Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources
Brown Case Documents. Web. 3 Jan. 2012. #27 This is an image of a Supreme Court document that shows all of the five school segregation cases in Brown v. Board of Education which were heard in the October term. This document was very helpful to my research because it showed me who the lawyers were for both sides and the other school segregation cases. It also shows how some lawyers wanted to re-argue their viewpoints.

Brown Case Documents. Web. 3 Jan. 2012. #28 This is a copy of another form of the October Term segregation cases. This document states that Chief Justice Earl Warren delivered the opinion of the Court. This document was helpful to my research because it showed me that there are five cases in Brown v. Board of Education. They were from different states like Kansas, South Carolina, Delaware, and Virginia. It also shows the day the decision was given and where the case was appealed from.

Brown Case Documents. Web. 4 Jan. 2012. #29 This is an FBI letter which stated that a federal court wanted to integrate Dallas Public Schools in 1961 and it would have to happen because of the decision of Brown v. Board of Education, which happened eight years earlier. The federal government did not want any of this information in newspapers or relayed to the

public. This document was very helpful to my research because it showed me that segregation still existed eight years after the Brown v. Board of Education decision.

Eisenhower, Dwight D. Letter. 23 Oct. 1954. Archives. Web. 26 Nov. 2011. http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/Brown-v-board/. #2 This historical letter states how many schools did not want to integrate after the decision and how many people were trying to create blacks like white people with their language and trying to convert their colorful language. He also stated how the segregation issue in the United States was going to get very acute. This letter was very helpful to my research because it showed how schools wanted to turn black kids into white kids by changing their languages.

El Paso Herald-Post. 16 May. 1954: Microform. Bias Decision Awaited. #13 The Supreme Court, like many people said, was going to give the biggest ruling in history. Many people thought that the Court was going to give the ruling on June 7, 1954 because that was the end of the October term. This resource provided information to my research by showing me how this case was a biased decision and the debate of when the decision was going to be given.

El Paso Herald-Post. 18 May 1954. Microform. Dixie Segregationists #24

Days after the Brown v. Board of Education decision, Dixie segregationists protested on the ruling in an effort to create color boundaries and wanted to keep segregation in public schools. Dixie segregationists did many other protests against blacks throughout history. This provided my research how and what the reaction was of the country and who was protesting against integration.

El Paso Herald-Post. 18 May 1954.Microform. Equal Facilities. #19 All throughout the years leading up to Brown v. Board of Education, black students had separate schools because of Plessy v. Ferguson and not equal facilities or material. As a result of Plessy v. Ferguson, a rule of separate but equal was made and it did not give black school children equal education and equal facilities. This showed me how black school children did not have equal rights in education as whites did and how Brown v. Board of Education changed that.

El Paso Herald-Post. 17 May 1954. Microform. School Segregation Held Unconstitutional. #22 This was a title in the El Paso Herald-Post the day of the decision stating that the school segregation was held unconstitutional which was ruled by the Supreme Court. This title shows how even El Paso, which is thousands of miles away, got affected by it and how the El Paso Public School system was going to have to

change because all of their schools were segregated by race, not only by blacks and whites, but also in some cases, the Mexican race.

El Paso Herald-Post. 18 May 1954. Microform. Seek Further Litigation #23 The Georgia attorney General Eugene Cook contacted 17 different attorneys in affected states to seek further litigation on the Supreme Court ruling. This lawyer wanted to seek a new trial because they did not want their public schools to be integrated with blacks. The title already tells you that hes protesting against blacks and how the elites dont like the decision (this shows how it helped my research by showing different reactions). El Paso Herald-Post. 18 May 1954. Microform. Segregation Ruling Election Year Issue. #25 The decision of Brown v. Board of Education was expected to create one of the hottest political issues in years and turned politicians to study the future results. Many people thought it was going to affect not only local politicians but national politician as well because of their viewpoints. This primary source shows me how even the elections were affected by the decision because of the different viewpoints held by politicians at the time.

El Paso Herald-Post. 17 May 1954. Microform. Segregation Ruling Threatens Upheaval. #15

When the decision of Brown v. Board of Education was released many people said it was the most radical upheaval since the South reconstruction days. This case created a frenzy of protests and also led up to the Civil Rights Movement led by Dr. Martin Luther King in the mid 1960s. This primary source showed me how this case led up to the Civil Rights Movement but was also a radical upheaval in our countrys history. El Paso Herald-Post. 18 May 1954. Microform. Separate Schools. #18 During the year 1954, statistics show that approximately 9,000,000 white kids and 2,650,000 attended different schools in 17 different states because of racial segregation. African-American parents got fed up with this so they finally appealed it to the highest court: The Supreme Court. This primary source shows me how millions of students were affected by this decision and that they had to go to separate schools.

