P.

Jessalac, TMHUTD: TUPOLOGIO {JEWRIAS SHMATWN KAI SUSTHMATWN}

Dunamoseirc:

Trigwnometra:
j

N
1
Euler: e = cos + j sin , R
X
1 aN
1
N +
n
a
=
( a 6= 1)
(gia |a| < 1 )
2 cos a cos b = cos (a + b) + cos (a b)
1a
1a
n=0
2 sin a cos b = sin (a + b) + sin (a b)
Z +
Z T
n=
+
nX
=N
X
1
1
Enrgeia/isqc: E = |x(t)|2 dt , E =
|x[n]|2, P = lim
|x[n]|2
|x(t)|2 dt , P = lim
T + 2T T
N + 2N +1

n=
n=N
Sunlixh shmtwn suneqoc kai diakrito qrnou:
Z +
+
X
x(t) y(t) =
x( ) y(t ) d
x[n] y[n] =
x[k] y[n k]

Sqsh

k=

Seirc Fourier suneqoc qrnou:

An

x(t + To ) = x(t) , t

Idithtec:

x(t) =

(pou

+
X

To

ck e

enai h jemelidhc perodoc kai

j k o t

ck

k=

d
x(t) { j k o ck }
dt
x(t) { ak } , y(t) { bk }

1
=
To

o = 2 /To h jemelidhc
Z
x(t) e j k o t d t

suqnthta):

To

j k o to

x( t to ) { ck e
}
+

X
x(t) y(t) {
am bkm }
m=

Metasqhmatismo Fourier suneqoc qrnou:

Z +
1
X() e j t d

x(t) =
2 =

Idithtec:

Zegh meta/smn:

a x(t) + b y(t) a X() + b Y ()

u(t)

e j o t x(t) X( o )

x(t) e j t d t
t=

1
+ ()
j

1 2 ()

x (t) X ( )

( t to ) e j to

(t) 1

x( t to ) e j to X()

e j o t 2 ( o )

cos(o t) [ ( o ) + ( + o ) ]

x(t) X()
 
1

x(a t)
X
|a|
a
X(t) 2 x()

Z
X() =

[ ( o ) ( + o ) ]
j

+

+ 
X
2 X
2 k

( t n T )
T
T
n=
sin(o t)

(dukthta)

k=

x(t) y(t) X() Y ()

Z +
1
x(t) y(t)
X() Y ( ) d
2 =

e a t u(t)
ea|t|

d
x(t) j X()
dt

2a
,
a2 + 2

t e a t u(t)

d
X()
t x(t) j
d
Z t
1
x( ) d
X() + X(0) ()
j
=
Z +
Z +
1
2
| X() | 2 d
| x(t)| d t =
2 =
t=
(gia mh periodik x(t)).

1
,
a + j

Re{ a } > 0
Re{ a } > 0

1
,
(a + j )2

Re{ a } > 0

t n1
1
e a t u(t)
, Re{ a } > 0
(n 1)!
(a + j )n
(
1 , || < 1
sin (1 t)
X() =
t
0 , || > 1
(
1 , |t| < T1
2 sin ( T1 )
x(t) =

0 , |t| > T1
1

Metasqhmatismo Fourier diakrito qrnou (DTFT):

Z
+

X
1
x[n] =
X(e j ) e j n d

X(e j ) =
x[n] e j n
2 2
n=
Zegh metasqhmatismn:

Idithtec:

a x[n] + b y[n] a X(e j ) + b Y (e j )

x[n no ] e

j no

X(e

1 2

e j o n 2

cos (o n)

)
sin (o n)

d X(e j )
n x[n] j
d
n
X

( o 2 k)

k=
+

x [n] X (e j )
x[n] X(e

( 2 k)

k=

e j o n x[n] X(e j (o ) )

[(o 2k) (+o 2k)]

k=

[n no ] e j no

+

+ 
X
2 X
2k
[n k N ]

N
N

[n] 1

X
1
x[k]
X(e j ) + X(e j 0 ) (2k)

j
1e

k=

[(o 2k) + (+o 2k)]

k=
+

k=

k=

x[n] y[n] X(e j ) Y (e j )

Z
1
X(e j ) Y (e j () ) d
x[n] y[n]
2 2
+
X

|x[n]| 2 =

n=

1
2

|X(e j )| 2 d

(aperiodik

x[n])

k=

X
1
u[n]
+

( 2 k)
1 e j
k=
1
,
|a| < 1
a n u[n]
1 a ej
1
,
|a| < 1
(n + 1) a n u[n]
(1 a ej )2

(n + r 1)! n
1
a u[n]
, |a| < 1
n! (r 1)!
(1 a ej )r
(
sin [ (N1 + 21 ) ]
1 , |n| N1
x[n] =

sin (/2)
0 , |n| > N1
(
1 , 0 || W
sin(W n)
X(e j ) =
n
0 , W < ||
(gia 0 < W < . To X(e j ) enai periodik.)
Z +
x(t) X(s) = x(t) e s t d t

