BAHAN AJAR BAHASA INGGRIS

KLIK DISINI UNTUK MENCARI LEBIH BANYAK, KLIK Bahan Ajar Bahasa Inggris Kata kerja dijadikan Kata Benda Kecuali dengan bentuk GERUND (infinitive + ing) yang mengandung arti hal perbuatan/cara perbuatan itu dilakukan, misalnya : swimming is good for our health, collecting stamps is my hobby, reading French is difficult, parking here is forbidden dsb. kata kerja yang dijadikan kata benda bisa dibuat dengan memberi berbagai akhiran selain ing. a. Infinitive + TION to inform information artinya: penerangan to reform reformation : pembaharuan to solve solution larutan, pemecahan to repeat repetition ulangan to produce production hasil/produksi to attend attention perhatian to pronounce pronunciation pengucapan suara to administer administration pengelolaan to educate education pendidikan to elect election pemilihan to invite invitation undangan to intend intention niat to invent invention penemuan (baru) to demonstrate demonstration demonstrasi to alter alteration pengubahan (ganti) to altercate altercation pertengkaran to fabricate fabrication pembuatan to act action perbuatan to appreciate appreciation penghargaan to assume assumption sangkaan/dugaan to corrupt corruption (korupsi) to classify classification (jenis/klasifikasi) to circulate circulation (peredaran) to combine combination (gabungan/kombinasi) to mwounicate communication (perhubungan) to confirm confirmation (penetapan/pengesahan) to decorate decoration (dekorasi ruangan) to declare declaration (pernyataan) to devote devotion (ketaman/kepamhan) to expose exposition (pertunjuka/pameran) to except exception (bantahan/kekecualian to frustrate frustration (kekecewaan dan bingung;frustasi) to hesitate hesitation (kebimbangan) to inject injection (suntikan)

to interrupt interruption (pemulusan/penentangan) to interpret interpretation (penafsiran) to intervere intervention (campur tangan) to narrate narration (penceramah) to observe observation (pengamatan) to operate operation (pembedahan ;kedokteran ;gerakan ;militer to present -presentation (presentasi) to register registration (pendaftaran) to relate relation (perhubungan) to restore restoration (perbaikan/pemugaran) to satisfy satisfaction (kepuasan) to translate translation (penerjemahan) b. Berakhiran SION to permit permission (izin) to omit omission (penghilangan/penanggalan) to secede secession (pemisahan) to succeed succession (pewarisan) to apprehend apprehension (pemahamam, keprihatinan,pengertian, to decide decision (keputusan) to discuss discussion (perundingan) to suspect suspicion (kesangsian, kecurigaan) to explode explosion (ledakan, letusan) c. Berakiran URE to please pleasure (kesenangan) to press pressure (tekanan) to depart departure (keberangkatan) to sign signature (tandatangan) to seize seizure (perampasan) d. Berakhiran AL to arrive arrival (kedatangan) to try trial (percobaan) to approve approval (pernyataan setuju) to remove removal (perpindahan) to rehearse rehearsal (pengulangan) to acquit acquittal (pelunasan/kelepasan) to dispose disposal (pengaturan/kecondongan) to edit editorial (tajuk rencana) to continue continual (kesinambungan) e. Berakhiran MENT to govern government (pemerintahan) to equip equipment (perlengkapan) to agree agreement (persetujuan)

pengerjaan)

kecemasan)

to improve improvement (perbaikan) to enlarge enlargement (perluasan) to pay payment (pembayaran) to invest investment (penanaman modal) to punish punishment (hukuman) to arrange arrangement (tatanan, susunan) to settle settlement (penyelesaian, perkampungan) to entertain entertainment (hiburan) to manage management (pengelolaan) to develop development (perkembangan) f. Berakhiran CB/ANCE to perform performance (pertunjukan) to resist resistance (perlawanan) to assist assistance (bantuan) to appear appearance (kemunculan, penampilan) to enter entrance (jalanmasuk) to guide guidance (tuntunan, panduan) to serve service (pelayanan) to accord accordance (persesuaian/persetujuan) to maintain maintenance (pemeliharaan) to defend defense (pertahanan) g. Berakhlran ESS to succeed success (keberhasilan) to proceed process (perkembangan/kemajuan) to exceed excess (kelebihan) h. Berakhiran TH to grow growth (perturnbuhan) to die death (kematian) to deepen (memperdalam) depth (kedalaman) t. Ada pula kata-kata yang diberi bentuk tersendiri dan berubah suara/bunyi to see sight (penglihatan) to fly flight (penerbangan) to receive receipt (tanda penerimaan) to draw drawing (gambar) to drink draught (tegukan/minum (obat)) to give gift (pemberian) to speak speech (pidato) to loose loss (kehilangan/rugi) to choose choice (pilihan) to live life (kehidupan) to conquer conquest (penaklukan) to pray prayer (persembahan/doa)

