivity, reliable transmission range. Standard UART interface, TTL(3-5V) logic level. Stable, small size, easier mounting. No tuning required, PLL based self tuned. Error checking (CRC) of data in built.
Application Sensor Networks / Data collection Wireless metering Access control / Identity discrimination IT home appliance Smart house products / Security Systems Remote control / Remote measurement system Weather stations
Specifications
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Name
Min
Type
Max
Unit
Working Voltage Frequency of Operation Output RF Power Typical Operating Range UART baud rate
4.5
5 2.4 1 30 9600/4800/38400/19200
V GHz dbm Meters bps
Pin definition
PIN
RXD
PIN Name
Receive Input
Details
Input serial data of 3 to 5 V logic level, usually connected to TXD pin of microcontroller
TXD
Transmit Output
Output serial data of 3V logic level,usually connected to RXD pi of microcontroller Regulated 5V Supply
+5V
Power Supply
GND
Ground
Ground Level of power supply. Must be common ground
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Fig 9: PIN Diagram of RF Module
RF MODEM Schematic Diagram
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Fig 10: RF Schematic Diagram
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Operation This module works in half-duplex mode. Means it can either transmit or receive but not both at same time. After each transmission, module will be switched to receiver mode automatically. The LED for TX and RX indicates whether IC is currently receiving or transmitting data. The data sent is checked for CRC error if any. If chip is transmitting and any data is input to transmit, it will be kept in buffer for next transmission cycle. It has internal 64 bytes of buffer for incoming data. When you power on the unit, the TX LED will briefly blink indicating that initialization is complete and it is ready to use. The RX LED is directly on TX OUT pin to indicate that actual data is received and it is sent to output pin.
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1. MAX 232
Fig11: MAX232
This is the device, which is used to convert TTL/CMOS and vice versa. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply EIA-232 voltage levels from a single 5-V supply. Each receiver converts EIA-232 inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V and a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V, and can accept 30-V inputs. Features: Operate With Single 5-V Power Supply Operate Up to 120 kbit/s
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Two Drivers and Two Receivers 30-V Input Levels
Applications: TIA/EIA-232-F Battery-Powered Systems Terminals Modems
RS-232 Protocol
RS-232 was created for one purpose, to interface between Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) and Data Communications Equipment (DCE) employing serial binary data interchange. So as stated the DTE is the terminal or computer and the DCE is the modem or other communications device. RS 232 CONVERTER is a chip to convert the TTL voltage levels into RS 232 level and vice versa. In this project MODEM is communicating with the microcontroller through serial port, the microcontroller will send the commands to the modem through RS 232.and the data is read through serial port therefore to make compatible computer serial port with microcontroller serial port we are using the RS 232 converter.
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PIN Configuration
Interfacing microcontroller with MAX 232
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Fig12: Interfacing microcontroller with MAX232
1. Power Supply The microcontroller and other devices get power supply from AC to DC adapter through 7805, 5 volts regulator. The voltage produced by an unregulated power supply will vary depending on the load and on variations in the AC supply voltage. For critical electronics applications a linear regulator may be used to set the voltage to a precise value, stabilized against fluctuations in input voltage and load. The regulator also greatly reduces the ripple and noise in the output direct current. Linear regulators often provide current limiting, protecting the power supply and attached circuit from over current. The adapter output voltage will be 12V DC non-regulated. The 7805 voltage regulator is used to convert 12 V to 5V DC.
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Fig13: 12 V Power Supply Circuit
7805 is a 5V fixed three terminal positive voltage regulator IC . The IC has features such as safe operating area protection, thermal shut down, internal current limiting which makes the IC very rugged. Out currents up to 1A can be drawn from the IC provided that there is a proper heat sink. A 9V transformer steps down the main voltage, 1A bridge rectifier rectifies it and capacitor C1 filters it and 7805 regulates it to produce a steady 5V DC.
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2. Transformer
A transformer is a static device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductorsthe transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a
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varying magnetic through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction. If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the secondary winding and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (Vs) is in proportion to the primary voltage (Vp), and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (Ns) to the number of turns in the primary (Np) as follows:
By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating current (AC) voltage to be "stepped up" by making Ns greater than Np, or "stepped down" by making Ns less than Np. In the vast majority of transformers, the windings are coils wound around a ferromagnetic core, air-core transformers being a notable exception. Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect portions of power grids. All operate with the same basic principles, although the range of designs is wide. While new technologies have eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in nearly all electronic devices designed for household ("mains") voltage. Transformers are essential for high-voltage electric power transmission, which makes long-distance transmission economically practical.
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Fig 14: A 12V AC Transformer
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The transformer is based on two principles: first, that an electric current can produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism), and, second that a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction). Changing the current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is developed. The changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil.
3. DC BATTERY
A battery is a device that can store electricity. Some are rechargeable, and some are not. They store direct current (DC) electricity. A battery really means two or more wet or dry cells connected in series for more voltage, or in parallel for more current, although people often call a cell a battery. The voltage of a cell depends on the chemicals used while the amount of power or current it can supply also depends on how large the cell is; a bigger cell of a given type can supply more amps, or for a longer time. The chemical reactions that occur in a battery are exothermic reactions and, thus, produce heat. For example, if you leave your laptop on for a long time, and then touch the battery, it will be warm or hot. However, the batteries used in laptops are called lithium-ion batteries and they sometimes do have a fire hazard (A few years ago, dell laptops that that were powered by lithium batteries began to catch fire, though this event was rare.). Batteries come in lots of different shapes and sizes and voltages. It is possible, but not easy, to run wires to use an odd size battery for an odd purpose. Batteries are always more costly/expensive than mains electricity. But mains electricity is not suitable for things that
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are mobile. Bicycles have tail-lights that can be operated by batteries, and sometimes by a little generator powered by the wheels. Wind-up generators are now available to power small clockwork radios, clockwork torches, etc. Rechargeable batteries are recharged by reversing the chemical reaction that occurs within the battery. But a rechargeable battery can only be recharged a given amount of time (recharge life). Even iPods, with built in batteries, cannot be recharged forever. Moreover, each time a battery is recharged, its ability to hold a charge is degraded a bit. Non-rechargeable batteries should not be charged as various caustic and corrosive substances can leak out, such as potassium hydroxide.
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Fig 15: 12 V DC Battery
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4. MISCELLANEOUS
Resistors
A resistor is a two-terminal passive electronic component which implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. When a voltage V is applied across the terminals of a resistor, a current I will flow through the resistor in direct proportion to that voltage. This constant of proportionality is called conductance, G. The reciprocal of the conductance is known as the resistance R, since, with a given voltage V, a larger value of R further "resists" the flow of current I as given by Ohm's law:
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickelchrome). Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits. The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than 9 orders of magnitude. When specifying that resistance in an electronic design, the required precision of the resistance may require attention to the manufacturing tolerance of the chosen resistor, according to its specific application. The temperature coefficient of the resistance may also be of concern in some precision applications. Practical resistors are also specified as having a maximum power rating which must exceed the anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit: this is mainly of concern in power electronics applications. Resistors with higher power ratings are
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physically larger and may require heat sinking. In a high voltage circuit, attention must sometimes be paid to the rated maximum working voltage of the resistor.
The series inductance of a practical resistor causes its behavior to depart from ohms law; this specification can be important in some high-frequency applications for smaller values of resistance. In a low-noise amplifier or pre-amp the noise characteristics of a resistor may be an issue. The unwanted inductance, excess noise, and temperature coefficient are mainly dependent on the technology used in manufacturing the resistor. They are not normally specified individually for a particular family of resistors manufactured using a particular technology. A family of discrete resistors is also characterized according to its form factor, that is, the size of the device and position of its leads (or terminals) which is relevant in the practical manufacturing of circuits using them.
Fig 16: Co-axial Resistor
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Capacitor
A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a device for storing electric charge. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two conductors separated by a non-conductor. Capacitors used as parts of electrical systems, for example, consist of metal foils separated by a layer of insulating film. A capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator). When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them. Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output of power supplies, in the resonant circuits that tune radios to particular frequencies and for many other purposes. The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of conductor; hence capacitor conductors are often called "plates", referring to an early means of
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construction. In practice the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit, resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the conductors and leads introduce an undesired inductance and resistance.
Fig 17: 100mF Capacitor
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Fig 18: 1000mF Capacitor
1. SERIAL IN LINE RESISTOR
The Serial In Line Resistor networks are available in 6 pins, 8 pins and 10 pins styles in both standard and custom circuits. They incorporate Vishay Thin Films patented passivated nichrome film to give superior performance on temperature coefficient of resistance, thermal stability, noise, voltage coefficient, power handling and resistance stability. The leads are attached to the metalized alumina substrates by Thermo-Compression bonding. The body is molded thermo set plastic with gold plated copper alloy leads. This product will outperform all of the requirements
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Fig 19: Serial In Line Resistor
2. DB-9 SERIAL PORT
An Asynchronous port on the computer used to connect a serial device to the computer and capable of transmitting one bit at a time. Serial ports are typically identified on IBM compatible computers as COM (communications) ports. For example, a mouse might be connected to COM1 and a modem to COM2. With the introduction of USB, FireWire, and other faster solutions serial ports are rarely used when compared to how often they've been used in the past. DB 9 and DB 25 Are most common Serial port used for Communication.