El Paso Herald-Post. 17 May 1954. Microform. South Carolina Governor Silent on Court Ruling. #16 These articles express how a Mississippi Governor and a South Carolina Governor are both sad and embarrassed at the decision of Brown v. Board of Education. They both believed in segregation of blacks in public schools and other public places. This source is helpful to my research because it shows me the reactions of elected officials (which relates to primary source # 25).

El Paso Herald-Post. 16 May 1954. Microform. Study Court Ruling. #14 This primary source provided me with the information that Dr. Mortimer Brown was the superintendent of the El Paso Public Schools during the segregation ruling. He mentions how it is too early to tell what they will do with the El Paso Douglas School for Negroes and their school system in general. This source gave me valuable information by showing me how my home city of El Paso was affected by the Court ruling and showing what happened to the El Paso school system.

El Paso Herald-Post. 18 May 1954. Microform. Supreme Courts Decision Is Unanimous. #17 On May 17, 1954 the United States Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in public schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment. All the Supreme Court Justices voted in favor of Brown which legally ended segregation in public schools. This source gave me the information that public schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment by having separate schools.

Mother and Daughter Sitting on U.S. Supreme Court Steps. May 17, 1954. Accessed November 4, 2011. http://www.nps.gov/brvb/index.htm. #6 This source is a picture of an African-American mother and daughter sitting on the U.S. Supreme Court steps holding a newspaper showing how segregation in public schools was over. This picture impacted America because it shows hope in the

mothers eyes for equal education for her daughter. This primary source helped my research by showing me how many people were impacted by this decision and how justice was served.

The Militant. Cartoon. Cartoons and Editorials. Web. 23 Nov. 2011. #9 This editorial cartoon shows an African-American not getting on a bus that shows Montgomery and segregation. This shows how there is segregation in certain states but not the state that the man lives in. This information helped my research because racial segregation was everywhere in the U.S. but sometimes it was very acute in certain places.

The Topeka African-American Newspaper. February 29, 1953. Accessed October 28, 2011. http://www.nps.gov/brvb/historyculture/topekasegregation.htm. #4 This primary source states that black people did not want their children transferred to black schools. One case said how parents filed an injunction to not send their children to a colored school. This source helped my research by showing me that parents before Brown tried to prevent racial segregation in public schools but it did not work.

Thurgood Marshall and Lawyers Celebrating. May 17, 1954. Accessed November 4, 2011. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Brown_v._Board_of_Education #7

This is a picture of Thurgood Marshall, who was the main lawyer from the NAACP, representing Brown and his other lawyers. This shows how they were celebrating their win in Brown v. Board. This picture helped my research because it showed me how they were so happy to have justice for all the black school children in America at the time.

Thurgood Marshal. Thurgood Marshall Editorial. Web. 3 Jan .2012. #11 This picture shows how when Thurgood Marshall died a pillar fell off of the Supreme Court which symbolizes how he had such a positive impact on society especially in Brown v. Board of Education. He and his lawyers changed education and it would be different today if it werent for him and his fellow lawyers. This helped my research by showing me that because of Thurgood Marshall racial segregation in public schools ended.

Thurgood Marshalls Chair. Cartoon Cartoons. Web. 10 Nov 2011. #10 This is an editorial cartoon based on Thurgood Marshall and him retiring after being the defense attorney for Brown v. Board of Education and the first AfricanAmerican Supreme Court Justice. Once it was all over, it shows how he was pretty much done with civil rights and that the country still needed him. This primary source was valuable information because it showed me how Thurgood Marshall has made such a big impact on society.

El Paso Herald-Post. 17 May 1954. Microform. Twin Decisions. #20 Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren said that it was twin decisions with the admission of a black student. Also, it said that a Texas case could not provide equal education for the students and nothing was done about it. This primary source was valuable to my research because many people tried to stop segregation in schools, but they never succeeded until Brown v. Board of Education in 1954.

Two Girls of Different Races Talking. Accessed October 28, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/10/weekinreview/10liptak.html. #8 This picture shows a class with a white girl and a black girl after the courts decision in Brown v. Board of Education to desegregate schools. This picture was meant to show how these people did not have interaction for years and they are now forced to. This source was valuable to my research because it shows how it was a slow change and a new adjustment for black and white school children.

El Paso Herald-Post. 18 May 1954. Microform. Youth Takes Quiet View of Role in Segregation Issue. # 26 Spottswood T. Bolling (15) took action which helped abolish segregation in public schools and in the District of Columbia. This information was valuable to my research because it shows how many young people tried to end segregation to improve their future.

