Fundamentals of Electricity

BASICS
of
ELECTRICITY
Confidential -- For Internal Use Only. Copyright © 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved.
Basic Electricity
• What is Voltage
• What is current
• What is resistance (conductor, semiconductor, insulator)
• Ohm’s Law
• Current Law
• Voltage Law
• Lenz law
Basic Formula’s
• Capacitive Reactance (XC) in Ohms = 1/(2p f C)
• Inductive Reactance (XL) in Ohms = 2p f L
• Effective (RMS) AC Amperes = Peak Amperes x 0.707
• Effective (RMS) AC Volts = Peak Volts x 0.707
• Efficiency (percent) = (Output/Input) x 100
• Power Factor (PF) = Watts/VA
• VA 1-Phase = Volts x Amperes

Voltage-Pressure Analogy
A battery is analogous to a pump in a water circuit. A pump takes in water at low
pressure and does work on it, ejecting it at high pressure. A battery takes in
charge at low voltage, does work on it and ejects it at high voltage.
Electric current is the rate of charge flow past a given point in an electric
circuit, measured in coulombs/second which is named amperes
BASIC ELEMENTS
RESISTOR
CAPACITOR
INDUCTOR
Energy stored in Capacitor
Note that the total energy stored QV/2 is exactly half of the energy QV
which is supplied by the battery, independent of R!
CAPACITOR CHARGING
CAPACITOR DISCHARGING
EMF
Energy stored in Inductor
Faraday’s Law
Lenz's Law
Ohm’s Law
Ohm's Law / Power Formulas
P = watts
I = amps
R = ohms
E = Volts
VOLTAGE LAW
CURRENT LAW
DeMorgan's Theorem in Gates
WHY ONLY THREE PHASE,NOT MORE
THAN THIS?
Phase amplitude
• Single phase amplitude Em = E1
• Two phase system each phase amplitude

is Em = E1/1.414
• In three phase system each phase

amplitude is Em = E1/2
• Power is Em X I
HERE IS THE ANSWER
• In single phase the power generated is P= E1 x I
• In two phase the total power generated P = 2.(E1/1.414) x I
• In three phase total power is P = 3 x E1/2 x I
• In case of m phases if the individual phase voltage is Em
• Then m x Em = (Pie/2) x E
• Power = Pm = m x E x I = Pie x E x I = 1.57 P
• So the net increase is only 5% w.r.t three phase so we do not go for

complicacies.
In every material there is one conduction band and one valance band
Specifically the term refers to a current return
path through the earth
Unfortunately, it has been loosely used to represent

any type of current return path to an energy source
BASICS OF GROUNDING
A true earth ground, as defined by the National Electrical Code,

physically consists of a conductive pipe or rod driven into the earth
to a minimum depth of 8 feet.
VARIOUS RETURN PATHS
GROUNDING
BASICS OF GROUNDING
TECHNIQUE
GROUNDING
BASICS OF GROUNDING
TECHNIQUE
COUPLING THROUGH COMMOM IMPEDENCE
COUPLING THROUGH RADIATION
GROUNDING
COMMON WIRING MISTAKES
RIGHT APPROACH
A common sign that a ground loop(s) exists, or that a ground is missing, is the
presence of induced power line (50 Hz) noise in the circuit
Common Grounding Scheme
VOLTAGE SHIFT DUE TO UNBALANCE LOADING
VAB = VL (120)
VBC = VL (0)
VCA = VL (240)
VAN = VL/1.414 (90)
VBN = VL/1.414 (-30)
VCN = VL/1.414 (-150)
V0N = (VAN*YA + VBN*YB + VCN*YC)/YA + YB + YC
PN Junction
Diode
BIASING
FORWARD BIAS
REVERSE BIAS
Transformer
Thank you
For your Time

Fundamentals of Electricity

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BASICS

• What is resistance (conductor, semiconductor, insulator)

• Capacitive Reactance (XC) in Ohms = 1/(2p f C)

• Inductive Reactance (XL) in Ohms = 2p f L

• Effective (RMS) AC Amperes = Peak Amperes x 0.707

• Effective (RMS) AC Volts = Peak Volts x 0.707

• Efficiency (percent) = (Output/Input) x 100

• Power Factor (PF) = Watts/VA

• VA 1-Phase = Volts x Amperes

Ohm's Law / Power Formulas

• Single phase amplitude Em = E1

• Two phase system each phase amplitude

• In three phase system each phase

• In two phase the total power generated P = 2.(E1/1.414) x I

• In three phase total power is P = 3 x E1/2 x I

• In case of m phases if the individual phase voltage is Em

• Power = Pm = m x E x I = Pie x E x I = 1.57 P

• So the net increase is only 5% w.r.t three phase so we do not go for

Unfortunately, it has been loosely used to represent

A true earth ground, as defined by the National Electrical Code,

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