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THE SPHERE OF LOVE IN SLAV]C Some preliminary observations

l~ Love, with its many conno~ations, is a central ana c'.o'mp,l,ex concept; .in all human lan,'g"IJl,a'9,ewhic:h continues t.'OI ,POSH! a number o'f 'una,nslw:e:I"ed q,U'E,st.i.ons t,c t,h,e, st'u,d,en,t, ,olf' S.l,a'vi,c etym,o,logy ,an,a, aemarrt.Lce , P',a"rti,cu,k-'.; 'n'g" Ls c-,'h",e f,-:!:!II;o"'!i!t' t'-"ha~ t"~'h,"',::,S,ll- '~"V""1-~c,_, Laneu a'-'g'as,t itl t:hou'g',h, cLo se Ly re:l,ats:d ,I in. some in,st,an,ees use qu.ite d.if:fe,ren't Lexemes t'D leX,p l':'8S,S, ,t:h,e no·tion of Iove, T'h,e
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(as d,i,;st,i,nc[t f,r'o[m th,e hcmophonoue par'tiel. ul,t.inu!lt,el,:y 9o~,n,g:'back to

conjuncti.,o'D and the. s,ame,_ ,roo't') '·au,b'o ,its a l.ao se(manti-ca,lly close and oeours mo,st,ly in t,h,e' p[:hr[ass: l,d-ub,,, 3,QIJ 1;fJ ,in t.h,e sense of tat Z.i."b e.'t· lor p' ta,ae t;' ,R 'u.god'n"oj G l(e,8') i,s,t flefa~'t,i:g,. Nrot,i.,c~e" i,n[c~ide.nt.a.l,l,y'~, ,t:he.·use of th,is, word i:n 1!J:IlfZi8'~, I"f 2[6 i,a,k"oBtJ t'ua mi,..... ·

t aka's tua mitost(o) 'tBbe l·iu,b,o I et. 'qtlal.is tuae 'mi,s"e,r i.co.r'd.iae le't ti:bi I'!r~'a;t'um est/placet1, reconstructed OHG; tnti 8oZthh~ .a dtnD miltidi Btn inti dip geaeh st.5 For the verb Ito love 'I Old [Churc::h, Sla.;v·,ic uses t,;j'ub'i,ti Ln III var,iety' ,o[f' f'ull:y lex,i!ea.,.! as w!ell ,ilS 5,ome! mod,ally s,had,e.al me:an,ings" wi:t:h 'V7Jzl.,3u.bi,t·i aa ,i~B ,:re.gu,la:r 'but les,s, frequen.t per'f'ec:ti've C'O'lUl,terp,ar't'iII' Ei, As f,o,r ,t:he et,yalology' 0:£ t,:h,e ~1-1 . V~~i - 00: t '1 b ..., ,f' l..', ,,: >:_,0 W' 'i{ .:.~. ,. ·a----y ,~- ,S 1::...:~, e:'· l .J!. n .... t l.'~ S n' nener" 11- c on ._~dor _. d ._,er: ,1'cr" ~';}"U~; _' ~
I~ <!'

'OBt~ ltebe tiwbo

-!

1' __

,dep,en"dlen:tly' inher.it!ed, f'r,C)rll, P,IE 'fftI6Uhh- ,I"athe~r ,t.han a" bc!r,rcwi'D,g f,rOrRl JGe,rman .Lc ('Goth 'liuf',s .,. ORG ~'i(),b,) In, '-v:," [0:::f,' , S· ·'tr,t- "I '~'1b'~ ua -. ,t ~ h ~,9. '" o·~ ..&.:~n· '.~ ~ A· ~ rr"f/ ..~, • .."Ia; ~'1~ ,r· "- _' 1 ,.. 1~ ,U ~ ~)J f'li.£. ~ ',a' r·::.o·,··u, S-![iOS·-., d. -.,a,_, _' ,..~ I;;f .. b ,t.",(~'~ I" _ w ~
II

1i!3,'fli''I'

ft

d·

;iJ~.

••

,'

__

.· . w _,'" ,',' M·'1~'1'·~v-'[·.ffl',t··'~· [(~'p'.~·f·--:.p" o'~.; l~,n'v"a···.·~~Il).oil n t' .he ·,e'n:~e··· [I to"': 1,0'.' v·': ·e::. I (r'a,th,er t,han :~ ,t,s usua'L me,a.:nin,q r,to ta,kC!. pit,y' oa, t,o ~k'Oi'i;'j -mer-'--cy" ·t~'. ..a~.' ~ ·r--tt:::!Iin·o· :.):. ·'·._._I~U Ln cano "n-'-',1'" c-·-[m'·l 0" 1- d- C' ·'0" ··urAhd··-:- A a g~,1 - }H ._ ":-_,:- > ":": .. ~ S,la'vic() ,i,e lim,i,t,ed t,c e,a,rl.y C.ze.:c~h, Chur ch Sl,aLVic;. 8 of!! 'howe:v',sr ,also th.e o!pe'n,in,gi l,i'n,e c,f the olde,st, C,zelc,b ~yrnn, ,ll'osp'odins pomilu.j ny := K:yr'ie e!Zei,80'n~ :In ,t.he,
, r~ ~[~ .

si,r,e ~; to,b!iJ"a:.... ill de:[sirJe I I fu,r'the:%' ,La,t Zibi,do, lubi,do' I' id. ~, the c'o,nn.o,t,a.tion, of !des.ir,e seems ·to be prim,a,ry t,o, t:his Indo-:Bu.ro1p,ean, root,., '1"i. _
[!Ii
j'

.·,r[I'111-1~ l~'~"

_' 11# ~

'_

.I

__I

. I__ ,W

·S·

".

lilil! _

..

,_,'

....

_I.

Q.

-:_ ~~.:.

.1' .

W _ ~:~.!I.I ..

I.~.--'.~ - ... ,

I >~_.[.:_.~

.: ..\"

I.._.. ~~.'

earli,lest
'. 1 ~. [
J

' ~., ','.:,:.:'-·1:·' ··-·'W'! :·:e··' .. _ t-'he mean 1'"::1.:'. 'ng' lO'v--r! I' '("cf';::' 'c'e-''1' 0 ') .. ';m- s' ant' 'm···-·'rel- y .' i d' · c,ba.r,~·~t,:y,!compas,s,l.on., mer.'cy" grac!e I a:n:',_ occaaacna 11 Y .J moze co:nc'rete:ly I' alms I,. 9 ~I,he: a.d.jle:c:,t.,i:ve mi.'Z··t) (m"i'I,yi = ,j '1 1~ ,:_, n e.l Lca.l , I.'''0 'ld '=: '_.!_·_r'chI Q.' ,BV\ ill,... m!la,an t ~ t. ,1.C'-hu '~l --1.'" p-~ In ~."~',,, ~. '" _,as S.ll.·:~, ,'_I _- - :',1'1 mtb,le: I ,as 'wmll ,B,S, II exc'usla.ble' (of als'o t,h,e s!e·t ph.ra,s,e,s 1""1 ''I,; t!li 1'", O'lnU I to, h tt ' "Y f-e,r III , nI'" .~V ,B'IS d-:1{; ,il a: t'l 1,. 'cl,r m'L. ~ 1), 'i,y~·.~ K 1;. [:l,a:v's: p 1·.. ~ ._' ,t;i.: _.~' .,.,v· 11..... 0-. ap.'·olo·N~ ~'e'"~")" u-\ and '0"0'- l'-y- Ln t- 'h'-'B'" e' !:IIr'l- )<. ·C:· i7onh··· y.- -.:·.G'!§iiw, '_1 !~~.'·~,.a;--!,,",~'-~I ..Loi.~

t:.. 'n'I._"

:., ·urn,.· d ~ 8.9S·-·---·-'(".

I· . ,~, .
• ~ 01

lite,ra,ry .l,a:nguage of 't.b,le Sl,avs, mi,lostb, t,he '1o··'r,d, W"':n':, [Q·'"i!!Ii,e··_' C'-·: oun t-o,..._..'p·,B¥t·: 1.': n- ~O.·-·I.-Ille·····0· "It'- 'h":',e' 1 8"·'·11 a·.v·:.':·l.~;'~ 1-' a~,n·· g::I'u.;~,r'\e-.~' · .' '3 _.~
•

m.. I

.'

~WB~'

W..lll.il.

_..

~l

~, ','.

._

p.' ,_. ~l

..

._ . 1

I_

'..

I.

. - Wi

'_.I

-, ..

.'

'

. f,·:._
•.

.. ·,

'.

..

._

[I

(....

._1

I'

I.

",

[,

:_:.

••••

'

".
•

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II

~i

'C

-)

i"'i

II

.'jj1'

ill

'''M.it~

i~

'"

,,-:

],

•••

,1

J,'.''''~~''_l

I,..:

.....

[ --

;r'

~'"

["'1-,_'

[.--!WI.

va,r.'i,an,t, o:f IC,h.u,rc'h, Sl.av,ic could

nates are Lith mte%as, mdtae ~dear, lovable, pleasant", ,me'i~iI,8 ~:kin!d, am.ia,ble:'I, m,e'i~e. Illo'v',e II, .',r/Ziu'r ~y;~~, love~, susimtlti Itc take pity bn, to fall ~te
i:_ lovel
( ,.... ,.,) ni!.., I'

have t:he :me.,an~ng

'I

dle,ar " blellot'v'ed'.

thi~

ad:jecti.v'e alsJto 10 T:he al,ose,st. cog-

w',i·t,h ieac:h ol,t'h[i!,r' I,. :La,tv m'i.tl I' de.a:r." belove;d" ,f mi "iit"; I to l,o,v'e" 1 i,k,1a., ,m'i"t (' est)1 iba, I' l,ove II, O:p,r,' mi.;J 't· s' iI'1 '-'£') = 1,; ;;..,8 _' i" ,m 10,;~ '1-;} '~ " ;;; ,m,"'".~1.-,' e;..' 'I to, 1 '" In 1;.. 3. '1' ,(i'n. ,f' ,~ 1,n. ,OVE!: £;;. (=' mt t,,_,) 'I ,lo!ve II;, a,dd ~"t'oin,B,l. C!ogr,n.a:te,s (.a,t .le,IJLst ,a.s f',ar i alB the ,ro'o,t 'morphe'BI,e is conc'erned.) 'are fo;und in Sankri.~, :L~,t,in-~.Ir.iSh,~ an}d'Gr'e!e:k.ll,~A':s-,fo,r -the' lat,~'~,r', \lE':A~oIV.111,o"v',e ,token,r gi:ft D,f' l,c'v,e~ 'b,el'ongs 'to t:his

iI~"

'iii

ill

15[8

*bhi·Z,,[os) I' de,.'r'" a;s s[ome t"im,e [B'g'OI ,ags,in advoca't,e,a. b.y V,j Mac,h,e:k. ,1,2~ ~be,~,or'.iq·i·n[a.l,lIes',ni:ng' " o'f' t'he. ~"n[do·-Eu,ro[F.'e,a!l" ,':l'OiS
roo1:, '*mrfl.,·i.l,-[/'*mtt....,.L_ . ..;,,' [, ,_
.1.. : '" ",: :_:'.

le.tymolo[gica,l

'wolrd fa.m,ily'

bu't;, 'ha:r'dl'y

[__ '_"~.-

de'~r-('~nrt)' lov-a'b'l~' -1: ·_::·q'uJ..·v,. ernt 18 ~ -"'~,.-.:[!~~I' al ~n O'l~d Ch ~ h_ ·.1're·c! ',' e '-~. ~. §t'·e-s~e·dr ,1,..:·:· .~·:u.r[c·, N-0 dt
I ~. IjJ

se;'ems to
t

h[av[e ,b,een 'I'pl[e"a.sa·n·t"

I~.~..

(en) ~

S,l,a,vic. of y'8:'t anot.h,'er l,·e.·x1,c .a.l i,tam 'w'h.J.oh, came. to as. sume the. mea.n,i,Dq [' l.o've' i.n a limi,ted azea [Qif t'h,e Slavic 'l,in,g'ui,s,t,i.[c 't'sr'ri t.c ,3:':y '; of. CzI S,:l'k, 1,,(.£';s''/(a. (fo'r, d,et[ails, see .belolw)., 7h[e corre.s .po,n.. d.in,'g· ver.b! l,[a,e"Ra.ti" £'c'u:n.d. ro[nl.y in a couple rOlf Olrd rC',b,nr'cn, Sl a.vic "t[e,x.t,s[ (amo,n'g ,ma')IOr (::O[Q1,08.9, r rQ[nl.y' i,n SUJ?rP.) means ~to ,o[U,t:,~ wit" to cun'Q,i,ng'l"Y t,[ake by s,urp:ri,se, to ,f'l,a."c,t,rsr'l wbi,le
r
1

the deverba:t.lve, noun ~a8'.kan:t)[je

'Pii[ '';n~'9' CII'iln':· ·ill.~· '=. ~ .
!IW~

signi:fles

"·fla,tt.ery,

II!

usual, wo,'z:dfor I 'love," ., ";'1 b'u '1 ';iJI'b ~.[!I"" ""a.·¥e· ~:'"ly-' '1 -Iub!!;l!;.'II[~a· , S' e-·r·-e· . 'to' 0"" t~-'h-,a sem ''''[u """-'.' 0" "'rI1.' ~ v'~ ~, ,.Ii,;,,~,~ ":/ ""IV: .:. a:n1:ic r[a,n:ge is [q,ul.te br·oa.d. ,I:a 1'~hus,., in ad.d,it;ion t,[o t:,ne 'm,olr'e c·OmDlon :me,an,1'Dqs ',lo[vle"" ~i,n,el i:nat.i.on 'I I' • att,a.,cbmen't, I~, IIp[assi}oln etic '." 1,;jubtrV"b can.--piar"t, i.c·u,la,r'ly'
l11

t,

[I'D

Old ,Ru,ssl.ian
I'

iJI'nld ,Ru,:s:sianCh'urch Slavic

~[Q'V ~. ,. ~ '.'.., _' 1._.,.
[(,

·t,he is " as i'n O,.ld C,bu:r.c·h S.la·v'i,c,

[~ - ',':...,'"

[in, se,cu.lar texts---:siqn.i:fy 'pieace!, I( fr',iend'l'y) ag"re.e118,nt II B,nd ·w:a·s u,se,d. 'w·l·th thi:s me,anl'ngi' in a nwnbrs.r of :set phra;se,s, such a,s vz;jati ·t.,;fub'~Vb 11:0 :m,a,k.'1j; p'e,a.ce,

I,

c[on,clu'Q's a p,e.ace a[9r'eemen,'t:,~I" 81J'i-1;i.·sia VtP- 't3'Ub?J1Jb 'Ito m,ake up , 1:0 r'eac:b an ag'reeme'nt',. pJo·t,Q,iit;,i. mei·i. srobo ;ju tJ,'~b",~:i, . 'to' :a'9rle'~, on, ,£:r'le.ntil,Y 't:,~.rms II, S''t;.,vss't1: -IQi:r . ,8'b~' . nUi"tv.ii'i \t)1'b t,a~ub""[tJ· 'to 'm,s·k.e peace '._. ,poB'sl:bly', be:s,id.e,s,
1

tOI

'1:·'h·· '8"-,",
I .

'L'So:rb tubil/', OSor.b tub1.,d Ilt,o, ,p.romis[e' as well as one of the mre,ra.nin[gs Qif ;9,.1'D t[3u,bt·,t;i, lik.ewi:se, 'I' to pram.is,ls'" a n'.'·A 'g.!y.. ·t'··'h·e··.·· C!!IIr~im,!!iii·n '1[11"" d··"·e·,v·....rsl- o '·p···me·-···n't u-'I'~d, ·e=::r::.'ly· 1~·i . ..·t· n,N' 'P'_I lJ"n··. < ..L.,· ...i'b··~· :
,,_"'lUI

m'e" n.. 1,"'" n~:" ~ f,~'~Ie=_n"d"~ £1 _ ~g:'~'rl: m;~nt'I a · 94 ~ry.'.. '[~Ie, I a-: co :.nne ;·It·.,!!:I[,.b,l[o,~'·n- 0'· 'f"~ 1_) LP _ promi,s.e lOr pl.ledg'e i,5 impli.ci:t 'hle're [BS SU9ges,t,ed by
L I • -. _. •_ ~ (. '_ .• _' _ l_' ~. .' • 1

MJ

,"

.~

_~,_

"

.. _

.'

_!

. [._

• _'

.B,ll c,Q,nt,a,in.inq

~d~ ~ . ..~:'\l.l.. a - ,S·O " anu or19~na-r 11.Y,· 'I VOW'" ...:J . i 'weu~:·,l.n9' IIb...·1 p,ro'mise,t:, of'. f'ur·t·her G· GetabdB, Ge'tlJ'bnis, geZ,oibsn"
'i'l.)l@1 'I
I[

"iii b '-b '-'~'U,:"

_, ; ..

-].1

...

iIr'M!iIJUUI!~!t"'J

jWI

..

