Presented By :

Akash Saxena 091116280 Suyash Porwal 091116283 Herdesh Sharma 091116284 Priyanshu Verma 091116285 Akash Sangwan 091116286 Apanshu Goel 091116288

Laser Beam Machining Material Removal Mechanism of LBM Processes:

Cutting Drilling Welding Rapid Prototyping Other: Precise Measurement, Heat Treatment, Scribing

Parameters Affecting LBM General Advantages and Disadvantages Economics Safety measures Useful Links and References

Thermal nontraditional machining process High energy laser beam melts and vaporizes material Beam:
Continuous Pulse

Examples of lasing materials:

Co2 YAG

The principle is that under proper conditions light energy of a particular frequency is utilised to stimulate the electrons in an atom to emit additional light with exactly the same characteristics of the original light source. The laser beam is focused with the help of lens and workpiece is placed near the focal point of the lens. A short pulse of laser melts and vaporises the material. The explosive escape of the vaporised material helps in removing most of the molten metal from the hole as tiny droplets. Any of the molten metal not removed will be resolidified along the walls of the hole.

Important physical parameters of workpiece materials: Reflectivity Thermal conductivity Specific heat Latent heat Features of laser beam: High power Monochromatic Coherent Non-contact

As presented in Fig. 5, the unreflected light is absorbed, thus heating the surface of the workpiece. On sufficient heat the workpiece starts to melt and evaporates. The physics of laser machining is very complex due mainly to scattering and reflection losses at the machined surface. Additionally, heat diffusion into the bulk material causes phase change, melting, and/or vaporization. Depending on the power density and time of beam interaction, the mechanism progresses from one of heat absorption and conduction to one of melting and then vaporization.

Machining by laser occurs when the power density of the beam is greater than what is lost by conduction, convection, and radiation, and moreover, the radiation must penetrate and be absorbed into the material.

The power density of the laser beam, Pd, is given by

Pd =

4Lp Fl22T

The size of the spot diameter ds is

ds = Fl

The machining rate (mm/min) can be described as follows:

ClLP Ev Abh

Where Ab = area of laser beam at focal point, mm2

Ab= (Fl) 4
Therefore,

= 4ClLP Ev (Fl)2 h

The volumetric removal rate (VRR) (mm /min) can be calculated as follows:

VRR= ClLP Ev h
Where, Pd = power density, W/cm Lp = laser power, W Fl = focal length of lens, cm T = pulse duration of laser, s = beam divergence, rad Cl = constant depending on the material and conversion efficiency 3 Ev = vaporization energy of the material, W/mm Ab = area of laser beam at focal point, mm2 h = thickness of material, mm ds = spot size diameter, mm
2

Applications of Laser in manufacturing

Cutting starts by drilling a hole then moving the beam in a programmed path. A stream of assist gas* is used to:
blow the molten metal

Cool workpiece
Minimize heat affected zone
Laser Processing System

Cutting Speed depends on:

Material

Thickness

Range of thickness:
Metals up to 0.5in Nonmetal up to 1in

Applications

Examples of laser cutting using pulsed CO2 Laser

Height following Laser nozzle

Advantages:
Narrow kerf and heat affected zone

No post-cut finishing is required

Economic alternative for materials that are difficult to cut by conventional methods Narrow slots Closely spaced patterns

Does not require smooth surface

Repeated pulsed laser beams Hole diameter depends on the material thickness Drill micro-holes in metals as thick as 0.1in L:D ratio: 10:1 Cutting Speed decreases depth increases but:
Generates irregular holes Recast layer increases

Heat affected zone increases

Applications:
Bleeder holes for fuel pump covers Drilling holes in delicate medical materials Drilling holes in small polymer tubes Drills tiny holes in turbine blades of jet

engine

Advantages:
Burr free holes

Eliminates drill breakage and wear

Drills in difficult to access areas, curved surfaces and parts incased in glass Drills holes of almost any shape High quality and precision holes

Close tolerances

Limitations:
Holes up to 1 deep in plastics and ferrous metals, and 0.125 in reflective materials.

Could be used with or without filler Solidifies quickly Filler material is used if gap is large Can be used to produce deep penetration welds Effective with thin workpiece

Applications
Razor blades
Electronic circuits

Razor blades are spot welded using laser

Advantages: Does not require vacuum Better quality of weld Beam easily shaped, directed, and focused No direct contact is necessary to produce a weld Encapsulated and inaccessible areas can be welded Can be made with access to only one side of joint Increase speed and strength of welding Produces maximum penetration and minimum distortion in the material

Powder metal is used Metal is melt and fused using laser beams A physical prototype is built layer by layer 3D CAD files are used

Schematic diagram of a rapid prototyping machine

Applications:

Models created by rapid prototyping

Advantages:
Speeds up the design and manufacturing process Reduces product development cost Allows for instant feedback to design engineers Allows for design corrections at an early stage The model is used in pre-production planning and

tool design

Disadvantages:
The generated model has shrinkage cracks

The model has high hardness, which makes it

brittle Thick walled structures cant be built up very well

Uses Helium-Neon laser beam To align and calibrate machine tools Useful in Large assembly jigs Non-contact: used to inspect hot rolled material

Produces hardened surfaces For wide variety of geometries Can work on limited area Produces little distortion

Cam Part

Composed of series of closely placed holes To produce lines and characters with different fonts on materials As wide as laser beam Set to a specific tolerance depth

Application of scribing

Cut, Scribe and Weld operations

Fig. 6 presents the factors which affect the LBM process. The factors can be related to LBM Drilling process and are discussed below:

Pulse Energy: It is recommended that the required peak power should be obtained by increasing the pulse energy while keeping the pulse duration constant. Drilling of holes with longer pulses causes enlargement of the hole entrance. Pulse Duration: The range of pulse durations suitable for hole drilling is found to be from 0.1 to 2.5 millisecond. High pulse energy (20J) and short pulse duration are found suitable for deep hole drilling in aerospace materials.

Assist Gases: The gas jet is normally directed with the laser beam into the interaction region to remove the molten material from the machining region and obtain a clean cut. Assist gases also shield the lens from the expelled material by setting up a high-pressure barrier at the nozzle opening. Pure oxygen causes rapid oxidation and exothermic reactions, causing better process efficiency. The selection of air, oxygen, or an inert gas depends on the workpiece material and thickness. Material Properties and Environment: These include the surface characteristics such as reflectivity and absorption coefficient of the bulk material. Additionally, thermal conductivity and diffusivity, density, specific heat, and latent heat are also considered.

Operates in fully automated environment Minimum heat affected zone compared to other thermal processes Clean Small clamping force is applied Can be used with metals, nonmetals, and composites Excellent surface quality Minimum thermal stresses on the material No tooling required

Requires specially trained operators Not for mass metal removal processes Requires greater control of joint tolerances Expensive equipment Consumes much energy

Expensive equipment Requires skilled operators

Compensated by:

Fast material removal rate (0.5-7.5m/min) high production rates Finishing costs are eliminated Can be automated reducing operational costs*

Lasers can burn and blind:

Eyes and skin should be protected from scattered beams

Even low powers can cause damage to retina

Operator should wear gas masks to protect against generated fumes

Advanced Machining Processes By Hassan Abdel-Gawad El-Hofy Non Conventional Machining By P.K. Mishra