Foreword. Landmark Decisions of the United States Supreme Court. Print. #31 In Brown v. Board of Education cases came from Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, and Delaware. Blacks were denied admission to public schools and it deprived them of the 14th Amendment. This primary source was valuable to my research because it showed me that there were four cases in Brown v. Board of Education and where the cases came from.

Price, Mr. Letter. 1 Oct. 1956. Brown Case Documents. Web. Jan 3. 2012. #30 This is an office memorandum that states different segregation issues that have been hushed up the U.S. Government. This shows how the U.S. Government did not want to deal with segregation issues and still wanted it even after the Brown v. Board of Education decision.

Segregated All-Black Classroom. Accessed October 28, 2011, http://history.howstuffworks.com/americanhistory/civil-rights-movement2.htm. #12 This picture shows a classroom before the Brown v. Board of Education decision of the desegregation of schools. This is the classroom where Linda Brown is in (at the front right corner). This was valuable to my research because it shows how blacks were treated differently and did not have equal supplies or classroom settings.

South Carolina Governor. Letter. 20 Nov. 1953. Case Documents. Web. 254 Nov. 2011. http://www.paperlessarchives.com/brown_v_board.html. #3 President Dwight Eisenhower said to the press that he would question the Supreme Court ruling. He said the schools were violating the 14th Amendment and that the Court has no right to legislate. This source was valuable to my research because it provided me the viewpoints of President Dwight Eisenhower. Supreme Court. School Segregation Cases-Order of Argument. 1953. National Archives. Accessed October 28, 2011, http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons.htm #1 This primary source document shows the roll call of all attorneys in five cases. This document was valuable to my research because it gave me all the lawyers and plaintiffs names in all five cases in Brown v. Board of Education

Cheryl Brown Henderson Interview. Interview Received October, 2011. #32 This primary source interview was a major resource for my project because it gave me a first hand experience with the actual plaintiffs daughter and gave me an in depth experience of how it was like in 1954. This gave me information like quotes from her and her sisters and information like how she felt about the decision and all of her families points of view. This is considered to me to be in one of the top source of mine.

Michael J. Klarman Interview, Interviewed December, 2011. #33 This interview was a major edition to all of my primary sources. Mr. Klarman is a Harvard professor that truly has an in-depth education in the Brown v. Board of

Education case. He gave me knowledgeable information like how many important public figures reacted to the case and in ways how the case affected America, the South, and why this case was a true apart of African-American history and how it changed the world in less than a day.

Joan John Cobbs Interview, Interviewed February. 2012. #34 This interview was very important to my research because it provided me how her sister took a stand and led a strike for equal education. She also told me by how she was affected by the school segregation policies and how in her school that she went to there had to be 3 tarpaper shacks built around the school for overcrowding issues because of the segregation and limited black schools.

Andreia Breaux Interview Interviewed February, 2012. #35 This interview helped me a lot with my research because her mother was another main plaintiff in one of the 4 cases dealing with the school segregation issues that were combined into brown. She told me in depth answers to my entire questions and how her home state was affected by the school segregation policies.

Secondary Sources

Brown v. Board of Education. Web. 3 Jan. 2012 #015

In 1954, Topeka, Kansas, black children and white children were segregated by race in schools because of the ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson. The 13th and 14th Amendments had to do a lot with segregation and slavery. This source helped my research because I found out that the 13th Amendment dealt with this case.

Brown v. Board of Education. Web. 3 Jan. 2012 #03 Every day, Linda Brown and her sister had to walk a mile crossing a railroad switch yard to get to the bus stop to get to her segregated school. Her parents thought it violated the 14th Amendment; it did. This source was very helpful to my research because it shows how the case began.

Brown v. Board of Education. Web. 3 Jan. 2012 #08 The facts were that black children were denied admission to public white schools. Brown v. Board of Education made it to the Supreme Court and the decision was 9-0 for Brown, which legally ended segregation in public schools. This source was helpful to my research because it shows the facts of the case.

Brown Foundation. Web. 3 Jan. 2012 #09 The United States Constitution was meant so that all citizens get equal rights. This secondary source states how black school children were deprived of their rights under the 14th Amendment. This source is valuable because it shows how all citizens must have equal rights and black school children did not.

Brown v. Board 50 Years Later. Web. 3 Jan. 2012 #02 When the 50th anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education approached many people think why did it take so long for the decision? This secondary source shows the viewpoints of many people and showed me how the viewpoints of African-Americans have really changed over time.

Brown v. Board and Jim Crowe. Web. 3 Jan. 2012 # 019 Brown v. Board of education was not the first Brown or case to be filed to end segregation in public schools. The first was in 1848 when Benjamin Roberts filed a suit against the city of Boston because of his 5-year-old daughter and he wanted to end segregation in schools. This was a very important source because it showed me who filed the first school segregation lawsuit.

Brown v. Board of Education Wests Encyclopedia of American Law. Encyclopedia. Web. 3 Jan. 2012. #05 It has been said throughout history that Brown v. Board of Education is the most important case dealing with segregation in general. This case has had a strong impact on judicial activism. The secondary source was very helpful to my research because it showed me that it affected judicial activism.

Case Briefs Brown. Web. 3 Jan. 2012. #017

Even though Plessy v. Ferguson set the rule of separate but equal black childrens facilities and materials were unequal. The issue was that black children were deprived of equal education. This source was very helpful to my research because it showed me that there was a neutral point of view among justices but they ruled in favor of Brown.

Case Brief Summary. Web. 3 Jan. 2012. #011 When there is segregation everything runs differently and not right. Plessy v. Ferguson overall had a huge impact on Brown v. Board of Education because that is why the plaintiffs filed the lawsuit against the Topeka Board of Education in the first place. This secondary source helped my research because it shows how it was because of Plessy v. Ferguson that this case started.

Civil Right Struggles. Web. 3 Jan. 2012. #010 In Topeka, Kansas, third grader Linda Brown had to walk a mile to get to her segregated all black school even though there was an all white school seven blocks away. This source was very helpful to my research because it showed me how and why the case began.

Civil Rights. Web. 3 Jan. 2012. #018 On May 17, 1954, the NAACP attorney Thurgood Marshall, who was the defense attorney on Brown v. Board of Education, ruled in a unanimous decision that the

separate but equal doctrine was unconstitutional. This secondary source was very helpful with my research because it states how this case overturned the law in Plessy v. Ferguson.

Gale Group Brown v. Board of Education. Web. 3 Jan. 2012. #06 This source covers the significance, lawyers, the slow change, the appellants, Thurgood Marshall, Linda Brown, and Oliver Brown. This secondary source gave me the most information because it gave an in-depth summary from the beginning and the whole process of getting the case to the Supreme Court.

History and Culture Summary. Web. 3 Jan. 2012. #012 The case of Brown v. Board of Education has been said to have the most pivotal opinions ever by the Supreme Court. Many other cases came from four different states across the U.S. This information was very helpful to my research because it gave me more opinions on the Brown v. Board of Education decision.

Jim Crowe. Web. 3 Jan. 2012. #07 Before one of the most significant African-American figures died, Jim Crowe had a huge impact on the NAACP and also on Brown v. Board of Education and he changed America and segregation. This provided me the knowledge that Jim Crowe was very significant in Brown v. Board of Education.

Myths of Brown v. Board. Web. 3 Jan. 2012. #020 The main myth in the case of Brown v. Board of Education is that Oliver Brown was the first one in history to file a lawsuit against school segregation. Roberts v. Boston was really the first to file a school segregation case. This improved my research because Oliver Brown was not the first Brown to file a lawsuit for equal schooling.

Racial Segregation in Public Schools. Web. 3 Jan. 2012. #013 Many years ago Thomas Jefferson was a champion of universal education for all citizens whether they were different races (black). He believed for equal education but did not express these thoughts because there was slavery at that time. This improved my research by showing me that people believed in equal educations hundreds of years ago.

Thurgood Marshall. Web. 3 Jan. 2012. #04 Throughout Thurgood Marshalls life he was denied entrance to colleges because he was black and eventually he became chief counsel for the NAACP in the late 1930s. Thurgood Marshalls most significant roles was winning the Brown v. Board of Education court case. This secondary source gave me a biography of Thurgood Marshalls life.

Timeline of Brown v. Board of Education. Web. 3 Jan. 2012. #014

In 1950, Henderson v. United States ruled that the University of Oklahoma should end segregation practices and that blacks should be kept from using white facilities. This was one of the cases that led up to the Brown v. Board of Education case. This was very important to my research because it gave an in-depth timeline of events leading up to the Brown v. Board of Education decision.

Time Magazine Brown v. Board of Education. Web. 3 Jan. 2012. #01 This article states the main facts of the case and how Governor Orval Faubus used the National Guard to block nine black students from entering Little Rock High School. This information was very useful in my research because it gave me the reactions of elected officials.

University Press of Kansas. Web. 3 Jan. 2012. Not only were there cases that came out of Kansas but other states, too. This secondary source shows how so many people from different parts of the country were affected by segregation in public schools. This provided many different types of information for my research.