to sing song (nyanyian) to know knowledge (pengetahuan) J. Ada pula kata-kata kerja yang tidak berubah sama sekali bentuknya to walk walk (perjalanan/jalannya) to ride ride (pengendaraan) to dance dance (tarian) to play play (permainan) to visit visit (kunjungan) to escape escape (kelepasan/kelolosan) to laugh laugh (tertawa) smile smile (senyuman) to sleep sleep (tidurnya) to plant plant (tanaman) to change change (perubahan) to look look (pandangan) to show show (pertunjukkan) to drink drink (minuman) to love love (cinta) to aid aid (bantuan) to help help (pertolongan) Kata Benda dijadikan Kata Sifat a. Dengan pemberian akhiran Y anger angry (marah) wealth wealthy (makmur) health healthy (sehat) fun funny (lucu/menggelikan) hair hairy (berambut) rain rainy (berhujan) wind windy (berangin) cloud cloudy (berawan) fog foggy (berkabut) noise noisy (ribut/berisik) sorrow sorry (menyesal/sedih/sayang) dust dusty (kotor/berdebu) b. Akhiran OUS danger dangerous (berbahaya) victory victorious (gemilang) glory glorious (megah) mystery mysterious (penuh rahasia) delight delicious (nyaman/nikmat/lezat)

c. Akhiran FUL wonder wonderful (ajaib) use useful (berguna) delight delightful (nyaman) care careful (hati-hati) wish wishful (berkeinginan) dread dreadful (mengerikan) peace peaceful (penuh kedamaian) power powerful (penuh kekuatan) doubt doubtful (ragu sekali) success successful (sangat berhasil) respect respectful (hormat) d. Akhiran AL history historical (bersejarah) condition conditional (bersyarat) science scientifical (ilmiah) spirit spiritual (rohaniah) education educational (mengenai pendidikan) centrum central (pusat) origin original (asli) person personal (bersifat pribadi)

PERUBAHAN MAKNA DAN BENTUK KATA DALAM BAHASA INGGRIS Compiled by: Jasmansyah Kata Sifat dijadikan Kata Benda a. Dengan pemberian akhiran CE patient patience (kesabaran) important importance (pentingnya) present presence (kehadiran) absent absence (ketidakhadiran) different difference (perbedaan) distant distance (jarak) b. Akhiran NESS sad sadness (kesedihan) glad gladness (kegembiraan) happy happiness (kebahagiaan) kind kindness (keramahan/kebaikan)

dark darkness (kegelapan) bright brightness (kecemerlangan) c. Akhiran ITY noble nobility (keagungan budi) able ability (kemampuan) capable capability (kecakapan) pure purity (keaslian/kemurnian/kesucian) popular popularity (ketenaran) original originality (keaslian) d. Ada yang mempunyai bentuk khusus high height (tinggi/tingginya) wide width (lebar/luas/lebarnya/luasnya) long length (panjang/panjangnya) deep depth (dalam/dalamnya) strong strength (kekuatan) new novelty (kebaharuan) true truth (kebenaran) rich riches (kekayaan) proud pride (kebanggaan) Kata Kerja dijadikan Kata Sifat a. Dengan pemberian akhiran BLE to bear bearable (dapat ditahan) to obtain obtainable (bisa diperoleh) to apply applicable (dapat digunakan) to break breakable (mudah pecah) to manage manageable (dapat dikelola/dikendalikan) to extend extensible (dapat diperluas) to find findable (dapat diketemukan) to separate separable (dapat dipisahkan) to penetrate penetrable (dapat ditembus/dimasuki) to agree agreeable (dapat disetujui) to accept acceptable (dapat diterima) b. Ada yang mempunyai bentuk sendiri to hear audible (dapat didengar) to read legible (dapat dibaca) to eat edible (dapat dimakan) to see visible (dapat dilihat) to burn inflammable (mudah terbakar) to touch palpable/tangible (dapatdiraba/disentuh) to carry portable (dapat diangkut/dicangking)

to bend flexible (dapat dilengkungkan) to feel sensible (dapat dirasakan) c. Perhatikan arti kata-kata di bawah ini inalienable tidak dapat dicabut haknya irreplaceable tidak dapat digantikan indispensable tidak dapat ditinggalkan innumerable tidak terhingga banyaknya irresponsible tidak dapat dipertanggungjawabkan inviolable tidak boleh diganggu gugat irrevocable tidak boleh tidak (harus) irresistible tidak dapat menahan godaan,karena sangat menarik incredible tidak dapat dipercaya/mustahil/tak masuk akal The Active and Pasive Voice Tenses terbagi menjadi present, past, dan future. berikut ini iktisar dari bagan bagannya dengan bentuk Active dan Passive Voice PRESENT Present Simple Active S + V1 + O + Complement Passive S penderita + is/am/are + V3 + by O pelaku + Complement

Present Continuous Active Passive S + is/am/are + V-ing + O + Complement S penderita + is/am/are + being + V3 + by O pelaku + Complement Present Perfect Active S + have/has + V3 + O + Complement Passive S penderita +have/has +been + V3 + by O pelaku + Complement

Present Perfect Continuous Active S + have/has + been+ V -ing + O + Complement PAST Past Simple Passive NO PASSIVE FORM

Active S + V2 + O + Complement

Passive S penderita +was/were +V3 + by O pelaku +Complement

Past Continuous Active Passive S +was/were + V-ing + O + complement S penderita +was/were + being + V3 + by O pelaku +Complement Past Perfect Active S + had + V3 + O + Complement Passive S penderita + had + been + V3 + by O pelaku + Complement

Past Perfect continuous Active S + had + been + V-ing + O + Complement FUTURE Future Simple Active S + will/shall/be going to + inf. + O + Complement Future Continuous Active S + will/shall + be + V-ing + O + Complement Future Perfect Active S + will/shall + have + V3 + O + Complement Future Perfect Continuous Active Passive S + will/shall + have + been + V-ing + O NO PASSIVE FORM + Complement Passive S penderita + have/has + been + V3 + by O pelaku + Complement Passive NO PASSIVE FORM Passive S penderita +will/shall/be going to + be + V3 + by O pelaku + Complement Passive NO PASSIVE FORM

Catatan : Complement adalah keterangan pelengkap yang perlu dicantumkan, misal : keterangan tempat dan keterangan waktu. Auxiliary and Modals PRESENT Ability Permission Can I can speak German May, Can, Might May I go playing football ? May, Can, Might John hasnt come yet. He may work. PAST Could I could speak German when I was a child Could, Might Could I go playing football? May, Have, Might Have John hadnt come yet when we got home.He might have worked overtime Should have, Ought to have. you should have studied hard. Had to We had to eat our breakfast this morning. Must have He was absent yesterday. He must have been sick.

