Silent valley movement

Silent valley movement It was a social movement aimed at the protection of Silent valley, an evergreen
tropical forest in the Palakkad district of Kerala, India. Silent Valley, occupying an area of 8950 hectares at an altitude of 3000 feet in Palaghat district of Kerala, is perhaps, the only remaining undisturbed tropical rainforest in Indian peninsula. This tropical rain forest in Western ghats is a precious reservoir of biodiversity where many plant and animal species have survived for centuries. In the 1960 s the state government began planning a dam to generate hydroelectricity as the basis for regional economic development It was started in 1973 to save the Silent Valley Reserve Forest in from being flooded by a hydroelectric project. The government eventually abandoned the project in 1983 and the valley was declared as in Silent Valley National Park 1985.

 The valley project was proposed to fetch the need of electricity and irrigation to the people of an area. It was opposed by many NGOs and environmentalists as it could cause serious damage to this 'cradle of evolution'- the home to many rare and unique species of plants and animals. Because of concern about the endangered lion-tailed macaque, the issue was brought to public attention.

History of the silent Valley movement

With the intervention of Friends of Trees society , Kerala Nature History Society and other NGOs, the controversy of the proposed hydel project was over in 1979 . It was declared as a National Park by the then prime minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1985. This ecologically fragile area storing rich stock of biodiversity has been declared as biosphere reserve and now is under category of Hot Spot.

Silent valley movement

The Silent Valley movement was the first important environmental agitation in the country and has become a text book example of successful mass movements.

y Narmada Bachao Andolan is social movement

consisting of tribal people, adivasis, farmers, environmentalists and human rights activists against the Sardar Sarovar Dam being built across the Narmada river, Gujarat, India.

Background
y Post-1947, investigations were carried out to evaluate mechanisms in utilizing water from the Narmada river .which flows into the Arabian Sea after passing through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra. Due to inter-state differences in implementing schemes and sharing of water, the Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal was constituted by the Government of India on October 6, 1969 to adjudicate over the water disputes. This Tribunal investigated the matters referred to it and responded after more than 10 years. On December 12, 1979, the decision as given by the Tribunal, with all the parties at dispute binding to it, was released by the Indian Government. y As per the Tribunal's decision, 30 major, 135 medium, and 3000 small dams, were granted approval for construction including raising the height of the Sardar Sarovar dam

y In 1985, after hearing about the Sardar Sarovar dam, Medha Patkar and her colleagues visited the project site and noticed the project work being shelved due to an order by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. y The reasons for this was cited as "non-fulfillment of basic environmental conditions and the lack of completion of crucial studies and plans". y What she noticed was that the people who were going to be affected were given no information, but for the offer for rehabilitation. Due to this, the villagers had many questions right from why their permission was not taken to whether a good assessment on the ensuing destruction was taken.

y Furthermore, the officials related to the project had no answers to their questions. While World Bank, the financing agency for this project, came into the picture, Patkar approached the Ministry of Environment to seek clarifications. She realized, after seeking answers from the ministry, that the project was not sanctioned at all, and wondered as to how funds were even sanctioned by the World Bank. After several studies, they realized that the officials had overlooked the post-project problems. y Through Patkar's channel of communication between the government and the residents, she provided critiques to the project authorities and the governments involved. At the same time, her group realized that all those displaced were only given compensation for the immediate standing crop and not for displacement and rehabilitation.

y As Patkar remained immersed in the Narmada

struggle, she chose to quit her Ph. D. studies and focus entirely on the Narmada activity. y Thereafter, she organized a 36-day long, solidarity march among the neighboring states of the Narmada valley from Madhya Pradesh to the Sardar Sarovar dam site. y She said that the march was "a path symbolizing the long path of struggle .This march was resisted by the police, who according to Patkar were "caning the marchers and arresting them and tearing the clothes off women activists".

y In 1991, her actions led to an unprecedented independent review y

by the World Bank. The Morse Commission, appointed in June 1991 at the recommendation of The World Bank President Barber Coinable, conducted its first independent review of a World Bank project. This independent review stated that "performance under these projects has fallen short of what is called for under Bank policies and guidelines and the policies of the Government of India. This resulted in the Indian Government pulling out of its loan agreement with the World Bank.In response, Patkar said "It is very clear and obvious that they used this as a face-saving device", suggesting that if this were not to happen, the World Bank would eventually would have withdrawn the loan. The World Bank's participation in these projects was eventually cancelled in 1995.

