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OBJECTIVES
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STREAMS TO BE HANDLED
Rainwater Fire Water Drilling Mud Process Fluids Spills Lube Oil Wash Water Chemicals Storm Water
STREAMS TO BE HANDLED.
At first site the facility drainage problem may seem like a simple one, but if you take some time to think about it you will find a large number of different system. A desire for convenience has led in the past to complex systems with many interconnections. In many cases there was a lack of thought to the way that systems should, could or would be operated and there have been some notable and quite serious incidents because of the mal-functioning or mal-operation of systems. Drain systems designed as an afterthought can be more hazardous than the main process. Therefore defining clearly what has to be drained and then providing appropriate well designed systems and operating procedures is essential. If given some thought it will be realised that the facilities drainage problem is a complex one. There are many different stream to be considered each needing a specific solution. Onshore and offshore need different solutions and offshore usually means a more complex disposal problem. It is essential that streams are kept segregated as far as possible and that interconnection between systems is minimised.
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DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
What are three most important things about Drains Systems Segregation, Segregation, and Segregation
Shell Global Solutions
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DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
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The purpose of the drain systems is to collect and convey drainage streams to an appropriate disposal system in such a way as to protect personnel, plant and equipment, and to avoid environmental pollution. Note that the release of pollutants to the sea and hence the design features required of offshore drain systems are generally subject to the MARPOL convention, to which most countries are now signatories. Onshore disposal will be subject to local regulations. Drain systems provide the means of safely removing residual process and wash-down fluids from vessels, pipes, flooring and instruments, resulting either from operational activities or from preparation prior to carrying out maintenance work. The fluids are collected and transported to a recovery system or are disposed of in a safe and environmentally acceptable fashion. A fundamental safety consideration is that a drain system must not provide a route for migration of flammable liquids or vapours from one hazardous area to another, or to non-hazardous areas. Other factors affecting the safety and environmental acceptability of drain systems include: interconnections between drain systems; effect of blockages; accidental or deliberate misuse; preventing the spread of fires or flammable fluids; pollution of the sea; release of toxic materials to the atmosphere; incorrect material specifications; inability to be cleaned and maintained.
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GUIDELINES
interconnection between different drain systems Capacity worst case effect of blockages accidental or deliberate misuse possibility to spread fire or flammable liquids provisions to clean and maintain the system
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GUIDELINES. Drain systems have been involved in a large proportion of accidents within oil and gas processing facilities. There design demands careful consideration. The factors listed above affect the safety and environmental acceptability of drain systems. Careful design can avoid problems in operation and prevent the occurrence of accidents. In addition to considering the above factors the drains system design should be optimised based on an analysis of the following: the nature of the product (flammable, toxic) the pressure of the disposal stream the degree of contamination (continuous or accidental) the hazardous area of the disposal point. Where necessary segregated disposal streams should be provided. Kerbs or drip pans should be provided around vessels, pumps and other sources of leakage to limit the spread of small spills. Codes and Standards For onshore facilities DEP 34.14.20.31: Drainage and Primary Treatment Systems; gives guidance on the design of onshore treatment systems. For offshore drains systems reference can be made to DEP 37.14.10.10-Gen.: Drain Systems for Offshore Installations. For storage tanks the worst case credible spill is associated with tank rupture. In this case suitable bunding provisions should be made in accordance with the IP Code Part 3 - Refinery Safety Code. Also provision for bund evacuation needs to be addressed. The release of pollutants, and hence the design features required for offshore drainage systems, is subject to the MARPOL convention, to which most countries are now signatory. As yet no specific codes or standards exist within the Shell Group for offshore drainage systems apart from those developed by individual operating companies. Page 9
liquid seals and dip pipes floor drains drip pans tundishes and funnels vents disposal to sea
Tank inerted and under pressure Dip leg arrangement for floating storage drains/slops tanks
Shell Global Solutions
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Drain lines from open drains shall enter drains collection vessels via a liquid seal, typically a U-bend, to prevent possible backflow of vapour. The liquid seal requires regular checking to ensure its integrity and accessibility aspects shall therefore be considered during detailed piping design. Dip pipes shall be provided if a caisson is used for the CD or OHD systems even though it might appear that they are not strictly required where non-hazardous and hazardous area drainage systems, including collection caissons, are totally segregated from one another. However, they are useful in minimising vapour release into the modules in the event of backflow or other system upset conditions by creating an extra water seal between the process and the drainage systems. FLOOR DRAINS: Where the risk of hydrocarbon spillage can reasonably be expected to be negligible, grating should be used instead of solid plate wherever possible. Rain and deluge water will then be discharged directly overboard, thereby reducing the volumes of uncontaminated water which would otherwise be collected through the drains system. Drip pans shall be installed under equipment, such as wellheads and pig traps, where spillage of hydrocarbons direct to the sea is possible. However, since drip pans are likely to form a hazardous zone, they should preferably be avoided as far as possible by designing out potential sources of leaks. The atmospheric vents associated with the drainage systems, e.g. from the collection vessels or the drains caissons, shall not be interconnected with each other and should preferably be dedicated vents. They shall be designed and positioned so that ignition by static electricity (or other ignition source) is precluded. The top of the vent pipe shall be sharp-edged to prevent brush discharges. Consideration should be given to placing the vent within the protective "umbrella" of the facilitys lightning conductor system or inside the Faraday cage formed by part of a structure, such as the flare boom. When sizing the vents, abnormal vapour flow rates shall be taken into account, such as those resulting from an incompletely depressurised vessel. The vents shall be sited away from HVAC inlets and shall not be fitted with flame arrestors.
