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Network Address

Conservation
Subnetting, VLSM,
NAT & RFC1918
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. 3-1
Agenda

Need for Address Conservation


Private Addressing and NAT
Classful Addressing
Variable-Length Subnet Masks
Route Aggregation
Summary

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-2


Definitions
Regional Internet Registry (RIR)
– An organization with regional responsibility for management of
Internet resources
– Responsibilities include allocation/registration services,
coordination and policy development
– For example. APNIC, ARIN, RIPE-NCC
Local Internet Registry (LIR)
– Otherwise known as an ARIN Member
– Usually operates as an ISP, assigns address space to its
customers and registers it in the ARIN database
• Eg. NJ Edge, UUNET

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-3


Definition: Allocation and
Assignment
RFC 2050 – Allocation Guidelines
http://sunsite.dk/RFC/rfc/rfc2050.html
Allocation
• A block of address space held by an IR for subsequent
allocation or assignment
• Not yet used to address any networks
Assignment
• A block of address space used to address an operational
network
• May be provided to LIR customers, or used for an LIR’s
infrastructure (‘self-assignment’)

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-4


Definitions

Provider Independent (Portable)


– Customer holds addresses independent from ISP
– Customer keeps addresses when changing ISP
– Bad for size of routing tables
– Bad for QOS: routes may be filtered, flap-dampened
Provider Aggregatable (Non-portable)
– Customer uses ISP’s address space
– Customer must renumber if changing ISP
– Only way to effectively scale the Internet

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-5


Growth of Global Addresses

• Growth of Global Routing Table (as of 3 May 2001)


– Unaggregated Internet would exceed 200,000
routes!
But they cannot be
Projected routing table
relied on forever
growth without CIDR

Moore’s Law and CIDR


made it work for a while
Deployment
Period of CIDR

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. http://www.telstra.net/ops/bgptable.html


www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-6
IP Slowing IP Address Depletion

• Subnet masking; RFCs 950, 1812


• Address allocation for private Internets,
RFC 1918
• Network Address Translation (NAT), RFC
1631
• Hierarchical addressing
• Variable-length subnet masks (VLSM), RFC
1812
• Route summarization, RFC 1518
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-7
Private Addresses
and NAT

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com 3-8


Private Addressing and Network
Address Translation
One way to cope with the depletion of IP
addresses is through the use of private
addressing.
IP addresses used on the Internet must be
globally unique, usually specified by an
Internet service provider.
However, traffic that remains only on an
organization's private network does not need
to be globally unique, just unique across that
organization's private network.

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-9


RFC1918 - Private IP Address
Ranges
Used for networks/hosts not on Internet
• Class A: 1; 10.0.0.0 ~ 10.255.255.255
• Class B: 16; 172.16.0.0 ~ 172.31.255.255
• Class C: 256; 192.168.0.0 ~ 192.168.255.255
Planning:
• Determine which hosts are internal ONLY
• Routers configured with filters

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-10


Private Addressing and Network
Address Translation
RFC1918 Private Addresses are not
routed on the Internet.
Host Computers using Private IP address
space can still send and receive traffic
to/from the Internet by using RFC 1631
network address translation (NAT).
NAT can be provided by a router, firewall,
or stand‑alone NAT software running
on a multi‑homed server.

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-11


Types of NAT
Static NAT – direct mapping of inside address to
outside address, one to one correlation
Dynamic NAT – outside address pulled from pool
of addresses when needed then released back to
pool when no longer needed, likely different
address each time
PAT (Port Address Translation) – Special type of
dynamic NAT where pool consists of one
address, every host appears to internet as the
same address, differentiated by source port
number (also called Address Overloading)

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-12


Network Address Translation

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-13


Some Applications Aren't NAT-
Friendly
Some applications send IP addresses or port numbers
hidden inside their datapackets, where NAT can't properly
rewrite them - so those applications don't work when you
try to use them on computers behind NATs.
Breaks Global Addressing – problem for peer to peer
networking (like napster, netmeeting, etc)
DNS needs special handling in large environments
Additional Info:
http://sunsite.dk/RFC/rfc/rfc1631.html

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-14


DNS with NAT and RFC1918
Addresses
Two DNS Servers may be needed, one to resolve
internal names with Internal Addresses and the
another to maintain your DNS domain to the
Internet. Both DNS servers must be independent
each other, so that all Internal computers must
point to your Internal DNS, and your Internal DNS
could be configured with a forwarder pointing to
the Internet DNS server that will help you to
resolve the rest of Internet names.

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-15


Classful
Addressing

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com 3-16


Definitions

Classful and Classless


• Classful
–Address architecture where network boundaries
are fixed at 8, 16 or 24 bits (class A, B, and C)
• Classless
–Architecture in which network boundaries may
occur at any bit (e.g. /12, /16, /19, /24 etc)

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-17


IPv4: Internet Protocol,
Version 4
IP address is 32-bit, binary, 4-octets
Dotted-decimal format for human consumption
Address space divided into classes (A~E)
• A: 1.h.h.h ~ 126.h.h.h, 16.7M hosts
• B: 128.1.h.h ~191.254.h.h, 65K hosts
• C: 192.0.1.h ~ 223.255.254.h, 254 hosts
• D: 224.0.0.0 ~ 239.255.255.254, Multicasting
• E: 240.0.0.0 ~ 255.255.255.255, IETF Research

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-18


Introduction to TCP/IP
Addresses

172.18.0.1 172.16.0.1

172.18.0.2 172.16.0.2
HDR SADA DATA
10.13.0.0 192.168.1.0
10.13.0.1 172.17.0.1 172.17.0.2 192.168.1.1

• Unique addressing allows communication


between end stations
• Path choice is based on location
Location is represented by an address
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-19
IP Addressing
32 bits
otted
ecimal Network Host

Maximum 255 255 255 255

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-20


IP Addressing
32 bits
otted
ecimal Network Host

Maximum 255 255 255 255


1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32

Binary 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111

8
4
2
1
128

16
64
32
8
4
2
1
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1

8
4
2
1
32
16

64
128
64

128
32
16

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-21


IP Addressing
32 bits
Dotted
Decimal Network Host

Maximum 255 255 255 255


1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32

Binary 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111

8
4
2
1
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1

8
4
2
1
128
64
32
16

128
64
32
16

Example
Decimal 172 16 122 204
Example 10101100 00010000 01111010 11001100
Binary
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-22
IP Address Classes

8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits

Class A: Network Host Host Host

Class B: Network Network Host Host

Class C: Network Network Network Host

Class D: Multicast
Class E: Research

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-23


IP Address Classes

Bits: 1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
0NNNNNNN Host Host Host
Class A:
Range (1-126)

Bits: 1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
10NNNNNN Network Host Host
Class B:
Range (128-191)
1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
Bits:
110NNNNN Network Network Host
Class C:
Range (192-223)
1 8 9 16 17 24 25 32
Bits:
1110MMMM Multicast Group Multicast Group Multicast Group
Class D:
Range (224-239)
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-24
Host Addresses

172.16.2.1 10.1.1.1
10.6.24.2
E1
172.16.3.10 E0 10.250.8.11
172.16.2.1

172.16.12.12 10.180.30.118

Routing Table
172.16 . 12 . 12 Network Interface
Network Host 172.16.0.0 E0
10.0.0.0 E1
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-25
Determining Available Host
Addresses
Network Host
172 16 0 0

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
12
11
10
9
16
15
14
13
N
10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000 1
00000000 00000001 2
00000000 00000011 3

...
...

...
11111111 1111110165534
11111111 1111111065535
11111111 1111111165536
- 2
2N-2 = 216 -2 = 65534 65534
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-26
Subnetting‑Why Subnet?

Address classes were restrictive and forced an


inefficient allocation of addresses. (Class C
too small but Class B too large). Class B
addresses were given out to organizations
that would never need the 65,534 addresses.
RFC 950, defined in 1985, provided a way to
subnet or provide a third layer of
organization or hierarchy between the
existing network ID and the existing host ID.

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-27


Addressing without Subnets

172.16.0.1 172.16.0.2 172.16.0.3 172.16.255.253 172.16.255.254

…...

172.16.0.0

Network 172.16.0.0
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-28
Addressing with Subnets

172.16.3.0

172.16.4.0

172.16.1.0 172.16.2.0

Network 172.16.0.0
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-29
Subnet Addressing

172.16.2.200 172.16.3.5
172.16.3.1
E1
172.16.2.2 E0 172.16.3.100
172.16.2.1

172.16.2.160 172.16.3.150

New Routing Table


172.16 . 2 . 160 Network Interface
Network Host 172.16.0.0 E0
172.16.0.0 E1
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-30
Subnet Addressing

172.16.2.200 172.16.3.5
172.16.3.1
E1
172.16.2.2 E0 172.16.3.100
172.16.2.1

172.16.2.160 172.16.3.150

New Routing Table


172.16 . 2 . 160 Network Interface
Network Subnet Host 172.16.2.0 E0
172.16.3.0 E1
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-31
Subnet Mask
Network Host

IP
Address
172 16 0 0
Network Host
Default
Subnet
Mask
255 255 0 0
11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
Also written as “/16” where 16 represents the number of 1s
in the mask.
Network Subnet Host
8-bit
Subnet 255 255 255 0
Mask
Also written as “/24” where 24 represents the number of 1s
in the mask.
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-32
Subnet Mask without Subnets

Network Host

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000

255.255.0.0 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000

10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000

Network 172 16 0 0
Number

Subnets not in use—the default

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-33


Subnet Mask with Subnets

Network Subnet Host

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000

255.255.255.0 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

10101100 00010000 00000010 00000000

192
224
240
248
252
255
128

254
Network
Number 172 16 2 0

Network number extended by eight bits


© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-34
Class B Subnet Example
IP Host Address: 172.16.2.121
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0
Network Network Subnet Host

172.16.2.121: 10101100 00010000 00000010 01111001


255.255.255.0: 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

Subnet: 10101100 00010000 00000010 00000000


Broadcast: 10101100 00010000 00000010 11111111

Subnet Address = 172.16.2.0


Host Addresses = 172.16.2.1–172.16.2.254
Broadcast Address = 172.16.2.255
Eight bits of subnetting
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-35
Variable-Length
Subnet Masks

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com 3-36


Variable Length Subnet Masks
Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM), defined in 1987 as
RFP 1009. A single network ID could have different
subnet masks among its subnets.
The major benefit of VLSM is that subnets can be defined
to different sizes as needed under a single Network ID,
thereby minimizing, if not eliminating, wasted
addresses.
Second, variable length subnet masks can be used to
permit route aggregation which minimizes the number of
distinct routes that need to be advertised and processed
by network backbone or Internet routers.

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-37


Working with Variable Length
Subnet Masks‑Subnet Design
Subnet design with VLSM is similar to subnet design
with fixed length masks except that decisions
made regarding subnets are made independently
at each level in the VLSM scenario. At each level
two questions must be answered:
1. How many subnets are required at this level both now
and in the future?
2. What is the largest number of hosts required per
subnet on this level both now and in the future?
The answers to these questions will determine how
many subnets with how much host ID capacity
needs to be defined at each level.

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-38


Recursive Division of a Network Prefix
with VLSM

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-39


Subnet Mask
Network Host

IP
Address
172 16 0 0
Network Host
Default
Subnet
Mask
255 255 0 0
11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
Also written as “/16” where 16 represents the number of 1s
in the mask.
Network Subnet Host
8-bit
Subnet 255 255 255 0
Mask
Also written as “/24” where 24 represents the number of 1s
in the mask.
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-40
Subnet Mask without Subnets

Network Host

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000

255.255.0.0 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000

10101100 00010000 00000000 00000000

Network 172 16 0 0
Number

Subnets not in use—the default

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-41


Subnet Mask with Subnets

Network Subnet Host

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000

255.255.255.0 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

10101100 00010000 00000010 00000000

192
224
240
248
252
255
128

254
Network
Number 172 16 2 0

Network number extended by eight bits


© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-42
Subnet Mask with Subnets
(cont.)
Network Subnet Host

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000

255.255.255.192 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000

10101100 00010000 00000010 10000000

192
224
240
248
252
255
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
128

254
Network
Number 172 16 2 128

Network number extended by ten bits


© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-43
Decimal Equivalents of Bit
Patterns
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 128
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 192
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 224
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 240
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 = 248
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 = 252
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 = 254
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-44


VLSM Addressing Example

172 16 2 160

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000 Host 1

255.255.255.192 Mask

Subnet 4

Broadcast

First

Last

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-45


VLSM Addressing Example

172 16 2 160

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000 Host 1

255.255.255.192 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 Mask 2

Subnet

Broadcast

First

Last

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-46


VLSM Addressing Example

172 16 2 160

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000 Host 1

255.255.255.192 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 Mask 2

Subnet

Broadcast

First

Last 7

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-47


VLSM Addressing Example

172 16 2 160

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000 Host 1

255.255.255.192 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 Mask 2

10000000 Subnet 4

Broadcast

First

Last

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-48


VLSM Addressing Example

172 16 2 160

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000 Host 1

255.255.255.192 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 Mask 2

10000000 Subnet 4

10111111 Broadcast
5
First 6

Last

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-49


VLSM Addressing Example

172 16 2 160

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000 Host 1

255.255.255.192 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 Mask 2

10000000 Subnet 4

10111111 Broadcast
5
10000001 First 6

Last

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-50


VLSM Addressing Example

172 16 2 160

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000 Host 1

255.255.255.192 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 Mask 2

10000000 Subnet 4

10111111 Broadcast
5
10000001 First 6

10111110 Last 7

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-51


VLSM Addressing Example

172 16 2 160

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000 Host 1

255.255.255.192 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 Mask 2


8
10101100 00010000 00000010 10000000 Subnet 4

10101100 00010000 00000010 10111111 Broadcast


5
10101100 00010000 00000010 10000001 First 6

10101100 00010000 00000010 10111110 Last 7

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-52


VLSM Addressing Example

172 16 2 160

172.16.2.160 10101100 00010000 00000010 10100000 Host 1

255.255.255.192 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 Mask 2


9 8
172.16.2.128 10101100 00010000 00000010 10000000 Subnet 4

172.16.2.191 10101100 00010000 00000010 10111111 Broadcast


5
172.16.2.129 10101100 00010000 00000010 10000001 First 6

172.16.2.190 10101100 00010000 00000010 10111110 Last 7

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-53


IP Calculators

http://www.telusplanet.net/public/sparkman/netcalc.htm

http://www.chattanooga.net/techsupport/ipcalc/IPAddress.htm

http://ihide.virtualave.net/subnet/subnet.html

http://www.subnetonline.com/subnet/subnet.html

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-54


Address Planning
• Map IP Addressing Scheme to Physical
Topology or Logical Groups
• Anticipate Growth!
• Leave ‘spare’ Subnets
• Restrict Size of Subnets
• Deploy Address blocks with Summarization in
mind

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-55


Route
Summarization

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com 3-56


What Is Route Summarization?
172.16.25.0/24

172.16.26.0/24

A
172.16.27.0/24
Routing table
172.16.25.0/24
172.16.26.0/24
172.16.27.0/24

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-57


What Is Route Summarization?
172.16.25.0/24
I can route to the
172.16.0.0/16 network.
172.16.26.0/24

A B
172.16.27.0/24 Routing Table
Routing Table 172.16.0.0/16
172.16.25.0/24
172.16.26.0/24
172.16.27.0/24

• Routing protocols can summarize addresses of several


networks into one address
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-58
Summarizing Addresses in a
VLSM-Designed Network
172.16.128.0/20 17
B 2.
16
.1
28
.0
/2
0
172.16.32.64/26
172.16.32.0/24 Corporate
Network
C A
172.16.0.0/16
172.16.32.128/26
/ 20
0
64.
16.
72.
1
D
172.16.64.0/20

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-59


Route Summarization
with VLSM

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-60


Summarizing within an Octet

172.16.168.0/24 = 10101100 . 00010000 . 10101 000 . 00000000


172.16.169.0/24 = 172 . 16 . 10101 001 . 0

172.16.170.0/24 = 172 . 16 . 10101 010 . 0

172.16.171.0/24 = 172 . 16 . 10101 011 . 0

172.16.172.0/24 = 172 . 16 . 10101 100 . 0

172.16.173.0/24 = 172 . 16 . 10101 101 . 0

172.16.174.0/24 = 172 . 16 . 10101 110 . 0

172.16.175.0/24 = 172 . 16 . 10101 111 . 0

Number of Common Bits = 21 Noncommon


Summary: 172.16.168.0/21 Bits = 11
© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-61
Benefits of Route
Summarization

Increased Stability – reduce route flap


through network
Reduce Router Memory Req. – smaller
route tables
Reduce Router Proc. Load – smaller
table

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-62


Implementation Considerations

• Multiple IP addresses must have the


same highest-order bits
• Routing decisions are made based
on the entire address
• Routing protocols must carry the
prefix (subnet mask) length

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-63


Route Summarization
Operation in Cisco Routers

172.16.5.33 /32 Host


172.16.5.32 /27 Subnet
172.16.5.0 /24 Network
172.16.0.0 /16 Block of Networks
0.0.0.0 /0 Default

• Supports host-specific routes, blocks of


networks, default routes
• Routers use the longest match

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-64


Summarizing Routes in a
Discontiguous Network
172.16.5.0 192.168.14.16 172.16.6.0
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.240 255.255.255.0

A C B

RIPv1 Will Advertise


RIPv1 Will Advertise
Network 172.16.0.0
Network 172.16.0.0

• RIPv1 and IGRP do not advertise subnets, and therefore cannot


support discontiguous subnets
• OSPF, EIGRP, and RIPv2 can advertise subnets, and therefore
can support discontiguous subnets

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-65


Be Careful When Summarizing
Routes
192.168.14.16
255.255.255.240
172.16.5.0/24 172.16.6.0/24

172.16.7.0/24 A C B 172.16.9.0/24

EIGRP Advertises
EIGRP Advertises
172.16.0.0/16
172.16.0.0/16

• EIGRP on both Router A and Router B advertise a summarized route to 172.16.0.0/16


• Router C receives two routes to 172.16.0.0/16
• Router A (or B or both) should be configured to not summarize

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-66


Route Summarization
Overview
•Synonymous with aggregation or supernetting
•Minimizes routing table entries
•Isolates topology changes from other routers
•Summary of MSB to LSB
•Most effective when network addresses are contiguous
•Most effective when network addressing uses VLSM
and is hierarchical
•Common bits determined from MSB to LSB
•Can occur at each layer of a scalable network

© 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com BSCN v1.0—3-67


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