:_··.·_~._-·:_~·r:···_l··1

·&II'.':'--'-·:~·-'-::;J'

1,dwFb't.6n.iae, can bra u,;se,d :in Russ.i,an Churlch ,Slav'ile te;x'ts, wl tch t,h[a, 'RI,ea:n"i'Dg Ii 'love. 'I 11:" 'rh,e cQ,'rrespondin,g ver,b, ''tr;lu,btti.. lofi c,o,u:r.'se p,rimari,ly means li,ta ,l.o·va,·, but, 'f'ur'Ii

a c,og'n,a,te root, 'mo'rph,ems I(with ,Q.i,'ffe:re:Dt 'voc[alism) '. As Ln rOld C,bur'c·.b Sla:vic" o'ccasi.oD[al,l·y

'"t.o be in·c.l,ine.d[, - ami.cab,ly' [Q.ispo[9,ed, II, t '1:,a pre'fer ~ (=, 'Uo,ti.ti)l, ,an,d iI to 'i:,a'ke del.iqh,t iin,,. eo enjo'Y' (:= 'ti'ub[(Jlvatisd!tl ~ 'S-Ub[S8'quent.'ly ,Bs's'uminq t'h[e 'me·aninq If] to t,h.e:r ,a,lslQ
l

aami~~-[',),'occasio'[ui,i:1y,'~"~'v:~'n"to ·k.i:~·S~1
'.1~_1 .. V·'e' ...1 -',-.
1•• ---:,

'7[ r~1I1

~''''Jiibl;··:U':- . ,,'; bt-h·.,-,;",_)· )." _:s' r'-, ~u [~,.... ',J 17' [~ ,~ ~I~U~.
~.~ ..
1LJ

'~'l,S"

mOldern

1,9t.h century but i,s now' o,b,s[oll,e't,e.,. T'h[e, gen,u.,in,e :auss"ia:n 'v:a'ri,ant, ,o,f: thi.s a,dje.c.'tiv'e 'with f.1.nal, B,t'r,a.s,sl,' t..au.br1d' • [8,n.y· , a,leams 'to have d[eve'lol.ped, tb1ss'p'B[cializec1 mean'-'

a'n[d -·':sur'~'i.ved·('as,' i'4ab~II:3)

RUSB1,a'n

t,iu,bi'fIJ'lli

(I

mi.·Z.yd, ,als[o n.~la'u'4·a[9a.ij,sdal' in, t'h,i's ~~ea.n:ing .ur1til t,b[e

V';"r't,[ .~(M~:_,''I'''iI~·ll'y- .... : ,i!!Ij'vn-"o, "n"11iftou~ ,. ,_.; gi.····'i~:.· :A·'.·II!"r.~·

L,

IT,h[e

-'~d.'je.cIi!!II ·..
-.~

'_"'l~

,.:t·';;thI ••

~[j

IPnbaum Bl'·,
cr '. I _', •. .' •. ..

!Ii
~

l~

.""'1'
I

_....

'.'

...

'

,.'

',',.

the. i,n,flu:e.nce o:f Ger.lla,n be 'Z"ie.bl:(J Wh'e:r,eas aiR an,d RC:hSl m'l,tyi'- I(,mi Z'?Jjb') Q,a:n hav'e its 'lftOder'D, mean.,in'q 'I dear' ," }:)Iel,oved", '7 in ,a,dd, t, Len to I pi t,i'_' i

.ing' undex

II

ab,l,e I and 'I e:xc,usla.'ble als,ol at.ta"sts.,d in, Ol!d Ch,u:r'ch ISlavic". the, vezb m,·i,'tovati· i,n ,t,'h,e. 'wr'ltt,en lan,guaq'e [0 £ Ola 'RUBI nevez mean't, simply fto lO've'l jus't as OiR ~i'tt,,'~t~fJ' ,ne:'vl~.~~i~ ~~sle,d 't'o,~"~"e,r.le,,l'Y ~e~,d[erl~ ~o,t,i_,~n,o.f
1

Ii,

1'1' o've 'I a - t-ho"u-gh-' 'th"s p'r'ec- l.1: s-n 1"~1-- te'1l""'pret·!!:Iit ~~-- .lI".ia·~I""::!!'_"'" ';;i!t arAU .i [__:'1::_: ,.!~,,:-.,-.'.~: I,D-':._ .. ",:" ,,'-j',~":...1Y'n ,able to s,a,y the lea.,st ('us'ually" w1,t,h th-~,s c'onnat,ation,
. ,'~,'I',

not
,r-:.,

Love
I: .' :::_.

ill

U!i

',,:.

'O:":'R"

''1 n,a; ![;"~~I

k~'a"
.:,.

,.

1"' n' "

': .,~

lonl'y

'k,in,ldnieiss"

aff'iec,t,io,n ~ but per'haps

_,..,.I'-iil .... 1.- ,I' 0-_1._.~_
I·_.~J

fa"..... '!iiOi!ii:""
,-

J.1· - -~.S

a--c· [",;,·,~_,n,,-·,·_: , ,: n -.... e"S' ,

t.he
IIi3

C!!a~ -'Iiiiii,~m.9,

t'

_I

0'-"

even
., i"-lel

m'aa" '. _,n

_~ .

",.,_.I',_~:,-~,:.,

On. t,'ne ot:ber llan,d" i~aakav'Y,a',' ,.·w.it,h nonetymol'o'qiical -0'- Ln ,t'he aecond :sy'll,able) " a'nd t!Q.,tfka't;:'i, never se:em to ,ca,l:'ry t,h,Q 1 mean 1~ n-"'g: 0: f' 1-, c_"V','a ].1' n~' :-,1d:- R->U·[iii:!!iil!:!l'l.'11 1'1 an... w..-..: 'In, C,o:ntemporary ,Sta'nda,r"Ci Rus,sia:n t4-ubov' r is, o:f" couxse " ,the: :normal 'wQ,r,d flor il .lOV'IB 'i w'h I.e, ,the; ,carre'..... i,
,8
.,

Ul _, _ _ _1_ t'he" 'W' '0' r·..:::I 'O'-'C'II"'II'U:r"i£!

,I _' ' .. .:).'_ : .1. 'T~

I.-;;IJ

_Ill ....

l,asko,ju
-

na i!!!Ii't-·-n."'k,' phr-'-ase' s su ch
j
_,:"'1")";

a-

c::!!i

,D U!

..jUb'-_AV~I"" 1"111 V· .. HI
[_."~:'.

Ii

0,]: l'

k "as?,ovJJ'i
, •.•• (

,g:ttOSOaU
!I'

,0£
.'

't,as'koitu,)

'-i~I,,.

I~ I

-'.

__

"

• _':_

'!'J

"]

0,

. ....

:~

Ig [-_.

iii

s'pondi'ng' vezb is IJ~'u.bit, ~ (mea'niD'q II to love' as we,ll as 'sl~m:~t:inles··I1~,'.re g,e:n~~,a"ilY' ,~e',r'~i:y"~1 ~I:)I 'B~(i :d'o'lI1~'-'-'~.' wai, mityl, or tdubimvl are usid, with slightly dif-

,tc,~iik~

he' ,g' . ,' t-__ Lan

In addition to Zdubit' ~to love-, iatet' can occasionally be used with a similar meaning, particularly in
-a --e' ,g'u', _9' .-,
i!j

f'e,re,n,t sh,a,des" Ln the sen,sle of' I d.e:ar, 'be:lo've,d, 'I ,~ C.f alsio t,aski ljubov.'nY 6: "Love c~,a,rle,s.!s,e:s""£'o'unld.in 'BalllnlO,D't. ,
til
I

ostrovskij~ Interesting in this context is also the line .,.'. l.·as,k,Q-'l.,j'ubul s,t\l:ste:r. u,d'i,v~ja6t8aa in Br'j'uso'v":s poem Ji1ISik,az,a:nie '0 ra,zbo,jnike ~I CSR l.,Cls'kovY3jJ m,e,ana ~affec~ionate,tender1, also -endearing' (e.q., in the 'p- hi 'r"a'-" sla. 1_~,~ '0.· u.: 8-· -1:'.n'''II,n )" _.' a·-.-'n'·,~- . olin' i ")--~Ieti-'a':P'h<o-, 'lli""1.~·,c'~=-ll11 y~/ ,'c' · "y' ressin9~ (eig~t taskovYI vetep). Th~ verb mttouat' I(wi th, ,i'ni,t.ial stress) I 'to' show :mle,r'c,y' i,:s n'ow COD&i,d:e,l:'ed ob s,o1 ert,s: w:h.ile mi.'tovdt' ('w'i·t,h, the s,'tress 0,0 the last isy',llab.l,e) '11'e,an,ing 'tiO c:are:ss,,F' f'on,dle.' (=: I-aekati t ; c·f a18 0 mi Z,Qvdt " ,s',ja ,I to e'xcha,Dlg'8 clare,s,ses,I[) ,i,e largely li'mite:Q tOI f'ol.k'-pio'e:tio! u,sagle,~ ,A.t an:y r',ate:" nei,t.he;r
:_.' .. .!

of'-' R"u-e' an' p'-'e'a-' _ - e'f' Lse ..t. n ' [,';[ '::S,~1i,~,~ _;:: /-,Si,B,n"-t ,!I, ;.~<-= '. a,_~I~' ,m',J 'n'irti;i~"a a 'n,.;:,. ·tiau,bi,';j ne ,i,Q;l.,ee,' (E,senin,) No,te fu:rthe,:r the 'co:nuuo'n, advezb po'l.Jub!ovno ~in a :fri.'s:nd.,l,y, :p'eac~e:ful 'way I[ an,a "h ~ ... b 1-~ t··a exp,r'es,s1o,n '1' 1.iii"-',"':JU,·"o mn.e ~h ow p'1«a« __ e,a.s,an,t"" P'- ea:sl.:ng (.i.t .is,) :fo,r me ' 'used by', amon,gr ot,h.'srs, 'Puiki.n, ,and
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one of ,th,e,,two ac:cien,t'u,a,l v,a,ri,ant,s, ·ex:pres, ee, the 'pu,re not,i,on, of lo/v'e" j'l1,st a,s, CS,R m·it1o,s,t' 'm'san,s, I[ favor', g,r,'8Ice I m.s:rcy,· 'ch,arit.,:y'l bu:t ne,vler' 'I 1.O;V'e, I ..
SI'eV[e,r a.1,

'verbsl meaning' '.'to Love ~.' T.:h'u.,s, Z.u.bid' can uaed bot:h .in th'l! aenae 'I,t,o, lo've:l[ and, n.'OrW mo.re fr·e .....
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now t,o ,P'oiis,h,

t'he mOidern, langua'ge

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'but ,ag,de a s,pecial aemantid,o

wi,t,'h t:he. mo,re g,e:n,e:ral 8,n,a. vague me,a'ning' ~tlCI m'h' f-=·'a.J..~ ¥'ly' ..:a,l!!i;iii, "1 b- - , ..,.- d" >1_iI;;;iI! ...... c a--:'n "I,_._~,; 'a' n -1·tO·. 'r.a ",U._·'lowa·_, al~c- -»',_'. me -.I."le _'_ ,£,;, <: .'::'
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s[omet:hin9

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someone,

'Th'B cog.n,ate a.dj[e,etive

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La mt.t.·v'w:· (;'" . '1. a .~ ~ ~ f p l~~ h~ ~t~ ~ · :o1.ng' [O:~ ~-.:o-,]..9,1: Wl:" J..' 1ng l.:n th ';"';.18.
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to!d,ay • s 1an gu, a[g!le, i.t, :has a 51.igh.t.ly poe;tic QI,r Q,r'ch,aic .. r'in,Q' • Th.le: m,ost Ic,orrunon. v'[e:rb wi·t·h 'th"e .,eani'ngr III to .love. 1 '1~ ~ "", 'i"~ .~ . [I'" . ,. - -- c.1,OnS,. noe , ,1.n 'n '1" h ;19 ,~oo,h' '. :aa (:..-.W,-.-t"h a 'Ib, ·t·- 0,f I~.erl.Via t." ... ~!O 1 ,1Ji, ,IUC,S :'. ","':_', ~'-"e",). .i."k. -.' -·1"'" ~t~' .': .0 :~[e-_l..scu,~~eu .,::I. u~er" '····h l' .', -", . ., "-'0; W.l.,--S 1)[0' ,,",[8,,, ene eq.:c· U.1va_ e,n,·. 0- ~f' t~ b·..'~ ,d 'I!'~'I!'h.iu,;,.,•.:,:, I. '~~ g[~ :__:e.,L,e' ,~. . I':_ 1,a'·]L ~ c~'. h" [as ~.~ ~"~~Le d' [ h~e'--' ,~ - n n ~ I t· '0. l ii""il'h" e: '~~w:h' ...... ';n·· 8 'v ~. _: rnea·[,1.:9" . .). ".. ,:,·0- JL _:.!, . - t 1·-.. ,' . II (:.,0' f' -:. 's-- C· VIO"'1 ,~., t.;! ". b',:.9- -·o.'W'·,· l..:n, 'p l'.J S h~ me:a,n. is III '. 0 eve .' r. e.; .. "t., : '1-' 'p'.rll!:f·,er" t,o li't,e more 'I or' 'Iw\ould. .ra,ther'l ,+ th!Q i.nfi:n,i,f --. .; ." ..,.';If. .~,. . t ";v'~ '0-:·'II 't,'h~'e: m·!j n v'O"i;;iii'b''.:'. I ,G: '.. [' e- 9'.,. I.: I a,1,,_: .. '....'.Ilo, \ JI!., _ iJ a· WV' a'~ a e g'v. I ~- P"r' . e:'er 'h' i" m III'"'" 3'ct ''l.. ,,~.~ WO ." ~ 1. p.P.B"Y~ ,~t; p'o~,n.~e\a! "II W'OU~:., r',a.'-t~-h'-' ... " .itA..t 4J'~'" -- '.' 1-d .. f ';1o.ym ,,,at-, er
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,c~o;m:e:la..ter ~), The: P,ol.i:sh :rUJ'UR f'olr' 'lo've 1 is milo/d 'hild- I .y·,~n9 ac ,J lee ""Jt ve ml-'~''Ii p,r,lmar 1. l'~ me:ans. d--"'.&. ~, • "t '" • ! ~,y W',,' ,e th -,_:~.eunoex l.'li IA . 1 d" I; -~ 1 ~ Qear " n10,e p~< ea,sa,n·t I a.n_"t, he ga.rtl.·c1'p····_.'e. 1.... 1.. . " 1S, ~,OCl'i.,an,y·' ,. I:" used f" ,'I 'ib.~lov' 'od- I ,1 ·-w~1;.[.. [.. nd :''91:'' . or. J...I.~. l~1 ._' .. :.[ '~'h' e!JO' ····me··V-,A r'l ap l.~'n n;;e' an ;nl'f a.~_.Ul I... -.f~.I:'~_.!·-3'
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is also used of course~ No reflexes of the old Slavic

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, P's'a t t e P " 14 th rC,~),~ 'H·oweve.r" th,e me,an 1,;19' here, ,in, . . ,: . .'a·V1'C, 1,S u.sua III y a'p'pro.xll.·ma't,e·1~ II to le~n]oy I 81.,.. . .1::;, ea.r'.~y' West 1_ y~ 1 .:' 'J" o· on " .... . O·.:-. ,._ I t-· m.u.s .. ,e c-' ·m·'le~IO :.~: e'-" n.,.f'. 'u 1(.' (~ 1ms ""'h'- ).".' '.....). ,f. d·' '''''' ir;..,ea...J.. '. . ,if' r . ~O --~k'" ~.I .',;. b" ".-d~:y" )" . 9 0:" ,~..'-" ,""I-n,g ,) ",art." de t6ai>a . P9' I .' :2,0 ll.·oi,(Jhaa sl'eem,s ,to 'hav'e as,sumedl th[e mea,n.[. 1 ~ P_ l' 7-'t' t ,:Lng [I.... ·~!o',I iov'e ,I ~n"O--l.,S.I.! -h' on 1 b t'h -yy :Ie ._.. '.'h' " cen:',ur'y' ..... ~nl~1 ~i'W'~, y. ,-, (£-~'r'[~L. 'a~··",t' e~t'l e~! ~., S·-: m.\.!'I':3Jr[~io··"'W~·~'k~ 1.'. 's'- D-:-:la'~ f~n· !"'Q, 16:,.'3- .... .:._ ~,_ u . - - . 8,:····, uK,·t-6·---- C.lo.'. L,'o'c,:a., ,olc.I:~ayze... . .iZ.,. k'- .. h~··· k·· 'h" - . i' -.-~. n)·1,. mh' ,. _, n.ew mlea,n.].ng.. . '. -.'. ~~- . ..:,,:,ry ~.e:go., ' .. :!L,11S 'couldha've d,ev,@.l'o·pedl f.ro·m OD,e of t,'he sever'al ear' -.ier ~ h' b1 f' th '1 t~ 1mean.l.n9s, 0:,f' 't,,,l,,$ VIO,l:_\. nam.e.,y :~.ro."1:19 :re._a·~,l"Vle,-I·y·
C'·: I'
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th-e·.·· 1-4'-,1:h c,~·~ntu:r.~y·· o·n··w',ar',d~ also b ,~ ·h- , .. :X" (" amp1 les 0:' a v,ez\~: ,rco·a;Q; t··' 8'~.,e,~ '1.g' f f
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yet ,an,o·ther n,ew' Mean.tn,g, I,to ki,ss ~,. at.·tl~steJd li ~ a·n.~', e, 1- .. ~ d~ B o.ru ss,~an~',,:L!a·1I' ects. (L ~ ~ ,ttama[o',. d'~' . n PO,=--1Su, 1 ""OO'r,ia,(j;' ,~ 1~ '''-''-',' .,)"~':.;1!1 ... fj'1J -,~.· ""., ~,am,a"",oa~. an~ i"'~-:' ,'L·····,·'·~'.' an.:_~ U:pc::." ':_ ··~b··t. n ()IWII!:r "d: ~ :per g',.,-, '.lJan: (",;;;;. ~r,. 1.... ti a~ , ..'.' tlr 0 It.V
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[shif·t •to love II '). I tOI k,iISS" as f'oun·d els,e-' w:her~ in Sla:vic- :t:arely in. Olld RUB,si,a,n. .(a'e1e [abolve.) b,ot '!!:i'n' :_~. ale':"i"'ii't-a:' 'l-'ly ·,~'~_w . ni.'"!l;"""m·l:Ii,·lly·· i: 'n' 'C"'17e-'ch-' '~nd-' '~n-' SI·e··r·b:·o···, IC--:¥"o~:·al.,...1'·" d','l!."-.', .·'w <~.,- - .:_:
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·to do 'here,

t'L1n.g' a" a-..ff' 'e.:rle.!'n,, I.·. r.l.:va~ t~ d1.'-"' e~ 's- v:-e' 'r,'!, ~. 1",~ a· '1 B·O·· c- 0'-' '~n- 4v-" :=:iJble": ;It, 'CIO '''"'h, :!:Ii,'''"'' in pa.r't, at, le,Cli.,s,t " wi t:n at l.,a..e,r t
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,a-ls,o
~ '_" I~,~

