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Experiment No.

Processes in Biochemical Systems


I. OSMOSIS
y How do the shape and overall picture of the cells from the three test tubes compare with that of the control? Answer by drawing the appearances of the red blood cells as seen under the microscope showing the differences in their size and shape. Describe them accordingly. Use the following table.

HOW THE RBC S COMPARE IN SIZE AND SHAPE DRAWINGS:

DESCRIPTION: y Very red in color y Contains white substances which are the white blood cells but mostly it is surrounded by red colored substances y It looks rough and it also looks like a raw meat y Light colored (fleshy orange) y Spherical particles or bubble-like particles were seen; they re small in size and cannot be seen thoroughly. y These bubble-like particles are called hemoglobin which is located inside the red blood cell. y This hemoglobin in this blood sample is not very noticeable enough so keen observation was done. TEST TUBE 2 (in 0.1 % NaCl) y Lighter than the previous red blood cells samples y The bubble-like substances increased in number but became smaller in size than the previous one y Has the lightest color of all the previous blood samples y The bubble-like particles seen on this sample was the smallest among the rest. It has also the largest number of bubble-like substances inside. y The red blood cell was filled with these bubbles and it looks like a vast universe filled with small stars.

TEST TUBE 1 (CONTROL)

TEST TUBE 3 ( in 0.9% NaCl)

TEST TUBE 4 ( in 2.0 % NaCl)

II. DIALYSIS
a. Test for the Chloride ion. To 1.0 mL of the dialysate, add 1.0 mL of AgN03 solution. Observation: A white precipitate was formed; the solution turns to white; something cloudy was formed after dropping the reagent into the dialysate. b. Test for peptide bond. To 1.0 mL of the dialysate, add 2.0mL of 10% NaOH and 5 drops of 0.5 % copper sulfate. Stir the solution. Account for your observation. 1.0 ml dialysate + 2.0 ml 10% NaOH didn t produce any change in color but when 0.5% of copper sulfate was added it produced blue precipitate. c. Test for amino acid To 3.0 ml of the dialysate, add 1 mL 0.2% ninhydrin. Heat in a water bath until a blue violet color appears which indicates the presence of amino acid. Observation: After heating the solution in water we have observed a light bluish color which indicates the presence of amino acid.

DRAWING OF THE SET-UP FOR DIALYSIS:

III. LOWERING OF SURFACE TENSION


Margarine + bile solution Thin margarine was left after washing it with tap water by a wash bottle. The water just passed through the slide containing margarine + bile allowing it to resist from the flowing water. It looks like the water molecules are not compatible with the margarine with bile solution. It similarly looks like water and oil when mixed; they never combined together. Margarine + Na2CO2 Thinner margarine was left than the previous one, while washing it with tap water the margarine was slightly washed away by the water compared to the first. Margarine+ soap solution This is the thinnest among the others. Almost all the margarine poured into the slide was removed or washed out after washing it with tap water.

IV. HYDROLYSIS
SAMPLE MACARONI #1 Pancreatin #2 Saliva #3 Na2CO3 TEXTURE AFTER 15 MINUTES HEATING Hardest/toughest texture Harder/tougher texture Hard/tough texture COLOR WITH IODINE SOLUTION Darker (grayish black) Dark (purple) Light (milky white)

V. DIFFUSION
What is the effect of increasing the temperature on the rate of migration of the solid substance in a liquid medium? Diffusion rate is directly proportional to temperature. That is, the higher the temperature, the faster the diffusion. Draw the set-up of apparatus and describe the directional movement of the colored particles.

Compare the rate of diffusion at different temperatures. Low temperature 1 cm 2 cm 3 cm 4 cm 5 cm 1 sec 5 sec 22 sec 56 sec 96 sec Increasing temperature 1 cm 1 sec 2 cm 2 sec 3 cm 3 sec 4 cm 10 sec 5 cm 30 sec

Faster diffusion will take place if the surroundings are warmer. Increase in temperature means an increase in molecules' speed (kinetic energy). So the molecules move faster and there will be more spontaneous spreading of the material which means that diffusion occurs quicker.

Supplementary Questions: 1. Differentiate passive transport to active transport system. Give examples. Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane requiring only a random motion of molecules with no energy expanded by the cell while Active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane requiring energy to be expanded by the cell. An example of passive transport is osmosis while an example of active transport is dialysis (from the movement of various amino acids from the small intestine into the blood) 2. Is energy always associated with biochemical processes? Justify your answer. Yes. From the definition itself energy is the capacity to do work ; it makes the biochemical process more effective and necessary. Without energy how can our cells function well? Energy is crucial because it almost makes all life on earth possible. For instance, in the process of photosynthesis, plants capture the energy in sunlight and convert it into chemical bonds in glucose. The plants and the organisms that eat plants use the energy from glucose to form ATP. The energy from the breakdown of ATP fuels is the chemical reaction of life. 3. Discuss the movement of Na+ and K+ ions in the cell. Sodium-potassium pump moves Na+ out of cells and K+ into cells. The result is a higher concentration of K+ inside the cell. The concentration gradients for Na+ and K+, established by the sodium-pump, are essential in maintaining the resting membrane potential.

References: Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology McGraw and Hill International edition (book) www.wiki-answers.com www.en.wikipedia.com www.yahoo.answers.com www.ask.com www.eHow.com

Bicol University College of Nursing Legazpi City

Experiment No. 2

Processes in Biochemical Systems


( LAB 2 GROUP 1 )
Submitted by:

Carmella Rodolfo Bernaflor Pielago Zhaira Mae Oribiada Mikaella Cadiz


BSN 1-C

Submitted to:

Prof. Noemi R. Madrid

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