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Derived from the Nabataean script, which was used in Petra in the
2nd century BC.
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History..
The Phoenician script was a model for the Greeks to develop the
Greek writing system (around 1000 B.C.), from which English, and
all Western alphabets were based on.
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Development of Phoenician Script
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Development of Arabic Script
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History
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Types of Arabic Calligraphy: Kufic
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Types of Arabic Calligraphy: Naskhi
Since the 11th century, the cursive style that is known as Naskhi
was developed.
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Arabic Abjad
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Spread of Arabic
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Samples of Arabic Calligraphy
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Cursive Arabic Calligraphy
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Features of the Arabic Script
Many letters change their form depending on whether they appear alone,
at the beginning, middle or end of the word.
Letters that change form, are always joined in both hand-written and
printed Arabic. Hence, it is cursive, as in the English hand writing.
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Arabic Abjad
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Arabic Letters in Different Positions
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Letters in Different Positions
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Arabic Diacritics
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More Features of the Arabic Script
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Arabic Ligatures
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Ligatures
Optional/ stylistic
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Arabic Language
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Worldwide use of the Arabic Abjad
•Dark green → Countries where the Arabic script is the only official orthography.
•Light green → Countries where the Arabic script is used alongside other
orthographies.
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Arabic Abjad Usage in Other Languages
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Writing Systems of the World Today
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Languages Using the Arabic Script Presently
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Languages that Abandoned the Arabic Script
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Adoption of the Arabic Script
When the Arabic Abjad was adopted, it was augmented to fit the
phonologies of the non-semitic languages.
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Method of Adoption
All the Arabic letters are borrowed directly to preserve the Arabic
orthography.
Arabic specific sounds that are not present in the borrowing language,
would be pronounced as a sound that is present in that language. Ex:
the Arabic gutturals and interdentals.
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Arabic Gutturals
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Rendition of Arabic Gutturals and Interdentals
Persian:
Pharyngeal عsound is pronounced as a glottal stop.
Pharyngeal حsound is pronounced as a [h].
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Nastaliq Script
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Nastaliq Samples
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Persian
Locally called:
Farsi in Iran.
Dari in Afghanistan
Tajiki in Central Asia (former Soviet Union countries)
Dialects:
Lari (in Iran)
Hazaragi (in Afghanistan),
Darwazi (In Afghanistan and Tajikistan)
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Persian Language Map
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Status of Languages in Iran
Main languages:
Persian and its dialects 58%
Azeri and other Turkic languages 26%
Kurdish 9%
Balochi 1%
Arabic 1%
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Strategies for Modifying Arabic Script: Persian
Basic Strategy:
Add more dots to certain letters to create new letters.
Persian added 4 more letters.
Persian /p/ is: پwhile Arabic /b/ is ب.
Persian /ʒ / is: ( ژwhile جis /ʤ/)
Persian /ʧ/ is: چ
Persian /g/ is: – گthis originally had three dots.
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Persian/ Dari Alphabet
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Persian vs. Arabic
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Other Persian Orthographic Modifications
إÆا
ةÆ ﻩor ت
Arabic words with hamza, may be spelled in various ways,
example: ﻣﺴﺆولis spelled as ﻣﺴﺌﻮل.
Damma is pronounced as an [o] not an [u] as in Arabic.
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Languages Extending the Persian Alphabet
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Status of Languages in Pakistan
Language Distribution
Punjabi 44%
Pashto 15%
Sindhi 14%
Siraiki 11%
Urdu 8%
Balochi 4%
others 4%
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Languages in Pakistan
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Status of Languages in Pakistan
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Urdu Alphabet
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Urdu Alphabet
Uses the emphatic طabove the letter to mark sounds that are
retroflex, which are the “d, t, and r”.
Uses the shape of the Arabic nun نwithout the dot, to indicate
nasalized vowels: ﻣﺎںmãː “Arab”
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Status of Languages in Afghanistan
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Pashto
ابپتټثجځچڅحخدډذرړزژږسشښصضطظعغفقﮎګلمنڼﻩ
ۀوؤىئيېۍ
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Pashto Zwarakay
Pashto has a 4th vowel diacritic, which looks like a horizontal line.
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Pashto diacritics
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Arabic Numbers
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Arabic Numbers
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Basis Technology Products Handling Arabic Script
Arabic
Base Linguistics Urdu
Arabic Chatroom Reverse Base Linguistics
Transliterator
Entity Extractor
Entity Extractor
Name Matching Name Matching
Name Translation Name Translation
Arabic Editor Language Identification
Transliteration Assistant
Digital Forensics
Pashto
Language Identification Transliteration Assistant
Name Matching
Persian Name Translation
Base Linguistics Language Identification
Entity Extractor
Transliteration Assistant
Name Matching
Name Translation
Digital Forensics
Language Identification
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References
Afghan Transitional Islamic Administration. Ministry of Communications. United Nations
Development Program. Computer Local Requirements for Afghanistan.
Bhurghi, Abdul-Majid. Enabling Pakistani Languages through Unicode. (Written for Microsoft).
Campbell, George. 1997. Handbook of Scripts and Alphabets. New York: Routledge.
Eid, Mushira, et. Al. 2006. Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. Volume I.
Ishida, Richard. 2004. Urdu script notes [Draft].
http://people.w3.org/rishida/scripts/urdu/urdu-in-unicode.html.
Kew, Jonathan. 2005. Notes on some Unicode Arabic characters: recommendations for usage.
Draft 2.
Khan, Gabriel Mandel. 2001. Arabic Script. New York: Abbeville Press.
Milo, Thomas. 2002. Authentic Arabic: A case Study. 20th International Unicode Conference.
Washington, DC.
Salloum, Habeeb. The Odyssey of the Arabic Language and its Script.
http://www.alhewar.com/habeeb_salloum_arabic_language.htm
UZT 1.01 & Unicode Mapping for Urdu. Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing.
National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences.
Unicode Standard 4.0.
Zawaydeh, 1999. The Phonetics and Phonology of Gutturals in Arabic. Ph.D. Dissertation.
Indiana University.
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