Possibility

Advise Necessity

Should, Ought to, Had better. You should study hard. Must, Have to. We must eat our breakfast. Must He is absent today. He must be sick.

Probability

Catatan : 1. Probability adalah strong possibility. 2. Larangan (Prohibition) dinyatakan dengan menggunakan MUST NOT. Contoh : You must not go out tonight (kamu dilarang pergi). You dont have to go out tonight (kamu tidak perlu pergi). 3. SHOULD HAVE dan COULD HAVE menyatakan penyesalan terhadap suatu aktivitas yang pada kenyataannya tidak dilakukan. 4. WOULD juga digunakan untuk menyatakan kebiasaan masa lalu (bermakna USED TO). contoh : o My Grandfather would tell bedtime story when I was a child. o My Grandfather used to tell bedtime story when I was a child. Elliptical Construction POSITIVE SO + AUXILIARY + SUBJECT SUBJECT + AUXILIARY + TOO you are a student. I am a student. NEGATIVE NEITHER + AUXILIARY + SUBJECT SUBJECT + AUXILIARY(NOT) + EITHER you are not a doctor. I am not a doctor.

you are a student, and so am I. And I am too.

you are not a doctor, and nether am I. And I am not either. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (If Clause)

1. PRESENT REAL IF CLAUSE

MAIN CLAUSE

if+Simple Present S+Modal1(will)+inf.+O If I graduate in march I will take master degree in July. 2. PRESENT UNREAL IF CLAUSE if+Simple Past If I graduated in March. 3. PAST UNREAL IF CLAUSE if+ Past Perfect If I had graduated in March. Catatan:

FACT it is possible to happen. I may graduate in March so I may take master degree in July. FACT Simple Present I dont graduate in March so I cant take master degree in July. FACT Simple Past I couldnt take master degree in July because I didnt graduate in March.

MAIN CLAUSE

S+Modal2(wouldl)+inf.+O I would take master degree in July.

MAIN CLAUSE S+Modal2(would)+have+V3+O I would have taken master degree in July.

1. Pernyataan dalam SUBJUNCTIVE dan CONDITIONAL SENTENCES selahu bertentangan dengan fakta. 2. Perubahan-perubahan TENSES yang terjadi dalam SUBJUNCTIVE juga berlaku dalam CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 3. IF dalam IF CLAUSE dapat dihilangkan jika terdapat kata bantu SHOULD, WERE, dan HAD dalam IF CLAUSE. ex: If I had been rich Had I been rich GERUND adalah kata benda yang dibentuk dari V-Ing, dan di dalam kalimat digunakan Sebagai: Subjek WALKING is healthy Objek I hate SMOKING. Objek dari sebuah preposisi He is in charge OF ORGANIZING the meeting. Dengan BY untuk menerangkan bagaimana I found out what QUENCH means BY

sesuatu hal dilakukan. Sesudah kata kerja berikut ini

LOOKING up the dictionary. admit, delay, mention, suggest, look forward to. appreciate, deny, mind, tolerate, avoid, discuss, postpone, understand, cant stand, enjoy, practice, hate, cant help, finish, quit, be used to, complete, keep, regret, be accustomed to. consider, like, risk, object to.

SPEECH SPEECH terbagi dalam dua bentuk DIRECT dan INDIRECT 1. Direct Speech menyatakan isi pembicaraan seseorang dengan mengutip kata-katanya sebagaimana yang diucapkan Jika: Statement John said, I will go to Bali Tonight. Yes / No Question She asked, Do you know the speakers name? WH Question The teacher asked Jane, Why did you make many mistakes? Imperative She said to the boys, Sit down! (negative) She told me. Dont speak! Present Past Simple Past Perfect 2. Indirect Speech menyatakan isi pembicaraan seseorang tanpa mengutip kata-katanya sbagaiman adanya. Maka : THAT + statement John said (that) he would go to Bali that night. WHETHER/ IF + Statement She asked me whether/if I knew the speakers name.

WH -Statement The teacher asked Jane why she had made many mistakes. TO INFINITIVE She told the boys To Sit down. NOT to infinitive She told me Not To Speak . Past Past Perfect Past Perfect CATATAN
y y

Would, should, had better, might, used to dan could di dalam Indirect Speech tidak mengalami perubahan. Kata penghubung That boleh dihilangkan dalam Indirect Speech.

CAUSATIVE Pola ini digunakan untuk menyuruh seseorang melakukan sesuatu. Contoh Causative: ACTIVE CAUSATIVE 1. S + Let/make/have + O pelaku + Infinitive + O penderita ex: john had the mechanic repair his car. 2. S + Get + O pelaku + To Infinitive + O penderita ex: john got the mechanic to repair his car. PASSIVE CAUSATIVE
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S + Make/have/get + O penderita + Verb3 ex: john made his car repaired.

