Evolution of Management Thought

Early Management
Before industrialization, very few formal management approaches existed.
Single musicians don t need conductors.

Early Management
Management approaches developed to create order out of chaos. Classical Models of Management
Taylor s Scientific Management

Taylor s Scientific Management

Develop a science for each element of an individual s work, which replaces the old rule-of-thumb method. Scientifically select and then train, teach, and develop the worker. Heartily cooperate with the workers so as to ensure that all work is done in accordance with the principles of the science. Divide work and responsibility almost equally between management and workers. Management takes over all work for which it is better fitted than the workers

Why Did Classical Models Work?

They Fit the Times:
Nature of Work Nature of Workers Nature of Laws and Regulations Expectations of Society

Why Did Classical Models Not Work?

Dehumanizing Demotivating Low Quality Threatened by resistance

Behavioral Perspective
Human Relations School: People do not always act like machines, so make management practices more humane. Show interest in employees to counter resistance to management actions.

Human Relations Perspective

Hawthorne Studies: Series of studies conducted during the Great Depression
Intent was to study how lighting levels affected productivity Identified the Hawthorne Effect Logic of Rationality vs. Logic of Sentiments

Human Resources Perspective

Manage to help employees provide their full capacity. Encourage full participation, so the real experts can do the work. Participative management, empowerment

What Factors Prompted the Change?

Changes in the Type of Work
technology, increased complexity growth in service industry

Changes in the Work Force

education level expectations about work

Legal and Political Changes

Differences Among Models

Assumptions about Effective Motivation
Theory X and Theory Y

Locus of Decision-Making
Centralized or Decentralized

Extent of Social Distance

Close or Distant

Belief about Manager s Long Term Role

Expert or Developer