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Fig 20: DB 9 Male Receptable
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BLOCK DESCRIPTION
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BLOCK DESCRIPTION
BLOCK DIAGRAM
System Block Diagram of moving Vehicle
GPS Rx
L Microcontro ller AT89C51 C D
RF Tx
Power supply
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GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM Fig 15: Block Diagram
System Block Diagram of Static Monitoring Point
RF Rx
Logic Conver ter PC
Fig 16: Block Diagram
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DESCRIPTION
A network of satellite that continuously transmit coded information, which makes it
possible to precisely identify locations on earth by measuring distance from satellites. By having received the almanac and ephemeris data, the GPS receiver knows the position (location) of the satellites at all times
The device consists of microcontroller interfaced with a GPS and a RF Module. The
GPS module receives the information of the vehicle and passes it to the controller. The controller extracts the required information and makes a packet outfit that consists of geographical data and other information This packet is passed to the RF Transmitter that is configured for point to point service. Te remote receiver consists of a RF Receiver interfaced with PC.A software will display the current position of the vehicle on the screen window or on the map. The Block Diagram of GPS based Vehicle Positioning System (VPS) is analysed fully on this basis.
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Also the LCD Hardware is interfaced to the microcontroller which shows the same
data so that the person driving the vehicle can also get his exact position on Earth along with the person monitoring him at the static station.
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CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
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CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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Fig 17: Circuit Schematic Diagram
DESCRIPTION
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The project is vehicle positioning and navigation system we can locate the vehicle around the globe with 8052 micro controller, GPS receiver, RF module, MAX 232, EEPROM. Microcontroller used is AT89S52. The code is written in the internal memory of Microcontroller i.e. ROM. With help of instruction set it processes the instructions and it acts as interface between RF and GPS with help of serial communication of 8052. GPS always transmits the data and GSM transmits and receive the data. GPS pin TX is connected to microcontroller via MAX232. RF pins TX and RX are connected to microcontroller serial ports. Microcontroller communicates with the help of serial communication. First it takes the data from the GPS receiver and then sends the information to the owner in the form of numerical values with help of RF modem. GPS receiver works on 9600 baud rate is used to receive the data from space Segment (from Satellites), the GPS values of different Satellites are sent to microcontroller AT89S52, where these are processed and forwarded to RF Modem. At the time of processing GPS receives only $GPRMC values only. From these values microcontroller takes only latitude and longitude values excluding time, altitude, name of the satellite, authentication etc. E.g. LAT: 1728:2470 LOG: 7843.3089. RF modem with a baud rate 9600. EEPROM is an Electrically Erasable read only memory which stores is used to store the mobile number. The power is supplied to components like RF, GPS and Micro control circuitry using a 12V/3.2A battery. RF requires 5v, GPS and microcontroller requires 5v .with the help of regulators we regulate the power between three components.
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P C B LAYOUT
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Fig 18: Circuit Board Diagram
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WORKING
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WORKING
Of all the applications of GPS, Vehicle tracking and navigational systems have brought this technology to the day-to-day life of the common man. Today GPS fitted cars, ambulances, fleets and police vehicles are common sights on the roads of developed countries. Known by many names such as Automatic Vehicle Locating System (AVLS), Vehicle Tracking and Information System (VTIS), Mobile Asset Management System (MAMS), these systems offer an effective tool for improving the operational efficiency and utilization of the vehicles. GPS is used in the vehicles for both tracking and navigation. Tracking systems enable a base station to keep track of the vehicles without the intervention of the driver whereas navigation system helps the driver to reach the destination. Whether navigation system or tracking system, the architecture is more or less similar. The navigation system will have convenient, usually a graphic display for the driver which is not needed for the tracking system. Vehicle tracking systems combine a number of well-developed technologies. To design the VMSS system, we combined the GPSs ability to pin-point location along with the ability of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) to communicate with a control center in a wireless fashion. The system includes GPS-GSM modules and a base station called the control center. Let us briefly explain how VMSS works. In order to monitor the vehicle, it is equipped with a GPS-GSM VMSS system. It receives GPS signals from satellites, computes the location information, and then sends it to the control center. With the vehicle location information, the control center displays all of the vehicle positions on an electronic map in order to easily monitor and control their routes. Besides tracking control, the control center can also maintain wireless communication with the GPS units to provide other services such as alarms, status control, and system updates.
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SOFTWARE CODING
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SOFTWARE CODING
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FLOW CHART
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FLOW CHART
Fig 19: Flow chart of the System
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RESULT AND CONCLUSION
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RESULT AND CONCLUSION