PREFERENCE 1. Untuk menyatakan kelebihsukaan terhadap suatu benda atau kegiatan digunakan struktur sebagai berikut: 1. S + Like + Noun*/ Gerund* + Better Than + Noun**/Gerund** Jane likes apple better than grape. 2. S + Prefer + Noun*/ Gerund* + To + Noun** / Gerund** Jane prefers eating apple to eating grape

3. S + Prefer + To infinitive + (Rather) Than+Infinitive/Gerund/Noun Jane prefers to eat apple rather than eat grape 4. S+Would prefer+To infinitive+(Rather)Than+ Infinitive/Gerund/Noun Jane would prefer to eat apple than eating grape 5. S + Would Rather + Infinitive + THAN + Infinitive / Gerund / Noun Jane would rather eat apple than grape B. Untuk meminta seseorang melakukan suatu kegiatan secara halus (implied causative) digunakan struktur sebagai berikut: 1. S + Prefer + Someone (Subject) + To infinitive I prefers he to go to bed 2. S + Would Rather + Someone (Subject) + Verb** I would rather he went to bed Adjective Clause Clause ini digunakan untuk memberi keterangan, identitas, dan informasi lain kepada katabenda (Antecedent). Dalam struktur Adjective Clause ditandai dengan Relative Pronoun, yaitu: who, whom, whose, which, when, where, why, dan that. Who digunakan untuk orang dalam posisi subjek (human as subject). Whom digunakan untuk orang dalam posisi objek (human as object). Which digunakan untuk benda, baik dalam posisi subjek atau objek (non-human as subject/object). That digunakan sebagai subtitusi who, whom, atau which. Whose digunakan untuk kepemilikan. When digunakan untuk waktu. Why digunakan untuk sebab. Contoh : My English teacher is the man who Is standing near the pillar. The house where I live is being renovated.

Adjective clause dibagi menjadi dua macam, yaitu: 1. Important (defining) adjective clause, yaitu adjective clause yang merupakan informasi penting bagi antecedent. 2. Unimportant (undefining) adjective clause, yaitu adjective clause yang merupakan informasi yang tidak penting bagi antecedent . Contoh : Important Bobs brother that (who) lives in New York is an actor. Meaning Bob has more than one brother. Unimportant Bobs brother, who lives in New York is an actor. Meaning Bob has only one brother. Catatan : Dalam important adjective clause, relative pronoun, seperti: who, whom, which dapat digantikan dengan that; sedangkan dalam unimportant adjective clause tidak. Adverb Clause Clause ini digunakan untak memberi keterangan tambahan kepada Main Clause. Dalam struktur Adverb Clause ditandai dengan kata penghubung yang sesuai dengan keterangan yang diberikan,antara lain: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Time : after, as, as long as, as soon as, before, since, until, when, whenever, while. Place : where, wherever. Reason : because, since. Purpose : so that, in order that. Manner : as if, as though. Condition : if, in case, provided that, unless, otherwise. Result : so.. that, such . . . that, therefore, thus, consequently. Contrast : although, though, even though, however, but, in spite of, despite.

Contoh : He is such a good teacher that I will never forget him. You will not make a success unless you work hard. Noun Clause

Noun Clause berfungsi sama dengan single-word noun dalam kalimat sebagai subjek atau objek. Contoh: 1. Noun Clause as Subject Single-Word Noun Noun Clause His house is big. Where he lives is big. Her story was very interesting. What she told us teas very interesting. 2. Noun Clause as Object Single-Word Noun Noun Clause I dont know him. I dont know who he is. She is reading my letter. She is reading what I have written. Klausa ini dapat berasal dari statement, yes/no question, dan information question . 1. Statement Contoh : Everyone knowspThe world is round. that the world is round. 2. Yes/No Question Contoh : I dontpIs he feeling fine ? whether/if he is feeling fine. 3. Information Question Contoh : pWho are you talking to ? Who I am talking to is not your business. Catatan : Adjective Clause dam Adverb Clause dapat direduksi menjadi phrase dengan menghilangkan beberapa bagian clause. Adverb Clause dapat direduksi jika subjek dalam Adverb Clause dan Main Clause sama. a. Adjective Clause 1. Hilangkam Relative Pronoun dan to be dalam Adjective Clause. The childpClause who is bitten by a dog is crying. The childpPhrase bitten by a dog is crying. 2. Jika tidak ada to be dalam Adjective Clause, maka verb diubah menjadi verb-ing. AnyonepClause who has library card may check out books. AnyonepPhrase having library card may check out books. b. Adverb Clause 1. Hilangkan subjek dan to be dalam Adverb Clause. I was very sadpClause while I was packing my suitcase. I was very sadpPhrase while packing my suitcase.

2. Jika tidak ada to be dalam Adverb Clause, maka verb diubah menjadi verb-ing. pClause Before I left the class, I asked about the exam. pPhrase Before leaving the class, I asked about the exam. 3. Khusus untuk so that dan if clause diubah menjadi to infinitive phrase . I moved to the place by thempClause so that I could surf everyday. I moved to the place bypPhrase the sea to surf everyday. We can stop at that placepClause if we want to take a rest. We can stop at that placepPhrase to take a rest.

2
Jenis-jenis text dalam Bahasa Inggris
NARRATIVE Purpose: To amuse/entertain the readers and to tell a story Generic Structure: 1. Orientation 2. Complication 3. Resolution 4. Reorientation Dominant Language Features: 1. Using Past Tense 2. Using action verb 3. Chronologically arranged RECOUNT Purpose: to retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past event Generic Structure: 1. Orientation 2. Event(s) 3. Reorientation Dominant Language Features: 1. Using Past Tense 2. Using action verb 3. Using adjectives Narrative and recount in some ways are similar. Both are telling something in the past so narrative and recount usually apply PAST TENSE; whether Simple Past Tense, Simple Past Continuous Tense, or Past Perfect Tense. The ways narrative and recount told are in chronological order using time or place. Commonly narrative text is found in story book; myth,

fable, folklore, etc while recount text is found in biography. The thing that makes narrative and recount different is the structure in which they are constructed. Narrative uses conflicts among the participants whether natural conflict, social conflict or psychological conflict. In some ways narrative text combines all these conflicts. In the contrary, we do not find these conflicts inside recount text. Recount applies series of event as the basic structure DESCRIPTIVE Purpose: to describe a particular person, place or thing in detail. Dominant Generic Structure: 1. Identification 2. Description Language Features: 1. Using Simple Present Tense 2. Using action verb 3. Using adverb 4. Using special technical terms REPORT Purpose: to presents information about something, as it is. Generic Structure 1. General classification 2. Description Dominant Language Feature 1. Introducing group or general aspect 2. Using conditional logical connection 3. Using Simple Present Tense EXPLANATION Purpose: To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or sociocultural phenomena. Generic Structure: 1. General statement 2. Explanation 3. Closing Dominant Language Features: 1. Using Simple Present Tense 2. Using action verbs 3. Using passive voice 4. Using noun phrase 5. Using adverbial phrase 6. Using technical terms 7. Using general and abstract noun 8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.

ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION Purpose: To reveal the readers that something is the important case Generic Structure: 1. Thesis 2. Arguments 3. Reiteration/Conclusion Dominant Language Features: 1. Using modals 2. Using action verbs 3. Using thinking verbs 4. Using adverbs 5. Using adjective 6. Using technical terms 7. Using general and abstract noun 8. Using connectives/transition HORTATORY EXPOSITION Purpose: to persuade the readers that something should or should not be the case or be done Generic Structure: 1. Thesis 2. Arguments 3. Recommendation Dominant Language features: 1. Using Simple Present Tense 2. Using modals 3. Using action verbs 4. Using thinking verbs 5. Using adverbs 6. Using adjective 7. Using technical terms 8. Using general and abstract noun 9. Using connectives/transition Then what is the basic difference between analytical and hortatory exposition. In simple word. Analytical is the answer of How is/will while hortatory is the answer of How should. Analytical exposition will be best to describe How will student do for his examination? The point is the important thing to do. But for the question How should student do for his exam? will be good to be answered with hortatory. It is to convince that the thing should be done PROCEDURE Purpose: to help readers how to do or make something completely Generic Structure: 1. Goal/Aim 2. Materials/Equipments 3. Steps/Methods Dominant Language Features: 1. Using Simple Present Tense

2. Using Imperatives sentence 3. Using adverb 4. Using technical terms DISCUSSION Purpose: to present information and opinions about issues in more one side of an issue (For/Pros and Against/Cons) Generic Structure: 1. Issue 2. Arguments for and against 3. Conclusion Dominant Language Features: 1. Using Simple Present Tense 2. Use of relating verb/to be 3. Using thinking verb 4. Using general and abstract noun 5. Using conjunction/transition 6. Using modality 7. Using adverb of manner REVIEW Purpose: to critique or evaluate an art work or event for a public audience dominant Generic Structure: 1. Orientation 2. Evaluation 3. Interpretative Recount 4. Evaluation 5. Evaluative Summation Dominant Language features: 1. Focus on specific participants 2. Using adjectives 3. Using long and complex clauses 4. Using metaphor ANECDOTE Purpose: to share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident Generic Structure: 1. Abstract 2. Orientation 3. Crisis 4. Reaction 5. Coda. Dominant Language Features: 1. Using exclamations, rhetorical question or intensifiers 2. Using material process 3. Using temporal conjunctions

SPOOF Purpose: to tell an event with a humorous twist and entertain the readers Generic Structure: 1. Orientation 2. Event(s) 3. Twist Dominant Language Features: 1. Using Past Tense 2. Using action verb 3. Using adverb 4. Chronologically arranged NEWS ITEM Purpose: to inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important Dominant Generic Structure: 1. Newsworthy event(s) 2. Background event(s) 3. Sources Dominant Language Features: 1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline 2. Using action verbs 3. Using saying verbs 4. Using adverbs : time, place and manner. //
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Discussion
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Hortatory Exposition
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Example of Hortatory Text in Letter to Editor Text Types in Three Main Genres USE ENGLISH! Hortatory Sample Should not Bring Mobile Phone to School; a Hortatory Text Sample NEVER TRY SMOKING; a Hortatory Sample Hortatory Example in Wearing Helmet Reading Hortatory Text Hortatory Example in Public Awareness Example of Hortatory Exposition in Watching TV More Dust Bins is Cleaner; example of hortatory Where should be after High School?; a hortatory text Millions from Property Market; a hortatory exposition text Removing Lead from Petrol; a hortatory exposition text What is Hortatory Exposition?

Narrative
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Narrative Text in Romeo and Juliet s Romantic and Tragic Story Text Types in Three Main Genres Example of Narrative Text in the Legend of Tangkuban Perahu Kite s Tale as Example of Narrative Narrative Analysis on Malin Kundang Story Reading a Narrative Narrative Example in Arabian Story Example of Narrative Text; The Smartest Parrot Story of Narrative Text CINDERELLA STORY; the Clearest Example of Narrative Text Building Narrative Text with Complication Between Recount and Narrative The Smartest Animal; a narrative text Snow White; a narrative text Cinderella; a narrative text What is Narrative?

News Item
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News Item about Man Push Van off Train Railroad

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Understanding News Item Text Growing Student Smoking as Example of News Item Text The Clear Example of News Item Text about Landslide Contoh / Example of News Item Text about Indonesian Maid Tragedy Contoh / Example of News Item Text Malaysian Women Suggested to Carry Condoms; a news item text Indonesian Maid in HK Court after Having Intercourse; a news item text Indonesian Maid beheaded; a news item text What is News Item?

Procedure
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Procedure Text in Making Candles Contoh/Example of Procedure Text in Making Kite Contoh/Example of Procedure Text in Installing SIM Card Between Explanation and Procedure Text Planting Chilies; a procedure text Writing For Business; a procedure text What is Procedure?

Recount
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Text Types in Three Main Genres Recount Example in Journalist s Diary Spoof and Recount Text; What Makes them Different? Vacation to London; the clear example of recount text Between Recount and Narrative Visiting Bali; a recount text My Horrible Experience; a recount text What is Recount?

Report
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Example of Report Text about Mangrove Trees ELEPHANTS as Example of Report Text Text Types in Three Main Genres Example of Report Text in Earthquake Tornadoes as Example of Report Text Example of Report Text about Volcano Contoh/Example of Report Text in Komodo Human Body Energy as EXAMPLE OF REPORT The Differences between Report and Descriptive Text Platypus; a report text What is Report?

Review

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Example of Review Text in 2012 Movie Zenni Optical; a site for eyeglasses Business Loan Program Career in Translation Structuring the Product Review Text Good Translation a TAMM Creation All about Ohio Sports Recording Mommy Journey Making Money Online Good Young Mother An Attractive Motherly Blog A Site from Reog Boy Recommended Software Applications Guide to Japanese Pop Culture When She Writes Bad Credit Improvement Online Shopping Software Choosing Web Hosting Beneficial Shopping Cart

Ada 6 jenis text yang akan dijelaskan disini:

1.Recount 2.Procedure 3.Anecdote 4.Narrative 5.Report 6.Report 1.RECOUNT Recount Tujuan komunikatif: Melaporkan peristiwa, kejadian atau kegiatan dengan tujuan memberitakan atau menghibur. Struktur teks: * Pendahuluan (orientasi), yaitu memberikan informasi tentang apa, siapa, di mana dan kapan; * Laporan (rentetan) peristiwa, kegiatan yang terjadi, yang biasanya disampaikan secara berurut Contoh: Class Picnic

Last Friday our school went to Centennial Park for a picnic First our teachers marked the rolls and the we got on the buses. On the buses, everyone was chatting and eating. When we arrived at the park, some students played cricket, some played cards but others went for a walk with the teachers. At lunchtime, we sat together and had our picnic. Finally, at two oclock we left for school. We had a great day. 2.PROCEDURE Procedure, the communicative purpose is to tell the steps of making or doing something. (Tujuan komunikatif nya: memberi petunjuk cara melakukan sesuatu melalui serangkaian tindakan atau langkah.) Generic Structure: Goal/Aim Materials/Tools Steps/Methods Language Features of Procedure text: Imperative form, ex: Cut, Pour, Dont mix, dsb. action verbs: turn, put, dont, mix, dsb. connectives (untuk mengurutkan kegiatan), ex: then, while, dsb. adverbials (untuk menyatakan rinci waktu, tempat, cara yang akurat), ex: for five minutes, two centimetres from the top, dsb. Contoh: SESAME DROP BISCUITS Ingredients/Materials: 2 cups flour 1 teaspoons baking powder reaspoon each baking soda and salt Butter or margarine 2 tablespoons sesame seed 1 cup buttermilk

Night Before: In a large bowl stir together flour, baking powder, soda and salt. 2 knives or pastry blender cut in cup butter until particles are fine . Stir in sesame seed. Next Morning: Add buttermilk to flour mixture and stir with a fork just until mixed. Drop by tablespoons on greased cookies sheet. Bake in preheated 450 degrees oven until light brown. 12 to 14 minutes. Serve at once with butter. 3.ANECDOTE Definition and Social Function of Anecdote Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers. Generic Structure of Anecdote 1. Abstract 2. Orientation 3. Crisis 4. Incident.Language Feature of Anecdote 1. Using exclamation words; its awful!, its wonderful!, etc 2. Using imperative; listen to this 3. Using rhetoric question; do you know what? 4. Using action verb; go, write, etc 5. Using conjunction of time; then, afterward 6. Using simple past tense Contoh Anecdote: Blessing Behind Tragedy There was a black family in Scotland years ago. They were Clark family with nine children. They had a dream to go to America. The family worked and saved. They were making plan to travel with their children to America. It had taken several years but finally they had saved enough money. They had gotten passport. They had booked seats for the whole family member in a new liner to America.