Diakritc metasqhmatismc Fourier (DFT):

x[n] =

N 1
1 X
X[k] WN k n , 0 n N 1
N
k=0
N
1
X

x[n] WNk n , 0 k N 1

X[k] =

n=0

(pou

WN = e j 2 /N )

Dpleuroi metasqhmatismo Laplace:

t=

Idithtec:

Zegh:

d
x(t) s X(s)
dt
d
t x(t)
X(s)
ds
Z t
1
x( ) d X(s)
s

(t) 1

x(tto ) e s to X(s)
e so t x(t) X(s so )
x(a t)

1
s
X( )
|a|
a

x (t) X (s )

u(t)

dn
(t) s n
dtn

1
, <{s} > 0
s

e a t u(t)

u(t)

1
, <{s + a} > 0
s+a

t e a t u(t)

1
, <{s + a} > 0
(s + a) 2

tn1 eat u(t)

(t T ) e s T

(n1)!
, <{s+a} > 0
(s+a)n

1
, <{s} < 0
s

e a t u(t)

1
, <{s + a} < 0
s+a

t e a t u(t)

1
, <{s + a} < 0
(s + a) 2

tn1 eat u(t)

(n1)!
, <{s+a} < 0
(s+a)n

[ cos (o t) ] u(t)

s
, <{s} > 0
s 2 + o2

s+a
[ eatcos(o t)] u(t)
, <{s+a}> 0
(s + a)2 +o2

[ sin (o t) ] u(t)

o
, <{s} > 0
s 2 + o2

o
[ eatsin(o t)] u(t)
, <{s+a}> 0
(s + a)2 +o2

x(t)y(t) X(s)Y(s)

Monpleuroi metasqhmatismo Laplace:

x(t) e s t d t

x(t) X (s) =

t=0

Gia AITIATA smata:

Idithtec (isqoun kai gia mh aitiat smata):

e so t x(t) X (s so )
Gia

a > 0 : x(a t)

X (s) = X(s)

1
s
X( )
a
a

Gia to

x1 (t) x2 (t) X1 (s) X2 (s)

Z +
x(t)

X (u) d u
t
s
Z t
1
X (s)
x( ) d
s

0
t x(t)

Jewrmata arqikc

x(t)

d
X (s)
ds

( t) n x(t)

> 0 : x(t to ) e s to X (s)

&

(gia smata

telikc timc

pou plhron sugkekrimnec sunjkec sto

t = 0):

lim s X (s) = x(0+ )

dn
X (s)
dsn

lim x(t) = lim s X (s)

s0

d
x(t) s X (s) x(0 )
dt
dn
dn1
n
n1

n2 d
x(t)

s
X
(s)

s
x(0
)

s
x(t)|
x(t)|t=0
...
t=0
dtn
dt
d tn1
Dpleuroi metasqhmatismo Z:

x[n] X(z) =

x[n] z n

n=

Idithtec:

Zegh:

x[n no ] z no X(z)

[n] 1

zon x[n] X(

z
)
zo

u[n]

x[ n] X(z 1 )
x [n] X (z )

[n m] z m

z
1
=
, |z| > 1
1 z 1
z1

an u[n]

1
z
=
, |z| > |a|
1
1az
za

u[n1]

1
z
=
, |z| < 1
1 z 1
z1

an u[n1]

1
z
=
, |z| < |a|
1
1az
za

a z 1
az
a z 1
az
n
n an u[n]
=
,
|z|>|a|

n
a
u[n1]

=
, |z|<|a|
1
2
2
1
2
(1az ) (za)
(1az ) (za)2
x[n]x[n1] (1z 1 )X(z)
k! ak z
n (n 1) . . . (n k + 1) an u[n]
, |z| > |a| , k 1
n
X
(z a)k+1
X(z)
x[k]
1 z 1
z 2 a z cos o
k=
[ an cos (o n) ] u[n] 2
, |z| > |a|
d
z 2 a z cos o + a 2
X(z)
n x[n] z
dz
a z sin o
, |z| > |a|
[ an sin (o n) ] u[n] 2
Aitiat x[n]: x[0] = lim X(z)
z 2 a z cos o + a 2
x1 [n] x2 [n] X1 (z)X2 (z)

Monpleuroi metasqhmatismo Z:

x[n] X (z) =

x[n] z n

n=0

Idithtec:
Gia aitiat

x[n]: X (z) = X(z)

Gia aitiat

x1 [n], x2 [n]: x1 [n] x2 [n] X1 (z) X2 (z)

x[n + 1] z X (z) z x[0]

x[n 1] z 1 X (z) + x[1]
kX
1
x[n k] z k X (z) +
z m x[m k]

(gia k > 0)

m=0