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Drawn on P&ID
Gas out
Drain Valve
ANSI 1500#
ANSI 150#
Drains Caisson (atmospheric) Maintenance Procedure: Drain vessel liquids through process, blow down, vent open drain valve for atmospheric draining.
Practice: Open drain valve to drain vessel whilst under pressure or drain vessel liquids through process, blow down and vent then break drain piping and collect final liquids in a bucket.
Shell Global Solutions
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Drawn vs. as built On the left a simplified P&ID of the closed drain system for a high pressure knock out vessel on an offshore gas platform. The well stream enters the vessel operating at 3500 psi, gas and liquids are separated and flow out to the gas and liquids processes respectively. The drain detail shown is described as a maintenance drain for the disposal of residual liquids and washout water when the process is shutdown and the vessel is under maintenance. Operating procedures stipulate that vessel process liquids are drained through the process. The process is then shutdown, blown down and vented before the drain valve can be opened and the residual liquids (and any subsequently added wash water) drained. An inspection at site revealed the as built plant to be as shown on the right. With a drain valve positioned above the bottom of the vessel it was impossible to comply with the draining procedure. This is a real case and it was reported that the only variation to the written procedure was that after blow down and venting the drain piping at the base of the vessel was disconnected and any residual liquids drained to the drip pan. It is easy to imagine though that even with properly laid out piping the temptation exists to open the valve whilst the vessel is under pressure and use the available force to clear the liquids. This is a dangerous and unacceptable practice which risks overpressuring the drains caisson which (although not shown) has connections to open hazardous and non hazardous drains. The best solution is to avoid the closed drain altogether (unless dealing with particularly hazardous or toxic materials e.g. H2S) and drain to the inlet of a open hazardous drain.
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Open Drains
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What are the 3 most important things about drains. What are the Drain system classifications
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DRAINS
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FLARES AND VENTS WHY have them WHAT makes a flare system HOW to design them What is NEW in flares
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Flare Header Flare knock-out drum Liquids capacity for worst blowdown
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Considerations on whether to vent or flare: DO NOT VENT the impact on the environment the safety and integrity of the disposal system local regulations economic evaluations
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LP Relief System
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HP Relief System high pressure vessels heat exchangers pumps compression systems
LP Relief System low pressure vessels low pressure equipment atmosphere tanks blanketing systems
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MOST IMPORTANT DESIGN IMPACTS Liquid carry over Back pressure Radiation Purging
Shell Global Solutions
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Page 25 10. A level alarm shall be provided if large quantities of liquid are expected.
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Shell FRED
Shell FRED
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To request a free evaluation CD-Rom containing full software products, please fill in an enquiry form or e-mail us at Shepherd@opc.shell.com . www.shellshepherd.com Alternatively you may contact HSE Consultancy at: Shell Global Solutions (UK) Cheshire Innovation Park PO Box 1 Chester CH1 3SH. UK Tel. +44 151 373 5010 Fax. +44 151 373 5058
Shell Global Solutions
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Information
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Shell FRED
The following are currently used by Shell to reduce emissions from purging:
Purging with nitrogen instead of hydrocarbon gases Provision of low purge flare tips Installation of fluidic/molecular seals
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Shell FRED
A number of low impact purge operations are available. These are identified above and should be reviewed on a case by case basis as applicable. In addition, purge rates can be minimised by accurate rather than conservative methods for calculating purge gas rates.
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STRUCTURES FOR FLARES AND VENT STACKS AND LIQUID BURNERS free standing stack guyed stack derrick structure angled boom structure (especially on offshore platforms Also Ground flares and Burner pits
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Guidance on the design of structures can be found in DEP 34.00.00.30-Gen., DEP 34.24.26.31-Gen. And DEP 34.28.00.31-Gen. The type selected is based on economic and operational grounds. If only one stack is required, any of the four types noted above may be selected.
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For intermittent flaring resulting from process upsets, the following are currently considered by to reduce the impact of flare emissions and effects:
use of leaner flare gas steam/water injection or air assisted flares high velocity tips enclosed ground flares, box flares or low intensive flare tips for reduced light effect flaring window Low noise burners
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FLARE EMISSIONS Proven technology, but new to Shell are in-ground enclosed flares and low profile enclosed ground flares for smoke reduction, marketed by NAO Inc For continuous flaring, the following should be considered: Use of energy from continuous flares for WHR Use of vent gas for power generation rather than flaring Optimised combustion technology - including efficient burner design, low purge flare tips etc - is provided by: Elmac Birwelco Kaldair NAO Inc To reduce emissions, low consumption pilot ignition packages (Birwelco) or pilots on demand should be considered. Alternatives for non continuous pilots are: Electrical ignition Projectile ignition Both methods are well established, although there is some concern regarding the efficiency of projectile ignition with vertical stacks. Existing flare systems can be readily modified to accommodate non continuous pilots.
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To Process
To Flare Tip
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http://www.umoetech.no./
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UMOE SAFE IGNITION consists of a compressed nitrogen driven launcher contained in a stainless steel cabinet at the deck level.
In addition, a striker plate is located below the flare tips to ignite the specially designed ignition pellet being automatically launched from the launching unit. When hitting the striker plate, the pellet will explode and generate a shower of sparks, each igniting along its entire path. Guaranteed ignition in all weather conditions. Umoe Safe Ignition has been designed by Umoe Process Technology AS, Techno Consult AS and Raufoss Technology AS and is protected by several Norwegian and international patents
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Example
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Example
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Example
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