The entire family was full of anticipation and excitement with their new life in America. However few days before their departure, the youngest son was bitten by a dog. The doctor sewed up the boy. Because of the possibility of getting rabies, there were being quarantined for long days. They were in quarantine when the departure time came. The family dreams were dashed. They could not make the trip to America as they had planned. The father was full of disappointed and anger. He stomped the dock to watch the ship leaved without him and his family. He shed tears of disappointment. He cursed both his son and God for the misfortune. Five days latter, the tragic news spread throughout Scotland. The ship, the mighty Titanic, had shank. It took hundreds of passenger and crew with it. Titanic which had been called the unsinkable ship had sunk. It was unbelievable but it was. The Clak family should have been on that ship, but because of the bitten son by a dog, they were left behind. When the father heard the news, he hugged the son and thanked him for saving the family. He thanked God for saving their lives. It was a blessing behind a tragedy. (Adapted from Look Ahead 2) GenericStructureAnalysis: Abstract: Everybody has a dream. You have and so do I. When the dream will come true, there is something wrong last minute before it. What will we feel? What will we do? Orientation: the Clak family lived in Scotland. They had dream to travel to America. They prepared well for their plan Crisis: few days before they went to America, his youngest son was bitten by a dog. It made they were being quarantined. They had to forget their plan. Incident: the family was full of disappointment and anger. The father was angry with his son and God. The family failed to travel to America and the father could not accept it. Coda: the father thank to his son when he hear the ship sank. He thank to God because of saving the family from sinking. He thought leaving behind the ship was not a tragedy but a blessing. 4.REPORT Report Tujuan Komunikatif: Menyampaikan informasi tentang sesuatu, apa adanya, sebagai hasil pengamatan sistematis atau analisis. Yang dideskripsikan dapat meliputi gajala alam, lingkungan, benda buatan manusia, atau gejala- gejala sosial. Deskripsi sebuah teks report dapat berupa simpulan umum misalnya tentang rumah sederhana dengan mendekripsikan ciri-ciri subyek tersebut sehingga layak dikategorikan rumah sederhana, dsb. Contoh: Fax Machine

Fax, the short term for facsimile is a telecommunications technology used to transfer copies (facsimiles) of documents, especially using affordable devices operating over the telephone network. The word telefax, short for telefacsimile, for make a copy at a distance, is also used as a synonym. The device is also known as a telecopier in certain industries. When sending documents to people at large distances, faxes have a distinct advantage over postal mail in that the delivery is nearly instantenous, yet its disadvantages in quality and its proprietary format have relegated it to a position beneath email as the prevailing form of electronic document tranferral. 5.NARRATIVE Tujuan Komunikatif Teks: Menghibur pendengar atau pembaca dengan pengalaman nyata atau khayal. Ciri naratif adalah adanya unsur konflik (masalah) dan resolusi (penyelesaian masalah). Jumlah masalah atau penyelesaiannya mungkin hanya satu, mungkin juga lebih. Struktur Teks: * Pengenalan latar: tokoh, waktu, dan tempat: * Pengembangan konflik; * Penyelesaian konflik; * Koda: perubahan yang terjadi pada tokoh atau pelajaran yang dapat dipetik dari cerita. Contoh 1: It was a warm day in March. I was very excited. The day had finally come. I was in the rowing team for the Olympics. I got up very early and exercised as always. Then after breakfast I drove to Drummoyne. My team arrived and at last it was time to start. Ready, set and the starting gun went off. We began in the third position and were slowly moving closer. There they were. We could see the second boat and then we did it. We moved past. My arms were aching. My whole body was sore but we all rowed harder. The first boat was just in front I saw a dark shadow near the boat. I looked again. What was it? I was sure it was the shape of a cigar. Oh my God, I thought, I must be seeing things. A shark in Parramata River? Impossible! Just then I pulled my oar out of the water. Oh no, why only half? I thought. Then I knew. I shouted to my team, Shark! Shark! and suddenly we forgot the race. We rowed faster than ever back to shore. We made it. Phew, we were safe! Contoh 2: Long ago on the top of Mount Kinabalu in Borneo, there lived a dragon. He owned a large and beautiful pearl. People believed that he controlled the weather with it. The emperor of China heard this and wanted the pearl. He sent his two sons, Wee Ping and Wee San to Borneo to steal it. The princes, together with one hundred soldiers, set sail for Borneo in twelve sailing junks.

When they arrived in Borneo, The set out immediately to find the famous mountain. Their journey up the rugged slopes of Mount Kinabalu proved very difficult. The dragon guarded his cave very fiercely and killed many of their soldiers. Then Wee San had a clever idea. He climbed a tall tree, so he could see the dragons cave. He noted what time the dragon left his cave to hunt for food and what time he returned to it. Next he ordered his men to make a fake pearl and a large kite. He waited until the dragon left his cave. Then he placed the fake pearl in a bag, slung it across his shoulder and flew up to the mountain-top on the kite. He exchanged the real pearl for the fake one and then his brother pulled his kite back to the ground. The brothers quickly returned to their ships and set sail for China. They sailed safely home. The emperor was thrilled with the pearl and gave a big party to celebrate his sons return. 6.DESCRIPTIVE Tujuan Komunikatif : Struktur Teks: ciri-ciri seseorang, suatu benda atau tempat tertentu. * Pengenalan benda, orang atau sesuatu yang akan dideskripsikan. * Deskripsi: menggambarkan ciri-ciri benda tersebut,misalnya berasal dari mana, warnanya, ukurannya, kesukaannya dsb. Deskripsi ini hanya memberikan informasi mengenai benda atau orang tertentu yang sedang dibahas saja, misalnya deskripsi tentang My Dog. Ciri-ciri anjing saya tersebut dapat berbeda dengan anjing yang lain. What is descdiptive text? The Definition and Purpose of Descriptive Text Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text Descriptive text has structure as below: Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described. Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics. The Language Feature of Descriptive Text Using attributive and identifying process. Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group. Using simple present tense Contoh 1: Borobudur Temple Borobudur is Hindu Budhist temple. It was build in the nineth century under Sailendra dynasty of ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the Gupta architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist of eight step like stone terrace. The first five terrace are square and surrounded by walls adorned with Budist sculpture in bas-relief. The upper

