The OSI 7 Layer Approach

Web Browser OSI Layers Application Presentation Session 7 6 5 application oriented Hub Modem LAN Switch L2 Switch Router L3 Switch Application Switch L4-L7 Switch Web Server

7 6 5

Transport
Network Data Link Physical

4
3 2 1 1

network oriented
3 2 1 2 1 Transmission

4
3 2 1

4
3 2 1

Digital Subscriber Lines: DSL

..DSL = Digital Subscriber Line
A.. = Asymmetrical U.. = Universal SH.. = Symmetrical High Speed V.. = Very High Speed
Application Presentation Session Transport Network

ADSL

UDSL
(ADSL Lite)

SHDSL

VDSL
asymmetric (symmetric)

symmetry downstream upstream

asymmetric

asymmetric

symmetric

8 Mbit/s
800 kbit/s 2.5 5 km

1.5 Mbit/s
512 kbit/s 2.5 5 km

2.3 Mbit/s
2.3 Mbit/s 2.5 5 km

51 (26) Mbit/s
14 (26) Mbit/s 0.3 1.5 km

Data Link

distance
Physical

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

The ATM approach tries to combine the advantages of TDM and Packet-Based data transmission Data is transmitted in small Packets with fixed length (53 Bytes) called ATM Cells The ATM Cells are classified and prioritized according to requirements
Class A Class B Class C Class D

Application Presentation Session Transport Network

Time behavior Bit rate Connection type

continuous constant connection oriented Voice, Circuit Emulation AAL1 Variable Bit rate data AAL2

non-continuous variable connection less

Applications
Data Link Physical

best effort data

connection less data

AAL3/4

Type of service

AAL5

The Internet Protocol

The Internet Protocol IP is a routable protocol It is media Independent, almost any WAN-link can carry IP It Is the most widely deployed network protocol A wide range of commercial solutions are available Also, a wide range of user applications are based on IP

Application Presentation Session

Transport Network Data Link Physical

Format IP Datagram
Parameter Penting
BITS
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 31

VER

IHL

1 2 TTL

TY PE OF SERVICE

TOTAL LENGTH

IDENTIF I CATION

FLAG

FRAGM ENT AT ION OFFSET

4 5 6

SOUCE ADDRESS SOURCE ADDRESS DESTINATION ADDRESS

DESTINATION ADDRESS

OPTION DATA

PA DDING

HEADER

WORDS

TTL

PROTOCOL

HEADER CHECKSUM

IP Address (IPv4)

Pengalamatan harus unik 32 bit bilangan biner

32 bits

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Network
8 bits

Host
8 bits 8 bits
8 bits

10000000 00011010 00000110 00111110

128 .

26

6 .

62

Klasifikasi IP Address
0 1 2 8 16 24 31

KELAS A

NET ID
128 network

HOST ID
16.777.216 address

KELAS B

1 0

NET ID
16,384 network

HOST ID
65,536 address

KELAS C

1 1 0

NET ID
2.097.152 network

HOST ID
256 address

KELAS D KELAS C

1110 1111

Klasifikasi IP Address
KELAS A

0-127 0nnnnnnn
Bit-bit Network

0-255 hhhhhhhh

0-255 hhhhhhhh
Bit-bit Host

0-255 hhhhhhhh

KELAS B

128-191 10nnnnnn

0-255 nnnnnnnn

0-255 hhhhhhhh

0-255 hhhhhhhh

Bit-bit Network

Bit-bit Host

KELAS C

192-223 110nnnnn

0-255 nnnnnnnn
Bit-bit Network

0-255 nnnnnnnn

0-255 hhhhhhhh
Bit-bit Host

KELAS D KELAS E

dimulai dari 224 - 239, digunakan untuk multicast (u/ videoconferencing n streaming media) dimulai dari 240 - 255, digunakan untuk eksperimen

Konfigurasi Alamat IP
Pengalamatan Khusus Alamat Jaringan IP address : 167.205.2.100 Network address : 167.205.0.0 Alamat Broadcast IP address : 167.205.2.100 Broadcast address : 167.205.255.255 Alamat Jaringan Lokal IP address : 167.205.2.100 Local network address : 0.0.2.100

Konfigurasi Alamat IP
Latihan 1
Alamat
10.2.1.1

Kelas

Network

Host

128.63.2.100
201.222.5.64 192.6.141.2 130.113.64.16 256.241.201.10

Konfigurasi Alamat IP
Host Addresses
131.108.200.1 15.1.1.1

E0
131.108.3.10

E1
15.250.8.11

131.108.12.12

15.180.30.118

IP : 131.108.2.1
131 . 108 . 12 . 12

IP:15.6.24.2
Routing Table Network Interface

Network

Host

131.108.0.0 15.0.0.0

E0 E1

Konfigurasi Alamat IP
Pengalamatan Tanpa Subnets

131.108.0.0

Jaringan 131.108.0.0

Sub-netting ..