A properly designed Vehicle Monitoring System saves time and work by eliminating the need for service personnel to visit each site for inspection, data collection/logging or make adjustments. Here we are using simplex transmission and not duplex transmission. So data can only be sent from remote end to the central end. We can also send the data regarding the speed, altitude, fuel level or any other quantity, to the industry end, from remote places at any time.
The following advantages have been found: The circuit is quite simple. The technique is suitable for long distances and large geographical area.
Remote monitoring systems are designed to allow a smaller number of operators to monitor a large number of individual assets. It is cheaper. Works anywhere on earth and on any time.
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FUTURE SCOPE
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FUTURE SCOPE
Many issues surround the future of Global Positioning System technology and operability. The most certain aspect of the future of GPS is its increased usage and its expansion into new areas of application. Bradford Parkinson, from the University of Minnesota Center for Transportation Studies, predicts that by 2010 there will be more than 50 million GPS users that perform applications relating to the following fields: automobiles ships farm vehicles Aircraft military systems
Technology Additional advances in GPS technology will also include increased positional accuracy and more reliable calculations. The addition of civilian codes and civilian frequencies will be developed to solely meet the needs of civilian users with little to no military application. (Marine Computer Systems) GPS Satellite System Interoperability With the advent of the European GALILEO system, GPS developers and users have increasingly pondered the benefits of interoperating the NAVSTAR and GALILEO systems. The possible benefits include: more available signals that will allow GPS users to access more satellites from remote areas
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additional signal power and spectrum diversity will lessen the impact of expected signal noise and interference improved signal redundancy
Drawbacks Some potential drawbacks, costs and challenges that will be incurred with interoperability include: increased equipment cost to the user to be able to access both systems additional noise and interference environment setting satellite orbits to ensure that interoperability actually benefits the user
Advantages There are many advantages of having a GPS system:
A GPS system comes with a panic button. When this button is pressed an operator at the GPS carrier can listen in on the conversation and either help you out or alert the authorities. This will keep you safe in case of accidents or hi jacks.
Your car will never lose your car at any place. The GPS service will track the car for you and send its lights flashing.
If your vehicle is ever stolen the GPS system will track the vehicle and the authorities will be able to get it back in no time.
A GPS system in a car, boat, plane or haversack will ensure that you are never lost.
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A GPS system streamlines supply chains and truck movements. The system cans their destination. Track goods at any point of time and accurately predict when goods will reach
GPS systems are used to detect structural problems in buildings and roads and to predict disasters like earthquakes and so on. The scientific applications of a GPS system are many.
A GPS system can be used to locate a lost child, pet or family. The device is quite small and is like a watch or button on a collar.
A GPS is a great exercise monitor and will help you keep track of your speed.
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COST ANALYSIS
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COST ANALYSIS
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S.No
Name of component
Quantity
Prize
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
LCD Microcontroller 8051 GPS Receiver RF Module Battery 4 dc gear motor 4 Wheel Chassis Max 232 Remote N-switch Capacitor Register Rectifier Crystal oscillator PCB
1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1
120 80 4500 3000 200 280 200 80 30 2 1 15 40 70
TOTAL
20
8618
TABLE 2
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APPENDIX
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APPENDIX
A. GPS Receiver with Active Antenna Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites broadcast signals from space that GPS receivers, use to provide three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) plus precise time. GPS receivers provides reliable positioning, navigation, and timing services to worldwide users on a continuous basis in all weather, day and night, anywhere on or near the Earth. Sunroms ultra-sensitive GPS receiver can acquire GPS signals from 65 channels of satellites and output position data with high accuracy in extremely challenging environments and under poor signal conditions due to its active antenna and high sensitivity. The GPS receivers -160dBm tracking sensitivity allows continuous position coverage in nearly all application environments. The output is serial data of 9600 baud rate which is standard NMEA 0183 v3.0 protocol offering industry standard data messages and a command set for easy interface to mapping software and embedded devices.
Details
This GSM modem is a highly flexible plug and play quad band GSM modem for direct and easy integration to RS232. Supports features like Voice, Data/Fax, SMS,GPRS and integrated TCP/IP stack. GSM/GPRS wireless data modem is the ready solution for remote wireless applications, machine to machine or user to machine and remote data communications. Features High sensitivity-160dBm Searching up to 65 channel of satellites LED indicating data output
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Low power consumption GPS L1 C/A code Supports NMEA0183 v 3.01 data protocol Real time navigation for location based services.
Applications Sensor networks/ data collection Wireless metering Access control/ identify discrimination IT home appliances Smart house products/ security systems.
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A. RF MODEM,2.4GHZ,40METERS RANGE RF data modem working at 2.4 Ghz frequency in half duplex mode with automatic switching of receive/transmit mode with LED indication. Receives and Transmits serial data of adjustable baud rate of 9600/4800/38400/19200 bps at 5V or 3V level for direct interfacing to microcontrollers. This model can work with other 2.4 Ghz Sunrom models 1197(30 meters range). RF modem can be used for applications that need two way wireless data transmission. It features high data rate and longer transmission distance. The communication protocol is self controlled and completely transparent to user interface. The module can be embedded to your current design so that wireless communication can be set up easily.
Features

