Sie sind auf Seite 1von 61

COURSE TITLE: BASIC FIRST AID NUMBER OF HOURS: 50 HOURS

FIRST AID
EMERGENCY THREATMENT ADMINISTERED TO AN INJURED OR SICK PERSON BEFORE PROFESSIONAL MEDICAL CARE IS AVAILABLE.

AIMS OF FIRST AID:


PRESERVE LIFE. PREVENT THE CASUALTYS CONDITION FROM WORSENING. PROMOTE RECOVERY

OBJECTIVES:
AT THE END OF THE COURSE THE STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO: IDENTIFY APPROPRIATE FIRST AID MEASURES FOR SIMPLE EMERGENCIES. ADMINISTER FIRST AID MEASURES TO PREVENT FURTHER INJURY.

GOLDEN RULES IN GIVING EMERGENCY CARE:


WHAT TO DO: REMEMBER TO IDENTIFY SELF TO THE VICTIM. OBTAIN CONSENT (WHEN POSSIBLE). PROVIDE COMFORT AND EMOTIONAL SUPPORT. RESPECT THE VICTIMS MODESTY AND PHYSICAL PRIVACY.

BE AS CALM AND AS DIRECT AS POSSIBLE. CARE FOR THE SERIOUS INJURIES FIRST. ASSIST WITH HIS OR HER PRESCRIPTION MEDICATION. LOOSEN THE VICTIMS CLOTHING.

WHAT NOT TO DO:


DO NOT LET THE VICTIM SEE HIS/HER INJURY. DO NOT LEAVE THE VICTIM ALONE.(EXCEPT TO GET HELP) DO NOT ASSUME THAT THE VICTIMS OBVIOUS INJURIES ARE THE ONLY ONES. DO NOT MAKE UNREALISTIC PROMISES. .

DO NOT TRUST THE JUDGEMENT OF A CONFUSED VICTIM AND REQUIRE THEM TO MAKE DECISIONS

BASIC LIFE SUPPORT:


MEDICAL CARE WHICH IS USED FOR PATIENTS WITH LIFE THREATENING ILLNESSES OR INJURIES UNTIL THE PATIENT CAN BE GIVEN FULL MEDICAL CARE AT THE HOSPITAL.

LIFE THREATENING EMERGENCIES

CARDIAC ARREST:
-IS THE CONDITION IN WHICH CICULATION CEASES AND VITAL ORGANS ARE DERPIVED OF OXYGEN. -SUDDEN, UNEXPECTED CESSATION OF BREATHING AND INADEQUATE CIRCULATION OF BLOOD BY THE HEART

SIGNS AND SYPMTOMS:


NO PULSE NO BREATHING UNCONSIOUSNESS/UNRESPONSIVE.

HEART ATTACK:
THE DEATH OF THE MYOCARDIAL CELLS FROM INADEQUATE OXYGENATION, OFTEN CAUSED BY A SUDDEN BLOCKAGE OF A CORONARY ARTERY; CHARACTERIZED BY A LOCALIZED FORMATION OF NECROSIS (TISSUE DEATH/DESTRUCTION).

RISK FACTORS:
AGE GENDER RACE HEREDITY ALCOHOL BLOOD PRESSURE CIGARETTE SMOKING CHOLESTEROL ELAVATION

SIGNS AND SYPMTOMS:


CHEST DISCOMFORT, PRESSURE PAIN. LIGHTHEADEDNESS OF FEELING DIZZY, DURING PAIN. FAINTING SWEATING NAUSEA SHORTNESS OF BREATH.

DIET DIABETES MELLITUS EXERCISE OBESITY STRESS

STROKE:
INTERRUPTION OF CEREBRAL FLOW FOR 5 MINUTES OR MORE CAUSES DEATH OF NEURONS IN THE AFFECTED AREA WITH IRREVERSBLE LOSS OF FUCTION. THIS CAN BE CAUSED BY A THROMBUS, EMBOLUS, OR HEMORRHAGE.

Embolus:
A mass, such as an air bubble, a detached blood clot, or a foreign body, that travels through the bloodstream and lodges so as to obstruct or occlude a blood vessel. (It has broken free and travels)

Thrombus:
A fibrinous clot that forms in and obstructs a blood vessel, or that forms in one of the chamber of the heart which stays in one place.

SIGNS AND SYMTOMS:


HEADACHE; DIZZINESS ABRUPT NUMBESS/WEAKNESS OR PARALYSIS ON THE ONE SIDE OF THE BODY. ABRUPT DIFFICULTY IN SPEAKING OR UNDERSTANDING. UNSTEADY GAIT. VISUAL LOSS IN THE HALF OF VISUAL FIELD OF BOTH EYES.

DIFFICULTY IN FORMING WORDS DIFFICULTY IN SWALLOWING DIFFICULTY IN READING FAILURE TO RECOGNAIZE FAMILIAR OBJECTS DISTUBANCE IN WRITING INABILITY TO PERFORM PREVIOUSLY LEARNED ACTION.

FBAO/CHOKING:
CHOCKING OCCURS WHEN A FOREIGN OBJECT BECOMES LODGED IN THE THROAT OR WINDPIPE, BLOCKING THE AIR

INDICATORS OF CHOKING:
INABILITY TO TALK DIFFICULTY IN BREATHING/ NOISY BREATHING INABILITY TO COUGH FORCEFULLY SKIN, LIPS AND NAILS TURNING BLUE OR DUSKY. LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS

EMERGENCY SITUATIONS

BLEEDING:
BLEEDING REFERS TO THE LOSS OF BLOOD. BLEEDING CAN HAPPEN INSIDE THE BODY (INTERNALLY) OR OUTSIDE THE BODY (EXTERNALLY).

CONSIDERATIONS:
ALWAYS SEEK EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE FOR SEVERE BLEEDING, AND IF INTERNAL BLEEDING IS SUSPECTED. INTERNAL BLEEDING CAN RAPIDLY BECOME LIFE THREATENING, AND IMMEDIATE MEDICAL CARE IS NEEDED.

EXTERNAL BLEEDING
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: OBVIOUS BLEEDING

MANAGEMENT:
LAY CASUALTY DOWN. APPLY DIRECT PRESSURE TO THE SITE OF BLEEDING. RAISE AND REST THE INJURED PART WHEN POSSIBLE. LOOSEN THE CLOTHING. GIVE NOTHING BY MOUTH. SEEK MEDICAL AID URGENTLY.

SHOCK:
IS A LIFE THREATENING CONDITION THAT OCCURS WHENTHE BODY IS NOT GETTING ENOUGH BLOOD FLOW. THIS CAN DAMAGE MULTIPLE ORGANS. SHOCK REQUIRES IMMEDIATE MEDICAL TREATMENT AND CAN GET WORST VERY RAPIDLY.

SYMPTOMS:
A PERSON IN SHOCK HAS EXTREMELY LOW BLOOD PRESSURE. DEPENDING ON THE SPECIFIC CAUSE AND TYPE OF SHOCK, SYPMTOMS WILL INCLUDE ONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWING: ANXIETY OR AGITATION/RESTLESSNESS BLUISH LIPS AND FINGERNAILS

CHEST PAIN CONFUSION DIZZINESS, LIGHTHEADEDNESS, OR FAINTNESS PALE, COOL, CLAMMY SKIN LOW OR NO URINE OUTPUT PROFUSE SWEATING, MOIST SKIN RAPID BUT WEAK PULSE SHALLOW BREATHING UNCONSCIOUSNESS

IF THE PERSON VOMITS OR DROOLS:


TURN THE HEAD TO ONE SIDE TO PREVENT ASPIRATION/CHOCKING. DO THIS AS LONG AS THERE IS NO SUSPICION OF HEAD INJURY. IF A SPINAL INJURY IN SUSPECTED, LOG ROLL THE PATIENT INSTEAD

DO NOT!
DO NOT GIVE THE PERSON ANYTHING BY MOUTH, INCLUDING EATING OR DRINKING. DO NOT MOVE THE PERSON WITH A KNOWN OR SUSPECTED SPINAL INJURY.

CALL FOR HELP IMMEDIATELY!

BLISTERS:
OCCURS DUE TO FRICTION CAUSED BY CONSTANT RUBBING OF SKIN TO ANY OBJECT. OUTER SKIN LAYER SEPARATES FROM INNER LAYER. THE SPACE BETWEEN FILLS WITH FLUID. COMMON IN ATHLETES, TREKKERS, ROWERS

SIGNS AND SYPMTOMS:


BUBBLE LIKE STRUCTURES ON SKIN REDNESS OVER THE AREA ITCHING PAIN

TREATMENT
MAKE A HOLE AT THE EDGE OF THE BLISTER, USING A STERILIZED NEEDLE OR PIN. DRAIN THE ACCUMULATED FLUID. KEEP SKIN INTACT TO PREVENT INFECTION. CLEAN BLISTER WITH GAUZE SOAKED WITH BETHADINE/ ALCOHOL.

APPLY ANTIBIOTIC OINTMENT. COVER WITH ADHESIVE BANDAGES FOR SMALL BLISTER. DO NOT PUNCTURE IF BLISTER IS PAINLESS. DO NOT PUNCTURE IF BLISTER IS FILLED WITH BLOOD. DO NOT PUNCTURE IF PATIENT HAS DIABETES.

BURNS:
IS AN INJURY INVOLVING THE SKIN, INCLUDING MUSCLES, BONES, NERVES AND BLOOD VESSELS. THIS RESULTS FROM HEAT, CHEMICALS, ELECTRICITY OR SOLAR OR OTHER FORMS OF RADIATION.

Degrees of burns:
First-degree: burn is the most
common and least serious burn which affects the top layer of skin. These burns produce pain and redness of the skin. First-degree burns are usually caused by overexposure to the sun, brief contact with heat or hot surface including an iron or skillet, minor scalding by hot water or steam, or brief contact with harsh chemicals.

Second-degree:
burns affect a deeper layer, they have a higher risk of infection to the victim and are more painful than first-degree burns. They cause the skin to become bright red and with blotchy areas and blisters.

Third-degree:
burns are characterized by white, black or leathery skin. There may be little pain in the burned area, but the areas surrounding the burn may be quite painful. Seek medical treatment for all third-degree burns.

TYPES OF BURN INJURIES:


THERMAL BURNS: CAUSED BY FLAMES, HOT OBJECTS, VAPOR, AND EXPLOSIONS.

CARE FOR THERMAL BURN:


1ST DEGREE AND 2ND DEGREE BURNSRELIVE PAIN BY APPLYING A WET, COLD CLOTH. IF WATER ID UNAVAILABLE, USE ANY COLD LIQUID YOU DRINK TO REDUCE THE BURNED SKINS TEMPERATURE.

3RD DEGREE BURNS- COVER THE BURN WITH A DRY, NON-STICKING STERILE DRESSING OR CLEAN CLOTH. TREAT THE VICTIM FOR SHOCK BY ELEVATING THE LEGS AND KEEPING THE VICTIM WARM WITH A SHEET OR BLANKET.

CHEMICAL BURNS:
CHEMICALS WILL CONTINUE TO CAUSE TISSUE DESTRUCTION UNTIL AGENT IS REMOVED.

CARE FOR CHEMICAL BURNS:


IMMEDIATELY REMOVE THE CHEMICALS BY FLUSHING WITH WATER. REMOVE THE VICTIMS CONTAMINATED CLOTHING WHILE FLUSHING WITH WATER. FLUSH FOR 20 MINUTES OR LONGER. LET THE VICTIM WASH WITH A MILD SOAP BEFORE FINAL RINSE.

COVER THE BURNT AREA WITH A DRY DRESSING. IF THE CHEMICAL IS IN THE EYE, FLUSH IT WITH WATER FOR 20 MINUTES USING LOW PRESSURE. SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION IMMEDIATELY FOR ALL CHEMICAL BURNS.

SPRAIN
-IS THE STRETCH/ TEAR OF LIGAMENT CONNECTING BONES -OCCURS IN BOTH THE UPPER AND LOWER EXTREMETIES. -MOST COMMON SITE: ANKLE, WRIST, KNEE

TREATMENT
APPLY COLD COMPRESS TO INJURED AREA FOR 20 MINUTES THIS MAY BE DONE 4-8 TIME A DAY. USE PLASTIC BAG WITH CRUSHED ICE, WRAPPED IN A TOWEL. KEEP INJURED LEG ELEVATED ON A PILLOW. REST

STRAIN
-IS AN INJURY TO A MUSCLE OR TENDON IN WHICH THE MUSCLE FIBERS TEAR AS A RESULT OF OVERSTRETCHING. -A STRAIN IS ALSO COLLOQIALLY KNOWN A PULLED MUSCLE

SIGNS AND SYPMTOMS


PAIN SWELLING LUMPS OTHER THAN SWELLING BRUISING/REDNESS NUMBNESS INABILITY TO MOVE THE JOINT

TREATMENT (R.I.C.E.)
REST ICE (MAXIMUM OF 20 MINUTES) COMPRESSION ELEVATION

FAINTING
-FAINTING OCCURS DUE TO DECREASED BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE BRAIN -IT MAY OR MAY NOT HAVE MEDICAL SIGNIFICANCE

COMMON CAUSE
ANXIETY EMOTIONAL UPSET STRESS SEVERE PAIN SKIPPING MEALS STANDING UP TOO FAST SOME MEDICATIONS DIABETES BLOOD PRESSURE

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS


-BEFORE FAINTING, A PERSON MAY EXPERIENCE THE FOLLOWING: A. NAUSEA B. GIDDINESS C. EXCESSIVE SWEATING D. DIM VISION E. RAPID HEART BEAT OR PALPITATIONS

TREATMENT:
SITTING DOWN OR LAYING DOWN IF SITTING, POSITION HEAD BETWEEN KNEES WHEN A PERSON FAINTS, POSITION HIM TO HIS BACK CHECK IF THE AIRWAY IS CLEAR LOOSEN CLOTHING/BELTS/COLLARS/WATCH

FEVER
-FEVER IS HAVING A HIGHER NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURE (37 DEGREE CELCIUS/ 98 DEGREE FARENHEIGHT)

ELEVATE FEET ABOVE THE LEVEL OF THE HEAD PATIENT SHOULD BE NORMAL WITHIN A MINUTE IF NOT, SEEK MEDICAL HELP CHECK IF BREATHING/PULSE IS NORMAL IF NOT, DO CPR

TREATMENT:
MONITOR TEMPERATURE REMOVE EXCESS CLOTHING KEEP PERSON IN A COOL PLACE GIVE SPONGE BATH IN LOOK WARM WATER GIVE PLENTY OF FLUIDS GIVE PRESCRIBED DOSES OF PARACETAMOL DO NOT GIVE ASPIRIN TO A PERSON WITH FEVER

END

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen