AP US History Review 2009 Session #4 Progressivism-Truman

Includes the following chapters from The American Pageant (12th edition):
Ch 29-37 Ch 29 Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt, 1901-1912 Progressivism: The real heart of the progressive movement was effort by reformers to use govt as an agency of humanitarian welfare The political roots of progressive movement lay in Greenback Labor Party & Populists Progressive Authors/Muckrakers: Late 19th century social critics & their criticisms: Thorstein Veblen conspicuous consumption & predatory wealth - new rich class 1899 The Theory of the Leisure Class p.665 (12th ed.) Jack London destruction of nature 1903 The Call of the Wild, etc p.677 (12th ed.) Jacob Riis slum conditions in cities 1890 How the Other Half Lives p.665 Henry Demarest Lloyd exposed Standard Oil Co. corruption before Ida Tarbell - 1894 Wealth Against Commonwealth p.665 Theodore Dreiser big business 1912 The Financier & 1914 The Titan p.665 Not in book Frank Norris CA RR abuses 1901 The Octopus Women & the Progressive Movement: Progressivism was closely tied to feminist movement & womens causes Female progressives often justified their reformist political activities on the basis of their being essentially an extension of womens traditional roles as wives & mothers (their sphere the cult of domesticity) Early 20th century muckrakers & their targets: David G, Phillips Corruption in the US Senate in Cosmopolitan in 1906 p.666 Ida Tarbell Standard Oil Co. in McClures in 1904 p.666 (Her father was run out of the oil business by Rockefeller) Lincoln Steffens corruption of city govt in The Shame of the Cities in McClures in 1902 p.666 Ray Stannard Baker conditions of Af-Ams in Following the Color Line in 1908 p.667 *John Spargo child labor in The Bitter Cry of the Children in 1906 p.667 Lincoln Steffens in a series of articles (for McClures magazine) entitled The Shame of the Cities unmasked corrupt alliance b/t big business & municipal govt (local city govt) The muckrakers signified much about the nature of progressive reform movement b/c they sought not to overthrow capitalism but to cleanse it w/democratic controls (TR felt they needed to propose solutions too not just expose ills & wrongs w/out solutions) Most muckrakers believed their primary function in progressive attack on social ills was to make the public aware of the problems in society, politics, etc Progressive reformers were mainly men & women from the middle class Political progressivism emerged in both parties, in all regions, at all levels of govt local/municipal, state, & federal Temperance & Progressives (Prohibition of Alcohol): Leading progressive organization advocating prohibition of liquor was the Womens Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) {b/c many men spent paychecks in saloons, drinking & whoring & often came home w/disease} [Carrie Nation & her hatchet & the Anti-Saloon League pp.585-586] *****Escondido was a dry city no liquor sold here in late 19th century & early 20th century From Ch 25 p.584 Ida B. Wells Af-Am woman who led anti-lynching campaign after lynchings in TN & then she was forced to move north and continued anti-lynching campaign According to progressives, cure for all American democracys ills was more democracy

To regain the power that the people had lost to the interests, progressives advocated all of the following: - Initiative (propose laws w/out legislators like propositions), referendum (vote on laws for final approval like voting on propositions), & recall (vote to recall poor officials from positions such as CA Gov. Gray Davis) p.667 - Direct election of US senators p.667 (state legislatures used to appoint US senators so they were really owned by trusts) {This will eventually lead to the 17th Amendment which allows for direct election of US senators} All were prime goals of earnest progressives: - direct election of US senators, prohibition (for many but probably not all progressives), womens suffrage (not just in western states like WY, CO, UT, etc), ending prostitution & white slavery (of women) - What about abolishing special workplace protections for women? No! Progressive movement was instrumental in getting the 17th Amendment added to the Constitution, which provided for direct election of US senators (no longer appointed by state legislatures which helped end corruption and make Congress more democratic and accountable to constituents) Jane Addams, Hull House, & Women in the Progressive Movement(Settlement Houses): The settlement houses (Ex. Jane Addams Hull House in Chicago) & womens club movement were crucial centers of female progressive activity b/c they introduced many middle-class women to a broader array of urban social problems & civic concerns (govt concerns) Women addressed the following issues in the progressive movement: - preventing child labor in factories & seatshops, insuring that food products were healthy & safe, attacking Tuberculosis & other diseases that bred in slum tenements in cities, & creating pensions for mothers w/dependent children, What about ending special regulations governing women in the workplace? Muller v. Oregon (pp.670-671 in 12th ed.) 1908 Supreme Court upheld principle promoted by progressives like Florence Kelly (1st chief factory inspector in IL & one-time volunteer at Hull House) & Louis Brandeis (lawyer, later Congressman) that - female workers required special rules & protection on the job (b/c of womanhood, so not truly equal w/men on the job idea probably offensive today) So, legal to have separate laws for women in workplace b/c of the nature of womanhood at time Tragic Fire: Public outcry after horrible Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire (NYC 3/25/1911) (p.672) led many states to pass restrictions on female employment in clothing industry {Horrible fire raced across oiled machines w/combustible cloth all around fire was too fast doors were locked to prevent leaving early & unionization efforts locked doors were tragedy many girls leapt to their deaths rather than burn fire escape was too weak & insufficient for the needs - huge tragedy in NYC sparked outrage & reform} Labor setbacks: Lochner v. New York represented a setback for progressives & labor advocates b/c Supreme Court in ruling declared a law limiting the work day (to 10 hours) was unconstitutional City Government & Progressive Reform: Progressivism inspired city-manager system of govt was designed to remove politics from municipal administration (b/c of corruption w/old system & inefficiency) {But now how democratic was it?} Progressive reform at level of city govt seemed to indicate progressives highest priority was govt efficiency Theodore Roosevelt: While President, TR chose to label his reforms the Square Deal TRs (Square Deal) reform program advocated control of corporations (What would Davidson & Lytle say in Ch 10 about this? What would Zinn say?), consumer protection, conservation of natural resources (conservation some managed use vs. preservation no use really, leave it preserved), & an end to RR rebates (Ex. 1st Trust Bust for TR was Northern Securities Co.), What about control of labor? pp.673-674 TR helped end the 1902 PA anthracite coal strike by threatening to seize the mines & operate them w/federal troops (1st time US govt threatened owners of factories & mines rather than using federal troops to break up strikes & force workers back on the job) p.673

One unusual & significant characteristic of the PA anthracite coal strike of 1902 was that national/federal govt did not automatically side w/owners (of the mines/corporation) in the dispute George F. Baer represented mine owners see his quote about owners & workers on p.673 TR wanted to throw some of the owners representatives out of window but dignity of office restrained him from doing so. *****Forced arbitration & miners won 10% (of 20% desired) pay raise & won a 9 hour day (a demand made by miners which they won), but no recognition of miners union Elkins & Hepburn Acts dealt w/subject of RR regulation p.673 Elkins Act 1903 to stop RR & shippers from giving & receiving rebates p.673 Hepburn Act 1906 to severely restrict/limit free passes a form of bribery p.674 *****Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC from 1887) strengthened & could now nullify existing RR rates & stipulate (set) maximum rates TR believed that trusts were here to stay w/ their efficient means of production (TR believed in good trusts public interest & profit too & bad trusts too profit over people) Real purpose of TRs assault on trusts was to prove govt, not private business, ruled the USA not so much to break up all trusts, monopolies, combinations, etc President TR believed that the federal govt should adopt a policy of regulating trusts Meat Inspection & The Jungle: Passage of the Federal Meat Inspection Act (1906) was especially facilitated (helped) by publication of Upton Sinclairs The Jungle [1906] (What would Davidson & Lytle Ch 10 say about this?) Not exactly When (socialist) Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle (1906), he intended the book to focus attention on the plight of workers in the stockyards and meat-packing industry *****Not the unsanitary conditions existing in meat-packing industry *****Sinclair said he aimed at the countrys heart and hit it in the stomach b/c people focused on the sickening conditions he described in the industry American Southwest Receives Water: The Newlands Act (pp.676-677) [1902 reclamation act] was resource conservation legislation associated w/TR & brought water to the American southwest w/irrigation & dams TR & the environment: According to the text, TRs most enduring achievement may have been his efforts to support the environment - his conservation efforts helped secure National Forests & National Parks (Ex. Yosemite) Idea of multiple-use resource management included recreation, sustaining-yield logging, summer stock grazing, & watershed protection, What about damming rivers? TR & a 3rd Term: TR weakened himself politically after his 1904 election when he announced he would not run for a 3rd term as president (So he became a lame duck president who no one feared or felt they had to work with b/c he was on his way out!) Economic crisis in 1907: Panic of 1907 stimulated reform in banking policy p.681 (1908 Aldrich-Vreeland Act issued emergency currency for banks in trouble paved path for 1913 Fed Reserve Act) TR progressive or not?: TR is probably most accurately described as a middle-of-the-road reformer (moderate, not liberal) While President, TR greatly increased the power & prestige of the US Presidency (Modern Presidency) During his Presidency, TR did not tame capitalism, expanded presidential power & prestige, shaped progressive movement (at the presidential level to a degree), aided the cause of environmentalism (conservationism), held rigidly to ideological principles (except jingoism & social Darwinistic ideas that today we would find racist, & imperialism, etc), provided an international perspective for Americans (particularly govt), he rarely spoke softly and carried a big stick and he went far, a good judge of public opinion, a total speaker, skillful in working w/Congress, and popular

William Howard Taft: As President, William Howard Taft was wedded more to status quo than progressive change (as was TR in reality) p.685 environmentalist even though Gifford Pinchot quit as chief forester of Ag Depts Div. Of Forestry - Did not judge public opinion well, let Republican party split reformers vs. conservatives, did not carry on TRs my policies legacy Ex. Payne-Aldrich Tariff said it would lower tariffs but the bill he signed into law had so many riders (additions changing the original bill) that the tariff ultimately did not really lower the tariff duties President Tafts foreign policy was dubbed dollar diplomacy (b/c US investments in Latin America before Euros invested, therefore, US helped to control W. hemisphere pp.683-684 Lots of US interventions in Latin America Ex. Nicaragua (see p.695 in Ch 30 in 12th ed.) Future Gun Boat Diplomacy (like movie The Sand Pebbles w/Steve McQueen 1962 set in 1926 China on US warship) Pres Taft intervened militarily in Central America & the Caribbean to ease disorders threatening American investments (US $) in those places pp.684-685 (See Ch 30 p.695 map of US interventions) Pres Tafts image as a progressive was tarnished by signing the Payne-Aldrich Tariff, refused to support progressive congressmen to challenge the power of the conservative Speaker of the House, dismissed Gifford Pinchot, & he aligned himself w/Republican senatorial reactionaries pp.685-686 [*Taft served in the Philippines & Cuba, then later as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, a job which when he was asked, he preferred to the job of US president.] Taft busted twice as many trusts as TR in half the time (90 to TRs 44) Standard Oil Trust Case: Supreme Courts rule of reason in antitrust law (p.684) was handed down in a case involving Standard Oil Co. used Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 to break up Standard Oil Co. (Rockefeller) Rockefeller actually made more money once forced to break up the monopoly of the holding company called Standard Oil similar to Bill Gates & Microsoft which was totally compared to Rockefellers case but TR only went after combinations (trusts) that unreasonably restrained trade The Bull Moose Party/Progressive Party in 1912: TR decided to run for President in 1912 b/c Taft seemed to discard TRs my policies pp.682-686 *****He said he had not been elected for three terms, so he could run again and not break Washingtons two term tradition Pres 1st time as McKinleys VP, so not elected in his own right except 1904 Social Critics of the Progressive Era: In early 1900s, critics of social injustice included socialists (like Upton Sinclair & Eugene V. Debs), feminists (like Alice Paul & Lucy Burns suffragettes), & journalists (muckrakers) Progressive beliefs: Generally, progressives believed there was too much political corruption, business monopoly, & social injustice Progressives usually supported such political reform proposals as initiative, referendum, & recall; the Australian (secret) ballot, womens suffrage, direct election of US senators, & campaign spending controls th Early 20 century progressive state governors included (p.669) Hiram W. Johnson (CA), Robert Battling Bob La Follete (WS), & Charles Evans Hughes (NY) Conservationist: Pres TR & chief forester Gifford Pinchot held conservation ideas of efficient management of resource use & long-term planning for resource use

Ch 30 Wilsonian Progressivism at Home and Abroad, 1912-1916 [12th edition] (Ch 29 in 13th edition) 1912 Election: 1912 Presidential candidates: Woodrow Wilson-Democrat (winner), TR-Progressive/Bull Moose, William Howard Taft-Republican (1921 appointed Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court), Eugene V. Debs-Socialist

1912 election was notable b/c it gave voters a clear choice of political & economic philosophies According to textbook, run away philosophical winner in 1912 was Progressivism In 1912 presidential election, the incumbent president finished third in balloting (Taft behind Wilson #1-winner, then TR #2, with Eugene V. Debs coming in fourth), one party won both the presidency & control of Congress (Democrats under Wilson), & the winning candidate attracted less than a majority of the popular vote TR Progressive/Bull Moose Party: When Jane Addams nominated TR for President in 1912, it symbolized the rising political status of women
{Odd b/c she was a pacifist & anti-imperialist while TR was a jingoist and imperialist of the highest order}

TRs New Nationalism supported a broad program of social welfare & govt
p.688 Ex. Consolidation of trusts & labor unions, regulatory agencies, female suffrage, social insurance, min wage
p.689 TR was shot while delivering a speech & was saved by a thick speech & his glasses case & he continued to speak even w/the bullet lodged in side is chest

TRs New Nationalism platform in 1912 advocated active role of govt in economy & social affairs, federal regulatory agencies to control trusts, female suffrage, social-welfare programs like min wage laws & social insurance, & consolidation of large trusts & labor unions TRs New Nationalism platform in 1912 advocated active role of govt in economy & social affairs, federal regulatory agencies to control trusts, female suffrage, social-welfare programs like min wage laws & social insurance, & consolidation of large trusts & labor unions Woodrow Wilson: Before election as President in 1912, Woodrow Wilson had been (progressive reform) state governor of NJ (Son of a Presbyterian minister & president of Princeton University) As Gov of New Jersey (Democrat), Woodrow Wilson established a record a s a passionate reformer In 1912, Wilson ran for president on Democratic platform including antitrust legislation, monetary reform, tariff reductions, support for small business, What about dollar diplomacy? No, thats Taft! Wilsons New Freedom favored small enterprise & entrepreneurship pp.688-689 Ex. Free functioning, unregulated, un-monopolized markets & no social welfare Not regulation but fragmentation of combinations w/antitrust laws In 1912, Wilson became the first person born in the South elected to the presidency since before the Civil War (Wilson born in VA grew up in GA & Carolinas) (last Southern president was Zachary Taylor) pp.689-690 {2nd Democrat since Civil War other Grover Cleveland twice, nonconsecutive} Wilson was most comfortable surrounded by academic scholars (rather than politicians) {He was an elitist}
Wilsons attitude toward the masses can best be described as having faith in them if they were properly educated

Wilsons political philosophy included faith in the masses (if properly educated), a belief that the president should provide leadership for Congress, a belief that the president should appeal over the heads of legislators to the sovereign people (unless it did not suit his needs apparently), a belief in the moral essence of politics [just not race relations segregation], What about scorn for the ideal of self-determination for minority peoples in other countries? As a politician, Wilson was inflexible & stubborn Wilsons triple wall of privilege pp.691-693 Tariff p.691 1913 passed w/help of public also public helped w/income tax above $3,000 annually Banks pp.691-692 Fed Reserve Act 1913 12 districts control banks help w/$ when needed Trusts p.692 Fed Trade Commission Act 1914 look for unfair business practices Clayton Anti-Trust Act 1914 strengthened older Sherman Act defining illegalities & made Unions exempt from prosecution In 1913, Wilson broke custom dating back to Thomas Jefferson when he personally delivered his presidential address to Congress (rather than have it read by a clerk) When Wilson became President in 1912, the most serious shortcoming in USAs financial structure was that the currency was inelastic (not enough money for all banks during panic/runs on banks p.691) Woodrow Wilson showed limits of his progressivism (and extent of his racism) by accelerating segregation of blacks in federal bureaucracy (which had integrated since the Reconstruction period)

Wilsons early efforts to conduct an anti-imperialist US foreign policy were first undermined when he sent the USMC (United States Marine Corps Semer Fi, Do or Die, Gung Ho! to Haiti) (Before that, he had discontinued Tafts dollar diplomacy in Latin America (& China), repealed the Panama Canal Toll Acts so USA had to pay tolls too, which made England happy, promised eventual independence to the Philippines & made it an official territory, & built up US forces in Hawaii) [US military sent to other places many times before see p.695 for US in Caribbean & Central America Exs. Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Honduras, Mexico Vera Cruz 1914 & hunting Pancho Villa in 1917 1917 bought US Virgin Islands from Denmark] Which term best characterizes Woodrow Wilsons approach to US foreign policy diplomacy? moralistic (Make sure it is not imperialistic, realistic, balance-of-power, isolationist although these may be true) [teach Latin America to elect better men] Pres Wilson refused to intervene in affairs of Mexico until US sailors were arrested in the port of Tampico (If you are Huerta in Mexico, make sure you give the USA its 21-gun salute despite your pride!) Before his first term ended, Wilson had militarily intervened in or purchased Haiti, Dominican Republic, Virgin Islands, Mexico Vera Cruz & Villa, What about Cuba under Wilson? No!
[Although the US basically controlled in economically w/investments & ownership and politically w/Platt Amendment]

Wilsons administration refused to extend formal diplomatic recognition to govt of Mexico headed by Victoriano Huerta Wilsons New Freedom platform of 1912 advocated active role of govt in economy & social affairs, dissolution of trusts & other forms of business monopoly, & reform of the monetary & banking system Unlike TR, Woodrow Wilson tended to lack the common touch & he found it difficult to compromise (This is why the USA did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles nor join the League of Nations really) Upon becoming president, Wilson launched an attack on the triple wall of privilege which he said included high tariffs, powerful trusts, & conservative banking policies [*Not racial discrimination as he was a Southern segregationist bigot despite being born between the Bible and the dictionary and never got far away from either. Wife was a bigot too, and did not like suffragettes. She did function as the President behind closed doors when Wilson suffered from his incapacitating stroke things got his signature, yet the stroke affected his ability to write at the time.] President Wilsons attack on monopolistic business combinations led to the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 presidential commission appointed to monitor industries & the Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914 strengthened Sherman Anti-Trust Act, defined illegal activities, & exempt labor organizations/unions from prosecution under antitrust laws {as the Sherman Act of 1890 had been used many times} *****Wilson not progressive for civil rights for Af-Ams nor womens suffrage until politically pressured to stick by his commitment to push for the 19th Amendment granting female suffrage just after the 18th Amendment Volstead Act - Prohibition Tariff: Congress passed the Underwood Tariff b/c Pres Wilson aroused public opinion to support its passage When Congress passed the Underwood Tariff Bill (1913), it intended legislation to lower tariffs (p.691) (Wilson used public to hold Congress accountable to the original bill which substantially reduced rates) (Also allowed for 16th Amendment to kick in the graduated income tax for yearly incomes over $3,000) Income tax & the IRS: 16th Amendment provided for a personal (graduated) income tax (for incomes over $3,000 annually) p.691 Federal Reserve System: Fed Reserve Act of 1913 guaranteed a substantial measure of public control over the US banking system through financial authority given to a presidentially appointed Federal Reserve Board Fed Reserve Act of 1913 gave the Federal Reserve Board authority to issue paper $ & increase the amount of money in circulation (by printing Federal Reserve Notes like the ones in your wallet or purse) (It can also control/set interest rates) Trust Busting (Strengthen Sherman Anti-Trust Act): Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914 explicitly legalized strikes & peaceful picketing ( & exempt labor organizations from antitrust prosecution) p.692

Samuel Gompers (AFL) called the Clayton AntiTrust Act labors Magna Carta b/c of benefits conferred on the working man by the law Wilson Appoints the First Jew on Supreme Court: The first Jewish person on the US Supreme Court, appointed by Wilson, was Louis Brandeis
(lawyer from Maine who helped argue & win the Muller v. Oregon case of 1908 granting women special consideration in the workplace)

Wilson & World War I: As WWI began in Europe in 1914, the alliance system placed Germany & Austria-Hungary as leaders of the Central Powers, while Russia & France were among the Allies [along w/the British later the USA in 1917] From 1914 to 1916, trade b/t the USA & Great Britain pulled the US economy out of a recession With the outbreak of WWI in 1914, the great majority of Americans earnestly hoped to stay out of the war One primary effect of WWI on the USA was that it conducted an immense amount of trade w/the Allies
(It also traded w/Central Powers early on, but not nearly as much USA loaned massive amounts of $ to Allies)

Pres Wilson insisted that he would hold Germany to strict accountability for the loss of American ships and lives to (unrestricted) submarine warfare.
(GB had naval blockade of Central Powers causing shortages, starvation, etc.. more lethal than U-Boat attacks)

German submarines began sinking unarmed (not always) and unresisting merchant and passenger ships without warning in retaliation for the British naval blockade of Germany (GB cut trans-Atlantic cable b/t Germany & USA why?) [Sympathy for Allies attacked by U-Boats not starving in Germany, etc] The Cunard line passenger ship sunk by a German U-Boat (U-20) on May 7th, 1915 was the Lusitania pp.699-700 ~1200 killed, including 128 Americans Germany warned passengers not to travel in war zone (p.701) Lusitania had weapons on board {Others sunk after: Arabic (British), then Sussex (French), then the Arabic-Sussex Pledge from Germany to stop unrestricted submarine warfare, then others later as Germany saw the loss of her advantage to Britains naval supremacy above the waves of the Atlantic} [Titanic was sunk in 1912 before the war; her sister ship, Britannic, sank during WWI on duty as a hospital ship and troop carrier] In the Sussex Pledge, Germany promised not to sink passenger ships w/out warning (but they wanted Wilson to get GB to stop the naval blockade, knowing he could not & he could not) [Germany figured it could win the war before the USA could effectively mobilize & affect the war] *****U-Boat vulnerabilities & strengths vs. destroyers loss of stealth can be loss of health Election of 1916: Progressive Bull Moose Party died when TR refused to run as the partys presidential candidate in 1916 When Wilson won reelection in 1916, he received strong support from the working class (As well as West Coast which helped him get elected in 1912) Progressive Reforms: Other Acts: Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916 credit to farmers @ low interest rates to stop foreclosures (Populism) Warehouse Act of 1916 loans on staple crops for farmers (Populism) Workingmens Compensation Act of 1916 civil service employees to receive compensation for injury Jones Act of 1916 anti-imperial territorial status & future independence for the Philippines Adamson Act of 1916 RRs 8 hr day w/overtime for working on trains used for interstate commerce Federal Reserve Act of 1913 Fed Reserve Board to set interest rates, print $, fund banks
*Wilson put conservatives on the board to placate/satisfy business in order to get reelected in 1916

12 regional banks created by the Federal Reserve Act were regulated by the Federal Reserve Board (presidentially appointed) & owned by private banks (also authorized to issue Federal Reserve Notes no longer their own notes/$ & distribute emergency funds to banks that are in danger of failing b/c of a panic or run on the bank) Flood of progressive legislation during Wilsons first term included laws to provide disability assistance to civil-service workers (Workingmens Compensation Act of 1916), establish 8 hr day for interstate RR workers (Adamson Act of 1916), provide credit & low-interest loans to farmers (Fed Farm Loan Act of 1916), & prohibit false advertising & adulteration of consumer products (Part of the Fed Trade Commission/Act of 1914)

Ch 31 The War to End War, 1917-1918 [12th edition] (Ch 30 in 13th edition) Wilson & World War I: Pres Wilson broke diplomatic relations w/Germany when Germany announced it would wage unrestricted submarine warfare (sink all ships in the war zone w/out warning) in Atlantic Ocean Was the USA forced to war b/c of this? Zimmerman Note involved a proposed secret agreement b/t Germany & Mexico (Promised to give Mexico back territory lost in the Mexican Cession if Mexico went to war w/USA) [Zimmerman used a British cable service to send this note; British intercepted it and gave it to USA] US declared war on Germany after German U-Boats sank four unarmed (really?) US merchant vessels Was the USA truly neutral in its actions between August 1914 & April 1917? Pres Wilson persuaded the American people to enter WWI by pledging a war to end all wars & to make the world safe for democracy Wilson viewed US entry into WWI as US opportunity to shape new international order based democratic ideals Wilsons Fourteen Points: The following were among Wilsons 14 Points upon which he based Americas idealistic foreign policy in WWI reduction of armaments, abolition of secret treaties, a new international organization to guarantee collective security (League of Nations) (Ex. Poland but not Syria, Iraq, or Palestine), & principle of national self-determination for subject peoples, What about international religious freedom & toleration? World War I on the American Home Front & Battlefields: Major problem of George Creels Committee on Public Information was that he oversold Wilsons ideals which led the world to expect too much from Wilson (Propaganda Four-Minute Men speeches) Civilian administrators & WWI mobilization agencies: George Creel Committee on Public Information Herbert Hoover Food Administration Bernard Baruch War Industries Board William Howard Taft National War Labor Board When US entered WWI, it was poorly prepared to leap into the global war [USAs military ill-prepared] During WWI, civil liberties in the USA were denied to many, especially those suspected of disloyalty Ex. Eugene V. Debs Socialist (Ran for Pres) *All things German were disliked too *****1919 25 race riots Ex. Chicago rocks thrown at teenage AF-Am boy who drown while swimming, accidentally into an all-white beach. Angry blacks retaliated which led to the riot 2 Constitutional amendments adopted in part b/c of wartime influences were the 18th, which dealt w/prohibition, and the 19th, which was womens suffrage. As a result of their work supporting the war effort, women finally received the right to vote (nationally) - the 19th Amendment During WWI, the govts treatment of labor could best be described as fair *inflation nullified wage increases *****There were some 6,000 strikes during the war! 2 groups who suffered most from violations of civil liberties during WWI were German-Americans & social radicals (What about Af-Ams living in the nadir of race relations in the USA?) Labor Issues during World War I: Strikes & sabotage of Industrial Workers of the World (IWW Wobblies I Wont Works) during WWI were result of some of worst working conditions in USA p.710 Grievances of labor during & shortly after WWI include inability to gain right to organize, war-spawned inflation, violence against workers by employers, & use of Af-Ams as strike breakers Ex. East St. Louis 1917 race riots p.711 What about suppression of the AFL? No, b/c they supported the war effort.

1919 Steel Strike resulted in a grievous setback crippling steel unions for a decade into the 1930s (Typical pattern scabs & violence) African-American Migration during World War I: Movement of tens of thousands of southern Af-Ams to the north during WWI resulted in racial violence in the north *****1919 saw 25 race riots the Black nadir Mobilization during WWI: Most wartime mobilization agencies relied on voluntary compliance to prepare the economy for war. In an effort to make economic mobilization more efficient during WWI, the federal govt took over & operated the RRs (That is like socialization RRs turned back over to pvt enterprise after the war) *****Daylight savings time comes from WWI to get more efficient use of daylight hours for production USA used all of the following methods to support the war effort forcing some people to buy war bonds, having heatless Mondays to conserve fuel, seizing enemy merchant vessels trapped in US harbors, restricting manufacturing of beer (to conserve wheat), What about using govt power extensively to regulate the economy? Financing WWI: Most $ raised to finance WWI came from loans from the US public Bonds (2/3rds of total needed other 1/3rd from taxes) Would you sail on a concrete ship?: *USA built some concrete ships for the war, but did not use them. Ex.USS Faith Conscription: WWI military draft generally worked fairly (no substitutes, etc., exemptions for some industries) & effectively to provide military manpower (What would Zinn say?) Those who protested conscription during WWI did so b/c disliked the idea of compelling a person to serve Also, conscientious objectors Ex. Alvin York who was not exempt What did most Americans think of WWI when the USA first entered the war?: When the US entered the war in April of 1917, most Americans did not believe that it was necessary to send a large army to Europe Women in WWI: WWI saw women in US forces US Navy, USMC, (Army?) volunteers only African-Americans in WWI: Af-Ams were segregated Ex. 369th Harlem Hellfighters, before war 1908 Brownsville, TX, or 1917 Houston p.715 & p.719 caption for 369th all receive the French Croix de Guerre Places where US troops fought during WWI: During WWI, US troops fought in all of the following countries: Russia (Civil War 1918-1920), Belgium (near Ypres), Italy, & France, What about Czechoslovakia? Wasnt a country until after WWI! 2 major battles of WWI in which the USA forces engaged were St. Mihiel & Meuse-Argonne Offensive p.718 Alvin York [Chateau-Thierry & Belleau Wood USMC too & 2nd battle of the Marne River] *****Ypres, Verdun, Somme, Gallipoli, Jutland, Tannenburg, etc 2nd Battle of the Marne (River) was significant b/c it marked the beginning of a German withdrawal that never reversed used stormtroopers to attempt last offensive effective shock troops Impact of Russian Revolution on WWI: Russias withdrawal from WWI in 1918 resulted in release of thousands of Germans to move to the W Front *Revolutions in Russia: October 1917 & Nov-Dec 1917 plus 1918-1920 Civil War & Treaty of Brest-Litovisk Famous Americans at war: Supreme military commander of US forces during WWI was John J Black Jack Pershing TR jr in both world wars, MacArthur, Marshall Foch-French, Eddie Rickenbacker, Patton, etc Contributions of the USA to WWI: USAs main contributions to Allied victory in WWI included foodstuffs, oil, munitions, financial credit (got USA in war really), What about battlefield victories? The book says no, but I say yes to a degree. Make sure you realize the main contributions would not include battlefield victories as far as the test goes OK Germans were heavily demoralized by USAs unlimited troop reserves (& attitudes)

Treaty conditions for ending the war: As a condition of ending the war, Wilson demanded that the German Kaiser, Wilhelm, abdicate *Allied armies would remain in Germany until signed treaty they could not attend negotiation p.722 (neither could Russia) reparations $33 billion & war-guilt clause, which really made them angry Chief difference b/t Wilson & parliamentary statesmen at Paris peace table was that Wilson lacked command of a legislative majority at home (election of 1916) p.719 Wilsons ultimate goal at Paris Conference was to establish the League of Nations At Paris Peace Conference, Wilson sought all of the following goals prevent seizure of territory, a world parliament to provide collective security, establish a League of Nations, & destroy the Austrian & Russian empires, What about an end to European colonial empires (other than Austria & Russia) in Africa & Asia? Opposition to the League of Nations by many US senators during the Paris Peace Conference gave Allied leaders in Paris a stronger bargaining position (b/c Wilson was weakened by US opposition to the treaty & the League, later he was weakened by the stroke he had) After the Treaty of Versailles had been signed, Wilson was condemned by both disillusioned liberals & frustrated nationalists & imperialists In USA, most controversial aspect of Treaty of Versailles was Article X p.723 This meant alliance with Europe, which went against isolationist (toward Europe) attitudes in USA Therefore, USA could be drug into a European war, and it did not like that prospect in general Not arms limitations, open diplomacy, permanent US alliance w/France, self-determination of peoples Initial Republican strategy regarding the Treaty of Versailles was to delay & amend (change/alter) the treaty Senate opponents of League of Nations as proposed by Treaty of Versailles argued that it violated Wilsons own Fourteen Points Ex. Self-determination challenged in Japan getting Germanys sphere in China & her possessions in the Pacific p.722 & mandates created in Middle East too Wilson talks like Christ, and acts like Lloyd George (of England) At Versailles, foreign leaders commented on Wilson saying, God has only 10 points In Congress, the most reliable support for Wilsons position on the League of Nations came from Democrats Senate likely would have accepted US participation in League of Nations if Wilson had been willing to compromise w/League opponents in Congress (such as Henry Cabot Lodge - Republican) Who was finally most responsible for the Senate defeat of the Treaty of Versailles (for ratification)? Woodrow Wilson! (Stubborn and unyielding/uncompromising) Wilsons call for a solemn referendum in 1920 referred to his belief that presidential election of 1920 should determine fate of Treaty of Versailles Republican isolationists successfully turned Warren G. Hardings 1920 presidential victory into a death sentence for the League of Nations (Apparently a death sentence for Harding too who died fairly shortly after coming into the office) Major weakness of League of Nations was that it did not include the USA Pres Wilsons Fourteen Points included arms limitation, self-determination (for people in autonomous democratic govt), freedom of seas, & permanent internal organization (for collective security) [League of Nations] Pres Wilsons position at the Paris Peace Conference was weakened by Republican party victories in 1918 midterm elections & his failure to appoint a leading Senate Republican (like Lodge) to the conference delegation (No president had ever negotiated a treaty themselves before considering that Congress has the power to ratify treaties) Wilson was popular outside the USA initially
He had a stroke while taking the Treaty to the sovereign people wife functioned as president behind closed doors

1920 election: 1920 Ohio Republican Harding beat Democrat Cox Eugene V. Debs got votes from prison almost a million! [Harding pardoned Debs in 1921 for his prosecution under the Espionage & Sedition Acts] (Wilson would not pardon him)

Election of 1920 indicated publics exhaustion w/moral idealism & self-sacrifice, was first presidential election since passage of womens suffrage/19th Amendment, was used by Republican isolationists to kill the League (of Nations) Signaled end of widespread progressive domestic reform activity until later in the 20th century Harding unclear on League a League, but not the League (Wilsons League) Espionage and Sedition Acts: Among major targets of wartime Espionage & Sedition Acts were Industrial Workers of the World (IWW/Wobblies), Eugene V. Debs (not a Supreme Court Case but the Socialist), & German Americans Espionage Act 1917/Sedition Act 1918 (Sedition is treason.) pp.708-709 Supreme Court presented in textbook as unbiased when ruling in Schenck v. USA in 1919 can curb speech when clear and present danger to the nation exists but who decides think of US v. Spirit of 76 b/c it portrayed British atrocities, which they did commit during the American Revolution, but as our WWI allies, the truth was not acceptable why? What is so dangerous about the truth in the face of war propaganda? Inflation and labor discontent in USA during WWI: During the course of WWI American prices approximately doubled (bad inflation leads to black markets) Am wages did not double maybe raised 20% in some cases ~6,000 strikes occurred in the USA Am farm production increased to feed USA & Allies (led to an early depression for farmers in 1920s) Women gained in the workforce in womens work teaching, typing, switchboard operator, secretary, & in some industries but women and children will always work for less than men bread winners ridiculous thought women are bread winners too and it is exploitative to use women & children or anybody Similarities of 1790s Alien & Sedition Acts and Espionage & Sedition Acts of the 1910s Influenza pandemic: *****1918 Spanish Flu pandemic 500,000 died in USA 20-40 million died worldwide John J. Pershing biography: John J Black Jack Pershing had been at San Juan and Kettle Hills commanding the 10th Cavalry Buffalo Soldiers Af-Ams; served in Indian conflicts, the Philippines, Cuba, and commanded the US forces chasing Pancho Villa in 1916-1917 right before US entry into WWI (1914-1918) in 1917; lost his wife and all of his daughters, only his son survived, a horrible fire in their home abroad; jumped several ranks to receive the highest rank in the US military since George Washington, a rank no other General has achieved since, and commanded the AEF in WWI; at end of war he said that he feared that the Germans did not know they were beaten and that the same thing would have to be done again within another 20-30 years he was correct! --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page numbers from The American Pageant 12th edition p.690 Wilsons righteous description p.705 a hesitant & peace-loving nation p.706 caption sub attack forces Wilsons hand & neutral trade Bovine Excrement cause of war munitions vs. $ loaned gang of thieves vs. gang of murderers U-Boats vs. British naval blockade - refers to British harassing US ships vs. U-Boat attacks, but US ships carry war materials to Allies, so how neutral is that? So, Wilson says there was no other choice but war whereas earlier he had said the USA was too proud to fight pp.706-707 Jeanette Rankin (Montana) first female Congresswomen she along w/51 Representatives & 6 Senators voted no to war US altruism war to end wars make world safe for democracy or is that hypocrisy ask John Dos Pasos US isolationists or crusaders no middle ground for the US people either or not something more moderate than an isolationist or a crusader
(US has been imperialist, conqueror, invader, oppressor, colonizer, revolutionary, plus isolationist & crusader too)

p.707 Political independence & territorial integrity of all nations - more rhetorical Bovine Droppings

14 Points/Commandments? How sacred were they really? pp.708-709 Espionage & Sedition Acts p.711 Alice Paul & Lucy Burns (Movie: Iron Jawed Angels) militant suffragettes p.711 Margaret Sanger & Birth Control (remember Anthony Comstock and the Comstock Laws aimed at stopping obscene literature including birth control info federal offense to send anything like that through the mail) p.715 Af-Ams in US military & USA prior to & during WWI - 369th Harlem Hellfighters [p.719 caption] Black nadir of race relations in the era of Jim Crow America (1896-late 1940s) p.718 Alvin York p.718 US no arsenal of democracy yet Ch 30-31 Heroification of Wilson see Loewen Ch 1, and Zinn Ch 13 & 14 pp.720-722 Wilson like the mother of a sickly child who sacrifices it for the healthy firstborn. referring to compromises he had to make what a lame simile! Germans mad at Treaty of Versailles Ex. Reparations led to depression & unemployment w/hyperinflation Adolf Hitler used this discontent to his advantage Germans also resented war-guilt clause given that Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia really started the ball rolling on the alliance system that led to WWI. p.723 Wilsons wife functioning in many ways as president behind closed doors b/c of his incapacitating stroke Ch 32 American Life in the Roaring Twenties, 1919-1929 (Ch 32 is Ch 31 in the 13th edition) The Red Scare: Red Scare or 1919-1920 was provoked by publics association of labor violence w/its fear of revolution Businesspeople used the Red Scare to break the backs of fledgling unions [claiming all unions were Red] Most tenacious pursuer of radical elements during the Red Scare was (Attorney Gen.) A. Mitchell Palmer [*Palmer raids Sacco & Vanzetti IWW Emma Goldman Soviet Ark] During the Red Scare hundreds of alien (immigrant) radicals were deported from USA, many states passed laws making it a crime to advocate violence, several socialists were elected yet denied their seats in NY state legislature (*labor union membership declined as the 1920s wore on b/c of socialism, communism, anarchism associated w/ unions & dont forget the newly formed USSR, which US troops along w/other Allied powers GB, France, Japan tried, unsuccessfully, to defeat the Bolshevik communist govt of the Soviet Union in the 1918-1920 civil war following the Russian Revolution(s) of 1917) American life entering the 1920s: Disillusioned by war & peace, Americans in 1920s did not enter a decade of economic difficulties (in general), but they did denounce radical foreign ideas, condemn un-American life-styles, shun (ignore) diplomatic commitments to foreign countries, & restricted immigration KKK revival in 1920s: Post-WWI Ku Klux Klan (KKK) advocated fundamentalist religion, opposition to birth control, repression of pacifists, anti-Catholicism, What about opposition to prohibition? [KKK - *anti-Semites anti-African-American/racists to protect white women nativists Not just in South] KKK of 1920s was a reaction against forces of diversity & modernity transforming American culture *Harding was sworn into the KKK in the White House Campaign of recruitment *Advertising & Kleagling (the Kleagle clavern leader - collect $10 initiation fee & pocket $4 for yourself) helped increase membership In the mid-1920s, the KKK turned its invective (Although I can tell from the context, I had to look that up so it means violent denunciation) against recent immigrants (xenophobic nativism), Catholics (You guys are horrible at least that what I always tell my wife jokingly of course ), gambling & adultery {plus drinking alcohol Im sure none of the rednecks drank ever plus radicals, Af-Ams of course to protect white women, Jews (anti-Semitism), etc - They sound fun dont they?} - Popular, recruitment, advertising, Kleagling, scandals, crimes Ex. Murder in Indiana - Controlled many local and state politicians Ex. IA, OR, CA, etc. - Harding sworn in as member in the White House Thats sweet isnt it?

Immigration in 1920s: Immigration restrictions of 1920s were introduced as result of nativist belief that N. Euros were superior to S. & E. Euros (Social Darwinism) - Emergency Quota Act of 1921 3% of pop living in USA in 1900 1924 cut down to 2% & shifted year to 1890 (both of these favored N. Euros) & in 1929 the year was shifted to 1920 (Those years favored N. Euros b/c of when & where immigrants had come from) - Immigration Act of 1924 imposed quotas based on nationality w/preference toward N. Euros Cultural Pluralists like Horace Kallen and Randolph generally advocated that immigrants should be able to retain their traditional cultures rather than blend into a single American melting pot Immigration quota system adopted in 1920s discriminated directly against S. & E. Europeans *Asians too Religion of almost all Polish immigrants to USA was Roman Catholicism Many Polish peasants learned about USA from agents from US railroad companies, letters from friends & family, agents from steamship lines, Polish-American business people, What about Catholic missionaries? *Complaint of US Immigration Commission against Polish immigrants was they sent too much $ back home, so $ left USA Labor unions & struggles: One of the primary obstacles to working class solidarity & organization in USA was ethnic diversity Prohibition & Organized Crime (Mafia): Enforcement of the Volstead Act (18th Amendment) met strongest resistance from Eastern city dwellers Most Americans assumed that prohibition would be permanent Most spectacular example of lawlessness & gangsterism in the 1920s was Chicago (Al Capone) *Lots of gangsters in prohibition in many cities across the country not just Chicago Noble experiment of prohibition was a complete failure (multiple reasons) & it encouraged (aided) organize crime & gang warfare *anti-immigrant & Eastern cities did not like it either *Drinking decreased, but it was more popular people flaunted the law pushed for by minority *speakeasies, bootlegging, moonshine, rum runners, Canada, Mexico TJ, Kennedy, Others *Mabel Walker Wilibrant *Treasury Dept responsible *Chicago Capone St. Valentines Day 1929 Chicago Typewriter Drive-By shootings American education in 1920s: John Dewey can rightly be called the father of progressive education. According to John Dewey, a teachers primary goal is to educate a student for life Progressive efficiency in business: Frederick Taylor scientific management Frederick Taylor prominent inventor & engineer best known for promotion of industrial efficiency & scientific management of factories, etc Scopes Monkey Trial: John T. Scopes, Clarence Darrow, William Jennings Bryan, & Dayton, TN 1925 Scopes Monkey Trial Trial of John T. Scopes in 1925 centered on issue of teaching evolution in public schools After Scopes Monkey Trial fundamentalist religion remained a vibrant force in Am spiritual life Prosperity for some, poverty for others during the 1920s: 1920s prosperity was helped by rapid exchange of (post-war) capital, increased productivity of workers, perfection of assembly-line production [Scientific Management meets Progressive Efficiency], advertising & credit/installment buying, What about govt stimulation of the economy? (What would Zinn say about this? Ex. Tax breaks & mellon) As Sec of Treasury, Andrew Mellon (one of the richest men in USA) placed the tax burden on middle income groups (the middle class) Ex. Earn $1 million in one year in 1921, get taxed $663,000 (66.3%)

Earn $1 million in 1926, get taxed $200,000 (20%) (graduated tax should be make more, get taxed more) [Trickle Down economical approach Rich dig it obviously!] (*During Mellons long tenure as Sec of Treasury for Harding, Coolidge, & Hoover his policies lowered the national debt however Laissez-Faire (unregulated policies for business) pro-business economics led to Depression) Most innovative features of jazz age economy included mass advertising & installment/credit buying *****not stock market although it could be an answer too I think Buying on the installment plan (credit): The prosperity that developed in 1920s was accompanied by a cloud of consumer debit (credit/installment) Overproduction means USA needs new markets: Main problem faced by Am manufacturers in 1920s involved developing expanded markets of people to buy their products Was Jesus Christ the best advertising man ever?: Bruce Bartons The Man Nobody Knows expressed great admiration for Jesus Christ b/c (Barton believed that) Jesus was the best Ad-man (advertising man) ever Sports in the 1920s: Among major figures promoted by mass media image makers & the new sports industry in 1920s - Babe Ruth & Jack Dempsey (there were many others too too many to list here) Fords Model T & the assembly line make cars affordable & impact the 1920s: Henry Fords contribution to automobile industry was relatively cheap automobiles (w/good reliability & road clearance) *Ford - $5 per day wage, strikes, anti-Semitism, goon squad, prohibitionist, tinkerer/engineer, efficient use of assembly line in automotive industry, Model T every 10 seconds, black paint why? Industries that prospered mightily w/widespread use of the automobile included rubber, highway construction (1920s-today) (& paint for highways & signs), oil, glass, motels (newly appearing to meet the needs of drivers and families on vacation), billboards (for advertising), camping, etc. What about aluminum? (not really used in automotive construction that early in the industry) Automotive revolution resulted in consolidation of schools, spread of suburbs, loss of population in less attractive states, altered youthful sexual behavior (Ex. struggle buggy see 1920s Jazz Age Slang) What about an increased dependence of women on men? Mass production of automobiles in 1920s led to growth of petroleum industry (oil, gas, etc), suburban communities (sprawl farther away from the cities), installment/credit buying (another reason Ford paid his workers $5 a day so they could buy Model Ts, later Model As as of 1927 choice of colors not just black), life-style changes (Keeping up with the Jones neighbors who have the newest stuff, so you gotta to have it too! Plus dating in cars, going to movies, going to speakeasies, dancing the Charleston, dance marathons, college football, baseball, racing, boxing, etcall facilitated easier with the new mobility of average Americans) * Plus motels, gas stations, camping, billboards, highway construction, etc [*Model Ts had good road clearance why?] Lucky Lindy: Charles Lindberghs solo flight across the Atlantic made him an American (worldwide) hero especially b/c his wholesome youthfulness contrasted w/cynicism & debunking of the jazz age of the 1920s *1932 Kidnapping sad story not so lucky Radio & Movies in 1920s: First talkie movie/motion picture was The Jazz Singer (1927 starring Al Jolson) Advent of radio & motion pictures resulted in much of rich diversity of immigrant culture was lost *Radio & movies homogenized culture & accents for many people in USA *Radio soap-operas sponsored by detergent companies so soap operas Radio impacted popular culture reaching people nationwide with popular programs like Amos and Andy two white men pretending to be black men racist by todays standards, but very popular back then Popular culture of 1920s: Automobiles, radios, & motion pictures contributed to the standardization of American life (popular culture) Demographic changes of 1920s: 1920 census revealed for first time that most Americans lived in cities (not in rural areas)

Margaret Sanger (see review session #3 notes for more on her): Margaret Sanger was most noted for her advocacy of birth control *****Remember she took on Anthony Comstock & Comstock Laws to give out birth control info Working women in 1920s: Job opportunities for women in 1920s tended to cluster in a few low-paying fields
(Ex. Typists, secretaries, teachers, etc - middle class, working class women lower classes still in factories, etc)

Freud, sex, & America in the 1920s: To justify their new sexual frankness (boldness), many Americans pointed to theories of Sigmund Freud - Its all about sexual repression, the Ego, Superego, & Id, plus anal retentiveness vs. oral fixation Music Jazz 1920s Harlem: Jazz music was developed by African-Americans (THANK GOD!) Marcus Garvey (Jamaican born Mon) founded the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) is best known for promoting resettlement of African-Americans in Africa (Back to Africa movement), cultivating feelings of self-confidence & self-reliance among Af-Ams (instilled pride in African heritage), being sent to prison for fraud, promoting black-owned business (Ex. Black Star line shipping co. like White Star line) Who championed the idea of the Talented Tenth and edited The Crisis for the NAACP? Du Bois [*He influenced the future development of the Nation of Islam (Black Muslims in America)] Prominent African-American cultural figures of the 1920s: Joseph King Oliver, Jelly Roll Morton, Langston Hughes, WC Handy, (Zora Neale Hurston, James Weldon Johnson, A. Philip Randolph Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters union (mostly Af-Ams & some whites), Claude McKay, Bessie Smith, Countee Cullen, Paul Robeson, Duke Ellington, Cab Calloway, Louis Armstrong, Josephine Baker, the Cotton Club, etc - none of these are in our book, but they are in the prep textbook) 1920s literature: Literary figures: Ernest Hemingway The Sun Also Rises (also - A Farewell to Arms) F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby Sinclair Lewis Main Street (also Babbitt) William Faulkner The Sound of Fury Buy stocks on margin (credit): Buying stock on margin meant purchasing it w/a small down-payment (no regulation of stock market) *****Up to 90% margin great if you always profit, but what if you dont and your margin is called? My son is cute: l nhyj jyhjhyuhjyuhjjjjjjj by Joshua Wesley Parker (age 2) (This is Wesleys (my almost two-year old son) contribution to your study guide you will be tested on the exact sequence, which you must know perfectly for an A on the exam not even just ignore it) 1920s intolerance: Post-war anxiety & intolerance of USA in 1920s was manifested in the Sacco & Vanzetti case, the Scopes trial, the resurgence of the KKK (1915 Birth of a Nation movie by D. W. Griffith), Immigration Act of 1924, deportation of radicals to Russia (Red Scare/Palmer Raids/Soviet Ark) I had a great class on the 1920s taught by Prof. Jill Watts at CSUSM that had a paper deciding whether the USA of the 1920s became more tolerant or less tolerant it was one of 3 papers total for your grade no tests just 3 very important papers Time-saving devices in 1920s: {*Time-saving devices for consumers & electric appliances were typical products for purchase on credit} ***** I always say the 1920s are very similar to the time we live in today in many ways. 1920s Notes: Racism Jim Crow 1919 - 25 race riots Ex. Chicago, East St. Louis, etc 1921 Tulsa, OK (race riot) 1922 Rosewood, Florida 9race riot) others in Houston, Atlanta, Wilmington, NC, etc.

NAACP Charles Hamilton Houston lawyer pp.728-730 Red Scare p.730 KKK Americas cowardly apostles p.730 Sacco & Vanzetti pp.730-731 Immigration Quotas pp.732, 733, & 736 Prohibition pp.734-735 Polish-Americans pp.736-737 Gangsters pp.737-738 Education in 1920s & Scopes Monkey Trial pp.738-739 Consumerism & Advertising Sports
{Ex. Babe Ruth was asked about making more money than the president in one year. He replied, I had a better year than he did.}

pp.739-742 Ford, cars, etc {competition like GM, Chevrolet, Buick, etc} *1920s jazz age slang pp.742-743 Airplanes (airlines new word) (Barnstormers, Air Mail, Charles Lindbergh) pp.743-744 Radio pp.744-745 Hollywood (silent replaced by talkies lots of stars w/foreign accents lost jobs)
Movie stars Al Jolson, Valentino, Clara Bow, Mary Pickford, Charlie Chaplin, Harold Lloyd, Laurel & Hardy, etc

pp.745-748 sex-oclock in America, Margret Sanger, women, jazz, flappers, rakes, vamps, Garvey, Alice Paul (Lucy Burns), [Carrie Chapman Catt], God, fundamentalism vs. accomodationists/modernists, chummy place pp.749-751 HL Mencken quote on Puritanism p.749 Read it!, Fitzgerald, Drieser, Hemingway shotgun does this need to be in the book?, Anderson, Lewis, Faulkner, Pound, Eliot, Frost, Cummings, ONeill (Af-Ams - McKay, Hughes, Hurston, Armstrong, Blake), Frank Lloyd Wright architect Harlem Renaissance New Negro pp.751-752 Wall Street speculation margin inflated values [no regulation] Ch 33 The Politics of Boom and Bust, 1920-1932 (Ch 33 is Ch 32 in the 13th edition) A return to normalcy: Warren G. Hardings weakness as President included - mediocre mind (that is harsh), inability to detect moral weakness in his associates p.753 *Washington could not tell a lie (BS he lied often actually, particularly about the state of his forces) while Harding couldnt tell a liar (which may have been true), unwillingness to hurt peoples feelings by saying no (except he cheated on his wife, had a child w/his mistress, and it was speculated by some that his wife poisoned him for it), & administrative weakness (but he had a good cabinet really), What about lack of political experience (for the career Ohio politician)? *Normalcy as in his famous line to return the country to normalcy uses a word that does not exist *Ohio Gang his cronies many were corrupt like Albert Fall (his Sec of the Interior national forests & parks fall under jurisdiction Teapot Dome scandal for USN naval reserves in CA & WY) *He took reporters to speakeasies to discuss politics during the early years of prohibition Hardings cabinet: Charles Evans Hughes naval arms limitations (probably avoided an Anglo-American naval confrontation in Atlantic) Andrew Mellon taxes & tariffs Herbert Hoover foreign trade & trade associations Albert Fall naval oil reserves (Teapot Dome scandal) Harry Daugherty justice & law enforcement Teapot Dome & other scandals: Teapot Dome scandal involved the corrupt mishandling of naval oil reserves (Albert Fall Sec of Interior got USN to sign over oil reserves to Dept of Interior, then he sold them to 2 oil corps & made $ - then he got busted!) Major political scandal of Hardings administration resulted in the conviction & imprisonment of his - secretary of the interior (Albert Fall) Albert Fall (Sec of Interior) proved to be incompetent & corrupt Teapot Dome scandal After initial shock of the scandals during Hardings administration, many Americans reacted by excusing

some wrong-doers on the grounds that they had gotten away with it. (Upset at prosecutors instead) Business & Republican presidents in the 1920s Laissez-Faire: Republican economic policies under Harding hoped (and did) encourage that govt actively assist business along the path of profits (to make $$$$$$$$) Every president was Republican in 1920s, and they all enacted laissez-faire except for high protective tariffs and tax breaks for the rich Progressive reforms take a hit during the 1920s from the Supreme Court: During 1920s, the Supreme Court often ruled against progressive legislation (passed earlier) Organized labor struggles: Organized labor was (were) adversely affected by demobilization (from the war) policies adopted by the Federal Govt at end of WWI Supreme Court rules on women in the workplace: Supreme Court cases of Muller (special protections for women in the workplace in Muller v. Oregon 1908 pp.670-671) and Adkins (Adkins v. Childrens Hospital 1923 reversed Muller v. Oregon p.755) centered on question of whether women merited special legal & social treatment (1908 said yes, but 1923 said no) Lasting gains of WWI: Non-business group that realized most significant, lasting gains from WWI was veterans (of armed forces) Hardings foreign policy: One exception to Pres Hardings policy of isolationism (toward European affairs) involved the Middle East (Southwest Asia to be less Eurocentric), where the USA sought to secure oil-drilling concessions for US companies (*Oil is key after & b/c of WWI) Harding was willing to seize the initiative on issue of international disarmament b/c businesspeople were not willing to help pay for a larger US Navy Outlaw war really?: 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact outlawed war as solution to international rivalry Unless of course it is a defensive war then its OK Men of conscious always ply their wars to be defensive. I wish I could remember who said this, but its true - I think I read it in Zinn or Loewen? If you find it, please let me know - Thanks *Other treaties & arms reductions/limitations Ex. 5:5:3 ratio for capital ships for USA, GB, & Japan but Japan could fortify Pacific islands, while USA & GB were not supposed to future problem? High protective tariffs to help big business: In 1920s, Fordney-McCumber Tariff raised tariff rates, and the Hawley-Smoot Tariff raised tariff rates, so that by 1930, the tariff rates had been substantially raised from the opening of the decade (of the 1920s). *High tariffs again helped USA for a while, upset world especially former Allies making it hard for those countries to repay war debts all of this contributed to the Depression Consequences of US policy of raising tariffs sky-high in the 1920s European nations raised their own tariffs (in retaliation), post-war chaos in Europe was prolonged (see war debts above), economic distress deepened internationally, US foreign trade declined (*Europe couldnt repay war debt this way ultimately), What about the US economy slipping into a recession in the 1920s? Not! Silent Cal was weaned on a pickle: Calvin Coolidge Silent Cal a woman at a social event sat next to him once and said she would bet him that she could get him to say more than two words during the evening. He replied, You lose. - It was said that he looked like he was weaned on a pickle (weaning is when an infant stops nursing) - He never missed a photo opportunity to dress up like a cowboy or an Indian ridiculous - He was honest, frugal (look it up), shy, & cautious - His father was a Justice of the Peace who swore him into office by candle light at their home on the family Bible upon Hardings death - Gov of Massachusetts broke Boston Police Strike of 1919 used National Guard this is how he got the VP for Harding He said of the striking police (who really deserved better condition, which they

later won by the way), There is no right to strike against the public safety by anyone, anywhere, anytime. During Coolidges presidency, govt policy was set largely by interests & values of the business community Republican economic policy of 1920s Laissez-Faire (hands-off, unregulated economy for max profits) Ex. Political cartoon of him playing music for the flapper (big business) Depressed farmers & the help they dont really get: One of the major problems facing farmers in 1920s was overproduction (debt for machinery, etc. to overproduce) In mid-1920s, Pres Coolidge twice refused to sign legislation proposing to subsidize farm prices (He said, Farmers have always been poor. I dont really see what we can do about that.) {By the way, Coolidge was a farmer before he was a politician} Two attempts to help farmers & labor: The intended beneficiaries of the McNary-Haugen Bill were farmers; the intended beneficiaries of the Norris-LaGuardia Act were labor unions. McNary-Haugen Bill Govt to buy surplus crops to stabilize prices (1924-1928) p.761 Norris-LaGuardia Act 1932 Anti-Injunction Act no yellow-dog antiunion contracts & no injunctions to restrain peaceful labor strikes, etc p.772 Prohibition splits: Splits that did not affect the Democratic Party wets vs. drys, immigrants vs. old stock Americans, fundamentalists vs. modernists, N liberals vs. S conservatives, What about urbanites vs. suburbanites? Senator Bob LaFollette: Wisconsin Sen Robert Battling Bob La Follettes Progressive Party advocated govt ownership of RRs, relief for farmers (he was from WS), opposition to anti-labor injunctions, & opposition to monopolies What about increased power of the Supreme Court? No b/c they felt the Sup Crt circumvented Congressional authority w/legal interpretations & judicial review in favor of business which was true according to Zinn & other historians Progressive Party of 1920s: Progressive Party did not do well in 1924 election b/c too many people shared in prosperity to care about reform (Zinn would say just enough people were prosperous enough barely to not seek reform) Shame on the Democrats: In 1924, Democratic Party convention failed by a single vote to adopt a resolution condemning the KKK US interventions in Latin America during 1920s: In early 1920s, one glaring exception to Americas general indifference to outside world was its armed interventions in the Caribbean & Central America (Ex. Haiti & Nicaragua) (Even China w/ Gun Boat Diplomacy) (Ex. Movie w/Steve McQueen set in 1926 made in 1962 called The Sand Pebbles) They hired the money didnt they?: Americas European allies argued that they should not have to repay loans to the USA made to them during WWI b/c they had paid a much heavier price in lives lost, so it was only fair that the USA write off their debts (only Finland repaid their debts what they still owed as of 1976 was exempted the US) p.764 {Plus USA made $$$$ off of the war big time Ex. Farmers, munitions makers, etc.} (Coolidge said, They hired the money didnt they?) As a result of Americas insistence that its allies war debts be paid in full, - the French & the British demanded enormous reparations payments from Germany (which led to the outrageous hyper-inflation in post-war Germany - Ex. One mark was equal to 25 cents In Berlin, it cost one mark for a loaf of bread in 1918; by 1922 a loaf cost 160 marks, by 1923, a loaf cost 200 billion marks paper money was worthless) Americas major foreign policy problem in 1920s was addressed by Dawes Plan, which provided a solution to the tangle of war debt & war-reparations payments *USA loaned $ to Germany to be repaid w/$ from allies paid by Germany to stimulate the world economy Why not elect Al Smith in 1928?: Most colorful presidential candidate of 1920s was Alfred E. Smith (wet Catholic from NYCs Lower East Side)

Political liabilities for Alfred E. Smith in 1928 election Catholic, wet repeal prohibition, big city background (NYCs Lower East Side), radio speaking skill NYC accent not good on national radio *Example of radio & movie stars & even politicians needing to loose their hard accents & homogenize it Why elect Herbert Hoover in 1928?: One of Herbert Hoovers chief strengths as a presidential candidate was his talent for administration *not a give & take type, no experience really as a politician, not charming to the masses, not thick-skinned like most politicians, he was affectionately known as the chief to his people When elected to presidency in 1928, Hoover combined small-town values (Iowa, Quaker) w/wide experience (abroad and) in modern corporate America (an orphan rags to riches story like a Horatio Alger novel) Some help for farmers: Federal Farm Board, created by Agricultural Marketing Act (June 1929 before October Crash), lent $ to farmers primarily to help them to organize producers cooperatives (to produce & to buy surplus to store) The evil Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930 makes the world-wide Depression much worse!: As result of Hawley-Smoot Tariff of 1930 World wide Depression deepened p.767 * bill altered to contain 1000 amendments raised tariff to almost 60% from 38.5% - already high (Other countries responded by raising high tariffs against US goods in reprisal) The Depression Sucks!: In USA, Depression caused a decade long decline in birth rate *people blamed themselves not the system, decrease in foreign investments, caused by over-everything production, speculation, credit consumerism Hoovers ideas & actions about how to solve the Depression: Pres Hoover believed Depression could be ended by directly assisting banks & businesses, keep faith in efficiency of the industrial system, encourage continuing to rely on American tradition of rugged individualism, lending federal $ to feed farm livestock (*but no welfare by fed govt a hand out the dole made people lose respect for themselves he thought he relied on volunteerism in charity/relief for the poor & unemployed & for businesses to not cut wages, reduce production, or lay off workers it didnt really work volunteerism had worked for him when he raised relief for the Belgians in WWI to feed them, so he thought it could work by keeping people employed w/out wage cuts would keep people consuming, which would help the economy the Depression was really too big a problem for anyone to fix it took WWII to really fix it, although the New Deal helped) ****Govt welfare to businesses & banks apparently was OK & did not make the corporations feel any less about themselves for living on the dole receiving govt assistance or hand outs if you prefer *So people receive direct assistance, no way; but businesses, sure! Pres Hoovers approach to the Great Depression was to provide aid to business & local govts was the - the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) - RFC used trickle down idea welfare/govt assistance to big business & banks & govts then it trickles down to people but this approach was not sufficient enough yet FDR will have his own version of the RFC in the New Deal one of many alphabet agencies like the TVA, AAA, NRA, CCC, FDIC, WPA, PWA, HOLC, FWP, etc The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) was established to make loans to businesses, banks, state & local governments Pres Hoover supported following anti-depression measures (like Prozac & Alcohol ) including federal govt loans to banks, corporations, & local and/or state govts & federal public works projects (which FDR has in his New Deal Hoover actually did quite a bit he tried as best he thought he should FDR used a lot of Hoovers ideas which were in his New Deal) Exs. Boulder Dam now Hoover Dam but he was hated so much it was Boulder Dam for years Lake Meade right on Colorado River near Laughlin, NV dams built by FDRs New Deal created Lake Powell which some people like, others did/do not thinking its a terrible environmental tragedy

Hoovers big mistake regarding the Bonus Army: The Bonus Expeditionary Force (The Bonus Army) marched on Washington DC (peacefully) in 1932 to demand immediate, full payment of their bonus payment, which was promised to WWI vets (not due until 1945) (they wanted now - immediately 1932 when it could help, while they needed it) *Shameful event as Hoover ordered Gen MacArthur (w/aid Eisenhower & officers including Patton) to clear them out of abandoned govt buildings & MacArthur exceeded his orders when he pushed on the Anacostia Flats where they were in a Hooverville (shanty town) & attacked it w/tear gases, cavalry, tanks, & bayonets some deaths & many injuries hurt Hoover one man sent him a letter saying Vote for FDR and make it unanimous. FDR heard of the incident and said, This elects me. our book has little sympathy for the marchers (unemployed vets suffering from the Depression) when it refers to them as a health hazard on p.774 Later when FDR faced a similar smaller version of a Bonus Army when he was president, he met them, gave them food & shelter and played the masterful politician, so they liked him, unlike Hoover, the great scapegoat of the Depression Pres Hoovers public image was severely damaged by his handling of the dispersal of the Bonus Army (see above) Japan invades Manchuria in 1931, and the League of Nations does nothing: In response to League of Nations investigation into Japans invasion of Manchuria in 1931 Japan left the League, and the League couldnt do Jack about it! (*The League did hardly anything when Italy rolled into Ethiopia in 1935 sanctions but not the key one on oil that would have halted the invasion & conquest) *Japan closed the Open Door in the parts of China it controlled, which the USA & western European nations did not like at all US hypocrisy regarding acquired territories: 1932 Stimson doctrine declared US would not recognize any territorial acquisition achieved by force of arms
(Except the American colonies, the Mexican Cession, Texas, Hawaii, pretty much most of the British Empire, etc)

US Commerce Department & planned obsolescence: In 1920s, the US Commerce Department under Herbert Hoover encouraged creation of trade associations to promote standardization of products (1920s concept w/ us today called planned obsolescence relatively cheap consumer goods will break & or be replaced w/better model to keep you consuming!) & to help business combat labor unions (w/ the alternative trade associations) Washington (Naval) Conference: At 1921-1922 Washington Conference, major signatories agreed to limit size of naval fleets & preserve the status quo in the Pacific (in terms of military power in order to avoid war) (Ex. 5:5:3 ratio for USA, GB, & Japan but Japan could fortify its Pacific islands while the USA & GB were not supposed to we paid for this in WWII) [*USA vs. Japan in Pacific began very quickly as Japan wanted to be supreme imperialist power in Asia & Pacific not USA & Western powers forced open to modernization in 1853 by Com. Perrys fleet, Japan was so industrialized it beat Russia in 1905 & kicked butt in Pacific in beginning of WWII all in less than 100 years development quite the astounding feat)] Officials of scandals during Hardings administration: The high govt officials involved in scandals during the Harding administration included Charles Forbes Veterans Bureau scandal, Albert Fall Teapot Dome scandal, & Harry Daugherty Attorney General sold pardons & liquor permits (during prohibition) p.759 Causes of the Great Depression: Causes of Great Depression included agricultural overproduction & debt, unequal distribution of wealth, overextension of credit, anemic foreign trade, & economic troubles in Europe OVERPRODUCTION CONSUMPTION ON CREDIT/INSTALLMENT/MARGIN OVERSPECULATION (based on lies/misrepresentations of stock values) General notes: Harding speakeasies - reporters pp.753-754 Harding inept, scanty of mental furnishings, chubby-faced Hoover, harsh?

pp.754-755 Harding & Republicans help big business Ex. w/courts Ex. 4 out of 9 Sup Crt justices appointed by Harding pp.755-756 RRs, shipping, 1919 strike, Veterans win Bonus (for 1945) pp.756-758 Treaty of Versailles, League of Nations w/out USA, Oil in Middle East, Disarmament (5:5:3) (Avoid potential Anglo-American Naval War of late 1920s or 1930s) p.758 Tariff hike hurt Europe cant repay loans easily pp.758-759 Hardings administrations scandals pp.759-760 Coolidge (Police strike of 1919 Weaned on a Pickle) [I choose not to run again in 1928. Did he really mean it didnt matter Reps had Hoover] pp.760-761 Farmers Coolidge says always been poor pp.761-762 1924 election pp.762-763 US Foreign Policy Latin America war debts unpaid by Europeans pp.763-764 Debts pay back Dawes Plan for Germany & allies to repay reparations & debts pp.764-766 Hoover wins in 1928 chubby faced again whats up w/disrespecting him for no apparent reason? pp.766-767 Hoover tries to help farmers pp.766-767 Hawley-Smoot Tariff @ 60% - helped lead to Depression pp.767-769 Crash & Effects pp.769-770 Causes of Depression & effects of Hoovervilles [Hoover blankets Hoover flags Hoover Hotels] pp.770-772 Hoover helps from top down p.772 Hoovers public works & RFC [prime the pump] 1932 Norris-LaGuardia Anti-Injunction Act p.773 Hoover & Political Cartoons (What would Davidson & Lytle say?) p.774 Bonus Army no sympathy a health menace? pp.774-775 Japan Manchuria 1931 Leagues actions/inactions Japan quits could stop them? Maybe? pp.775-776 Economic imperialism dying in Latin America now the Good Neighbor Policy Ex. US out of Haiti & Nicaragua (for now)

Ch 34 The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1933-1939 (Ch 34 is Ch 33 in the 13th edition) FDR The lion and the fox: Franklin Delano Roosevelts (FDRs) affliction w/infantile paralysis (polio) contributed the most to his development of compassion & strength of will {* story of dragging himself across floor} Before he was elected Pres in 1932, FDR had already served as Gov of NY, run for VP (w/Alfred Smith in 1928?), & been Assistant Sec of Navy (just like his 5th cousin TR) FDRs qualities as a leader included decisiveness, great orator/speaker, optimistic, inclined to action based on intuition, willingness to experiment {charming, charismatic & a true politician} Ex. Of political cartoon with a sick Uncle Sam visited by Dr. Roosevelt holding his doctors bag labeled New Deal Remedies accompanied by his nurse, Congress, (making a house call as doctors did back then) with several medicines on the table next to the patient labeled with the various alphabet agencies PWA, WPA, AAA, CCC, FERA, NRA, TVA, FHA, HOLC, FDIC, NLRB, etc. The caption reads, Of course we may have to change remedies if we dont get results. [p.506 in The Americans] *** FDR married 5th cousin, Eleanor Roosevelt Roosevelt born NY Knickerbocker rich like TR Infantile paralysis (polio) in 1921 Mistress Warm Springs, GA Eleanors political savvy & his best political ally Her column My Day & Activism The conscience of the New Deal DAR/Lincoln Memorial/Marian Anderson Bessie Trumans following Eleanor FDRs greatest strength: Most vigorous champion of the dispossessed that is, the poor & minorities in FDRs administration was Eleanor Roosevelt (5th cousin to FDR, niece of TR)

1932 election: Democratic platform of which FDR campaigned for presidency in 1932 called for a balanced budget In 1932, FDR campaigned on the promise that as president he would attack the Great Depression by experimenting w/bold new programs for economic & social reform One striking new feature of 1932 presidential election results was that (many) Af-Ams shifted from Republican allegiance & became vital element in the Democratic Party FDRs First Hundred Days: Phrase Hundred Days (1st New Deal mostly relief & recovery) refers to the first (~3) months of FDRs (1st) presidency 3 waves of legislation (1st, 2nd, & 3rd New Deals 1st New Deal began in March 1933) *FDRs Fireside Chats 1st was to explain Bank Holiday closed banks to reopen w/govt support to keep from failing & get people to put their money back in banks to get economy going again While FDR assumed presidency in early (March) 1933, Herbert Hoover tried to get the president-elect to commit to an anti-inflationary policy that would have made much of the New Deal impossible When FDR assumed the presidency in early (March) 1933, - he received unprecedented congressional support (Which is why he got so many New Deal laws passed) The New Deal: The Works Progress Administration (WPA) was a major relief program of the New Deal; the Public Works Administration was a long-range recovery program; & the Social Security Act was a major reform. * The 3 Rs: Relief, Recovery, & Reform the goals of the New Deal see charts on p.781 & p.784 WPA (1935) Quickly provide jobs to as many people as possible from construction to symphony PWA (1933) Create jobs on govt projects increasing workers buying power & stimulate the economy Ex. Grand Coulee Dam on Columbia River in Washington state near Oregon border (p.788) Social Security Act (1935) Provided pension for retired workers & their spouses & aided people w/disabilities Glass-Steagall Act created Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to insure individual bank deposits Ex. In 1933 insured individual deposits up to $5,000 today I think its up to $200,000 individually * Fireside Chats 1st was about the Bank Holiday to reopen stable banks & convince people to deposit their $ in bank again popular & it worked Most immediate emergency facing FDR when he became president in March 1933 was the collapse of international trade Was none of the following: the chaotic banking situation w/runs & closures, the national debt, the farm crisis, or demagogic dissenters like Huey Long, Francis Townsend, or Father Coughlin FDRs initial managed currency policy aimed to stimulate inflation (p.783) Why? To relieve debtors burdens & stimulate new production gold buying at high/inflated prices above the market; therefore, the dollar value of gold increased too which increased the amount of dollars in circulation, but no more domestic use of gold as currency - *1932 Lindbergh kidnapping connection to Gold Certificate dollars USA on limited gold standard for international trade The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was probably most popular New Deal program; the National Recovery Act (NRA) was one of the most complex; & the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was the most radical. President FDRs chief administrator of relief was Harry Hopkins (head of the WPA) *** CCC - ~3million youth employed 18-25 years-old work on conservation projects got part of pay rest sent home to families very popular New Deal program (pp.783-785) *** Harry Hopkins NY social worker in charge of Federal Emergency Relief Act/Administration (FERA) - $3 billion to states for the dole (direct relief) or preferably wages on work projects - We will spend and spend, tax and tax, and elect and elect. (p.785) *** WPA p.786 - $11 million on public buildings, bridges, hard surfaced roads WPA stands for We Provide Alms alms is charity Some jobs were weird Ex. Control crickets in WY & a monkey pen in OK City, OK

*** WPA p.787 over 8 years 9 million people had jobs not handouts/dole Ex. Federal Writers Project (FWP), part of WPA paid John Steinbeck to count dogs in his county (while he wrote novels and such, like The Grapes of Wrath) [also slave narratives see Davidson & Lytle Ch 8 View from the Bottom Rail] National Recovery Act (Administration) formally guaranteed labors right to organize (unions) & bargain collectively as part of the NLRB/Wagner Act, outlawed yellow dog contracts forbidding workers to form unions, was declared unconstitutional in Schechter sick chicken case (see earlier in notes), provided for maximum hours & minimum wages (through fair practice voluntary codes) popular early on, but later died b/c of self-sacrifice of labor, management, & public, plus chiselers who cheated the system We Do Our Part signs w/ the Blue Eagle representing the NRA p.787 NRA Nuts Run America & National Run Around to those opposed [Wagner Act not always enforced as it should have been! Again, selective enforcement of laws!] *** National Recovery Act/Administration (NRA) Blue Eagle immediate relief & long-range recovery & reform to assist industry, labor, & unemployment fair competition codes for Hours & wages unions no yellow dog contracts (anti-union) no child labor under 16, or 18 if work was dangerous required self-denial of both labor and business/management voluntarily many unscrupulous businesses pretended to follow NRA guidelines/codes but then violated the codes (chiselers) shot down by Supreme Court in 1935 in Schecter brothers sick chicken case involving their fowl business in Brooklyn, NY Congress could only control interstate commerce not local business like Schechter case, which was only a local business (p.787) *** FDR didnt like the horse and buggy interpretation of Constitution of Supreme Court in Schechter case but the same legislation did launch the PWA (p.788) New Dealers & Federal agencies/programs: Robert Wagner (NY Senator) National Labor Relations Board Harry Hopkins Works Progress Administration Robert Ickes Public Works Administration Frances Perkins Department of Labor (Sec of Labor first female presidential cabinet member) The National Recovery Act/Administration (NRA) failed largely b/c it required too much self-sacrifice on the part of industry, labor, & the public First Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) raised money that it paid for farmers not to grow crops by taxing processors of farm products (who passed on to consumers) The AAA proposed to solve the farm problem by reducing agricultural production [Ex. No surpluses of crops or livestock] Federal Securities Act & the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) aimed to provide full disclosure of information (regarding stocks) & prevent insider trading & other fraudulent practices *FSA 1933, SEC 1934 Do the SEC, TVA, George W. Norris, Muscle Shoals, & hydroelectric power all relate to each other? Federally owned (& operated) the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was seen as a particular threat to private electrical utility companies Most controversial aspect of the TVA was its efforts in electrical power (generation) [TVA did provide flood control & jobs in the region] New Dealers argued their multi-front war on the Depression primarily sought to provide relief *As an answer to critics of New Deal Strongest criticisms leveled against the TVA were that it represented the 1st stage of creeping socialism Social Security Act of 1935 provided unemployment insurance (when fired), old-age pensions, economic provisions for blind & disabled, support for blind & physically handicapped, What about health care for the poor? (Had to work to be eligible) Labors New Deal: The Wagner Act of 1935 proved to be a trailblazing (define this term?) law that gave labor the right to collectively bargain (for better conditions, pay, hours, etc) [When Sup Crt axed NRA in 1935, Congress passed National Labor Relations Act in 1935 created NLRB, which became known as the Wagner Act allowed for self-organization of labor (unions) & right to collective bargaining pp.795-796]

{*****Often this law was not enforced as it should have been*****} The National Labor Relations Act (1935) proved most beneficial to unskilled workers (CIO created) p.796 The primary interest of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (formerly the Committee before split w/AF of L American Federation of Labor) [Led by president of the United Mine Workers union, John L. Lewis] was the organization of all workers within the industry {Ex. Coal Miners} CIO used sit down strikes Ex. GM plant at Flint, MI in 1936 & Republic Steel in Chicago, IL on Memorial Day of 1937 The Memorial Day Massacre *** A. Philip Randolph Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters union p.835 but thats 1941, not 1920s & 1930s movie 10,000 Black Men Named George good film for a film review for extra credit FDR appoints two women firsts in US history: *** Mary McLeod Bethune daughter of ex-slaves, founded a black college in Florida, highest ranking Af-Am in FDRs administration her post was in the National Youth Administration (NYA) in the Office of Minority Affairs Black Cabinet (Black Brain Trust like the [white] Brain Trust) [An Af-Am & a woman progressive for the time] (p.786) *** Francis Perkins 1st female cabinet member for any US president Sec of Labor criticized for her gender often saying was FDR kept her in labor for many years. (p.787) Move inauguration day from March to January: Both ratified in 1930s, the 20th Amendment shortened time b/t presidential election & inauguration (Move from March up to January); the 21st Amendment ended (repealed) prohibition (18th Amendment). (19th Amendment Womens suffrage) FDRs critics: New Deal critics causes and/or slogans: Father Charles Coughlin (Catholic Priest on Radio, ant-Semitic) social justice anti-FDR eventually Huey Long Every man a king (None wears a crown) Share Our Wealth $5,000 annual income, car, house, college money, etc Francis Townsend old-age pensions - $200 per month, but must spend it all couldnt do financially Herbert Hoover a holy crusade for liberty rhetoric of antisocialism for New Deal 1936 election (p.797) The Kingfish: Senator Huey Long (Kingfish) of Louisiana gained national popularity by promising to give every family $5,000 [annual income] pp.785-786 {Davidson & Lytle Huey Generis} Share Our Wealth program The Works Progress Administration (WPA) aimed to provide loans & jobs for college students, quiet the groundswell of protest produced by Huey Long & Dr. Francis Townsend, provide employment on useful projects, & produce works of art What about providing handouts to the unemployed? (Not an aim of the WPA) Female social scientists: Prominent female social scientists of 1930s like Ruth Benedict & Margaret Mead brought widespread contributions to the field of anthropology ***** This is not in 12th edition How bad was the Depression?: *Road kill for food migrants eating road kill humor a chicken in every pot Hoover said something like that before 1929 crash of wealth in America & US had eliminated poverty The Dust Bowl: All contributed to Dust Bowl of 1930s dry-farming techniques, drought, cultivation of marginal farmlands on the Great Plains, soil erosion (few trees on plains) *dusty, dry soil right where jet stream & Tornado Alley are in central plains of USA, What about farmers failures to use steam tractors & other modern equipment? (pp.789-790) Farmers in the Dust Bowl: In 1935, FDR set up the Resettlement Administration to help farmers who were Dust Bowl victims move to better land (not very effective) Migrants from the Dust Bowl: Most Dust Bowl migrants headed to (the promised land of ) California (Okies & Arkies CHP at borders signs stating no work & no relief replace minorities working in ag. labor see Davidson & Lytle Ch 12 Dust Bowl Odyssey)

*** John Steinbecks 1939 novel The Grapes of Wrath Joad family, book vs. movie (1940), Shirley Temple story in mtg w/Mayer of MGM studios Most Okies in CA escaped deprivation & uncertainty of seasonal farm labor when they found jobs in defense industries during WWII The Indian New Deal: The Indian Reorganization Act (Indian New Deal) of 1934 attempted to reverse forced assimilation of Native American Indians (due to Dawes Act of 1887) into White society (Indian schools, become farmers, allotment, etc) by establishing tribal self-government (*met w/mixed emotions) 1936 election: 1936 election most notable for its reflection of a bitter class struggle b/t rich & poor Franklin Deficit Roosevelt vs. KS Gov Alfred (Alf) M. Landon (a moderate Republican) Forgotten Man & labor & many blacks & new immigrants vs. greedy economic interests - No one shoots Santa Claus Al Smith (referring to FDR) FDRs reelection in 1936 (2nd term of 4) was ensured by his strong support from blacks (switch from Reps to Dems despite lack of FDRs support for a federal anti-lynching law badly needed b/c of lynchings & impossibility of getting states to prosecute for lynching blacks, so need federal law), labor unions (Wagner Act helped), & Catholics FDR tries to pack the Supreme Court: FDRs court-packing scheme in 1937 reflected his desire to make the Supreme Court more sympathetic to his New Deal programs He wanted to add 6 more justices to the court to beat the 9 already there not popular w/American public in general FDR claimed older members were backed up & this would help, but it was an obvious way to circumvent the courts authority of judicial review and people could see that hurt him in terms of his political clout After FDRs Failed attempt to pack the Sup Crt, - the (scared) Sup Crt began to support New Deal programs
Ex. Justice Owen J. Roberts switched from conservative to liberal a switch in time saves nine (justices)
- Age led to the retirement anyway after FDRs failure & he appointed 9 justices more than anyone other than G Washington

Supreme Court & Congress after the court packing attempt: During FDRs 2nd term (1936/1937-1940/1941) the Supreme Court became more liberal while Congress grew more conservative FDR extremely weak on civil rights: ***** FDR wouldnt support anti-lynching bills b/c he did not want southern members of Congress to block his New Deal programs, which he feared they would do if he publicly supported and pushed for anti-lynching legislation have to wait for Truman who was willing to do this and desegregate the armed forces after WWII. Keynesian economic philosophy & the national debt/deficit prime the pump & other economists ideas: As a result of 1937 Roosevelt recession, FDR adopted Keynesian economics (planned deficit spending) - recession was caused by FDRs policies - Ex. Soc Sec taxes on payrolls so deficit spend & prime the pump to stimulate the economy During 1930s (FDRs bureaucracy grew huge) the national debt doubled (Keynesian deficit spending spend your way out of the Depression prime the pump) * FDR moderate really, not liberal or socialistic can be argued he saved capitalism from the capitalists w/ a touch of socialism really progressive populism (brewing before the Depression) {Think what Zinn would say about this Zinn Ch 15 Self-help in Hard Times} Many economists believe the New Deal could have cured the ills of the Depression by greater deficit spending How was the New Deal doing by 1938?: By 1938, New Deal had lost its momentum (took WWII to end Depression) Republicans do well in the 1938 mid-term elections: *** Republicans do well in 1938 mid-term elections, and in later elections win control in Congress

Did the New Deal work?: *Can be argued FDRs New Deal was too liberal (socialism), too moderate (saved capitalism), or was too conservative (preserved status quo w/limited changes Zinn) FDRs New Deal was most notable for providing moderate social reform w/out radical revolution or reactionary fascism FDRs New Deal programs did not end the Depression (WWII did!) How should business have viewed FDR?: *** Business should have supported FDR as the protector of status quo & privilege really saving capitalism General notes: pp.777-778 FDR bio & Eleanor p.779 1932 candidates pp.779-800 Hoover loses pp.780-782 FDR 3 Rs Relief, Recovery, & Reform pp.782-783 FDRs Hundred Days [1st New Deal] pp.783-785 Create Jobs pp.785-787 Demagogues pp.787-788 Industry & Labor pp.788-789 Farmers paid not to farm! pp.789-790 Dust Bowl & Migrants (Remember Davidson & Lytle Ch 12 Dust Bowl Odyssey) pp.790-791 Battling Bankers & Big Business pp.791 & p.794 TVA pp.792-793 Dust Bowl Migrants pp.794-795 Housing & Social Security pp.795-797 New Deal for Unskilled Labor pp.797-798 1936 Election pp.798-799 Court Packing 1937 pp.799-800 Liberal Sup Crt post 1937 court packing attempt pp.800-802 Twilight of New Deal pp.802-803 New Deal or Raw Deal? pp.803-804 FDRs Balance Sheet p.805 How Radical Was the New Deal? Radical, Moderate, Conservative Critics on all sides For thought: pp.785-786 Pied Pipers & Crackbrained proposals p.794 Slums disappeared ceased growing b/c of USHA really? From The Americans: (another textbook) p.482 Gordon Parks p.484 Uneven distribution of wealth p.488 Bank & Business failures pp.490-491 Hoovervilles, Bread/Soup Lines *****Depression for minorities already in a depression then when whites affected Depression obviously worse for minorities p.494 Psychological impact people blamed Hoover & more importantly, themselves, not the system primarily p.495 Dead road kill got my chicken in every pot Okies on way to CA Hoover Blamed p.508 National Recovery Act created NRA pp.509-510 Townsend, Coughlin, Long (*Will Rogers humorist)

p.511 Dorothea Lange (Migrant Mother #6 from Davidson & Lytle Ch 12 Dust Bowl Odyssey) & other photographers p.515 New Deal Programs Chart p.516 Public Utilities Holding Co. Act of 1935 & Rural Electrification Act (LBJ Texas) ***** Pedro J. Gonzalez radio libre voz libre free voice struggle for Mexican-American rights in East Los Angeles deportations sometimes of citizens born in USA - contributions pp.518-519 Bethune, Hastie, Anderson (Af-Ams) p.521 Sen Robert Wagner from NY ***** Union membership increases in 1930s after decline in 1920s pp.523-528 Popular Culture movies escapism musicals westerns comedy drama mystery gangsters Gable, Cooper, Stewart, Grant, Mae West, Hepburn, Marx, Disney, Cagney, Robinson, Chaplin Radio, Art, Literature 1938 Orson Wells in NJ reading War of the Worlds as newscast Grant Woods American Gothic painting Af-Am Richard Wrights Black Boy John Dos Pasos Steinbeck others [*FDRs relationship w/press regarding his disability] Anti-lynching laws vs. support of southern congressmen for New Deal Scottsboro, Alabama details Seabiscuit - Horse Racing

A Tragedy of Justice in Alabama: The Scottsboro Boys 1931 Alabama black youths wrongly convicted of gang raping two white women who lied to avoid being put in jail for vagrancy for riding the rails as hobos riding through Scottsboro on a train with both blacks & whites riding illegally & stopping to see if they could find work {many towns, cities, counties during the 1930s passed laws against vagrancy to keep migrants out of their towns many often threw them in jail and/or on work details such as the infamous chain gangs} some of the boys were too young for sex even evidence was weak Jewish lawyers from NYC offended people of Alabama, so defense was hindered boys convicted separately & repeatedly despite obvious injustice based on lies from the two women, one of whom recanted but was painted as a Communist which hurt the defense, the other lying until her dying day Example of trumpeted up evidence: the two women had been found to have immobile semen in their vaginas just hours after allegedly being gang raped by several boys, which means that the semen found would have still been mobile the boys went to prison for years before they were released & waited until the 1970s for a pardon, by then only a few were alive in prison, a couple of the boys actually became criminals & one actually was killed in prison the trial judge who replaced the completely racist judge in the first trials was a typical white southern racist in many ways (not all white southerners are racists I should know as I was raised by two) but instead of sacrificing the boys, he believed in justice & found in a later trial of one of the accused that their due process was violated & the evidence insufficient for conviction, which brought w/it the wrath of the community against him for siding w/blacks instead of the forces that sought to put the boys in prison he was never reelected to a judgeship again & his career was effectively over but he did the right thing when he did not have to which is both brave and super cool!

Ch 35 Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War, 1933-1941 (Ch 35 is Ch 34 in the 13th edition) FDR does not want to help the world, only the USA, during the Depression: FDR undermined the London Economic Conference b/c any agreement to stabilize national currencies might hurt the USAs recovery from Depression (He intended to create inflation good for USA, not good for World) As a result of FDRs withdrawal from London Economic Conference the trend toward extreme nationalism was made stronger FDR/USA formally recognizes the USSR: One internationalist action by FDR in his first term was formal recognition of Soviet Union/USSR (1933) FDRs recognition of Soviet Union/USSR was undertaken partly in hopes of developing a diplomatic counter-weight to rising power of Japan & Germany (& stimulate trade w/USSR too) p.808 Philippine independence: In promising to grant the Philippines independence, the USA was motivated by the realization that the islands were an economic liability Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934 independence in 12 yrs in 1946 (7-4-1946) Japan sees the USA as weak in the Pacific already, now even weaker FDR wanted to be a good neighbor: FDR embarked on a Good Neighbor Policy (after Wilsons Bad Neighbor Policy in Latin Am) in part b/c he was eager to enlist Latin American allies to defend the W Hemisphere against (Axis) dictators As part of the Good Neighbor Policy toward Latin America, FDR developed more generous policies of removing Am/US controls on Haiti, Cuba (Platt Amendment), Panama, (Nicaragua too) Counter to high protective tariffs: 1934 Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act increased USAs foreign trade p.809 * reversed traditional high protective tariff (cartoon p.809) US led free trade initiatives for post WWII Free trade always benefits one country more than another creates dependency (Prof. A. Arevalos CSUSM Latin American Revolutions & Caribbean Independence) FDRs foreign-trade policy lowered tariffs to increase international trade (see above) Axis aggression: Throughout most of the 1930s, the Am people responded to aggressive actions of Germany, Italy, & Japan (Axis) by retreating further into isolationism (from European affairs although the Good Neighbor Policy was changing our Latin American relations to a degree) * No military build up until 1940 w/ draft & build up of navy, etc No military aid Ex. Economic aid to China really military w/another label & Finland vs. Russia, Finland used German weapons did well first time, not second vs. Red Army * No oil embargo on Japan for China (1931 & 1937) until 1940 None by League of Nations over Italy in Ethiopia no oil embargo others that did not stop invasion Haile Selassie, It is us today. It will be you tomorrow. Appeasement & Isolationism Fascist aggression in the 1930s included Mussolinis invasion of Ethiopia (1935 1896 failed invasion), Hitlers invasion of Czechoslovakia (March 1939), & Francos overthrown of the republican government of Spain. (Spanish Civil War 1936-1939 Franco helped by Italy & Germany vs. Rep Govt of Spain w/ help of USSR b/c of leftist leanings o US helped w/volunteers b/c Neutrality Acts kept USA from helping otherwise Ex. Abraham Lincoln Brigade Hemingways For Whom the Bell Tolls Picassos Guernica 1937 bombed killing ~1200 civilians German air force How did the USA feel about another European war?: By mid-1930s, there was strong nationwide agitation for constitutional amendment to forbid a declaration of war by Congress unless first approved by a popular referendum (vote by the people)

Neutrality Acts: Passage of the Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, & 1937 by the USA resulted in the abandonment of traditional policy of freedom of the seas (zones declared by pres that US merchants cannot sail in), a decline in the US Navy & other armed forces (big fleets make wars), making no distinction b/t aggressors & victims, & spuring aggressors along the path of conquest (appeasement & isolationism), What about balancing the scales b/t dictators & US allies by trading w/neither pp.810-811 The Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, & 1937 stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, - Americans would be prohibited from sailing on ships of warring nations (Thus, no freedom of the seas) USA could not sell arms or loan money to either side (to avoid trap like WWI) p.811 US neutrality during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) allowed Spain to become a fascist dictatorship under Francisco Franco (ruled in to the 1970s) {Spain stayed neutral in WWII a wise move by Franco who had been helped by Mussolini & Hitler, similar thing happened w/Juan Peron, and his famous wife, Eva/Evita Peron Dont Cry for Me Argentina {Bad Madonna} down in Argentina he too ruled in to the 1970s) Arms sales chronology: From 1925 to 1940, the transition of US policy on arms sales to warring (belligerent) nations followed this sequence: - embargo cash and carry lend-lease FDRs Quarantine speech: FDRs sensational Quarantine Speech in 1937 resulted in a wave of protest by isolationists (b/c he suggested quarantining the aggressors w/embargos presumably, but then what? quarantine is to isolate like in the case of disease to keep it from spreading into an epidemic) Hitler gets mad in 1936 when his Aryans do not win every event: *1936 Olympics in Munich, Germany superior master race of Aryans beaten by Jesse Owens! Hitler mad! Munich & appeasement: In September 1938 in Munich, Germany, - Britain & France consented to Germany taking the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia (Appeasement) In 1938, the British & French bought peace w/Hitler at the Munich Conference by effectively handing over the nation of Czechoslovakia (Hitler promised he only wanted the Sudetenland; he lied) Results of appeasing Hitler: Shortly after Adolf Hitler signed a non-aggression pact w/Soviet Union, - Germany invaded (Western) Poland (on Sept, 1st, 1939) & started WWII (in Europe b/c Britain & France declared war on Germany Asia was at war in 1931 Manchuria, China & China again in 1937) [*Non-aggression pact was also an agreement w/USSR to split Poland b/t Germany & Russia Nov, 1939 Russia invaded Poland from the East Allies did not declare war on Stalins Russia over Poland) * Heroic fight of the Poles against the German blitzkrieg First casualty of 1939 Hitler-Stalin non-aggression treaty was Poland (They split it!) ***** Blitzkrieg Poland, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands, France, Balkans, USSR * Blitzkrieg = Lightning War tactics effective innovative new use of air power w/armor & infantry A country not conquered by Hitlers Germany b/t Sept 1939 & June 1940 Finland USSR attacked twice repelled first time, not second defeated by Red Army as buffer zone Finland helped by Germans & USA European Jewish refugees: Probably the greatest obstacle to USAs acceptance of more Jewish refugees from Europe was a failure of moral indignation & belief that the Holocaust was actually happening Textbook failed to mention anti-Semitism in USA Holocaust The Untold Story lack of US press coverage even Jewish editor of NY Times Nazi perspective on immigration other countries dont want them either o Ex. St. Louis ship of Jewish refugees

Factors contributing to weakness & lateness of USAa efforts to aid Europes threatened Jews: - internal tensions b/t German-Jewish & Eastern European Jews in USA, restrictive Immigration Act of 1924, fear of flood of Jewish refugees would increase unemployment during Depression, & Anti-Semitism in USA What about the belief that most Jews would be better off migrating to Israel? US military (& other Allies too) refused to bomb Nazi gas chambers (Ex. Treblinka, Sobibor, Bergen-Belsen, Chelmo, etc) such as Auschwitz & Dachau b/c of belief that bombing would divert needed war/military resources [*plus retaliation to Jews, but they were already being slaughtered] During the 1930s, the USA admitted about 150,000 Jewish refugees from Nazism. [* They went elsewhere often later rounded up by the invading Nazis] Peace-time draft/conscription: Congresss first response to unexpected fall of France in 1940 was to pass a conscription (draft) law - a peace-time draft like Europe, not USA French stupidity: *** French stupidity sorry if youre French, not really Maginot Line sitzkrieg - phony war then blitzkrieg through Belgium & Luxembourg like WWI Dunkirk mistake by Hitler, not his last either This time, Paris falls Hitler creates Vichy French puppet fascist govt in south and rules w/military occupation in rest of France creates fortress Europe the Atlantic Wall into N Africa & Itlay then wait for Dieppe, then the big one Normandy D-Day June 6th, 1944 breakout & push into Germany interrupted by Operation Market Garden, the Hurtgen Forrest, Battle of the Bulge, crossing the Rhine, & of course the Brutal Russian advance in the East Leningrad, Stalingrad, Fall of Berlin blood bath 8 of 10 Germans killed in WWII killed by Russians, but they lost many more in process Pacific is a whole other story! US neutrality & opinions: USAs neutrality effectively ended when France fell to Germany - b/c led to Destroyer deal in 1940 followed 1939 cash & carry led to next phase lend-lease late 1940
* Garden hose example to fight fire for neighbors house * send guns, not sons

In 1940, in exchange for US destroyers, British gave USA 8 valuable naval bases in W Hemisphere for 99 yrs By 1940, US public opinion had come to favor providing Britain w/ all aid short of war (guns not sons) Let British fight USAs fight * Battle of Britain summer 1940 Operation Sea Lion RAF vs. Luftwaffe Blitz, air war, V-1/2, RADAR, Enigma code machine, Spitfires & Hurricanes 1940 election: Surprise Republican presidential nominee in 1940 was Wendell Willkie (FDRs friend) (converted Democrat) p.819 You have been a Democrat all your life. I dont mind the church converting a whore, but I dont like her to lead the choir her first night. In 1940, Republican presidential candidate Wendell Willkie avoided deepening sharp divisions among the American people when he avoided attacking FDR for his increasingly interventionist policies FDR was motivated to run for a third term in 1940 mainly by his belief that the USA needed his experienced leadership during international crisis
(Really? think Myth America video series reluctant statesman Dont change horses in the middle of a river)

So what motivated him for a fourth term, even in failing health, the same thing? Power perhaps? In 1940 pres election campaign, both Dem FDR & Rep candidate, Wendell Willkie, agreed that the USA should supply military aid to Britain & the Allies {against the evil Axis or Axis of evil in modern political propaganda speak for SATAN!} & the USA should strengthen its defenses

Lend-Lease & Cash and Carry: 1940-1941 Lend-Lease program was a focus of intense debate b/t internationalists & isolationists, a direct to Axis dictators, the point when all pretense of American neutrality was abandoned (Ex. Destroyer escorts to Iceland), the catalyst (define) that caused US factories to prepare for all out war production (arsenal of democracy) (define arsenal) Operation Barbarossa: When Germany invaded Soviet Union/USSR on June 22nd, 1941 (Operation Barbarossa), the USA made lend-lease available to Soviet Union/USSR/Stalin * Battle of Britain failed, put on hold effectively for Hitler to break non-aggression pact to invade USSR We began helping Uncle Joe Stalin as our propaganda used to refer to him o Joey on Friends w/stage name Joe Stalin Einsatzgruppen killing squads of SS soldiers (4 groups) who shot approximately 800,000 people Good job Stalin w/purges that killed capable Soviet officers that hurt USSR when Germany invaded Hitler knew history Napoleon & Hitler vs. Winter & Russians Mistakes of both men = loss The Atlantic Charter: The Atlantic Charter, developed by USA & Britain, was also endorsed by the Soviet Union To get FDRs help, both Churchill and Stalin had to agree to FDRs desires regarding the charter o much of which was essentially ignored and/or selective applied by the Allies [p.823 FDR forced Churchill on colonial issues b/c Britain needed USA (Churchill was elated when Pearl Harbor was attacked b/c it meant full entry into the war by USA) Atlantic Charter, Aug 1941 Newfoundland coast with navies opposed imperialistic annexations, supported self-determination for nations, regain democracies in Europe, free elections, & United Nations (UN) similar to 14 Points but USA not neutral in the Atlantic Charter really if you think about it Poland, iron curtain, French Indochina/Ho Chi Minh, Palestine, India, etc] Among the principles of the Atlantic Charter signed by FDR & British Prime Minister Winston Churchill (he was half-American) were national self-determination of peoples, disarmament, collective security, creation of new international org (UN) [*story of Churchill & FDR, the UN, & a bath tub sounds like a joke you tell in a bar or something] ***** Remember Churchill had to sign b/c he needed the USAs help big time to save his country! US Navy at war before we declared war: After the USS Greer was fired upon, the USS Kearny crippled, and the USS Rueben James sunk, - Congress allowed arming US merchant vessels (merchant marine shipping) p.824 p.824 US Destroyers see combat USS Greer Sept 1941 fought w/U-Boat Oct 1941 USS Kearny hit in battle w/U-Boat it followed, lost 11 KIA Late Oct, 1941 USS Rueben James sunk by U-Boat near Iceland, lost 100+ KIA p.812 Dec 1937 Chinese waters USS Panay hit by Japanese planes, 2 KIA 30 WIA
- Tokyo paid up quickly & apologized but vented on US civilians in China w/slappings & strippings

Did the USA force Japan into war?: Japan believed that it was forced into war w/USA b/c FDR insisted that Japan withdraw from China * USA knew they would not then USA cut off scrap metal, steel, oil, aviation fuel w/embargo Japanese attack Pearl Harbor in 1941 came as surprise b/c FDR (& others) suspected, if attacked, it would be in Malaysia or the Philippines (Attacks occurred there too very quickly) [* Details of Pearl Harbor limited & quick if time?] On eve of Japans attack on Pearl Harbor, a large majority of Americans still wanted to stay out of the war Almost unanimous war vote on 12/8/1941 still first woman in Congress, Representative Jeanette Rankin of Montana, still voted No to war as she did in WWI later on 12-11-1941 when Germany & Italy declared war on the USA, the vote was unanimous for war apparently b/c they declared war on USA first A chronology of events: Chronological order Munich Conference (1938), Hitler-Stalin non-aggression pact (Aug 1939),

German invasion of Poland (Sept 1st, 1939) * Then USSR invaded Poland in Nov of 1939 from East Chronological order Fall of France (1940), Hitler invades USSR (6-22-1941), Atlantic Charter/Conference (Aug 1941), * Then Pearl Harbor on Dec 7th, 1941, a date that will live in infamy... (* Sol Cerveza commercial: Convince your neighbors youre French. Be very rude to them, and if any world wars break out, surrender immediately. ) Things FDR did to combat the Depression: As part of his plan to concentrate on alleviating the Depression at home, FDRs administration extended formal diplomatic recognition to Soviet Union/USSR (1933), abandoned the interventionist policies toward Latin America (Good Neighbor), & promised independence to Philippines (Tydings-McDuffie 12 yrs later independence 7/4/1946) General notes: pp.806-807 London Conference pp.807-808 Philippines & USSR p.808 Good Neighbor Policy pp.808-809 Reciprocal Trade Agreements pp.809-810 Isolationism & Axis Aggression pp.810-811 Neutrality Act pp.811-812 Spanish Civil War 1936-1939 pp.8112-813 Appeasement pp.813 & 816 Hitlers Belligerency & US Neutrality pp.814-815 Refugees from the Holocaust Famous Example - Einstein pp.816-817 Fall of Francpp.817-818 Destroyer Deal/Help England pp.819-820 1940 Election pp.820-822 Operation Barbarossa Invasion of Soviet Union Hitler attacks USSR spawns Atlantic Charter why Stalin signs he too needs FDRs/USAs help desperately * Give em Hell Harry S. Truman (& others) feel that we should let the Germans & Soviets kill each other pp.822-824 US Destroyer vs. German U-Boats p.824 Pearl Harbor p.825 USA goes to war 12-8-1941 & 12-11-1941 w/ Italy & Germany after they declare war on us first p.826 Chronology p.811 munitions caused WWI book says is illogical but they did profit & $ was lent to Allies Argues USA could have stopped WWII w/early influence against satanic forces p.813 Hitler like a drunken reveler wanted louder music & stronger wine Appeasement like giving a finger to a cannibal to save an arm Youve gotta be kidding pp.814-815 Refugees of Holocaust failed to cover US anti-Semitism as a factor for keeping Jewish refugees out of USA like other countries that limited Jewish immigration too b/c of anti-Semitism p.821 Most Ams willing to risk war w/lend-leae How does Bailey reach this conclusion? What evidence? (What would Zinn say?) p.824 (Jeanette Rankin first woman in Congress from MT) 1 vote against war w/Japan on 12-8-1941 12-11-1941 Germany & Italy declare war on USA b/c of Axis alliance with Japan - now unanimous vote in both houses of Congress Rankin too apparently p.825 Pearl Harbor not really a sneak attack explain (like me, the Japanese dude typed slowly) Plus we knew lots and lots but did not act accordingly in reality - explain * Hitler big lie Mein Kampf WWI Versailles Nazis subhumans lebensraum High Hitler From The Americans: p.544 Nazis, Fascists, Japan, Stalinist Russia Totalitarianism fascism socialism/communism Mussolini, Hitler, Stalin, Japan under Tojo & Militarist w/Hirohito Treaty of Versailles, nationalism, militarism, imperial expansion Germanys Armament, Rhineland, Austria, Sudetenland, all of Czechoslovakia, France, Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Balkans, USSR, but not Britain Indoctrination (Ex Hitler Youth), censorship, one party, secret police (Exs Gestapo & NKVD) Use pp.554-558 Ch 16 sec 3 to lecture Holocaust

U-Boats/Wolfpacks, Philippines, Guam, Wake, Hong Kong, Singapore, SE Asia, Dutch East Indies for OIL Ch 36 America in World War II, 1941-1945 (Ch 36 is Ch 35 in the 13th edition) Europe first: Fundamental strategic decision of WWII made by FDR & British (Churchill) at the very beginning was to concentrate on war in Europe first & hold Pacific war against Japan as a delaying and holding action (until Germany was defeated, then full weight of force vs. Japan) Mobilization for war: Once at war, USAs first great challenge was to retool its industry for all out (total) war (production) *Mobilization on Homefront for war abroad A rosy interpretation of US race relations: Overall most ethnic groups in the USA during WWII were further assimilated into American society The Issei and the Nisei are mistreated: Japanese-Americans were placed in concentration camps during WWII as a result of anti-Japanese prejudice & fear (especially on W coast) * FDRs Executive Order #9066 Issei & Nisei camps Ex. Manzanar in CA loss of $ & property 100th Battalion Purple Heart Battalion 442nd Regimental Combat Team fought in Italy, France, Germany Most decorated combat unit in US history for proportion of length of service Buddha Heads Most Japanese-Americans served as soldiers in Europe while interpreters and such went to the Pacific obvious racism/discrimination Minority group most adversely affected by Washington DCs wartime policies was Japanese-Americans * Internment costs effects camps prejudice military service Nisei born in USA, so citizens How did America feel about the war?: The general attitude toward WWII was less idealistic & ideological & more practical than the outlook in WWI (This is according to the textbook What would Zinn say in Ch 16?) Japanese immigrants: In the period of 1885 to 1924, the Japanese immigrants who came to the USA were a select group (representing Japan abroad, so Japan cared who was sent) who was/were better prepared & educated than most European immigrants (so they were middle class & usually had $) Ex. Japan felt represented wanted to avoid Chinese bachelors of 19th century so picture brides Did Americans know why we entered WWII beyond the attack in Hawaii?: When the USA entered WWII in December (7th attack at Pearl, war declared on 8th), 1941, - a majority of Americans had no clear idea of what the war was about - * WWI had campaigned (but many people didnt know in WWI either Ex. Sergeant York & Gallipoli) Need for rubber: During WWII, the US govt commissioned the production of synthetic rubber in order to offset the loss of access to prewar supplies in E. Asia (ex. French Indochina/Vietnam, Cambodia, & Loas) Government control during the war: Wartime agencies & functions: War Production Board assign priorities w/respect to use of raw materials & transportation facilities Office of Price Administration controlled inflation by rationing essential goods War Labor Board imposed ceilings (maximums) on wage increases Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) saw to it that no hiring discrimination practices were used against Af-Ams seeking employment in war industries African-Americans face discrimination in industry: * A Philip Randolph 1941 threatened to march on Wash DC to demand equality in hiring FDR feared march so made a deal to announce Executive Order #8802 for Af-Ams fair employment in wartime industries * Randoplh was leader of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters union (mostly Af-Ams but some whites too began in 1920s)

Which is least related to the other three? A Philip Randolph (Bro of Sleep Car Porters - threat to march on Wash DC in 1941 led to Executive Order #8802 in 1963, helped organize march to Wash DC for MLK jrs I Have a Dream speech. Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC to protect Af-Ams to be hired and treated fairly in war industries), racial discrimination in wartime industry (still even w/FEPC there was discrimination but better than w/out it), proposed Negro March on Washington, What about the Smith-Connally (AntiStrike) Act (1943)? On pp.834-836 Miners strike during the war why?: While most US workers were strongly committed to the war effort, wartime production was disrupted by strikes led by the United Mine Workers (Why? Exploitation w/unequal distribution of wartime profits.) * Coal mining is almost as risky as war in fact they die more than any other industrial workers, both back then and today only crab fishing is truly more hazardous by proportion although they are much safer today Labor unions during the war: During WWII labor unions substantially increased their membership There were some strikes Ex. United Mine Workers unfair distribution of wartime profits Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act June 1943 federal govt could seize industries if strikes occurred Ex. Coal mines and RRs briefly] p.832 Middle class white women work during the war: Employment of more than 6 million women in America (~3 million had never worked for wages before) industry during WWII led to the establishment of day-care centers by govt (*Rosie vs. Wendy) [Usually single women or w/husband in the war were the ones working in defense plants/war industries] * Not equal pay for equal work in almost all cases although some women earned as good or better money if they were outstanding some were indeed Ex. P.833 WOW poster * My recruiting posters & WWII aircraft pictures * Not greater % of women working in USA than in Europe Ex. Britain & USSR in war industries * Increase in employment in war industries for Af-Ams (both men & women) * Not a strong desire for most women to work for wages (especially in defense industries, etc) Main reason majority of women workers left labor force at end of WWII was family obligation Women in the service: *** p.833 WAACs, WAVES, SPARS, (WASPs) Mexican labor during the war: * Bracero Program p.833 Mexicans work in agriculture & some industries (later deported in the offensive Operation Wetback) [Ironic after 1930s treatment in CA for example Okies for Mexicans, etc The Great Migration (Phase II): * Migrations from South as Af-Ams leave while to the South came war industries and military bases - Why? Cheap wages & very few unions Migration Map on p.834 * Cotton production in South hurt Af-Am laborers, tenant, and sharecropping farmers (whites too who did this many) w/ introduction of mechanization so migration p.836 Northward migration of Af-Ams accelerated after WWII b/c mechanical cotton pickers (machines) were in use p.836 By the end of WWII, the heart of USAs Af-Am communities had shifted to northern cities pp.834-835 * p.836 The speed and scale of these changes jolted the migrants and sometimes the communities that received them. * Racism, de facto segregation vs. de jure (Jim Crow) segregation [Migartion Map on p.834] What does GI mean?: * GI Government Issue Dont forget the contributions of the US Coast Guard and Merchant Marine: * USCG & Merchant Marine Native Americans at war:

* Native Americans - ~25,000 serve Ex. Comanche in Europe & Navajo in Pacific code talkers p.836 During WWII, American Indians moved off of reservations in large numbers (~25,000 served in military) p.836 Race riots during the war: *** LA, CA summer 1943 Zoot Suit Riots Pachucos vs. Servicemen violence retaliation gangs blame reactions tensions Victory Suits race riots p.836-837 ** Race riot in Detroit, MI in 1943 fatalities pp.836-837 What did Americas blacks fight for?: Af-Ams did all of following during WWII: rally behind slogan of Double V (victory over Axis & racism at home), move north & west in large migrations (seeking work often in war industries) (move to cities urban begins to mean black) (ghettos created not like Jewish ghettos in Poland, etc) (de facto vs. de jure/Jim Crow segregation & discrimination Ex. Race riots in Detroit in 1943 later race riots in north in 1960s too), form a militant organization called the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE 1942 & increase in NAACP membership), serve (in US military) in (US) Army Air Corps (Tuskegee Airmen 332nd/99th w/impeccable record no bombers lost on their escorts Benjamin O. Davis sr. & Benjamin O. Davis jr. West Point grads endured silent treatment from whites Davis sr. is first Af-Am general in US history Davis jr. was in command of 99th squadron see picture on .835), What about fighting in integrated combat units? Not until Korea (w/exception of a few experiments) Government intervention when did it escalate?: Big govt intervention received its greatest boost from WWII (not the New Deal) Economy during the war: During WWII, most Ams economically experienced prosperity & a doubling of personal income p.837 National Gross National Product (all goods and services produced in USA) in 1940 was $100 billion GNP grew to $200 billion in 1945 corporate profits rose from ~$6 billion in 1940 to ~$12 billion by 1944 Henry Stimson (Sec of War) if you are going to try to go to war in a capitalist country, you have to let business make money out of the process, or business wont work. p.837 - * disposable income after war-time taxes more than doubled (but there was inflation too) - * post-war consumerism w/surplus income to purchase in post-war US economy Ex increase 33% in post war prices b/c of high wages & consumer demand Science at war: * Office of Scientific Research and Development p.837 developed weapons, including Atomic (nuclear) bombs - *** warfare-welfare state b/t 1941-1945 - * rationing total war effort bond drives kids had Al drives for example, etc - Ex of poster: When you ride ALONE, you ride with Hitler! Black Market National debt as result of war: Chart for Rise in National Debt rise b/c of WWII and after war it spiked higher than during war - p.837 On p.838 Cost of war in $ was for USA $330 billion 10 times more than WWI more $ than all federal spending since 1776 income tax 4 times as many people than before war some people taxed as high as 90% of income taxes provided for 2/5ths of war cost rest is borrowed from US public Liberty Loans Bond Drives - others loaned $ too like individuals who were rich tycoons & moguls and/or through corporations & banks 1941 National Debt was $49 billion grew to $259 billion in 1945 war cost ~$10 million per hour at peak of war plus blood, sweat, & tears tremendous loss of life Ex. USSR lost more than any other country National debt increased most during World War II (and post-WWII to present) p.838 How did the US pay for the war?: Most $ raised to finance WWII came through borrowing (individuals, corporations bonds for middle class & working class people) (*Liberty/Victory Loans bond sales hugely promoted) p.838 Details of the war: First naval battle in history in which all of the fighting was done by (aircraft) carrier-based aircraft was the Battle of the Coral Sea (May 1942 near NE Australia Tie to stop Japanese threat/invasion of the Land Down Under USA lost one carrier USS Lexington USS Yorktown carrier badly damaged but back in action at Midway where she was finally sunk by a Japanese submarine after extensive

damage from aircraft that left her a burning wreck) [* Midway 2nd such battle b/t carrier fleets so far apart they never see each other June 3rd-6th, 1942 the turning point of the Pacific war p.839] The tide of Japanese conquest in the Pacific was turned following the Battle of Midway (June 3rd-6th, 1942) * Details our 3 carriers to their 4 we sank all four and lost only one planes luck plans codes drama Spruance, Nimitz, etc - plus Aleutian Islands (of Alaska) attacked just before Midway was diversion, which was fairly effective cold, brutal fighting over frozen, barren islands, but were US territory like Hawaii pp.839-841 Japanese made a crucial mistake in 1942 in their attempt to control much of the Pacific when they over extended themselves instead of digging in & consolidating their gains p.839 Japanese victories in Pacific up through first 6 months extended down to Dutch East Indies (for oil), Southeast Asia (for rubber), including Burma and Thailand into parts of China, the Philippines, the Marianas such as Guam, the Gilbets, the Marshalls, the Solomons, the Aleutians, Korea and Manchuria, Okinawa, Iwo Jima, etc- They held it for about 6 months after Pearl Harbor before Allied advances began. In waging war against Japan, the USA relied mainly on a strategy of (leapfrogging and) island-hopping across the South (and Central) Pacific while by-passing Japanese strongholds (whenever possible but not always Ex. Philippines & Pelelieu & Aleutians) [MacArthur/US Army & Halsey in South USMC & Nimitz/Spruance in Central Pacific] * All strategies considered & implemented in some fashion heavy bombing from Chinese air bases, invading SE Asia & Burma, fortifying China transporting supplies from India over the Hump of the Himalayas, & turning Japanese flanks in New Guinea (MacArthur) & Alaska (Aleutians) * All were done but priority was put on USN, US Army, USMC, USAAC (USAF), & USCG in two prong drive across south & central Pacific with Adm. Nimitz calling the shots Conquest of Guam (Marianas Tinian & Saipan too) in 1944 was especially critical, b/c from there (the Marianas) the USA could conduct round-trip bombing raids (B-29s) on Japanese home islands
But a nasty volcanic sulfur-smelling small island with large 500 foot hill on its southwestern corner on it called Iwo Jima was in the way could notify Japan that bombers were coming plus many damaged bombers needed the vital air strip on the island for emergency landings so in Feb of 1945, USMC began its biggest, most-distinguished battle lasting 36 days in Hell before the island was completely secure giving us two flag raisings on Mt. Suribachi the 2nd becoming perhaps the most famous photograph in the entire world Semper Fi, Do or Die, Gung Ho!

Allies won Battle of Atlantic by escorting convoys of merchants (and military) vessels (not using convoy system initially) [Ex. Carrier & other Task Forces], dropping depth charges from destroyers, bombing submarine (U-boat) bases (Ex. located in France), deploying new technology of RADAR At wars end, U-boat crews are in a very deadly branch of voluntarily service & still got volunteers up until the end 4 out of 5 U-boaters die by late 1944 Adm Downitz asked for more before war didnt get them, used convoy system w/ destroyer escorts depth charges RADAR (B-24s & B-25s, other planes as sub hunters) SONAR Enigma code machine & codes (read Japanese codes in Pacific too) US subs sink lots of ships (especially in Pacific), But what about organizing wolf packs (which are German U-boats) to chase down German U-boats (submarines)? *** Battle of the Atlantic - Most important battle in Western Europe! Until Spring 1943, perhaps Hitlers greatest opportunities of defeating Britain & winning the war was the German U-boat would destroy Allied shipping (which it was faster than ships could be built early in war) Hitlers advance in the European theater of war crested in late 1942 at the Battle of Stalingrad, after which, his fortunes gradually declined {* Leningrad, Kursk, Red Army, Counter-Offensives} pp.841-842 Monte Cassino in Italy Allies postponed opening a second front in Europe until 1944 b/c of British reluctance (b/c of the majority of troops would be supplied by them that early in the war) & lack of adequate resources {* Wed have gotten our butts handed to us by the Germans as indeed we did really until 1943 we needed to learn how to fight Stalin was angry we left his country to suffer while we lagged in opening a second front in France to relieve the USSR cannot blame him entirely FDRs promise to the Soviets to open a second front in Western Europe by end of 1942

was utterly impossible to keep (just not ready for the undertaking really)

* So USSR got pounded through most of 1942 before it went on the offensive in 1943 and until the end of the war really meanwhile, the Allies invaded North Africa, then Sicily, then up the boot of Italy before two major invasions of France in June & Aug of 1944 Allied demand for unconditional surrender was criticized mainly by opponents who believed that such a surrender would encourage the enemy to resist as long as possible (but USA also did this to show a commitment to USSR as an Ally against Germany to avoid a separate peace as in WWI) FDRs & Churchills insistence on the absolute and unconditional surrender of Germany eventually complicated the problems of postwar reconstruction Chronology: Casablanca, Morocco Jan 1943 FDR & Churchill meet Pacific strategy, Sicily, Italy, unconditional surrender p.842, (Cairo, Egypt before Teheran w/FDR & Churchill discuss Chiang & Mao vs. Japanese in China), then Teheran, Iran (Persia at the time) Nov 28th Dec 1st, 1943 plans for W & E attacks on Germany p.844 FDR, Churchill, Stalin, Potsdam, Germany July 1945 Truman, Churchill, Stalin Potsdam Declaration & how to end war & post-war plans p.851 Chronology: Invasion of (Sicily and) Italy (1943), D-Day/Normandy invasion (June 6th, 1944), VE Day 5/8/45 [my mother turned 6 years old (my father turned 6 years old 10 days later) she had two brothers in this war (others in Korea & Vietnam) one would come home from Europe w/2 Purple Hearts served under Patton in N Africa & was at the Bulge his eye was hanging out of his head attached by the optic nerve they saved his eye but the war messed the young man up for the rest of his life mentally carrying the burdens of death her other brother was in Pacific he would not come home until Japan was beaten] VJ Day 8/15/45 Japans surrender was 8/14/45 official surrender on deck of battleship USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay was 9/2/45 WWII was finally over after many deaths military & civilian (WWII began in 1931-37 in Asia, Sept 1939 in Europe, Dec 1941 for USA in Pacific) Major consequence of Allied conquest of Sicily in Aug 1943 was overthrow of Mussolini (first of two times) and (eventually) Italys surrender o Italians surrender quicker than the French At least they claim to be lovers not fighters but the Romans seriously put a foot in and/or up ones booty in battle as a vicious warrior empire known for organization in fighting After Italian surrender in Aug 1943, - Germans poured into Italy and stalled the Allied advance (really until the end of the war in Northern Italy also harsh to Italians for switching sides) Real impact of the Italian front on WWII may have been that it - delayed the D-Day invasion & allowed the Soviet Union to advance further into E Europe (iron curtain) Brutal fighting in Italy Ex pp.841-842 Monte Cassino in Italy Audie Murphy was in Italy, France, & Germany 442nd Nisei were in Italy, France, & Germany US First Army The Big Red One Tuskegee airmen (99th squadron of 332nd fighter group) Italians switched sides Germans reinforced bloody battles b/c of terrain Ex. Anzio * I disagree w/this Italy was a vital & valuable front perhaps managed poorly, but necessary Cross Channel (English Channel) invasion of Normandy (in NW France) to open a 2nd front in Europe was commanded by Gen Dwight David Eisenhower (future president) [Ike] {West Point, Aide of MacArthur, Bonus Army, North Africa, Great political general needed for this command to deal w/ the primadonnas US Gen Patton and British Gen Montgomery (Monty) plus other issues he was the right man for the job although many disagreed about that at the time} ***** Normandy/D-Day June 6th, 1944 (operation Overlord) & Breakout 5 beaches Monty, Bradley, Patton diversion pointed at Calais, French Underground, Airborne/Gliders/Paratroopers, Rangers, Amphibious, Air Superiority, Mulberry Harbors, Strategy, Hedgerows, Engineers, Etc (Saving Private Ryan, The Longest Day) Hitlers last ditch attempt to achieve victory against the USA & British (plus other Allies) came in Battle of the Bulge (Dec 1944-Jan 1945) My uncle FL was there got that nasty eye wound

Hurtgen Forrest (When Trumpets Fade) before Bulge near Achaen in W Germany almost on Belgian border brutal mine fields slaughter overshadowed by Bulge so largely forgotten Bulge why its called the Battle of the Bulge weather secrecy push through weak Ardennes Malmady Mr. High casualties 76,000 US worst battle in US history (Okinawa close, Gettysburg too) Germans lost 140,000+ - cold no air cover for weeks Bastogne 101st Airborne (Band of Brothers) 101st at Normandy, Market Garden, Bastogne, Hitlers Eagles Nest Patton & 3rd Army costly choice to push bulge back rather than pinch it (liposuction) air cover returns push to the Rhine USSR pushing from the East USSR in Berlin - brutal As result of Battle of Leyte Gulf Japan was finished a s a naval power (Philippines 1944 largest naval battle ever Halsey Taffy 3 Kamikazes Yamato) [Philippines fell 500 POWs rescued at Cabanatuan (The Great Raid) hold outs in to 1970s] {Iwo Jima and Okinawa and Japanese home islands left to take to end Pacific war} ***** War of attrition in Pacific to the death rarely took prisoners on both sides unless want information Conferences: At the wartime conference in Teheran, Iran (Persia) (11-28 thru 12-1-43) (FDR, Churchill, Stalin) plans were made for opening a 2nd front in Europe p.844 was Sicily & Italy before France Stalin still not happy Potsdam Conference issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender of face a rain of ruin from the air Its already facing a rain of ruin from the air as did German cities! p.851 Potsdam Conference (Truman told Stalin of massive weapon to use on Japan Stalin not surprised (b/c he knew from spies already) told Truman to use it & promised to enter war in Pacific as he had agreed to earlier entered war 8/8/45, day before 2nd A-bomb on Nagasaki that time, Hiroshima the first on 8/6/45) Total unconditional surrender or be destroyed threat of more bombing not specific as to use of an atomic bomb more bombing so what already taking that! 1944 election: In a sense, FDR was the forgotten man at the Democratic Convention of 1944 b/c so much attention was focused on who would be VP (Truman Sen from MO political machine failed in business US Army artillery Major in WWI ) (VP & former Sec of Ag Henry Wallace pushed out) (FDR in poor health) ** FDR complained of a headache and then shortly thereafter died from cerebral hemorrhage sitting for a portrait in Warm Springs, GA (where his health spa for his rehab for polio was) on April 12th, 1945 funeral train some people had really only known FDR as president, now Truman was the great unknown trying to replace FDR Eleanor said to Harry, The president is dead. Truman replied, Is there anything I can do for you. Mrs Roosevelt responded, Oh no, is there anything that we can do for you, youre the one who is in trouble now. FDR won 1944 election primarily b/c war was going well by Nov 1944 (many thought it was all but officially won and over) [just like Lincoln in 1864] What did the USA do about the Holocaust once the country was fighting in the war?: Action by USA against Adolf Hitlers campaign of genocide against the Jews was reprehensively slow in coming Did not admit large numbers of refugees to USA, nor bomb RR lines at death camps USA did know Govt knew for sure since 1942 when final solution was implemented US govt knew before if they chose to believe it (plus Mein Kampf, Hitlers book), not major reason at all really that USA fought WWII like Civil War sort of in that abolition of slavery was a by-product that many Federal/Union soldiers did not realize they were fighting for at the beginning of the war, nor would many of them fought for that ideal anywaymy opinionso you know its correct! Fat Man and Little Boy: Spending of enormous sums of money on the original (to be used against Germany) atomic (nuclear) bomb project (Manhattan Project) was spurred by the belief that the American public would not tolerate the (massive) casualties that would result from a land invasion of Japan (***** Much More Complex Than That!) ***** Letter c in the answer choices The Japanese were (still) at work (and more successful than Germans who tried heavy water in Norway but suffered to sabotage attacks one at the plant, the

other sinking a ferry w/the heavy water on board still at bottom of the lake in Norway) on an atomic bomb of their own (claim to have detonated one in Manchuria) ***** Japanese had lots of weapons ready for the Final Battle or invasion of Japan, which was planned & ready to go they also had chemical weapons from Shiro Ishis Unit 731 in Manchuria chemical & biological weapons delivery systems Ex. High altitude balloons, flea bombs, etc- USA made post-war deal w/ the Devil! No war crimes trials for vivisections, experiments, infection of disease, anthrax, plague, etc Did the Japanese have an unconditional surrender just like the Germans?: The unconditional surrender policy toward Japan was finally modified by agreeing to let Japans Emperor Hirohito stay on the throne (w/Democratic govt) * No war crimes trials for emperor Tojo took the fall for emperor no Shiro Ishi or members of Unit 731 unlike Nazis let Japan have terms that Germany did not get then USA built up former enemies (W Germany & Japan) into allies while former allies (USSR< etc) became enemies COLD WAR! [Did an unconditional surrender prolong the war, and if so, how?] What did the USA bring to the war?: The following were qualities of US participation in WWII: A group of highly effective military & political leaders, an enormously effective effort in producing weapons & supplies (usually more, & later, better equipment than enemies out produced the Axis), the preservation of the American homeland against invasion or destruction from air (small submarine skirmishes & some off-shore shelling, & some balloons w/explosives in 48 continental USA), the maintenance & re-affirmation of strength of democracy, What about a higher % of military casualties than any other Allied nation (USA had least casualties of big ones USSR suffered more casualties than any country on either side) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------General notes: p.827 FDR as all wise for Germany first strategy over those who disagree Pacific war always get ripped off p.828 Allies Trade Space for Time * German (& Japanese) scientists weapons A-Bombs pp.829-832 The Shock of War pp.830-831 Japanese-Am Internment (Farewell to Manzanar) Issei, Nisei, Exec Order #9066 (100th/442nd) pp.832-833 Building the War Machine * strikes Ex Coal Miners exploited, underpaid share profits Kaiser shipbuilding pp.833-834 Man power & Woman power Braceros (later deportations in Operation Wetback) Rosie (Wendy) day-cares p.834 War migration map pp.835-837 wartime migrations p.835 Tuskegee Airmen photo p.835 A Philip Randolph (Exec Order #8802) ***** (Charles Drew Af-Am did first successful blood transfusion put in charge of Allied blood banks he was forced to segregate blood too his death outside a hospital after an accident died waiting for a blood tranfusion b/c white hospital would not admit him) p.835 Double V, CORE 1942, NAACP membership increases p.836 Comanche (Europe) & Navajo (Pacific) code talkers pp.836-837 Zoot Suit Riots in LA, CA 1943 & Detroit, MI 1943 Sudden rubbing against one another of unfamiliar peoples produced some distressingly violent action. pp.837-838 Holding the Homefront p.837 National Debt Chart pp.838-839 The Rising Sun in the Pacific p.838 Map of Luzon, Bataan, & Corrigador (Philippines)

p.838 (Mao and ) Chiang Kai-shek resist Japanese w/Allied help p.838 Flying the Hump in Himalayas (b/c of Burma Road Merrils Mauraders & Gen Stillwell) p.838 ill-trained Filipinos, MacArthur holds fast delays Japanese Bataan Death March (POW rescue) p.839 Japans High Tide at Midway (plus Aleutians) pp.839-841 American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo (island-hopping & leapfrogging like blitzkrieg Pacific style) * Book does opposite of Europe First strategy of Allies Guam (Saipan suicides), Marianas Turkey Shoot F6F Hellcat kill ratio 6-20-44 Battle of Philippine Sea massive Japanese losses p.840 Map of Pacific War p.841 Churchill The Hun is always either at you throat or at your feet. pp.841-842 The Allied Halting of Hitler p.841 Battle of the Atlantic U-boats, destroyers, RADAR, SONAR, Enigma, New U-boats (not enough early in war Downitz) no sub can stay under indefinitely b/c food is limitation (U-571) pp.842-843 A Second Front from North Africa to Rome p.842 USSR lost ~20 million pp.842-843 unconditional surrender debate & results pp.843-846 D-Day: June 6th, 194p.845 Examining the Evidence Teheran 1943 Overlord Discussion (* Dieppe in France) p.844 Ike chosen to command D-Day invasion (feignt w/Patton at Calais codes, underground, paratroopers, Rangers, 5 beaches, air power, Mulberry harbors, etc) p.846 D-Day (Agincourt 1415 officer recited Shakespeare) in picture caption p.846 Aug 1944 invasion of S France (A Murphy) pp.846-847 FDR: Four Termite of 1944 p.847 Focus on VP Truman on Sen Committee for Wasteful Spending told to stop investigating Manhattan Project he later learns it was Atomic Bombs p.848 FDR defeats Dewey FDR had Rep owned newspapers against him again p.848 Quote from Congresswoman Clare Booth Luce He lied us into war because he did not have the political courage to lead us into it. pp.848-849 The Last Days of Hitler p.849 Map of Battle of the Bulge * 76,000 casualties worst US battle ever so far * Okinawa & Gettysburg were both very bad too Bulge mistakes p.848 bombings pp.848-849 (Remagen) Rhine River crossing into Germany p.849 Holocaust camps liberated horrors known now for all (unit 731 in Manchuria) p.849 FDRs death VE Day 5-8-45 pp.849-851 Japan Dies Hard US subs sinking Japanese ships cutting off Japans vital lifeline sank 1.042 ships ~50% of Japans merchant fleet p.850 Bombings in Japan Ex. Tokyo 3/9-10/1945 ~83,000 KIA p.850 Leyte Gulf, Iwo Jima, & Pkinawa short-changed as usual by textbooks that suck! Iwo Jima 6,000 KIA not 4,000 Okinawa 50,000 US casualties (KIA, WIA, MIA, POW) @ Okinawa, Japanese had ~200,000 military & civilian casualties p.851 2nd Flag Raising (Flags of Our Fathers, Letters from Iwo Jima, The Sands of Iwo Jima) p.851 Kamikazes (Saipan & Leyte, then Iwo & Okinawa worst of all no Final Battle wouldve been worst) They had lots stored up for the Final Battle pp.851-853 Atomic Bombs p.852 Hiroshima picture post-bomb on 8-6-45 180,000 KIA, WIA, MIA 70,000 KIA instantly 60,000 died later from radiation, etc p.852 USSR enters war in Pacific on 8-8-45 day before Nagasaki 8-9-45 KIA of 40,000 instantly, more later USSR invaded Manchuria & North Korea (not a country split N & S until 1950)

8-14-45 Japan surrendered 8-15-45 VJ Day official surrender on deck of battleship USS Missouri (Big Mo) on 9/2/45 w/MacArthur , etc pp.853-854 The Allies Triumphant p.853 US casualties ~ 1 million ~1/3rd KIA plasma, penicillin, (quanine for malaria), etc. (medics, corpsman, doctors, nurses) USSR lost ~20 million plus more casualties 13.6 million military killed plus 7.72 million civilians killed plus up to 30 million more wounded and refugees p.853 US attacked on W coast Ex balloons w/bombs, etc.. & submarines on both coasts p.853 In the end, the US showed itself to be resourceful, tough, and adaptable to accommodate itself to the tactics of an enemy who was relentless and ruthless. Kind of funny given US history dont you think? p.854 VJ Day 8-15-45 image p.854 production marvels won war through production more of everything then eventually better & more! Churchill Nothing succeeds like excess. Herman Goering (Head of German air force/Luftwaffe Americans cant build planes only electric ice boxes and razor blades. Goering also said that the P-51 Mustang (US fighter plane) won the war for the Allies p.854 But the American people preserved their precious liberties without serious impairment. What would Zinn say? Is this a reference to loss of liberties during WWI Espionage and Sedition Acts? What would enemy aliens and citizens interned during the war say? Ex. Italian & German internment Japanese-American internment p.854 Chronology p.855 World War II: Triumph or Tragedy? Post-war scholarship was to avoid isolationist appeasement in Cold War Another paralleled 1930s revisionist of post-WWI said US should have stayed out made it worse Another thought FDR was nave isolationist Others thought FDR was a calculating interventionist Another focused on Atomic Bombs controversy racism issue or timing b/c Germans were beaten already Gar Alperovitz said bomb was used to scare USSR & hurry surrender Martin J. Sherwin said we dropped A-bombs when ready to end was ASAP w/bonus of scaring USSR ***** Textbook ignores Rises to Power of Totalitarian leaders like Stalin (communist), Mussolini (fascist), Hitler (fascist), & Japans militarist govt w/emporer Hirohito led by Tojo early in war he took the fall It does not explain the role of the emperor in Japans govt Battle of Berlin brutal pay-back refugees rapes POWs Hitlers death

Ch 37 The Cold War Begins, 1945-1952 (Ch 37 is Ch 36 in the 13th edition) Post-war anxiety: Americans feared that the end of WWII would bring a return of the Great Depression Labor struggles: Taft-Hartley Act delivered a major blow to labor by outlawing closed (all-union) shops * Congress passed this with an override of Trumans veto (p.859) Taft- Hartley Act of 1947 (p.859) was passed to check the growing power of labor unions On home front in 1946, post war USA was characterized by an epidemic of labor strikes (Zinn Ch 16 shows how many strikes b/t 1941-45 & discusses why) Growth of organized labor in post-WWII era was slowed by (p.859) the Taft-Hartley Act, rapidly growing number
of service-sector workers, failure of Operation Dixie (to unionize the South by the CIO), growing number of part-time workers (Ex. Women w/families), What about the reduced number of women in the work force? No, b/c the # of women in work force increased!

The GI Bill:

Passage of the Servicemens Readjustment Act (GI Bill of Rights) was partly motivated by fear that the labor markets could not absorb millions of discharged vets SPHS Administration does not allow military recruiters to discuss GI Bill unless asked? Trumans post-war domestic policy: In an effort to forestall economic downturn, the Truman administration (pp.859-860) {All of the except type question!}
created the Presidents Council of Economic Advisors (3 advisors), sold war factories & other govt installations to private businesses at very low prices, passed the Employment Act, which made it govt policy to promote maximum employment, production, & purchasing power, passes the Servicemens Readjustment Act (GI Bill of Rights) [which allowed for veterans to get $ for college & low interest home loans/mortgages], What about continuing wartime wages & price controls?

Post-war economic boom & its impact on women: Post WWII prosperity in USA was most beneficial to women (Ex. More in work force, more jobs open than before, but still very narrow field for women) Feminist revolt (I wonder why the book chose the word revolt?) of the 1960s was sparked by clash b/t demands of traditional role of women as wives & mothers & the realities of employment One striking consequence of the postwar economic boom was a vast expansion of the home-owning middle class [from 40% to 60%] (p.860) The long economic boom from WWII to 1970s was fueled primarily by low energy costs (b/c USA controlled Arab oil & got it cheap) Much of the prosperity of the 1950s & 1960s vested on the underpinnings of colossal (huge) military budgets Demographic changes, migration, & real estate: Post WWII American workers made spectacular gains in productivity owing to their rising education levels (I wonder what Zinn would say?) {Productivity is how much is produced per hour a rate of efficiency} Since 1945, population of USA has grown most rapidly in the Sunbelt (CA, NV, AZ, NM, TX, GA, AK, AL, FL, VA the smiley part of the face of the 48 continental USA) Much of the Sunbelts new prosperity was based on its tremendous influx of $$$ from Fed Govt (pp.862-862) {Defense/War industries & military bases aviation} [huge military contracts and/or installations] Americans were encouraged to move to suburbs b/c - home-loan guarantees from Federal Housing Authority (FHA) and the Veterans Administration (VA), govt built highways (to move missiles & troops in case of war), tax reductions for interest payments on home mortgages, white flight from racial change (in cities moving to suburbs), What about the development of fuel efficient automobiles in the late 1940s and through the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, ???? Thats funny! The rapid rise of suburbia was due to - the baby boom (Such booms always precede and follow wars I wonder why? ), govt mortgage guarantees, new highways, white flight, What about an environmental crisis? By 1960, proportion of Americans who lived in areas classified as metropolitan (city) suburbs was approximately one out of four or 25% (p.864) The growth of suburbs led to an increase in urban poverty (* tax-base leaves the city hurt plus ghettos & crime) Population distribution after WWII followed a pattern of an urban-suburban segregation of blacks and whites in major metropolitan (city) areas Refusal of FHA to grant home-loans to blacks contributed to driving many blacks into public housing The huge post-war baby boom reached its peak in the late 1950s (1957) pp.864 & 866 Baby Boomers will create major problem in future placing enormous strain on the Social Security System Children in post-war USA: One sign of stress that the widespread post WWII geographic mobility placed on American families was the
popularity of advice books on child rearing (Dr. Spock) [lack of inter-generational contact to lean from successive generations b/c families moved apart from each other now isolated)

Farmers in post-war America: The dramatically reduced # of Am farms and farmers in the postwar era was accompanied by - spectacular gains in Am agricultural productivity & food growing [Agribusiness] (13th edition)

Give em Hell Harry S. Truman:

Before he was elected VP of the USA in 1944, Harry S. Truman had served as (p.866) a haberdashery storeowner (mens clothing store), WWI artillery officer (Major despite lack of college ed.), a Missouri judge, & US Senator form MO (USS Missouri was chosen for surrender of Japan b/c of his daughter christening the ship and it being his home state), What about Secretary of the Navy/SecNav? {*Pendergast political machine} [Give em Hell Harry.] (The buck stops here.) Characteristics of President Truman few pretensions, willingness to accept responsibility (Ex. The buck stops here.), honesty (for a politician?), courage (My grandfather thought very highly of him he took his family to FL in part to see Truman.) (What would Zinn say about him/what did he say in Ch 16?) Why would the Soviets want to invade Japan?: In early 1945, the USA was eager to have the USSR participate in the projected invasion of Japan b/c - Soviet help could reduce the # of American casualties (then came Manhattan! no need for Soviets?) ***** Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) The Soviet Union Commies Reds Sickle & Hammer The origins of the Cold War: Origins of the Cold War lay in the fundamental disagreement b/t USA & USSR over postwar arrangements in Eastern Europe (Iron Curtain) Stalins postwar security concerns focused primarily on Eastern Europe (satellites friendly nations buffer against Germans, whoever?) Two superpowers: USA & USSR resembled each other in that they both had largely been isolated from world affairs & practiced an ideological missionary foreign policy (born in their respective revolutions the need to proselytize their respective economic and political ideologies even more during the Cold War) {Isolation of course is relative to European affairs as both nations expanded ruthlessly through their interiors subjugating people and claiming territories through war and conquest} Who caused the Cold War?: Responsibility for starting the Cold War rests with the USA & USSR (pp.870-871) (p.886 Who Was Responsible for the Cold War? This is worth reading!) The United Nations success or failure?: Unlike the failed League of Nations, the new United Nations (UN) was established in a spirit of cooperation before the WWII ended (Would Zinn Ch 16 agree? What type of cooperation, for what purpose? Totally benevolent?) The earliest & most serious failure of the UN involved its inability to control atomic energy, especially the manufacture of weapons (p.871) (Ex. USA wanted to maintain a military advantage & technological edge p.872) Nuremberg and other war crimes trials: Victorious WWII Allies quickly agreed that Nazism should be destroyed in Germany & high-ranking (& later lesser ranking) Nazis should be tried & punished for war crimes (p.872) From The Americans p.593 - Crimes against peace planning and waging an aggressive war - War crimes acts against the customs of warfare, such as killing hostages & POWs, plundering private property, & destruction of towns & cities - Crimes against humanity murder, extermination, deportation, enslavement of civilians (p.878) Japanese War Crimes Trials Sort of Worse & Sort of Better Berlin Airlift: When USSR denied USA, GB, France access to Berlin in 1948, Truman responded by organizing a gigantic airlift of supplies to Berlin (The Berlin Airlift)

* From The Americans p.611 327 days, 277,000 (round-the-clock) flights, 2.3 million tons Containment (of communism): Soviet specialist George Kennan framed a coherent (who says?) approach for the USA in the Cold War by advising a policy of containment (p.874) USAs postwar containment policy was based on the assumption that the USSR was fundamentally expansionist but cautious Truman Doctrine: Immediate crisis that prompted announcement of Truman Doctrine was related to threat of Communists taking over in Greece & Turkey Under the Truman Doctrine, USA pledged to support those who were resisting subjugation by communists p. 874 March 12, 1947 Truman asked Congress to support Greece & Turkey w/ $400 million in economic ( & military) aid to stop commies (What does Zinn Ch 16 say?) p. 874 it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. (USSR could say the same thing really) p.886 &/or pp.874-875 sweeping & open-ended statement Trumans overreaction? Polarized world into US & Them - pro-US-capitalists-democracies (or dictatorships if still capitalist, not commie pinkos) vs. pro-Sovietcommunist/socialist totalitarian regimes) NATO vs. Warsaw Pact Postwar US programs & primary purposes: (pp.874-883) Point Four aid underdeveloped nations of Latin America, Asia, & Africa (avoid communist aid) Benefit Third World nations (Heres some serious Eurocentrism) (Zinn Ch 16?) First World USA & Allies, industrialized, developed nations Second World USSR & Commie, Pinko Allies, also developed Third World Developing nations, not aligned with USA or USSR Today Third World means under- developed, poor nation North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (US first peace-time alliance) to resist Soviet threat [GB, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, W. Germany, Netherlands, USA, etc] {Warsaw Pact USSR alliance to counter western threat} EAST vs. WEST (What would Zinn say?) Truman Doctrine assist communist threatened Greece & Turkey (What does Zinn say?) Marshall Plan promote economic recovery of Europe (& Japan, etc) p.875 $12.5 billion over 4 years in 16 countries goes w/$2 billion US dollars to UNRRA & $ to IMF & Reconstruction bank too What does Zinn Ch 16 say? Ex. What was the purpose of the Marshall Plan? Why would Truman exaggerate the Soviet threat?: Trumans defenders argue that he exaggerated the Soviet threat b/c he feared a revival of isolationism (* Lie to America b/c they dont know whats good for them idea?) (Zinn Ch 16?) US foreign policy: A leading American theologian who argued for a vigorous American foreign policy and a return to Christian foundations was Norman Vincent Peale The Marshall Plan: Pres Trumans Marshall Plan called for substantial financial assistance to rebuild western Europe p.875 (* Avoid communism in W Europe & stimulate our economy by rebuilding theirs) The Marshall Plan succeeded in reviving Europes economy and thwarting the large internal Communist parties threatening to take over Italy & France Creation of Israel: Truman had the support of the USSR in his support for the establishment of the state of Israel [created through the UN on May 14th, 1948] but he did not have the support of his own US State Department, US Defense Department, the western Allies (Ex. Britain), and of course the Arab states who promptly tried to wipe out the Jewish people in Palestine Why not have support for creation of Israel? B/c the Arabs would be and were urinated to say the least, and they had oil we needed!

Pres Truman risked American access to Middle Eastern oil supplies when he recognized the new Jewish state of Israel (So would the Arabs really not sell oil to their #1 consumer?) North Atlantic Treaty Organization: US membership in NATO strengthened containment of Soviet communism, helped reintegrate (West) Germany into the European family, reassure Europeans that the US would not abandon them, strike a major blow to American isolationists, {Intimidate the USSR?}, What about reduce our defense expenditures, since we would get the help of other nations if attacked? { became the order of the Cold War military-industrial complex weapons manufacturing} USAs participation in NATO marked a dramatic departure from traditional American isolationism (p.877) (Isolation in European affairs) {* Dont worry, now that the Cold War gives us lots of reasons, we invade, meddle overtly and covertly, and intimidate, and back lots of good guys and lots of scumbags too. Look out Latin America, Asia, and Africa, the Cold War is about to be fought on your soil with your people!} USA controlled/controls lots of places! The USA, under the NATO, assumed a moral commitment to aid any signatory (those who signed/member) assaulted by the Soviet Union (alliance) {and/or presumably other aggressors?} US build up two former enemies and prepares for war with a former ally: Postwar Japan had its military leaders tried for war crimes, as had occurred in Germany (p.878) Tojo took the fall for Hirohito not like Germany Shiro Ishi of Unit 731 & scientists got off w/out people knowing what they did USA wanted data on their experiments sickening but Cold War justifiable? Does not seem the same as had occurred in Germany to me though Build up West Germany too along with Japan became economic powerhouses The new Japanese government created in 1946 by Gen MacArthurs staff pledged itself to providing for the equality of women, it introduced a Western-style democratic constitution, it paved the way for spectacular economic recovery, it renounced militarism (*Japan does not teach about its aggression in WWII only its victimization), What about Japan joining a military alliance to prevent the spread of communism in East Asia (as the West Germans joined NATO in Europe)? How did the Democrats lose China?: Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) and the Nationalist (Chinese) govt lost the Chinese Civil War (b/t Maos communists & Chiangs Nationalists) to the communists & Mao Zedong mainly b/c Jiang lost the confidence & the support of his people (b/c he was corrupt, cruel, oppressive, & elitist) (p.879) Communist witch hunts (another Red Scare): In an effort to detect communists w/in the fed govt, Pres Truman established the Loyalty Review Board (p.879) (Worse than McCarthy according to Zinn Ch 16) House Committee on Un-American Activities (Nixon, Reagan?) pp.879-880 Office of Strategic Services (OSS during WWII) becomes Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Smith Act p.879 (Zinn Ch 16) 18 communists prosecuted for sedition or free speech? McCarran Internal Security Act vetoed by Truman passed w/override p.880 Pres can arrest or detain suspicious people during an internal security emergency Vague & ambiguous From The Americans p.621 Truman In a free country, we punish men for the crimes they commit, but never for the opinions they hold. p.623 political cartoon HUAC in car driving on sidewalk running people over clearly out of control caption reads Its OKAY Were hunting communists. p.880 Rosenbergs details {The Americans pp.621-622} Not in text (Ch 37) Hollywood Ten & blacklisting, etc (McCarthyism)

Truman and civil rights: In 1948, many southern Democrats split from party to support J. Strom Thurmond b/c Truman took a strong stand in favor of civil rights pp.881-883 [Ex. See p.894 in Ch 38 - Executive Order #9981 Desegregating military in 1948 & pushing for a federal anti-lynching law b/c it made him sick to think of it, especially veterans returning from the war (not too bad for the average mans average man from the show me state MO) {remember, Missouri was a slave state, so he went against his own as did LBJ when he pushed for civil rights.} Korea was the first war the USA fought with integrated units, not just black troops w/white officers Now there were black officers and enlisted men mixed in with whites of various ranks although there still were segregated units such as the US Armys 24th Infantry] 1948 election: 1948 Election: New York Governor (and former prosecutor) Thomas Dewey (loose the moustache no candidates ever have had them since Dewey by the way) Republican, Truman Democrat upset winner even though he was the incumbent, J. Strom Thurmond Dixiecrat (States Rights Party) {Racist who stayed in the Senate until his recent death practically at ~5000 years old?}, Henry Wallace (FDRs VP who got dumped for Truman in 1944 election) Progressive party Truman won Chicago Daily News ran headline that read Dewey Defeats Truman famous photo of Truman holding it over his head smiling 303 electoral to Deweys 189 & Thurmonds 39, Who knows about Wallace? Who cares, in America he lost, so hes a loser and we can forget him! 1948 Presidential Candidates & Political Parties: J. Strom Thurmond States Rights, Henry Wallace Progressive, Harry S. Truman Democratic (WINNER!), & Thomas E. Dewey - Republican Trumans second term: Pres Trumans domestic legislative plan was dubbed the Fair Deal (p.883) Called for improved housing, full employment, higher minimum wage, better farm support prices, new TVAs, extended Social Security Republicans & Southern Democrats over-rode most of it He called them the Do-Nothing Congress but they actually did a lot; any way, Truman managed to get higher minimum wage, improved housing, & extension of Social Security in 1950 During Trumans presidency, Congress overrode his veto of the Taft-Hartley Act & the MCCarran Internal Security Act The Forgotten War: Pres Trumans action upon hearing of the invasion of South Korea illustrated his commitment to a foreign policy of containment (actually worked in Korea, but failed in Vietnam, or did it?) Pres Truman relieved Gen Douglas MacArthur of command of the UN (mostly USA but surprisingly consisted of several NATO nations) troops in Korea when MacArthur began to take issue publicly with presidential policies (concerning fighting a limited war in Korea)
{MacArthur was guilty of insubordination and being a West Point man and commandant, he knew he was insubordinate too}

Explain The Forgotten War - Korea (1950-1953) see maps in class & on p.884 & 883-885 [***** Hot zones & active fighting in the DMZ since war Ex. During Vietnam War] The imperious & insubordinate commander in Korea who was fired by Truman was Gen Douglas MacArthur Military-industrial complex & US foreign policy: NSC-68 (National Security Council Document #68) called for a massive increase in military spending
(& build up as part of the containment, of communism where it already was without letting it spread, policy)

The NSC-68 document reflected the US govts belief in limitless capabilities of US economy & society (a permanent wartime economyp.861 & Zinn Ch 16 discusses this too) {Ike warned of a military-industrial complex as he left office that would run the govt a little like a fireman who is in fact an arsonist who conspires with other pyromaniacs to start fires light a blaze in a building. Then that arsonist/fireman comes running out of the burning building saying to a new firman on the scene,

Watch out; theres a really bad fire in there, and its very dangerous. If I were you, I would not go in there. Oh well, Im out of here. Im retiring. Good luck with that.} Chronology: Berlin Airlift (1948 pp.873-874), Fall (Loss) of China (1949 pp.878-879), Korean War (June 25th, 1950 1953 pp.883-885 & pp.888-890 in Ch 38) Chronology: Truman Doctrine (March 1947), Marshall Plan (July 1947), NATO (1949) WWII Yalta Conference: At the wartime Yalta Conference (on the Black Sea w/ FDR, Stalin, & Churchill), the Big Three Allies (USA, USSR, GB) agreed to establish a postwar international peacekeeping organization & that the Soviets would enter the Pacific war against Japan within 3 months of the surrender of Germany (5-8-45) {USSR invaded Manchuria on 8-8-45, after 8/6 & before 8/9} Cold War tensions: By 1945, the Soviet Union had reason to be suspicious of the USA b/c British & Americans had delayed in opening a second front in Europe during WWII & the British & Americans had not informed the Soviets of an atomic bomb project until it was completed (D&L Ch13-worried about USSR spies, not really Axis so much) {Did not matter as Soviets had spies anyway} The United Nations (again): In its early years, the United Nations (UN) was successful in preserving peace in several hot spots like Iran, guiding several former colonies to independent nationhood (not Vietnam, French Indochina consider USAs interests in giving French Indochina back to France & letting them fight communists there from 1945 until 1954), helping create a new Jewish state of Israel in Palestine (That has gone very smoothly I might add ) {USA pushed & aided, then Arabs tried to destroy led to bitter, nasty fighting on and off w/Arab states from then until today}, establishing international health, science, & food agencies The National Security Act of 1947: The National Security Act of 1947 created the Joint Chiefs of Staff (heads of all the branches of the military US Army, USAF, USN, USMC, USCG), the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) {to spy on other nations not US citizens, thats the FBIs job! See they know I just wrote that with the Patriot Act now in play, so if Im not in school, youll know why.}, Department of Defense (w/new Secretary of Defense replacing the Secretary of War, but the Secretary of the Army, the Secretary of the Air Force, the Secretary of the Navy (& USMC) all report to the Sec of Defense)
* Natl Sec Act also created the National Security Agenciy & the USAF Off we go into the wild blue yonder!

USAF born in 1947 no longer part of the US Army Air Corps USAF Strategic Air Command (SAC) then flying round the clock with atomic bombs plus ICBMs!!!!! --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------General notes: pp.858-860 Postwar Economic Anxieties GI Billp.859, Taft-Hartley p.859, CIO p.859 pp.860-861 The Long Economic Boom, 1950-1970 Chart p.861 Coca-cola around world (Ex Max Schmelling Joe Louis) pp.861-862 The Roots of Postwar Prosperity pp.862-864 The Smiling Sunbelt p.862 Agribusiness p.863 Map of Population Increase by state relative to Natl avg of 85% p.864 The Rush to the Suburbs p.865 Examining the Evidence Advertising 1956 Buy 2 Fords, especially if one is a turquoise convertible 1956 T-Bird pp.864 & 866 The Postwar Baby Boom p.866 Some descriptios of Truman are BS! P.866 What Next? Political cartoon of Truman p.866-867 Truman: The Gutty Man from Missouri

pp.867 & 870 Yalta: Bargain or Betrayal? P.867 picture of Big Three @ Yalta in Feb 1945 pp.868-869 The Suburbanites Levittowns tract homes assembly line production fast, cheap, efficient (crabgrass frontier) (The Fragmented Metropolis LA, CA) pp.870-871 The United States & the Soviet Union p.870 USSR asked for $6 billion loan in 1945, USA rejected, then gave British $3.25 billion in 1946 pp.871-872 Shaping the Postwar World p.871 FDRs dream of open world decolonized, demilitarized, & democratized -despotic Russia, but no elitist or domineering USA IMF & IB of R US control w/$ & to make $ (Zinn Ch 16) pp.872-874 The Problem of Germany p.872 picture at Nuremberg p.873 Churchill iron curtain speech p.873 Map of divided Germany w/occupation zones (& Berlin sort of) pp.873-874 Berlin Airlift p.874 picture of Berlin Airlift pp.874-876 Crystallizing the Cold War p.874 Kennan & containment pp.874-875 Truman Doctrine p.875 Marshall Plan, IMF, UNRRA, World Bank Plus Middle Eastern Oil!!!!! p.875 Political cartoon of USA giving aid to Greece & Turkey a satirical view of course p.876 picture for Marshall Plan * Most $ went to developed nations From The Americans p.610 Marshall Plan Chart * Most $ went to developed nations (theres one in the World Cultures book too Modern World History) p.876 Map of US foreign aid 1945-1954 p.877 Soviet cartoon of US w/carrot in front of Europe Marshall Plan pp.877-878 America Begins to Rearmp.877 NSA/NSC NATO CIA pp.878-879 Reconstruction & Revolution in Asia p.878 Japanese War Crimes Trials p.878 Chinas Civil War pp.878-879 loss of China p.879 H-Bomb (fission to get fusion H2 & He) p.880 picture of H-Bomb pp.879-880 Ferreting Out Alleged Communists p.879 HUAC Loyalty Review Board (1940-peacetime) Smith Act (Zinn Ch 16) p.880 Alger Hiss Joseph McCarthy Richard Nixon (soon to be Ikes VP) (picture on p.881) Not in text in Ch 37 any way Hollywood Ten & blacklisting p.880 Rosenbergs details From The Americans pp.621-622 Hiss & Rosenbergs (Hiss was guilty) p.620 Paul Robeson Af-Am Rutgers Football Acting Star p.620 McCarthy spider cartoon I cant do this to me! p.624 McCarthy dies of alcoholism Am Pag too p.891 In Ch 38 death of alcoholism p.881 Scientists commenting on how other countries will acquire the bomb leading to hysteria and accusation pp.881-883 Democratic Divisions in 1948 p.882 pol cartoon Truman p.882 Dewey Defeats Truman pp.883-884 The Korean Volcano Erupts (1950) p.883 US forces in Korea 6-25-50? Korea Maps p.884
[*USSR is not in UN over China vs. Taiwan recognition, therefore, no veto to stop Korean war by UN Security Council]

p.885 cartoon p.885 MacArthur (wants nukes to hit China & USSR) he was a legend p.886 Who Was to Blame for the Cold War? Soviets, USA, Trumans overreaction & escalation, US capitalism, overreaction on both sides, USSR more at fault? Either way, they ended it? Or did Ronny the main man Reagan do it? Soviets took all machinery & scientists from Eastern Europe * USA took all the good scientists from Western Europe & put them to work like Werner von Braun space program/NASA we did the same thing with Nazi spies, etc Fact: many Germans surrendering in WWII offered to help fight the Russians realizing they were the future enemies of Western democracies. Scramble for German technology after WWII USSR copied captured B-29s for delivery of their future atomic bombs (1949) Nazis escaping to South America through the Odessa network Mengele, Eichman, etc Adolf Eichman SS officer in charge of implementing the final solution was caught & tried

The Israeli Mossad (Israeli intelligence) looked for and found many of them! Dont mess with Israel or the Mossad (Israeli intelligence & spy agency) will make you seriously regret it ask the Munich (1972 Olympics) assassins for example, oh thats right you cant, theyre dead! They said Never Again! after the Holocaust! They meant it too! In general, dont mess with Israel b/c they will mess up anyone who threatens them!