Supreme Court's decision

y Patkar led Narmada Bachao Andolan had filed a written petition with

the Supreme Court of India, the nation's apex court, seeking stoppage of construction on the Sardar Sarovar dam. The court initially ruled the decision in the Andolan's favor thereby effecting an immediate stoppage of work at the dam and directing the concerned states to first complete the rehabilitation and replacement process. years but finally upheld the Tribunal Award and allowed the construction to proceed, subject to conditions. The court introduced a mechanism to monitor the progress of resettlement pari passu with the raising of the height of the dam through the Grievance Redressal Authorities (GRA) in each of the party states. The court s decision referred in this document, given in the year 2000 after seven years of deliberations, has paved the way for completing the project to attain full envisaged benefits. The court's final line of the order states, "Every endeavour shall be made to see that the project is completed as expeditiously as possible

y The Supreme Court also deliberated on this issue further for several

y Subsequent to the court s verdict, Press Information

Bureau (PIB) featured an article which states that: y "The Narmada Bachao Andolan has rendered a yeoman's service to the country by creating a highlevel of awareness about the environmental and rehabilitation and relief aspects of Sardar Sarovar and other projects on the Narmada. But, after the court verdict it is incumbent on it to adopt a new role. Instead of 'damning the dam' any longer, it could assume the role of vigilant observer to see that the resettlement work is as humane and painless as possible and that the environmental aspects are taken due care of."

Criticism
y The Narmada dam's benefits include provision of

drinking water, power generation and irrigation facilities. However, the campaign led by the NBA activists has held up the project's completion, and the NBA supporters have indulged in physical attacks on local people who accepted compensation for moving. y Others have argued that the Narmada Dam protesters are little more than environmental extremists who use pseudoscientific agitprop to scuttle the development of the region, and that the dam will provide agricultural benefits to millions of poor in India.

Bishnoi movement
Bishnois 1st environmentalists of India

Background
y Year

1470 severe drought in a village called Pipasar of Rajasthan

y Man called Jambeshwar realized that the land was not able to

withstand the destruction from draught as large no. of trees had been felled
y Preached

importance of conserving the environmental elements

y Guru Maharaj Jambaji

proposed 29 principles, followed by his disciples known as BISHNOIs Prohibition of killing of any animal/bird and

y 2 important principles

felling of a green tree

y The unique religion of conservation was taken up by a large number of

people in Rajasthan and the number of Bishnois increased to the entire village communities.
y This helped to make villages greener and restore the natural ecosystems.

Vegetation naturally helped to recharge the ground water

y About 300 years after this religion was founded, the soldiers of king of

Jodhpur tried to cut trees in a Bishnoi village of Khejadali so that a new place may be built for the king.
y The Bishnois tried to reason with them and stop them but in vain. But

true of their religion, the Bishnois hugged the trees to protect them.
y Amrita Devi Bishnoi who refused to let the kingsmen cut the trees. Her

head was severed. Seeing their mother lay down her life for the trees, her daughters clung to them. Their heads were severed too. Agitated by the happenings, the neighboring village folk clung to the trees, as the massacre continued

y The soldiers attacked them to overcome the protest and 363 Bishnois

were killed.
y When the king heard of this massacre and the unique religion, he was

overcome by people's devotion. He ordered his men to withdraw, gave the religion state sanction and ensured that the wishes of Bishnois were respected in future.
y Amrita Devi Bishnoi Smrithi Paryavaran Award awarded by GoI

for contributing to environment conservation

Bishnois way of Life

y Bishnois do not cut green trees and are compassionate to all living

beings. The Bishnoi settlements are made from material gathered locally and most eco-friendly measures are taken to build their abode
y They do not fell trees. They only collect dead wood. Even a carpenter

waits patiently for the tree to fall

y Deers, Black Bucks, Peacocks, Blue Bulls, Chinkaras, are some of the

animals that you would find roaming around their settlements

y Long before Rain Harvesting concept caught fire, to combat the severe

drought and water shortage, the Bishnois build water storage tanks that can collect and store rain water. This water is not only for humans but animals too
y To minimize the use of green trees, they use cow dung cakes as fuel for

cooking