Automatic switching between TX and RX mode. FSK technology, half duplex mode, robust to interference 2.4 GHz band, no need to apply frequency usage license Protocol translation is self controlled easy to use High sensitivity ,reliable transmission range Standard UART interface,TTL(3-5)logic level.
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Applications Sensor networks/data collections Wireless metering Access control/identify discrimination IT home appliance Smart house products/security systems Remote control/remote measurement system Weather stations.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.wikipedia.com www.sunrom.com www.electronicsforu.com www.8051projects.net www.discoverprojects.com www.freewebs.com www.futurelec.com
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Gps Project Report

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GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

ACROPOLIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH, INDORE

0827EI071014 0827EI071026 0827EI071029 0827EI061041

Er. Ashutosh Sharma (Project Guide) DATE:

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

ACROPOLIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH, INDORE

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

Fig 5: GPS Receiver

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

COLOURED PICTURE OF PROJECT

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

GPS TRACKING VEHICLE TRACKING END

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

Fig 1: Working of GPS Positioning System

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

MICROCONTROLLER G P S ANTENNA LCD DISPLAY RADIO FREQUENCY MODULE

MAX 232 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT

MISCELLANEOUS SERIAL INLINE RESISTOR

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

Fig 2: Microcontroller AT89s5

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

Fig 3: PIN LAYOUT of AT89c52

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

1. GPS RECEIVER WITH ACTIVE ANTENNA

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

Parameter Operating Voltage

Unit V DC Regulated Power Supply

Protocol output baud rate

Mhz chip rate

Microsecond. Sync GPS time

Time to First Fix for first power on

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

GPS Method Of Operation

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

GPS Block Diagram

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM

Fig 4: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF GPS

GPS BASED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEM