Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
, , . , .
,
, .
,
.
,
. , Amnesty
International ,
.
. , ,
.
www.amnesty.org
6.69 x 9.61
4.318mm
6.69 x 9.61
Amnesty InternAtIonAl ,
2, 2
150 ,
. ,
,
.
, ,
,
.
www.amnesty.org
Amnesty International Secretariat
Peter Benenson House
1 Easton Street
London WC1X ODW
United Kingdom
Amnesty International
Publications 2009
: EUR 01/003/2009
ISBN: 978-0-86210-452-8
:
.
: AP Photo/
, ,
lightning source
milton Keynes, UK
.
,
, ,
.
, .
, ,
.
1/ :
,
vii
1
3
4
12
13
()
14
14
2/
16
16
19
3/
23
23
24
25
26
27
4/ :
31
32
36
46
vi
5/
53
53
55
10
17
25
28
34
37
42
49
51
vii
(
)
. , ,
- , , ,
.
. , , ,
, . .
.
: , .
, . , ,
.
,
. .
,
.
. ,
- , , , , , , ,
.
, .
, , , , . , ,
.
.
, . a , .
, ,
,
.
, , . .
, , []
( 1) -
, , , - , ,
, , , , , , ( 2).
60 . . 1 .
.
, , . ,
, .
1945 .
- ,
, . . ,
.
,
, ,
. Amnesty International, .
1/ :
- , ,
.
: , , ,
, , .
.2 , , , .
, ,
, - , , .
- ( , , ), .
,
, ( 3
(),
). , , ,
.3
.
. ,
.
,
, ,
. . ,
, ,
, . ,
,
.
, .
, ,
. , , ,
. . , ,
, 1990- . , , 4,
, .
,
, . ,
.
. , .
.5
, , . , -
, , .6
, ,
. , .7 Amnesty International ,
,
, ( ) .8
, .
,
. , ,
,
, .
,
.
, ,
. ,
,
Amnesty International, Still separate, still unequal: Violations of the right to education of Romani children in Slovakia
( , : - , . .), : EUR 72/002/2007
, , ,
.
. ,
. . , ,
,
.9
, , , 1990- , -
, - -. Amnesty International, ,
, .10
.
,
1990- .11
, , ,
.12
:
, . , . .
. , , , .
,
.
. ,
. , .
, , , ,
. , , .
. 90- ,
. . , .
,
. , , , .
, .
, , ,
,
. , ,
.
, .
, . , , . .
, .
, , -, ,
. , .
Amnesty International, Linguistic minorities in Estonia: Discrimination must end ( :
, . .;
. .), : EUR 51/002/2006.
, , .
, 13 , ( ).
,
, , .
,
.
- . .
. , ,
, .
( ) ,
,
.
14, 15 , . , , - .16
17
.18
,
,
. .19
:
Amnesty International , , , ,
. ,
,
,
. , ,
,
.
, , , .
,
.
Amnesty International, France the search for justice: The effective impunity of law enforcement officers in cases of shootings,
deaths in custody or torture and ill-treatment (: :
, ,
, . .), : EUR 21/001/2005
-
. , ,
. : ; ,
; ; .20
;
.21 ,
,
: ( , )
.
29 2005 ( )
500
.
,
, . , . ,
.
, .
,
, Amnesty International, .
2005 ( )
. ,
. Amnesty International,
. , , , ,
.
, . , ,
, . , .
Amnesty International, Spain and Morocco: Failure to protect the rights of migrants-Ceuta and Melilla one year on (
: , . .), : EUR 41/009/2006
. , ( ,
) (, ). , , : ,
, ,
, .22
.
. , . , , , , ,
.
, - , . -
, - . ,
- , . .
.
, , , , .
. , - ,
. ,
.23
, - , 50 .
,
. , , ,
11 2001 .24 .
10
, 30, , , . , ,
, , , , , , ,
. ,
,
, .
Amnesty International
, 18 19 9 10 , , , .31
,
. Amnesty International ,
, , .
, , ,
. ,
.
, ,
. , : , (
, , ) .32 ,
.33
,
, (,
), ,
. , ,
, , . ,
,
.34
.
- , , , ,
, , , , , (, . 2; , . 2).
, , ,
, , .
, ,
, ,
. ,
, . ,
- , - ,
.
, ,
( , ,
), .
, , . Leyla Sahin v. Turkey ( , . .) ,
[] , , - ,
[] . , ,
.
Amnesty International, -
, ,
, , .
, .
11
12
, .
. 25, ,
.26 ; , .27 ,
. (. , . 10)
,
, . ,
, , , .28
- ,
, .29
,
.
, , - . , ,
,
, , , .
,
, .
. . ,
.35
, . -
-
.36 , .37
:
, ,
?. 85% . , . . .
Amnesty International.
Amnesty International, Hungary: Cries unheard: The failure to protect women from rape and sexual violence in the
home (: . s , . .), : EUR 27/002/2007.
,
, , , () , , .
, .
, .
, ( ), 11 2006 .
, . ?
- 2006 , 24 2006
, .
( )
2005 .
Amnesty International, Poland and Latvia. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Rights in Poland and Latvia
( . , , , .
.), : EUR 01/019/2006
, . ,
.
Amnesty International, ,
, - ,
, .38
.
13
14
.
.
, . , , ,
, ( , ).39 ; . , ,
, .
, , .
()
.
, ,
, . ,
.
,
, , ,
.40 Amnesty International , ,
, .41
, .42
, . , , .
, . , . ,
: , -
. , , ,
. , , , -
, .
: , . ,
,
.43
, , ,
, , , .
, , .44
, , ,
,
, , .
.
.
15
16
2/
, .
.
, , ,
:
, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , .45
:
, ,
, , .46
:
,
, .47
, .
: ; ,
;
.
. , - . ,
, , , .
. ,
. , : , , , ,
, , ,
, , .
. ,
, . ,
.
, . (,
), .
, ,
.48 ,
, .49 , , ,
- , ,
, .
, , , , .
. ,
, ,
-50, .51
, , , . :
n , , , .
n , ,
, .
n , , ,
.
17
18
n ,
, .
n , - , .52
n , 53, ,
, .
.
, , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
.
, ,
, .
, , , , , , , . .
, , , ,
.54
,
. ,
()
(), .55 ,
()56, ()57
, ,
, .
, , ,
, , . ,
, .58 ,
59, .60
,
- .
, .
, (
) , .61
, .
, . , , .
( ), , ,
. ,
.62
: .63
.
, . , .
n
n
n
n
n
n
, .
z .
.
,
, .
, .
.
,
, ,
- -
19
20
.64
, .65
, , , , , .
n
, , .
n
,
.
,
, .
, .
. ,
1 :
, , , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
.
66 . , ,
, , ,
.67
, . ,
.
. , , ,
.
,
.68 , , , ,
.
, (),
, -
:
[]
. , []
, , .
, ,
.69
70 (.
, , . 34)
. ,
, , ,
, , , . (
), ,
.71
- , . , ,
.
: -
. ,
. . , ,
. , , .
-
. , -, .
, - , . ,
,
, , .
, Amnesty International, , (), 39% -
21
22
-, , , - 22%,
, , 8%; 83% -
65% - ( , , 50%); 31%
- , - 27%, , 23%.72
Amnesty International , - , . -
, , . ,
: , , ,
.
Amnesty International, Little by little we women have learned our rights: The Macedonian governments failure to uphold the
rights of Romani women and girls ( , , :
-, . .), : EUR 65/004/2007.
3/
.
, , - .
() , () , , ,
, , , , ,
, .73 , ,
, .
, , , , .74 :
. ,
, - , , , , , , ,
, .
.
(), ()
() , , , , , , , .75
, .76
23
24
77,
- 78 .
( ), , . , ,
, ,
, .79
1949 47 - 80 , , .
. (
, ). , ,
.
,
, , , , ,
, , , , , ,
.81 ,
, , , . ,
,
, , .82
12 , . 2008 17 47
- ( ).83
84 () , . ,
. , , , .
()
(),
- .
, - ,
(). ,
, , , .
- , ,
. - ,
.86
, ,
, . 11 85, 10 , ,
,
. , , ,
, .
() , ,
() 1957 . :
. 6 , , ,
,
, . 13
, , , , , .
. ,
, , ,
25
26
, , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
.87
, , .88 , , . ( ),
- 2007 , -
. - , . - .89
, .90
() , .91
- . , 2007 ,
. - .
() , , . 56 , -
, , , . , ,
. . .97
()
.98 2004 ,
, , ,
, . .99
.100
,
- .101
, , . , -
, .
, - 102,
. ,
.103
, ,
.104 ,
, .105
-
, , .106
-
, . - .
, , , . - . () -
( 1949 ), - 1975 ( ) 1990
- .
, , .
1949 , . 1975 , ,
, .
1990 . 2009 18, 14 107 . ,
, , , , .
, , 108
. , .
2008 47 -
, , .109 -
27
28
13 (), , ,
, , , . 2 .
, 92, - . , ,
:
n
, 13 .
:
n (. 75/117 . 76/207), -
. : 2006/54
2004/113
. , .93
n 2000/43 , .
n 2000/78 , , .
,
, (
, , ),
2000/78
, ,
. , , . - , , ,
- - , - ,
. - ,
. 2008
,
.94
- .
- , , .
, . . -
, -
. 2000 . 2007
14 - 95 2000/43. 2008 11
2000/78,
.96
29
30
- ,
.110
, ,
.
2005 . 2008 41 - , 19, - ,
.
Amnesty International ,
, ,
, , , .
, , .
,
.
Amnesty International ,
, , .
4/ :
, ,
, . . , ,
, ,
Amnesty International, .
, , . :
n , , , .
n , ,
.
n ,
, , ,
, .111
,
, 112
. ,
, .
,
, . ,
,
.
,
, . , ,
.
31
32
, ,
.
,
.
, . , , , .
,
, ,
, , .
,
n , , ;
n , .
, , , .118 , ,
, , , , , ,
.119 , , .
.
120,
121,
.122 , ,
.123 , .
, , , ,
, .
, ,
.
, , , .
.
.
,
.124
( , , , , , . .),
.
, , , , , ,
. ,
.
() , , ,
, []
, ,
, , .125
, .126 ,
.127
, . , ,
, , .
33
34
, ,
, . , .
, . .
, . ,
,
.
,
, , , , .113 ,
, .114
.
, , , . . , ,
, , . ,
, ,
. , , ,
. ,
, .
- , ,
.115 , .116
. ,
, (
),
.
, , .
. :
,
( ,
, ).
( ), Amnesty International ,
, .
,
, , . ,
, 11
2001
, .
, (
), , ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
, , ,
.117 ,
,
. .
35
36
( ),
(. ,
, . 51).
, ,
. ,
, , , , , .131
. , ,
, .
132, 133, 134 .
,
, ; , , () ;
, ;
.
: . , ,
, ,
, .
, . ,
.
,
,
, . ,
:
E
,
.
, (),
, , , - , ,
, , .128
, ; ;
.
, , . , ,
, ,
.129
,
, , ,
, , .130 , , ,
,
.
, , , , . , ,
.
3, ,
, . 12 ,
. , . , ,
, ,
37
38
. ,
,
.
, . 135,
,
, , ,
.
, , , , : .
, ,
,
.
n ,
, . , .136
I , ,
. ,
, , . -
,
.
() 137 .138 7 ,
,
, ,
. ,
.
, , , ,
.139 , , , .
, , .
, , , , , . , , , , ,
.
, , , -
, .140 19
() , , -
,
, , , ,
.141
;
, .
, , ( ).
: ,
,
, , ,
,
.142
,
,
. , , ,
. , , , 14 .143
, . .147
39
40
. , :
. , , -, , , ,
.
, , . . ,
, , ( ) , ( ), , ,
. , , ,
.148
, .149 ,
(, ).150
, . :
3 2 [ ] , - , , , ... , , ,
. , , ,
, ,
, ,
.151
,
.152 :
;
, , , ;
, .153
, , ,
, .154 ,
, , , . ,
,
, , .
, , .
, ,
, , . , ,
(,
, - , , ).
, , .
, , ,
155 . (
, , ); ; ;
;
; ,
- , .
156 ,
, ,
. .
, , ,
.157
-
. :
, ,
, ,
, .
n
.
, -
41
42
. , , 11 2001 ,
.
.
, . , Amnesty International,
, 20 []
, , , . , ,
;
, . 20 , - .
, , , , , .
, .
, ; , .144
, , , , .
4 , , ,
,
.145
, ,
, 4 .
,
. , -
.
, .
, ,
.
, Amnesty International ,
, ,
,
.
, , , ,
, . , , .146
, . . , ,
, .
43
44
,
, ,
, . ,
.159
, .160
n
.
, ,
.161 ,
,
, , , ,
. 162
,
, , .163 , .164
,
,
. , ,
, , , - . , ,
.
, ,
, , . , ,
, ,
,
.165
n
, ,
, . , -
, .
, , , .
(. ). , ,
, , , .
,
,
, . , , , ,
. , ,
.166 , .167
, , . ,
.
. , .
,
. , , ,
.
, . 168,
.169 : ,
, .170
45
46
. , ,
.
, , . , , , . ,
- , , . ,
, , .
,
.
,
; ,
; .
,
;
, ;
; .
, .
,
. , ,
.171 , , ,
. 172
.
. 173
. -
,
, . , , , .
. , ( ,
, , ),
.
1993 , ( ), ,
.174 , , 175, 176,
, , .
. 177
-
, , , ,
, , , . 178
- ,
,
, .179
:
; ; ; ,
;
; , ,
, .
,
, .
,
, . ,
, ,
. ,
, .
47
48
, , , ,
.
, .180 ,
. , , -
. ,
, ,
.181
, ,
.182 , 24 : ,
, -
,
, ,
. , , , ,
, , , , .
,
,
.183 ,
, , .
, , , , ,
, .
( ) , . 184
185, () 2001 , ,
, ,
, .186 . , .187
,
, ,
, .
.
, :
n , , , , ;
n , , , ;
n ;
n ,
.
, , , ,
, .
, ,
.
,
.
49
50
, , . ,
, ,
.
, , ,
. (.
, . 51)
() , . 2
2, , :
- , ,
, , , , ,
.
. ,
, ,
, , .188 ,
, , , , .
, , . ,
, , ,
, , , , , , , .196 ,
.197 ,
, . -
, ,
. , , - .
,
.
. , , ,
.189
, (.
, . 37; ,
), .
,
, ,
; , .
;
, ; ,
.
.190 , ,
.191 . ,
. , . ,
( ),
.192
, .
, .193 ,
, . .194 , .195
51
52
,
. ,
. 198
, , []
,
, , , . 199
,
, .
5/
- ; ,
; -
; - ; - - .
, . , ,
, .
Amnesty International - :
12 , .
Amnesty International :
,
.
, Amnesty International
:
n ,
,
, ,
;
;
n , ,
;
53
54
n
; ,
, ; ;
n ,
, ,
, , ;
n
, , ;
;
,
, ;
1.
47 -
.
2. 2008
, 62% ,
; 51%
, 45%
, 42%
36% .
Discrimination in the European Union:
Perceptions, Experiences and Attitudes
( :
, , . .),
2008 .,
http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_2
96_en.pdf. .
Majorities Attitudes Towards Minorities: Key Findings
from the Eurobarometer and the European Social
Survey (
:
, . .), 2005 .,
http://fra.europa.eu/fra/material/pub/eurobarometer/EB200
5/EB2005-summary.pdf
6. . - The Human
Rights Situation of the Roma, Sinti and Travellers in
Europe ( ,
, . .).
: CommDH(2005)4. .
,
,
.
7.
, ,
www.errc.org.
8. Amnesty International, False starts: The exclusion
of Romani children from primary education in Bosnia
and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia (
: -
,
, . .), : EUR 05/002/2006;
Still separate, still unequal: Violations of the right to
education of Romani children in Slovakia (
, :
- ,
. .), : EUR 72/002/2007.
.
D. H. and Others v Czech Republic
(.. ,
. .), 57325/00, 13 2007 .
9.
( 27,
),
( 3:
/).
10. Amnesty International, Linguistic minorities in
Estonia: Discrimination must end (
:
, . .), :
EUR 51/002/2006.
11. . Amnesty International The Balkans:
Summary of Amnesty Internationals Concerns in the
Region: January June 2007 (:
,
55
56
Amnesty International (
2007 ), . .), : EUR
05/003/2007. . Amnesty
International Slovenia: The erased - Briefing to the
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights (:
,
, . .), : EUR
68/002/2005.
12. ., , Amnesty International
Bosnia and Herzegovina: Behind closed gates: Ethnic
discrimination in employment (
: .
, . .), : EUR
63/001/2006.
13. Amnesty International ,
.
;
, VIII
( , 1990 ).
14. 2008 Report on Racism and Xenophobia in the
Member States of the EU (
-
2008 , . .), . 58;
.
15. 2008 Report on Racism and Xenophobia in the
Member States of the EU (
-
2008 ., . .), . 43;
.
16. 2008 Report on Racism and Xenophobia in the
Member States of the EU (
-
2008 ., . .), . 27;
.
17. . , Amnesty International
:
, : EUR 46/022/2006.
18. ., , Amnesty International
:
,
: EUR 50/005/2008.
19. ., , Amnesty International
France the search for justice: The effective impunity of
law enforcement officers in cases of shootings, deaths
in custody or torture and ill-treatment (:
:
,
, ,
. .), : EUR 21/001/2005, . 2.
20. ., : Amnesty International, Spain and
Morocco: Failure to protect the rights of migrants
Ceuta and Melilla one year on ( :
, . .), : EUR
41/009/2006. Amnesty International, Spain: The
Southern Border: the state turns its back on the human
rights of refugees and immigrants (:
.
, . .),
: EUR 41/008/2005. Amnesty International,
Malta: Investigation of incidents at Hal-Safi Detention
Centre finds excessive use of force and ill-treatment of
detainees by armed forces, (:
-
, . .), : EUR
33/002/2005. Amnesty International, Italy: Temporary
stay - Permanent rights: The treatment of foreign
nationals detained in 'temporary stay and assistance
centres' (CPTAs) (:
.
,
,
. .), : EUR 30/004/2005. Amnesty
International, Greece: Out of the Spotlight: The rights of
foreigners and minorities are still a grey area (:
, . .),
: EUR 25/016/2005. Amnesty International,
United Kingdom - Seeking asylum is not a crime:
detention of people who have sought asylum
( :
.
, . .), : EUR 45/015/2005.
21. ., ,
-
, 13 16 2004 ., (CommDH
(2004)12), . ., . 6.
22. Amnesty International, Living in the Shadows: a
primer on the human rights of migrants (
: , . .),
: POL 33/006/2006.
23. Anti-Semitism: Summary overview of the situation
in the European Union 2001-2007 (:
2001 2007 , . .),
2008 .;
.
24. Muslims in the European Union: Discrimination
and Islamophobia (
: , .
.), 2006 .;
.
31. , ,
,
.
25. ,
()
2007 , 2008
,
-
,
.
32. ,
,
,
,
. .
,
22, 27 31.
33. , .
22 .
27. ., ,
, CRI(2005)1 ( . .).
28. . James Goldston:
Ethnic Profiling and Counter-Terrorism: Trends,
Dangers and Alternatives ( ,
,
,
: ,
, . .), 2006 .
29. ., , Amnesty International, UK:
Human Rights: A Broken Promise (
: .
, . .), : EUR 45/004/2006;
Amnesty International, United Kingdom: Deportations
to Algeria at all costs ( :
, . .),
: EUR 45/001/2007. .
Amnesty International Europe and Central Asia:
Summary of Amnesty Internationals Concerns in the
Region: January June 2007 (
: ,
Amnesty International (
2007), . .), : EUR 01/010/2007,
,
,
,
(
).
30.
, , -,
, ,
, .
34. ,
,
, E/CN.4/2005/61 (
. .), 20 2004 ., 67, 70.
35. -
20%
.
: Viewpoint of the Council of Europe
Commissioner for Human Rights (
,
. .), 2007 .,
www.coe.int/t/commissioner/viewpoints.
36.
Amnesty International
:
, : ACT
77/049/2004. ,
, , .:
Amnesty International, Spain: More than words.
Making protection and justice a reality for women who
suffer gender based violence in the home (.
, : ,
,
, . .),
: EUR 41/005/2005; Amnesty International,
France: Violence against women: a matter for the State
(:
, ,
. .), : EUR 21/001/2006; Amnesty
International, Albania: Violence against Women in the
Family: It's not her shame (:
, . .), : EUR
11/002/2006; Amnesty International, Belarus:
Domestic violence - more than a private scandal
(: ,
, . .), :
EUR 49/014/2006; Amnesty International, Georgia:
57
58
, . .),
: EUR 15/005/2002, 10 2002 .;
Amnesty International, Bulgaria and Romania:
Amnesty Internationals Human Rights Concerns in the
EU Accession Countries: ( :
,
Amnesty International, .
.), : EUR 02/001/2005. . Cage
Beds: Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or
Punishment in Four EU Accession Countries, 2003;
Mental Disability Advocacy Centre (-:
, 2003 .;
,
; . .).
42. ., ,
2004
(CommDH(2005)6, . ., . 41)
2005 (CommDH(2006)2, .
., . 39).
43.
-
. Report on the European
Judicial Systems Edition 2006 (
, 2006 ,
. .),
(www.coe.int/t/dg1/legalcooperation/cepej/evaluation/2
006/CEPEJ_2006_eng.pdf)
44. . Amnesty International Azerbaijan:
Displaced then discriminated against - the plight of the
internally displaced population (.
, . .)
(. .); : EUR
55/011/2007. . Amnesty
International Slovenia: The erased - Briefing to the
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights (:
,
, . .), : EUR
68/002/2005, ,
,
,
,
.
45. 18:
, (1989
), 7.
46. 18:
, (1989
), 13.
47. . Abdulaziz, Cabales and Balkandali v the
United Kingdom (,
,
. .), 28 1985 ., ,
94, 72.
48.
, ... []
, [
], ,
- ,
.
Thlimmenos v. Greece (
, . .), 34369/97, 6
2000 ., 44.
49. 25
( ,
- )
: ,
,
.
,
.
, .
,
.
.
,
.
50. . 12
( 12
).
:
,
. ,
,
,
-. ,
, , ,
( 15).
51. . Abdulaziz, Cabales and Balkandali v the
United Kingdom (,
,
. .), 9214/80, 9473/81,
9474/81), 28 1985 ., 82.
52. 3 :
,
, .
, :
, ,
,
.
,
,
, ,
,
,
.
,
.
-
,
,
.
XIX 3 .
2 () 24
,
- , :
,
59
60
-
.
53.
, ,
,
,
( 2).
.
5 ,
,
,
,
,
, ,
.
,
. 2000/78/EC (
. .).
54.
,
:
,
,
.
, ,
, , , ,
,
,
, .
, ,
, , ,
.
, , ,
. .
Poverty Reduction and
Human Rights, a Practice Note (
, . .),
2003 ., . 7,
http://www.undp.org/governance/docs/HRPN_(poverty)
En.pdf.
2002-... .).
,
, ,
.
61. Belgian Linguistics (
, . .)
,
. 14
[
] ,
,
. (2), 1
European Human Rights Report (EHRR) 252,
10 (1968).
14,
26,
. ., , ,
: Broeks v. the Netherlands (
, . .), 172/1984, 9
1987 .; Zwaan-de Vries v. the Netherlands (
, . .), 182/1984,
9 1987 .
62. ., , East African Asians
(
, . .), 3 EHRR 76 (1973 .),
207 (
); Hoffman v
Austria ( , . .),
17 EHRR 293, 36 (1993 .) (,
, ); Abdulaziz, Cabales and
Balkandali v United Kingdom (,
,
. .), 9214/80; 9473/81;
9474/81, 78 (
,
); Inze v Austria (
, . .), 8695/79, 28
1987 . (
,
); Gaygusuz v. Austria (
, . .), 23 EHRR 365,
42 (1996 .) (
,
,
,
); Karner v. Austria (
, . .), 40016/98, 24
2003 ., 37 (
,
,
).
63. ., ,
7
.
64. ., , 2 (b) 2
2000/78
( . .).
65. 14 ,
[]
, ,
,
, ,
,
.
.
66.
18 ,
,
,
, ,
,
, , , ,
, ,
,
,
,
, ,
. [ ].
,
18: ,
(1989 .), 7.
67. Zarb Adami v. Malta (
, . .), 17209/02, 20
2006 ., 80.
Althammer et al v
Austria ( . ,
. .) ,
26 [
] -
,
61
62
.
998/2001 ( . .),
.
74. , 26.
68. , 6
: , -
-
,
.
76. , 2.
69.
, 25,
,
56- , 2000 ., 1.
70.
11
,
, []
,
,
, , , ,
,
. .
James Goldston: Ethnic Profiling and CounterTerrorism: Trends, Dangers and Alternatives (
, ,
,
: ,
, . .), 2006 .
71. ,
,
. .
James Goldston: Ethnic Profiling and CounterTerrorism: Trends, Dangers and Alternatives (
, ,
,
: ,
, . .), 2006 .
72. UNDP, Faces of Poverty, Faces of Hope.
Vulnerability Profiles for Decade of Roma Inclusion
Countries (, , .
, . .), ,
2005 .
73. , 1 2; , 2
2.
75. , 1 1; , 2;
, 5.
77. 2008
-
, , ,
, , .
.
78. ,
.
79. 2008 ,
.
, , , ,
. ,
, , ,
,
,
.
80.
www.coe.int ( . )
http://www.coe.int/DefaultRU.asp ( . ., .
.).
81. 14 .
82.
,
,
.
, Cyprus v. Turkey (
, . .) ,
2 ,
, -
,
,
. 25781/94, 219.
83. - 12
, ,
, , .
, , , ,
, , -, ,
.
84.
http://www.coe.int/T/E/Human_Rights/Esc
( . .)
85. , , , , ,
, , , ,
, .
86. .
http://www.coe.int/t/e/human_rights/ecri/ ( .
.).
,
(. .)
87. 21
88. 22
89.
.
90. 3 (
2 )
,
,
,
,
. 10
,
,
,
, ,
.
91.
http://fra.europa.eu/fra/index.php
( . .)
92. 249 ,
,
-.
,
,
.
93.
P v. S and Cornwall County
Council (. .
, . .), C-13/94, [1996 .]
K.B & NHS Pensions Agency (..
NHS, . .), C-117/01,
[2004 .].
4
2004
20004/113 (.
http://register.consilium.eu.int/pdf/en/04/st13/st13369.
en04.pdf, . .).
,
.
94.
,
,
.
95. , , , , ,
, , , ,
, ,
, , .
96.
, , , ,
, , , ,
, .
,
.
97. ., ,
,
( 10/07, 13/06, 10/05, 12/04, 04/04/ 06/02,
http://tandis.odihr.pl/index.php?p=kira,instru&qid=a559563c50bcd8ce915c97ab41b9c64e&sor
t=pubdate, . .).
http://tandis.odihr.pl/index.php?p=home&id=0&l=ru
(. .)
98.
http://www.osce.org/odihr/ ( . .)
99.
http://www.osce.org/odihr/item_11_26296.html
( . .)
100.
http://tandis.odihr.pl/index.php?p=home ( .
.). :
http://tandis.odihr.pl/index.php?p=home&id=0&l=ru
(. .)
101.
http://www.osce.org/hcnm/ ( . .)
102.- ,
: , , , ,
, , .
,
,
.
63
64
103. 1 4
104. 2 4
105. 5
106.
- .
.
,
.
, ,
.
107. - 1949
, , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
, ,
, ; 1975
-
( )
, , ,
, , , ,
, , -, ,
, , ;
- 1990
, ,
.
108. , 2000 ,
.
http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CTOC/signatures.
html ( . .).
http://www.un.org/russian/documen/convents/protocol1.
htm (. .)
109. -
, , ,
, , ,
, - .
110.
,
,
,
, ,
.
111.
,
, ,
. .
, ,
, ,
(Velzquez Rodrguez) 29 1988 .,
C, 4 ( . .), Social and
Economic Rights Action Center and Center for
Economic and Social Rights v Nigeria (
, . .),
,
155/96, 2001 .
112.
.
, 1993 .
. 1997
,
,
.
,
.
-
,
.
,
,
,
,
, -
. Inquiry into the Matters
Arising from the Death of Stephen Lawrence
( ,
, . .),
6.34.
113.
,
(,
).
,
.
114. 11
,
,
:
,
,
, , , ,
,
.
115.
,
.
116.. Ethnic Profiling by Police in Europe, Open
Society Justice Initiative (
,
, ,
,
. .), 2005 .; I Can Stop and Search
Whoever I WantPolice Stops of Ethnic Minorities in
Bulgaria, Hungary and Spain, Open Society Justice
Initiative (
,
,
, . .), 2007 .
117. 11 ,
1 2.
118.., , 1(b) 2 ,
, ,
,
.
119.., , () 4 ,
, -
.
120.., ,
, CRI(2005)3 ( . .).
http://www.coe.int/t/e/human_rights/ecri/4-
124.
.
, ,
,
,
,
,
.
CRI(2004) 22 ( . .), 100.
.
. ,
,
,
.
-
,
,
,
. Concluding
observations of the Committee on the Elimination of
Racial Discrimination: Luxembourg
(
:
, . .), 18/04/2005,
CERD/C/LUX/CO/13, 19.
125., 13
, (1993 .).
126.., ,
( 78), ( 86),
( 90),
( 75), ( 106)
( 118) ( . .).
127.., ,
( 93) ( . .).
Publications/1default.asp#TopOfPage ( . .).
128. , 9.
121.., ,
, CRI(2005)1 ( . .).
129. , 2.
122.., ,
, CRI(2005)3 ( . .).
123.., ,
, CRI92004)23 ( . .).
130. ,
23: 27 (
), , 1994 .,
6.2. . 1 5
,
-
65
66
,
,
,
,
, : , ,
. . 2
4 1992
,
,
,
, ,
,
, , ,
, ,
.
131.. 31
2
[ ]
:
.
,
, ,
,
,
.
,
,
2,
-
-
,
,
,
. (2004 .),
8.
.
5
:
,
- ,
.
132.
, ,
, ,
,
, .
28
, 26
,
:
, 26,
,
,
, 6, 14, 26.
,
, ,
,
.
28
. 3 (
), , 2000 .
133.
,
,
.
134., () 4.
135.,
2000/43
(
)
,
.
136. 7
7
:
,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
,
.
137. ,
, (
)
,
,
.
. .
7 ,
16.
138. XIX
3 ( ), 1.
7 , 15.
139. 5
7 : ,
,
,
,
1 (:
),
.
.
140. 4, (a). XV
, () 4
, -
: i)
,
; ii)
; iii)
,
; iv)
.
, , 1993 .
141.. Amnesty International
:
, : ACT 77/049/2004, . 1819.
67
68
151., 31.
,
- ,
(2004 .).
152.
XXVI, ,
,
,
6 ,
,
;
,
,
,
. , XXVI,
6 , 1399-
, 24 2000 .,
(2000 .), 1 2.
153.
. 49.
154.
,
, :
,
, ,
.
, ,
,
,
.
, ,
, ,
.
- The Human Rights Situation
of the Roma, Sinti and Travellers in Europe (
,
, . .), CommDH (2005)4, 4
2005 ., 16.
.
Non-Discrimination in International Law:
A Handbook for Practitioners (
:
, . .), . 134-
136. . Interrights:
http://www.interights.org/handbook/index.htm
155. ,
.
156. Nachova and Others v. Bulgaria (
, . .),
43577/98 43579/98,
, , 26 2004 ., 168.
,
-
(. .). ,
,
,
,
,
14
, ,
,
( 169).
157. 97/80/EC 15
1997 .
, 17
( . .).
158. 2000/43/EC ( 8),
2000/78/EC ( 10), 2004/113/EC ( 9). .
7
, 11.
,
.
. , ,
, Chedi Ben Ahmed Karoui v Sweden (
, . .),
185/2001 25 2002 ., 10;
, :
(U.N.Doc. E/C.12/1/Add.86 (2003),
. .), 10, (U.N.Doc.
E/C.12/1/Add.82 (2002), . .), 7.
,
. ., , C33/89 (Kowalska) [1990] ECR I-2591,
16, 109/88 (Danfoss)
[1989] ECR 3199, 16 ( . .).
159.
. .
Interights
D.
H. and Others v Czech Republic (..
), :
http://www.justiceinitiative.org/db/resource2?res_id=
102627 ( . .)
(2000/43 EC), 7, 2.
:
-
, ,
,
,
,
,
()
,
,
.
165.. 7
, 26.
166. ,
:
,
,
.
,
;
,
,
, .
.
(rzte fr das Leben) ,
10126/82, 32.
167.
,
1 9
:
,
, 9, ,
.
,
.
,
13470/87, 47.
168.
69
70
[]
, 145 146
,
( 4, (a), 6).
, -
,
,
,
,
145 146
;
,
,
,
.
, :
, , 20
10 2006 ., 16 ( . .).
169.
,
[]
. ,
,
,
. (2006) 4,
24 2005 21
2006 , 15 16 ( . .).
170. 1
, ,
, (96) .
43 4 1996 .
171.. 7
, 8.
1 71
1976 2000 .
,
.
,
.
172.
7 ,
27.
173. 7 ,
13.
174.. ,
,
48/134 ,
(CHR Res. 54, UN ESCOR, 1992, Supp.
No. 2 of UN Doc. E/1992/22), chap. II, sect. A; GA Res.
48/134, UNGAOR, 1993, Annex).
175.. XVII
,
(1993 .).
176. 2, .
177.,
, ,
,
,
[] ,
. , :
, 11 2006 .,
, 20 10 2006 ., 11.
,
,
,
,
,
. , :
, 2 2007 .,
, 15 2 2007 .
,
,
2
, ,
,
7
. ,
, CRI(2005)25, 43
( . .).
178. , 33,
2.
179. 2000/43/EC, 13,
2006/54/EC, 20 ( .
.).
180.. Roma Rights Quarterly, 2/2004: Ethnic
Statistics (
, 2/2004:
, . .),
:
http://www.errc.org/Romarights_index.php.
183.., ,
:
(ACFC/INF/OP/I(2004)005), 27;
(ACFC/INF/OP/I(2001)001), 21;
(ACFC/INF/OP/I(2002)002), 28 ( . .).
184.
3:
: ,
,
,
,
,
, ,
,
, .
,
,
. ,
-,
,
95/46/EC
24 1995 ,
. ,
,
,
,
. .
. 1516.
185.
, ,
. .
www.un.org/WCAR/.
http://www.un.org/russian/conferen/racism/ (. .)
186.
, ,
;
, 66.
187.
.
2008 ,
71
72
, , , , ,
, ,
.
188.
7 ,
34.
189.., , 23
: -
,
.
,
. []
,
. ,
1997 ., 15.
190.
, .
1 4: ,
, ,
, ,
;
,
.
191.
( 4 1).
,
.
192. 12 ,
.
12 ,
-
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
-
,
,
.
193. 4 1 ,
,
. :
,
,
,
,
,
, ,
,
.
194.. 25
1 4 :
-
,
, ,
,
,
; ,
.
195.., , 2 2 :
- ,
,
, ,
,
,
,
.
,
.
18
: ,
-
,
, . ,
,
,
.
-
. ,
,
.
196. .
7 ,
,
, () 1978
.
, . 3 5 .
197. ,
. .,
, ,
, .
198.
:
,
,
,
,
,
- ;
,
,
,
,
, ,
.
5, 2.
199., 10, (c).
73
.
, , . , .
,
, .
,
.
,
. , Amnesty
International ,
.
. , ,
.
www.amnesty.org
6.69 x 9.61
4.318mm
6.69 x 9.61