il"'linlan '-'.1)"1 :../" '1'1 ",].,1, > Kv.l'L d'~~l..'I'IV-'-~~' ,t--"he-''r'W.- I ,.; ah :v"'"e-"""b-'-"" '-f'r.n,'I!!i'Ii ~'_I_ or '1'_'~I na'l r" "Q"'o"t' • '1t., 'it. ~ en,la,r'qe,d :b'y' ,t:he e,.l,erne,n't, '-8,-" t:hus, '"i',kok",.._,s""",,ati );, '*'1(O'mo:, ..... 2'2, '1.,r--,d~ 'g ~. ·w· / '. t,,~·' Imh-' e, as sumed r-~o':'-t,'. ~:....., '1" ~ ,~A'C'" e.... Ln1.;,:.1,' "'0" 'J' 'a'"ii""I'O" "'bm . -t ~ d son " re:at.'ei~_,·. t ,10 'L .h 1"".""7""1;;'_" ~ 'I't-,0 re,ae,'h eo ,a._,t,a,l.:n II ana ,:I:_,l.'~,~:_ n-.:U,~', ,,: 1 - dt,o RUs,si,a;n, d,i,a1 e'c't,a,1, :'k,o,'k., ~ ,i"ro'n, book (f,o,r pull,in,; Ln :fi,shnet,s,)'" as well. a,B ot.,h'er le:x,i,c~a;l,i"t,ems o,f' t:he: B"a~.m, w;o,r1d :f,ami,ly',; an a:b,lau,t 'v;a,ri,ant, olf the ,s,ame ,r'Olo't, is, :pre,s,uma:b,:ly'- alSlo ,f'o,und, ~n Sla'v',i,c ~e,k,a'tl 0( *k,Q,K,.....at,l ' [I to, wa,i,t,", a,s, was sD;gg',e~ste;c1, 'by Ch,r. ,St.lan,g'II' Th,UB" ,Ja'cobs,'-' '-0--,,"' d'~.' oes -n':-.'"-t' ah ~¥'e'." t'h· .. mii""ll~¥"iii!!Ii' ·C··1A'M''Iii'IIIi'''iiI'n, v:"1'i' Ii!!iI;W·, ~d: v· AI";~'t,-'~;J J-'j: 0' \"'v lS" 0"" ~[!L.
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to'u'c'h·
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from a va:riant
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e,f'ii' f'u:r'the,r al,s,o t,h,e R,Q,!ar,..... ,sy:n;o:nym. lOP t'ul:rn"J' prels,erveid in the mCH!er;no' piolis,h c'!o,m:po'un~d ,sam'o Z,"on:!! "eg,o,t,i.st,i"c ,I ,e-:'ili"'l.."' A ""',e ,U f--:y'o".. m t,-'h',~, 'Po:-:o-~' - lI"'bi1",,_ 1."n" l'O:'l,4lI O,-t-'h,Ii!iI;'P' 'f' -'O''ll'''im~it~ ";I,o"':n"S I'd-' .. ~ ' 'I ~ .... ',.',. !~U -IY, Pol"i"sb ,aria 'tu,DO "d,e"a,rl:y" ,a.gr,e,eabl.'y'" 'pleasant"l':Y'~,r i'UD'Otio f'lo!:' whic'h, ,Bm.o"n,g i.'t,SJ B!'8;'v"e,:r',al 'me,an,i'n'gs, ,i,s: (l"o't,ea, 'voZ.U,Pita::,s I Z,1"bi,ao' j~ t.h,e,s!eJ s'pec!,i,f,i,c~ D.o,'t,io:ns coul,a, ,als,o 'be, e:x:-, p,r e:SiSQ,c1 'by' 'iub,o'wg:n,is, a ,d,e'v,er:,'h,ati'v'e, 'Do,un de,ri'vE!:d from tu,DotJa4 -;''t!o' ::f.',i:nCl- p,1,ea.isul.J:1e. '(:i~' ·,s',o'~eb'od,y,·--'o'r -i!n]III~,t:b,i,n,gJ ,.
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"," __ ~ '.' ".' .. :1IiilII'iW "I ... !:_~Qliiii!I'

range t~han, ,i,n, t,h,e: Illloider'ft, la,ngUcu;re,ii ITh'uis ,i,t cou.ld, mea..D no't ornly" ~Il] ,0:: ",V"i~ II b-:-:"Ui't-, a-:lC::!!n l III'M'-',e··'p,"y··" , ," '"O''''M''P'''''!!:i ~~'l.'1i-!!o,,;;!!"."~'' '~'"""~c·le-"', '- '...... , .. , "0-- - ' ' ' '.,.:1.. ....... f,a,vor II in a,dd,it,,ion t.'o :be:ing· uSe!ld ,in a, 'ph,I;',a.,s,e of po.l,.i,ts:

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'w'jIi'!ij,'r"d' 'V a's' -ka '1. m--o'~'n'1" :'.1 I '!!!Ii,V" ,~ ~u, ;'1.- ng .. f"I .,g .','o'r' ., grace, I benevof.ence ' as w·el.l a.s Imercy, pit.y, kin;d~n.ess" als,g ,could have the 'm,ean,i,ng' 'love, I '(llot'h wi.t.h th.[e conQi:.t;.IJ1."~·.U'

J"i, ~U'

'I'~1!'a' u ~
'W' ~~I ":'c ,.

I' n. th·';; e c o-·n-·nQ~tl.j on ..... 1.:.. .;..... I -. -'.. ~ , "":ii;II":__ ~"H . ~~ '. ".:
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t

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which Ln t,od,ay I s Poli.sh. "lea.n.s 'm,e:rc.iful~· and , IlO,r'f!: o'ften, ge:nerall.y g'J: ac,i.o U5" pol.it·e, oblig'ing'" ~, d ' kind' (~R ~4ubeanyd, G Ziebsn8~ar;igJ, tn Old Polish cciuLd a lso m.ea·n.• ' full of Love, a;.l1lo.pe, c.arita..te pz,e,.n; ....
l,a:s"kabJY',
lIl l I

notation of amor and capitas).18 It is not clear, at ~· spec.i.a!,1 meananq ,. h leas.:t to, m,e ''N'h,e;·t,h.er t._-.l.S t o.f OP ~a,ska" :no't 'f[o'und i.n m,o,de.rn. 'Pallah" can be considered. a semle.·xi'~~·l ·[~~u~...../.'. ~ut. I' ~ould- ~a·th·e'"r doukt 1., 'Boho~4's'm ~t " \J.w. ,,', ,.. ' .'"U ant.~.1e ..... (cf~ also the occasional use of OR Zaska possibly in th,.is sense, dis,cusse[d abova) , 'Like:w.ise the adjl,e.ct.iv,e
1,';...:.:._'

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29
ti

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u

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f·Q'nd.ne·ss I ~ c:f. Ln t'hese ae,ani.ngs a.ls.c th.e near.-s·yno-.· n'ym' ". ndk: '.,: 'n'..' .a· 't· .It' .n'h· y Lno 8·' t a: efl. 'i.ba ·~n··· 0 n,r"'''', In S Lovak t·: 0'-=-0 y,. ,(...~, . •. '· td,ska .is used in. th,e mea,ning 'love' tholu[gh :h;ere ot.he.:r· ... --t b[ "1 tb .f·b exp,r e is is aon ,9 (u. ., u·:".:a.,. Z la,I~s- U b- '.a " a a·"1 ~ . 'u··"e. n 1.. e ,: 'l- u.: ,.0- fJ t ,.ilI' " ,~.J ~:. c;: mi t (k) o'va.nie, and oth.e,r's) a.re, CODlmon as well '.' ~\ihile I 10'" ve , C' a sad]" iI!:!i,c't i'l:"9'" - c 'f..-: .,.".. . ., d I _. v ", :- t'n' 'I .' ~I'~ C~ m-~~'1,0..,s·.!tJ· '!Ii1 B't 1" 11 mea en' mil.,Q,st"nd tY'Pika 'lov[e, p'oetry'I), t.h[e noun frOlm wh.ic·h it
:_,;' iI!!lI' ii;;;Ii
'I

:I.n modexn Cz'ech.,. the us.ual wo:rd fo:r' 'lov'e' is 'd"~ If;;a:::~w~t.h~ a b---A - grc·ay. r-ng'e'a-f' ~pe'c~al1~z~d' s-e·m··a'n~.1~c["··.·8 .. - a" :~". .:_:_ ~J_: . s'ha.des auch as I 8't't,achm,e:n,t ',. I a.ffe:1ct.i.oln I r • 1 ikin'9 , 5
;i;t_:.I.lc1.,.
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·p,arc1.o·n" c,l,emen'cy'
ii

is derived, miZost, signifies

I

.m'{;Zo 8 twas frelquent ...... • Love ! , The.re is ample 'testim,Q'D.Y to ,this e.ffect i.n t.he clourtly' l'clve poet.r'y· that th.[e Czeclls w[e·:re th.e firs.t [8JllO,ng at.ll Slavs tiC pJ:o,du.c~e 'T'hey w'e:r'[e ,i·n.:fl'ue.n.ce,a. 'bly' We[s·t Eur'opean se.cular :poet.r·y', especially that of the Provencal tpoubadou~B and the
'ho·weve.r,.
11

.lanqu,!u;e In Old Czech, ly' u.se,d in the ,se:nse of

'b'ut

:no·t

• love

·mercy, grace, favor,

I

as _.auch

Ln t.he: modarn

'Gierman"

meaning is mito8t~ But besides mitost (and its anto~ :nym, n,emilost·) Zd,s:ka is .fo'u'nld oec .. a.sion.ally in. t·he.s[e

Bavar,o~Aw,st,r',ia:n, Minn.e:s·ltn.ger ·but. s.u,b,se.que.ntl.:y also e,mulate,d. othe,:r' poet.s, of P·r-,an'ce. and ~ t- '1·:y', cDC:., 1 ud ~ ". . ·I_·':e0 S - a '1f--: .... .h e do ., n S 41. Iii'Z n-...... '. iSHU A ,el J.i. - .:u- "a'~ '. ,~,t.:..:V'I·'O V" ·~'.a ;:,:.1D9 t- 'h-' '.. . ~, '"",9 re.s·u.lt, a b,od:y of Old Cz,e·eh. lio'v'e lyri.cs has come Q.'own. t.o· ua wh.i,ch, among othe;,r' t,hi.ng s ,. a.llows, us '1::0 ident.if·'y t.he 'wor'lds de:no't.ing Love in t,his. p[artio'ular 9,en:r,e.. As it. t,urn,s out" t.h.[o- ao,s,t freq'uent wor'd us,ed Ln t..hi.s.,
'mos,tly'
1

I
I

te·xts. eV',e'n t.houqh ,i-ts exa,ct. 'meanin,g hlerle~'lo'v[el or' rather per'ha.:piB. 'graceI-is not a.lway:s en'tirel'Y clea:r,. T'hus; 1:,[0 quoce jlll,St. ,S! few' eX.8'm·ple.s,., cf~ ': pOlet,i-c

I !

,II

II

""' Blt.""~Pnh'awn"
, ,,' ,.' •. "

I.,

~'.'-=----=

': t

_., ", :',':'_'_ !i.

-_.-

I. ~

.Love in. Slavio

chc!t' jejie miZosti nad jin' sld!iti~

31

Dalekot' sem v nezn'mosti, v n·emi los·,t>i ,

t.uh·u

l:k,a,j i

II

'93,

L4ska

s v~r~ 1 se vii ctnost!, z!e 'v'sec:h, vfllor:ni, tv'e: m'i'1osti. z m4ho srdce bud' vzk'z'na a to:b,e 'na'pfe,d p'osla,na _, • :31+,

srdee hoI! stil:ni ve krv'i pla,v,aje a, zdda:je, ~ddn~, tv' miZQsti, a~ se m6ie st'ti.

cd nev~rn' mitosti
3,S
iii 'iii iii

i j:nu{ll\ s'mut:ka dO'S,ti

plkn~t' ~e miZe objaitav boiie Idses i v milosti~ Nebylo tu nemilQsti,

CO"··~.
_ • ~

Kayz

sl'd j i tfn.!

sko"n,a,i,ta,

mohu
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~»yt's~ n~m nezruiila miZoat _,--'p,;roto,ho kle:vetnlt'ka zloist 39 ....

iii

ileve,rh,a,tive noun ffl'i,lova'nie

t:,o th:e m,eanin,g'
f

Love

,is o'ccas"i,o,nally' al,s,o

I:

Jl~t'm~ zpievanie -Vi~'e,Btane nl"y·. n :1_0' I ....

:~ III ~ _. ~ .. ,:_." '1"1 ~

'p~'c~!ez :mne panny i V'!l, S l·ec'hnetne, panle, ie:~:' mi :jlest z,ahyndti pzo m'itov'ani.e.. ,8'9

T-h'U:S" t' :gra..cle, C" 'h-.. ,.'- tarm. ,; .. 6-' t"-' h- la,·.': d'~f:;'f'.'·-·r··e.....'m"ea"n- 1~ , -. ].,n t-. ,Wi 've u..... 'ng r·':fO··· ....;,.:~:·n,~~lu,~ .... e . ......0· ~ec'- -~.. v EU!~mS _'0_ _er_.':'nll,,;. me ),.:15 stanzas of one ,a'n"dt'ne: s"ame Old ICZIEUJ"h poe'm'l
!~ .

'Ub 08't);. 1- dl l' ane.ru ...,J.nq 11·····'.. . p, ,easu,r'e" "a,ve"

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sr -

(:: t, 'U,b08't"

h··;;Ib ' !'il;ei· _ '0, S'm" e:w, a"" ,l.ll'~~,S

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t.... a 'wor,d w'it,h setv'eral connoeaeaone

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"that of 't'he two . Y-·: dle':·'n·o-:'t"'l.riln-·g· ·t·'h-Le··cc n·ce·p·t' o""f'::-, l-Io··v··e···· ';"n·" O"'-ld .a!. pr-::.'';;·ma·.... nouns CZlelCD, 111,·£,1.0,81; and 'Zdska" 'the us,e, ,clf the fo,r.le.r 'wa,s. _'1,1. d" e'"i!!!!Ip'r-' e'~ld ~n··:d-" le'lI!I!,s- r-'e"'s' t-r,·· ~·ct' 'od'·· 1" n a'd'"d' ,.; ,·tl..'I on..·· '''1I.: '0"· h: moze ,t,o, 'bei:ng 'rec:'orCled, f'rom thro,ugh,Qut ,t,he, alld caech p'er'ired, w,here:as 'tdsKa is a,t'tleste,d, mostl:y on,ly' ,from the 15th ce:D'tur'y" s'ta,rti'nq wi,th BU,g,. jUldqing fro~. the 'examplle,s n , 1,t" ,-:"..,: l.,,~ '." ~ Iau e r" 'I B O' l'd- C'z-ec"'"' dl."ct1 ,'-10,,18.., ry ~l .. ",u~ ':. 1_'> .,1 C ~d .1 n" Geb-' 1'_ . ._,-' r,:.! y··.Jtr~iIIU"I"".,_._.)-·,--· ..::;'g >,,1,:1:1 AI~ f""o'r t"he "'oa~ C'O'jM,mO'n ad·"J"·ectl."ve~' me'a'n'-'''ng 'd-e-r. " .... "-·'k-··-n·'· ·:·1,··· _o ..e_.: ..:... a . '. em,. ' '-... ~ .._,a".J!." p·Gt ....e··· . c ble'l'-'V"'d'!Ii t n,lo maJor c.. han ,g~ se""-'-S' t-"O"I.. have .... 'ba,t'W',ee'n, 't.- he Q>-··ld-·C," ec')h-I p"eriicd z and! 'thl e 'I'Doder'n la'n"g"ua" Ig"e d ·~.f ~t f- ,-, ith' , '0, :;, ~,' fi _,~g',t_. b· t'h use d l*a h~fan,~ m1.. to if qU,1 ,8 . req,uen t']"-y'" W',1: -." Sl' h· l' hi ~ ~, a,V,l'cc,'-'. y'_,'_'-,'~I-e:r,e,n, 1: conno t.acaons a;s e,Jse:w':le.re an 81 ~ (f 1 d'if'f'·pa-rt'l.·c~p'-l~ Im'1,.,,"O'~~a .~ 'bel~·ve~· r ~. .... '·H'y·· ~ i(!l, : ,~1·,,-"'<".· .. ~·.'U, s als'o t.h~· o·~~gl.~nal1.iii 'L, d-d ;;- ~ b a lr.-oe,riCl,n,Y-..') I:n a,",,1t1 O :n,,':,Cz0 ,,'U,:';t, " '1' b w',a.s use!':_ s,ome&1,'··Y 'w,hat, mor'e oft,en than 'the, .'now ratlle,r.bo'ok.ish CIZ ·l.ibli .1"'" .:'. n,l.'ce, p, le,a,san.,t 'I I. i' 1-:- . 1-Y, 0-'"- Ifli'"L' ,". ..t-·i!! I'·lOI. 1 ove nas Y.1e /~.e,:' _. ,-"O\h2 :_:'1, ,t .. " - h"" d' d S .az, :·\_.z modern ICZ mit,ovIGl,t ('pf. p,om'ito'vat.,) w'i,t:,h essen,ti,a,lly ,t.hle SUle 'me,a,nin,g l(a1so I to mak,e l,ove 'I) '. !Further" a numb1er lof c"ir,oum'lolc'u'ti.o:ns a,re used 1,n c,on:temporary' Cze;ch,; lespe,c,ially ml-&'t' (veZmi'), :r-,a,d,. piat't.e"rned, i'e. would, salem,,. .' 'h (h ,,':11 1 ''1 b ger-n, h b f" h on 'th ne Ge'rman pnraae ··,a,e '\ ~'1..le·~~:,. ..~I,a·:6n, 'I.ur'i:""e:r , ,1 ~ . :- . 1,,- ",,0 "ave. a,a"s t--e I' f:::" ancy " ,.' 't,·· ':. ~ ., -' . " ,~.so 03-"" t· .'.4aa '., ~ 1.. " . 1- l' 't:.er~, l'··',Y II...... h.,. I"~UU (Ifor.··)· G D,,",,,~,e V'o~~J~b-'" hAbn~ dJ~ O-C-- ,'", 'U,·oTI' b _.Il-l.'_iJ .:~;:.a"""'to~_:IS''-4:··'!Iii<';!fI;..1 ,···,Z 14k~nn .' :.:_,':: ~ 'I' cf' b 'h t"at1.." £.1<-.Q11at't.. ],,9 :relat~,'ve,ly ,rare an t,;e ea,rl'y texts ,; cf modern Cz l,ibouati s·" 0.0 I,tlc_o 't.aka p,leasure ._." a ,[keen", =---. .:~o.... :..' .' -····__ ·t::_··,:_: (' .'. _ ~~; .. :_ .~." .....-~,.~ ,l.n'teres,t r(.l,n Isome:t,hl.,nc:J',)'.~ Ye.t; a,nother' pler1phr,B'Sl.S 'flo,:r ~h-' ,e, . ·-·t"· .-.. '1-'" !'" ,.' .' _ '-'h -'-1,t\:,re.;,o .., expreu;,sl.,nq ~~_ ,no,':_,,10n '1- ,_'ove:o t -I' ,~ 've,ry' ,muc:~.~1 "11 .• , . . ',Z '. ",1IZ't, ·'d.'!d'·' .... -.' ot"'l ~.' 1,S ma' d-' ·_e:rn, C:--' ve~"1 .. '. J'I .... ,. + 'p,resen ' e,nse., I::.' \,.,;,Z "f l- u,..... " b '. ·1.- 't-':1. " "'t """b-c-··.J';"·!Ii 18, a,~ t· es'-,e·· a.l BO ]",0. 't', 'h' ..... or191.na. "11 .. , -,' ~'~"',.>"l,.o~-z. ,... _ oI!;o' - ,t ···d· ',e ..- 'Ii, .' '".. . me,an,l.ng 'I to' 10' v-e I '0'"'C- """'a"s 1'~'o'n',_Ig,f 1- Y a··ll::!!·O· '. t"'o.. k~"" S I I ,_' _ Q'l'- S'" §d' -,l' _".", ._. -;~'. I .:_.- _···,,':.i~ 1 b'.... ... ,r'··q,!·:IY ut" 'here one ca'n note a tlsndlency··. 'toward the, imp,ers,on"'al aa'e
- ..IzI • 7_ I ~ ~. I .:_, .._',

A,t, a,'n,Y' l:',a't:e,

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"thle semantic, :shift IIto l.crve I' '> Czec:h; OC:s "Ltba1;:i ,i 'm.odIClzl 't-tbat'

'h"e"'re

I,

V· e··b'.·..:.' ·~·'rI , ·

n''0' .W rQ' ~ I~'O' ..' : ·O··,M'R' 'O· "n" 1", c·" iI'tIIll""", ,.~·n··,· c·-· Z·,S·····ch' (··c·· 'f' - III ft, e::: "... 0 8 B .~ .. !.f' ._:. '.' '~~', '_ ...:.~ li.ke" enj'oy' something II J' 'l,'£b'-&' se: m'i tu ~ I
1.'-

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l-'nt' ;a,r"e·"S·t-lo n- t't b'u- b-"'y n"o'-" 'm-ean' "_~,_..I,, '1·.'1 ...
l

...

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'une 'Tnil'ftO" 1,S, )..:,·O,II.·,w,',,: :;D t1t,Q k,i'ss'" foan,IQ in, (pr:f. po l.!bit ') Ita k;,i,ss' ,
_
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"I m~, li.ke

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B""rnb-':"
.!It _~

.". ,"'.' ,,,..,.., J.'m '. ._"'~~II!I'!I!

.--

t,

1.65

cf~ further also poZibsk ~kisBI. The original adverb Z~ubo, "dbo, libo 'pleasantlYr nicely) could function in 014 czech as a conjunction in the sense 'if only, utinaml and~ rarely,. disjunctively: Zib(o) - lib(~) I,eit'h.ler _. ox ", I,t[s lUo,de::r:n, :n"ow rat'he:r ol,d-f'a,s,:ni,one.d c,o'u·nt,le.r:pa,rt %,1..b,o c,a,rr.ies the me,B'o"i'ng' ~as,I'lf yo:u 'plea,sa I' (cr. ~z~~~bo __ "'1m f G ~ieIhnle~ U be tie~i~..",~nn ~~e, 'I g6statten, cf. _also P tub < luba ~ alba (at~bQ or, aZbo ~ alba ~eitber ~ or1, and further Lat ue~ ~ UeZ Ilid. II, V'ij'Z, ori'q,i:na.l,ly' b'ein,9 th"s im:pe:r'a'tf'v'e :fo,rm of vo'o, vetts 1to wish, want~). The derived forms ,,_ beani, "beanost in Czech mean -lovely, loveliness~ i.n"ste:ad of' th,e, 'm,ea,n,ing' lo:f ,the"ir' Rus:si"an, c'oiu:n't,e,rp,a"l:'t,s '1~ 't. ~,~rU,u6,a:'ny;}, ''1it'-b·_··--t' I~Ju,::e,;3,no ~'" . -, Fi.nally, it Ls i:n'te!,reevti.n,g to n,ot,e t,hla,t, '~ih.ile 'dska in modern Czech is the normal expression for '''.love'l, i.t,SI c~lo9'nate,s Ln the: aame la'ng'ua'g'8: have not; taken on a similar meaninq~ Thus Cz taskat means ~~o c~laresst eo fondle; ~ ([ef,~ C,S:R 'l.,a;s'ko;,t r 'wi t:h ,th,e: same .,ea'ning'') " tcz'slk,a'vost t k,i,ndn,less, 'f',avo,r' " and l,a,ak,avtl II:k,j.n.d" good, " favor,a:bl,e I [r of , a.Lao C,z budt ta,:k 'tas,k,Q;'V Ifd} fa '" ~~ = P b,qd',t 'i',Gt k: f; ,a:8 kan" (y J 1.. :be so k,in,d ( g',ooa.) a_:p 't----o~lI'o··,·t-'h'- n <;i h a'r"~=f'o·'-··r-·--:.a, b'·o··'-, co ·:"-n·-·'t' ¥'a"~ ~ "..'t .... ,h·--: ,iii!: ,I ~ ,f..: /_,. """"",~: '9'-" ,~I~'~m-- ~ e:xp,I,an,a'tl.,o,n gl'v en for' t.hJ,.s .s,la:v',lLc~et,ym,on by V'asmel:'" ef',~.81' v'v'!! ~d',ska I, and 'Z,d's,y;j,. wi,t:h c,ogn,a.t,es i:n Lith tv 1('in~,s ( -e '* 'l.,a s1cn,u B ) , t,e:nd,e:r, sen B ,~_'t,i've", impre,s, s Lon .... , ,ab ,e, Ii I' :La't, la,s,c,'t'vu"s • w,a,nt,orn 'i " ,etA: 4lt, Th,e ,rel,e'v's,nt, ,dat.,a of' S,lo'v'a"k' a,r'e, w'hier1e not me~n,-' t:io'ned ~be:for,e,t o'r some i'ntiere,st because of t11e:ir' ,d,i,~ersity and partial archaism~ !hus, for the verb Ito '.'y',a 'I. :n,Q't. c'nly ~"u.b"" t " O'D '7, " tot"b,t) va t " (8' 'i ')., In'i, l 0'1' at" and m.~1 ~dd are used but also, by association with the , 'X.,f,s'k"" 'Za,s'ka,t I' can t' among' ot:her' t,:h,i:ngs, mean to Ie" e" t!o s'hiow love' ~ ,Ald'Jet ec't"i,val ,formQ't"ions ,I d,e,[a,r~, Imva.'b'le l' et,c I. 'I can bile lexpre,Bs,e,d by a :numb,ex:' '0:£ w'or'd,s, s'ucth' as 1, I !tbe::!"ny " ob Z "d,b'end " ~ 'dby' " "ri,OZ,!/" l,ds ktJ.v-y'"
Ii 'Ii

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f,o·:""" ,t-,ha, a.·d,']-"~iIC·"""J.}·'v:-:::-a.:-:·l- "l-'-o'~;"~:r'e··. o'-·f~' l~' ove 'I ":. II!... .. . . . es Zlibostn# (= Cz miZostni), derived f~om ODie - clf the ,nOIU,'D,S d,Ie.:niot. i,n,g ~Love I I( c f,~ a.bo'v'Q; ')..
.;1., """" .. . ,___: . ~ ,<y,'. " ... , _. ..

8;'•. 1- ova , .' y 'Y, ·"k·

ztaboat',
T'h,e

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·n'··O·'ifll'.T' '_, ar'" :. TIl

ch a- 41L;iF!lI
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tely the same meaninq as koohat' Ba ~to enjoYt to

kJi~ idelig'ht, i,n
I
I~ . , '

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., "

1r"'JI'~·O'.,'!IInt·· VIoL/'.,. IV'W;

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'8

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:!:Ii1'P-' :~'''''''''::',A''''' w,__P""·O··'V; ,_

'tb,~ 1,at.eJ:' M,idd"le: ,Ages can, :b,e, ch!a,rac"te,r.ize,d, as, a a't -:f',a,i:n t:h,ea.,:rte,d, .. n01t, 'y.... fully:'.' dev".-·e- 0·-·.... '!iiiiOiU. "~:'n-~,·r-~·i~ . ,et .... 1 ,p,~I..'"I' se;~:tilarp,o,et.r'y owing' much to ,i,ts ''I''les:t :Europ,ean lSI' ~th~ aame can 'har'dl'y be ,sa.id of th!e_,r Lch , sp'on,-' h[eou"s 10\7'9 poe'try Ln ,the, Sla'v',ic vernacut.ar 'w'h,ic'h 'was st.,i'ng int,o b"loolm,:by' 'th,e la,te: 1,5,t,:b Ice'n't..'u,ry' on t:he te· 1 t·- t- - _ .. - 1 0 f'~ t· h A~~:r ·ro -,l.:_:-~,o,r,a., - -'ct-~Ie - d-' l.a,t.l,C, To 'b suze " 't,h,l.,s _=,e
I ... , -,-i_" ----_ --, "., ,"," -' - '._-. -___::_._- -.. ,

'6[1 .'Wh,.ile", in a sense.

t:he Ol,d caech

Love

iy',rielS
,:!!i'liiiO. " ,

,!I;;;;i

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Ii!

jl

[I,

··~'-...:I...··· ' -.' .. B1,..r;"';fwaunI'lI<

iii

.UUI·P

1i"

""V'n .,,':.. 8·'1....,~~.... ,~,natazn-e

or.i'g·in.al.

Ln its, sp,e.cif.ic f'orm and s'tl.b,je:c·t, :m,a't,ter ,b'ut, rather patterned on foreign, in this instance Italian,
I&xamp_ as 0 f' th' :i.le d Z ::,,0 t-oe 8 .L '1 'novo "1,;.,, 1 f'irs·t. ,afnd f'oremo,st amo:n.gr t.hem)..
1

poet.r'.Y of Cr'oa.tian

·Dalma.tia,
I

too, w:as not. a,l.'t,o'gether

Ii

.Bu:t althioiug'h. clear.l,Y· in·fl·uen1ce.d b,'y Pe,trarch, and t;·h.e ·It.ali,,(l.D pet,r'8.rc.h.ist,s r 'many a.monq' the: IC,r'oat 'poets ,oi.f' the D,almat.ia.n ·t:,o·wn;s and e;s,p,ec.ially· of ·Dubro·vn,.ik can, tru,ly be cons.idered ,full'Y
accompll.i:s'hed"

,P h .I.', t '~'e.:r.a·rc,. 'I s ,Ca,ns,o"nl,sre .~

1:ian 'Oi,f 82,0 e,xt,an't poems I ble.g'un, in 1:5,07 '" I. am, :re,fer'ri'ng ,o,f eouzae to §·i.§k'o (~l,s,mundo'), .Ms:nc e.1:ic· td.~ :1527)[ a·n.d 'D;zor,e D:r~,.i'c: (d,. '1.501,)" b!o·1:h of who,m" le·ar'ne,d ,hu-. h 'ma,ni,s't.s as t..·~,ey we·r'e, also- w:r'ot,e pOretry . l,n. 'L,atin ~ .• T',he vernac.ul.,s,r .poet.ry' of 1.5t·h-16th. ·century ·O,a,lmati.a .is
l
l

RanJinin ZboFnik (or Zbornik Nikle Raniine), a

ma,t,u.r·[e m·a.ste.rs of 'their pa,rtic.ul,a,r' .br,and of 've'rbal ,art.. ~'·hi.s a'pp,li'es., in, ,par·ti'cular " to 1:,he 1:'WO most. siq'nifiica,nt poets represented~ i:n t·h.. 'so..... e call,ed
001180-

's

,t,herefore
I'

['Fa'k,i'nq t.he le,Qi·tion of 15th and .l6·t;.·h, ce,ntu.r·y Da1'ma.tia,n poetry refe,rred to b,ere a:s Zborni.1( '(see n , 4:5) as a r.e.pr'esen1:,artive slam:pl,e, it ·tu,rns, ouc t'hB't, ;f'or "the noun 'l.ov'e '. 't,hIe by f'ar' ·m,ost. ,freq'uen't, 'te:rll is Zjuba,v',. '0· 'h- ve' r' ·n,::. -.' e ,; - '~,~ 1.- n m .ll.~ar: t;;.··,:a.·.·., -'_ -ol~e.:r.n t.k . t 1'"s· .... S _.Y .t-1_".:.~.' '/'_.~ y~ '''-':0' rd w'h- 1- eh .s 11'"~ed- ,:~.,~I Se:r,bo-C.rQ1a'ti .. an fo,r the sa.me not,ion,,In 't·h·e tex'ts perusle .. f'o.r tbi,s purpose ,I. have: fo'u'nd a t,otal ,of 1.19 'OC ..... d cur',re:nces of' the wo.r'd t,Ju,bav (in va.rious· i'n:fl'e'ctio'nal f'or,ms), alw:ays with the, un:equlv'olcal mea'ning' "la,'v'le I 'tho·u,qh. ,B.l.liowlnq f,or a va'r.iety· o:f seman'ti,c S.bJCl'd,es. ~.,
.___!

lo·v'B.I, it,s der'i,vatio,.ns, ear'ly' Se.r'bo-'C.,'r,oat.i,a,'n '.

a ver1·t:;.able. g,old min,e of e'x:pires:sion.a,

cO'gn,ate's,

and s,y.nonyms,

~o.r

1,n

.'·._;I,-,~.

I,

L,ess ~:freq.uen·t, is
., !f.. #J!I' -

I I

uou s m'e=- n-:'9 §n·-l..

j '.. ' .... ' ~ '," [~r'" r·:_.-

tb,'e noun, t,,;ju,v',eaan (g'en~, ;r!J"), 1.-.b ..l.,'I.D· n (/ : - n~I. "1' ua ,"';)'U V' e ~·n·", /._~and :~.. . .', ,'.,;.~ phon .'_'~" .'-"'w_, :::Ii'r'La.... .," ~.' ~tl.i: V' ~ n...... '1 d.·' ci.> a a"". =-!e' .. &'3 be:a·n.i" cfl! S·l·n. tdub',eaen, 111.ov'e') with 'l::he sa'm,re un.amb1g·1:,'h.euse of
Ii""'I Cl!!
I '. (;. '"

D~

'Ii

•.

pl'(!l ,are-IS
..; II

I'

b 11,.'8' ~~u.,·-:.',e:s,an,.,.'" t;j£t'b'i)l, i_'ii e., 'the Se.rbo--Croatian. J:'e.fl,ex. o'f th.e. old noun ·,t;juby w.hich, howe'vler, in e.a.rily C,:r'oat.ia,n. wr.ii:ing ~'nf-lect~d' I.;,- . :".'_'.::., ..' ~ - - - 'w, '.'-'1 (1~nd-ecl-J..~·n§b- I~..; '1. ha"v'e c- -un'ted" a'l-ts, n' . 1,'.... ._: ... '. , .._'.". "-.:0 -0'i- 'O~". ,;_, 'gether only fiv,e, such 'olc,currences,.1!l91Ratbe:r f're.que.n,t, i:n ·this· poe,t;ry is t moreo·v·e.. 'the use 101f' 1:he, :n,ou'n m-l- .. r" 'to's (t), a1 thoug.h in t.h€!.·I1a.. or'it.y 0 £ inst.an·ces i·t. m.e·a:n.s, j "mle'::'r" Y» 9'·, ace ' (-'a'····&-,0··... a a t~rft:\ 0'£' 'P-:O'" ::l'~ ~'e':', ,~'d!d:'¥'"e" ! ··C:: r' 1 ··'5=-·C! _.,'w •your' 'g'ra,ce I).,. f'ur"tber '.f,a"vor I,. rat.her t'han," love' 81:i11, ~the,'re ,ar',e at least.. a f'8;W in:sta:nCH!S of miZ,oa (,t:') 'where ·t:.he me,anin'g ~'l'ove' seems 'mor·. li:k·ely· ·t.ha.n an.y··ot',her eonnocatraon (f'Q,.r' e'x,armple,s,. see below'"'. By t,lle,
II

~"ke' ''''0- :rr"e'-"sp- "0':"n"d-1" n'g" r-l.' gu' '.,..as,· 1'•11,,_ our 'n-:-" '8'8'- '. !l-I~' '-::'.Im,~ occ·ur:re,D'ces of Ziuv'(j,aa,n and 6 in,s·tances of: 1a'~~ve,-.y ra:re_'y ,a,tte,ste· 18 "f - b t 1 1-1 " d" . Rei ~du-~I'i t=
1Ii

,it'

T'(·II·.:_·

w""_:'

--',

·.r----:~7.··-···.:.....,·

'_

"

".:""',.

- ..

~;

.._

r."

.~':.-.

1 ,~.,

"

0-)

~.-

1 ..

·.1.·.

:.',

_'"

I,

'.

'.

'.'

'_.

.'

'.

i!J1 .!ii;Ii

.liflj/I

_"

J~

I;iiI . __.. _

.L,

Iii'!

!I!!'

II

;samue to,'k,en" on s,e.v'eral ocoasdons w,her'e, the., pOret Icl.dd.ra·sse,s t.'he o,'b'jeet of his. Love i.t is at: ·t.iMe,s d,i.f'·ficul,t. 1:.0· say whet,he:r hier RJ'i,:Z.os (t) t.'h.at 'he is asking' ,fo,r

,~

s,i,g,ni:f.iers 'I qrac,e' II, 1 f,av'o,r Ii (a s cou.Ld 'have been 'pr'esume.'d, with t'he mad i.eva.I tFou,b'ad,ou~ o:r Min,n,8sltnge:r') 01:' o,u;t..rig:h't, 'i Love ' (as 'p,e:rh .. a:ps wo'uld be.: moxe in, tune w'i t:h h' r·:.d·~· - 'y. o"'u,tC!!!l"p,:,o"'k"e"= rr s·'p ...L 1 .. : t 0" . 'f' : ' !L.. h··e···· ,'R~n-~ a·,1-'; ,~e!!·a·n··c; ·:' m'8' n) ' Ie' ' .. t~ of': occ-u-'''''r~~'nc'es ,.~ 0'£ '~L ..:._,:~.iO'n-un..,'. ,.;.;.., D'u:r~ t:hl."a Ln _.__ ,e _-'.o~al ::".:_.1., ....-: ~ .. ' .. -.. :~. . .. :_ _ T,'h- t ...'1 numbez s,amp,--.e, incl'ud,i:ng two i:nlsta'nlcles of nem-i l.o» (1;')" is 52.5[1 O':r adje,ctiv'e;s (and p,arti'ciplls.s) c.onn,otin'9 th,e 'meanin'9' 'of' l,o'v,e·~ I d,ear" 'beloved, I', Ii Love I of Love t ,a,s wrell ae 'lo,-vel:y, .lc,v,a'bl'e, 'cha::rmin'g'I., by :far the mos,t freq,'ue,nt ona Ls Z;ju'v,en ('i)1 '. In, our sample d,a:t,a,I ha've
. lv, __'Q, 'f:i;"10" ft'····· '. ,.:.,' .... '-". iiiiiiI. :__:, . '.', .. ,;-.--.11..'r"
,1. _ _ .:_',.
III!iiil!i' ,. -

iiil'Qi.".

... _

: I.

1..".,.

'Ii

',!WILIIJ~·:__:__

I~-I_

I.

aliso, the co,rres,po'.n,di,ng ad.'ve.r'bt,j"u·vsn,o ')r wher'e.,as. its 'p'ho,ne·tie vetr'iant,s 'lJu,blv'lsn (,i,) and lj'ube:11 ("i)

counted a total of 82 occurrences

(,in'clu"ding
,are ,ra,re~two

of that adjective

o,cc·ur'.re,nc .. aa each,~ T:his, .i,e als'o 'tr'ue o:f ,t,'he 'pa:rt,i.c:iple.s, tju,bZ3~'n (i')" w,ith a,gain t'w'o ex,a:mples"

. AI e "n s-: ~.~ ..... ,.... ...,. t~re" "1 " 'n' 1.. mou.~:r' "'~:-:'.c·- m'l'- t;. 0 s·: n"'~ 'i;,.io',a' II ,II!',J.SI:':.~."~'~ 51 'I ,f "·,v8,.,~·C,,,.~ 'I 10' v'e' 'r' I) 51 ~.. ".": ... ReliEi,tively' ,r,are Ls .fur'the,r' t'he adje,ct.iv~, 'tiu,ba,k/l;iupki ~asw,e~l a~ the _adver~ti~pkol all~~ge~~er o~l~_~ight
."t' ., m'i'.'!' -~

... ··--~<)ne. CCUi:':re:nc,e onl'Y ~ Qui te ra,re, with O one Lnatianoe eaeh, are ,a, so some oth,e.,r' adj ee,t,i,v'e:s 1 a,1!OS,6in :meani:nq,-t·dub (i)1 ,t d'ragot,dub (i), mt los,.n-&. I(a.f'.
ii!!l!i !!I'M iii ;jIj!",I;1o
;ljrl'

and ''tjubimt

!i!

an our. ,spam,pIe Fre~ue,n.tly uaed , on th,e at,her hand , 1:8 ,the adjIElH~ti'v'e mi.,Z.·(i.) and i,ts oppoa.i ee , 'n,em'i ~ (1,'); 1:ncludin(J t..h,e :pre:f~'!,x,ed f,o,rm, p,rim"i,7,. (i,)l r(p,fI'i,""";; a"n',d' ,th"'e' a· d·L-v'~~rc·b:-· mJ~o~' ,-I- h~'a~'v~~~ c;lo~'n~t'~6~ a,' "",~(oO'v ~ ,.~. ,,,,~~. .....:_.. ." £.0. ,. ".... "'""" ~.' .' ~u. .' P~~4n-/;'n~~-')' ~t~,c ..t-~l o:~'f'~ 5··4;·o~e'u'r"r'e'n~c'e""B53 C~l-e'a-'r·:l·y·" le··s·s~ f~r~··enue'nl··t.' l.i~ ~h~,e"-s~~o'f i~~hg~:'~C),',v,e"n;i i'f~ w,·e"· l.~'n-cll~~a'e ·~.-~.-li~_ ·.. u e ,d·~~a~~.I(·~}\ aln~d na.. 4apai I( l,)1 as well a 13, pJ:rti,d:r'ag (,i) (pri~' ~ p,l"i,;j"e--/pre',-,)" in
,1n.s,tan,c'e.s,
Ii ,~~c ",."...,.. . '. ,"'"
II;.i!I; . .
.' ,_'., -.~ !-. '-. -. -~

:.:.~<.

..

.._.l __

•...

,I

.•

_:.

it.

'.'

..

, ••

-I'

.f_:

..

"

._-~,

.. -~

'.)

~ ... ,.._., '

"

"W

. __

,g,4

." W,!":

\1"':'

_""'~

'_

l_"_';

[I

__

-',

'VI

:,,'...

·~I·

,,..,_ ...

.1···.111

As for verbs expressing the notion of love, lavema'king, ·as w,e:ll ,as t,'hs: a,c,'t, o:f ki,s,sin,g " our :sample: a:t,-, t.e.stis t.,0 .5:B i:nstances of va,r.i,ous .forrn:s 'of th:e. v,er:b i.,.iu,biti, 'me,an,inq h,er'e" a,s i:n m,od,e,r,n ,S,er'bo-C,roa:t.,ian", ei'Lh~e-\¥ It·O~\lO';v'e:'~ c-';r-" It"o~ k:~~~f 55 mh'-'e- 'p~ir';e'f: l.~x-···e,d·: v,·,e'r-b·~ o:~b1-.. '" J. "..
have t:'h-~, pa··r·,"'l.~ .. l- a-Ir~'s'~e:x':U-I.a.,:·l·e o.. nno t.'-:a-·.'t'~,. _... ., [ v 'L. __eu
_J, , _,_. __ '._ , •__ ,
1,_ •

a'l L some 't'went.y

'QClcu:rrs:n,ces.

51J.

t,3·u.b'·i·t,i.,.
23-' 8< '!!i'
.• [II

,l4.ii

! ..

'.'

_....."

._

. - ',-

:_:-: -"

. J.I.m ~1 tg

.1

I; ,

,. ,-;"

_.

•_

'.

,'._

.,

'_.

....:.

'

"

fo'u'nd, .£'iV'9 ti.m,e,s Ln o'ur mat,.. r'ial, a.oe,s not; e

~.

Lo n~·~·h"at
r
u
H

-L I~

.... ,h1-, ..;:.SI ~ ,_6,

II

C',[O"""I~ .. 'I"dil!

pound 'v'e"rb usually

1

ha s in th!e modezn l,an'g'u,a.g·e: one exampf,e 0 :£ t'he 'ver.b p,,,'~ju1:ri., t'i in our tex.t
'lit

S6

p'

I-·_.'

0'·•.

:·t-,o·m; 'P-"-"o:l'J""!u 'b·,; '

• --: ',' .,_., • '_._ • ~

]!ii. e····
'_'_'

usn .]J.irt..:;z······d.'·.a--V:@::,'III):' '-;I!

'.'
I' .11,· •• -I 1 ... ·_·· ..... I',

",I

['.

c-'l-I ,e····~lr· r··,e.::-·,._,g~ '1;-y.:,. --:,'-:'

",
,J[ I'.

,(Z,b,O'rnik

Th"e

k1,;ssin'9'" as does its 'mod,er:n, ,c'ount,er'p'a,r't .," 'r;r:be ,.inqle attestat~on of the verb pomitit(i) in our sample means tto take mercy· as sugqested by the ,context 'I Z '15 9' II·. '. . b s. ~" b. . ·'o.:rn1,•"'." l_ : r: ; ,tt, Het .J 8]1 me poma.1-'" t 1 k. t;' ,e.~',1 p'r 1:J at 1,'II . ,... -1 -.' 'I';,.T1;..,~,y.o;·e· ·th··~ ,_-;"-:.,, p·-··o····e-:t L ad~-d'-r·· e~s;i;n"n h"1"m-'eJ~lf' ·t:·A "J""'-',:",I '\ '0- d' 'C'-"o"n'i""I.I~ ....,.· .,. ~
'tiO
~II ... .. ~

eer s

iii

II

'i.

-""

Iii,

"

io

_~l__

,i!!!!' ~

"_'.':'"

_','_

.--:-.0

'~,_.

--;,

'] [_

J~~'

__

,,'_"l

IG"

II

',1_

~rary to modern usage, the few instances of the verb

::a"LJ'eti ~l:'efer·I'
'!

l!ove Ii as tha·: 'n~,' I )·"1 ~

._."JI' _

'(cf.
:__

(cf~

Z,bo,~'n'ik." ,5,7 and 67: Pi ·WOl.4)1 or possibly'

..
'.J.-'__ '"

shown
A-:-:···iS ~
ii'

II!

JLi
Ii

,",

a t 1'Q,n
il!

vo",aet:f,
''1

by' th.e 'f'o,llowin,g 'l,ne:9."" (= ne-go ~I rather 5--' 'W~: 'e'-'ll" k·'·:"n·:'o: ·" ...:rn~·· - 1-7 'n"- no" ':,n':'lte' :"m1p.-:o:'-,-. r~"'ary··· ,S·:e··r· ._. ' " 0,'_'.,:',--IC'',,_, Ir'"'["_" ','_ o: 11,1 .1 _'.-,' , ...: ". _',_ 'b , l' 11 pl'"1.'ma,r1- 'y mle,a,n,s to, ,ov'e'!II .F1n"a .. , "1" l
···W',
"1' ~ •. _ ,_. ,\

'·vo,lim.tII)r mean ill 'II: wish, I b:u·t, noe 1 '1

1

iI

"

~I

"

0. .. It!S'

~.J

B
1:,..,'"

_ \;1 ,~'::~j.ffII 1I.iiCr.~IIJli [II'~,-r Ii ..

,j . ,- ~. I

',"

-"

..

Ii

thre.e f!'ur.ther
J
•
I'

've:rbs o!clc'urr.inlg in our s,a:m,plete,xt _. I·,u.,·e "- . t·· . A" 1"t,'....... h " .- ''''1' d" ~ r' . .'h' Sh ou 1..:1 b-" ,n,Q'e, d' neze , ,:;··_:U!oug·. on -y ,1.n:·I.l., eo t"'l Y» t".", "ey' ···.O·:-·· c·.·Q:,·,I'jlil·,d.·. 1~:x···p·'I"Ii'::"e,e!,s:." t.. h·e·. n.. ·,o·::lt'-l.l·'-o··M. Love , o~"f' IQI'n',e of t'h·'·.·.,e·c:!e·· y. t'c"
'I ..
l .
~.I.

1iII.._.i;ll

'__

,,'"

JlnWl

__

.. _Y-.iIi

_.[.~.

'I'_'~'

'v,e:rbs i.II, du,tj'tj't·{', whi:c'h In modezn Se,X"bo,-C'ro,atian La lel . -n''''''''' -.... .' f-"~ ..4. s'y._ .'u.nym ,0'. 08 d.,i(FJtJa 4.;/jI' l.lb .-. f- oael-I II ~ •.''-'' t,·:r'h' . h ..;, '-n- t,. h' . e,ar I' (;..'" '"J,'J. ~.: ' 'b'ut. ~'·ll.,C,cc~' , ;L_. _·l.e:r'
.!'.

.I,,~

0.

..

language of Dubrovnik also could be used in a meaning a'lose. to tha't of II t:o Love-' ·Still, in t'he f,ew i.n.....
II

manem b.ij as k,t cll.'tim c.i6 vi.le:u (,Zb'o<t'lni.',/(,. 49 j. 1JiXA, '1' -~, ~ . ]'u'v'e:n. s·t r1 l..;flo. plJ:1] e 'U,U_;.' ,a·:'1:.-· (. ,. b 'Zo:'." ij" .il til 1'1 d ."')\ Z la,~,l., 1 :01. 5<]·}.;· ave "II (. ~. b "t,:..: d 5 9 '1-; and 'm1 J e 'pr.11D1. .1.0' ;)t ...., l.;ut am 'k zoa .1.. t ,e JI!II ~(!r.,.;O .11:. ., . III d t" JiI.' t!l . d ·'.::,a,":X ]o~,-eJ g'or' k',OS t·" ne dU.-·,lWl uz t'ru,_·. :moJ'... ill ,·to'·;L"~>,,,. ~',l. ' ( .. 'L. d-' ' 77')1. C.lea.r'l:~l in. t:he ·t.r.ad.1'tio'D, 0'£ c,a,urtly l,o,ve pOlet::r'y '·' th'B use O'·.,.·,e 'h" ..-. 've,rl.,b' S,",UZ,1..·_·';'t,t:,,~ 't,L·, ,se·rve. aa ,8 SU·_S,·,l...' ,.'. .'.f=: t· -.',' . ''1 .. Y;.iI' 'c' . tf 1 ._.S .. ~O
1 )

,o·ursampl,e: (e g' '.,. ,in ,so,:me· :poem,s 'b'y 'D- .' d)1;,·u ,~~lI!ence· ~)" ,- x.; ti h' ...- .. '. 1'" , 'x :I,U, terie mea:nJ.n·q Iii't' "-._o f' .' 'l~ 'I- ox ·C.If!le, C 1~.r~'I,cx'i'A, an·~, It,'-','ex'" -"r' ,,-·en,_:·I If-'e's_:.ems., t· 0'" ft'rIJak' e:,oc'Q.- ..:3 se·~I-·e,':. . ". . . . t'1' , -"n' s" tlO-" ~_,_a d ',Q '.."'·pe. .,l.~ ,- c' e .. :1 .. .. ._ IV
>Ii

s,t,an,ces

not.ald in
~'i!i!

,1Ij~~.

r,

>i

i!

1111

', ....

"'" ~
II

'I'

'i

'I

IJ;

ii'

ill

41,

t,

_,II~

I.

'.

'.,

I~

,.'.

• ..

a,f s'Zu,ib,a fO'r l.·d'u.ba,tJ 51 On'ce,,. ,in. ,8 1.Iove p,oem b:y 'D'.:::'= I.' o",'r:;lI1~ " th",e VE!:r.' 1,'0'07'1- t.;o'~,", ~s useu 1n. th" sam,@ f',unc:C; " ~ '. "b' d··,·· -. . ~ .):.,re "'-" 'tl.·lo:·'n:· s···· ;".i,~..",t~... IC',Z·· as b:·'O""~!Iio!'I,4,~1:i' ,. 3-',t;., 'IIn'~ V·l." Iu k'.n: dvo ~'';- aa iJ K ..U
,_'I'

at-· lil!::!ii.a· ,ej!t' iI!:!!'J.,i'X··· t'~lme'

_~; -W:"_~l~' 1ii:iII-.-__:
._C

t~te or rather, perhaps, a paraphrase for the verb Ito Love • '. 'In eux s,a:mple, 8' 'tuii,t'i, is use,Q in, th.i;s g,en,se
,i!j ··I~IL~J,,_·.lai

17

'N"O" .... ·a ,,'. l~v

II }II' ~.;'

1-

f··-'u'I!""t·,-'h·e ..··"""" a.l.so t' he .IIl. '( ~_

~~" _ .... !l! .'. ' . '.-.~
}Ii .

1!"iiiiI

gl~

use
."
I,

i!!!!':;'ml.·l-·'r· ~a[
.. ll

1,1,

.' ,

1 ba - ]euJ.'nu 11 ). ]U .·,av 'K"e .- no' a',1, e 1Wi, f~e"w' f:-'urth"'er e'x~'n'Nip'l- e·' 1. 11','isOh.... · a'",;,'1· r" -;-·"r'ia ,._.,.;. ,:W!w ..~,:·I_"·:~ , ,w·' r -.... ,n.g; -'hI.e -",',.' 'f . ::' ·1 ··· , '-:-'. : .aLor : - .': ~ t,..····· use OJ:'-' VB.r.,o'us , e,xp~.e,s,~, -ons,= 'f'"o.r, l'-'O'V"e'" ,i:'" th-'·····C·· -en", ,o-r,oa-' tian, 'poet,r'y 0'£' D,alma,tl,a in t'he. a'g'e of t'he Ren,a.iss,ance ::;
l~

.: '. [ . '.

. I~l

WI
'I

i(IjIII

• ,".

l~'

;ii

,'.

'.

-.

"11 '"

'!Ii

'iii:

.. _

'V'~l

~,'iIo"!'

-.

__

_."

r'",

...

'I

_:

. _'

....

;w.',l~

['"

~!

.~

"

II

,:.

11

'1',_iW'

' ..

!::Ii

.,'

'-

....

,:.,

1_

c:::!

,L

I,.--:,

DZiubav

t,e~re mi qo·vor.,i:,

(~ Ljubav) m~
, ~.

taJi 'mo~i'l sa ~-vu 'n--'e U' 11' 'o· ,.!~I"L·.'··· ~< ... :..:.1.]." t, '& .... :,8, ; "i' 'e' zt", , S,V, ,'.:·a- ,tnt. l' .'. S -,rp ",0 D··r·~·i', M':··'!'...... ·iI'.!'t· _ (J a, 1·t',···A X .', .. ",a;"o" (D'~' -~,~ .... ~. ~ ,,-OJ!:O' (;'1,.8
·····.· .. 1

':

c .. ··

iIi

'I

I~

3~4, Zbo~nik, 41)

Sl.a"d,olje,
I~ ~
I",

'po d11u PJI8;snivce. pj,esn .. i'vi., .L'!l.IIlk ..o 't' 'e'" 'k"r--:' 0"'" . v~-·.lil'u Z·,' U' V' ~ "," . n'n""J'1 1il v 'D'·- o··g·n·~· 1'" ·v·i • ';'1;1i."I,n'n·· ., ~ ]"
',-: _";' " ~ ~ • ',_: ~ ..... ~ ". '_' i-$.l L'

!~ .

__ ' .:',

II

1.!W

:_:"....:..

••

_)

......

I'

'Po!il'j,i mi

'"

.. ,.

tVI§ s,like, k@s.'I·z·'41k·····-;,-. -' S ,0 "'~,.'_,,:;r,QIZ,

ali

.. I ,He a,_ ,,', SBil·-i'h··1·1-k·--

9U "

(tim, p,je,s:n.1,
u"

roz, '1"...v ~

":I"11~,<!I!'; LJ;~"",,:-I. , M\ II' ~ ~ ,,~"f;. •

ti'itbi, 't'e smam.ila, u i;'tet;u, zla, te 'kab sl,id,11al, 56-7.)

(D!~ Drii6, SZadoJe, 1-2, 29-30, 33-34J ZboFnik,

B"

i!':I!L~~jH\1i

,t - ~"""'':_¥,,I~:''~''II'!i

-b', ', .. - - .... ~

'P'ri'lJij:el,a ruzloe, mojl dJ8i.lj'u giz,da'vi, i ,moja tu~l,ce u, z;elj,ncj Z,d"u"bavi." , pok Lf ·c'e t;juve'n, s't,ril t'v',oj 'u,res a,a sli:au (!f1,'n, da ae 'U ,tv'loj kr'i 1 n:jl e:ki dan j a 'v'iau Cci"n" t'u,j da z,b,ro'j 1'm m@ tuzn,e boljez:ni, u kioj.ih, JIB, s"bo'j 1'm c~:jled t'vo,je lj'ube,;s.'n'i U 'koj,i:h ja, venu kako cV'it ad mraz,a

jO

sa Ijepos Ziu~enu oa~tvoga obra2a~ IX ~~ - x ~'b~ '", " i1:i. ,,,io,e,n,~ t~~ , pe ~-J,. c , :.'',rl.t. .-::J 6 ~ a .toei Zbopnik, 92]

,11.' mu bi rek 'tVOij a m'i 'Z,os 'n'~ vJieru-r'Jje' er'- n-'e.'-,_:_' t-u~i' ,,1 ,~,:~~~_.-'::_.'-~I _,' ".,'.'___ ;,' _-!Z ~

dugo vrijeme k6 ti stu!i,

~~
,.n,.11.,l

94~~1~e~~ '" u "'"v _ ",~ v

trp'J. s';1:1-~s. __ . , w __, '-' " (,M. pelegr,l:nO 'V',i,c, J'eJu,pka~ Se,s"t,o-a ,g'ospoli, , '73-76-;
A
I

,Z"oo,rnik" 'fe'hi aa
ISV'S:

1,20)

da mi 5e 0410i& sl trudi Z4uuQni, i qrijesi neizmjerni, za velju tvQ ZJubav. nek ad aad 'PiC :sve an,i, 'Z'3'u,b"iml tie ne p:r'is,'ta,v';
(N ~ E)',1'mi,t,r'Qv1c,
.i! ,,,,,

:moze:

d,Q'P'u,sti

tijlem m,en,i",

lie biZ sam, 11~14i Zbor~ t: n 1-0, ,ft, , 1 '7 '\ ,:j - I

Ml.,a,la"nan

J'IOIS. vi"s,n,j 1 ,moj

'Bo:ze ,r m,o,lim se j a 't,e,b"i" ako sle st.'e:(1' 'moi'e, Xi&: ,m'"'toB p:ri 't,e'b,i" prijazan sastavi od d~aga do miZa, ~ p- ¥ a-'-v- ~ a- 'n'0- ;;I;"i. ''1 ","b' - .," -" 'k- t... 'm I~,;) I~~_:a a v',," ,_; ,CiU'\;.~1 j ~_,:':;'1,J' __:_. p''''""~' e ,_'.'b' ', 11•• I _-_ __.:___
g' , ,:,;".. ,',' !_,, -~
ill

eM.

J"iIj

0,

__!I

V~tranovid, Pdesanoa: Au~ea aetas, 63-66; Zbo~~ n1.:k, ra S,:)

_ :, '_ •

od s't,rilic~le od 'l,j'ucvirS:ne ~ k$!t ,_,I, m---'n--·o-'k-""~h ~l'lvo·t 'iI:!I'k'r·a·t'·i' ~,' e se ;-JL.I(!iIi.'~ ::6" -,
I~ ~'"

(,M'1l 'Ve't,r'!a.-nIQ'v.i,c' ,;'

42-43; Zbo~nik, Izajdi, Tirena, za mit08 Zduuenu

--- '1 oIiiIl ',_,', i ~ IV·· ......,..... ,- ~
1pa ~

Ma'P'i'n,'tJ. ..l)pzid'u, u pomod ,

220)

Pd e,B,(i'n,aa

.-

t-.. ~_~ _-,' -ds·,:--:UI· e:n"I~11 n' '.

-g,

~II ,,~,~

t' ~I-"av""u" ft.·e-·1 -; J!I{n"u'l QI',', ,~",-,

,-:,';',,' ._-:

(M"I'

'Ve'tr'a,novi6, I'a ,pl1!'imi-nut'de M'api'n,a;, D'rii.r:l.(J.' lJIU ...... bpov!an'na, !ulba, 55-56;
0···· Z b: '.
:_ _ ~,'~~I

, .. ' II:;' ~,

,.l: 1:',

2-' " I 2~
__

:_,,:,.

16:

)~.

'

Pnst,,i,Q bd.h i sp111u

9,'#"i' S 11..ljIB·d.'-'.:U 1__I__I.j' -t-':u1 . ~~ ..

'V''111 _U· :&. 8'8' " -',

brit,anom, s'p.letle:nu"
,-,. ",O,S m~• "'1 .'-',
~'I

'1'.-'"

'Pak 'plOlce 'h,oditi iz ,t:ih,a po,l"a'ko 1 'U ,di,pl,i, ,sv'irlti tI3'Ut',en,o i slat:k!ol,

-,,- , . " '-, ~'Ju,venU'i!!!

17: 0·'
,
"

B"'" ..~-.' . :," '''rnb

,",' ",

. _. ~~,.-I,

__ • :m
'.

U di,pli, zV'onja~,e B 9,oru'it'om. l,'3'Ubavi'l a ckom me ta.:se. po 'qu,s'toj d'ubra.:vi

'"'I, 2':'

(M,., Vetra'no,v'1d, '3'·'1'7")1

_ ... 1 '_: .....

131-134, 137~138; Zbopnik,

Ii _

.Pe lsg'%I'i'n

I'

,slart.kol dni pr.,ovoaah u gdi -n,a'h,od:atl'

'id~b,a~

B ,: uf.:'_', z.. . cb.:

,pr'1

__ I

(D , ,.:
(.

x' b cIS S t1.r'" t'~"f,3i..

..

v,il."1 ti; 3' 'U.b"1· 6'n·()'J'• 1 ~a ,. .- "d .A Z 1. --·a,r.. ,F N 3 e ft, a··,: 3 a a t·, 1.'0,
I'
a,

Z"·i! uveno;; , ,3
[.....0' ",'. :"., I··.·· . ill

''j'~ .

Iii!

H,1!- 1....
II

.A, 0"-'7. K, ~ '...., ",

''lo. e n " 5 -.'.1; -', 6-

nbc i"

oP'-

j'e;): kako lev'it ,b,lt! ne m'02le SltO n,e 'ct.1 Ita'k,loj j,a zi'V',it1 bezi tvoj,e m'i.l,os·'bi '.

Saa bitje od svita prihodi ~aa Ijuto, da cas s,l u m'i.oe , onea,. ne u 7,'3ub,Q/vi"t
(.Ano:n'ymo'us "

... .

(M. Kristidevi6, IBtBai~ Danioe, 15-16, Zbo~nik;

,42,8)

Zb,o,:rnl,'k,

P,F,S

4; 4 B,)

ten,~,e. r 51'-"6' '..

'.

-.:

"

r-':!II,'voy, usaee
!~~J_: ...

In medezn Ser'bo~e:roa.tian" t'h.e normal wOlrd fo'r 1 1 .... , .. ' II' .. .-.... ,'."v'e" 'n-'" _ove _ 18 or'-'f--: ccur (-. see- '1 "" b- .. ' ,., "'-h-' 1. ,e 1:h"'-' dev e"·rb·a ,.L'~·_,OL., ·'-un' "Ju'.'av. w '"l. ........ Ie ." ;,; b- '1·1 . ,.. . . d' d'11 . t,.' ... ., ~J'u~''''~le:nd'e. 8>':_9 speC1a-. connoeaeaone , ueua:1- 1'":_y 1:' . h- '. t 0,'f~: I,.:,a,.,- .'. 'I k,i.s,s:1n,g'. o:r 'I fon,dling I' • T"he, wo,rd m.i, t08't in concenpo1

:--1

.'

y,._-,.,I
.'

I.

....

~,

..

.,

".

.11..

-.

.,

""'' e' 11 n
i_ ,~'.",_. __

.. s'.r I b·, 1.:_ ,e II! )'.,. ~.d-' '. . A",,ii01II,: 'f'- o·....r..' t' <, e···· SE .. I 't.o· 1 'o':V' _.it: I ""'h·-· e· m'- 0 .t.'.~ 'hv·· .-'. rb· ,'e' .. -: ',-_- '. '.. ..... ,", e·S :,"--:'.. ..:=1 ~ -. ,t·-d·" p C·:·,'·-····, 'omm.on wo,r,y l.D,oay -," 1,-,S l""~ ."--",-". 18 .!ii.' ''1 '. ·~,-t-'·,f1 w~·'I~:t-·'h·_,_,re ..... I,angu,a'ge: 'v.()"~3,e. 1..., .,1 ri!!!'um-'abl-yan antec--e·Ae·n··t. sent· a-nt1'"'~ i'-4\/.~·I·_:'~· op'm'-en ..... II.LO' 'w'';~'h'l ·..:=Ievol' ..~..'·.~.. I;~·:.~ ' - I"': .. '>. "to ,pr,e.f,e:r ~(c:f. ,P ~;O'Z"etf) > ~to Love I. !'he etymolo!g'Y .. f v' ~ ".' .. t . 18 '~_1,_e-'. C, ea,r,.~ of·'··1 --- '.',.-". mll ,'.' t' - '1·" ,-. -., .b·h-···· r-'oo'· ,'.... "'1'0.- -L t·: OIO~':J6"L·,C,QUrS'e", ,'-' ,e !_.' w·l.~t·b t-'h'-at J.:o"f. LJa~ ~10' ~'~nlt'B' 'w-1~s-h''1 ~'(J'~' 0 ·I:~... ~de··n-tJ.~ca··l~ .:,. ._ la, .' '" V .~.'~ b·~l.'ng ...., ~. ;"1, tl I ,_,. ,,~, G' _ .. .-.. _. N':)" ··t.. -"" Wl.&" hwan-~ It , '.' 100,"""" 't·· ,en, 8.,t- ,0 <,.o'I,.e" :h'Qweve,r.' ,- th'" ~e . . ence dl. ~f'er" I~:,; .:. :, :, LnI. the a;t-e'1'ii'II1 f'-'';n'1 va:w,:el ,- of'- 1:'he ....!'n·f-:l..'" ~ 1.vie _ -1,1.,:_ " .', , .''''~!I.-,a -,: ':'" ~,;~,: '·nl.
g,
Ii

and 'word 'h,o,wev"er also being' used t.o siqni:fy' 'w'i:f!ta

Ii!:!!
I•

'm·-·e·!!;II'n···~·· ce Irtr··a Mi~ ..... iIi""!I"y.-1 !o"lr-=I',£··a~'v::.'o·.·r.-,'I b~U,L n··e···v:'·e-,r'·· 1110" ·v. 11.,I C,_, ~ h "W'- :v·'·:e m1.. '1' ..... --f'=, r ·a.' "~e ,'o,e .......·-:. ,' ""08,,,,"!;.iI"'J'.I!"_'~ 111;., m1.. ..,0····· 8r, •.-"Gh.. ....'S'" , 'V". '1--'r"t-.ua lL'"',: " '. -·' ..~'. '_' " 'sY'n"o'''n' 'U1"I:1",~., c..:·f' Z 1'u"b'':-.""-nv'.... n' ,J k".. I' ., ,.:; a"~""'IlM na t' 10····· "V' er " (..t'fiia'- . s- c" an--,·d·· 'ub' f <: ,,':-. .I, •. IS' , ~., >:::. '~. ." .... -. 1 ....... .- 1'-';' 'h t· .. -', "b'" '. ,. -b . .. . f·.. , f"or' '''',_e ,-.a~1',e,r a,·-,80 "·a'u:",ov",,a ani'd'" ~;ru':a, .... h .. s'ec'_em. nne
'I;L~" ·;<~.U_ ~ -~ .-._. _-.,
jjjJlt~~~I,.' " '_]'",,'1", I. _ ._.,

"1'_'

""

"iii

,.'Ii!I!

oM

:~.',;IIY

••

If

':'-111

i~V'

M'_··.····.·..

LI',,'!I!1r ,."il IWi.:: ....

.. '

,':

··,1!--

'._ I~IL~·.'.·,~. '., ~ [.,

'~. ) .. I ..

~I

aa

'.

ill

"

11 _,

".:'.-

:/

,_,-'

':',

l_·!·rl

..

-: .....

·.··_.ly,_.'t

1.1.

:-·".-·t}··'·~~I·

.,'

I~

I.

__

;~J

~~I.~·J;.
'I .... ,,'i
-~ :'. ) :'-.'

ill

e~l,

'* .....

._:'-"~l~

It -.

1_

1.-.

",. ",

,_-"

I. '.

,: 1:._'

'J

I'_

II'-~'

I ,(,

~.

',!_

.·~-i,·

.1

,.

II

,j

I.'

'_,

I!;II.·

01.,'

.1..1

_:,

.
'

, .

in Serboi-Croatian ,('andPolish~ t. < *~o~it~i'): . o'p'p"'o-'s,ed' .... v'. '.' ~ .' .'. ': as .:.... ..... O"ld C-h' "h' Sl-,Cl,'V,l.'C a·n.:.:" O'ld' '..... .~-. * ... de R'" U"sB·l.an (~ va ~~ •• , 0 ~h'~-f-a .:,.I:urc,_, ~. ,"1,.,~1,;. t ,",",.~a"~ ~~o···an-'~ w's7h· ~·o· p'~e··felr:~) .w,~1it_'h~' J.1:tS-·,5'''''c ~ L..,. .>' .'~ presle:nt:. '_' Q·e·~n··e'r~"a·114za.t:~4on-' o"f~ - .__.,'-, the s,t,em,-f1n,al v,owel, Q.f th,e Th,e ve,rb ,Z.,dU'bit'i, too c:an b,e use!d in ,t:he meaning'" l'tO lov'e," (:'c:'f • n'A 14ub'J~J als~o- s'u'~h a'x'p·r;·e's·'s'l.i'O'D'S·· a~ n4~~n:A, aJt'~a~'8' o· ~:!.v· '.' ~v _ ':," "to lev's tend,erly, passll.lo'n,at,ely') but ,p,rima:ri,ly n,ow 'm'··e-:··,a· 'n"~ I' ''''"0' .., ~~ ';8' -, (p:.f< p n '1 ";U' U "iii> ''I.. U," fo- ··r-·' :=.. ~w 'm' l..~ lao' r . iIl!!I'-e·~a.· ·n-'·.ra.., 11 c·I.P ", "_._( ~,' :....... .: .,", ',' ", ' I'_ •• ._ ~_ •. .' '. :. " . .. 1_'_, ' •. '~ ,_ •. ~_. -1'1

1-

_ ,'.,

,,_~

~'"

__ ,_~~I"" _"_ ,_ ~I'~

.". '.'" .

, ..

Ao

'I

'_··~l_

~,_"

-_ i I. ,~I.

'.~'

_"-'

.,

_..,

..

-'

_.

....

-.

,,_

"

_'

_"

_.

_.'

I' --.'

I. "IWI["J"

~"':.!...:.,

_.'

..

..

~.I:....

['

....

[ ......

!..:..::~.' .. _

J"!Ii'-

41n

.1#

I~~'

-.'

J(

.1

'f'-' 'I e"',1 C!l!<·e···~'e~"r;',,~ ~_ s·-- 1 a' v---: ,..'I!'h · .- e" ;n'" , '';c:-'·· C!!!!IIQe' sh111~ 'I t',0", 1'- 0"', ,'V: e' , >. I.t: 0-" k' -1~ 'n,~ ._, 1:.-. d' - t· .h S·-;- l' b'" -, b - .~) a_::,·ove, .. N'o.~e, ,1D.C1·en',a. 11'y" t"at:-:-.'C·:IJu,·,~te,~~ ''1. .~""'1-aa,
J ._'

Ig

iI.,

S'

.. .!.· ·

1- I j

I_."IV

"

!til

...

~'4"" rli'l
'.-

'Iji I'

_"

-,

IIfjA

i!!!i ".;

DI

:I.~J.'~. __
,

'LI!Il:J ;1."

.\p

._-:

_,

- -:..

lI:!,iI!'iI' ._d~r~

~'"

11.,

•.

••

i:iIIw"_:
'I!

II

-.

Ii

'Ii

iii

).,

~, "",a~;ir[I' ' B",~ ,1ftb,:-~,

iIio!'~'-i!'

jRi!

• II

Love t..n S "avz.o

II

''1

171

usually means

,iz,in,g ,the, relat.i~nshi'p ,in t.he. aenae of I d'€!;v'ote'e I ,admirer'" f,r,'i.e,nd 1, f'or example, of a~t or old books~ cf. ZJ~bitetJ umietnosti, s tar·ih :kn,i:ga • a.,r't Lovez , ,~,[o'v,e:r of olld books ' Se:;r·bo .... ·
[I)

'loverl,

not in the sense of character~ be:t,wee~ two peop.l e, but ,rat:her

mil;"odnik 6ztu,k'i :pi"tlkn,ej,. st'ar-yc.h k,B'i.L\;I:s.'j(); .£'o,r [I lover r in t'he e,r'otie S,8:nse P,olish 'would 'us[le-koloh,an.ek" koch!(ln. ..... , ka : Thie 'verb mitov,at'i, i:n, ISerbo-,Cr'oatian 'pr'imarily m e."an~"s'[ "t- '0"1 j'!irI[a~"r'-:e='s,~iii!;I, "f' ondf.e bu tl- 1!1i modexn n U'S' :~g"'le"-', ... , ...: _ ._-, e"u,d'-Id,·':-l-'e _ ." ,'" ,.,.', '." "..:. U·:(f r-t nob I 'howe:ver.', C~ ,a.,lao m1.0,'", o v a:nJ~'is d'lI d ~ b~ b -h ,de;n,ot: i,n,g " ,o'tJ_ 1 car'e,S;8 , f'.ond. .:Lng' and , an a"roa~_ d aen se I ,.Love t ) ~ O,n, t",he Or·tJ~le,r hand ' I "1 IS ka» 1, 'D[()<W on l,y "a 1...
.1 ',' '1. " •.
!",

i:n othe,r, w,or'ds" u,s.,fa,S he:re th,e: exact; equdvat fj;'k ' d_. t... lent of R 1" 'U:''L t "1,' "" i..J b;ii' r',:6 ~ \,'1,,8: usa tua , ,":r'e:VH .t.3;' K,nt.g t ertc~" whi,le Poli,rsh fo:r ,th,a,t puzpoae reso"rt,s to" mi,'!o.fJn'i1< (,c:f.
Croa,ti,a,n"
I ')"

..

:,-. .

:.....,~'

,st.r.i.c[,t,l,y

._-".

V-' __

11"",-

,- 'ave . 'to, 1
Ito

iE;li

,"I

It;I..:::.,

_-.

[tl

!ii'

bas the meaning

<eren·t

,de:vel!o['p'm 8'nt;;s 0'£ t,he [oorresp[onding v~~'tJS 'i:n' Ru~~iCl:n, an,d' C'I~'e,'chme:nt,i,~'ne,d- ,~,blov'e,')~ .' 'ph"'r"aae -1,~:ma,._:","t'4"'[ ~a"d<1"I ''''"'10'' l-L''; ke iii L S' ~Q' s<t- p,:',""""o"b-"'a'lbl' y'~ a G,-8,rslemanti,c
["'II·,I·I:<~.'''''·
r

flattez, adulate
,-,~,".", I_, . .L1I.rL.,! ,.. 1.;

(ef. the dif-

~~Til!e
'-=-,'_'),

:1'1, .. 1.1,11;111

.'.~.

-,,"I

.'-."-V

L,...:_.,:

r"l.~··_l"""",/-:--.,.,

._.

.....

"manism (of. G gern habenl like Cz m~t rdd (cf~ above) ~ Of 'adjectiv@s, SC Zdubavni refers directly to the noun 1lovel (cf., -e~g., 14ubavna piesma ~love song~, Zdu, .. ,1 It) ~ ~, b,1Jn .: napitak i 'o&:r':o"Hi'I...'" ",_ sam 'e" b e'" 1', " '.'~'
t.~ g'.
I. I

_o,ve
to" .

p,ot.1. on, I,
r

~.'

,_1- ',".

r-='o-"o" t-'-'
,I

., ~JIUJ'

~'ub:, ,[a" '7~ _~ :'

Il~,1

wh,.l.I,e
'" .~
I~ ~

anol't,her
('adv
..... r
"IIU '..:

'J!u-n1~.,r
~r

iii'

ti.

''1 ~11I

4"u" t! Kr _. ~ means ..J". n ko")' .

....
1

der',1v'a'tl.o:n
[I

<II

II.

",

lovely', gr'ace:f"ul, ,cha.rm,i,ng, sw,eet", !d,eligbt.f'ul [ Ie of' .' " ,~-wit,h a B,imi.la."r Q.. z Lvat.dona.L hi,story'" G' tieb,'tic,h,) '.[ For e ~, ,or b -ov'~ 'lii'"m-: aea,"- [t :Bi 1-- ved f 'S.ft bo ezc at' 1. ,"~:r' ': ':'-~:!'~ ~~" 'a:n ,n'o,",, all ,y u es d '. i,:S~ ,_: "r-a,g'_'~ '( ",) ." Q,:r. m'io (mi,Zi')" wit.'h o:nly sl-"[g:h,t,ly di:ffers:nt connot.atIi.l:.(l"~ns a,__; _,'.::_ much' ' ',~,,md ',I., o've'rl'a'n Ln •meanane nf' al-~Io" r~d"~a' "t.J ';c... = 'l~ i.:._YI- ~-' ':--c ,tic 1,1 '~,~~JJa, , ~~7't.()va,t'i.. sc 'tas'kav ("i) II fl,at't,er ing" adu.la't.,o:ry has
I l
1i

--

,I ,-,'~_,

~..:_.:_}~.;:

,(,." " ..~I

.,",",,,'

~I

12nlly t,h,i,s m,ea:ning Ln ,th'e tncdezn ,Ert,c!'nd,a:r,d lan,quage and Dct.,the ones it,s equi.v'al'l!'nts in flus"sian",' 'P,'olish" and ...... .-.~ec6 have (cf ~[above) [~

saying that this brief sketch of ex,pr~e:;ss,i'on,s d,erno,ti,n,g' love in, S,erbo-Cr'oatianl' t.h,e modezn
any wray exhauat; t,he v1oca;,bular'y ~ 1 Ii'h;o ,'- b -~',........ "t,a,l'lll.,n'g 't.O tJr,11,;S par't.J..cu_ar se,ma'n't,1c, ap I exe an S"e:r~~o.... t S d'd CI:O,a..,~,1,an'1I' seveea,'1 [a'1,t1.0na, 1-'1 eXlca 1- 1t,em,S as we, 11 as ,I
, -. ~ , 'I... ~
r 1

_ It goes without

sl~,~n,'d.,a,rdlan,r9'uB,rg'e and

'l1ma,tia, does not in

'~'T'!I"at·l.,<i ons
"';( "~~ , _' .:_' I

t:h'Q,t 0'£ t,he R.e:n.,a"issa,n'cle

pOrets

of'

I,

Ii

..

"

f-'r'r:-"'i!l; roo- t' em .',

,,~

'J

i',

I ,,~ rEi!

d-I e!Jt- em.s ,0"- :." an,_'_ ,~' _-'~ },'_,' men t--1[,,'n ed a b·ov, e a-'-' re:
i
J"
[1

"I,

<~_

i '~";a'" -lrlll"O"'U' 1 - ,ei";' undo :"U' 'b:->jh'e"A]Lv Y""."[ i~ld~ a -m'U"I 1, "'l.'" t;~"u--"~e< ':-f':- f-'uri' 'o ~.w .. "n U: -.l .:. l he ~ ia,~t,a This;" however " g,oe,s 'w'ell beyond t.h,e: scope "";'I.;e'" . 'P"r-' e" S B'n'.. pr.' e 1- ,~, • .-,a r' -Y p""e S:ant' at' r. , 1"' 0' n 1151(11 L-' ,j'w 1·k~w 'J..s·~,e' t ~,J,I':-' -~ _-=-~, -l..m,1n: ,:,£.' -:' - ""', m~n.~.io'n.ed at t'h,e Qutse,t [of t:h.isl p;a'pe,:r, n,o at:te'mpJ"C d ~'l f' ble~n'g' m.a·-"e h !-:,e:r'e to' ev'en s,urve,y t.'h' te,rmlLno, ogy o_~' :-',e v'e ,~n t'he o<,ther ,Sou,th 81a:vic~ lan,g'u,agles, Slo'venian" a- -, 1;' - ·'·h ~ "h t ~~"-I!ro4,.'~··'~_,,&.1an, a:n',-_,~, BU,_9,8"rl.an, no,tw'l.1:,stanu,1,ng t,.'e f ~,a,c·_:' I"
II
'1' ",,':-.: .. '... _., -_ ", .....

found in the earlie~ linguistic usage of the IS and the Serbs; and, in particular, a systematic r'Qh :for' rel,e,va'nt w'ord[s in t;'h'8 d,i,al,ects ,of' ,Se:rb,o-'
I~. I~ _I.:.·_ • ~I ._ -.'~" _. _ "I

II

t' '1,_"

.~."

1-,'

.',

I,"

':

~I-"

,Ill'·

iii

-!!IiI

·1....

,.;i:J

;;

172
'that r'[elevan,1)::

Elidd.it,i'c,n,a,l . Cf-ill',

gu,i·stic. ex,pressioo[s
iI!

f'rlom t.he[S8: .l,a:n,gu,aqe:s c·[o,ul.Q. ,Sh,'E!'I:!I~ ligJlt on t,he civer[all eVlolu·t.ion, of 't.h.[te. lind,at.a

man.ia"

m[e,a:n.ing 0'£ th'9 root

see

fond of, to likel

e,~ '.' I S 1 '1' g' ~Ln [""i1'u' b 1,. t·1,. maananq b th _[O·,I~.
lI" ,
'I

fo.r' t,'he not.i,on lju,b....;

of Love i.n Slavic

I' -

and Ito promise

(for the latter and. it,s, eoqnaeea i,n Ge.rI

to

1 ove , ·t.o ' be

the root ljub-, also the altogether different lexical it,[ems us[s,d fOE' the. 'v'erb I t~o lO'V'e I ana, t.h,e DOlin ' love' in .M,a,cedonian (sa.ka". "akenl'" havi.n.lg a·m.ong i:ts s.,e.veral 1 .-' k' -, mean1nga a~so -to love-: SamD "ego go sa~am II love only him~; salanJs - tdubov Ilove~6!) and Bulgarian 'o·-'b'~J~a~'m'-- l~'4u-~~4a'1'" l~v~~e"I~~ ,-,0 - ·4~ib~'~~~ '_..... ~ 1 o:~J~ 11-c-:v···~162) ~IU·.. '" ~ ·~·_'.U" >:_' -~ ~. ') ·.:-U "'IU'~' v.' _'
[I

[above) '.

'Not,e,. b'8[side,s

wo,rd,s ·fo.rm,[ed f:r[olm

\.:,1 ._.

liiiiiii·

_' t;l'

1f

'!!!!!!!II

',_'IV

::1

..

; ,0

-e

one at, firs,t:, und.ou-bt,e.dly· ·th.e(1\ furthe.,:r

,"

liub- « *Zeubh-) and mit~ « *mei&~/~miZ-], the first erie originally adjectival and/or verbal, the second
Sla'vB
I _' _

'7'• ITo s'um up , t.h[en I our sketchy' rema,rk,s re'C;rarid"ing t,h,e sphe,re of' lo'v€! in Sl,av'.ic, i·t. can be noced t,'hat art, ~ -h--a~1it;ed' I.... 1'w~ ....:O[OI-::,~, 1.,:n.:.I~£, - ...:.~:,'.- -f¥om p'r"o~o Indo 'Buro'ple,an, ~":_:" c__"'::"';'. :-=--~. ':.;r 'leas-~ t'~o·~ -te
,~c~,

t"o ex,p:resat'he

'..
••

r' eco --Y'_:'" h' ,,;;C:!!I'tO' r-''Y' ·~·'n··..:I1 '~'.> h-' 1[1.- Own -s: --[-' . '~['< '.,rAled ...... ~ \.I d' ~v.al- 0- pe·:.::I11 t-.--.·e.- r ,..y S-l-a' Vii!!!! en ·ter·ed wr.i·tt,'en, l,a:n,g'u,a'ge:t"h,e s,smant.ic f'ie:ld o,f la'va 'mary have c"arr'ied at le,BErt t·wo sep[arate if re:lat.ed c.onno,t.a:ti,olns [f ~'lo..'.a-:::-~ 0··£·_· I~a-: r····t--:.h1l-y' 0,...... .. · p·-:·h·:-,.'y·:·s,.l.'i-,c:a.l 1 o v ,8·: (.' i!~~O?' ):1 ,~In~. t,hC"'a' t-· o:·fl' .... ~ ~Inll.. ·t' ._" [ lUI ".. d,i,v'ine or' ·hea..·v"enl:y Love (aga,pi'), ,the two e,rigin,a,l
~ _!I I . _ ' [.. _.'

.:10"-'"In· th -u --'h.-'
. : __ .':,~

it:enu9, s,i'g'.n.ifY'i.ng ·t,hi[s nocLon .. Al-, .t l' s "·:·o:·n,· ..c-el.·"_ a .. " ··· v _' b-le, th- a·;.t ,:. -, a.t the t- 1" me wh- n' t.h a 1,[i =, ~c
r ••• •

l'exi[cal

ftldjec't,iva.l., ·we.re; used 'by the n,o·t.i.on, of lo[v'e and to f'orm, :fr'o'm
''I::-'}
_ • ••

1_

:-.

:_('-.'

.,

' ..

'::

'.'.':.
•••

·.i~"·.
1~

-e

_.,'

"

l~

I~

..

I.

--

1_-."

_:_";

~.,.

'~·.i_:_

WI.

__

. .l.il

'._.

__.

_.

"_

..L~' ..

Qi

~_

1.

'.

:-

"1

_'

--

[Sla:vic lex:e:m,es ex,pre:ssin'g the; n,o[·t.ion, of love did, n.ot neatly correspond to this possible conceptual duality~
(and ·th·!! wOlrd,-f'or:m,a;ti.o:n[SJ ba..sed, o·:n t,his-~ t - __eg1'1 - - -1[~ t' - -n" act h!l - J' _y'_ t) -. g ., ~ e.d ::'-0 b ...• --cn. ·W·.-· I. h '". a~.~ ao: 1V'i!:[, ~,~a:rc~~1'n9 r""Q' ..~','. S1.·~."'n'1'" ·J..1.~1_,,. and d·';-e···S·l.zous Love w-:' 'h"e·re=-'a. d'~ar1'1"' "'11'-''''1...... (..~an- d ·1."it's con'n~~a -,'-:1 va,t.io:n.s') ma,y have i.m·pli.ed a m'o'.re. p'as.sive I' plea.s.in.g r [an.d de;s,ir'a,·ble. Love ~ ,At, any r.ate,. th[e [Ch,r'i,s,t.,ia,n ligiciU.S con:no,t,ll'ticns, a:t.tach,Cij.,d t,o some items :fo.rm,[ed. ._. -h .rl~)-.' _. ~~ 1-- 11"[ t - er' ~cd f,"'- 1'" n---t-'he '~Q,r,~.y - .,-I'·er: -ar' y p.~[.-[ 1'..'-. '0.1; f rom -- t-;_-_!,_,e -oot- m$. "1' ,Slavic (at't,eslted 'by Old C'h'ur,eh Sla'vic, and C,o,ntie'm,pora.:ne[o'u.s ·t;,ex.ts), s,hif'tinq t.h.e R'le:anin,g frO'M 'love I ·to
iii
l II

lRat,'hei:I
!I;iI "].. "~-;[

·tdub1I
"-:'I~

ii!!!I!.B

II.L

,-

....

_.'

a,

-.:,._._~

1iI!!'!i[

frtii!I[;ijii'

_.,111

:'J

'.

"W

I'

~~V'

. .,...

~.

r[e-

·1

.i;

'.

.- -","

I·,'

rather than '1"[' .'..... ~_. ·t·h·-·- t m,orp.eme ·t'·h· ~,e,xorlgr.l.n,a~-1-;- '1',y 11'IfiP 1C:1....;,,l.:n ·-..·~a~c ,'" ""h'.-. -. -'..•. A"'ll _ [ol.';,er' 1- : ica.l i,tems d,e:no ·ti,n'9 t'be, concepe of Love Ln [som,e Slcl.'vic languaqes and briefly discussed above, notably, ,£,Q;SR;- and kama ..... have aasumed t.·ha:t 'meaning [on.ly' In. t.h,e , ~~~ - ~f' ~ t~~ -·t··h ~ ~ of .. '~. ~.":._._' - 1' ,:::,;uJL ·.0: COii!l,l&.Ili;;s,e ~: ,':- 'S'laV'1~C .IJn"T~~Bt'c- a'v 1.u'-l.vn, W,i·, '. go'm'e ([:. th:e u.nd'e-:r.lY'.in,g· :se.mantic, s,hi:ft.,s, s·t.ill clearl'y d,iscern-,. '" ,"I,
,.1 .-,I' .l 1_ '. 1

•grace) and Imercyt, seem to be secondary

I '~':"

....

i.:n,s,t,an.Q'es" ·the mS:lanin,g I to Love inh.'erent. in, the roo·t., t,;jub- has been ,r'e:pIla,'c!ed lo[r supp1l,e.m,e:n.'te:d 'by [o,·th.er' connoeabdona 'I' in
ill'

ibl1e

By 1:,b,e. SBIDe tOIK,e:n."

Ln c~e:l:ta in

'paJ:'ticula.r

-1 d-I' 11 a 11y " th t '~h .~ cna .~',1"". [.'.11 ,ea,r, y anc g"ene.ra~. -y

the

'm'e·an.ing 'I to

kiss·

'I '.

B1 ~ aurv 1.·v 1ng'~·. av 10

i

(N'oti.,ce

I'

i,ncident.,-'

'.

173

term for the verb Ito kissl, o'Zouati, R cetovat', P caf'ow'ad,. etc [. I der,'i,ved ,f'rom the ad j act,i.ve ,0·1 l!) ~ w'h.,ole ,,. ,in'tact - origi.n,all'y seems to have had at .bra'a,der' mea.n.i.n[g', n·ame l:y 'to 'g,r[eet, waleo'me'l, aa .it, e.-till had in old. C,hurch Slav'ic; cf '.' also OCS, al,·"tyv,at"i 'I t.o g,re,et, k"iss "; ce'l,ovan,fj,d e 'I gr'[eet,ing, ki[Bsinq·.[ F"o,r a" [se'man,t,i,c -1 t f" ON' L h -e. p,a.ra,l,le'J, n[,?'~-e 'Iu,r",t'he.r,i. Ie g',~ [.·Iors"e (["e1o·~~~ I '~o!- 1 " l.:n,to t: tact, unlnjured~, heiZsa ~to greetl; Sw het, halsa 'Ii,d. ~, G he,i·t •'whole ,I' uninjure:d,' and ·h,aill." etctII,) In 'v'iew '0:£ t:he c,lo,exis.'ting 'm,eani.n.gs, tl to lov's 11 and 'to
til, i

grato.ben
0-'H~I:'G
_.1 .. :... '_'

p:rom,i,se'

lito prc'Rlis,ell"
'1 u- . ba···· to" _ '.,.

Ln G,er.R1a:nic~ cog,nates
O'E .