three are circular. Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire adifice is crowned by a large stupa at the centre at the centre of the top circle. The way to the summit extends through some 4.8 km of passage and starways. The design of borobudur which symbolizes the structure of universe influences temples at Angkor, Cambodia. Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a valuable treasure for Indonesian people.Analyzing the Text (Generic Structure Analysis): Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described in general; Borobudur temple Description; describing the Borobudur temple in parts; eight terraces of Borobudur temple and its characteristics Language Feature Analysis Using adjective and classifiers; valuable Using simple present tense; Borobudur is well-known,The temple is constructed, etc Contoh 2: The Ambarawa Train Museum houses 21 antique locomotives plus two more, which are stored in the depot. These locomotives are no longer produced; even the factories that made them no longer exist. The main building of this museum is the defunct Ambarawa railway station which was built in 1873. the station covers 127,500 m2. The oldest in this museum is a locomotive made by Hartman Chemnitz. This locomotive, with a length of 8.58 m and a width of 2.45 m, began its operation in 1891. Using wood as fuel, the steam locomotive could run 50 km/h its maximum speed. A special part of a visit to this museum is a trip by train from the Ambarawa Train Museum to the defunct Bedono train station. This package tour is called Railway Mountain Tour. Why is the trip so special? Because the participants will board an antique train and the train will travel on a 4.9 kilometer-cog railway, which is the only one in the world.

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When we recognize three levels in essay writing intense; descriptive, argumentative and persuasive, then we have to include the hortatory in the persuasive essay. Its purpose is to persuade the reader to follow the writer's act and opinion, point forward that certain thing should or should not be done. Hortatory is similar to analytical exposition but if we have to differentiate both from one to each other, we have one useful tool by making analysis on the generic structure. What makes

hortatory different from analytical exposition is the last finalizing step which analytical exposition is ended by a reiteration while hortatory is finalized by certain a recommendation. The generic structure is as follow: Thesis; thesis is similar to tentative conclusion which needs to be proven by certain fact and argument. In the end, it can be true or false Arguments; this is the phase which try to examine and support that the thesis stated above is true. Recommendation; this is what should or should not be done in the hortatory text. This recommendation is differentiating from analytical exposition. Now we will see the following example of hortatory text

Higher Education for Woman In this modern era, there are still some parents who are reluctant about sending their daughter to college. Such narrow attitude shown to woman higher education is largely due to the traditional role of woman in society. A woman is expected just to be a wife and a mother most parents believe that if their daughter gets married and chooses to be a housewife, then the higher education will be a waste. However an educated woman does not only make a better wife abut also contributer better thing to the large society. Nowadays more women are successfully combining their career and marriage. Educated women are richer both emotionally and financially. They are able to find an outlet for monotonous drudgery of their housekeeping. They bring more satisfaction and contentment to their lives. Depriving girl of higher education is crash discrimination. Time has changed. Modern society need the talents of its people regardless of gender. Today women work alongside men. In fact, in the last few decades women have made outstanding contributions to society. Woman should be given the freedom to be educated whether they get married or go to work after finishing their education because it is only through education that a woman will find herself useful and discover what she wants in life. A woman who work is not an insult to her husband. Conversely, her husband should feel proud of her achievement since marriage is actually an equal partnership. Therefore, parents should not think that girls should receive less education just because they will get marriage one day.

Learning text types is presented as the main subject in English lesson for high school students. Most of the time during their time in high school, the students focus their attention to text types with each generic structure and what language used to construct the texts varying to each other. That generic structure and language features which are commonly found different from one text to another is used based on the purpose of each genres. Text types in the three main genres which must be studied in high school specially designed for graduate competences standard (SKL) are: NARRATION This narrative genre includes narrative, recount, and news item. All these text types in narrative genres composed to tell and inform. DESCRIPTION The texts which include in descriptive genres are report, descriptive, and explanation. These text genres are written to describe. They tend to use words with describing sense and not telling ARGUMENTATION Argumentative genres will cover analytical exposition, hortatory exposition and discussion. These text types explore reason to answer the question "why" and "how". To enlarge our knowledge, texts are defined into three main genres which slightly different from the above classification referring to the high school graduate competences standard. According to nationalstrategies, the tree main genres which show the text types distinctions are as follow: 1. NARRATIVE which includes adventure, mystery, science fiction, fantasy, historical fiction, contemporary fiction, dilemma stories, dialogue, myths, legends, fairy tales, and fables. 2. NON-FICTION which accommodates discussion texts, explanatory texts, instructional text, persuasion texts, non-chronological reports and recounts. 3. POETRY which refers to free verse, visual poems and structured poems.