Pembagian satu kelas network atas sejumlah subnetwork Pemindahan garis pemisah antara bit-bit network dengan bit-bit host Sejumlah bit pada kelompok bit host dialihkan menjadi bit-bit network

Konfigurasi Alamat IP
Pengalamatan Dengan Subnets

131.108.3.0 131.108.4.0

131.108.1.0

131.108.2.0

Jaringan 131.108.0.0

Konfigurasi Alamat IP
Subnet Addressing
131.108.2.200 131.108.3.5

E0
131.108.2.2

E1
131.108.3.100

131.108.2.160

131.108.3.150

IP : 131.108.2.1
131 . 108 . 2 . 160

IP:131.108.3.150
Routing Table Network Interface

Network

Host

131.108.2.0 131.108.3.0

E0 E1

Konfigurasi Alamat IP
Network
Alamat IP
Default Subnet Mask 8-bit Subnet Mask

Subnet Mask 108 0

Host

131
Network

0
Host

255
Network

255

0
Subnet

0
Host

255

255

255

Subnet bits menggunakan bit-bit untuk host, dimulai dari bit posisi orde tertinggi

Konfigurasi Alamat IP
Subnet Mask Bits
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 = = = = = = = = 128 192 224 240 248 252 254 255

Bit-bit untuk subnet menggunakan bit host orde tinggi.

Konfigurasi Alamat IP
Subnet Mask dengan Subnets
Network Subnet Host

131.108.2.160 10000011 01101100 00000010 10100000 AND 255.255.255.0 1111111 11111111 1111111 1 00000000 10000011 01101100 00000010 0000000

131

108

Alamat jaringan (subnet) ditambah 8 bits

Konfigurasi Alamat IP
Latihan 2
Alamat
131.108.2.10 15.6.24.20 168.124.36

Subnet Mask
255.255.255.0 255.255.0.0 255.255.255.0

Kelas Subnet

Konfigurasi Alamat IP
Perencanaan Subnet
20 Subnets 5 Hosts per subnet Alamat Kelas C: 201.222.5.0

Konfigurasi Alamat IP
Contoh Perencanaan Subnet
IP Host Address: Subnet Mask: 201.222.5.121 255.255.255.248

Network
201.222.5.121 255.255.255.248 Subnet 11001001 11111111 11011110 11111111

Subnet Host
00000101 11111111 01111 001 11111 000

11001001 201

110111110 00000101 222 5

01111 000 120

Alamat Subnet = 201.222.5.120 Alamat Hosts = 201.222.5.121-201.222.5.126 Alamat Broadcast = 201.222.5.127

Konfigurasi Alamat IP
Alamat Broadcast

131.108.3.0 131.108.4.0 131.108.1.0 131.108.3.255

Directed broadcast

131.108.2.0

X 255.255.255.255 (local network broadcast)

Konfigurasi Alamat IP
Latihan 3
Alamat Subnet Mask Kelas Subnet Broadcast

201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248 15.6.193.6 255.255.248.0

128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252 153.50.6.27 255.255.255.128

Address Khusus ..
Default Route Network 0 IP loopback : 127.x.x.x biasanya 127.0.0.1 IP privat : 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
Set bit-bit host = 0 Identifikasi suatu network Seluruh host pada satu network akan memiliki network address yang sama Set bit-bit host = 1 Untuk mengirim informasi umum / broadcast ke seluruh host dalam suatu network Seluruh host pada satu network akan memiliki broadcast address yang sama

Loopback Address

Private Address

Network Address

Broadcast Address

Multicast Address

Network 224

Transport Layer: TCP versus UDP

TCP
Transport Control Protocol purpose classification implementation
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

UDP
User Datagram Protocol

Addresses several endpoints inside an IP device with different Port Numbers connection-oriented sequence numbers count bytes of the data stream -order and completeness of packets guaranteed -retransmission of missing data flow-control implementation using window sizes to prevent overflow of receiver 20 bytes File-Transfer (ftp) Web-surfing (http) e-Mail (SMTP, pop3) connectionless no sequence numbers -order and completeness of packets is not guaranteed -no retransmission possible

no flow-control implementation

overhead

8 bytes Network Management (SNMP) Network Time Protocol (NTP) Routing (RIP:Routing Information Protocol, OSPF: Open Sortest Path First)

applications

TCP/IP Compared to OSI Model

TCP/IP Layer Model Transport of Data over the TCP/IP Network

Application Transport Internet Physical Network Interface TCP IP TCP Ethernet IP TCP

Data
Datagram Packet Frame

Ethernet IP TCP

Frame from the data link layer

11011010111

Network Interface Card

Bit stream from the physical layer

Network Address Translation (NAT)

Mengijinkan penggunaan IP privat untuk terhubung ke internet Menterjemahkan IP privat ke IP publik dan sebaliknya.