(c:,f.. G 't·i[Q'b'Qn

ce:rt..ai.n ,t.hart th.'e mea'ni'nq II,to promis,e'l f'ound in some. sl,avic f,o:r,rnat,i'on,s b,as,e,d on "taub,· is, :n,ecef~uJa.r'ily s.. ec on.Q,ar.y or 8't any ,r'at,e orig'i:nally ,s,p1e.c:,i,fic! fo'.r a p,a"rt,
of S1,avic
'~!I:!l Igg!
i

...,"up:.· , ," UM ,.' a"".

t U f' U
"

GellJ,bn,is,
'I

Lo"V~.@,'I.at·C-· ". __ . [,
1IiiOi·.,

r;e:ta~'d6
-. Ii!'

'to

,).

'~'t. ,t s..... _ .... :.

'~pr'o:m,i,se, vow';
1 e'..~, s t'hla·· n
_:_"~.'. _ ..'._._ '.', '

llo,ve':,

wo·· r--'~s--:' ',f· .. ··r' I Lov .. ~ a DI·.·.Id·. ~ .tr.~ 10·" VD: If ". c,:··-f-, G,' '.'." .r.Jlb·' . 0' e· y, ~v 1.. 'Lids,be:" ti'leb[fJ:n) 1 t:hi,Sj ,is, not; th.e case i:n ,ot.her l[a:n""" 'qua,g,es,;; c£~, e:.g,., Lat (.l'ar-U8, ,aapit,aa V',B. amor, am_a:.rIQ', :F'r oher , ch"al'it:~' v's .. [amour, , ai,lIle.,F, et,c.,; rON'o'"rs,e kdQ'Z'11 1< o'p.icar[d k e ~" O:F.r ani e p -c :Lat da,;r'U8 ') • deaz , b,e.l[oved '" 1G~,:ri, :m. 1 f,r'.iend 'I" k",F(2, " f. Ill'o,ve,l:' I ,r 'wi:f1e' " :k" litsik~ ff~ienaship, favor~, steka 'to love~ and f.
r'Q,···O-......
_····.'-'-'1

o:nly. W'he:,r,'e,as Ln s.onU3 l,a.ng'u,agss t:h,e adjec.~ ~ d- :-'ro,m t'h s"ame, f tiva,_:1 me,a,n1n'gi td - I:·,ea:r, ~'1 ueove: dt ,1S f··.,orm,e,,~~ .~,Ie
t-: h··IB··:. .... ~.'
".' I
J',_.' •. ' •• ~._ _I ._.~

!II

,,~~

__

t'

1 3· ,.,ove I' ; i_-

S~- - I(.U,ll.'W '.iii JJ .

11 eve ,~'<~, I'·be.l'ovec1 I' (lear' 'I) w,h.ile ,a:nothe,r ,adj ec't:~iv,al zoob , 'used -w:L.del.y i.n, Slav,i.e! ,. [·'da.'P:g'-' (R dtJJi'Q,goi,. P dpogi, Cz (j',pahl1" S.e! ,d'p,ag (l ')), as,s;wned 'th.. specific meaning on,l,:y Isecis! ....·"I~[a:-,r[·~·ly·, ·.a:..h-,~ ,Q.·r.ig-:·•. ·n:a·· D'l~,anl.i'·n·,·g··-·· b.:··e.·.···.lJnn ,Idear· ;:: 'Ir'I~,o-.~:t:·:,l·y ..l ..'·" ." U. .._ ,,,,,-.',;" !I..., '':I' . -'" "'" . ~. . ,.~p,·an·I-·-·Sl.jlv··:e··,'!:Iilnd· hence '''"''..... ...suzed 'e·a . b:e:l'Q··v·:·ed:· Imlh··e·} e-:x~a··m-' tP:,~es ta'ke:n f:rom l\l,ed,'i"eV',al ICzech lo'v',e l:yric,s and Cro'a:·,\1i!,a:n :poetry of R'e,n,a,i,ss,ance D,almat.,i,a. eSpIQci.a.ll.y lent,
i

esp. in poetic u5aqe~

11" 1,.~"'"

~love'"

al"s'ka

d- e·a,r I')€!:be 11 ove,_, i - ,... .-. , . d' ~to Love' II' (J:ts'ko,g
I
ill

-1- ea""'"' Y' ,C_,.>:;;,:;"._,,;

c-'" rr1es ....a

~.!!II

t- hl- - . -- . iIoEa.tl." __ '. -.I.,S or··,' ..'-:," .l',~, .... - e L n:!!!lIiill c~lo,nn.O·L,~· --[_I:0- n:~'-;of'-' , I

l'ove', In Slavic, the adjectival root

t

1,n,
~ -

'-.

,o've

.' .

~I

" 14' ,. k'~'.: .. ~%'

.,

,,~(J; tt, ,

"'J.

I(phys,ical)

lIriii!i,
III

.'.

__

~.,

...

.. ,~"

' .' ",

'

. .L,
[I _ •.

. -~

, 'III!ii:

'.'

.i

'.1

I~I

',-

. '.

.. , ....

" .. ~

~~;

.. _

'

_'

_~"

"

I·',·:

,--' ...

"

ttl

-Jj....

' ... )

, "..

i.llus,t,r',ati,nlgi t.'he early 'us,a ,o,f t.,ermUI ex,..... ' pressing love and kindred notions in purely secular 1.i,te,r,a t ur e,
: h:e.:mse,lve:s, to,
NOT,SS

an -·(c:f

l..,are ~Love 1)1, see: TtJ:£i2f"'i,e aaayki. ('V,. V'., Ivanov, e:d.); M,Qscow,· 19,59" 36., Per a theological interpretation of the history of ,two c.o:ntr'8sting concept.s of' lovle. fr'oIl 6 ar1'y ist,i,anity t.hrough _t,he age: of the Rena.i,ssan,ce and Ref'o,rma,tion, ,see A" 'Ny'qren" .E',pos ·un·d Ag,cl,'pe '.' G,'e.....
til

Po·r a par'a,llel
,L',Q/pitlka

de.ri.ved,

:formation

of pr'opez names i.n Toch·ar'-

frio1m

&'.... ,iIi:IIl',.;::;:·'

1'14

bBi;~""'~~!il ~ ~r ~
, .'

iJ

. ".~

",

iii

~,~I~

..

T,. ,uo.ve!

'$..'".

.'~ -

SZ' a- . ."~~'. V!..o

Ii

atattwandlungeR dep ohpi8tt~ahen Liebe, 2nd ed., GUt.ersl,o,h, 19 5,4 '3 'P'or le:x,aIn,pIle.s, B,e,e stt)v'ntk ;jaay'k,a star-oslovens'ktlho
1

ill'

('he,nce:fo,rt'h
'1'

'S' ,SJS-·t·· 8"'., .15'-....'~, ,..' .':

S,JStS1..)1

1'7,

·P"ra,gu.e,

1'968"

1.63"-4:.

..

'V ; '1 M. k ,:'ClS':f.j,lt, t ~saue;no J'

Po'g"acn"~k,,
6.

SJStst, 159, see further Fpeisingsp DenkmiteF

ea ..),

M~.-ni.'ch., 196,8,
'I',il

tisls'v,a,
,. C,f'

1'9,43,

,20~

POVOI'
....,.

d .'. p'1-B'oz..nsK:io'" F 1"

!I if ".., ...

202"

2_10,
l..,

·s pam't-a t 1.. ,'raso«

if

:222"

23,8,; A •

(J.

SJ8't',8
II

I"

1,58,.
Die

••

ge,mei,ns't·avis,ahen Lehn'liJtJfi'te.~ au,s Idem Ge.,tJ,m,a·nisah,en, Hel,sin'ki., 1934, 7:2, LI. rSa,d.-n,ik & :1.,. Ait.ze:tmiiller" H'an·d·tt1i;rt,s:rb'ut!,h, ,IU d,B'n a;,ttenk'i;poh"ensZavisohen ~Bmten, Heidelberg, 1955, 265 (sub 488), wit,'h. f'uJt:,the.r ,re:f'IB.renc'e.s and. ,listin'9' all OCS d,eri'v',ed 'meam,ere, of 't,h,is u·nulsual.l.y .l,arlge war'a! fami.l·y .. ,B See SJStat 18 (1968), 205~6.
V'. Kip,a,rsk'y"
i

.r ,.,''1 './: S et ~ t,· UI l~' 2' [0:''s'-: iiiiiiII:'g..

.C'_i I' "I.: .

,J

Iii!

"

SJStsl, 209-10. s'l··· . ,,-u" -.,.~"" ~·8·'~·'O·· .' no:· l.ll cs. M.. V,8Sill,e.r t 'tti.,mri"Log·ioe IJ'Kij .':_' ' o····~'a·~·I _ tJ! '-0""'11' jas.y'ka, (0,. ,N. T[rubace,v, t.ran.sl,. &; ed··). II-'I H'O' s·: Or :__...~.'[,I . 1967'" 62:2;. rS,adnik;, s .A.it;ze,t.muller, op. oit., 268 (Bub
10
'~"j .&""-IK Q
r (~.~.,

" .', .. .

."'

( - - ; /'

.1~.I~.· ....

51.7,) .'
12

4asyka
l

asskdho, '13 C.f' '. I. 'r" s.reznevs·k.ijl, M,at:ep'i,a'~11 dtj a el.o1J(%,p{j'a d:r-ev'ne.ru8,s,k,o'9'O 3·,a.:,syka", II I ,Mos,cow, 1958 (r'lepr.in't. ,of l89'5, S,t. P'eter,sbu:r'g ed,ition.)" ,8,7-90. 1~ I& I. sreznevskij, op~ ait~, 83. 15 I. I~ Sreznevskij, op~ o't~, 82-3~ 16 '1 I.~ Srez,D,e'v's'ki a p • fJ it. " '90. j, 1,7 I '. j[" S,rezne,vski.'j[ " ,01" • 0'1, t,., :13,9-40 '. II IfII' 'I., SrezD'evsk,i'jl' apl' oit,., 135 ,anid 13[7-,8. 19 I :I. Sr'e.zne'v·,s.,kij" 01' oi t., 9-10,~ 20 Cf·. S'~,awn:ik ,s·t'a~t),pt) tski, '11:1, Wr'Q·c';t.a'Wl_·W'a:r:saw'-C,r,a.Ii
II 1II

Cf., Z,fSt

1(151[5,6),

37" and Et,ym.o't,og·i.,aky B'tcu:>n,t:'k 2nd ed~1 Prague, 1968~ 363.

CIO'., 21

,1.960/ 6,2" 310-12.,

1

GfII Jacobsson, Bost XIV (=.968),112~ see ,S·'!:a:wsk"i", Sio'wnik e:t:y'm!o't,o:gi .. a:n.y .deal/Ita pt,ZaKt,6go., a Cf.

also F.
:II: 3,

(8) " Cr,a,c'ow"

1963,

:311..

1·1 ,

Ip

I~

.
I

I.'
I
I '

9£-rnb,- ~. " ....

'-:-:"-I""a;wn"'. .'
",::"',

-"'1'" ,,~ .~..

..

!!i

:17,5

,2:2,

Sele,

iG'11

J,&cobsson,

~1"D,as ,slavi,sa,he
'C)"i

*koana:t:'i,

II

Sas't

XIV (1968), 99-115~ 29 c,f'll' :r S,:i:a'wski" OJ] ~

l ~

cog'nate:" :R ko,adn"
1~, ~"'" " p;eu! 2,,5:

t ,3,.1,2:,~ ,A;noth,e:r' po s,s ibl,€! w'h"i,c'h 'wcruld ,sl1,gg'est a di,f',f',e.r,en.'t, e,tymolo'{rY'"

"/(&'(58'n·"

'i,

Dit~, 356~7, s~v~ koadn.

C,f.

~memitu:'um v'irile:

,is,

"

c,f~
","" "

M.

'V',Bsm.er',

0p'ra

'G' JaClo~_:s,son , ~:"c~,'" ',-" :I',',',' ,(",1n 6" 8'·) -b"" ,"'" s"'' -' 8<'1' -X:~' -V"-' ,-~, ,', " ',: I
,,_;JI

gtym. dCB~ patak.

26
I .

st:

,s't',p ~ IV

I( 19 6,3,/'16,5),.

66 -,8,; F,~ S'):,CiIW's-k,i,

n 3-5':8' '-~:;/I

st;
I.!

stp',~ I:V"
,S tp' • 8 t,p
B
1!Ii

(19) t 1973~ 354~6~ 68f@iiii'71; :P., Sita,wski, op. ai,t;. Iv:4

2 6,1- 5 ,
'
I.~

si,
(19) ,',

:r:v:4

:2,
,2 a

," I 1,," . }

B" "

--~

2,'~
30

S,'
8~

I'V

!I'

".

IV
'

....

,1 9 8 .... 0 0
,

'I!

"

III

tp
,....

I'

I,V' ,f 1 1 0

!I-

'Gen,er'al.l'y on, ,t:h"is litera,::r:y' ge:n,re, ,i:n Old [C2at~~,c,h, and ,c~l,ts clon:necd:,io[DS, with, ~1est ,Eturo:pe,an li,tler,aturef, aae ,th,e aI8,fl,ni,ti.v'e wo,:r:k :by' V ~ ~,ern,1, 8ta,2;lo,e,e~B'ka ,m'i~,oat'nd' 'i,1j't'i,_' ka , Pr,a,gu,e" :1 9'4:8: R,~ A',tlt,y', li'Jr'he M,edie:v',al C:z'ec,:h Love;po!! lyr,i'c," OtJ],fofl'd 8'Z"Q:von,ie Pa,ps'.ps" 'New seriels, I. (1968), CZ-'26,. Flor ,f'urthe,]:' lexlem:p,1,ific,8,tion" see, a,l~so V,U,b[or z
1

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d'e:,ai/k"a, ,"~ I'I [, Z,agr.e'b, 191'2" 33.'8.. _8 For Z4uvesan, see Zbo~nik, 57,. 77, 94, 115, 124, 161, 179, 208, 217, 219, 221, 237, 239, 297, 302, 338, 359, 458; Ziubesan, 63, 88, 89, 92, 119, 419. ~9 See ~bornik, 46, 57, 110, 117, 444. so For m'tos(tJ, see Zbornik, 39, 40,41 (2x); 54, 112, 119, 120, 121, 159, 161, 162, 180, 182, 188, 202, 211,· 214,216 (2x), 211,222,226,228,238,242,273 (,i:n pc,lit.e B[dd,r',e,s.,s:, u.,.,'. s'vit,le: ,M.il,OBt.i, Sl11';'8 305" ,314, ,345, 36'1, 36,8, 39 0 fin p,olite .,ddr'[e,;ss: "'S,l'\I,g'a
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152, ,375. 51 BO,tJl t',au've'n (i,) a,nd la"u"ben, {'i,J ha?e dls;'velop1ed f'rom an, b'· t'h Ai f' :i_'er'~n'~- Sl.Jn:P 1 £' t t"' ,., a,r i ,g'1.na,'1'"1;0 w,·.:o1)e"" 1r." J' ," Wl.,', .. ' IUL ,': f' ,1~,1.C'a'::,1.Ion,s, 10 f_ ,the Iclu,ste:J: bv ), 'v," b , P'or "ij-uven ti) Ln o,u,r ,sampl,e, see Zbopnik, 39, 41, 51,52, 53,56,63,64 (3x); 65# 80 (2x), 92 (2x), 112, ,20,122,123,153,151 (2x), 160, 161, t62, 185, 194, 197, 206, 207, 214, 220, 2~3 (2x), 226 (2x), 234,236,237 (2x), 238, 239 (3z), 240", 242 (2,x'), ,243, 24S (2x,), 3,3,6 (,2x)" ,34,5, 3,59' (2x.,), 360 (2x), 362, 363, 366, 381, 382,383,399,407 (2x), 40B, 419, 434, 436,438,442,450,457 (4x), 468 (2x), 469 (2x), 471. For Zjubven(t), se~ ibid., 278,279, and for Zduben(t), 277, 278; Z4ubtden(iJ, 407, 467; b'..I ,'=";' 114d' 1- II t3U".~'i,m~~ 6'S' *1'1 b " ,- l_:; ;.'::rago ~ b i~r3'U'·a ~',J'u~,'a, ,--14~:: m1.o,"I' ~"'O!,8na,
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For (pri)mit{i), see Zba.nik, 37~ 39, 46, 48, 53, 59,69,116,126 (2x), 135, 139, 158,160 (2x), 188, 339, 340, 343, 359, 373, 375, 381, 407, 408, 411, 436, 437, 443, 455, 470, nemtl(iJ, 65, 207, 221, 273, 280, 298,363,368 (2x), 399, 470,473. S~ For drag('), see Zbopnik, 45, 46, 48, 61, 114, 119, 132, 136, 179, 188, 205# 214, 240, id· ('~)' 45-" ,,~., '18-£ " ':' ::II , 2-A'., - I 3-7~ ",,',014-B~ ; ,Pl"t,',:,r!Q"g '~: ",', ~,.':, SA Ll '0;" 2~3n .~ l> -...;;jl , : 0: ~ ~.~ I~d" "pa~'t.J,a'·/'::r,aaB, 9-0" 119' ''13~~ na':J,~d' W" :'_I II/I -;";';: ••·pa.'~", 5~3· ~,':".,
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l15, 420~ " 374,407,449. I,a 457~ 1973" 1614.,; 8. V,_ Vlo"'~',d,a'lIi I!ls,r ,.o,m,e,:plert,ine:nt ,it-ern,s, me'e: esp'~, :P., Sk,o,k, op ait,~, a. VVI,. 'L,ttsk"at:i (II, 1'9 12,; 272) ," tdub I( i,b'id 33'7-9) , m'ro (-i,hi,d., ,426,-8,), an,d 'V!,~"tJ'a (I,ll:, 1973, 614,), , th .. furth,e,r b'ibl"iog,r,B,p':h,Y and rev'ealinq partic!u,l,ars" 'g,th.e'r 't'h,i,n,g s, lal,B,Q- ICQ,ncle:,r'ning rel e'van't lex:ic,al ings fr,om Serbo'-Crcl,a.,t,i.an Lneo 'tche ne:iqhbo:ring an'glIa,ges, H,ungar'ian, B,omani,an" anlQ Albanian Q,r ,Ma,c! 8'ak,a,. aak,am ,a,n,d, i tJ9 cO'D:trloversial et:ymolc'ee, e.g., P. Skok, OPi oit., B~ v. sakat' (III,
II

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9,lu.~a'jl·u., ,krlca,nsk,a, 'vj'erska obiljeija ne,kim rl,je,i5!ma s,tvoren.1m. ad 'k,lo,r,i"je:n,a

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